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= Bridgwater = Bridgwater is a market town and civil parish in Somerset , England . At the 2011 census , it had a population of 35 @,@ 886 . Bridgwater is at the edge of the Somerset Levels , in level and well @-@ wooded country ; to the north are the Mendips and to the west the Quantock hills . The town lies along both sides of the River Parrett , 10 miles ( 16 km ) from its mouth , has been a major port and trading centre and maintains a large industrial base . It is linked to Taunton by the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal . Bridgwater is between two junctions of the M5 motorway and Bridgwater railway station is on the main railway line between Bristol and Taunton . Historically , the town had a politically radical tendency . The Battle of Sedgemoor , where the Monmouth Rebellion was finally crushed in 1685 , was fought nearby . Notable buildings include the Church of St Mary and the house in Blake Street , largely restored , which was the birthplace of Admiral Blake in 1598 , and is now the Blake Museum . The town has an arts centre and plays host to the annual Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival . = = Etymology = = It is thought that the town was originally called Brigg , meaning quay . It has been argued that the name may instead come from the Old English brycg ( gang plank ) or Old Norse bryggja ( quay ) , though this idea has been opposed on etymological grounds . In the Domesday Book the town is listed as Brugie , while Brugia was also used . After the Norman invasion the land was given to Walter of Douai , hence becoming known variously as Burgh @-@ Walter , Brugg @-@ Walter and Brigg @-@ Walter , eventually corrupted to Bridgwater . An alternative version is that it derives from " Bridge of Walter " ( i.e. Walter 's Bridge ) . = = History = = = = = Bridgwater proper = = = Bridgwater is mentioned both in the Domesday Book and in the earlier Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle dating from around 800 , owing its origin as a trade centre to its position at the mouth of the chief river in Somerset . It was formerly part of the Hundred of North Petherton . In a legend of Alfred the Great , he burnt some cakes while hiding in the marshes of Athelney near Bridgwater , after the Danish invasion in 875 , while in 878 the major engagement of the Battle of Cynwit may have been at nearby Cannington . William Briwere was granted the lordship of the Manor of Bridgwater by John of England in 1201 , and founded Bridgwater Friary . Through Briwere 's influence , King John granted three charters in 1200 ; for the construction of Bridgwater Castle , for the creation of a borough , and for a market . Bridgwater Castle was a substantial structure built in Old Red Sandstone , covering a site of 8 or 9 acres ( 32 @,@ 000 to 36 @,@ 000 m ² ) . A tidal moat , up to 65 feet ( 20 m ) wide in places , flowed about along the line of the modern thoroughfares of Fore Street and Castle Moat , and between Northgate and Chandos Street . The main entrance opposite the Cornhill was built with a pair of adjacent gates and drawbridges . In addition to a keep , located at the south @-@ east corner of what is now King Square , documents show that the complex included a dungeon , chapel , stables and a bell tower . Built on the only raised ground in the town , the castle controlled the crossing of the town bridge . A 12 feet ( 4 m ) thick portion of the castle wall and water gate can still be seen on West Quay , and the remains of a wall of a building that was probably built within the castle can be viewed in Queen Street . The foundations of the tower forming the north @-@ east corner of the castle are buried beneath Homecastle House . William Briwere also founded St John 's hospital which , by the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII , was worth the substantial sum of almost 121 pounds , as well as starting the construction of the town 's first stone bridge . William Briwere also went on to found the Franciscan Bridgwater Friary in the town . During the 11th century Second Barons ' War against Henry III , Bridgwater was held by the barons against the King . Other charters were granted by Henry III in 1227 ( confirmed in 1318 , 1370 , 1380 ) , which gave Bridgwater a guild merchant which was important for the regulation of trade , allowing guild members to trade freely in the town , and to impose payments and restrictions upon others . Bridgwater 's peasants under Nicholas Frampton took part in the Peasants ' Revolt of 1381 , sacking Sydenham House , murdering the local tax collectors and destroying the records . Bridgwater was incorporated by charter of Edward IV ( 1468 ) , confirmed in 1554 , 1586 , 1629 and 1684 . Parliamentary representation as a borough constituency began in 1295 and continued until the Reform Act of 1870 , when the original borough constituency was disenfranchised for corruption . From 4 July 1870 the town was incorporated within the county constituency of West Somerset . When Parliamentary seats were redistributed for the 1885 general election , a new county division of Bridgwater was created . A variety of markets were granted to the town during the Middle Ages including a Midsummer fair ( on 24 June ) , one at the beginning of Lent was added in 1468 , and one at Michaelmas . The importance of these markets and fairs for the sale of wool and wine , and later of cloth , declined after medieval times . The shipping trade of the port revived after the construction of the new dock in 1841 , and corn and timber have been imported for centuries . Gunpowder Plotter Guy Fawkes is celebrated as a local hero during the carnival season , including a grand illuminated procession through Bridgwater town centre , which culminates in the Squibbing . In the English Civil War the town and the castle were held by the Royalists under Colonel Francis Wyndham , a personal acquaintance of the King . British history might have been very different had his wife , Lady ( Crystabella ) Wyndham , been a little more accurate with a musket shot that missed Cromwell but killed his aide de camp . Eventually , with many buildings destroyed in the town , the castle and its valuable contents were surrendered to the Parliamentarians on 21 July 1645 . The castle itself was deliberately destroyed ( slighted ) the following year , while in 1651 Colonel Wyndham made arrangements for Charles II to flee to France following the Battle of Worcester . Following the restoration of the monarchy , in 1663 the non @-@ conformist Reverend John Norman , vicar from 1647 to 1660 , was one of several ' religious fanatics ' confined to their homes by Lord Stawell 's militia . A large religious meeting house , thought to have been Presbyterian , was demolished and its furniture burned on the Cornhill in 1683 . By 1688 , matters had calmed down enough for a new chapel , Christ Church , to be founded in Dampiet Street , the congregation of which became Unitarian in 1815 . In the 1685 Monmouth Rebellion , the rebel James Scott , 1st Duke of Monmouth was proclaimed King on the Cornhill in Bridgwater and in other local towns . He eventually led his troops on a night @-@ time attack on the King 's position near Westonzoyland . Surprise was lost when a musket was accidentally discharged , and the Battle of Sedgemoor resulted in defeat for the Duke . He later lost his head in the Tower of London , and nine locals were executed for treason . The Chandos Glass Cone was built in 1725 as a glasswork firing kiln by James Brydges , 1st Duke of Chandos as part of an industrial development . After a short period of use for glassmaking it was converted for the production of pottery , bricks and tiles , which continued until 1939 . The majority of the brickwork cone was demolished in 1943 . The bottom 2 @.@ 4 metres ( 7 ft 10 in ) has been preserved and scheduled as an ancient monument . Bridgwater became the first town in Britain to petition the government to ban slavery , in 1785 . In 1896 , the trade unionists of Bridgwater 's brick and tile industry were involved a number of strikes . The Salisbury government sent troops to the town to clear the barricades by force after the reading of the Riot Act . A by @-@ election in 1938 enabled the town to send a message to the government and Hitler , when an Independent anti @-@ appeasement candidate , journalist Vernon Bartlett was elected . In World War II the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal formed part of the Taunton Stop Line , designed to prevent the advance of a German invasion . Pillboxes can still be seen along its length . The first bombs fell on Bridgwater on 24 August 1940 , destroying houses on Old Taunton Road , and three men , three women and one child were killed . Later a prisoner of war camp was established at Colley Lane , holding Italian prisoners . During the preparations for the invasion of Europe , American troops were based in the town . The first council estate to be built was in the 1930s at Kendale Road , followed by those at Bristol Road . The 1950s saw the start of a significant increase in post @-@ war housebuilding , with council house estates being started at Sydenham and Rhode Lane and the former cooperative estate near Durleigh . On 4 November 2011 West Quay alongside the River Parrett and 19 adjoining properties were evacuated after a 40 metres ( 130 ft ) stretch of the retaining wall partially collapsed after heavy rain and flooding . = = = Port of Bridgwater = = = In the medieval period the River Parrett was used to transport Hamstone from the quarry at Ham Hill . Bridgwater was part of the Port of Bristol until the Port of Bridgwater was created in 1348 , covering 80 miles ( 130 km ) of the Somerset coast line , from the Devon border to the mouth of the River Axe . Under an 1845 Act of Parliament the Port of Bridgwater extends from Brean Down to Hinkley Point in Bridgwater Bay , and includes parts of the River Parrett ( to Bridgwater ) , River Brue and the River Axe . Historically , the main port on the river was at Bridgwater ; the river was bridged at this point : the first bridge was built in 1200 . Quays were built in 1424 ; another quay , the Langport slip , was built in 1488 upstream of the Town Bridge . A Customs House was sited at Bridgwater , on West Quay ; and a dry dock , launching slips and a boat yard on East Quay . The river was navigable , with care , to Bridgwater Town Bridge by 400 to 500 tonnes ( 440 to 550 tons ) vessels . By trans @-@ shipping into barges at the Town Bridge the Parrett was navigable as far as Langport and ( via the River Yeo ) to Ilchester . After 1827 , it was also possible to transfer goods to Taunton via the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal at Huntworth . A floating harbour was constructed between 1837 – 1841 and the canal was extended to the harbour . The harbour area contained flour mills , timber yards and chandlers . Shipping to Bridgwater expanded with the construction of Bridgwater Docks , and reached a peak between 1880 and 1885 ; with an average of 3 @,@ 600 ships per year entering the port . Bridgwater also built some 167 ships ; the last one was the Irene , launched in 1907 . Peak tonnage occurred in 1857 , with 142 vessels totalling 17 @,@ 800 tonnes ( 19 @,@ 600 tons ) . Dunball wharf was built in 1844 by Bridgwater coal merchants , and was formerly linked to the Bristol and Exeter Railway by a rail track which crossed the A38 . In 1875 , the local landowner built The Dunball Steam Pottery & Brick & Tile Works adjacent to the wharf . Although ships no longer dock in the town of Bridgwater , 90 @,@ 213 tonnes ( 99 @,@ 443 tons ) of cargo were handled within the port authority 's area in 2006 , most of which was stone products via the wharf at Dunball . It is no longer linked to the railway system . The link was removed as part of the railway closures made as a result of the Beeching Report in the 1960s . Dunball railway station , which had opened in 1873 , was closed to both passengers and goods in 1964 . All traces of the station , other than " Station Road " have been removed . The wharf is now used for landing stone products , mainly marine sand and gravels dredged in the Bristol Channel . Marine sand and gravel accounted for 55 @,@ 754 tonnes ( 61 @,@ 458 tons ) of the total tonnage of 90 @,@ 213 tonnes ( 99 @,@ 443 tons ) using the Port facilities in 2006 , with salt products accounting for 21 @,@ 170 tonnes ( 23 @,@ 340 tons ) in the same year . Sedgemoor District Council acts as the Competent Harbour Authority for the port , and has provided pilotage services for all boats over 98 feet ( 30 m ) using the river since 1998 , when it took over the service from Trinity House . Pilotage is important because of the constant changes in the navigable channel resulting from the large tidal range , which can exceed 39 feet ( 11 @.@ 9 m ) on spring tides . Its historic estates include the manor of Sydenham . = = Governance = = The Local Government Act 1972 removed the historic status of Bridgwater as a Borough , as it became part of the district of Sedgemoor , which has its headquarters in King 's Square . Bridgwater Town Council was created in 2003 , with sixteen elected members representing six wards of the town ; Bower ( three ) , Eastover ( two ) , Hamp ( three ) , Quantock ( three ) , Sydenham ( three ) and Victoria ( two ) . With powers or functions over allotments , bus shelters , making of byelaws , cemeteries , clocks , crime prevention , entertainment and arts , highways , litter , public buildings , public conveniences , recreation , street lighting , tourism , traffic calming , community transport and war memorials . Bridgwater and West Somerset is a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . The current MP is Ian Liddell @-@ Grainger , a member of the Conservative Party . = = = Members of Parliament = = = The Bridgwater constituency has been represented in Parliament since 1295 . After the voting age was lowered in January 1970 , Susan Wallace became the first 18 @-@ year @-@ old to vote in the UK , during the 1970 Bridgwater by @-@ election that elected Tom King , who took the title Baron King of Bridgwater in 2001 . At the 2010 General Election , Bridgwater became part of the new Bridgwater and West Somerset constituency . Bridgwater is in the South West England constituency for elections to the European Parliament . = = = Twinning = = = Bridgwater is twinned with Uherské Hradiště , in the Czech Republic ( since 1991 ) , La Ciotat in France , Homberg , Efze in Germany , and Marsa in Malta . = = = Geology = = = Bridgwater is centred on an outcrop of marl in an area dominated by low @-@ lying alluvial deposits . There are local deposits of gravels and sand . It is situated in a level and well @-@ wooded area , on the edge of the Somerset Levels . To the north are the Mendip range and on the west the Quantock hills . The town lies along both sides of the River Parrett , 10 miles ( 16 km ) from its mouth , which then flows to discharge into the Bridgwater Bay National Nature Reserve . It consists of large areas of mud flats , saltmarsh , sandflats and shingle ridges , some of which are vegetated . It has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest since 1989 , and is designated as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention . The risks to wildlife are highlighted in the local Oil Spill Contingency Plan . = = = Climate = = = Along with the rest of South West England , Bridgwater has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country . The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 @.@ 0 ° F ) . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures . The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 ° C ( 69 @.@ 8 ° F ) . In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 or 2 ° C ( 34 or 36 ° F ) are common . In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south @-@ west of England , however convective cloud sometimes forms inland , reducing the number of hours of sunshine . Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1 @,@ 600 hours . In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton . Most the rainfall in the south @-@ west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection . Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions , which is when they are most active . In summer , a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms . Average rainfall is around 700 mm ( 28 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , and June to August have the lightest winds . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west . = = Demography = = Bridgwater had a population of 35 @,@ 800 according to the 2001 census ( up from 22 @,@ 718 in 1951 , 3 @,@ 634 in 1801 , and 7 @,@ 807 in 1831 ) . = = Economy = = As early as 1300 , the port exported wheat , peas and beans to Ireland , France and Spain , and by 1400 was also exporting cloth from Somerset and the adjoining counties . By 1500 it was the largest port in Somerset , later becoming the fifth largest in England , until eclipsed by Bristol in the 18th century . In its heyday , imports included wine , grain , fish , hemp , coal and timber . Exports included wheat , wool , cloth , cement , bricks and tiles . Unlike Bristol , Bridgwater was never involved in the slave trade and , in 1797 , was the first town in Britain to petition the government to ban it . The Bridgwater ship the Emanuel was one of three that took part in Martin Frobisher 's 1577 search for the Northwest Passage . In 1828 , 40 ships were registered in the port , averaging 60 tons each . = = = Industry = = = Bridgwater was the leading industrial town in Somerset and remains a major centre for manufacturing . A major manufacturing centre for clay tiles and bricks in the 19th century , including the famous " Bath brick " , were exported through the port . In the 1890s there were a total of 16 brick and tile companies , and 24 million bricks per annum were exported during that decade alone . These industries are celebrated in the Somerset Brick and Tile Museum on East Quay . These industries collapsed in the aftermath of World War II due to the failure to introduce mechanisation , although the automated Chilton Tile Factory , which produced up to 5 million tiles each year , lasted until 1968 . The importance of the Bath Brick declined with the advent of detergents and other cleaning products . Dunware ponds used to make bricks and can still be found along the paths . During the 19th century , Castle House ( originally named Portland Castle after Portland cement ) , reputedly the first domestic house in the UK to be built from concrete , was constructed in 1851 by John Board , a local brick and tile manufacturer . The building is now Grade II * listed , and in 2004 was featured in the BBC television programme Restoration . In the 19th century , Bridgwater was also home to a number of iron foundries . George Hennet 's Bridgwater Iron Works worked on bridges , railways and machinery for Brunel and Robert Stephenson . This location allowed the import by boat of raw materials from Wales and the dispatch of finished work to south Devon using the Bristol and Exeter Railway . The carriage workshops for the latter were on an adjacent site . The works passed to his son and then traded as Hennet , Spink & Else . Some of the ironwork was produced for the Royal Albert Bridge at Saltash , Cornwall . In 1873 it became the Bridgwater Engineering Company Limited but this failed in 1878 . W & F Wills Ltd produced steam locomotives and fingerposts . At the start of World War II , the government built a factory to manufacture high explosives at Puriton near Bridgwater . Called ROF Bridgwater , the plant is today owned by BAE Systems and closed after decommissioning was completed in July 2008 . British Cellophane Ltd , a joint venture between La Cellophane SA and Courtaulds opened a major factory producing cellophane in Bridgwater 1937 . The factory produced Bailey Bridges during World War II for the invasion of Europe . Bought by UCB Films in 1996 , the town suffered a blow in 2005 when Innovia Films closed the cellophane factory . At one time the factory employed around 3 @,@ 000 people , although at the time of closure this had been reduced to just 250 . However recovery has begun with the establishment of new businesses on the Express Park business park including the relocation of Gerber Juice and new enterprises Toolstation and Interpet as well as the Exel centre for the NHS Logistics Authority . Bridgwater is now a major centre of industry in Somerset , with industries including the production of plastics , engine parts , industrial chemicals , and foods . Bowerings Animal Feed Mill is now the only industry still located at the docks . Being close to the M5 motorway and half way between Bristol and Exeter , Bridgwater is also home to two major distribution centres , while retailer Argos has a regional distribution centre based at Huntworth . A new £ 100 m Regional Agricultural Business Centre opened in 2007 , following construction which began in 2006 . = = Landmarks = = Bridgwater is home to the Somerset Brick and Tile Museum , built on part of the former Barham Brothers site ( brick and tile manufacturers between 1857 and 1965 ) . Castle House was built in 1851 and was one of the first to make extensive use of concrete demonstrating " an innovative interpretation of traditional masonry features in concrete " . A house in Blake Street , largely restored , is believed to be the birthplace of Robert Blake in 1598 , and is now the Blake Museum . It was built in the late 15th or early 16th century , and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II * listed building . His statue from 1898 by F. W. Pomeroy has been repositioned from the front of the Corn Exchange to face down Cornhill . Sydenham House was previously a manor estate built in the early 16th century , which was refronted and rebuilt after 1613 . It now stands in the grounds of the former British Cellophane plant . Its owners were on the losing side in the Civil War and again in the Monmouth Rebellion . The public library by E Godfrey Page dates from 1905 . = = Transport = = As trade expanded during the Industrial Revolution , Bridgwater was linked to Taunton by the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal ( 1827 ) , although initially it ran from a basin south of Bridgwater at Huntworth . As trade grew docks were built in the town , linked to an extension of the canal , with both opening in 1841 . The docks were dredged by a scraper @-@ dredger Bertha similar to the one Brunel had designed for the Bristol Floating Harbour . 14 June 1841 saw the opening of the Bristol and Exeter Railway from Bristol to Bridgwater . The railway also opened a coach and wagon works in the town ; the last of the buildings is currently in 2005 scheduled for demolition . Bridgwater railway station , designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel is now a Grade II listed building . An end to the unequal competition between rail and canal came in 1867 when the Bristol and Exeter Railway purchased the canal . A number of local branches were also built , for example to serve the Northgate Brewery ( now replaced by a car park north of Angel Crescent ) and the former British Cellophane factory . The Somerset and Dorset branch line to Edington was opened in 1890 . Its former Bridgwater station is now occupied by J Sainsbury . The importance of shipping and the docks started to decline after 1886 , the year in which the opening of the Severn Tunnel caused a severe drop in coal imports by sea . The situation worsened as the railways were extended into Somerset and beyond , and ships became too big for the port . The last commercial use of the docks was when coal imports ceased on 31 July 1971 , and although they now house a marina they are currently little used . The surrounding quays have been developed for housing , although the remains of wooden quays on the riverbank can still be seen . All but a small remnant of the mump ( a huge mound of spoil from the original dock excavations ) was removed in the 1980s to make way for the development on the north side of the dock . Due to the port , ship building was also an important industry , and around 140 ships were built in the town during the 19th century by companies including David Williams , Joseph Gough , Watsons and William Lowther . F J Carver and Son owned a small dry dock on East Quay and constructed the last ship to be built in the town — the Irene . The former associated industry of rope making is commemorated in street furnishings and paving on East Quay and in the name of Ropewalk street . The Drove Bridge , which marks the current extent of the Port of Bridgwater is the nearest to the mouth and the newest road bridge to cross the river . With a span of 184 feet ( 56 m ) , the bridge was constructed as part of the Bridgwater Northern Distributor road scheme ( 1992 ) , and provides a navigable channel which is 66 feet ( 20 m ) wide with 8 @.@ 2 feet ( 2 @.@ 5 m ) headroom at normal spring high tides . Upstream of this is the retractable Telescopic Bridge , built in 1871 to the design of Sir Francis Fox , the engineer for the Bristol and Exeter Railway . It carried a railway siding over the river to the docks , but had to be movable , to allow boats to proceed upriver . An 80 @-@ foot ( 24 m ) section of railway track to the east of the bridge could be moved sideways , so that the main 127 @-@ foot ( 39 m ) girders could be retracted , creating a navigable channel which was 78 feet ( 24 m ) wide . It was manually operated for the first eight months , and then powered by a steam engine , reverting to manual operation in 1913 , when the steam engine failed . The bridge was last opened in 1953 , and the traverser section was demolished in 1974 , but public outcry at the action resulted in the bridge being listed as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and the rest of the bridge was kept . It was later used as a road crossing , until the construction of the Chandos road bridge alongside it , and is now only used by pedestrians . Parts of the steam engine were moved to Westonzoyland Pumping Station Museum in 1977 . The next bridge is the Town Bridge . There has been a bridge here since the 13th century , when Bridgwater was granted a charter by King John . The present bridge was designed by R. C. Else and G. B. Laffan , and the 75 @-@ foot ( 23 m ) cast iron structure was completed in 1883 . It replaced an earlier bridge , which was the first cast iron bridge to be built in Somerset when it was completed in 1797 . The stone abutments of that bridge were reused by the later bridge , which formed the only road crossing of the river in Bridgwater until 1958 . Above the bridge there were two shoals , called The Coals and The Stones , which were a hazard to barge traffic on the river , and bargees had to choose carefully when to navigate the river , to ensure that there was sufficient water to carry them over these obstructions . In March 1958 a new reinforced concrete road bridge , the Blake Bridge , was opened as part of a bypass to take traffic away from the centre of Bridgwater . It now carries the A38 and A39 roads . On the southern edge of Bridgwater there is a bridge which carries the Bristol and Exeter Railway across the River Parrett . Isambard Kingdom Brunel designed a brick bridge , known as the Somerset Bridge , with a 100 feet ( 30 m ) span but a rise of just 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . Work started in 1838 and was completed in 1841 . Brunel left the scaffold supporting the centre of the bridge in place as the foundations were still settling but was forced to remove it in 1843 to reopen the river for navigation . Brunel demolished the brick arch and had replaced it with a timber arch within six months without interrupting the traffic on the railway . This was in turn replaced in 1904 by a steel girder bridge . Slightly further east is a modern concrete bridge which carries the M5 motorway over both the river and the railway line . It was started in 1971 and opened in 1973 . = = Education = = The primary and infant schools in Bridgwater include : Eastover Community Primary School , Hamp Community Junior School , Sedgemoor Manor School , St John and St Francis Primary School , St Joseph 's Catholic Primary School , St Mary 's Primary School , Somerset Bridge Primary School , Spaxton Church of England Primary School , Westover Green Primary School and Hamp Nursery and Infants School . Secondary schools include : Robert Blake Science College , Brymore Academy , Chilton Trinity School , East Bridgwater Community School which was previously known as Sydenham School and is a Performing and Visual Arts College , and Haygrove School which has specialist Language College status . Special schools in the town include : Elmwood Special School , New Horizon Centre School and Penrose School . Bridgwater was selected as the first town in the South West , outside Bristol , to be selected for the UK government 's Building Schools for the Future ( BSF ) initiative , which aimed to rebuild and renew nearly every secondary school in England . Within Bridgwater , BSF was to redevelop all of the four secondary schools and two special provision schools at an expected cost of around £ 100 million . This included the complete relocation and rebuilding of a new school combining the both Haygrove and Penrose School . In July 2010 , several components of the Bridgwater BSF programme were cancelled and others were singled out for further review . Following a meeting with Education Secretary Michael Gove , Bridgwater MP Ian Liddell @-@ Granger announced that the fate of all six affected schools would be subject to review , including the ones that were cancelled . Further Education is provided by Bridgwater College which was formerly Bridgwater Technical School . The site of the Poplar School Of Engineering And Navigation was later used for Dr Morgan 's Grammar School For Boys . Other schools which have since closed include : Bridgwater Grammar School For Boys , Bridgwater Grammar School For Girls and Westover Senior Council School . = = Religious sites = = Among several places of worship the chief is the Church of St Mary ; this has a north porch and windows dating from the 14th century , besides a 170 feet ( 52 m ) slender spire ; but it has been much altered by restoration . It possesses a fine painted reredos , and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building . The Church of St John the Baptist in Blake Place was built by John Brown in 1843 . Elim Pentecostal Church on Church Street was a public house after being used as a church and is now a shop . There is a Salvation Army Citadel located in Moorland Road , on the Sydenham Estate and St Joseph 's Roman Catholic in Binford Place . Classes in Buddhism and meditation are held in the Quaker Meeting House on Friarn Street . = = Arts = = Nearing Bridgwater on the M5 motorway it is possible to see the Willow Man sculpture , a striding human figure constructed from willow , sometimes called the Angel of the South ( see also Angel of the North ) . Standing 12 metres ( 39 ft ) tall , it was created by sculptor Serena de la Hey and is the largest known sculpture in willow , a traditional local material . The Bridgwater Arts Centre was opened on 10 October 1946 , the first community arts centre opened in the UK with financial assistance from the newly established Arts Council of England . It is situated in a Grade I listed building in the architecturally protected Georgian Castle Street , designed by Benjamin Holloway for the Duke of Chandos , and built over the site of the former castle . Holloway was also the architect of the Baroque Lions building on West Quay , constructed around 1730 . Bridgwater Arts Centre was the venue for the first post @-@ war meeting of the Congres Internationaux d 'Architecture Moderne in 1947 . Somerset Film ( then Somerset Film & Video ) opened their community media centre , The Engine Room , in March 2003 . The centre allows the public to drop in and use the computers and equipment for free ( on certain days ) to teach themselves how to edit video , design websites or screen films at open evenings . Cameras and edit suites can also be hired and day courses on using creative software are run regularly . The founder is Phil Shepherd . Bridgwater was chosen as the location as it was in the centre of Somerset . Castle Street was used as a location in the 1963 film Tom Jones . Horror writer and film journalist Kim Newman was educated at Dr Morgan 's school in Bridgwater , and set his 1999 experimental novel Life 's Lottery in a fictionalised version of the town ( Sedgwater ) . A sailor who had sailed " from Bridgwater with bricks " and found " There was lice in that bunk in Bridgwater " features in James Joyce 's Ulysses ( Chapter 16 ) . In 2013 , community radio station Access FM was launched on 104 @.@ 2 FM . This was the first truly local radio station for the town since BCR FM was bought by Choice Media in 2006 which eventually became The Breeze . Access FM was initiated as a function of Bridgwater 's YMCA and as such held the same values as the charity . Access FM was founded by Martin Hodgson ( CEO of Bridgwater YMCA ) , Grant Francis ( owner of Special Media Projects ) and Tom Copestake , a youth worker who had worked with a christian radio station in Coventry before moving to work at Bridgwater YMCA . Soon after the station launched on the 9th of June 2013 , Jason Pimm joined the management team to help with development . The community station began with the intentions of providing youth based programming to 16 - 25 year olds in order to give the younger generation something new and productive to get involved with . Many of the voluntary presenters were aged 16 - 20 and the station acted as the first step into the industry . Under the management and direction of Tom Copestake and technical skills of Grant Francis , Access FM had mild success within the community , attending multiple events and marking new ground for local radio in the area . The station was the first in history to provide live broadcast coverage from Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival in 2014 . Tom Copestake left Access FM in October of 2015 and the station went through a re @-@ branding process under a revised management team . Local radio expert Dave Englefield joined Martin Hodgson , Grant Francis and Jason Pimm , along with Bryan Leaker MBE to create Sedgemoor FM , which launched on the 4th of April 2016 . Sedgemoor FM broadcasts on 104.2FM across Bridgwater and the rest of the district , providing listeners with a unique schedule of programming specific for the community . Dave Englefield now directs station and sales operations , Grant Francis continues his work as technical manager and Jason Pimm plays as support to both as station administrator and facilitator . Deciding to push Sedgemoor FM towards an older demographic than it 's predecessor , the team have successfully created a radio station that the community have welcomed . Scheduling consists of a variety of informative and entertaining radio shows including Dave Englefield 's Breakfast Show , Sedgemoor Life with Jackie Sealy and The Carnival Show with Andy Bennett , along with local and national news coverage , local events guide , The Lowdown , and Just The Job , which highlights current job vacancies in the area . = = = Annual events = = = Bridgwater is now best known for the illuminated " Bridgwater Guy Fawkes Carnival " that attracts around 150 @,@ 000 people from around the country and overseas . Now held annually on the Saturday after the first Friday of November ( i.e. - the nearest Saturday to 5 November ) , it was original held on the first Thursday of November , later moving to the first Friday . It consists of a display of 100 or more entries , many consisting of large vehicles ( " Carnival floats " ) up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , festooned with dancers ( or team member in tableaux ) and up to 22 @,@ 000 lightbulbs , that follows a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) route over 2 to 3 hours . Later in the evening of the Carnival , there is the simultaneous firing of large fireworks ( known as squibs ) in the street outside the town hall , known as " squibbing " . Bridgwater Fair normally takes place in September — it starts on the last Wednesday in September and lasts four days . The fair takes place on St Matthew 's Field , better known locally as the Fair Field . The fair is now a funfair , ranked as second largest in England after the Nottingham Goose Fair . It originated in 1249 as a horse and cattle fair , lasting for eight days near St Matthew 's day ( 21 September ) , giving the venue its name . During the first weekend of July , the annual " Somerfest " arts festival is held in Bridgwater . The event includes an extensive programme of rock , jazz and classical music , dance , drama and visual arts with national and local participants . A new annual event was launched in 2014 , taking place in May each year . The Bridgwater Science Festival brings science related family entertainment and activities to town . The event takes place in the Town Hall , and works with local organisations and the University of the West of England . = = Sports = = Bridgwater Town F.C. are a football club based at Fairfax Park . The original version of the club was founded in 1898 . The club currently plays in the Southern League Division One South and West . Bridgwater & Albion RFC are Somerset 's highest- placed rugby team , playing in National League 3 South and are based at College Way . It was originally founded in 1875 . The cricket club play at The Parks on Durleigh Road . Bridgwater Hockey Club were formed in the 1920s but now play their matches at Burnham @-@ on @-@ Sea . East Bridgwater Sports Centre offers badminton courts , outside football pitches , squash courts and a fitness room . Bridgwater had a series of swimming pools from 1890 until 2009 . The first pool , in Old Taunton Road , was replaced by the Bridgwater Lido on Broadway , opened in 1960 by Princess Alexandra . The lido , which had three pools , a diving bay and paddling pool , was demolished in the late 1980s to make way for a supermarket , and to fund the indoor Sedgemoor Splash swimming pool in Mount Street , which opened in 1991 . In 2009 , after the local council were unable to raise the funds needed to upgrade the pool , it was closed and demolished to make way for another supermarket . A new pool was planned as part of the Building Schools for the Future ( BSF ) rebuild of Chilton Trinity School , however , the government 's review of the BSF programme may result in the cancellation of the new school and pool build . The town is both on the route of the Samaritans Way South West and the River Parrett Trail . = = Notable people = = Admiral Robert Blake was born in Bridgwater , and attended the local grammar school ( Bridgwater Grammar School For Boys ) . His home is now the Blake Museum and contains details of his career amongst its exhibits of local history and archaeology . Donald Crowhurst ( 1932 – 69 ) , who tried to fake a round @-@ the @-@ world solo yacht journey , set up his business in the town and was a Town Councillor . Sir Paul Dukes was born in Bridgwater , an alumnus of Caterham School , and went on to be the premier SIS agent in pre @-@ revolution Russia . Known as the Man with a Hundred Faces , he eluded Bolshevik capture and is still the only man to be knighted based on his exploits as a spy . Wayne Goss , makeup artist and YouTube personality , born in Bridgwater in 1978 . Peter Haggett CBE FBA ( b . 1933 ) , eminent academic geographer and professor at University of Bristol , educated at Dr Morgan 's Grammar School in Bridgwater Chris Harris , English performer , director and writer who starred in Into the Labyrinth . He has starred in and directed the pantomime at the Theatre Royal , Bath since 2001 . Charles Kent , England rugby player . Robert Dibble , England rugby player . Played club rugby for Bridgwater & Albion RFC and Newport RFC . Tommy Woods ( rugby ) , England rugby player . Played club rugby for Bridgwater & Albion RFC and Rochdale Hornets . David Luckes MBE . England and Great Britain hockey player - 1989 @-@ 2000 brought up in Bridgwater . Simon ( 1984 ) and Richard Mantell ( 1981 ) , brothers and field hockey players for England , were both born in Bridgwater . Breaker Morant Anglo @-@ Australian Boer War Soldier . Kim Newman , science fiction novelist , horror film expert , TV presenter and film critic , educated at Dr Morgan 's Grammar School in Bridgwater . Henry Phillpotts , Bishop of Exeter , born in Bridgwater in 1778 . Andrew Plimer , portrait miniature artist , born in Bridgwater 1763 . Jean Rees , artist and co @-@ founder of the Bridgwater Arts Centre. b 1914 . James Sully , psychologist , born in Bridgwater in 1842 . Fanny Talbot born in Bridgwater in 1824 , philanthropist and friend of John Ruskin who donated first property to the National Trust .
= Ipswich Town F.C. = Ipswich Town Football Club ( / ˈɪpswɪtʃ ˈtaʊn / ; also known as Ipswich , The Blues , Town , or The Tractor Boys ) is a professional association football club based in Ipswich , Suffolk , England . They play in the Championship , the second highest division in English football , having last appeared in the Premier League in the 2001 – 02 season . The club was founded in 1878 but did not turn professional until 1936 , and was subsequently elected to join the Football League in 1938 . They play their home games at Portman Road in Ipswich . The only fully professional football club in Suffolk , they have a long @-@ standing and fierce rivalry with Norwich City in Norfolk , with whom they have contested the East Anglian derby 139 times since 1902 . The club 's traditional home colours are blue shirts and white shorts . Ipswich have won the English league title once , in their first season in the top flight in 1961 – 62 , and have twice finished runners @-@ up , in 1980 – 81 and 1981 – 82 . They won the FA Cup in 1977 – 78 , and the UEFA Cup in 1980 – 81 . They have competed in the top two tiers of English football uninterrupted since 1957 – 58 , currently the longest streak among Championship clubs after Coventry were relegated in the 2011 – 12 season . They have competed in all three European club competitions , and have never lost at home in European competition , defeating Real Madrid , AC Milan , Internazionale , Lazio and Barcelona , among others . = = History = = = = = Early years and entry to the Football League = = = The club was founded as an amateur side in 1878 and were known as Ipswich A.F.C. until 1888 when they merged with Ipswich Rugby Club to form Ipswich Town Football Club . The team won a number of local cup competitions , including the Suffolk Challenge Cup and the Suffolk Senior Cup . They joined the Southern Amateur League in 1907 and , with results improving steadily , became champions in the 1921 – 22 season . The club won the league a further three times , in 1929 – 30 , 1932 – 33 and 1933 – 34 , before becoming founder members of the Eastern Counties Football League at the end of the 1934 – 35 season . A year later , the club turned professional and joined the Southern League , which they won in its first season and finished third in the next . Ipswich were elected to The Football League on 30 May 1938 , and played in Division Three ( South ) until the end of the 1953 – 54 season , when they won the title and promotion to Division Two . = = = Promotion and instant First Division success = = = The club were immediately relegated back to Division Three ( South ) the following year at the end of a poor season , but made better progress after Scott Duncan was replaced as team manager by Alf Ramsey in August 1955 . The club won the Division Three ( South ) title again in 1956 – 57 , and returned to the higher division . This time , Ipswich established themselves in Division Two , and as the division champions , won promotion to the top level of English football , Division One , in 1960 – 61 . In the top flight for the first time , Ipswich became Champions of the Football League at the first attempt in 1961 – 62 . As English league champions , they qualified for the 1962 – 63 European Cup , defeating Maltese side Floriana 14 – 1 on aggregate before losing to Milan . Ramsey quit the club in April 1963 to take charge of the England national team ; after the team won the 1966 World Cup , he received a knighthood for " services to football " in 1967 . = = = Decline and revival after Ramsey = = = Ramsey was replaced by Jackie Milburn , under whose leadership fortunes on the pitch plummeted . Two years after winning the league title , Ipswich slipped down to the Second Division in 1964 , conceding 121 league goals in 42 games – one of the worst @-@ ever defensive records in English senior football . Milburn quit after just one full season and was replaced by Bill McGarry in 1964 . The club remained in the Second Division for four years until McGarry guided Ipswich to promotion along with his assistant Sammy Chung in the 1967 – 68 season , winning the division by a single point ahead of Queens Park Rangers . McGarry left to manage Wolves and was replaced by Bobby Robson in January 1969 . = = = The Bobby Robson era = = = Robson led Ipswich to two major trophies and several seasons in top flight European football . The successful period began in 1973 when the club won the Texaco Cup and finished fourth in the league , qualifying for the UEFA Cup for the first time . By the late 1970s , Robson had built a strong side with talent in every department , introducing the Dutch pair Arnold Mühren and Frans Thijssen to add flair to a team that featured British internationals including John Wark , Terry Butcher and Paul Mariner , although the Ipswich squad perhaps lacked the depth of established big clubs like Liverpool and Manchester United . Ipswich regularly featured in the top five of the league and in the UEFA Cup . At their peak in the 1979 – 80 season , they beat Manchester United 6 – 0 in a league game at Portman Road , a game where United goalkeeper Gary Bailey also saved three penalties . The defeat cost United two points – the margin which eventually separated them and champions Liverpool . Major success came in 1978 when Ipswich beat Arsenal at Wembley Stadium to win their only FA Cup trophy , the triumph was followed by a UEFA Cup victory in 1981 . The club also finished as league runners @-@ up in 1981 and 1982 . Robson 's success with Ipswich had attracted the attention of many bigger clubs , and he had been linked with the Manchester United job when Dave Sexton was sacked in May 1981 , but the job went to Ron Atkinson instead . It was the Football Association who lured Robson away from Portman Road a year later , when he accepted their offer to manage the England national team in July 1982 . = = = Relegation after Robson and promotion under Lyall = = = His successor at Ipswich was his assistant manager Bobby Ferguson . Under Ferguson , Town finished mid @-@ table twice , but worsening performances meant that they began to struggle in the top division . The recent construction of an expensive new stand at Portman Road had limited the club 's budget , despite the money gaining from sales of key players including Frans Thijssen and John Wark . Ipswich were finally relegated to the Second Division at the end of the 1985 – 86 season . Terry Butcher , their last remaining key player from the successful 1981 team , was sold to Rangers that summer . Ferguson , who had remained in charge despite the relegation , resigned in May 1987 after reaching the promotion play @-@ offs but failing to return the club to the first division . Ipswich Town were then managed by John Duncan for three years until he was replaced by former West Ham boss John Lyall in May 1990 , with Ipswich still in the Second Division . Lyall guided Ipswich to the Second Division title and promotion to the new FA Premier League , ready for the 1992 – 93 season . Suffering only two league defeats before the New Year , Ipswich started the season well and were fourth in the Premier League in January 1993 , but a dip in form during the final weeks of the season saw Ipswich finish in a disappointing 16th place . Poor form continued into the following season and Ipswich only avoided relegation that year when Sheffield United suffered a last @-@ gasp 3 – 2 defeat at Chelsea on the final day of the season . Six months later , fortunes on the pitch had not improved , and Lyall was sacked as Ipswich manager in December 1994 with the club rooted to the bottom of the Premiership . = = = Relegation and revival under George Burley = = = Lyall 's successor , George Burley , was unable to turn team performances around , and Ipswich suffered a Premiership record defeat , 9 – 0 , at Manchester United , on their way to relegation . Back in the second tier of the league , Burley led the club to three consecutive promotion playoffs , but they were to endure defeats in all three semi @-@ finals . Ipswich finally returned to the Premiership in 2000 after coming from behind to beat Barnsley 4 – 2 in the last Division One playoff final at Wembley Stadium . Ipswich performed well in the Premiership in their first season with Burley 's side finishing in an impressive fifth place — being pipped by Liverpool on the last day of the season for a place in the Champions League . Consolation was a UEFA Cup place and FA Premier League Manager of the Year Award for Burley . This spell in the top division ended after two seasons and the loss of income due to relegation led to the club going into financial administration . There was the minor consolation of again qualifying for the UEFA Cup , this time via the UEFA Fair Play ranking , and Ipswich survived two ties before losing in the second round proper to Czech side Slovan Liberec . A poor start to the season , culminating in a 0 – 3 defeat at struggling Grimsby Town , meant that Burley was sacked in October 2002 after nearly eight years as manager . = = = Since 2002 = = = First team coach Tony Mowbray was given four games as caretaker manager , winning once , but he was ultimately replaced as manager by the former Oldham Athletic , Everton and Manchester City manager Joe Royle , who had played for local rival Norwich City . Royle inherited a side struggling near the Division One relegation zone , but revived fortunes such that the team narrowly failed to reach the playoffs . The 2003 – 04 season saw the club come out of administration and continue to challenge for promotion back to the Premier League . They finished that season in fifth , but were defeated in the playoff semi @-@ finals by West Ham United . Narrowly missing automatic promotion in 2004 – 05 , Royle again took Ipswich to the play @-@ offs , but once more they lost to West Ham United in the semi @-@ finals . 2005 – 06 saw Ipswich finish in 15th place — the club 's lowest finish since 1966 . Joe Royle resigned by mutual consent on 11 May 2006 , and a month later , Jim Magilton was officially announced as the new manager . In November 2007 , the club were involved in takeover discussions with both businessman Marcus Evans and former Birmingham City director David Sullivan . In December 2007 , Evans completed his takeover of the club , purchasing an 87 @.@ 5 % stake in the club , investing around £ 44 million , which included the purchase of the club 's existing £ 32 million debt . The club agreed a sponsorship deal with the Marcus Evans Group on 20 May 2008 , lasting until 2013 , the longest in the club 's history . Magilton was sacked in April 2009 , and new Chief Executive Simon Clegg replaced him with Roy Keane . Keane 's spell as manager came to an end after an unsuccessful 18 months , when he was sacked in January 2011 , to be replaced briefly by Ian McParland in a caretaker role before Paul Jewell took the reins on a permanent basis . With Ipswich bottom of the Championship , Jewell left his position on 24 October 2012 by mutual consent . He was replaced temporarily by Chris Hutchings for a single match in a caretaker role , before Mick McCarthy was appointed full @-@ time on 1 November 2012 . He led Ipswich to avoid relegation , taking them from bottom of the league in November to finish in 14th position , 9th the following season and in 2014 – 15 a 6th @-@ place finish and playoff semi @-@ final exit at the hands of local rivals Norwich City . Ipswich failed to replicate their success of the previous season and finished 7th in 2015 @-@ 16 their third consecutive top ten finish since McCarthy took over as manager . = = Colours and crest = = One of Ipswich Town 's nicknames is The Blues , stemming from their traditional kit , which is predominantly blue . Since turning professional , Ipswich have used a number of away colours , including white , orange , red and black vertical stripes , claret and green , cream and black vertical stripes and dark blue and claret . The shirts worn by players of Ipswich Town did not sport a crest until the mid @-@ 1960s , when they adopted a design featuring a gold lion rampant guardant on a red background on the left half and three gold ramparts on a blue background on the right half . In 1972 , the crest was redesigned as the result of a competition , won by the Treasurer of the Supporters Club , John Gammage . Each element of the new design was intended to represent the region . I regarded the Suffolk Punch as a noble animal , well suited to dominate our design and represent the club . And to complete the badge I thought of the town of Ipswich which contains many historical buildings , including the Wolsey Gate , and is close to the sea with a large dock area . The crest was modified in 1995 after consultation with a Supporters Forum , with the turrets of the Wolsey Gate moved to the top of the crest , the yellow background changed to red , the Suffolk Punch given a more dominant physique and the F.C. expanded to Football Club . Three stars were added to the sleeve of the team 's away shirt for the 2004 – 05 season , and also to the home kit for the 2005 – 06 season . These stars were added to represent the three major trophies which Ipswich Town have won ; the FA Cup , the UEFA Cup and the old Division One . The stars were relocated directly above the crest when the shirt was redesigned prior to the 2007 – 08 season . In 2006 , the club donated 500 orange and blue @-@ and @-@ white shirts to children in Iraq . = = Stadium = = Between 1878 and 1884 , Ipswich Town played at two grounds in the town , Broom Hill and Brook 's Hall , but in 1884 , the club moved to Portman Road and have played there ever since . At their new home , Ipswich became one of the first clubs to implement the use of goal nets , in 1890 , but the more substantial elements of ground development did not begin until , in 1901 , a tobacco processing plant was built along the south edge of the ground . The first stand , a wooden structure , was built on the Portman Road side of the pitch in 1905 . In 1911 the roof was blown off , and the ground was later commandeered by the British Army for the duration of World War I. The club turned professional in 1936 , and work began on the first bank of terracing at the north end of the pitch . The following year , on the back of winning the Southern League , a similar terrace was built at the southern " Churchmans " end . All sides were terraced by 1954 , and floodlights were erected in 1959 for use in lower light conditions . The two @-@ tier Portman Stand was built along the east side of the ground in place of the existing terraces in 1971 , and the West Stand was extended in 1982 by the addition of a third tier . The rebuilt West Stand was renamed as the " Pioneer Stand " as a result of the club 's sponsorship by the electronics company Pioneer Corporation and was converted to all @-@ seating in 1990 . In 1990 , following the recommendations of the Taylor Report in the wake of the Hillsborough disaster the previous year , the terraces in both the north and south stands were also converted to all @-@ seating , creating the first complete all @-@ seater stadium in the top flight of English football with a spectator capacity of 22 @,@ 600 . Success on the pitch led to further investment in the infrastructure , with the club spending over £ 22 million on redeveloping both North and South stands , resulting in a current capacity of 30 @,@ 311 . In the past ten years , statues of both Sir Alf Ramsey and Sir Bobby Robson have been unveiled outside the stadium . The North Stand was renamed in honour of former manager Bobby Robson in September 2009 . On 31 March 2012 , in conjunction with celebrations of the 50th anniversary of Ipswich Town winning the 1st Division on their 1st attempt , the South Stand was renamed in honour of Ipswich and England 's former manager Sir Alf Ramsey . Portman Road now features two stands named after their own most successful managers in the club history as well as being England 's most successful managers . The playing surface at Portman Road is highly regarded and has been voted best pitch in the league on a number of occasions . The former groundsman , Alan Ferguson , received a number of accolades , including both Premiership and Championship Groundsman of the Year . = = Supporters = = During the 2008 – 09 season , Ipswich Town recorded an average attendance of 18 @,@ 873 , approximately 63 % of available capacity , the seventh @-@ highest attendance in The Championship . The highest attendance of the season was 28 @,@ 274 in the local derby against Norwich City . Locally , much is made of the informal title " Pride of Anglia " . Fans claim the title for either winning the East Anglian Derby , finishing highest in the league , having the better current league position , having the more successful club history . The club 's main local rival is Norwich City . When the two teams meet it is known as the ' East Anglian derby ' , or , informally , as the ' Old Farm derby ' , a comic reference to the ' Old Firm Derby ' played between Scottish teams Celtic and Rangers . A recent nickname for Town is " The Tractor Boys " , which was coined during the club 's brief period in the Premiership ( 2000 – 01 and 2001 – 02 ) when the team regularly competed against more fashionable clubs . The nickname is an example of self @-@ deprecating humour referring to Ipswich 's agricultural heritage . The origins of the nickname are not certain , but the first generally accepted use of the nickname was created whilst playing at Leeds United in 2000 – 2001 : Ipswich were winning the game 2 – 1 and the Leeds fans started chanting , ' We 're being beaten by a bunch of tractor drivers . ' Barracking by supporters of more established Premiership clubs during Town 's spell in the Premiership lent the ironic chant ' 1 – 0 to the Tractor Boys ' increased potency and publicity , and the nickname is commonly used by the media . Former Town manager Jim Magilton commented , in the local press , that he disliked the nickname and said that it conjured up , ' images of carrot @-@ crunching yokels ' , while players such as Matt Holland accepted the chant with good humour . = = Statistics and records = = Mick Mills holds the record for Ipswich league appearances , having played 591 first @-@ team matches between 1966 and 1982 . The club 's top league goalscorer is Ray Crawford , who scored 203 goals between 1958 and 1969 , while Ted Phillips holds the record for the most goals scored in a season , 41 in the 1956 – 57 season in Division Three ( South ) . Allan Hunter is the most capped player for the club , making 47 appearances for Northern Ireland . The club 's widest victory margins in the league have been their 7 – 0 wins against Portsmouth in the Second Division in 1964 , against Southampton in the First Division in 1974 and against West Bromwich Albion in the First Division in 1976 . Their heaviest defeats in the league were 10 – 1 against Fulham in 1963 and 9 – 0 against Manchester United in 1995 . Ipswich 's record home attendance is 38 @,@ 010 for a sixth round FA Cup match against Leeds United on 8 March 1975 . With the introduction of regulations enforcing all @-@ seater stadiums , it is unlikely that this record will be beaten in the foreseeable future . The highest transfer fee received for an Ipswich player is £ 8 @.@ 1 million as part of a deal worth in excess of £ 12 million from Sunderland for Connor Wickham in June 2011 , while the most spent by the club on a player was £ 4 @.@ 75 million for Matteo Sereni from Sampdoria in July 2001 , following the club 's qualification for the UEFA Cup . = = Players = = As of 23 July 2016 . = = = First team squad = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Players of the Year = = = Towards the end of each season , a player is voted as " Player of the Year " by the fans . For the 2015 – 16 season , the player of the year is goalkeeper Bartosz Bialkowski . Bialkowski is the fourth goalkeeper to win the award and the first winner from Poland . = = Managers = = As of 27 February 2016 . Only permanent managers are shown . = = Honours = = = = Ipswich Town in popular culture = = A number of Ipswich players appeared alongside Sylvester Stallone and Pelé in the 1981 prisoner of war film Escape to Victory , including John Wark , Russell Osman , Robin Turner , Laurie Sivell , and Kevin O 'Callaghan . Other Ipswich Town players stood in for actors in the football scenes — Kevin Beattie for Michael Caine , and Paul Cooper for Sylvester Stallone . = = Ipswich Town Ladies = = A ladies team affiliated with the club , Ipswich Town L.F.C. , currently compete in the FA Women 's Premier League South East Division 1 , the fourth tier of Women 's football in the country . They play their home games at Rushmere Sports Club .
= Arthur Rose Eldred = Arthur Rose Eldred ( August 16 , 1895 – January 4 , 1951 ) was an American agricultural and railroad industry executive , civic leader , and the first Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) . As a 17 @-@ year @-@ old candidate for the highest rank bestowed by the BSA , he was personally interviewed by a panel composed of the youth organization 's founding luminaries , including Ernest Thompson Seton and Daniel Carter Beard . Eldred was awarded the coveted distinction of Eagle Scout on September 2 , 1912 , becoming the first of more than two million boys in the U.S. since then to earn Scouting 's most vaunted rank . Eldred also received the Bronze Honor Medal for lifesaving , and was the first of four generations of Eagle Scouts in his family . A graduate of Cornell University , Eldred enlisted at age 22 in the United States Navy in January 1918 , nine months after the U.S. entry into World War I. After serving aboard various Navy vessels and seeing combat in that conflict , he then worked in the agriculture and produce transportation industries , serving as a railroad industry official . Eldred continued as an active Scout leader and school board member throughout much of his adult life . = = Scouting as a youth = = Eldred was born in Brooklyn , New York , and raised in Oceanside , Long Island , New York by his mother after his father died . Eldred ’ s older brother , Hubert W. Eldred , was instrumental in starting Troop 1 of Oceanside , Long Island , New York in November 1910 . Troop 1 was fully uniformed and their appearance so impressed Chief Scout Executive James E. West that he asked the troop to serve as honor guard for the visit of Baden @-@ Powell , the founder of Scouting . West paid the expenses for the troop to travel to New York on January 31 , 1912 . Baden @-@ Powell inspected Troop 1 , and spoke with Eldred at some length . In March 1911 , Eldred earned First Class rank . In April 1912 , he completed the 21 merit badges required for Eagle Scout . Merit badges are awards for mastering skills taught in the Scouting program . At the time , only 141 merit badges had then been earned by about 50 Scouts . As originally implemented , Eagle Scout was part of the merit badge system and was not a rank . Thus Eldred , like several of the early Eagles , did not earn the Life or Star awards that later preceded Eagle Scout . Eldred 's merit badges were noted in the Honor Roll of the August 1912 edition of Boys ' Life . Eldred did not have a troop board of review , a review by the adult troop leaders to ensure eligibility . Instead , Eldred had a thorough National Board of Review consisting of West , Ernest Thompson Seton , Daniel Carter Beard , and Wilbert E. Longfellow , who wrote in the Handbook for Boys on life @-@ saving and swimming . At the time there had still not been a council @-@ level system for Eagle Scouts boards of review . West informed Eldred of his Eagle award in a letter dated August 21 , 1912 . This letter also informed Eldred of the delay in the medal , caused by the fact that the design of the Eagle Scout medal had not been finalized . Eldred was presented Eagle Scout on Labor Day , September 2 , 1912 , becoming the first to earn Scouting 's highest rank , just two years after the founding of the BSA itself . In August 1912 , Eldred was camping with the troop in Orange Lake , New York . While swimming in the lake , fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Melvin Daly , another Scout who was a non @-@ swimmer , began to drown . Eldred rescued Daly with the assistance of Merritt Cutler . Chief Scout Seton presented Eldred with the Honor Medal for this action . = = Education and career = = Eldred entered Cornell University in 1912 and graduated in 1916 having studied agriculture . At the university , Eldred was a member of the Alpha Zeta fraternity , president of the Agricultural Association and participated in track and cross @-@ country . = = = Naval service = = = Eldred enlisted in the United States Navy in January 1918 , during World War I. He was initially assigned to the Philadelphia Naval Yard before shipping out on the transport USS Henderson ( AP @-@ 1 ) on Sunday , June 30 , 1918 from Bush Terminal in Brooklyn , New York for overseas duty . On July 1 , 1918 his convoy spotted two enemy submarines and attacked them with depth charges . It is not known whether the submarines were damaged . During the Henderson 's seventh troop transport voyage to France there was a fire on board on July 2 , 1918 , that resulted in the ship returning to the United States . All but one or two of those on board were rescued by the destroyers USS Mayrant ( DD @-@ 31 ) and USS Paul Jones ( DD @-@ 10 ) and eventually taken aboard the USS Von Steuben ( ID @-@ 3017 ) , which continued to Brest , France , where Eldred 's knowledge of French proved useful . From there , he was sent by train to Italy . Eldred arrived in Italy in July 1918 and eventually at Sub Chaser Base 25 , located in Corfu , Greece in September 1918 . There he served as a machinist aboard submarine chaser SC @-@ 244 , where they patrolled the Strait of Otranto and were engaged in combat . While in Corfu , Eldred and many others got sick with the flu during the 1918 flu pandemic . The conditions at the hospital were so bad that he had to crawl to a stream to get water , which resulted in a permanent scar on his left hip . Eldred began his return to the United States and arrived in Malta on December 25 , 1918 . By February 1919 , he was in Gibraltar . He was given the option of staying in the Navy until they arrived home in six months or being discharged and paying his own way home . He elected the discharge and was separated from the Navy on March 4 , 1919 . He met some U.S. Army soldiers who were en route to America aboard an Army troop ship . They took him aboard as a stowaway and loaned him an Army uniform . Eldred slept in a life boat on the way back to America . = = = Business and civic endeavors = = = After the war , Eldred worked for a dairy , then became the agricultural agent for Atlantic County , New Jersey in 1921 and established the Atlantic City municipal market . He later promoted produce transportation for the Reading Railroad . As the trucking industry became a major competitor for the carriage of agricultural products , Eldred became the manager of the Eastern Railroad Association 's Motor Carrier Committee . He also served on the Camden County Council , the Clementon School District Board of Education , and also served as Overbrook Regional school board president . = = Adult Scouting life , descendants , and legacy = = Eldred was a board of review examiner throughout the 1920s . He was later the troop committee chairman for Troop 77 in Clementon , New Jersey . Eldred 's descendants have followed in his footsteps . Eldred was present when his eldest son , Willard " Bill " G. Eldred , had his Eagle Scout ceremony on October 27 , 1944 . Eldred also had a younger son , Arthur , and one daughter , Patricia . Two of Eldred 's grandsons are also Eagle Scouts : James I. Hudson III ( 1968 ) and Willard " Bill " Eldred ( 1977 ) . Four of his great @-@ grandsons , Kyle Kern , Tyler Eldred , Tennessee Abbott , and Bobby Hitte , were Scouts as of March 2007 , working towards Eagle Scout . Tyler Eldred and Kyle Kern did not make Eagle Scout and were no longer in Scouting as youths by July 2009 . Tennessee Abbott had his Eagle Scout ceremony on May 2 , 2010 . Bobby Hitte became an Eagle Scout in 2012 , 100 years after Arthur and another Eldred descendant , Jack Eldred , had joined Scouting . Eldred died at the age of 55 from colon cancer on January 4 , 1951 at his home in Clementon . He is buried in Berlin Cemetery , Berlin , New Jersey . The National Eagle Scout Association chapter of the BSA 's Theodore Roosevelt Council in Massapequa , New York is named in honor of Eldred . In October 1976 the Village of Rockville Centre , New York honored Arthur Eldred by dedicating Eagle Scout Park in the village in his memory . The ceremony was attended by his widow , son Bill and grandsons .
= Dear Doctor = " Dear Doctor " is the thirteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Enterprise and originally aired on January 23 , 2002 , on UPN . The episode was written by Maria and Andre Jacquemetton , and was directed by James A. Contner . Set in the 22nd century , the series follows the adventures of the first Starfleet starship Enterprise , registration NX @-@ 01 . In this episode , Doctor Phlox ( John Billingsley ) faces a serious dilemma as a dying race begs for help from the crew of the Enterprise . The culture consists of two related races , but only the more genetically advanced race has been stricken by a planet @-@ wide plague . UPN requested that the ending of the episode be changed , something that Billingsley did not like . However , he and other members of the cast and crew approved of the final episode . Due to the subject matter and the ending , it is seen as a controversial episode by fans . Although " Dear Doctor " received the same audience share as the previous episode , there was a 6 @.@ 6 % drop in viewers to 5 @.@ 7 million viewers for its first broadcast . = = Plot = = Doctor Phlox receives a letter from his Interspecies Medical Exchange counterpart , Doctor Jeremy Lucas , who is serving a term on Denobula . He begins to compose a letter back , describing his experiences with the crew , and the ways in which humans are different . Meanwhile , on the Bridge , the crew are discussing a pre @-@ warp vessel they have encountered . The alien they speak with , a Valakian , begs them to assist with a medical emergency their species is facing . Sub @-@ Commander T 'Pol reveals that the Vulcans are unaware of the species , but she agrees with Captain Archer to help them . Phlox continues his letter , describing the challenges of treating the disease – with over fifty million lives at stake . Enterprise arrives at the Valakian homeworld , where they are met by Esaak , the Valakian director of a clinic , and Larr , a Menk orderly . T 'Pol , Phlox , Archer , and Ensign Sato make a tour of the medical facility . Sato discovers that there is a second lesser @-@ evolved yet unaffected race , the Menk , who live alongside the Valakians . Phlox makes the startling discovery that the Valakians are slowly dying out , not from an easily curable medical condition , but because of a genetic disease which is experiencing an accelerated rate of mutation . He also believes that the answer to a cure may lie in the Menk . Archer , meanwhile , is debating whether to provide the Valakians with Warp drive , ultimately deciding against it . Upon further investigation , Phlox learns that the Valakians suffer from the illness because their gene pool has reached a " dead end " and that the Menk are undergoing an " awakening process . " He also finds that the Valakians have been stifling and underestimating the Menk . He has found a cure , but does not believe it would be ethical to administer . Archer considers how a " primary directive " would be helpful , and provides the Valakians with medicine that will diminish the symptoms for a decade , anticipating the Menks ' natural evolution and new levels of understanding between them . = = Production = = UPN requested a modified ending to the episode , as the original version had Phlox and Archer disagreeing over what to do with the Valakians . Archer would have wanted to save the race , while Phlox would have wanted evolution to take its course . John Billingsley , who played Doctor Phlox in Enterprise , didn 't agree with the changed version , saying " the ending that had initially been created I was fairly comfortable with . But the head of the studio suggested some revisions on the ending . What do you do ? I wasn 't as happy with the revisions , but it 's not my show , you have to sort of adjust , even if sometimes it does seem a bit of a contradiction in terms for what your character is supposed to be about . " Billingsley also enjoyed the romantic subplot with Kellie Waymire as Elizabeth Cutler , however he was concerned that Waymire 's working schedule wouldn 't allow her to return to the show easily and so he wasn 't anticipating the romance being followed up upon in future episodes . She had previously appeared as Cutler in the episode " Strange New World " , and was pleased for her character to be involved with Phlox saying that she 'd be interested to see if the romantic plot was brought back by writers in a future episode . Waymire made one final appearance as Cutler in " Two Days and Two Nights " , before her death on November 13 , 2003 of an undiagnosed medical condition . Amongst other guest stars in this episode was Karl Wiedergott , who is better known for his voice work on The Simpsons . = = Reception and home media = = " Dear Doctor " was first aired on UPN on January 23 , 2002 . The episode was watched by 5 @.@ 7 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 7 / 6 percent share . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 7 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This was the same share as the previous episode , " Silent Enemy " , but a 6 @.@ 6 % drop in the number of actual viewers overall . Michelle Erica Green , whilst writing for Trek Nation described " Dear Doctor " as the " first truly great episode " of Enterprise and compared it to " Pen Pals " from Star Trek : The Next Generation and " Tuvix " from Star Trek : Voyager in the way that the ethical dilemma is presented . She enjoyed the " seamlessly interwoven subplots and moving character development " and the pace of the episode , but wanted to see more of the society of the two races . Peter Schorn , writing a review for the first season for IGN , described " Dear Doctor " as one of the more solid episodes . Jamahl Epsicokhan , on his website Jammer 's Reviews , said that it was " by miles the best episode so far " . He calls it a " real story " with an actual issue , and praises the performance of John Billingsley as Phlox . The episode was received warmly by members of the Enterprise cast and crew . Anthony Montgomery said prior to the end of the first series that he " absolutely loved ' Dear Doctor ' ; I thought that was fantastic " . After the end of the series , John Billingsley named the episode as one of his favourites as it was the first time he felt the character was three @-@ dimensional , and executive producer Brannon Braga subsequently called the episode a " classic " . Writer André Bormanis said that " Dear Doctor " was " great example of a classic Star Trek / Science Fiction " what if " scenario that raised interesting and complex social issues . " The first home media release of the episode was on VHS in the UK on August 5 , 2002 . It was first released in the United States on DVD , having been released as part of the season one box set during May 2005 . The Blu ray release of Enterprise was announced in early 2013 , and was released in the United States on March 26 with the UK release following on April 1 . = = = Controversy = = = Almost immediately after airing , " Dear Doctor " received criticism from fans who disagreed with the conclusion of the episode . John Billingsley said in an interview afterwards that he " had a feeling that probably there ’ d be some upset " . He didn 't pay much attention to the response of fans on the internet , and said of the online criticism that he " wasn ’ t aware of it until well after the fact " . It was subsequently mentioned in an article on ethics in Star Trek written by Faith and Ethics reporter Stuart Laidlaw of the Toronto Star , who compared the actions of Phlox and Archer at the end of the episode to the response of the international community during the Rwandan Genocide .
= McDonald 's Cycle Center = McDonald 's Cycle Center ( formerly Millennium Park Bike Station ) is an indoor bike station in the northeast corner of Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago , in the U.S. state of Illinois . The city of Chicago built the center at the intersection of East Randolph Street and Columbus Drive , and opened it July 2004 . Since June 2006 , it has been sponsored by McDonald 's and several other partners , including city departments and bicycle advocacy organizations . The bike station , which serves bicycle commuters and utility cyclists , provides lockers , showers , a snack bar with outdoor summer seating , bike repair , bike rental and 300 bicycle parking spaces . The Cycle Center is accessible by membership and day pass . It also accommodates runners and inline skaters , and provides space for a Chicago Police Department Bike Patrol Group . Planning for the Cycle Center was part of the larger " Bike 2010 Plan " , in which the city aimed to make itself more accommodating to bicycle commuters . This plan ( now replaced by the " Bike 2015 Plan " ) included provisions for front @-@ mounted two @-@ bike carriers on Chicago Transit Authority ( CTA ) buses , permitting bikes to be carried on Chicago ' L ' trains , installing numerous bike racks and creating bicycle lanes in streets throughout the city . Additionally , the Chicago metropolitan area 's other mass transit providers , Metra and Pace , have developed increased bike accessibility . Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley was an advocate of the plan , noting it is also an environmentally friendly effort to cut down on traffic . McDonald 's controversially claimed that , since it is providing a healthier menu and fostering grade school physical education in an effort to help its customers improve their health , sponsoring bicycle and exercise activity in the park augments the company 's other initiatives . Environmentalists , urban planners and cycling enthusiasts around the world have expressed interest in the Cycle Center , and want to emulate what they see as a success story in urban planning and transit @-@ oriented development . Pro @-@ cycling and environmentalist journalists in publications well beyond the Chicago metropolitan area have described the Cycle Center as exemplary , impressive , unique and ground @-@ breaking . = = History and background = = Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west , Grant Park has been Chicago 's " front yard " since the mid @-@ 19th century . Its northwest corner , north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute , east of Michigan Avenue , south of Randolph Street , and west of Columbus Drive , had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997 , when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park . According to 2007 data released in 2008 , Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction . The Millennium Park bicycle center was designed by David Steele of the architectural firm Muller & Muller , which won a $ 120 @,@ 000 contract to design the station by Memorial Day 2004 , and commenced the design in August 2003 . This was at a time when bike stations were in place or being planned in several U.S. cities , such as Denver , and , in California , Los Angeles , Berkeley , Long Beach and Palo Alto . Developed at the time of " Bike 2010 Plan " discussions , the station was part of Mayor Daley 's vision of Chicago as the most bicycle @-@ friendly city in the United States . From the outset the plan was to have separate operators for the Cycle Center 's rental and repair services , as well as its coffee and juice bar . The bike station had originally been planned to occupy 10 @,@ 000 square feet ( 929 m2 ) and cost $ 2 million , but when completed , the Cycle Center was 16 @,@ 448 square feet ( 1 @,@ 528 m2 ) and located on a larger exterior plaza . The final two @-@ floor design cost $ 3 @.@ 2 million , and a federal grant from the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration for projects that lessen traffic congestion and improve air quality funded its construction . The Cycle Center was completed in June 2004 and the official opening occurred on July 19 , 2004 , the Monday following the Millennium Park 's grand opening gala . Attendees for the ribbon cutting included Mayor Daley , CDOT Commissioner Miguel d 'Escoto , Chicago Park District General Superintendent Timothy Mitchell , and representatives from the Chicago Bike Federation , Public Building Commission , Chicago Police Department , and Chicago City Council . Managed by the Chicago Department of Transportation ( CDOT ) , the Cycle Center is on the fifth and sixth floors of the Millennium Park parking garage . Although bicycle centers were already common throughout Europe , Long Beach , California is credited with pioneering commuter @-@ biking hubs offering valet parking , showers and repair services in the United States . As the concept grew , public agencies and private groups in other cities followed suit . The development of the Millennium Park Cycle Center was part of a reversal of bike disincentives stemming from Boub v. Township of Wayne — a 1998 Illinois Supreme Court ruling that bikes are " permitted " but not " intended " users of the roads , meaning that local governments have a limited responsibility to keep cyclists safe and that municipalities are immune from bicycle @-@ injury lawsuits unless the street has been clearly marked as a bike route . The city has been actively accommodating cyclists since 1999 through the CDOT Bike Lane Project . At the time of the July 2004 Cycle Center opening , Illinois Senate Bill 275 , which would have removed the liability disincentive to add bike lanes , mark bike routes and give cyclists reasonable protection , was at issue . At the time , the city of Chicago had 90 miles ( 140 km ) of bike lanes ( with an additional 110 miles ( 180 km ) forthcoming ) , in excess of 9 @,@ 000 bike racks , and it had implemented a policy allowing bicycles on CTA trains ( at all times excluding weekday morning and afternoon rush hours ) , CTA buses and Pace buses . In June 2005 , Metra allowed a limited number of bicycles on trains during off @-@ peak and weekend hours for the first time on a trial basis . By 2006 , the city had 315 miles ( 507 km ) of bike lanes . The planning emphasis in Chicago uses what is known as transit @-@ oriented development , which encourages developers to include bicycle parking . The structure was originally named the Millennium Park Bike Station , but in June 2006 McDonald 's announced a $ 5 million grant to underwrite the operations of the Cycle Center for 50 years . The bike facility had been the last unsponsored component of Millennium Park . As part of the endowment , McDonald 's agreed to be the sponsor of free summer physical fitness programs such as yoga , pilates , and a variety of dance class sessions in Millennium Park for 10 years . McDonald 's agreed not to use any of its traditional commercial signage such as the Golden Arches . The McDonald 's sponsorship of the Cycle Center and park fitness activity came just a few months after Chicago was named the fattest city in America by Men 's Fitness . The Cycle Center is designed to encourage bicycle commuting to Millennium and Grant Parks as well as to work and other nearby downtown locations , such as the Art Institute of Chicago . It represents two major initiatives by the mayor : to promote cycling and to make the city greener . By supporting cycling as an alternate form of transportation , it will help reduce traffic congestion , improve air quality and promote the health benefits of cycling . = = Design = = The physical focal point of the Cycle Center is an atrium that introduces the two lower levels of facilities and provides an aesthetic above @-@ ground presence . The atrium , which has been praised by Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning architecture critic Blair Kamin more than once , has a sloping solar paneled roof . The 120 solar panels produce 6 @.@ 5 percent of the electricity supply required for the climate @-@ controlled building . The Cycle Center has an opaque design , with thin steel frames for its main windows . The interior design uses stainless steel and blond wood , and shade is produced by awnings . The Cycle Center includes parking for up to 300 bikes , lockers , an Internet station , a cafe , bike rentals , bike repair and private stall showers . During business hours , the facility has 100 spaces set aside for first @-@ come , first @-@ served usage , but after hours the facility is limited to dues @-@ paying members . In addition to the riders , the Chicago Police Lakefront Bicycle Patrol Unit is stationed at the Cycle Center . As the city 's high @-@ profile bicycle parking facility , it has served as a demonstration location for efforts to lobby for further bicycle accommodations for the Active Transportation Alliance , League of Illinois Bicyclists , and Illinois Lieutenant Governor Pat Quinn . = = Facilities = = When the heated and air conditioned McDonald 's Cycle Center opened , bicycle parking facilities with amenities , which had first appeared in the U.S. on the West Coast , did not exist in the Midwest . When it opened in 2006 the bike station was one of the country 's largest and most modern . The Cycle Center 's bicycle parking facilities use high @-@ capacity , two @-@ tiered DoubleParker racks that accommodate more than twice as many bicycles per square foot as traditional bike racks . These racks were manufactured by Josta , a German manufacturer of bicycle parking systems and stands . The interior design was a joint collaboration between the city of Chicago , Josta , and Cycle @-@ Safe , Inc. of Grand Rapids , Michigan , which also produces lockers and racks for bicycles . The Chicago Park District runs the station , which has a full @-@ time staff . The Cycle Center is at 239 East Randolph Street ( at Columbus Drive ) , and offers convenient connections to mass transit at the nearby Chicago Transit Authority hub , the McCormick Place Busway and Metra trains at Millennium Station . For the annual series of festivals held in Grant Park , such as Lollapalooza and Taste of Chicago , the McDonald 's Cycle Center is complemented by the Chase Bike Valet at the corner of Lake Shore Drive and Monroe Street , which is one block east of Millennium Park . Chase Bank and organizations such as the Active Transportation Alliance sponsor the Chase Bike Valet . The city and its Cycle Center are considered exemplary by other cities in pursuit of covered , secure bicycle parking near public transportation . = = = Membership = = = The Cycle Center offers a wide variety of services to its members , and is busiest on Monday and Tuesday mornings . Illinois residents are eligible for Cycle Center monthly or annual memberships , which provide access to the showers and lockers ; allow participation in the shared bicycle program ; and include discounts on bicycle services , accessories , I @-@ GO car sharing membership , and City bike events . The Cycle Center is affiliated with , and provides free special @-@ event valet bicycle service for events such as Bike The Drive , L.A.T.E. Ride , and Chicago Marathon . As part of their membership agreement , members cannot store perishables and illegal substances in the lockers . In April 2005 , the Cycle Center approached its 500 @-@ member capacity , and began a waiting list . Monthly membership was $ 15 and yearly membership was $ 90 . When the Cycle Center was renamed in 2006 , it had an approximate membership of 500 cyclists , who each paid dues of either $ 15 monthly or $ 99 annually . About 50 @,@ 000 riders used the Cycle Center in its first two years . By 2007 , the annual membership cost for those selected from the wait list was $ 20 per month or $ 149 per year . There are 240 lockers available to members . The Cycle Center has eight private stall showers , four each for men and women , that are equipped with an attached personal dressing area . The station has offered a nutritional continental breakfast including cereal , coffee , fruit , juice and yogurt . = = = Rentals = = = The Cycle Center offers a wide variety of bicycle styles , models and accessories for hourly , daily , weekly or monthly rental . Helmets , locks , and trail maps are included with each rental . Deposits can be secured with a valid credit card or driver 's license . Children under 18 years old must have a parent or guardian for rentals . Among the types of rentals available are tagalongs , wagons , tandem bicycles and inline skates , and discounts are available with online rentals . Bike Chicago manages the rentals at the Cycle Center , as well as at Navy Pier , North Avenue Beach and Foster Avenue Beach . The citywide rental network emulates those in cities such as Paris , where they have long been common . Showers and lockers were initially available to non @-@ members for a $ 1 fee , but by 2009 , the fee had been raised to $ 3 . One hundred lockers are available to day users . = = = Repair = = = The Cycle Center 's repair center offers full @-@ time professional bicycle mechanics from 10 am to 6 pm during the summer , between Memorial Day weekend and Labor Day weekend inclusive , and part @-@ time during the rest of the year . The repair center has tools available for those who want to fix their bicycle themselves . Repair services are deeply discounted . = = = Tours = = = The Cycle Center conducts two- to three @-@ hour tours , with reservations dependent on the seasons . Tours include the Lake Michigan lakefront , the North Side , the South Side and night @-@ time sightseeing . Self @-@ guided tours are also available . Reservations are recommended from April to August and are required during the rest of the year . In May 2006 , regular tours were offered . The biking event Le Tour de Shore was held over 2 days in 2008 . Starting at the Cycle Center , the event took riders 90 miles ( 140 km ) near Lake Michigan , through the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore , and along the backroads of both Indiana and Michigan . The Chicago Trolley Company takes bicyclists from the Cycle Center to the DuSable Museum of African American History twice daily for the Presidential Bike tour , which starts on the South Side of Chicago . The bike tour travels to Barack Obama 's home in the Kenwood community area , the place of his and Michelle Obama 's marriage and other culturally related destinations . = = Critical review = = The Chicago Tribune 's architecture critic , Blair Kamin , gave the Cycle Center three stars ( out of a possible four ) , described as a " gem " for the city and praised several elements of its detail . It has received accolades from numerous architecture and bicycling enthusiasts . Other Tribune writers have described the station as an " oasis for the urban cyclist " and reminiscent of " a hip health club " . The Toronto Star described it similarly , saying that it is a " jewel @-@ like glass building " with " amenities of an upscale health club " ; it quoted a cycling advocate who said " It 's not heaven , but it 's close " . According to The Plain Dealer , the Cycle Center is the United States ' " best @-@ known [ bike ] station " , while The Oregonian describes it as " the ultimate in bicycle stations " . The Boston Globe felt that the Cycle Center put Chicago over the top as the nation 's most cycling @-@ friendly city . The Cycle Center avoided much of the controversy that beset most of Millennium Park by remaining open during the paid rental of a large portion of the park by Toyota on September 8 , 2005 . What proved more controversial were McDonald 's claims that , since it is providing a healthier menu and fostering grade school physical education in an effort to help its customers improve their health , sponsoring bicycle and exercise activity in the park augments the company 's other initiatives . Longtime writer for the Chicago Tribune and current Tribune health and fitness reporter , Julie Deardorff , described the move as a continuation of the ' " McDonaldization " of America ' and as somewhat " insidious " because the company is making itself more prominent as the social sentiment is to move away from fast food . The Cycle Center has helped Chicago to become known as a cycling @-@ friendly city . According to an article in The Washington Post based on selections by the Adventure Cycling Association and Bicycling magazine , Chicago is one of the ten most cycling @-@ friendly cities in the U.S. because of the Cycle Center and the Chicago Department of Transportation 's Bicycle Program . The Cycle Center was featured in the Federal Transit Administration 's April 2009 report to the United States Congress on a new generation of innovative transit systems entitled Reinventing Transit : American communities finding smarter , cleaner , faster transportation solutions . Cities as far away as Melbourne , Australia , point to Chicago as an example of a city with cycling @-@ friendly features because of the Cycle Center ( they also used European cities such as Amsterdam and Lyon , France , as well as U.S. cities such as Davis , California and Portland , Oregon as examples ) . The Chicago Architecture Foundation awarded its 2004 Stein Ray & Harris Patron of the Year award in the governmental category to Millennium Park , specifically mentioning the bike station , Commissioner d 'Escoto and the City of Chicago Department of Transportation , along with several other leaders responsible for the development of other park features .
= Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince = Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince is the sixth and penultimate novel in the Harry Potter series , written by British author J. K. Rowling . Set during protagonist Harry Potter 's sixth year at Hogwarts , the novel explores the past of Harry 's nemesis , Lord Voldemort , and Harry 's preparations for the final battle against Voldemort alongside his headmaster and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic on 16 July 2005 , as well as in several other countries . It sold nine million copies in the first 24 hours after its release , a record at the time which was eventually broken by its sequel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . There were many controversies before and after it was published , including the right to read the copies delivered prior to the release date in Canada . Reception to the novel was generally positive and it won several awards and honours , including the 2006 British Book of the Year award . Reviewers noted that the book took on a darker tone than its predecessors , though it did contain some humour . Some considered the main themes to be love and death , and trust and redemption . The character development of Harry and several other teenage characters was also remarked upon . The film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was released 15 July 2009 by Warner Bros. = = Plot = = Severus Snape , a member of the Order of the Phoenix , meets with Narcissa Malfoy , Draco 's mother , who expresses concern that her son might not survive a dangerous mission given to him by Lord Voldemort . He makes an Unbreakable Vow with her to protect and assist Draco in his mission . Dumbledore takes Harry to the temporary home of Horace Slughorn , former Potions teacher at Hogwarts , and persuades him to return to teach . Harry is taken to the Burrow , where Hermione has already arrived . The next morning they get their Ordinary Wizarding Level ( O.W.L. ) results , and school supplies lists . Later , Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger follow Draco to Dark Arts supplier Borgin and Burkes . Harry is instantly suspicious of Draco , whom he believes to be a Death Eater . The students return to school , where Dumbledore announces that Snape would be teaching Defence Against the Dark Arts this year , while Slughorn would resume his post as Potions teacher . Harry now excels in Potions , thanks to having received a used Potions textbook that once belonged to someone named " The Half @-@ Blood Prince " , who wrote numerous tips and spells in his Potions textbook . The Half @-@ Blood Prince 's tips help Harry win a bottle of Felix Felicis , or lucky potion , from his lessons . However , Harry 's newfound brilliance in potions angers Hermione and causes much tension between the two . Believing that Harry needs to learn Voldemort 's past to gain advantage in a foretold battle , Dumbledore schedules regular meetings with Harry , in which they use Dumbledore 's Pensieve to look at memories of those who have had direct contact with Voldemort . Harry learns about Voldemort 's family and his evolution into a murderer obsessed not only with power , but with gaining eternal life . Using his Felix Felicis , Harry eventually succeeds in retrieving one of Slughorn 's memories about how he revealed the secrets about splitting one 's soul and hiding it in several objects called Horcruxes , granting Voldemort immortality . Dumbledore explains that in order to grant him mortality , all the horcruxes must be destroyed . Two Horcruxes , including Riddle 's Diary from Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , have already been destroyed but five others remain . The love lives of the main characters come into play during the year . Ron and Hermione grow closer together , but after learning from his sister Ginny that Hermione had previously kissed Viktor Krum , Ron shuns her . Harry 's attempts to repair things between the two fail , resulting in Ron going out with Lavender Brown to make Hermione jealous . Ron and Hermione later reconcile after Ron is nearly killed in an attempt on Dumbledore 's life . As a result of this , Ron and Lavender break up when Lavender sees the two of them walking out of the girl 's dormitories together . However , this was only because she hadn 't noticed Harry , who had already hurried on ahead . Harry meanwhile falls in love with Ginny , but he is reluctant to enter a relationship with her for most of the year because of his friendship with Ron . He does enter in a relationship with her though , with the permission of Ron . Later in the year , Harry and Dumbledore journey to a cave to retrieve a Horcrux . Dumbledore expertly finds a secret passageway to a hollow , where Harry and Dumbledore take a boat across the toxic lake . They reach the basin where the Horcrux is hidden underneath a potion . Dumbledore drinks the potion , which severely weakens him , while Harry fights off Voldemort 's Inferi . They take the Horcrux , Slytherin 's locket , and return to find that the Dark Mark has been placed over Hogwarts in their absence . Dumbledore uses his magic to freeze Harry in place while Harry remains hidden by his cloak of invisibility . Draco arrives , accompanied by Death Eaters that he helped get inside Hogwarts . Draco disarms Dumbledore of his wand then threatens to kill him , acting on his mission from Voldemort . Dumbledore tries to stall Draco , who is unable to go through with it , but Snape arrives and kills Dumbledore . Because of Dumbledore 's death , his spell on Harry is broken , and Harry rushes after Snape to avenge Dumbledore . Snape reveals that he is the Half @-@ Blood Prince and escapes with Draco and the other Death Eaters . Later , Harry finds out that the locket is not the real Horcrux , containing only a note from someone named " R. A. B. " . After Dumbledore 's funeral , Harry breaks up with Ginny , saying it is too dangerous for their relationship to continue . Harry is so devastated by Dumbledore 's death , he decides to tell his friends he will not be returning to Hogwarts next year and will instead search out and kill Voldemort by destroying all of the Horcruxes . Ron and Hermione vow to join him in destroying Lord Voldemort for good . = = Development = = = = = Franchise = = = Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince is the sixth book in the Harry Potter series . The first book in the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , was first published by Bloomsbury in 1997 , with an initial print @-@ run of 500 copies in hardback , 300 of which were distributed to libraries . By the end of 1997 , the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9- to 11 @-@ year @-@ olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the longest novel in the Harry Potter series , was released 21 June 2003 . After the publishing of Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince , the seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was released 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release : 2 @.@ 7 million copies in the UK and 8 @.@ 3 million in the US . = = = Background = = = Rowling stated that she had Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince " planned for years " , but she spent two months going over her plan before she began writing seriously . This was a lesson learned after she did not check the plan for Goblet of Fire and had to rewrite a third of the book . She started writing the book before her second child , David , was born , but she took a break to care for him . The first chapter , " The Other Minister " , which features the meeting between the Muggle Prime Minister , the Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge , and his successor , Rufus Scrimgeour , was a concept Rowling tried to start in Philosopher 's Stone , Prisoner of Azkaban , and Order of the Phoenix , but she found " it finally works " in Half @-@ Blood Prince . She stated that she was " seriously upset " writing the end of the book , although Goblet of Fire was the hardest to write . When asked if she liked the book , she responded , " I like it better than I liked ' Goblet ' , ' Phoenix ' or ' Chamber ' when I finished them . Book six does what I wanted it to do and even if nobody else likes it ( and some won 't ) , I know it will remain one of my favourites of the series . Ultimately you have to please yourself before you please anyone else ! " Rowling revealed the title of Half @-@ Blood Prince on her website on 29 June 2004 . This was the title she had once considered for the second book , Chamber of Secrets , though she decided that the information disclosed belonged better in book six . On 21 December 2004 , she announced she had finished writing it , along with the release date of 16 July . Bloomsbury unveiled the cover on 8 March 2005 . = = Controversies = = The record @-@ breaking publication of Half @-@ Blood Prince was accompanied by controversy . In May 2005 , bookmakers in the UK suspended bets on which main character would die in the book amid fears of insider knowledge . A number of high value bets were made on the death of Albus Dumbledore , many coming from the town of Bungay where , it was believed , the books were being printed at the time . Betting was later reopened . Additionally , in response to Greenpeace 's campaign on using forest friendly paper for big @-@ name authors , Bloomsbury published the book on 30 % recycled paper . = = = Right @-@ to @-@ read controversy = = = In early July 2005 , a Real Canadian Superstore in Coquitlam , British Columbia , Canada , accidentally sold fourteen copies of The Half @-@ Blood Prince before the authorised release date . The Canadian publisher , Raincoast Books , obtained an injunction from the Supreme Court of British Columbia prohibiting the purchasers from reading the books before the official release date or from discussing the contents . Purchasers were offered a Harry Potter T @-@ shirt and an autographed copy of the book if they returned their copies before 16 July . On 15 July , less than twelve hours before the book went on sale in the Eastern time zone , Raincoast warned The Globe and Mail newspaper that publishing a review from a Canada @-@ based writer at midnight , as the paper had promised , would be seen as a violation of the trade secret injunction . The injunction sparked a number of news articles alleging that the injunction had restricted fundamental rights . Canadian law professor Michael Geist posted commentary on his blog ; Richard Stallman called for a boycott , requesting the publisher issue an apology . The Globe and Mail published a review from two UK @-@ based writers in its 16 July edition and posted the Canadian writer 's review on its website at 9 : 00 that morning . Commentary was also provided on the Raincoast website . = = Style and themes = = Some reviewers noted that Half @-@ Blood Prince contained a darker tone than the previous Potter novels . The Christian Science Monitor 's reviewer Yvonne Zipp considered the first half to contain a lighter tone to soften the unhappy ending . The Boston Globe reviewer Liz Rosenberg wrote , " lightness [ is ] slimmer than ever in this darkening series ... [ there is ] a new charge of gloom and darkness . I felt depressed by the time I was two @-@ thirds of the way through " . She also compared the setting to Charles Dickens 's depictions of London , as it was " brooding , broken , gold @-@ lit , as living character as any other " . Christopher Paolini called the darker tone " disquieting " because it was so different from the earlier books . Liesl Schillinger , a contributor to The New York Times book review , also noted that Half @-@ Blood Prince was " far darker " but " leavened with humor , romance and snappy dialogue " . She suggested a connection to the 11 September attacks , as the later , darker novels were written after that event . David Kipen , a critic of the San Francisco Chronicle considered the " darkness as a sign of our paranoid times " and singled out curfews and searches that were part of the tightened security at Hogwarts , as a resemblance to our world . Julia Keller , a critic for the Chicago Tribune , highlighted the humour found in the novel and claimed it to be the success of the Harry Potter saga . She acknowledged that " the books are dark and scary in places " but " no darkness in Half @-@ Blood Prince ... is so immense that it cannot be rescued by a snicker or a smirk . " She considered that Rowling was suggesting that difficult times could be worked through with imagination , hope , and humour , and compared this concept to works such as Madeleine L 'Engle 's A Wrinkle in Time and Kenneth Grahame 's The Wind in the Willows . Rosenberg wrote that the two main themes of Half @-@ Blood Prince were love and death and praised Rowling 's " affirmation of their central position in human lives " . She considered love to be represented in several forms : the love of parent to child , teacher to student , and the romances that developed between the characters . Zipp noted trust and redemption to be themes promising to continue in the final book , which she thought " would add a greater layer of nuance and complexity to some characters who could sorely use it . " Deepti Hajela also pointed out Harry 's character development , that he was " no longer a boy wizard ; he 's a young man , determined to seek out and face a young man 's challenges " . Paolini had similar views , claiming , " the children have changed ... they act like real teenagers . " = = Publication and reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was met with positive reviews . Liesl Schillinger of The New York Times praised the novel 's various themes and suspenseful ending . However , she considered Rowling 's gift " not so much for language as for characterisation and plotting " . Kirkus Reviews said it " will leave readers pleased , amused , excited , scared , infuriated , delighted , sad , surprised , thoughtful and likely wondering where Voldemort has got to , since he appears only in flashbacks " . They considered Rowling 's " wry wit " to turn into " outright merriment " , but called the climax " tragic , but not uncomfortably shocking " . Yvonne Zipp of The Christian Science Monitor praised the way Rowling evolved Harry into a teenager and how the plot threads found as far back as Chamber of Secrets came into play . On the other hand , she noted that it " gets a little exposition @-@ heavy in spots " and older readers may have seen the ending coming . Christopher Paolini , writing for Entertainment Weekly , pointed out that the change of tone was " disquieting " as the world evolved , and praised the character development , though he considered Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire the best . The Boston Globe correspondent Liz Rosenberg wrote , " The book bears the mark of genius on every page " and praised the imagery and darker tone of the book , considering that the series could be crossing over from fantasy to horror . The Associated Press writer Deepti Hajela praised the newfound emotional tones and ageing Harry to the point where " younger fans may find [ the series ] has grown up too much " . Emily Green , a staff writer of the Los Angeles Times , was generally positive about the book but was concerned whether young children could handle the material . Cultural critic Julia Keller of the Chicago Tribune called it the " most eloquent and substantial addition to the series thus far " and considered the key to the success of the Potter novels to be humour . = = = Awards and honours = = = Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince has won several awards , including the 2006 British Book of the Year Award and the 2006 Royal Mail Award for Scottish Children 's Books for ages 8 – 12 in its native United Kingdom . In the United States , the American Library Association listed it among its 2006 Best Books for Young Adults . It won both the 2005 reader @-@ voted Quill Awards for Best Book of the Year and Best Children 's Book . It also won the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Seal for notable book . = = = Sales = = = Before publication , 1 @.@ 4 million advanced orders were placed for Half @-@ Blood Prince on Amazon.com , breaking the record held by the previous novel , Order of the Phoenix , with 1 @.@ 3 million . The initial print run for Half @-@ Blood Prince was a record @-@ breaking 10 @.@ 8 million . Within the first 24 hours of release , the book sold 9 million copies worldwide , 2 million in the UK and about 6 @.@ 9 million in the U.S. , which prompted Scholastic to rush an additional 2 @.@ 7 million copies into print . Within the first nine weeks of publication , 11 million copies of the U.S. edition were reported to have been sold . The U.S. audiobook , read by Jim Dale , set sales records with 165 @,@ 000 sold over two days , besting the adaptation of Order of the Phoenix by twenty percent . = = Translations = = Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was published simultaneously in the UK , the US , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . Along with the rest of the books in the Harry Potter series , it was eventually translated into 67 languages . However , because of high security surrounding the manuscript , translators did not get to start on translating Half @-@ Blood Prince until its English release date , and the earliest were not expected to be released until the fall of 2005 . In Germany , a group of " hobby translators " translated the book via Internet in less than two days after release , far before German translator Klaus Fritz could translate and publish the book . = = Editions = = Since its wide hardcover release on 16 July 2005 , Half @-@ Blood Prince was released as a paperback on 23 June 2006 in the UK . Two days later on 25 July , the paperback edition was released in Canada and the U.S. , where it had an initial print run of 2 million copies . To celebrate the release of the American paperback edition , Scholastic held a six @-@ week sweepstakes event in which participants in an online poll were entered to win prizes . Simultaneous to the original hardcover release was the UK adult edition , featuring a new cover , and which was also released as a paperback on 23 June . Also released on 16 July was the Scholastic " Deluxe Edition " , which featured reproductions of Mary Grandpré 's artwork and had a print run of about 100 @,@ 000 copies . Bloomsbury later released a paperback " Special Edition " on 6 July 2009 and a " Signature Edition " paperback on 1 November 2010 . = = Film adaptation = = The film adaptation of the sixth book was originally scheduled to be released on 21 November 2008 , but was changed to 15 July 2009 . Directed by David Yates , the screenplay was adapted by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman and David Barron . The film grossed over $ 934 million worldwide , which made it the second @-@ highest grossing film of 2009 worldwide and the fifteenth highest of all time . Additionally , Half @-@ Blood Prince gained an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography .
= SMS Kolberg = SMS Kolberg was a light cruiser of the German Kaiserliche Marine ( Imperial Navy ) during the First World War , the lead ship of her class . She had three sister ships , SMS Mainz , Cöln , and Augsburg . She was built by the Schichau @-@ Werke ; her hull was laid down in early 1908 and she was launched later that year , in November . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in June 1910 . She was armed with a main battery of twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns and had a top speed of 25 @.@ 5 kn ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) . Kolberg saw action in several engagements with the British during the war , including the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby in December 1914 and the Battle of Dogger Bank the following month . She also saw action against the Russians on two occasions , during the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 and Operation Albion in November 1917 . After the end of the war , she was ceded to France as a war prize and renamed Colmar . She served only briefly in the French Navy , including a deployment to Asia in 1924 . She was stricken in 1927 and broken up two years later . = = Design = = Kolberg was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Greif and was laid down in early 1908 at the Schichau @-@ Werke shipyard in Danzig . She was launched on 14 November 1908 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 21 June 1910 . The ship was 130 @.@ 50 meters ( 428 ft 2 in ) long overall and had a beam of 14 m ( 45 ft 11 in ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 58 m ( 18 ft 4 in ) forward . She displaced 4 @,@ 915 t ( 4 @,@ 837 long tons ; 5 @,@ 418 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of Melms & Pfenniger steam turbines driving four 2 @.@ 25 @-@ meter ( 7 ft 5 in ) propellers . They were designed to give 19 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 13 @,@ 974 kW ; 18 @,@ 740 shp ) . These were powered by fifteen coal @-@ fired Marine water @-@ tube boilers . These gave the ship a top speed of 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 47 @.@ 2 km / h ; 29 @.@ 3 mph ) . Kolberg carried 970 t ( 950 long tons ; 1 @,@ 070 short tons ) of coal that gave her a range of approximately 3 @,@ 250 nautical miles ( 6 @,@ 020 km ; 3 @,@ 740 mi ) at 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . Kolberg had a crew of eighteen officers and 349 enlisted men . The ship was armed with twelve 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , eight were located amidships , four on either side , and two were side by side aft . These were replaced in 1916 – 1917 with six 15 cm SK L / 45 guns . She also carried four 5 @.@ 2 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) SK L / 55 anti @-@ aircraft guns , though these were replaced with a pair of two 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns in 1918 . She was also equipped with a pair of 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . Two deck @-@ mounted 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tube launchers were added in 1918 . She could also carry 100 mines . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the deck was covered with up to 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick armor plate . = = Service history = = After her commissioning in 1910 , Kolberg served with the reconnaissance forces of the German fleet . On 14 October 1914 , Kolberg and the minelaying cruiser Nautilus steamed into the North Sea to lay a minefield off the Firth of Forth , but upon realizing British forces were operating off the Dogger Bank , they broke off the operation and returned to port . Kolberg 's first major action of World War I was the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby on 15 – 16 December 1914 . She was assigned to the II Scouting Group with three other light cruisers , tasked with screening for the battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group , commanded by Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper . While the battlecruisers were conducting the bombardments of the towns , Kolberg laid a field of 100 mines off the British coast . When the German forces withdrew , the weather became bad enough that Hipper ordered the other light cruisers to steam independently to the rendezvous with the main fleet ; Kolberg had meanwhile joined up with the battlecruisers and proceeded with them . A little over a month later , she saw action at the Battle of Dogger Bank , on 24 January 1915 . The engagement began when Kolberg encountered the British cruiser HMS Aurora ; both ships opened fire , drawing the British and German battlecruiser squadrons to the action . Kolberg quickly scored two hits on Aurora , which replied with two hits of her own . One of the shells struck Kolberg below the waterline and the other shell hit the ship above the waterline ; the hits killed two men . In August 1915 , the ship went into the Baltic to participate in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga . She was assigned to serve as a flotilla leader for three and a half flotillas of torpedo boats , as part of an assault force into the Gulf of Riga . On the 10th , she joined the battlecruiser SMS Von der Tann to shell the island of Utö , though numerous reports of submarines in the area convinced the Germans to withdraw . On either 15 or 16 August 1915 , a Russian submarine fired a single torpedo at Kolberg which missed . In November 1917 , Kolberg returned to the Baltic , for another attack on the Gulf of Riga , Operation Albion . By this point , she had been assigned as the flagship of the VI Scouting Group along with her sister Augsburg and Strassburg . At 06 : 00 on 14 October 1917 , the three ships left Libau to escort minesweeping operations in the Gulf of Riga . They were attacked by Russian 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) coastal guns on their approach and were temporarily forced to turn away . By 08 : 45 , however , they had anchored off the Mikailovsk Bank and the minesweepers began to clear a path in the minefields . Two days later , Strassburg and Kolberg joined the dreadnoughts König and Kronprinz for a sweep of the Gulf of Riga . In the ensuing Battle of Moon Sound , the battleships destroyed the old pre @-@ dreadnought Slava and forced the pre @-@ dreadnought Grazhdanin to leave the Gulf . Later that day , Kolberg moved into the Gulf and engaged a Russian coastal battery at Woi on Moon Island for ten minutes , starting at 13 : 35 . The Russian guns did not return fire , so Kolberg ceased firing , and at 14 : 25 , anchored in the Kleinen Sound with Strassburg . A landing party of forty men was assembled to capture the Russian guns at Woi ; they landed on the island at 15 : 45 and by 17 : 30 , the landing party had captured the guns and rendered them inoperable . By 1918 , Kolberg was reduced to serve as a coastal defense ship . She was stricken from the naval register on 5 November 1919 , and subsequently surrendered to the French in Cherbourg on 28 April 1920 , under the name " W " . She was commissioned in the French Navy as Colmar . In 1924 , she was assigned to a colonial tour in Asia , along with the old armored cruiser Jules Ferry . In September 1924 , the two French ships contributed to a multi @-@ national landing party of around 1 @,@ 800 men drawn together due to violence in Shanghai . She remained in French service for only a few years , until she was stricken on 21 July 1927 . Ultimately , she was broken up for scrap two years later in Brest , France .
= Silent Hill 4 = Silent Hill 4 : The Room is a survival horror video game , the fourth installment in the Silent Hill series , published by Konami and developed by Team Silent , a production group within Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo . The game was released in Japan in June 2004 and in North America and Europe in September of the same year . Silent Hill 4 was released for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox and Microsoft Windows . Its soundtrack was released at the same time . In 2012 , it was released on the Japanese PlayStation Network . Unlike the previous installments , which were set primarily in the town of Silent Hill , this game is set in the fictional town of South Ashfield , and follows Henry Townshend as he attempts to escape from his locked @-@ down apartment . During the course of the game , Henry explores a series of supernatural worlds and finds himself in conflict with an undead serial killer . Silent Hill 4 features an altered gameplay style with third @-@ person navigation and plot elements taken from previous installments . Upon its release , the game received generally positive critical reaction , and its departure from the typical features of the series received a range of reactions . = = Gameplay = = The objective of Silent Hill 4 : The Room is to guide player character Henry Townshend as he seeks to escape from his apartment . Gameplay centers on the apartment , which is shown through a first @-@ person perspective and contains the only save point . The other areas of the game are reached through holes formed in the apartment . For the first half of the game , the room restores Henry 's " health " ( a measure of the amount of damage that he can endure before ' dying ' ) ; in the second half of the game , however , the room becomes possessed by hauntings that drain his health . In the main levels of the game the player uses the usual third @-@ person view of the Silent Hill series . The player has a limited item inventory which can be managed by leaving unneeded items in a chest in Henry 's room . Silent Hill 4 emphasizes combat during gameplay , with a near @-@ absence of complex puzzles in favor of simple item @-@ seeking tasks . Unlike previous games in the series , separate difficulty settings for combat and puzzles are not available , changing the combat difficulty also affects the difficulty of puzzles . In the second half of the game Henry is accompanied and helped in combat by his neighbor Eileen Galvin ; Eileen cannot die while she is with Henry , although as she takes damage she succumbs to possession . The damage Eileen takes in the game determines whether or not she dies during the final boss fight , directly affecting the ending achieved . = = = Combat = = = Combat in Silent Hill 4 follows the pattern set by the other games with a few key differences . The player has access to a variety of melee weapons but only two firearms . Certain melee weapons are breakable . Items which can be equipped such as talismans ( which protect the player from damage from the hauntings in Henry 's room ) will eventually break after a short period of use . Another key difference in the combat system is that melee attacks may be " charged " before they are used , inflicting a greater amount of damage to an opponent than a quick attack . One of the most significant changes is the introduction of immortal ghosts of antagonist Walter Sullivan 's victims . The ghosts , which have the ability to hurt Henry , can be nullified by two items . These items can also exorcise the hauntings in Henry 's apartment . Ghosts can also be knocked down for a lengthy period of time with one of two special bullets or pinned permanently with a special sword . = = Plot = = = = = Characters = = = The protagonist and player character of Silent Hill 4 is Henry Townshend , a resident of the South Ashfield Heights Apartments building in the fictitious town of Ashfield . Henry is an " average " man who has been described by Konami as an introvert in his late 20s . For the most part Henry navigates the game 's world alone , although he eventually works with his neighbor Eileen Galvin . Henry also deals with the new supporting characters of Cynthia Velázquez , Andrew DeSalvo , Richard Braintree and Jasper Gein . Silent Hill 4 : The Room incorporates two unseen , minor characters from previous installments : investigative journalist Joseph Schreiber and deceased serial killer Walter Sullivan . Joseph was first referenced in Silent Hill 3 with a magazine article he has written condemning the " Hope House " orphanage run by Silent Hill 's religious cult , which the game 's protagonist , Heather , can discover . In Silent Hill 2 , Walter is referenced in a newspaper article detailing his suicide in his jail cell after his murder of two children . Sullivan appears in two forms : an undead adult enemy and a neutral child supporting character . Walter 's previous victims play a small role in the game as enemies . = = = Story = = = At the beginning of the game , Henry Townshend has been locked in his apartment in South Ashfield for five days with no means of communication and having recurring nightmares . Shortly afterwards , a hole appears in the wall of his bathroom , through which he enters alternate dimensions . His first destination is an abandoned subway station , where he meets Cynthia Velázquez , a woman convinced she is dreaming and who is soon killed by an unknown man . Awakening in his apartment , he hears confirmation on his radio that she is indeed dead in the real world . Similar events repeat with the next three people Henry finds : Jasper Gein ; Andrew DeSalvo , a former employee of an orphanage run by Silent Hill 's cult ; and Richard Braintree , a resident in Henry 's apartment complex . All the deaths bear similarities to the deceased serial killer Walter Sullivan 's modus operandi . Henry finds scraps of the diary of his apartment 's former occupant , journalist Joseph Schreiber , who was investigating Walter 's murder spree . Walter is an orphan who has been led to believe his biological mother was in Henry 's apartment , where he had been found abandoned after birth . To " purify " the apartment , Walter , now in an undead state , is attempting to complete a ritual , which requires twenty @-@ one murders to be committed . Midway through the game , a child manifestation of Walter interrupts the murder of the intended twentieth victim , Eileen Galvin , and she joins Henry trying to find Joseph . At the same time , supernatural occurrences begin to manifest in Henry 's apartment . The two eventually find Joseph 's ghost , who tells them that their only escape is to kill Walter and reveals that Henry is the intended twenty @-@ first victim . Shortly after Henry acquires Walter 's umbilical cord , an item required to kill him , Eileen leaves Henry and returns to his apartment , either hoping to stop Walter from completing the ritual or under Walter 's possession . He finds her with Walter , possessed and about to walk into a deathtrap , and a fight between the two men ensues . There are four possible endings , determined by whether or not Eileen survived the fight and on the condition of Henry 's apartment . The " 21 Sacraments " ending sees Walter and his child manifestation in his apartment , while the radio reveals that Henry and Eileen have died , along with the superintendent Frank Sunderland and several others . In " Eileen 's Death , " Henry awakens in his apartment , and learns from his radio that Eileen has died , to his sorrow . In " Mother , " Henry escapes from his apartment building , and brings flowers to Eileen , who plans to return to the apartment building . His apartment , meanwhile , has become completely possessed . " Escape " begins similarly to the " Mother " ending , but Eileen resolves to find a new place to live , and his apartment is not shown to be possessed . There is no UFO " joke ending " , a staple of the series . = = Development = = Development of the fourth Silent Hill game by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo 's development group Team Silent began shortly after the release of Silent Hill 2 and alongside Silent Hill 3 , with the intentions of creating a new style of game that would take the series in a different direction than the previous games . Despite what has been popularized around the Internet , Silent Hill 4 was always meant to be connected to Silent Hill and not an unrelated separate horror game that later became a Silent Hill title , although different gameplay mechanics and change were intended . News of the game 's development was made public by October 2003 , and official announcements by Konami followed at Gamers ' Day 2004 . The game was produced by the series ' recurring sound designer and composer Akira Yamaoka . Its working title , prior to its incorporation into the rest of the series , was simply Room 302 . The main concept behind the new game structure was to take the idea of " the room " as " the safest part of your world " and make it a danger zone . The first @-@ person perspective was included in this area of the game to give the room 's navigation a personal and claustrophobic feel . The producers nonetheless retained the classic third @-@ person perspective in all other areas to accommodate the increased emphasis on action and combat . The developers re @-@ used locations already explored in the first half of the game to show the changes undergone by each character introduced in the locations . It was noted that the game , like previous titles in the series , refers to the film Jacob 's Ladder ( 1990 ) and that the protagonist Henry Townshend shares a likeness to actor Peter Krause . The architecture of the apartment and the addition of the hole is comparable to a similar non @-@ Euclidean space in author Mark Z. Danielewski 's novel House of Leaves ( 2000 ) . Other nods includes the novel Rosemary 's Baby ( 1967 ) , American television series Twin Peaks ( 1990 – 1991 ) , and American horror author Stephen King . The creators of the game have acknowledged writer Ryū Murakami 's book Coin Locker Babies ( 1980 ) as an inspiration for the game 's premise . = = Music = = The soundtrack for Silent Hill 4 : The Room was released alongside the game in 2004 , composed by Akira Yamaoka with vocals by Mary Elizabeth McGlynn and Joe Romersa . The Japanese version featured a second disk containing music by series composer Akira Yamaoka played along to the reading of traditional Japanese stories . The American version contained 13 exclusive tracks and remixes . A remix of the song " Your Rain " from the game 's soundtrack was used on Konami 's Dance Dance Revolution EXTREME . Several tracks from the game were also featured in the Silent Hill Experience promotional UMD . = = Release and reception = = Silent Hill 4 : The Room was first released in Japan on June 17 , 2004 . The game was shipped for its subsequent North American and European releases on September 7 , with pre @-@ ordering customers receiving the soundtrack for free with the game in the former market . The game , alongside its two PS2 predecessors , was rereleased in 2006 as part of The Silent Hill Collection European boxset , as a tie @-@ in with the release of the Silent Hill film , and again in 2009 . Microsoft has confirmed that their Xbox 360 console is backward compatible with the game 's Xbox port . The previews of Silent Hill 4 : The Room provided at E3 2004 led IGN to name it the best PlayStation 2 adventure game in show . Upon its release in 2004 the game also attracted the attention of mainstream news outlets CNN , the BBC and The Times . Silent Hill 4 topped game sales charts in Japan during a video game sales slump , but dropped to tenth place one week later . Official statements by Konami referred to sales of the game in North America as " favorable . " Review aggregator Metacritic shows an average score rating of 76 out of 100 for both the PS2 and Xbox versions , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Marc Saltzman of CNN wrote : " Unlike Hollywood horror movies that often get worse with each new sequel ( " Friday the 13th Part VIII : Jason Takes Manhattan , " for example ) , Konami 's scary Silent Hill series gets better -- and creepier -- with age . " Video game magazine Game Informer praised Silent Hill 4 : The Room , stating that its " disarming voyeurism , bizarre camera angles , and exceptionally well @-@ placed tension is what the series has been trying to do all along , but The Room is the first entry to do it right . " According to a reviewer for Edge magazine , " [ l ] ook at it one way , and it 's a choking journey with unprecedented attention to unease and psychological horror , a game framed with unparalleled sophistication . From another angle , it 's just a clunky PSone throwback , with all the design wit of a dodo . " The New York Times found it completely lacking in " true terror . " The plot of the game was generally well received by reviewers , who praised it as horrifying , compelling , and " dark " . 1UP.com praised the titular room as constantly maintaining a sense of unease for the player . Game Revolution enjoyed the relatively normal appearance of the environment outside Henry 's room at the game 's beginning , writing : " Are these strange otherworlds real , or are they just the nightmares of some lunatic shut @-@ in who chained up his own door ? It effectively blurs the line between reality and delusion , leading to a singularly creepy game . " In contrast , IGN 's Douglass C. Perry felt that the familiarity of the story as compared with the other Silent Hill storylines detracted from its horror appeal , although he cared about its characters more than in previous games . Critics were , for the most part , pleased with the voice acting in the game , although it did receive criticism for the characters ' calmness . Nevertheless , producer and composer Akira Yamaoka said that the characters were , to him , " a little weak . " The graphics of the game environments were praised as detailed . According to Bethany Massimilla of GameSpot , " The game looks its best in corroded , bloody , gritty environments , like the damp , steel halls of the water prison or the subterranean subway layers that , at one point in the game , are walled in living , moving flesh . " The character and monster designs received praise as well @-@ done . Reviewers generally commended the audio as contributing to the horror of the game , although 1UP wrote that it was sub @-@ par for the series . The gameplay 's departures from that of previous installments in the series drew a range of reactions . GameZone enjoyed the changes , writing that they were needed to keep the series fresh . The decision to place the only save point and storage area for items in the titular room , with no option to discard unwanted items , was generally criticised , with reviewers finding it inconvenient to have to return there . The puzzles had mixed reactions . Kristan Reed of Eurogamer expressed disappointment with the degree to which the game had been geared as a combat game with an absence of standard Silent Hill puzzles , while GameSpy 's Bryn Williams worried that the puzzles ' obscurity and " non @-@ lateral " nature might discourage more casual players . IGN disliked the replacement of logic @-@ based puzzles in favour of obtaining various items , and was also displeased by the lack of boss fights . Another source of criticism was the repetition of the first four environments during the second half of the game . Metacritic shows a lower average rating of 67 out of 100 for the PC version , indicating " mixed or average reviews " . IGN 's Perry complained about " the blurriest textures we 've seen in years and some serious graphical glitches " and " extremely low mouse sensitivity " inhibiting gameplay . GameSpot 's review praised the graphics as having " been optimized well for the PC " but acknowledging " keyboard and mouse controls just don 't fare that well in an environment of constantly shifting perspective views that can make navigation frustrating . "
= Hurricane Neddy = " Hurricane Neddy " is the eighth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 29 , 1996 . It was written by Steve Young , directed by Bob Anderson and features a cameo by Jon Lovitz as Jay Sherman from The Critic . In this episode , " Hurricane Barbara " viciously strikes Springfield but , by pure chance , the house of Ned Flanders is the only one destroyed . As a result , he begins to lose his faith in both God and the townspeople around him , especially Homer , as he suffers a nervous breakdown . = = Plot = = In midst of a quiet afternoon , the wind starts to pick up , which leads Lisa to find out that a hurricane is on the way . Lisa warns Homer , but he is skeptical since there has been no record of a hurricane ever hitting Springfield . Lisa reminds her father that the records only go back to 1978 , " when the Hall of Records was mysteriously blown away " . The evening news confirms that " Hurricane Barbara " is close , resulting in panicked citizens storming the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart and Homer attempting to secure the Simpson home . The hurricane strikes and after a few treacherous hours , the storm ends and the family cautiously leaves the basement . Initially , they are thankful to see that their home is untouched and Marge comments that everything works out if one has a little faith . Meanwhile , next door Ned emerges from a heap of rubble and sees that his house was destroyed , along with everything else he owned except the family gravestones , while all the houses around his are intact . Ned is relieved that his family escaped serious injury , but it turns out to be little solace since he does not have home insurance , as he considers insurance a form of gambling . The Flanders family is forced to move into the Rescue Center in the church basement , although they appear to be the only family to be affected to that extent . Ned is further discouraged after learning that his business , the Leftorium , was looted following the hurricane . Distraught with annoyance , Ned begins to believe that God is punishing him and , seeking answers , he goes to read the Bible in the church but receives a paper cut . Interpreting it as further punishment , he sits down and laments that he is falling apart , even after doing everything the Bible says , " even the stuff that contradicts the other stuff . " The following day , Marge arrives at the church and takes the Flanders family back to their house , completely rebuilt by the people of Springfield . Overjoyed , Ned inspects the house , but becomes increasingly dismayed as he discovers its extremely shoddy construction . Immediately after the inspection , the house collapses . Ned tries to calm down , knowing that the townspeople tried their best , but is unable to contain his rage and finally snaps , lashing out at all the residents of Springfield , and directing his most vehement invective at Homer ( who believes he got off easy because he wasn 't yelled at ) . Ned then drives himself to Calmwood Mental Hospital to seek psychotherapy . While in the asylum , Ned is visited by his childhood psychiatrist , Dr. Foster , who tells Ned about his childhood life - as a completely out @-@ of @-@ control brat raised by beatnik parents who did not believe in discipline . As a result , the young Ned went through the University of Minnesota Spankalogical Protocol , which involved eight months of continuous spanking . The treatment worked so well that it rendered him unable to express any anger at all , and all Ned 's repressed anger built up inside him until he erupted . Dr. Foster enlists Homer to help Ned learn how to appropriately express emotions , as he is the person who Flanders harbors the most resentful feelings towards . After several failed scripted insults , Homer manages to get Ned to open up about some of his repressed dislikes , finally admitting he hates his parents , after which he immediately feels better . Upon hearing this , Dr. Foster declares Flanders cured and he is immediately released . Outside the hospital , Ned is greeted by the townsfolk of Springfield including the rest of the Simpsons and his family , who cheer him . Ned promises that from now on , if anyone does something he does not like , they will hear about it , which Dr. Foster tells him is very healthy . Ned then adds , " And if you really tick me off , I 'm gonna run you down with my car . " Homer responds by laughing and saying , " Ned , you so cra @-@ zay ! " as he and Ned begin to laugh , before the end credits begin with a crazy clockwork version of The Simpsons theme . = = Production = = Steve Young , a writer for the Late Show with David Letterman , was brought in as a freelance writer to write this episode . The writers wanted to explore what made Flanders tick and examine what made him act the way he does . The original idea came from George Meyer , who had also wanted an episode about Flanders ' faith being tested . One of the key story points came from his friend Jack Handey , a writer for Saturday Night Live who wanted to do a sketch about a down @-@ on @-@ his @-@ luck shoemaker who is visited by a bunch of elves who help him , but make very bad shoes . Likewise , it inspired the idea that the neighbors would rebuild Flanders ' house , but do a bad job and provoke an outburst . A caricature of John Swartzwelder can be seen shutting the door of a room in Calmwood Mental Hospital . Later in the episode , during the scene where the townsfolk are welcoming Ned back , someone can be seen holding a sign that says " Free John Swartzwelder . " During the sequence where Flanders yells at the town , a man with a ponytail and wearing a white shirt who is a caricature of Bob Anderson can be seen . = = Cultural references = = The scene at the beginning of the episode , in which the people of Springfield mob the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart , is based on the events of the 1992 Los Angeles riots . Todd is wearing a Butthole Surfers shirt ; however the censors only allowed " Buttho Surfers " . Jay Sherman from The Critic , who had previously appeared in " A Star Is Burns " , can also be seen in the mental hospital repeatedly saying his catchphrase , " It stinks " . The small door at the end of the hallway in Flanders ' rebuilt house echoes the improbably small hallway in the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Several scenes from the mental hospital were taken from the 1975 movie , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Hurricane Neddy " finished 18th in ratings for the week of December 23 – 29 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 7 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 4 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files . Marge 's line , " Dear God , this is Marge Simpson . If You stop this hurricane and save our family , we will be forever grateful and recommend You to all our friends , " was cited by journalist Mark Pinsky as an example of how " Simpson family members are both defined and circumscribed by religion . " Journalist Ben Rayner speculated that some fans , whom he called " nerds , " would want an explanation of " how Barney fit through that tiny door to the ' master bedroom ' in the rebuilt Flanders family home . "
= Invincible @-@ class battlecruiser = The three Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers were built for the Royal Navy and entered service in 1908 as the world 's first battlecruisers . They were the brainchild of Admiral Sir John ( " Jacky " ) Fisher , the man who had sponsored the construction of the world 's first " all big gun " warship , HMS Dreadnought . He visualised a new breed of warship , somewhere between the armoured cruiser and battleship ; it would have the armament of the latter , but the high speed of the former . This combination would allow it to chase down most ships , while allowing it to run from more powerful designs . This design philosophy would prove to be most successful when the Invincibles were able to use their speed to run down smaller and weaker ships . The classic example was the Battle of the Falkland Islands where Invincible and Inflexible sank the German armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau virtually without loss to themselves despite numerous hits by the German ships . They were least successful when standing in the main line of battle where they faced enemy battleships . An example is the loss of Invincible to a magazine explosion during the Battle of Jutland , although this explosion owed more to flaws in British ammunition handling practices that exposed numerous cordite charges to the fire in ' Q ' turret than any flaws in the design of the ship . The two surviving ships had an uneventful time for the rest of the war conducting patrols of the North Sea as the High Seas Fleet was forbidden to risk any more losses . They were put into reserve in early 1919 and sold for scrapping on 1 December 1921 . = = Design = = After Admiral Fisher was appointed First Sea Lord on 21 October 1904 he pushed through the Board of Admiralty in early December 1904 a decision to arm the next armoured cruiser with 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns and that it would have a speed no less than 25 @.@ 5 knots ( 29 @.@ 3 mph ; 47 @.@ 2 km / h ) . Shortly afterwards he convened a " Committee on Designs " to investigate and report on requirements for future ships . While nominally independent it served to validate decisions already made and to deflect criticism of Fisher and the Board of Admiralty as it had no ability to consider options other than those already decided upon by the Admiralty . Fisher appointed all of the members of the Committee and himself as President of the Committee . During its last meeting on 22 February 1905 it decided on the outline design of the fast armoured cruiser . This , in turn , was approved by the Board on 16 March with only minor changes , such as the reduction in the anti @-@ torpedo boat armament from twenty to eighteen 12 @-@ pdr guns . = = = General characteristics = = = The Invincible @-@ class ships were formally known as armoured cruisers until 1911 when they were redesignated as battlecruisers by an Admiralty order of 24 November 1911 . Unofficially a number of designations were used until then , including cruiser @-@ battleship , dreadnought cruiser and battle @-@ cruiser . The Invincibles were significantly larger than their armoured cruiser predecessors of the Minotaur class . They had an overall length of 567 ft ( 173 m ) , a beam of 78 @.@ 5 ft ( 23 @.@ 9 m ) , and a draft of 30 ft ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) at deep load . They displaced 17 @,@ 250 long tons ( 17 @,@ 530 t ) at load and 20 @,@ 420 long tons ( 20 @,@ 750 t ) at deep load , nearly 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 050 t ) more than the earlier ships . = = = Propulsion = = = Early in the design process the " Committee on Designs " had thought to power these ships with the traditional reciprocating vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , but were persuaded to adopt Parsons steam turbines as they required fewer boilers for the same amount of power , were easier to protect from damage as they were more compact than reciprocating engines and could be kept below the waterline . In addition they were significantly lighter and more reliable than the older design . The direct drive turbines then in use did have one significant drawback in that they ran at a relatively high speed which required small @-@ diameter , fine @-@ pitch propellers of a large blade area which adversely affected manoeuvrability at low speeds . Parsons alleviated this problem by his suggestion of fitting more powerful astern turbines on all four shafts which could increase manoeuvrability by reversing the turbines as needed . An additional solution was to fit twin balanced rudders behind each inner shaft in contrast to the single central rudder used on earlier ships . This greatly increased the effectiveness of the rudder and substantially decreased the turning circle of the Invincibles in comparison to earlier ships of their size . The Invincibles had two paired sets of Parsons turbines housed in separate engine @-@ rooms . Each set consisted of a high @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbine driving an outboard shaft , and a low @-@ pressure ahead and astern turbine driving an inner shaft . A cruising turbine was also coupled to each inner shaft , although these were not used often and were eventually disconnected . Each shaft drove a propeller 11 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m ) in diameter . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 41 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 600 kW ) , but reached nearly 47 @,@ 000 shp ( 35 @,@ 000 kW ) during trials in 1908 . Designed speed was 25 knots ( 46 @.@ 3 km / h ) , but all three bettered 26 knots ( 48 @.@ 2 km / h ) during trials . Indomitable maintained an average speed of 25 @.@ 3 knots ( 46 @.@ 9 km / h ) for three days during a passage of the North Atlantic in August 1908 . The steam plant consisted of 31 Yarrow ( Invincible and Inflexible ) or Babcock & Wilcox ( Indomitable ) large @-@ tube boilers , arranged in four boiler rooms . Maximum bunkerage was approximately 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 050 t ) of coal , with an additional 725 long tons ( 737 t ) of fuel oil to be sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate . At full fuel capacity , the ships could steam for 3 @,@ 090 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 720 km ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ) . = = = Armament = = = Each carried eight BL 12 @-@ inch Mk X guns in four hydraulically powered BVIII twin turrets , except for Invincible which mounted her guns in two BIX and two BX electrically driven turrets . Two turrets were mounted fore and aft on the centreline , identified as ' A ' and ' X ' respectively . Two turrets were mounted amidships between the second and third funnels , identified as ' P ' and ' Q ' . ' P ' turret was mounted on the port side and normally faced forward , ' Q ' turret was mounted on the starboard side and normally faced aft ( rearwards ) . ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets were staggered — ' P ' was forward of ' Q ' , enabling ' P ' to fire in a limited arc to the starboard side and ' Q ' to likewise fire in a limited arc towards the port side . These were the same guns as those mounted in the British HMS Dreadnought , the Lord Nelson class and the Bellerophon class , and for a brief period the Invincibles equalled the firepower of any other nations ' battleships . The guns could initially be depressed to − 3 ° and elevated to 13 @.@ 5 ° , although the turrets were modified to allow 16 ° of elevation during World War I. They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 390 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 725 ft / s ( 831 m / s ) ; at 13 @.@ 5 ° , this provided a maximum range of 16 @,@ 450 m ( 17 @,@ 990 yd ) with armour @-@ piercing ( AP ) 2 crh shells . At 16 ° elevation , the range was extended to 20 @,@ 435 yd ( 18 @,@ 686 m ) using the more aerodynamic , but slightly heavier 4 crh AP shells . The rate of fire of these guns was 1 – 2 rounds per minute . The ships had a total of 880 rounds during wartime for 110 shells per gun . The ships ' secondary armament initially was intended to consist of eighteen 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) 12 @-@ pdr guns , but firing trials against the old destroyer Skate in 1906 showed that the 12 @-@ pdr gun had little chance of stopping a destroyer or torpedo boat before it got close enough to fire its torpedoes . The originally intended 12 @-@ pounder guns were exchanged for sixteen 4 in QF Mk III guns early in the construction process . They were positioned in the superstructure and on turret roofs in open mounts as they were not expected to be manned in a ship @-@ to @-@ ship engagement during daylight . During 1914 – 15 the turret roof guns were transferred to the superstructure and the total number of guns was reduced to twelve . All of the remaining guns were enclosed in casemates and given blast shields at that time to better protect the gun crews from weather and enemy action . The guns on their PI * mounts had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 20 ° . They fired 25 @-@ pound ( 11 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 – 2 @,@ 370 ft / s ( 700 – 720 m / s ) ; at 20 ° , this provided a maximum range of 9 @,@ 600 yd ( 8 @,@ 800 m ) using Common pointed shells . Their rate of fire was 8 – 10 rounds per minute . These guns were replaced by twelve 4 @-@ inch BL MK IX guns on CPI mountings on Inflexible during 1917 . They could depress 10 ° and elevate to 30 ° . They fired 31 @-@ pound ( 14 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 625 ft / s ( 800 m / s ) to a maximum range of 13 @,@ 500 yd ( 12 @,@ 300 m ) at a rate of fire of 10 – 12 rounds per minute . The QF Mk III guns were replaced by twelve 4 @-@ inch BL MK VII guns on PVI mountings on Indomitable during 1917 . These guns could depress 7 ° and elevate to 15 ° . They fired 31 @-@ pound ( 14 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 864 ft / s ( 873 m / s ) which gave a maximum range of 11 @,@ 600 yd ( 10 @,@ 600 m ) . Their rate of fire was 6 – 8 rounds per minute . An additional gun was fitted on Indomitable in April 1917 as an anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) gun . It was mounted on a MK II high @-@ angle mounting with a maximum elevation of 60 ° . It had a reduced propellant charge with a muzzle velocity of only 2 @,@ 864 ft / s ( 873 m / s ) . Earlier anti @-@ aircraft guns included a 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss gun on a high @-@ angle Mk Ic mounting with a maximum elevation of 60 ° . Both Invincible and Indomitable carried theirs from November 1914 to August 1917 . It fired 3 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 873 ft / s ( 571 m / s ) at a rate of fire of 20 rounds per minute . This provided a maximum range of 7 @,@ 600 yd ( 6 @,@ 900 m ) at 45 ° , but the maximum effective anti @-@ aircraft range was only 1 @,@ 200 yd ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) . Each of the Invincibles was also fitted with a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt AA gun on a high @-@ angle MKII mount at the aft end of the superstructure . This had a maximum depression of 10 ° and a maximum elevation of 90 ° . It fired a 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ( 760 m / s ) at a rate of fire of 12 – 14 rounds per minute . They had a maximum effective ceiling of 23 @,@ 500 ft ( 7 @,@ 200 m ) . Gardiner and Gray quote an additional seven Maxim guns , but this cannot be confirmed . Five 18 @-@ inch ( 450 @-@ mm ) submerged torpedo tubes were mounted on the Invincibles , two on each side and one in the stern and fourteen torpedoes were carried . = = = Fire control = = = The spotting tops at the head of the fore and main masts controlled the fire of the Invincibles ' main guns . Data from a 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) Barr and Stroud rangefinder was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to Vickers range clocks located in the Transmitting Station located beneath each spotting top where it was converted into range and deflection data for use by the guns . The target 's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target . Each gun turret had its own transmission equipment and the turrets , Transmitting Stations , and spotting tops could be connected in almost any combination . Firing trials against Hero in 1907 revealed this system 's vulnerability to gunfire as the spotting top was hit twice and a large splinter severed the voice pipe and all wiring running along the mast . To guard against this possibility ' A ' turret was fitted with a 9 @-@ foot rangefinder at the rear of the turret roof and it was equipped to control the entire main armament during refits between 1911 and 1914 . Fire control technology advanced quickly during the years immediately preceding World War I and the development of the Dreyer Fire Control Table was one such advance . It combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock and a simplified version , the Mk I , was fitted to the Invincibles during refits in 1915 – 16 . The more important development was the director firing system . This consisted of a fire control director mounted high in the ship which electrically provided gun data to the turrets via pointers , which the turret crewmen only had to follow . The director officer fired the guns simultaneously which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimised the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells . Invincible was the first battlecruiser to receive this system during her refit from April to August 1914 , but its installation was interrupted by the outbreak of the war and it was not fully working until after the Battle of the Falkland Islands in November . Indomitable and Inflexible didn 't receive their systems until May 1916 , immediately before the Battle of Jutland . = = = Protection = = = The armour protection given to the Invincibles the waterline belt measured 6 inches ( 152 mm ) amidships was only slightly more than half the thickness of Dreadnought 's 11 inches ( 279 mm ) . The belt was six inches thick roughly between the fore and aft twelve @-@ inch gun turrets , but was reduced to four inches from the fore turret to the bow , but did not extend aft of the rear turret . A six @-@ inch bulkhead met the barbette of X turret to fully enclose the armoured citadel . The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 7 in ( 178 mm ) of armour , except for the turret roofs which used 3 in ( 76 mm ) of Krupp non @-@ cemented armour ( KNC ) . The thickness of the main deck was 1 in ( 25 mm ) around the base of barbettes and the crown of the base of the rear conning tower . It was 2 in ( 51 mm ) over the crown of the base of the forward conning tower . The lower deck armour was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) on the flat and two inches thick on the slope , except aft of the rear turret where it was increased to 2 @.@ 5 in ( 64 mm ) to protect the steering gear . The front and sides of the forward conning tower were 10 in ( 254 mm ) thick while its rear was 7 in ( 178 mm ) . The walls of the rear conning tower were six inches thick . The roof and floor of both conning towers were KNC armour 2 inches thick while their communication tubes were 3 in ( 76 mm ) of KNC . The signal tower immediately aft of the forward conning tower also had three inches of KNC . Mild steel torpedo bulkheads of 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch thickness were fitted abreast the magazines and shell rooms . Krupp cemented armour was used throughout , unless otherwise mentioned . = = = Aircraft = = = By 1918 the two surviving Invincibles carried a Sopwith Pup and a Sopwith 1 ½ Strutter on flying @-@ off ramps fitted on top of ' P ' and ' Q ' turrets . Each platform had a canvas hangar to protect the aircraft during inclement weather . = = Construction = = The three Invincibles were ordered at the same time as Dreadnought as part of the 1905 – 06 Naval Programme . The following table gives the build details and purchase cost of the members of the Invincible class . Whilst standard British practice at that time was for these costs to exclude armament and stores , for some reason the cost quoted in The Naval Annual for this class includes armament . * = estimated cost , including guns = = Early career = = All three ships entered service from the second half of 1908 . Initially , Invincible and Inflexible were assigned to the Home Fleet , while Indomitable took the Prince of Wales ( later King George V ) to the tercentennial celebrations in Canada , before also joining the Home Fleet . Invincible 's electrically driven turrets proved to be a failure despite two lengthy refits in 1909 and 1911 and were converted to hydraulic power during her refit in early 1914 at the enormous cost of £ 151 @,@ 200 . The situation was so bad during her gunnery trials in October 1908 that the captain of HMS Excellent , the Royal Navy 's gunnery school described their operation thusly : " When the order was given to train the turret , elevate or run a gun in or out , it was only necessary to push a button , or move a switch , but the result was often a flash of blue flame which seemed to fill the turret . " In 1914 , Invincible was refitting in England , while Inflexible and Indomitable , together with the newer Indefatigable formed the nucleus of the Mediterranean Fleet , where Inflexible served as flagship from November 1912 . It was in the Mediterranean that the first naval action of the First World War took place , when the British pursued the German warships Goeben and Breslau upon the outbreak of war . = = World War I = = = = = Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau = = = Indomitable , accompanied by Indefatigable , under the command of Admiral Sir Archibald Berkeley Milne encountered the battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau on the morning of 4 August 1914 headed east after a cursory bombardment of the French Algerian port of Philippeville , but Britain and Germany were not yet at war so Milne turned to shadow the Germans as they headed back to Messina to recoal . All three battlecruisers had problems with their boilers , but Goeben and Breslau were able to break contact and reached Messina by the morning of the 5th . By this time war had been declared , after the German invasion of Belgium , but an Admiralty order to respect Italian neutrality and stay outside a six @-@ mile ( 10 km ) limit from the Italian coast precluded entrance into the passage of the Strait of Messina where they could observe the port directly . Therefore , Milne stationed Inflexible and Indefatigable at the northern exit of the Straits of Messina , still expecting the Germans to break out to the west where they could attack French troop transports , the light cruiser Gloucester at the southern exit and sent Indomitable to recoal at Bizerte where she was better positioned to react to a German sortie into the Western Mediterranean . The Germans sortied from Messina on 6 August and headed east , towards Constantinople , trailed by Gloucester . Milne , still expecting Rear Admiral Wilhelm Souchon to turn west , kept the battlecruisers at Malta until shortly after midnight on 8 August when he set sail for Cape Matapan at a leisurely 12 knots ( 22 km / h ) , where Goeben had been spotted eight hours earlier . At 2 : 30 p.m. he received an incorrect signal from the Admiralty stating that Britain was at war with Austria – war would not be declared until 12 August and the order was countermanded four hours later , but Milne followed his standing orders to guard the Adriatic against an Austrian break @-@ out attempt , rather than seek Goeben . Finally on 9 August Milne was given clear orders to " chase Goeben which had passed Cape Matapan on the 7th steering north @-@ east . " Milne still did not believe that Souchon was heading for the Dardanelles , and so he resolved to guard the exit from the Aegean , unaware that the Goeben did not intend to come out . Indomitable remained in the Mediterranean to blockade the Dardanelles , but Inflexible was ordered home on 18 August . On 3 November 1914 , Churchill ordered the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the opening of hostilities between Turkey and Russia . The attack was carried out by Indomitable and Indefatigable , as well as the French pre @-@ dreadnought battleships Suffren and Vérité . The intention of the attack was to test the fortifications and measure the Turkish response . The results were deceptively encouraging . In a twenty @-@ minute bombardment , a single shell struck the magazine of the fort at Sedd el Bahr at the tip of the Gallipoli peninsula , displacing ( but not destroying ) 10 guns and killing 86 Turkish soldiers . The most significant consequence was that the attention of the Turks was drawn to strengthening their defences , and they set about expanding the mine field . This attack actually took place before a formal declaration of war had been made by Britain against the Ottoman Empire which didn 't happen until 6 November . Indomitable was ordered to return to England in December where she joined the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron ( BCS ) . = = = Battle of Heligoland Bight = = = Invincible 's first action was as part of the battlecruiser force under the command of Admiral Beatty during the Battle of Heligoland Bight operation on 28 August 1914 . Beatty 's ships had originally been intended as distant support of the British cruisers and destroyers closer to the German coast in case large units of the High Seas Fleet sortied in response to the British attacks . They turned south at full speed at 11 : 35 am when the British light forces failed to disengage on schedule and the rising tide meant that German capital ships would be able to clear the bar at the mouth of the Jade estuary . The brand @-@ new light cruiser Arethusa had been crippled earlier in the battle and was under fire from the light cruisers Strassburg and Cöln when Beatty 's battlecruisers loomed out of the mist at 12 : 37 pm . Strassburg was able to duck into the mists and evade fire , but Cöln remained visible and was quickly crippled by fire from the squadron . But Beatty was distracted from the task of finishing her off by the sudden appearance of the elderly light cruiser Ariadne directly to his front . He turned in pursuit , but reduced her to a flaming hulk in only three salvos at a range under 6 @,@ 000 yards ( 5 @.@ 5 km ) . At 1 : 10 pm Beatty turned north and made a general signal to retire . At this time , Invincible , trailing the main body of battlecruisers , opened fire on Cöln . She fired 18 rounds , all misses , before Beatty 's main body encountered the crippled Cöln shortly after turning north and she was sunk by two salvos from Lion . = = = Battle of the Falklands = = = The West Indies Squadron of Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock was destroyed by the German German East Asia Squadron commanded by Admiral Graf von Spee during the Battle of Coronel on 1 November 1914 . In response , the Admiralty ordered that a squadron be sent to destroy the Germans . The squadron , under the command of Admiral Sir Doveton Sturdee , consisted of Invincible ( flag ) and Inflexible . They departed on 11 November and rendezvoused with several other cruisers under Rear Admiral Stoddard at Abrolhos Rocks , off the coast of Brazil on the 26th . They departed the following day and reached Port Stanley on the morning of 7 December . Spee , making a leisurely voyage back to the Atlantic , wished to destroy the radio station at Port Stanley and sent the armoured cruiser SMS Gneisenau and the light cruiser Nürnberg to see if the harbour was clear of British warships on the morning of 8 December . They were spotted at 7 : 30 am , although the pre @-@ dreadnought Canopus , grounded in Stanley Harbour to defend the town and its wireless station , didn 't receive the signal until 7 : 45 . It mattered little because Sturdee was not expecting an engagement and most of his ships were coaling . Furthermore , the armoured cruiser Cornwall and the light cruiser Bristol had one or both of their engines under repair . The armed merchant cruiser Macedonian was patrolling the outer harbour entrance while the armoured cruiser Kent was anchored in the outer harbour , scheduled to relieve the Macedonian at 8 : 00 am . The Germans weren 't expecting any resistance and the first salvo from Canopus 's guns at 9 : 20 caused them to sheer off from their planned bombardment of the wireless station and fall back on Spee 's main body . Sturdee 's ships didn 't sortie from the harbour until 9 : 50 , but they could see the retreating German ships on the southwest horizon . The Invincibles , fresh out of dry dock , had a 5 knots ( 5 @.@ 8 mph ; 9 @.@ 3 km / h ) advantage over Spee 's ships which all had fouled bottoms that limited their speeds to 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) at best . The light cruiser SMS Leipzig was lagging behind the other ships and Inflexible opened fire on her when the range dropped to 17 @,@ 500 yards ( 16 @.@ 0 km ) at 12 : 55 pm . Invincible opened fire shortly afterwards and both ships began straddling Leipzig as the range closed to 13 @,@ 000 yards ( 12 km ) . At 1 : 20 Spee ordered his squadron to separate and ordered his light cruisers to turn to the southwest while his armoured cruisers turned to the north east to cover their retreat . The German ships opened fire first at 1 : 30 and scored their first hit at 1 : 44 when SMS Scharnhorst hit Invincible , although the shell burst harmlessly on the belt armour . Both sides fired rapidly during the first half @-@ hour of the engagement before Sturdee opened up the range a little to put his ships outside the effective range of the German guns . British gunnery was very poor during this period , scoring only four hits out of 210 rounds fired . The primary cause was the smoke from the guns and funnels as the British were downwind of the Germans , although one gun of Invincible 's ' A ' turret jammed at 1 : 42 and was out of action for thirty minutes . Spee turned to the south in the hope of disengaging while the British had their vision obscured , but only opened the range to 17 @,@ 000 yards ( 16 km ) before the British saw his course change . This was futile as the British battlecruisers gave chase at 24 knots ( 28 mph ; 44 km / h ) . Forty minutes later the British opened fire again at 15 @,@ 000 yards ( 14 km ) . Eight minutes later Spee turned again to the east to give battle . This time his strategy was to close the range on the British ships so he could bring his 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) secondary armament into play . In this he was successful and the 15 cm guns were able to open fire at 3 : 00 at maximum elevation . On this course the smoke bothered both sides , but multiple hits were made regardless . Those made by the Germans either failed to detonate or hit in some insignificant area . On the contrary Geneisenau had her starboard engine room put out of action . Sturdee ordered his ships at 3 : 15 back across their own wakes to gain the windward advantage . Spee turned to the northwest , as if to attempt to cross the British T , but actually to bring Scharnhorst 's undamaged starboard guns to bear as most of those on his port side were out of action . The British continued to hit Scharnhorst and Gneisenau regularly during this time and Scharnhorst ceased fire at 4 : 00 before capsizing at 4 : 17 with no survivors . Gneisenau had been slowed by earlier damage and was battered for another hour and a half by Inflexible and Invincible at ranges down to 4 @,@ 000 yards ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) . Despite the damage her crew continued to fire back until she ceased firing at 4 : 47 . Sturdee was ready to order ' Cease fire ' at 5 : 15 when an ammunition hoist was freed up and she made her last shot . The British continued to pound her until 5 : 50 , after her captain had given the order to scuttle her at 5 : 40 . She slowly capsized at 6 : 00 and the British were able to rescue 176 men . Invincible and Inflexible fired 513 and 661 12 @-@ inch shells respectively during the battle , but Inflexible had been hit only three times and Invincible had been hit twenty @-@ two times . Two of her bow compartments were flooded and one hit on her waterline abreast ' P ' turret had flooded a coal bunker and temporarily given her a 15 ° list . Only one man was killed and five wounded aboard the battlecruisers during the battle . = = = Battle of Dogger Bank = = = On 23 January 1915 , a force of German battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Franz von Hipper sortied to clear the Dogger Bank of any British fishing boats or small craft that might be there to collect intelligence on German movements . But the British were reading their coded messages and sailed to intercept them with a larger force of British battlecruisers under the command of Admiral Beatty , which included Indomitable . Contact was initiated at 7 : 20 am on the 24th when the British light cruiser Arethusa spotted the German light cruiser SMS Kolberg . By 7 : 35 the Germans had spotted Beatty 's force and Hipper ordered a turn to the south at 20 knots ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) , believing that this would suffice if the ships that he saw to his northwest were British battleships and that he could always increased speed to Blücher 's maximum speed of 23 knots ( 26 mph ; 43 km / h ) if they were British battlecruisers . Beatty ordered his battlecruisers to make all practicable speed to catch the Germans before they could escape . Indomitable managed to exceed 26 knots ( 30 mph ; 48 km / h ) and Beatty recognised her performance with a signal at 8 : 55 " Well done , Indomitable " Despite this achievement Indomitable was the slowest of Beatty 's ships and gradually fell behind the newer and faster battlecruisers . By 10 : 48 Blücher had been heavily damaged by fire from all the other battlecruisers and her speed had dropped to 17 knots ( 20 mph ; 31 km / h ) and her steering gear had been jammed ; Beatty ordered Indomitable to attack her . But due to a combination of a mistake by Beatty 's flag lieutenant in signalling , and heavy damage to Beatty 's flagship Lion which had knocked out her radio and caused enough smoke to obscure her signal halyards so that Beatty couldn 't communicate with his ships , the rest of the battlecruisers turned away from Hipper 's main body and engaged Blücher . Indomitable fired 134 shells at Blücher before she capsized and sank at 12 : 07 pm . After the end of the battle Indomitable was ordered to tow Lion back to port as one of her engines had been knocked out , the other was failing and she 'd been hulled a number of times beneath the waterline . It took over a day and a half at speeds of 7 – 10 knots ( 13 – 19 km / h ) . = = = Dardanelles Campaign = = = After the Battle of the Falklands Invincible and Inflexible were repaired and refitted at Gibraltar . Invincible sailed to England and joined the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron while Inflexible arrived at the Dardanelles on 24 January 1915 where she replaced Indefatigable as the flagship of the Mediterranean Fleet . She bombarded Turkish fortifications on 19 February , the start of the Battle of Gallipoli , to little effect , and again on 15 March , with the same results . She was part of the first line of British ships on 18 March as they attempted to suppress the Turkish guns so the minefields could be swept . She was moderately damaged by Turkish gunfire , but was seriously damaged by a mine , probably about 100 kg ( 220 lb ) in size , that blew a large hole in her starboard bow and flooded the forward torpedo flat , drowning 39 men . She had to be beached at the island of Bozcaada ( Tenedos ) to prevent her sinking , as she 'd taken in some 1 @,@ 600 long tons ( 1 @,@ 600 t ) of water , but she was temporarily repaired with a cofferdam over the 30 by 26 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m × 7 @.@ 9 m ) hole . She sailed to Malta , escorted by Canopus and Talbot on 6 April . She nearly foundered when her cofferdam worked loose in heavy weather en route and had to be towed stern @-@ first by Canopus for six hours while the cofferdam was repaired . She was under repair at Malta until early June before she sailed for home . She reached the UK on 19 June where she joined the 3rd BCS . Towards the end of the year , the British battlecruiser force was organised into three squadrons , with the 3rd BCS consisting of the three Invincible @-@ class ships under the command of Rear Admiral H.L.A. Hood in Invincible . The 1st and 3rd BCS had sortied in response to the German bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 – 25 April 1916 , but failed to locate the German ships in heavy weather . During the return home , Invincible was rammed by the patrol yacht Goissa at 11 : 07 pm . Goissa 's bow was embedded in Invincible 's side which partially stoved @-@ in . Invincible 's speed was reduced to 12 knots ( 14 mph ; 22 km / h ) through flooding and she was forced to haul out of line and proceed independently to Rosyth for repairs which lasted until 22 May 1916 . = = = Battle of Jutland = = = At the end of May 1916 , the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron was temporarily assigned to the Grand Fleet for gunnery practice . On 30 May , the entire Grand Fleet , along with Admiral Beatty 's battlecruisers , had been ordered to sea to prepare for an excursion by the German High Seas Fleet . To support Beatty , Rear Admiral Hood took his three battlecruisers ahead of the Grand Fleet . At about 2 : 30 pm Invincible intercepted a radio message from the British light cruiser Galatea , attached to Beatty 's Battlecruiser Force , reporting the sighting of two enemy cruisers . This was amplified by other reports of seven enemy ships steering north . Hood interpreted this as an attempt to escape through the Skagerrak and ordered an increase in speed to 22 kn ( 41 km / h ) at 3 : 11 and steered East @-@ Southeast to cut off the fleeing ships . Twenty minutes later Invincible intercepted a message from Beatty reporting five enemy battlecruisers in sight and later signals reporting that he was engaging the enemy on a south @-@ easterly course . At 4 : 06 Hood ordered full speed and a course of south @-@ southeast in an attempt to converge on Beatty . At 4 : 56 , with no British ships in sight , Hood requested Beatty 's course , position and speed , but never received a reply . Hood continued on course until 5 : 40 when gunfire was spotted in the direction to which his light cruiser Chester had been dispatched to investigate other gunfire flashes . Chester encountered four light cruisers of Hipper 's 2nd Scouting Group and was badly damaged before Hood turned to investigate and was able to drive the German cruisers away from Chester . At 5 : 53 Invincible opened fire on Wiesbaden and the other two Invincibles followed two minutes later . The German ships turned for the south after fruitlessly firing torpedoes at 6 : 00 and attempted to find shelter in the mist . As they turned Invincible hit Wiesbaden in the engine room and knocked out her engines while Inflexible hit Pillau once . The 2nd Scouting Group was escorted by the light cruiser Regensburg and 31 destroyers of the 2nd and 9th Flotillas and the 12th Half @-@ Flotilla which attacked the 3rd BCS in succession . They were driven off by Hood 's remaining light cruiser Canterbury and the five destroyers of his escort . In a confused action the Germans only launched 12 torpedoes and disabled the destroyer Shark with gunfire . Having turned due west to close on Beatty 's ships , the Invincibles were broadside to the oncoming torpedoes , but Invincible turned north , while Inflexible and Indomitable turned south to present their narrowest profile to the torpedoes . All the torpedoes missed although one passed underneath Inflexible without detonating . As Invincible turned north , her helm jammed and she had to come to a stop to fix the problem , but this was quickly done and the squadron reformed heading west . At 6 : 21 , with both Beatty and the Grand Fleet converging on him , Hood turned south to lead Beatty 's battlecruisers . Hipper 's battlecruisers were 9 @,@ 000 yards ( 8 @.@ 2 km ) away and the Invincibles almost immediately opened fire on Hipper 's flagship Lützow and Derfflinger . Indomitable hit Derfflinger three times and Seydlitz once , while the Lützow quickly took 10 hits from Lion , Inflexible and Invincible , including two hits below the waterline forward by Invincible that would ultimately doom her . But at 6 : 30 Invincible abruptly appeared as a clear target before Lützow and Derfflinger . The two German ships then fired three salvoes each at Invincible , and sank her in 90 seconds . A 305 mm ( 12 @-@ inch ) shell from the third salvo struck Invincible 's midships ' Q ' turret , flash detonated the magazines below , and the ship blew up and broke in two , killing all but six of her crew of 1 @,@ 032 officers and men , including Rear @-@ Admiral Hood . Inflexible and Indomitable remained in company with Beatty for the rest of the battle . They encountered Hipper 's battlecruisers only 10 @,@ 000 yards ( 9 @.@ 1 km ) away as the sun was setting about 8 : 19 and opened fire . Seydlitz was hit five times before the battlecruisers were rescued by the pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of Rear Admiral Mauve and the British shifted fire to the new threat . Three of the predreadnoughts were hit before they too were able to turn into the gloom . = = = Post @-@ Jutland career = = = The loss of three battlecruisers at Jutland ( the others were Queen Mary and Indefatigable ) led to the force being reorganised into two squadrons , with Inflexible and Indomitable in the 2nd BCS . However , after Jutland there was little significant naval activity , for the Invincibles , other than routine patrolling , thanks to the Kaiser 's order that his ships should not be allowed to go to sea unless assured of victory . The end of the war saw the end for many of the older vessels , not least the two remaining Invincible @-@ class ships . Both were sent to the Reserve Fleet in 1919 , and were paid off in March 1920 . After the end of the war , Chile began seeking additional ships for its navy . In April 1920 , Chile bought Canada and four destroyers , all of which had been ordered by Chile prior to the war 's outbreak and requisitioned by the British for the war . Further planned expansion included Inflexible and Indomitable , but when the secret negotiations to acquire them were leaked to the press , a major uproar erupted in Chile . The most visible dissension came from a block of officers in the navy , who publicly opposed any possible purchase and instead promoted a " New Navy " which would acquire submarines and aircraft . They argued that these weapons would cost less and give the country , and its lengthy coastline , better protection from external threats . The ships were not bought for reasons of cost , but neither were the aircraft its supporters had been hoping for . Both were sold for scrap on 1 December 1921 .
= Crawley = Crawley ( pronunciation ) is a town and borough in West Sussex , England . It is 28 miles ( 45 km ) south of Charing Cross ( London ) , 18 miles ( 29 km ) north of Brighton and Hove , and 32 miles ( 51 km ) northeast of the county town of Chichester , covers an area of 17 @.@ 36 square miles ( 44 @.@ 96 km2 ) and had a population of 106 @,@ 597 at the time of the 2011 Census . The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age , and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times . Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century , serving the surrounding villages in the Weald ; its location on the main road from London to Brighton brought a passing trade , encouraging the development of coaching inns . It was connected to London by the railway in 1841 . Gatwick Airport , now one of Britain 's busiest international airports , opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s , encouraging commercial and industrial growth . After the Second World War , the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London and into new towns around South East England . The New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these . A master plan was developed for the establishment of new residential , commercial , industrial and civic areas , and rapid development greatly increased the size and population of the town in a few decades . The town comprises thirteen residential neighbourhoods radiating out from the core of the old market town , and separated by main roads and railway lines . The nearby communities of Ifield , Pound Hill and Three Bridges were absorbed into the new town at different stages of its development . As of 2009 , expansion is planned in the west and northwest of the town , in co @-@ operation with Horsham District Council . Economically , the town has developed into the main centre of industry and employment between London and the south coast of England . A large industrial area supports industries and services , many of which are connected with the airport , and the commercial and retail sectors continue to expand . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = The area may have been settled during the Mesolithic period : locally manufactured flints of the Horsham Culture type have been found to the southwest of the town . Tools and burial mounds from the Neolithic period , and burial mounds and a sword from the Bronze Age , have also been discovered . Crawley is on the western edge of the High Weald , which produced iron for more than 2 @,@ 000 years from the Iron Age onwards . Goffs Park — now a recreational area in the south of the town — was the site of two late Iron Age furnaces . Ironworking and mineral extraction continued throughout Roman times , particularly in the Broadfield area where many furnaces were built . In the 5th century , Saxon settlers named the area Crow 's Leah — meaning a crow @-@ infested clearing , or Crow 's Wood . This name evolved over time , and the present spelling appeared by the early 14th century . By this time , nearby settlements were more established : the Saxon church at Worth , for example , dates from between 950 and 1050 AD . Although Crawley itself is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 , the nearby settlements of Ifield and Worth are recorded . The first written record of Crawley dates from 1202 , when a licence was issued by King John for a weekly market on Wednesdays . Crawley grew slowly in importance over the next few centuries , but was boosted in the 18th century by the construction of the turnpike road between London and Brighton . When this was completed in 1770 , travel between the newly fashionable seaside resort and London became safer and quicker , and Crawley ( located approximately halfway between the two ) prospered as a coaching halt . By 1839 it offered almost an hourly service to both destinations . The George , a timber @-@ framed house dating from the 15th century , expanded to become a large coaching inn , taking over adjacent buildings . Eventually an annexe had to be built in the middle of the wide High Street ; this survived until the 1930s . The original building has become the George Hotel , with conference facilities and 84 bedrooms ; it retains many period features including an iron fireback . Crawley 's oldest church is St John the Baptist 's , between the High Street and the Broadway . It is said to have 13th @-@ century origins , but there has been much rebuilding ( especially in the 19th century ) and the oldest part remaining is the south wall of the nave , which is believed to be 14th century . The church has a 15th @-@ century tower ( rebuilt in 1804 ) which originally contained four bells cast in 1724 . Two were replaced by Thomas Lester of London in 1742 ; but in 1880 a new set of eight bells were cast and installed by the Croydon @-@ based firm Gillett , Bland & Company . = = = Railway age and Victorian era = = = The Brighton Main Line was the first railway line to serve the Crawley area . A station was opened at Three Bridges ( originally known as East Crawley ) in the summer of 1841 . Crawley railway station , at the southern end of the High Street , was built in 1848 when the Horsham branch was opened from Three Bridges to Horsham . A line was built eastwards from Three Bridges to East Grinstead in 1855 . Three Bridges had become the hub of transport in the area by this stage : one @-@ quarter of its population was employed in railway jobs by 1861 ( mainly at the London , Brighton and South Coast Railway 's railway works near the station ) . The Longley company — one of South East England 's largest building firms in the late 19th century , responsible for buildings including Christ 's Hospital school and the King Edward VII Sanatorium in Midhurst — moved to a site next to Crawley station in 1881 . In 1898 more than 700 people were employed at the site . There was a major expansion in housebuilding in the late 19th century . An area known as " New Town " ( unrelated to the postwar developments ) was created around the railway level crossing and down the Brighton Road ; the West Green area , west of the High Street on the way to Ifield , was built up ; and housing spread south of the Horsham line for the first time , into what is now Southgate . The population reached 4 @,@ 433 in 1901 , compared to 1 @,@ 357 a century earlier . In 1891 , a racecourse was opened on farmland at Gatwick . Built to replace a steeplechase course at Waddon near Croydon in Surrey , it was used for both steeplechase and flat racing , and held the Grand National during the years of the First World War . The course had its own railway station on the Brighton Main Line . In the early 20th century , many of the large country estates in the area , with their mansions and associated grounds and outbuildings , were split up into smaller plots of land , attracting haphazard housing development and small farms . By the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Crawley had grown into a small but prosperous town , serving a wide rural area and those passing through on the A23 London – Brighton road . Three @-@ quarters of the population had piped water supplies , all businesses and homes had electricity , and piped gas and street lighting had been in place for 50 years . An airfield was opened in 1930 on land near the racecourse . This was a private concern until the Second World War when it was claimed by the Royal Air Force . = = = New Town = = = In May 1946 , the New Towns Act of 1946 identified Crawley as a suitable location for a New Town ; but it was not officially designated as such until 9 January 1947 . The 5 @,@ 920 acres ( 2 @,@ 396 ha ) of land set aside for the new town were split across the county borders between East Sussex , West Sussex and Surrey . Architect Thomas Bennett was appointed chairman of Crawley Development Corporation . A court challenge to the designation order meant that plans were not officially confirmed until December 1947 . By this time , an initial plan for the development of the area had been drawn up by Anthony Minoprio . This proposed filling in the gaps between the villages of Crawley , Ifield and Three Bridges . Bennett estimated that planning , designing and building the town , and increasing its population from the existing 9 @,@ 500 to 40 @,@ 000 , would take 15 years . Work began almost immediately to prepare for the expansion of the town . A full master plan was in place by 1949 . This envisaged an increase in the population of the town to 50 @,@ 000 , residential properties in nine neighbourhoods radiating from the town centre , and a separate industrial area to the north . The neighbourhoods would consist mainly of three @-@ bedroom family homes , with a number of smaller and larger properties . Each would be built around a centre with shops , a church , a public house , a primary school and a community centre . Secondary education was to be provided at campuses at Ifield Green , Three Bridges and Tilgate . Later , a fourth campus , in Southgate , was added to the plans . At first , little development took place in the town centre , and residents relied on the shops and services in the existing high street . The earliest progress was in West Green , where new residents moved in during the late 1940s . In 1950 the town was visited by the then heir to the throne , Princess Elizabeth , when she officially opened the Manor Royal industrial area . Building work continued throughout the 1950s in West Green , Northgate and Three Bridges , and later in Langley Green , Pound Hill and Ifield . In 1956 , land at " Tilgate East " was allocated for housing use , eventually becoming the new neighbourhood of Furnace Green . Expectations of the eventual population of the town were revised upwards several times . The 1949 master plan had allowed for 50 @,@ 000 people , but this was amended to 55 @,@ 000 in 1956 after the Development Corporation had successfully resisted pressure from the Minister for Town and Country Planning to accommodate 60 @,@ 000 . Nevertheless , plans dated 1961 anticipated growth to 70 @,@ 000 by 1980 , and by 1969 consideration was given to an eventual expansion of up to 120 @,@ 000 . Extended shopping facilities to the east of the existing high street were provided . The first stage to open was The Broadwalk in 1954 , following by the opening of the Queen 's Square development by Her Majesty The Queen in 1958 . Crawley railway station was moved eastwards towards the new development . By April 1960 , when Thomas Bennett made his last presentation as chairman of the Development Corporation , the town 's population had reached 51 @,@ 700 ; 2 @,@ 289 @,@ 000 square feet ( 212 @,@ 700 m2 ) of factory and other industrial space had been provided ; 21 @,@ 800 people were employed , nearly 60 % of whom worked in manufacturing industry ; and only seventy people were registered as unemployed . The corporation had built 10 @,@ 254 houses , and private builders provided around 1 @,@ 500 more . Tenants were by then permitted to buy their houses , and 440 householders had chosen to do so by April 1960 . A new plan was put forward by West Sussex County Council in 1961 . This proposed new neighbourhoods at Broadfield and Bewbush , both of which extended outside the administrative area of the then Urban District Council . Detailed plans were made for Broadfield in the late 1960s ; by the early 1970s building work had begun . Further expansion at Bewbush was begun in 1974 , although development there was slow . The two neighbourhoods were both larger than the original nine : together , their proposed population was 23 @,@ 000 . Work also took place in the area now known as Ifield West on the western fringes of the town . By 1980 , the council identified land at Maidenbower , south of the Pound Hill neighbourhood , as being suitable for another new neighbourhood , and work began in 1986 . However , all of this development was undertaken privately , unlike the earlier neighbourhoods in which most of the housing was owned by the council . In 1999 , plans were announced to develop a 14th neighbourhood on land at Tinsley Green to the northeast of the town . However , these were halted when proposals for possible expansion at Gatwick Airport were announced . As of 2008 , discussions were underway with Horsham District Council concerning the possible future provision of new housing on Crawley 's western fringes , to be named Kilnwood vale ; much of the land proposed for development currently lies within Horsham 's administrative boundaries . Development of the neighbourhood began in 2012 . = = Governance = = = = = Local government = = = Crawley Urban District Council was formed in May 1956 from the part of the Horsham Rural District which covered the new town . The Local Government Act 1972 led to the district being reformed as a borough in April 1974 , gaining a mayor for the first time . The Urban District Council received its coat of arms from the College of Heralds in 1957 . After the change to borough status a modified coat of arms , based on the original , was awarded in 1976 , and presented to the council on 24 March 1977 . It features a central cross on a shield , representing the town 's location at the meeting point of north – south and east – west roads . The shield bears nine martlets representing both the county of Sussex and the new town 's original nine neighbourhoods . Supporters , of an eagle and a winged lion , relate to the significance of the airport to the locality . The motto featured is I Grow and I Rejoice — a translation of a phrase from the Epistulae of Seneca the Younger . Initially the district ( and then borough ) council worked with the Commission for New Towns on many aspects of development ; but in 1978 many of the commission 's assets , such as housing and parks , were surrendered to the council . The authority 's boundaries were extended in 1983 to accommodate the Bewbush and Broadfield neighbourhoods . The borough remains part of the local two @-@ tier arrangements , with services shared with West Sussex County Council . The authority is divided into 15 wards , each of which is represented by two or three local councillors , forming a total council of 37 members . Most wards are coterminous with the borough 's neighbourhoods , but two neighbourhoods are divided : Broadfield into North and South wards , and Pound Hill into " Pound Hill North " and " Pound Hill South and Worth " . The council is elected in thirds . As of the May 2016 local elections , the authority is Labour @-@ controlled , with seats allocated as follows : The Conservative party gained control in May 2006 for the first time since the borough was created . Previously the authority had always been Labour controlled . = = = United Kingdom government = = = Crawley Borough is coterminous with the parliamentary constituency of Crawley . Henry Smith won the seat at the 2010 general election and was re @-@ elected at the 2015 general election . Laura Moffatt , a member of the Labour Party , was the MP for Crawley from 1997 to 2010 ; she was the Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Health , Alan Johnson . In the 2005 general election , the winning margin was the slimmest of any UK constituency : Moffatt won by just 37 votes . Brook House and Tinsley House Immigration Removal Centres , operated by UK Visas and Immigration , are within the grounds of Gatwick Airport in Crawley . Data from the Home Office 's national identity database at Doncaster , South Yorkshire , was backed up to servers in Crawley for disaster recovery and business continuity purposes . The Identity Documents Bill 2010 , proposed in May 2010 and passed in September 2010 , authorised the destruction of all data stored for the identity card scheme brought about by the Identity Cards Act 2006 . = = Geography = = At 51 ° 6 ′ 33 ″ N 0 ° 11 ′ 14 ″ W ( 51 @.@ 1092 , − 0 @.@ 1872 ) , Crawley is in the northeastern corner of West Sussex in South East England , 28 miles ( 45 km ) south of London and 18 miles ( 29 km ) north of Brighton and Hove . It is surrounded by smaller towns including Horley , Redhill , Reigate , Dorking , Horsham , Haywards Heath and East Grinstead . The borough of Crawley is bordered by the West Sussex local government areas of Mid Sussex and Horsham districts , and the Mole Valley and Tandridge districts and the Borough of Reigate and Banstead in the county of Surrey . Crawley lies in the Weald between the North and South Downs . Two beds of sedimentary rock meet beneath the town : the eastern neighbourhoods and the town centre lie largely on the sandstone Hastings Beds , while the rest of the town is based on Weald Clay . A geological fault running from east to west has left an area of Weald Clay ( with a ridge of limestone ) jutting into the Hastings Beds around Tilgate . The highest point in the borough is 486 feet ( 148 m ) above sea level . The town has no major waterways , although a number of smaller brooks and streams are tributaries for the River Mole which rises near Gatwick Airport and flows northwards to the River Thames near Hampton Court Palace . There are several lakes at Tilgate Park and a mill pond at Ifield which was stopped to feed the Ifield Water Mill . In 1822 Gideon Mantell , an amateur fossil collector and palaeontologist , discovered teeth , bones and other remains of what he described as " an animal of the lizard tribe of enormous magnitude " , in Tilgate Forest on the edge of Crawley . He announced his discovery in an 1825 scientific paper , giving the creature the name Iguanodon . In 1832 he discovered and named the Hylaeosaurus genus of dinosaurs after finding a fossil in the same forest . = = = Climate = = = Crawley lies within the Sussex Weald , an area of highly variable terrain , so that many microclimates of frost hollows , sun traps and windswept hilltops will be encountered over a short distance . During calm , clear periods of weather this allows for some interesting temperature variations , although most of the time , when mobile westerly airstreams persist , the weather is typically Oceanic like the rest of the British Isles . Gatwick is the nearest weather station that publishes long @-@ term averages that give an accurate description of the climate of the Crawley area , although more recently the Met Office has also published data for its nearby weather station at Charlwood . Both weather stations are about 3 miles north of Crawley town centre and at similar altitudes . Generally , Crawley 's inland and southerly position within the UK means temperatures in summer are amongst the highest in the British Isles , Charlwood recording 36.3C ( 97.3F ) and Gatwick recording 36.4C ( 97.5F ) on 19 July 2006 , just 0.2C and 0.1C lower , respectively , than the UK monthly record for that day set at Wisley , 20 miles to the west . The overall maximum stands at 36.5C ( 97.7F ) at Charlwood , set on 10 August 2003 . The absolute record for Gatwick is the aforementioned 36.4C. Before this , the highest temperature recorded at Gatwick was 35.6C ( 96.1F ) , also in August 2003 . The maximum temperature was 25.1C ( 77.2F ) or higher on 15 @.@ 9 days of the year on average ( 1971 @-@ 00 ) and the warmest day will typically rise to 29.4c ( 84.9f ) . The overall minimum for Gatwick Airport for the period from 1960 is − 16.7C ( 1.9F ) , set in January 1963 . More recently , Charlwood fell to − 11.2C ( 11.8F ) and Gatwick − 11.1C ( 12.0F ) on 20 December 2010 . Typically the coldest night at Gatwick will fall to − 8.9C ( 16.0F ) . Air frost is recorded on 58 @.@ 2 nights at Gatwick ( 1971 @-@ 00 ) Sunshine totals in Crawley are higher than many inland areas due to its southerly location : Gatwick averaged 1 @,@ 574 hours per year over 1961 – 90 . No data is available for 1971 @-@ 00 , but given increases at comparable sites nearby , annual averages are likely to be over 1 @,@ 600 hours . Snowfall is often heavier in the Sussex Weald than in many other low @-@ lying parts of central and southern England due to the proximity of moisture @-@ laden southerly tracking low pressure systems bringing easterly winds and snow to areas from South London southwards . However , again due to the southerly location of the area , with warmer air from the nearby English Channel , the snow is often temporary as low pressure systems track north bringing in milder air ; areas immediately north of London tend to have less accumulation , but lying for a longer duration . Rainfall is lower than the English average , but higher than many other areas of the South East . 1mm of rain or more falls on 116 @.@ 7 days of the year . = = = Neighbourhoods and areas = = = There are 13 residential neighbourhoods , each with a variety of housing types : terraced , semi @-@ detached and detached houses , low @-@ rise flats and bungalows . There are no residential tower blocks , apart from the 8 storey Milton Mount Flats at the North end of Pound Hill . Many houses have their own gardens and are set back from roads . The hub of each neighbourhood is a shopping parade , community centre and church , and each has a school and recreational open spaces as well . Crawley Development Corporation 's intention was for neighbourhood shops to cater only to basic needs , and for the town centre to be used for most shopping requirements . The number of shop units provided in the neighbourhood parades reflected this : despite the master plan making provision for at least 20 shops in each neighbourhood , the number actually built ranged from 19 in the outlying Langley Green neighbourhood to just seven in West Green , close to the town centre . Each of the 13 residential neighbourhoods is identified by a colour , which is shown on street name signs in a standard format throughout the town : below the street name , the neighbourhood name is shown in white text on a coloured background . There are areas which are not defined as neighbourhoods but which are closely associated with Crawley : The Manor Royal industrial estate is in the north of the town . Although it is part of the Northgate ward , it is allocated a colour : its street name signs feature the word " Industrial " on a black background . Crawley 's town centre is in the southernmost part of Northgate . Its street name signs do not follow the standard format of the neighbourhood signs , but display only the street name . Gatwick Airport was built on the site of a manor house , Gatwick Manor , close to the village of Lowfield Heath . Most of the village was demolished when the airport expanded , but the Grade II * -listed St Michael and All Angels Church , remains . The site of Lowfield Heath village , now occupied by warehouses and light industrial units , is on the airport 's southern boundary , between the perimeter road and the A23 close to Manor Royal . Worth was originally a village with its own civil parish , lying just beyond the eastern edge of the Crawley urban area and borough boundary ; but development of the Pound Hill and Maidenbower neighbourhoods has filled in the gaps , and the borough boundary has been extended to include the whole of the village . The civil parish of Worth remains , albeit reduced in size , as part of the Mid Sussex district . Tinsley Green , a hamlet in Worth parish , is now within the Pound Hill neighbourhood . Its houses , farms and public house , the Greyhound ( at which the British and World Marbles Championship has been held annually since 1932 ) , lie on or around an east – west minor road running from the main Balcombe – Horley road to the Manor Royal estate . The hamlet of Fernhill is 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) east of Gatwick Airport and the same distance south of Horley . It has been wholly within the borough since 1990 , when the borough and county boundary was moved eastwards to align exactly with the M23 motorway . Until then , its houses and farms straddled the boundary . Fernhill was the site of a fatal aeroplane crash in 1969 : 50 people ( including two residents ) died when Ariana Afghan Airlines Flight 701 crashed into a house on Fernhill Road . = = = Proposed neighbourhoods = = = Since the completion of Maidenbower , Crawley 's thirteenth neighbourhood , two other sites in the borough have been considered as potential sites for new residential areas . A proposal to build a neighbourhood in the Tinsley Green area was first made in January 1998 , and in December 2009 the Government allowed an appeal to be heard against the latest refusal of planning permission . A new planning application was registered in July 2012 , and in November of that year details of the proposals were published . Forge Wood is intended to have 1 @,@ 900 houses , commercial and industrial buildings , a shopping area , a community centre and hall , a primary school and areas of " recreational open space " . Pegasus Planning Group Ltd presented the application on behalf of housebuilders Persimmon Homes and Taylor Wimpey . The application proposes 5 @,@ 000 square metres ( 54 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of commercial and industrial floorspace and 2 @,@ 500 square metres ( 27 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of floorspace for retail use as well as the housing . It was reported in 2012 , before it was approved , that the four @-@ phase " North East Sector " development was expected to start in 2013 and last for 12 years . The name Forge Wood was decided upon in December 2013 . Work on the first phase was scheduled to start in 2014 , and the first houses are due to be completed by the end of that year . Meanwhile , Crawley Borough Council began discussions with neighbouring Horsham District Council in 2006 in connection with a proposed neighbourhood west of Bewbush ; such development would straddle the boundary of the two local authorities . Planning permission was granted in March 2011 , the name Kilnwood Vale was adopted , and in October 2011 Crawley Borough Council sold for £ 3 million some areas of land required for the construction of access roads . Work on the five @-@ phase scheme started in October 2012 . Up to 2 @,@ 500 houses , a school , library , supermarket and other facilities will be provided . = = Demography = = At the census in 2001 the population of Crawley was recorded as 99 @,@ 744 . This accounted for 13 @.@ 2 % of the population of the county of West Sussex . The growth in population of the new town — around 1 @,@ 000 % between 1951 and 2001 — has outstripped that of most similar @-@ sized settlements . For example , in the same period , the population of the neighbouring district of Horsham grew by just 99 % . Approximately 64 @.@ 5 % of the population is aged below 45 , compared to 55 % of the population of West Sussex . White British account for 84 @.@ 5 % of the population and 15 @.@ 5 % of people are from other ethnic backgrounds . People of Indian and Pakistani origin account for 4 @.@ 5 % and 3 % of the population respectively . Many inhabitants of Crawley work locally at Gatwick Airport as either air or ground crew . The borough has a population density of around 22 persons per hectare ( 54 persons per acre ) , making it the second most densely populated district in West Sussex , after Worthing . The social mix is similar to the national norm : around 50 % are in the ABC1 social category , although this varies by ward , with just 44 % in Broadfield North compared to 75 % in Maidenbower . The proportion of people in the borough with higher education qualifications is lower than the national average . Around 14 % have a qualification at level 4 or above , compared to 20 % nationally . = = Economy = = Crawley originally traded as a market town . The Development Corporation intended to develop it as a centre for manufacturing and light engineering , with an industrial zone . The rapid growth of Gatwick Airport provided opportunities for businesses in the aviation , transport , warehousing and distribution industries . The significance of the airport to local employment and enterprise was reflected by the formation of the Gatwick Diamond partnership . This venture , supported by local businesses , local government and SEEDA , South East England 's Regional Development Agency , aims to maintain and improve the Crawley and Gatwick area 's status as a region of national and international economic importance . Since the Second World War , unemployment in Crawley has been low : the rate was 1 @.@ 47 % of the working @-@ age population in 2003 . During the boom of the 1980s the town boasted the lowest level of unemployment in the UK . Continuous growth and investment have made Crawley one of the most important business and employment centres in the South East England region . = = = Manufacturing industry = = = Crawley was already a modest industrial centre by the end of the Second World War . Building was an important trade : 800 people were employed by building and joinery firms , and two — Longley 's and Cook 's — were large enough to have their own factories . In 1949 , 1 @,@ 529 people worked in manufacturing : the main industries were light and precision engineering and aircraft repair . Many of the jobs in these industries were highly skilled . Industrial development had to take place relatively soon after the new town was established because part of the Corporation 's remit was to move people and jobs out of an overcrowded and war @-@ damaged London . Industrial jobs were needed as well as houses and shops to create a balanced community where people could settle . The Development Corporation wanted the new town to support a large and mixed industrial base , with factories and other buildings based in a single zone rather than spread throughout the town . A 267 @-@ acre ( 108 ha ) site in the northeastern part of the development area was chosen . Its advantages included flat land with no existing development ; proximity to the London – Brighton railway line , the A23 and the planned M23 ; space for railway sidings ( which were eventually built on a much smaller scale than envisaged ) ; and an adjacent 44 @-@ acre ( 18 ha ) site reserved for future expansion , on the other side of the railway line ( again , not used for this purpose in the end ) . Princess Elizabeth ( later Queen Elizabeth II ) opened the first part of the industrial area on 25 January 1950 ; its main road was named Manor Royal , and this name eventually came to refer to the whole estate . The Corporation stipulated that several manufacturing industries should be developed , rather than allowing one sector or firm to dominate . It did not seek to attract companies by offering financial or other incentives ; instead , it set out to create the ideal conditions for industrial development to arise naturally , by providing large plots of land with room for expansion , allowing firms to build their own premises or rent ready @-@ made buildings , and constructing a wide range of building types and sizes . Despite the lack of direct incentives , many firms applied to move to the Manor Royal estate : it was considered such an attractive place to relocate to that the Development Corporation was able to choose between applicants to achieve the ideal mix of firms , and little advertising or promotion had to be undertaken . One year after Manor Royal was opened , eighteen firms were trading there , including four with more than 100 employees and one with more than 1 @,@ 000 . By 1964 , businesses which had moved to the town since 1950 employed 16 @,@ 000 people ; the master plan had anticipated between 8 @,@ 000 and 8 @,@ 500 . In 1978 there were 105 such firms , employing nearly 20 @,@ 000 people . The Thales Group opened a new manufacturing and office complex in Crawley in 2009 . The site consolidated manufacturing and offices in the Crawley area and the south @-@ east of England . = = = Service industry and commerce = = = While most of the jobs created in the new town 's early years were in manufacturing , the tertiary sector developed strongly from the 1960s . The Manor Royal estate , with its space , proximity to Gatwick and good transport links , attracted airport @-@ related services such as logistics , catering , distribution and warehousing ; and the Corporation and private companies built offices throughout the town . Office floorspace in the town increased from 55 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 100 m2 ) in 1965 to a conservative estimate of 453 @,@ 000 square feet ( 42 @,@ 100 m2 ) in 1984 . Major schemes during that period included premises for the Westminster Bank ( later part of NatWest ) , British Caledonian , and The Office of the Paymaster @-@ General — a government ministry within the remit of HM Treasury . The five @-@ storey Overline House above the railway station , completed in 1968 , is used by Crawley 's NHS Primary Care Trust and various other companies . Companies headquartered in Crawley include Doosan Babcock Energy , WesternGeco , Virgin Atlantic Airways , Virgin Atlantic 's associated travel agency Virgin Holidays , William Reed Business Media , Dualit and the Office of the Paymaster @-@ General . Danish company Novo Nordisk , which manufactures much of the world 's insulin supply , has its UK headquarters at the Broadfield Business Park , and BDO International has an office in Crawley . In addition the registered offices of TUI UK and Thomson Airways are located in Crawley . British Airways took over British Caledonian 's former headquarters near the Manor Royal estate , renamed it " Astral Towers " and based its British Airways Holidays and AIRMILES divisions there . Other companies formerly headquartered in Crawley include Astraeus Airlines , British United Airways , CityFlyer Express , CP Ships , First Choice Airways , GB Airways , Laker Airways , Tradewinds Airways , and Air Europe . Crawley has numerous hotels , including The George Hotel , dated to 1615 . It is reputedly haunted . = = = Shopping and retail = = = Even before the new town was planned , Crawley was a retail centre for the surrounding area : there were 177 shops in the town in 1948 , 99 of which were on the High Street . Early new town residents relied on these shopping facilities until the Corporation implemented the master plan 's designs for a new shopping area on the mostly undeveloped land east of the High Street and north of the railway line . The Broadwalk and its 23 shops were built in 1954 , followed by the Queen 's Square complex and surrounding streets in the mid @-@ 1950s . Queen 's Square , a pedestrianised plaza surrounded by large shops and linked to the High Street by The Broadwalk , was officially opened in 1958 by Queen Elizabeth II . The town centre was completed by 1960 , by which time Crawley was already recognised as an important regional , rather than merely local , shopping centre . In the 1960s and 1970s , large branches of Tesco , Sainsbury 's and Marks & Spencer were opened ( the Tesco superstore was the largest in Britain at the time ) . The shopping area was also expanded southeastwards from Queen 's Square : although the original plans of 1975 were not implemented fully , several large shop units were built and a new pedestrianised link — The Martlets — was provided between Queen 's Square and Haslett Avenue , the main road to Three Bridges . The remaining land between this area and the railway line was sold for private development by 1982 ; in 1992 a 450 @,@ 000 square feet ( 41 @,@ 800 m2 ) shopping centre named County Mall was opened there . Its stores includes major retailers such as Debenhams , Boots , W H Smith and British Home Stores as well as over 80 smaller outlets . The town 's main bus station was redesigned , roads including the main A2220 Haslett Avenue were rerouted , and some buildings at the south end of The Martlets were demolished to accommodate the mall . A regeneration strategy for the town centre , " Centre Vision 2000 " , was produced in 1993 . Changes brought about by the scheme have included 50 @,@ 000 square feet ( 4 @,@ 600 m2 ) of additional retail space in Queen 's Square and The Martlets , and a mixed @-@ use development at the southern end of the High Street on land formerly occupied by Robinson Road ( which was demolished ) and Spencers Road ( shortened and severed at one end ) . An ASDA superstore , opened in September 2003 , forms the centrepiece . Robinson Road , previously named Church Road , had been at the heart of the old Crawley : a century before its demolition , its buildings included two chapels , a school , a hospital and a post office . There are plans to expand Crawley 's central shopping area northwards on to land occupied by the Town Hall and office buildings . The borough council 's premises would be moved to a new site — possibly the land occupied by Sussex House on the High Street — and The Boulevard would become a large pedestrianised shopping area . The scheme , named " Town Centre North " , is designed to make Crawley a major regional shopping destination . = = Public services = = Policing in Crawley is provided by Sussex Police ; the British Transport Police are responsible for the rail network . The borough is the police headquarters for the North Downs division , and is itself divided into three areas for the purposes of neighbourhood policing : Crawley East , Crawley West , and Crawley Town Centre . A separate division covers Gatwick Airport . There is a police station in the town centre ; it is open 24 hours a day , and the front desk is staffed for 16 hours each day except Christmas Day . Statutory emergency fire and rescue services are provided by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service which operates a fire station in the town centre . The South East Coast Ambulance Service is responsible for ambulance and paramedic services . Crawley Hospital in West Green is operated by West Sussex Primary Care Trust . Some services are provided by the Surrey and Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust , including a 24 @-@ hour Urgent Treatment Centre for semi @-@ life @-@ threatening injuries . The Surrey and Sussex was judged as " weak " by the Healthcare Commission in 2008 , however in 2015 both the hospital and the Surrey and Sussex Trust were rated good by the Care Quality Commission . Thames Water is responsible for all waste water and sewerage provision . Residents in most parts of Crawley receive their drinking water from Southern Water ; areas in the north of the town around Gatwick Airport are provided by Sutton & East Surrey Water ; and South East Water supplies Maidenbower . UK Power Networks is the Distribution Network Operator responsible for electricity . Gas is supplied by Southern Gas Networks who own and manage the South East Local Distribution Zone . The provision of public services was made in co @-@ operation with the local authorities as the town grew in the 1950s and 1960s . They oversaw the opening of a fire station in 1958 , the telephone exchange , police station and town centre health clinic in 1961 and an ambulance station in 1963 . Plans for a new hospital on land at The Hawth were abandoned , however , and the existing hospital in West Green was redeveloped instead . Gas was piped from Croydon , 20 miles ( 32 km ) away , and a gasworks at Redhill , while the town 's water supply came from the Weir Wood reservoir south of East Grinstead and another at Pease Pottage . In December 2008 , a new three @-@ storey library was opened in new buildings at Southgate Avenue , replacing the considerably undersized establishment formerly at County Buildings . The Civil Aviation Authority Regulation Safety Group is in the Aviation House in Gatwick Airport in Crawley . = = Transport = = Crawley 's early development as a market town was helped by its location on the London – Brighton turnpike . The area was joined to the railway network in the mid @-@ 19th century ; and since the creation of the new town , there have been major road upgrades ( including a motorway link ) , a guided bus transit system and the establishment of an airport which has become one of Britain 's largest and busiest . = = = Road = = = The London – Brighton turnpike ran through the centre of Crawley , forming the High Street and Station Road . When Britain 's major roads were classified by the British government 's Ministry of Transport between 1919 and 1923 , it was given the number A23 . It was bypassed by a new dual carriageway in 1938 ( which forms the A23 's current route through the town ) , and then later to the east side of the town by the M23 motorway , which was opened in 1975 . This connects London 's orbital motorway , the M25 , to the A23 at Pease Pottage , at the southern edge of Crawley 's built @-@ up area . The original single @-@ carriageway A23 became the A2219 . The M23 has junctions in the Crawley area at the A2011 / A264 ( Junction 10 ) and Maidenbower ( area of Crawley ) ( Junction 10A ) . The end of the motorway at Pease Pottage is Junction 11 . The A2011 , another dual @-@ carriageway , joins the A23 in West Green and provides a link , via the A2004 , to the town centre . The A2220 follows the former route of the A264 through the town , linking the A23 directly to the A264 at Copthorne , from where it then runs to East Grinstead . = = = Rail = = = The first railway line in the area was the Brighton Main Line , which opened as far as Haywards Heath on 12 July 1841 and reached Brighton on 21 September 1841 . It ran through Three Bridges , which was then a small village east of Crawley , and a station was built to serve it . A line to Horsham , now part of the Arun Valley Line , was opened on 14 February 1848 . A station was provided next to Crawley High Street from that date . A new station was constructed slightly to the east , in conjunction with the Overline House commercial development , and replaced the original station which closed on 28 July 1968 . The ticket office and Up ( London @-@ bound ) platform waiting areas form the ground floor of the office building . The urban area of Crawley is served by a total of three rail stations including Ifield railway station . Due to Crawley 's expansion this station is now surrounded by the town 's western areas . Opened as Lyons Crossing Halt on 1 June 1907 to serve the village of Ifield , it was soon renamed Ifield Halt , dropping the " Halt " suffix in 1930 . Regular train services run from Crawley , and also Ifield , to London Victoria and London Bridge stations , Gatwick Airport , East Croydon , Horsham , Bognor Regis , Chichester , Portsmouth and Southampton . Three Bridges has direct " Thameslink " trains to Bedford & Brighton . = = = Bus and Fastway = = = Crawley was one of several towns where the boundaries of Southdown Motor Services and London Transport bus services met . In 1958 the companies reached an agreement which allowed them both to provide services in all parts of the town . When the National Bus Company was formed in 1969 , its London Country Bus Services subsidiary took responsibility for many routes , including Green Line Coaches cross @-@ London services which operated to distant destinations such as Watford , Luton and Amersham . A coach station was opened by Southdown in 1931 on the A23 at County Oak , near Lowfield Heath : it was a regular stopping point for express coaches between London and towns on the Sussex coast . This traffic started to serve Gatwick when the airport began to grow , however . When the National Bus Company was broken up , local services were provided by the new South West division of London Country Bus Services , which later became part of the Arriva group . Metrobus acquired these routes from Arriva in March 2001 , and is now Crawley 's main operator . It provides local services between the neighbourhoods and town centre , and longer @-@ distance routes to Horsham , Redhill , Tunbridge Wells , Worthing and Brighton . In September 2003 a guided bus service , Fastway , began operating between Bewbush and Gatwick Airport . A second route , from Broadfield to the Langshott area of Horley , north of Gatwick Airport , was added on 27 August 2005 . = = = Gatwick Airport = = = Gatwick Airport was licensed as a private airfield in August 1930 . It was used during the Second World War as an RAF base , and returned to civil use in 1946 . There were proposals to close the airport in the late 1940s , but in 1950 the government announced that it was to be developed as London 's second airport . It was closed between 1956 and 1958 for rebuilding . Her Majesty The Queen reopened it on 9 June 1958 . A second terminal , the North Terminal , was built in 1988 . An agreement exists between BAA and West Sussex County Council preventing the building of a second runway before 2019 . Nevertheless , consultations were launched in 2002 by the Department for Transport , at which proposals for additional facilities and runways were considered . It was agreed that there would be no further expansion at Gatwick unless it became impossible to meet growth targets at London Heathrow Airport within existing pollution limits . = = Sport and leisure = = Crawley Town F.C. is Crawley 's main football team . Formed in 1896 , it moved in 1949 to a ground at Town Mead adjacent to the West Green playing fields . Demand for land near the town centre led to the club moving in 1997 to the new Broadfield Stadium , now owned by the borough council . As of the 2012 / 2013 season , Crawley Town play in League One , the third tier of league football in England . Perhaps the pinnacle of the club 's history was in February 2011 when they played against Manchester United at Old Trafford in the fifth round of the F.A. Cup , a match which saw 9 @,@ 000 Crawley fans make the trip to Manchester . Three other local teams play in the Sussex County Football League : Three Bridges F.C. , Oakwood F.C. and Ifield Edwards F.C .. Crawley Rugby Club is based in Ifield , and a golf course was constructed in 1982 at Tilgate Park . Crawley Hockey Club plays their home matches at Hazelwick School , Three Bridges The new town 's original leisure centre was in Haslett Avenue in the Three Bridges neighbourhood . Building work started in the early 1960s , and a large swimming pool opened in 1964 . The site was extended to include an athletics arena by 1967 , and an additional large sports hall was opened by the town mayor , Councillor Ben Clay and Prime Minister Harold Wilson in 1974 . However , the facilities became insufficient for the growing town , even though an annexe was opened in Bewbush in 1984 . Athlete Zola Budd had been asked to take part in a 1 @,@ 500 @-@ metre race as part of the opening celebrations , but her invitation was withdrawn at short notice because of concerns raised by council members about possible " political connotations and anti @-@ apartheid demonstrators " . In 2005 , Crawley Leisure Centre was closed and replaced by a new facility , the K2 Leisure Centre , on the campus of Thomas Bennett Community College near the Broadfield Stadium . Opened to the public on 14 November 2005 , and officially by Lord Coe on 24 January 2006 , the centre includes the only Olympic @-@ sized swimming pool in South East England . In March 2008 the centre was named as a training site for the 2012 Olympics in London . Crawley Development Corporation made little provision for the arts in the plans for the new town , and a proposed arts venue in the town centre was never built . Neighbourhood community centres and the Tilgate Forest Recreational Centre were used for some cultural activities , but it was not until 1988 that the town had a dedicated theatre and arts venue , at the Hawth Theatre . ( The name derives from a local corruption of the word " heath " , which came to refer specifically to the expanse of wooded land , south of the town centre , in which the theatre was built . ) Crawley 's earliest cinema , the Imperial Picture House on Brighton Road , lasted from 1909 until the 1940s ; the Embassy Cinema on the High Street ( opened in 1938 ) replaced it . A large Cineworld cinema has since opened in the Crawley Leisure Park , which itself also includes ten @-@ pin bowling , various restaurants and bars and a fitness centre . The Liquid nightclub on Station Way can accommodate 1 @,@ 900 people . Each neighbourhood has self @-@ contained recreational areas , and there are other larger parks throughout the town . The Memorial Gardens , on the eastern side of Queen 's Square , feature art displays , children 's play areas and lawns , and a plaque commemorating those who died in two Second World War bombing incidents in 1943 and 1944 . Goffs Park in Southgate covers 50 acres ( 20 ha ) , and has lakes , boating ponds , a model railway and many other features . Tilgate Park and Nature Centre has walled gardens , lakes , large areas of woodland with footpaths and bridleways , a golfing area and a collection of animals and birds . = = Heritage = = Crawley Museum is based in Goffs Park . Stone Age and Bronze Age remains discovered in the area are on display , as well as more recent artefacts including parts of Vine Cottage , an old timber @-@ framed building on the High Street which was once home to former Punch editor Mark Lemon and which was demolished when the ASDA development was built . Crawley has three Grade I listed buildings ( the parish church of St Margaret in Ifield , the parish church of St Nicholas , Worth , and the Friends Meeting House in Langley Lane , Ifield ) , 12 Grade II * listed buildings and 85 Grade II listed buildings . The borough council has also awarded locally listed building status to 58 buildings . = = Education = = Maintained primary and secondary schools were reorganised in 2004 following the Local Education Authority 's decision to change the town 's three @-@ tier system of first , middle and secondary schools to a more standard primary / secondary divide . Since the restructuring , Crawley has had 17 primary schools ( including two Church of England and two Roman Catholic ) and four pairs of infant and junior Schools . Most of these were opened in 2004 ; others changed their status at this date ( for example , from a middle to a junior School ) . Secondary education is provided at one of six secondary schools : Ifield Community College Hazelwick School Holy Trinity Church of England School Oriel High School St Wilfrid 's Catholic School Thomas Bennett Community College All six of these have a sixth form , the newest opening at Oriel High in September 2008 . There is also a Primary / Secondary School called The Gatwick School , which is a Free School that opened in 2014 . It currently has 4 years , R , 1 , 7 and 8 . The schools at Ifield and Thomas Bennett are also bases for the Local Authority 's adult education programmes . Pupils with special needs are educated at the two special schools in the town , each of which covers the full spectrum of needs : Manor Green Primary School and Manor Green College . The Discovery New School , based in Broadfield House , was opened in September 2011 . It was one of the first free schools in the country , set up as a result of changes to the legislation on school funding by the Conservative @-@ Liberal Democrat Coalition government . The school was a Montessori school , the first state funded Montessori school in the UK , quoted as having a Christian ethos in the Anglican tradition . The school closed to children for the last time on 3 April 2014 , following a series of inspection failures and withdrawal of its funding . Further education is provided by Central Sussex College . Opened in 1958 as Crawley Technical College , it merged with other local colleges to form the new institute in August 2005 . The college also provides higher education courses in partnership with the universities at Chichester and Sussex . In 2004 , a proposal was made for an additional campus of the University of Sussex to be created in Crawley , but as of 2008 no conclusion has been reached . = = Media = = Crawley has three local newspapers , of which two have a long history in the area . The Crawley Observer began life in 1881 as Simmins Weekly Advertiser , became the Sussex & Surrey Courier and then the Crawley and District Observer , and took its current name in 1983 . The newspaper is now owned by Johnston Press . The Crawley News was first published in 1979 , and later took over the operations of the older Crawley Advertiser which closed in 1982 . The newspaper is now owned by the Trinity Mirror group and is a free publication . In September 2008 Johnston Press launched a new weekly broadsheet newspaper called the Crawley Times based on the companies paper produced in Horsham , the West Sussex County Times . The town is served by the London regional versions of BBC and ITV television from the Crystal Palace or Reigate transmitters — although some terrestrial aerials in the town may pick up BBC South and ITV Meridian signals from the Midhurst transmitter . Radio Mercury began broadcasting on 20 October 1984 from Broadfield House in Broadfield . The station , now owned by Global Radio , broadcasts as Heart from Brighton , with the studios in Kelvin Way in Crawley closed in August 2010 . On 1 February 2011 , the local Gold transmitter on 1521 AM closed and listeners were advised to retune to 1548 AM ( Gold London ) or 1323 AM ( Gold Sussex ) . Local BBC radio was provided by BBC Radio Sussex from 1983 ; this became part of BBC Southern Counties Radio following a merger with BBC Radio Surrey in 1994 . From March 2009 , BBC Southern Counties Radio became BBC Sussex on 104.5FM & BBC Surrey on 104FM . Due to the positioning of their transmitters , when broadcasting separately both stations cover Crawley stories . = = Twin town = = Dorsten , Germany , since 1973 = = Notable people = = Patrick Allen ( music educator ) , an award @-@ winning author and teacher , lives and works in the town . Tony Barrell , a journalist for The Sunday Times and other publications , was born in the town . Jerzy Braun , a Polish rower who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and in the 1936 Summer Olympics , died in Crawley . Simon Calder , a journalist for The Independent , was born in the town . Matt Charman , playwright , was born in Crawley . Rebecca Cooke , freestyle swimmer and Commonwealth Games gold medallist , was born in Crawley . Sir Charles Court , the 21st Premier of Western Australia , was born in Crawley , but migrated to Australia with his family before his first birthday . John George Haigh , the " Acid Bath Murderer " , carried out some of his murders at a workshop in the West Green area . Simon Jeffes , classically trained guitarist , composer , arranger and founder of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra , was born here . Philip Lawson , first baritone with The King 's Singers was born and raised in Crawley . Mark Lemon , first editor of Punch , lived on the High Street from 1858 until his death in 1870 . A blue plaque outside the George Hotel commemorates his time in the town . Alan Minter , who won bronze at the 1972 Munich Olympic Games in the light middleweight boxing category and in 1980 became the WBC world middleweight champion , was born in the town in 1951 . Kevin Muscat , a footballer who has played for Australia since 1994 and had a nine @-@ year spell in Britain , playing for four different clubs , was born in the town . Craig Pickering , an Olympic sprinter and bobsleigher , was born in the town . Gareth Southgate ( who was manager of Middlesbrough F.C. and a former England international ) attended the town 's Hazelwick School . Daley Thompson used facilities in Crawley to train for the Olympics in 1980 and 1984 . Peter Vaughan , the actor , who starred in the TV show Porridge , used to live in the town . Tom Wort , sophomore All @-@ American linebacker with the Oklahoma Sooners , lived in Crawley until age 14 . The Cure were formed in Crawley in 1976 by Robert Smith , Michael Dempsey and Lol Tolhurst , all of whom attended St Wilfrid 's RC School . The Feeling 's drummer Paul Stewart , guitarist Kevin Jeremiah and keyboard player Ciaran Jeremiah were also at St Wilfrid 's . 2D , the fictional character from Damon Albarn 's virtual band Gorillaz , comes from Crawley , according to the back @-@ story created for them . Yousseph " Chico " Slimani , who had a number one UK hit , was a Hazelwick pupil and spent his teenage years in Crawley . Dan Walker , the British sports presenter , was born and raised in Crawley .
= Earle C. Clements = Earle Chester Clements ( October 22 , 1896 – March 12 , 1985 ) was an American farmer and politician . He represented the state of Kentucky in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and was its 47th Governor , serving from 1947 to 1950 . For three decades , he was the leader of a faction of the state 's Democratic Party that stood in opposition to the faction led by two @-@ time governor and senator A. B. " Happy " Chandler . After following his father into the local politics of his home county , Clements agreed to chair the gubernatorial campaign of Thomas Rhea in 1935 . Already committed to Rhea , he turned down an offer from Happy Chandler to chair his campaign , beginning the rift between the two men . Clements went on to the Kentucky Senate in 1941 . In 1944 , he was selected as Democratic floor leader of the senate and successfully campaigned for a larger budget than that proposed by Republican governor Simeon Willis . His stand against Willis made him popular in the Democratic Party , and he went on to serve two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1944 to 1948 . In 1947 , Clements succeeded Willis as governor , defeating Harry Lee Waterfield , Chandler 's preferred candidate , in the Democratic primary . As governor , Clements raised taxes and used the revenue to increase funding for the state park system and construct and maintain more roads . He also achieved advancements in education , including some progress toward desegregation . In 1950 , Clements was elected to the U.S. Senate . He resigned as governor to accept his Senate seat . While in the Senate , he served as chairman of the Senate Democratic Reelection Committee and as Democratic party whip under party leader Lyndon Johnson . He was defeated by Thruston Morton in his re @-@ election bid in 1956 ; a lack of support from Chandler ( then serving his second term as governor ) contributed to Clements ' defeat . At Johnson 's insistence , Clements resumed chairing the Senate Democratic Reelection Committee in 1957 and 1959 . Clements had supported Bert T. Combs for governor against Chandler in 1955 , and did so again against Harry Lee Waterfield in 1959 . Combs defeated Waterfield and rewarded Clements by appointing him state highway commissioner . In 1961 , Clements and Combs split over a proposed deal to lease dump trucks from a Louisville car dealer . State newspapers charged that the deal was payback to the dealer , a Combs supporter . When Combs canceled the deal Clements took it as a public rebuke and soon after resigned to work on the presidential campaign of his friend , Lyndon Johnson . Following his split with Combs , Clements allied himself with the Chandler faction , opposing Combs ' lieutenant governor , Wilson Wyatt in his bid to unseat Senator Thruston Morton . Clements ' influence declined rapidly after the split with Combs , and by the 1963 gubernatorial race , he was unable to deliver his home county for Chandler in the primary against Edward T. Breathitt . Clements died in his hometown of Morganfield , Kentucky on March 12 , 1985 . = = Early life = = Earle C. Clements was born in Morganfield , Kentucky on October 22 , 1896 . He was the youngest of two sons and four daughters born to Aaron Waller and Sallie Anna ( Tuley ) Clements . His father was a popular county judge and sheriff in Union County , but Clements at first shunned a political career . He obtained his early education in the public schools , and graduated from Morganfield High School in 1915 . Later in 1915 , he enrolled at the University of Kentucky 's College of Agriculture . In 1915 and 1916 , he played center on the football team , and was named to the " All @-@ Southern Team " in 1916 . He was also a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity . Clements ' studies were interrupted by World War I. On July 9 , 1917 , he enlisted as a private in Company M of the Kentucky National Guard . The company was ordered to Camp Taylor near Louisville , Kentucky where they were mustered into the infantry of the U.S. Army . Clements first served as a guard at Camp Taylor and later entered the Officers Training School at Fort Benjamin Harrison near Indianapolis , Indiana . He graduated with the rank of first lieutenant and remained stateside as a professor of military science . He served for a total of 28 months , attaining the rank of captain , and was discharged on September 12 , 1919 . After the war , Clements worked as a rigger in the oil fields of east Texas . In 1921 , however , his father 's health began to fail , and he returned to Kentucky to help him on the farm and served as his deputy sheriff . As a hobby , he also coached football at his high school alma mater . One of his assistant coaches , Rodes K. Myers , would go on to be lieutenant governor under Keen Johnson . On January 18 , 1927 , Clements married Sara M. Blue . Their only child , Elizabeth ( Bess ) Hughes Clements Abell , became social secretary to Lady Bird Johnson and Walter Mondale . = = Political career = = In 1922 , Clements ' father died , and Clements was appointed to serve out the remainder of his term . He was subsequently elected to the office ; his term ended in 1925 . In 1926 , he was elected county clerk . He served two terms in that office , with his tenure ending January 1 , 1934 . Later in 1934 , he was elected county judge . During his two terms , which lasted until 1941 , he ordered the paving of 123 miles of road in the county — more than all the previous county judges combined — despite the financial hardships of the Great Depression . In 1935 , Thomas Rhea asked Clements to serve as his campaign chairman for the 1935 gubernatorial race . Clements accepted , and consequently had to refuse a later request from his boyhood friend , A. B. " Happy " Chandler , to fill the same position for his campaign . Chandler won the Democratic primary , and for decades following , Clements and Chandler led opposite factions of the Kentucky Democratic Party . Chandler claimed that Clements bolted the party and supported Republican candidate King Swope in the general election ; Clements denied this , but admitted that he gave Chandler 's campaign only minimal support . Clements was elected to the Kentucky Senate in 1941 , representing Union , Webster , and Henderson counties . By 1944 , he had risen to the post of majority leader in that body and played a central role in writing the state 's budget that year . Due to Clements ' efforts , educational appropriations were increased far above what had been called for by Republican governor Simeon Willis . Clements ' face @-@ off with Willis won him popularity and helped him win a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives , representing Kentucky 's second district , in 1944 . He was re @-@ elected in 1946 . A New Deal Democrat , Clements voted to increase funding to the Rural Electrification Administration and advocated for the 1945 National School Lunch Act . He supported expansion of agricultural research and reorganization of the Farm Security Administration . He endorsed conservation and wildlife programs and additional funding to federal parks . He supported civil rights legislation , including bans on lynching and poll taxes . He opposed the Taft @-@ Hartley Act and voted to disband the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee . His service on the Select House Committee on Food Shortages gave him the chance to interact closely with President Harry S. Truman . = = = Governor = = = Though encouraged to run for a seat in the Senate in 1946 , Clements instead made the race for governor in 1947 . In the Democratic primary , he faced Harry Lee Waterfield , a former Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives . Not known for his oratory or personality , Clements was a masterful campaign organizer . He secured the support of western Kentucky Democrats by allying himself with Logan County political boss Emerson " Doc " Beauchamp . He chose Lexington Herald @-@ Leader editor Tom Underwood as his campaign manager , strengthening his influence in central Kentucky . He befriended Lawrence Wetherby of Jefferson County which helped him with the urban vote and Carl D. Perkins of Knott County which helped him in rural eastern Kentucky . During the primary campaign , two major issues surfaced . First , Waterfield favored a tax on parimutuel betting , while Clements opposed it . Second , Waterfield supported the development of electric power generation through public utilities , while Clements favored private development ( which won him the support of the Kentucky Utilities company ) . The Clements campaign also attacked Waterfield for being deemed physically unfit for military service . Clements received a late boost when he gained the endorsement of John Y. Brown , Sr. , garnering added support from organized labor . Ultimately , Clements defeated Waterfield by over 30 @,@ 000 votes . In the general election , Clements faced Republican state attorney general Eldon S. Dummit . While Clements managed to keep the Democrats united following the primary , Dummit had fractured the Republicans by attacking the administration of sitting Republican governor Simeon S. Willis and his preferred successor during the Republican primary . Dummit mounted a meager challenge by citing Clements ' opposition to the Taft @-@ Hartley Act , but this was not very effective . Dummit had replaced his campaign manager from the primary election , and when the ousted manager turned against him in the general election , it sounded the death knell for his campaign . Clements won the election by a vote of 387 @,@ 795 to 287 @,@ 756 . He resigned his seat in the U.S. House to accept the governorship . As governor , Clements enjoyed a three @-@ to @-@ one Democratic majority in both houses of the state legislature . As a result , much of his proposed legislative agenda was passed . In the 1948 legislative session , the General Assembly attracted new businesses by lowering taxes on stocks and bonds and the inheritance tax , but offset these cuts by approving Clements ' proposals to increase taxes on gasoline and distilled spirits . Clements also reversed his campaign stance against a tax on parimutuel betting , reportedly proposing a three percent tax because he feared a higher rate would be proposed if he did not take the initiative . With this new revenue , Clements authorized $ 6 million to improve and expand the state park system . The improvement program included twelve large parks and several smaller ones , with Kentucky Dam Park being the centerpiece . To oversee the developments , he appointed Henry Ward as commissioner of conservation . Between 1948 and 1950 , New York was the only state that spent more than Kentucky on its park system . Clements was one of several people who have been referred to as the " father of Kentucky 's state parks " . Although the park system was started in 1926 by Willard Rouse Jillson , Clements did much to develop them during his administration . Clements authorized significant road building projects . During his administration , the state funded or built 3 @,@ 800 miles of rural roads and 4 @,@ 000 miles of primary roads . Further , he initiated construction of the Kentucky Turnpike and the Western Kentucky Parkway . The state also assumed maintenance of 6 @,@ 000 miles of county roads under Clements . During Clements ' tenure , only Texas spent more money on developing its roads . Besides improving the roadways themselves , Clements replaced the Kentucky Highway Patrol , which had become a corrupt vehicle of political patronage , with the Kentucky State Police . Clements also used some of the revenue generated from his tax increases to raise the salaries of the state 's public school teachers . He approved a 15 % increase in funding to the Minimum Foundation Program which provided funding for poor school districts . This was not enough , however , to stave off a 1950 protest march on his office by teachers demanding that he raise another $ 10 million for education . Clements ' lieutenant governor and successor , Lawrence Wetherby , was able to meet this demand in 1951 by using increased tax revenue resulting from the Korean War . Leading national accreditation groups attempted to disaccredit many of Kentucky 's public colleges during Clements administration in order to end longstanding political interference in the higher education system . Clements worked to help these colleges maintain their accreditation and to secure re @-@ accreditation for Morehead State Teachers College . In 1948 , he weakened Kentucky 's Day Law — which enforced segregation of the state 's education system — by providing an exception for black medical personnel to take post @-@ graduate courses in white public hospitals . He also supported a 1948 bill that allowed blacks to pursue medical training at the University of Louisville . His efforts to secure a similar arrangement at the University of Kentucky were not successful , despite the governor 's status as ex @-@ officio chairman of the Board of Trustees . In 1949 , the federal district court in Lexington granted blacks admission to programs at the University of Kentucky if an equivalent program was not available at Kentucky State College , the state 's historically black college . Clements also created or reorganized several government agencies . In cooperation with Pennsylvania governor James H. Duff , he created the Ohio River Sanitation Commission ( ORANSCO ) to combat pollution in the Ohio River and its tributaries . He curbed fraud in the insurance industry by reorganizing the state Insurance Commission and hiring a national prominent expert to rewrite the state 's entire insurance code . To assist the General Assembly in writing more effective and efficient legislation , Clements created the non @-@ partisan Legislative Research Commission , stocked with professionals from various disciplines , to conduct governmental research . He created the Kentucky Agriculture and Industrial Board ( the predecessor of the current Kentucky Department of Commerce ) , which attracted 250 new industries to the state and created 40 @,@ 000 new jobs during its first three years . He also created the Kentucky Building Commission to manage and plan all new state buildings . Among the commission 's first projects were a new $ 6 million capitol annex and the construction of a new state fairgrounds . To retain the most qualified government employees , he supported a constitutional amendment that quadrupled the minimum annual salary for state employees from $ 5 @,@ 000 to $ 20 @,@ 000 . Though a strong governor with many successes , Clements was not able to enact his full legislative agenda . In 1948 , his proposal to create a centralized board that governed all Kentucky colleges failed in the General Assembly . In both the 1948 and 1950 legislative sessions , Clements failed to convince the General Assembly to regulate strip mining . He also failed in his attempts to establish statewide pension and civil service programs , and was unable to enact a merit system for state employees . Attempts to fund a veterans ' bonus passed the two houses of the General Assembly in different forms and were unable to be reconciled . = = = Senator = = = When Alben Barkley resigned his Senate seat to assume the office of vice president in 1948 , Clements had appointed Garrett L. Withers to fill the vacancy . Barkley 's term was to expire in 1950 , and near the end of the term , Withers resigned , allowing Clements to run in a special election to fill both the remainder of Withers ' term and a full six @-@ year term simultaneously . He won the election over Republican Charles I. Dawson by a vote of 300 @,@ 276 to 256 @,@ 876 . On November 27 , 1950 , he resigned as governor to assume the seat . The Democrats lost seats in the Senate in the 1950 election cycle , and party leader Ernest McFarland removed Clinton Anderson as chairman of the Senate Democratic Reelection Committee , replacing him with Clements for the 1952 election cycle . Clements advocated better cooperation between his committee and the Democratic National Committee in 1952 . However , Republicans won the presidency and both houses of Congress in 1952 , and the Democratic National Committee talked openly of disbanding the Reelection Committee . Clements instead advised that his committee 's responsibilities be expanded and that its activities become year @-@ round rather than seasonal . In 1953 , Clements was appointed Democratic party whip , serving under party leader Lyndon B. Johnson . In addition , he retained his chairmanship of the Senate Democratic Reelection Committee for the 1954 election cycle . He and Democratic National Committee chair Stephen Mitchell agreed that the two committees should conduct separate fund @-@ raising operations in order to maximize donations for Democratic candidates . Democrats regained control of the Senate in 1954 , and Clements instituted the practice of having his committee provide transition services for freshman senators . That practice continues today . Clements remained active in state politics , leading a faction of the Democratic party that opposed Happy Chander . As the 1955 gubernatorial election grew closer , Chandler announced he would seek a second term in office , having previously served from 1935 to 1939 . With Clements ' former lieutenant governor , Lawrence Wetherby , ineligible to succeed himself as governor , the Clements faction scrambled to find a candidate to challenge Chandler . The most likely choice was Wetherby 's lieutenant governor , Emerson " Doc " Beauchamp , but his uninspiring persona and ties to boss @-@ dominated Logan County made him unacceptable to Clements . Instead , Clements threw his support to Bert T. Combs , a Court of Appeals judge nominated by Wetherby . Since Combs had little in the way of a political record to run against , Chandler focused his campaign attacks on factional leaders Clements and Wetherby , who he nicknamed " Clementine and Wetherbine " . These attacks , combined with a poorly run campaign by Combs , allowed Chandler to win the Democratic primary by a margin of 18 @,@ 000 votes . He went on to win the general election and a second gubernatorial term . Clements began his campaign for re @-@ election in 1956 by defeating Joe Bates , the candidate favored by Chandler , in the Democratic senatorial primary . On April 30 , 1956 , Kentucky senator Alben Barkley died suddenly of a heart attack . With the Democratic primary already over , the Democratic State Central Committee was charged with selecting a candidate to run for Barkley 's seat . They chose Wetherby , Clements ' former lieutenant governor . Journalist John Ed Pearce later recorded that Clements had favored Chandler 's choice , Joseph Leary , as a candidate rather than Wetherby . Clements didn 't think Leary had a very good chance of winning , but he felt Leary 's selection would keep Chandler from throwing his support to the Republican candidates . Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower convinced John Sherman Cooper , a former senator and ambassador who was immensely popular in Kentucky , to challenge Wetherby , hoping his presence on the ticket would aid his own re @-@ election bid . In the Republican primary , voters chose Thruston B. Morton to challenge Clements . With two of his factional enemies as candidates for the Senate , Governor Chandler bolted the party and supported the Republican candidates . Further complicating Clements ' campaign was the fact that Senate majority leader Lyndon Johnson suffered a heart attack in 1956 , and as majority whip , Clements had to spend much of his time in Washington , D.C. covering Johnson 's duties in the Senate . What time he was in Kentucky was usually devoted to Wetherby 's campaign , since the Democrats believed Clements would be re @-@ elected easily while Wetherby faced much stiffer odds . These factors , combined with the landslide of support for Eisenhower , the Republican presidential candidate , contributed to the defeat of both Wetherby and Clements . Cooper defeated Wetherby by 65 @,@ 000 votes , while Clements lost to Morton by a margin of 7 @,@ 000 votes out of more than 1 million that were cast in the election . It was Clements ' first defeat for elected office in a career that spanned thirty years . = = Later life = = Clements never again sought an elected office after his defeat by Morton , though he remained active in state politics and continued to lead the anti @-@ Chandler faction of his party . From 1957 to 1959 , at the insistence of Lyndon Johnson , he served as executive director of the United States Senate Democratic Campaign Committee and helped ensure the election of a fourteen @-@ seat Democratic majority in the Senate . He considered running for governor again in 1959 , but ultimately decided against it . Without Clements in the race , the anti @-@ Chandler faction was unable to unite behind either former candidate Bert T. Combs or former Louisville mayor Wilson Wyatt . Clements united the faction behind Combs , making Wilson Wyatt their candidate for lieutenant governor and promising him support for later races . Combs defeated the Chandler candidate , Harry Lee Waterfield in the Democratic primary and went on to win the general election . In 1960 , Combs appointed Clements as state highway commissioner . Some state newspapers charged that Clements had demanded this post at the head of the state 's largest executive department in exchange for supporting Combs , a charge Combs denied . Others wondered if Clements took the post in order to organize the state political machinery for his friend Lyndon Johnson , who was rumored to be considering a run for president . Still others believed that , from his powerful post , Clements would be the real governor and Combs only a puppet . Scandal continued to plague Clements as highway commissioner . In March 1960 , news broke that the highway department was about to lease 34 used dump trucks at a very favorable price from Louisville Ford dealer Thurston Cooke , who had served as finance chairman for Combs ' gubernatorial campaign . Some charged that this amounted to a political payoff by Clements . Combs , already under fire for appointing Clements , canceled the lease bid on April 19 . Clements was offended by this action and considered it a public rebuke . The incident caused a rift between Combs and Clements that never fully healed , although Clements did not resign immediately . In August 1960 , Clements met with Combs and told him he wanted to resign to work for the vice @-@ presidential campaign of Lyndon Johnson . Combs called a press conference and announced that Clements ' resignation would be effective September 1 and that he would be replaced by Henry Ward . The resignation was the end of the Clements faction of the state Democratic party . His split with Combs was so severe that he allied with his longtime foe , Happy Chandler , against the new Combs faction of the party . In the 1962 senatorial race , Clements opposed Wilson Wyatt 's challenge to Senator Thruston Morton . Morton won re @-@ election , ending Wyatt 's political career . Chandler again sought the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1963 . Clements appeared on stage with Chandler at a rally where Chandler claimed that Combs had arranged the truck deal to discredit Clements . Chandler hoped to damage Combs ' reputation and , by extension , that of his hand @-@ picked successor Edward T. Breathitt . His strategy was unsuccessful ; Breathitt carried the primary and went on to win the general election . Clements ' waning influence was evidenced by the fact that Breathitt carried Union County by a vote of 2 @,@ 528 to 1 @,@ 913 . From 1961 to 1963 , Clements was a consultant for the American Merchant Marine Institute . He then returned to Washington as a lobbyist and as an executive with the Tobacco Institute . In 1981 , he retired to his hometown of Morganfield . After several years of illness , he died March 12 , 1985 and was buried at the Odd Fellows Cemetery in Morganfield . In 1980 , the Breckinridge Job Corps Center in Morganfield was renamed the Earle C. Clements Job Corps Center .
= Ryugyong Hotel = The Ryugyong Hotel ( Chosŏn 'gŭl : 류경려관 ; sometimes anglicised as Ryu @-@ Gyong Hotel or Yu @-@ Kyung Hotel ) is an unfinished 105 @-@ story pyramid @-@ shaped skyscraper in Pyongyang , North Korea . Its name ( " capital of willows " ) is also one of the historical names for Pyongyang . The building is also known as the 105 Building , a reference to its number of floors . The building has been planned as a mixed @-@ use development , which would include a hotel . Construction began in 1987 but was halted in 1992 as North Korea entered a period of economic crisis after the fall of the Soviet Union . After 1992 the building stood topped out , but without any windows or interior fittings . In 2008 construction resumed , and the exterior was completed in 2011 . It was planned to open the hotel in 2012 , the centenary of Kim Il @-@ sung 's birth , but this did not happen . A partial opening was announced for 2013 , but this was also cancelled . As of 2016 , the building remains unopened . = = Architecture = = The Ryugyong Hotel has a height of 330 metres ( 1 @,@ 080 ft ) , making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang 's skyline and by far the tallest structure in North Korea . Construction of the Ryugyong Hotel was intended to be completed in time for the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in June 1989 ; had this been achieved , it would have held the title of world 's tallest hotel . The unfinished building was not surpassed in height by any new hotel until the 2009 completion of the spire atop the Rose Tower in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . The Ryugyong Hotel is the world 's 49th tallest building ( tied with the China World Trade Center Tower III ) in terms of total height and has the seventh most floors . It is also the tallest unoccupied building in the world . The building consists of three wings , each measuring 100 metres ( 330 ft ) long , 18 metres ( 59 ft ) wide , and sloped at a 75 ‑ degree angle , which converge at a common point to form a pinnacle . The building is topped by a truncated cone 40 metres ( 130 ft ) wide , consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate , topped by a further six static floors . The structure was originally intended to house five revolving restaurants , and either 3 @,@ 000 or 7 @,@ 665 guest rooms , according to different sources . According to Orascom 's Khaled Bichara in 2009 , the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel , but rather a mixed @-@ use development , including " revolving restaurant " facilities along with a " mixture of hotel accommodation , apartments and business facilities " . = = History = = = = = Construction = = = = = = = First start = = = = The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a Cold War response to the completion of the world 's tallest hotel , the Westin Stamford Hotel in Singapore , in 1986 by the South Korean company SsangYong Group . North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace . A firm , the Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management , was established to attract a hoped @-@ for $ 230 million in foreign investment . A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight , allowing " foreign investors [ to ] operate casinos , nightclubs or Japanese lounges " . North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers ( also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers ) began construction on a pyramid ‑ shaped hotel in 1987 . = = = = First halt = = = = The hotel was scheduled to open in June 1989 for the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students , but problems with building methods and materials delayed completion . Had it opened on schedule , it would have surpassed the Westin Stamford Hotel to become the world 's tallest hotel , and would have been the seventh @-@ tallest building in the world . In 1992 , after the building had reached its full architectural height , work was halted due to the economic crisis in North Korea following the collapse of the Soviet bloc . Japanese newspapers estimated the cost of construction was $ 750 million , consuming 2 percent of North Korea ’ s GDP . For over a decade , the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows , fixtures , or fittings , appearing as a massive concrete shell . A rusting construction crane remained at the top , which the BBC called " a reminder of the totalitarian state 's thwarted ambition " . According to Marcus Noland , in the late 1990s , the European Union Chamber of Commerce in Korea inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable . Questions were raised regarding the quality of the building 's concrete and the alignment of its elevator shafts , which some sources said were " crooked " . In a 2006 article , ABC News questioned whether North Korea had sufficient raw materials or energy for such a massive project . A North Korean government official told the Los Angeles Times in 2008 that construction was not completed " because [ North Korea ] ran out of money " . The halt in construction , the rumours of problems and the mystery about its future led foreign media sources to dub it " the worst building in the world " , " Hotel of Doom " and " Phantom Hotel " . = = = = Second start = = = = In April 2008 , after 16 years of inactivity , work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian company Orascom Group . Orascom , which has entered into a US $ 400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a 3G mobile phone network , said that their telecommunications deal was not directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work . In 2008 North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012 , coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the " Eternal President " , Kim Il @-@ sung . In 2009 , Orascom 's Chief Operating Officer Khaled Bichara noted that they " had not had too many problems " resolving the reported structural issues of the building , and that a revolving restaurant will be located at the top of the building . In July 2011 , it was reported that the exterior work was complete . Features that Orascom has installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas . In 2012 , photographs taken by Koryo Tours were released , showing the interior for the first time . There were few fixtures or furnishings . In November 2012 , international hotel operator Kempinski announced it would be running the hotel which was expected to partially open in mid ‑ 2013 . = = = = Second halt = = = = In March 2013 , plans to reopen the hotel were suspended . Kempinski clarified its earlier statements saying that only “ initial discussions ” had ever occurred , but that no agreement had been signed because “ market entry is not currently possible ” . Kempinski gave no reasons , but commentators suggested that international tensions related to the 2013 North Korean nuclear test , economic risks , and delays in construction probably played a part . = = = Progression of construction work = = =
= Who Killed Archie ? = " Who Killed Archie ? " is a storyline from the BBC soap opera EastEnders , which began on 25 December 2009 , Christmas Day , when the character Archie Mitchell , played by Larry Lamb , was murdered by an unseen person . Events leading up to and following the murder put several characters in the frame , in the style of a whodunnit mystery . The culprit was kept a tight secret within the production crew as well , with only seven people knowing the identity of the killer . The murderer was revealed as Stacey Branning ( Lacey Turner ) during a live episode titled " EastEnders Live " , broadcast on 19 February 2010 , the show 's 25th anniversary . Turner was told thirty minutes before the broadcast that Stacey was the killer , and actors rehearsed several possible endings . Finally , a two @-@ hander episode between Stacey and Max on 26 March 2010 explained how she killed Archie . = = Storyline creation and development = = The storyline was created in spring 2009 during a story conference , where executive producer Diederick Santer , storyliner Dominic Treadwell @-@ Collins , series consultant and lead writer Simon Ashdown , series producer Lorraine Newman , script producer Sharon Batten , and Controller of BBC Drama Production John Yorke were considering what to do for the Christmas Day 2009 and 25th anniversary episodes . They discussed the character Archie Mitchell and how everyone hated him , and decided on a storyline with characters ' hatred and anger towards Archie building up before Christmas , with a peak on Christmas Day when he is killed and another for the reveal on the 19 February 2010 anniversary . They decided to keep the killer 's identity a secret within the small group and decided to reveal it during a live episode so that the secret could be kept for as long as possible , and managed the story on a need @-@ to @-@ know basis . The live episode 's director , Clive Arnold , became the seventh person to discover the identity of the murderer . They went through the characters to decide who would create a " shiver " moment , and decided against Janine , even though she could have done it , because she has killed before . The killer was going to be Archie 's wife Peggy Mitchell ( Barbara Windsor ) , until producers discovered Windsor had planned to leave the show , so they decided on Stacey . Although scripts initially diverted attention away from Stacey , Santer realised that drawing attention away from her too much might make it more apparent . Santer said there were three big clues to the killer 's identity , " one in the Christmas Day episode , one more recently than Christmas and there 's another one that , if I were to tell you where it was , would perhaps give it away too easily , " however , in a chat with Sharon Marshall shown on This Morning on 18 February 2010 , he said the second clue was about halfway through the investigation and the third was " on screen but not necessarily in the programme " . He also said that the outcome would be " surprising " , " satisfying " and " in retrospect , inevitable " , adding that " it makes sense " . Santer confirmed the clues in an interview on the EastEnders website : on Christmas Day Stacey disappears and it is never explained why , and then reappears on Boxing Day appearing " not quite with it " ; Stacey is the only character still sufficiently angry enough to spit on Archie 's grave at his funeral ; and Stacey is the first character to feature in the Christmas Day trailers . Plans to broadcast the first ever live episode of EastEnders were announced by the BBC on 15 September 2009 . Santer initially refrained from discussing the episode 's plot , but commented that it would resolve a " big storyline " which would " keep the audience ( as well as the cast and crew ) guessing until the very last moment . " Santer confirmed that Archie 's killer would be revealed in the live episode , and that their identity would be kept secret until the night of broadcast , even from the cast member playing them . The EastEnders cast and crew had two weeks to rehearse the episode prior to its live transmission . The script was issued on the afternoon of 5 February 2010 , written by Simon Ashdown . The first read @-@ through took place on 8 February 2010 , though producers held back the part of the script revealing Archie 's true killer . Ten different possible endings were scripted and rehearsed , each showing one character confessing to the murder . The ten characters were Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) , Jack Branning ( Scott Maslen ) , Ronnie Mitchell ( Samantha Womack ) , Max Branning ( Jake Wood ) , Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) , Phil Mitchell ( Steve McFadden ) , Billy Mitchell ( Perry Fenwick ) , Ryan Malloy ( Neil McDermott ) , Peggy and Stacey . Santer reiterated that the actor playing the killer would only be told so thirty minutes before the broadcast . He explained that the killer " may be revealed to the audience rather than the Square " , preserving secrecy as the crew began filming episodes to be transmitted after the live broadcast . Brooks , who plays Archie 's former lover Janine , found the secrecy difficult to work with , explaining : " In the episodes to be shown afterwards , you 're being told to look or speak a certain way , but not why . " Santer confirmed that the cast found the episode challenging , stating : " They are as desperate to know who did it as the viewers . " Actor Charlie Clements , who played Bradley Branning , announced in November 2009 that he would be leaving the soap in 2010 . It was later revealed that Bradley would make his last appearance in " EastEnders Live " , urged to flee Walford by his father Max and uncle Jack after becoming the prime suspect in the investigation into Archie 's murder . The moment Turner was told Stacey was the killer was filmed for a live reaction show broadcast immediately after " EastEnders Live " on BBC Three , though it was not broadcast . EastEnders Live : The Aftermath was presented by Lamb 's son George and included other behind @-@ the @-@ scenes material . Turner received a call to see Santer about 20 minutes before the broadcast , where she was told that Stacey was the killer . She explained that she had no idea her character was the murderer , even after receiving the call . She hoped viewers would sympathise with the character as she not only has to deal with the guilt of killing Archie but was also inadvertently responsible for Bradley 's death . Wood was also told as he supported Turner in the final scene in which she was revealed as the killer . Santer also brought in Maslen and McDermott as decoys in case other cast and crew members realised . Following the live episode , a two @-@ hander episode featuring Max and Stacey was announced . The episode , broadcast on 26 March 2010 , explains how and why Stacey killed Archie . = = = Later development = = = Although the true identity of Archie 's killer is kept a secret between Max and Stacey for several months , Max 's daughter Lauren Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa ) becomes suspicious in November 2010 when Max tells her Bradley was innocent . Lauren suspects Max killed Archie as she becomes paranoid about his anger . Jossa said in an interview with website Digital Spy : " [ Lauren ] ' s thinking about Archie 's murder and realising that if Bradley didn 't do it , it must have been someone else . As far as she knows , her dad is the only person who knows that Bradley didn 't do it , so she 's trying to put this puzzle together and it 's all adding up to Max being the killer , because everything he does seems to lead to a lot of aggression . " However , Lauren soon works out that Stacey is the murderer after speaking to her . Jossa said she was excited that her character was one of only a select few to know the true identity of Archie 's killer . = = Suspects and motives = = There were officially ten suspects for the murder , though the ten were not known to viewers or cast members , who speculated about the identity of the killer . On Christmas Eve , storylines showed Archie evicting his wife Peggy , daughters Ronnie and Roxy , Peggy 's son Phil and Phil 's son Ben ( Charlie Jones ) from their home , The Queen Victoria public house , after he became the landlord . Ronnie had a further motive as Archie had caused her to suffer a miscarriage and she blamed him for the death of her daughter Danielle Jones ( Lauren Crace ) earlier in 2009 . Peggy discovered that Archie had paid her daughter Sam Mitchell ( Danniella Westbrook ) to skip bail , thus plunging the Mitchells into debt , and Sam returned on Christmas Day to discover she had been manipulated . Phil was also a suspect after failing to kill Archie on Peggy 's request earlier in 2009 . Simons explained that the killer was likely to be the most unsuspecting person , and stated that Roxy was " pretty much the only non @-@ suspect , " but said she felt the character would not go so far as to kill her father , even though she had seen his true colours . Woodyatt said his character , Ian Beale , would have done anything to stop his wife Jane ( Laurie Brett ) from finding out that he had sex with Janine , so it would be plausible if it turned out that Ian had killed Archie . Archie had a laptop recording of Ian and Janine together that he had threatened to give to Jane . Janine , who was engaged to Archie , also had a motive as Archie had been using her to gain ownership of The Queen Victoria and threw her out on Christmas Day . She was seen holding a knife before Archie was killed . McDermott said his character , Ryan Malloy , " probably would have the balls to kill Archie " and it would be a possibility due to the character 's past , although he accused Janine of the murder , making it unlikely unless he was " quite conniving . " He stated Ryan 's only motive would be out of love for Janine . Glynis Barber , who plays Archie 's first wife Glenda Mitchell and was not seen in the programme until after the murder , said her instinct was that Glenda did not kill Archie , even though she had been told it was possible . Bradley Branning 's motive came from the discovery that Archie raped his partner Stacey , and Clements said that if other characters knew , it would give Bradley a motive and the fact that Bradley punched Archie would make him a prime suspect . He stated that he hoped Bradley was not the killer , though in an interview with daytime television show This Morning , he stated it would be " quite historical to go down as the one who killed Archie Mitchell " . The rape also gave Stacey a motive , and before she was sectioned in 2009 for bipolar disorder she accused Archie of trying to kill her . Jack Branning 's motive came from his love for Ronnie and hatred of Archie , and he threatened Archie on Christmas Day . Maslen said it would be " great " if Jack was the murderer , but added that he may have taken the blame if Ronnie was guilty . Other possible suspects included Peggy 's son Grant Mitchell ( Ross Kemp ) , Billy Mitchell and Tracey the barmaid ( Jane Slaughter ) . Slaughter said Tracey 's only motive would be to protect The Queen Victoria or one of the Mitchells . Odds on the killer 's identity changed frequently in the fortnight preceding the transmission of " EastEnders Live " . On 5 February , the clear favourite was Stacey Slater , with odds at Bodog of 2 / 1 . By 9 February , Stacey 's odds had shortened to 6 / 4 , though the character dropped into third place by 12 February , usurped by her brother Sean Slater ( Robert Kazinsky ) , who was last seen in the soap on 1 January 2009 , at odds of 9 / 4 , and Ben Mitchell at 7 / 2 . On 14 February , the unlikely favourite became Tracey the barmaid , a background character whose odds shortened considerably from 40 / 1 to 11 / 4 . Sean moved back into first place on 16 February , with odds of 2 / 1 , and remained there until the eve of broadcast . Stacey Slater 's odds fell to 16 / 1 . William Hill had Sean as the favourite on 18 February with odds of 4 / 7 , though on the morning of 19 February , Ben became the bookmakers ' favourite . Polls on both the BBC website and on Digital Spy that ran in the week leading up to the live episode showed Bradley Branning as the person viewers most expected to be the killer , followed by Jack Branning , Ben Mitchell , Sean Slater and Sam Mitchell . = = Plot = = = = = Events leading up to the murder = = = On Archie Mitchell ( Larry Lamb ) and Peggy Mitchell 's ( Barbara Windsor ) wedding day , the true identity of Danielle Jones ( Lauren Crace ) as Ronnie Mitchell 's ( Samantha Womack ) daughter is revealed . Archie has told Ronnie that her daughter , whom he gave up for adoption as a baby , has died . Moments after Ronnie realises the truth , Danielle is hit by a car and passes away . Peggy throws Archie out and asks her son Phil Mitchell ( Steve McFadden ) to kill him , but Phil just forces him to leave . The Mitchells also form a new rivalry with Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) , as she was the one responsible for hitting Danielle with her car and causing her death . Ronnie is the most hurt about this and struggles to cope . She starts another relationship with Jack Branning ( Scott Maslen ) , leading to their engagement . However , upon realising she wants another baby , she leaves Walford for a while , selling her portion of the club to Jack , who in turn gives it to Archie . After returning , Ronnie sleeps with Ryan Malloy ( Neil McDermott ) and Owen Turner ( Lee Ross ) , and becomes pregnant with Owen 's child . Stacey Branning ( Lacey Turner ) , Danielle 's best friend in Walford , is also deeply affected by the incident , which triggers her bipolar disorder . She becomes non @-@ compliant with her medication , has sex with Ryan , and is raped and attacked by Archie at the launderette . She believes both men are planning to kill her and is involuntarily committed to hospital , where she befriends Becca Swanson ( Simone James ) . Upon her return to Walford along with Becca , Stacey restarts a relationship with Bradley Branning ( Charlie Clements ) when he rejects his girlfriend Syd Chambers ( Nina Toussaint @-@ White ) for her . When Archie returns , he attempts to reconcile with Peggy , but comes up with a plan to steal the Mitchells ' business , The Queen Victoria public house , with Janine 's help . However , Janine , along with Ryan , whom she is dating , plans to steal it from Archie at the last minute . Peggy 's daughter Sam Mitchell ( Danniella Westbrook ) , who has been in Brazil on the run from police due to her involvement in the murder of Den Watts ( Leslie Grantham ) , returns to Walford , thinking the charges have been dropped . She is subsequently arrested , and the Mitchells put up £ 250 @,@ 000 bail to have her released . Archie convinces Sam to leave again , paying for her to go . Phil is then forced to take out a loan from Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) . Ian accepts , on the condition that if the loan is not paid back within a certain time , he becomes owner of The Queen Victoria . Archie and Janine learn of this and try to get Ian to sell the loan to them . When Ian 's wife Jane Beale ( Laurie Brett ) leaves him , Janine gets him drunk and has sex with him , making an audio recording of them together . Archie and Janine blackmail Ian into selling them the loan and Archie tells the Mitchells they are trespassing . Once Archie finds out that Janine plans to fleece him , he proposes to her to keep her from going astray . Ryan is hurt by this setback and ends his relationship with her . Ronnie stands up to Archie and he pushes her into the bar , not knowing she is pregnant , though Roxy Mitchell ( Rita Simons ) then reveals it . Ronnie has a miscarriage and Peggy tells Archie he has killed another of Ronnie 's children , warning him to stay away from her . Peggy eventually hands over the keys and the family of Peggy , Phil , Ronnie , Roxy , Ben Mitchell ( Charlie Jones ) and Roxy 's baby Amy Mitchell leave on 24 December 2009 . They end up being taken in by Jack , who vows revenge on Archie . On Christmas Day , Archie tells Ian the CD of the recording is under Ian 's Christmas tree for Jane , but Ian fails to find it . Archie tells Janine that they should skip Christmas dinner as he has made a surprise treasure hunt for her . Janine eventually finds an envelope containing a one @-@ way ticket to Poland and Archie throws her out onto the street telling her he knows how she and Ryan tried to double @-@ cross him . Archie is visited by Jack who threatens to kill him if he hurts Ronnie again . Archie finds Ian searching his living room for the CD and Archie says it is on his laptop and he can make copies at any time , threatening Ian with a phone call to Jane , before ejecting him from the pub . Sam returns and attempts to confront Archie but he shuts the door on her . Ronnie then arrives and tells him with no emotion that he will not make her care for him and she would not care if he died . Archie throws her out onto the street reminding her that it was the exact spot she pushed Danielle onto the night she died . Archie is visited by Peggy and he pleads with her to come home to him as she is the woman he loves . Peggy says she is not just a sweet and innocent old lady and that he has no idea whom he is messing with . She tells Archie if he does not leave the pub that night he will regret every cruel and evil act he has ever done . He tells her that unless she returns he will have the pub converted to flats . He then becomes emotional as he tells Peggy that he will be waiting for her as she walks out on him . Bradley walks in and punches Archie in the face twice but accidentally punches the bar as well , cutting his hand . He tells Archie to stay away from his girlfriend Stacey because she has said Archie raped her three months previously , and Bradley leaves . As Archie picks up his snowglobe from the floor , the bust of Queen Victoria is pushed from the bar and hits him over the head . = = = After the murder = = = Ronnie finds Archie on the floor of The Queen Victoria and he apologises to her before he dies . When the police are notified of the death they arrest Ronnie , but later release her without charge . DCI Jill Marsden ( Sophie Stanton ) investigates the rest of the Mitchell family . Phil is given a false alibi by his friend Shirley Carter ( Linda Henry ) , who finds a blood @-@ stained shirt amongst his belongings . Phil explains that he found Archie dead and lost his balance , falling into the blood , but did not call the police because he panicked . They burn the shirt , and when Marsden visits them again , asking to see the clothes Phil was wearing at Christmas , Shirley produces a freshly laundered one . Shirley 's flatmate Heather Trott ( Cheryl Fergison ) reveals that Phil was not really with Shirley on Christmas Day , prompting Shirley to make an anonymous call stating she saw Janine enter The Queen Victoria on the day of the murder , deflecting suspicion from Phil . Peggy and Phil attempt to pin the murder on Sam , who retaliates by blaming Peggy . Both are questioned by Marsden at the police station , and though Peggy is released without charge , Sam is arrested for breaking her bail . Ian has Archie 's laptop , and though he deletes the audio file of him and Janine from it , it later comes to light , and he and Jane throw the laptop into the canal . Janine attempts to blackmail Ian , and when he rebuffs her , she tells the police about the recording and the laptop , leading to his arrest . Ian admits to stealing the laptop from The Queen Victoria on Christmas Day , but denies murder . The police charge him with murder , but when Janine admits the truth , the charges are dropped . Marsden and her colleague DC Wayne Hughes ( Jamie Treacher ) attend Archie 's funeral , but do not see Stacey spit on Archie 's grave . Jack , a former police officer , tells Hughes he can help out with any " local information " they might need . After the funeral , Bradley proposes to Stacey at the car lot , and she accepts . Jack later learns that Archie raped Stacey , that she is now pregnant with what she believes is Archie 's baby , and that Bradley punched him on Christmas Day . Jack urges Bradley to tell the police what he did , desiring to keep Ronnie out of trouble . Marsden reveals she has a new forensic profile and a DNA screening process will begin . She asks all white males to volunteer for DNA screening , and when Bradley complies , Jack bribes Hughes to make the samples disappear . A ring Roxy inherited from Archie , which went missing at Christmas , is planted in Janine 's flat . Marsden receives an anonymous tip @-@ off and Janine is arrested after the ring is found in her teapot . She is interviewed , but is released due to lack of evidence . She realises that Peggy planted the ring in an attempt to frame her . When Shirley thinks Phil is seeing another woman , she accuses him of only being interested in her for her alibi . He says it is not true , but she drunkenly threatens to withdraw the alibi , and walks to the police station . Becca becomes hurt upon realising that Bradley and Stacey are getting married . While they are away at their own wedding , Becca steals a hairbrush with Archie 's hair from The Queen Victoria , intending to have a DNA test done on Stacey 's baby to prove if it is really Archie 's . However , she has doubts and goes back with Stacey to return the brush , but is caught by Ronnie . Becca coerces Stacey to confess Archie raped her and the baby is his . However , Ronnie tells Stacey that Archie underwent an operation a few years back that left him infertile , meaning that Stacey 's baby isn 't his . Roxy accuses Ronnie of murdering Archie . Ronnie denies it , but tells her she found out about the rape , and that Archie once raped her . Peggy tells the two of them that when Archie was murdered , she found him lying on the floor , took her divorce papers from the bar and left him to die . Phil tells Peggy about his alibi , the shirt and that he found Archie dead on Christmas Day . Shirley then returns and says Phil has got away with it as she has not told the police anything . Meanwhile , Becca anonymously reports to the police that Bradley had a motive for the murder . Jack receives a call from Hughes to say that Bradley is about to be arrested and urges Bradley to leave Walford as quickly as possible . Bradley and Stacey quickly pack their bags at home . Max Branning ( Jake Wood ) says an emotional goodbye to his son and Jack agrees to help them escape . They leave via the back door as Max delays the police at the front , and hide a few streets away . Jack also leaves by the back door but Marsden sees him and he is unable to meet Bradley and Stacey , who are nervously waiting . Bradley says they should go without Jack , but when they go to get a taxi , Bradley realises he has left the passports at home and goes back to get them , leaving Stacey to wait . However , Stacey grows impatient and phones him . The police notice him when his phone rings , and in a bid to escape them , he runs up a fire escape and crawls across the roof of The Queen Victoria with an officer following him . He shouts at Stacey to run , but stumbles and falls backwards from the roof to his death . Max and Stacey are devastated , and he pulls her away from the body . She tells him it is her fault , as Bradley did not kill Archie , she did . The following day , Marsden says the police will no longer be pursuing the investigation . Stacey then goes missing , and on the day of Bradley 's funeral , Jack receives news that a court has found Bradley guilty of Archie 's murder . Max tracks down Stacey to a flat where Stacey explains that she was angry at Archie and was worried about what Bradley would do to him after he found out about the baby . A minute after Bradley confronted Archie , she found Archie on the floor and pushed the bust onto his head , but ran after his fingers twitched , fearing he would call the police . Max eventually tells Stacey that nobody else needs to know that she killed Archie and sends her home . Becca continues to live with Stacey , and tries to exclude Stacey 's mother Jean Slater ( Gillian Wright ) from her life . However , when Jean reveals Becca 's involvement in Bradley 's death , Stacey slaps Becca , which causes her to have a meltdown leading to getting kicked out by Jean as Stacey tells her mother she can trust her again . Later , Stacey figures out that Ryan must be her baby 's father but decides not to tell him so as to not complicate his rekindled relationship with Janine , even when he is with her in the hospital as she gives birth to her daughter Lily . Several months later , at Janine and Ryan 's wedding reception , Stacey confesses her fear about Archie still being alive to Peggy , who tells Stacey that Archie is dead and that Bradley killed him , accidentally causing Stacey to confess the truth to her . Peggy wants to call the police but after a fire at The Queen Victoria , Peggy tries to convince Stacey to admit to arson as the sentence would be a lot less than that for murder . She leaves Walford while letting Stacey take care of Lily who needs her . Stacey also tells Ryan that he is Lily 's father , and although he initially refuses to acknowledge her , he later bonds with her and gets used to the idea of being a father while Janine and Stacey are arrested on a night out . Upset with this , Janine attempts to sabotage his relationship with Stacey , but her actions inadvertently cause them to realise their growing attraction to each other . Max 's daughter Lauren Branning ( Jacqueline Jossa ) becomes angry at Max for never mentioning Bradley , leading to his confessing that he knows Bradley did not kill Archie . Lauren starts to suspect Max as he has become violent towards other people , but he tells her he promised to look after the real killer , who is no longer a danger . When Lauren sees Stacey dancing with Max , she accuses her of trying flirting with Max , but Stacey says they are just friends and he promised he would always look out for her . Lauren realises that Stacey is the killer and tells Max she knows this . She confronts Stacey , who confesses , and Lauren records it on her mobile phone . Lauren later hands the recording to Janine as Stacey and Ryan have begun having an affair . Max wipes the recording so on Christmas Eve , Janine publicly announces in the pub after trying to play the recording that Stacey killed Archie . Outside , Stacey privately tells Ryan that Janine is telling the truth . As Christmas Day runs through , Stacey experiences numerous upsetting thoughts about her role in Archie 's death , and tells Jean about this . Upset , Jean takes Lily away from her , and things are made worse when Janine attempts to frame Stacey by stabbing herself while placing the knife in Stacey 's hands and convincing Jean to call the police . Stacey considers suicide , but Max offers to help her flee the country . On the way , Stacey convinces Jean that Janine has framed her for the stabbing , and breaks off her romance with Ryan when he offers to come with her . Stacey and Max are left to leave Walford with Lily , not before Ronnie and Roxy confront Stacey about the truth . Although Roxy wants her jailed , Ronnie quickly tells Stacey to go , feeling that she has suffered enough . Max drives Stacey to the airport , and tells her that he still loves her , offering to leave the country with her . Stacey tells him that the only man she 's ever loved is Bradley . They share a teary and emotional goodbye with each other as Max watches Stacey leave for her flight . Stacey is last seen holding Lily in her arms while on the plane . In 2014 , Stacey is found living in London using a false name . Her cousin Kat Moon ( Jessie Wallace ) brings her back to Walford . Stacey is wanted by the police for stabbing Janine , though in fact Janine had stabbed herself in order to frame Stacey . She is eventually seen by Ronnie and Roxy . Roxy threatens to call the police but Ronnie convinces her not to . However , after Janine drops the charges , Stacey decides that she needs to clear Bradley 's name , so tells the police she killed Archie . She is subsequently sentenced to five years in prison , but she decides to appeal the sentence , taking her bipolar disorder into account . The appeal is successful and Stacey is released . = = Reception = = Overnight figures showed that Archie 's murder on 25 December 2009 was watched by 45 @.@ 9 % of the viewing audience for that time , an average of 10 @.@ 9 million and a peak of 11 @.@ 9 million . It was the most watched TV show on Christmas Day 2009 in the UK . The following episode where the murder was discovered was also the most watched show of the day , with overnight ratings of 8 @.@ 1 million , representing a 37 @.@ 9 % audience share . The investigation storyline helped EastEnders become the most watched soap opera on British television for the first time in three years , with average viewing figures for January 2010 of 10 @.@ 8 million ( 40 @.@ 4 % audience share ) compared to Coronation Street 's 10 @.@ 4 million ( 38 @.@ 2 % ) . Overnight figures for the live episode indicated that it averaged 14 @.@ 91 million viewers and a 54 @.@ 6 % audience share , peaking at 16 @.@ 58 million with a 59 @.@ 4 % share in the final five minutes of broadcast when Stacey was revealed as the killer . The 10 : 30 pm repeat of the episode on BBC Three drew a further 1 @.@ 42 million viewers , attaining a 7 @.@ 7 % share . EastEnders Live : The Aftermath drew 4 @.@ 3 million viewers and a 15 @.@ 9 % audience share , becoming BBC Three 's highest rated programme ever , as well as the most @-@ watched multichannel programme of the day . The documentary attained a further 1 @.@ 21 million viewers and a 9 @.@ 4 % share upon its repeat at 11 pm . Santer was delighted by the viewing figures , stating : " To get this incredible response from the audience is truly remarkable – these numbers go far beyond what we ever hoped for . I am so proud of our cast and crew for their incredible performance last night . This rating is the icing on our silver anniversary cake . " Jay Hunt , controller of BBC One commented : " [ The ] extraordinary live episode was a fitting celebration of 25 magnificent years for EastEnders . The audience were clearly gripped by one of the greatest soap whodunnits ever . " Discussing the ratings for EastEnders Live : The Aftermath , controller of BBC Three Danny Cohen appraised : " It is an amazing testament to the EastEnders team and the brave and brilliant drama they provided . " Archie 's murder was compared to that of Den Watts in EastEnders in 2005 by Polly Hudson of the Daily Mirror , while Nancy Banks @-@ Smith of The Guardian called it a rip @-@ off of Citizen Kane . Andrew Grimes from Manchester Evening News said the Christmas Day episode was " in every sense compelling , and to my utter astonishment , a complete and utter joy " , and John Gibson of Edinburgh Evening News gave the murder discovery episode on 26 December 2009 a negative review , saying " Hard to tell what was most horrific ... the murder , which was bloody , the acting , which was dire , or the script , which was torture . " Tim Teeman of The Times called the revelation of Stacey as Archie 's killer a " genuine surprise " , while Pat Stacey of the Evening Herald felt that revealing Stacey as Archie 's killer was " a slight let @-@ down " and " a little bit predictable " . The storyline was nominated in the Killer Secret category at the 2010 All About Soap Bubble Awards . It also received a nomination in the Best Storyline category at the 2010 British Soap Awards and the Best Soap Storyline category at the 2010 TVChoice Awards . Real life police detectives criticised the portrayal of detectives in the show , saying that viewers who see them talking to residents about the case and accepting bribes may believe they operate that way in reality . The BBC insisted that a police consultant was used , adding that " this is heightened fiction and all the things that we show might not always represent real life . " The storyline was referenced by Prime Minister Gordon Brown when referring to allegations of bullying , saying " The only thing I haven 't been accused of is murdering that guy Archie Mitchell in EastEnders . " Bookmakers estimated that over £ 1 million would be spent gambling on the outcome of the storyline . Ladbrokes experienced its busiest ever 24 hours of gambling on a television series ahead of the episode 's transmission , taking £ 100 @,@ 000 in bets on 30 different characters , while William Hill took £ 500 @,@ 000 , surpassing the amount placed on Dallas 's Who shot J. R. ? storyline in 1980 . Spokesman Rupert Adams commented : " The BBC were amazing keeping this quiet . We have broken even which in a market like this is amazing . We have had a roller @-@ coaster but have enjoyed every minute . "
= Albert Kesselring = Albert Kesselring ( 30 November 1885 – 16 July 1960 ) was a German Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II . In a military career that spanned both World Wars , Kesselring became one of Nazi Germany 's most skilful commanders , and one of the most highly decorated , being one of 27 soldiers awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds . Nicknamed " Smiling Albert " by the Allies and " Uncle Albert " by his troops , he was one of the most popular generals of World War II with the rank and file . Kesselring joined the Bavarian Army as an officer cadet in 1904 , and served in the artillery branch . He completed training as a balloon observer in 1912 . During World War I , he served on both the Western and Eastern fronts and was posted to the General Staff , despite not having attended the War Academy . Kesselring remained in the Army after the war but was discharged in 1933 to become head of the Department of Administration at the Reich Commissariat for Aviation , where he was involved in the re @-@ establishment of the aviation industry and the laying of the foundations for the Luftwaffe , serving as its chief of staff from 1936 to 1938 . During World War II he commanded air forces in the invasions of Poland and France , the Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa . As Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief South , he was overall German commander in the Mediterranean theatre , which included the operations in North Africa . Kesselring conducted an uncompromising defensive campaign against the Allied forces in Italy until he was injured in an accident in October 1944 . In the final campaign of the war , he commanded German forces on the Western Front . He won the respect of his Allied opponents for his military accomplishments , but his record was marred by massacres committed by troops under his command in Italy . After the war , Kesselring was tried for war crimes and sentenced to death . The sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment . A political and media campaign resulted in his release in 1952 , ostensibly on health grounds . He was one of only three Generalfeldmarschalls to publish his memoirs , entitled Soldat bis zum letzten Tag ( A Soldier to the Last Day ) . = = Early life = = Albert Kesselring was born in Marktsteft , Bavaria , on 30 November 1885 , the son of Carl Adolf Kesselring , a schoolmaster and town councillor , and his wife Rosina , who was born a Kesselring , being Carl 's second cousin . Albert 's early years were spent in Marktsteft , where relatives had operated a brewery since 1688 . Matriculating from the Christian Ernestinum Secondary School in Bayreuth in 1904 , Kesselring joined the German Army as an Fahnenjunker ( officer cadet ) in the 2nd Bavarian Foot Artillery Regiment . The regiment was based at Metz and was responsible for maintaining its forts . He remained with the regiment until 1915 , except for periods at the Military Academy from 1905 to 1906 , at the conclusion of which he received his commission as a Leutnant ( lieutenant ) , and at the School of Artillery and Engineering in Munich from 1909 to 1910 . Kesselring married Luise Anna Pauline ( Liny ) Keyssler , the daughter of an apothecary from Bayreuth , in 1910 . The couple honeymooned in Italy . Their marriage was childless , but in 1913 they adopted Rainer , the son of Albert 's second cousin Kurt Kesselring . In 1912 , Kesselring completed training as a balloon observer in a dirigible section – an early sign of an interest in aviation . Kesselring 's superiors considered posting him to the School of Artillery and Engineering as an instructor because of his expertise in " the interplay between tactics and technology " . = = World War I = = During World War I , Kesselring served with his regiment in Lorraine until the end of 1914 , when he was transferred to the 1st Bavarian Foot Artillery , which formed part of the Sixth Army . On 19 May 1916 , he was promoted to Hauptmann ( captain ) . In 1916 he was transferred again , to the 3rd Bavarian Foot Artillery . He distinguished himself in the Battle of Arras , using his tactical acumen to halt a British advance . For his services on the Western Front , he was decorated with the Iron Cross 2nd Class and 1st Class . In 1917 , he was posted to the General Staff , despite having not attended the Bavarian War Academy . He served on the Eastern Front on the staff of the 1st Bavarian Landwehr Division . In January 1918 , he returned to the Western Front as a staff officer with the II and III Bavarian Corps . = = Between the wars = = At the conclusion of the war , Kesselring was involved in the demobilisation ( as mandated by the Treaty of Versailles ) of III Bavarian Corps in the Nuremberg area . A dispute with the leader of the local Freikorps led to the issuance of an arrest warrant for his alleged involvement in a putsch against the command of III Bavarian Corps and Kesselring was thrown into prison . He was soon released but his superior , Major Hans Seyler , censured him for having " failed to display the requisite discretion " . From 1919 to 1922 , Kesselring served as a battery commander with the 24th Artillery Regiment . He joined the Reichswehr on 1 October 1922 and was posted to the Military Training Department at the Reichswehr Ministry in Berlin . He remained at this post until 1929 , when he returned to Bavaria as commander of Wehrkreis VII in Munich . In his time with the Reichswehr Ministry , Kesselring was involved in the organisation of the army , trimming staff overheads to produce the best possible army with the limited resources available . He helped reorganise the Ordnance Department , laying the groundwork for the research and development efforts that would produce new weapons . He was involved in secret military manoeuvres held in the Soviet Union in 1924 and in the so @-@ called Great Plan for a 102 @-@ division army , which was prepared in 1923 and 1924 . After another brief stint at the Reichswehr Ministry , Kesselring was promoted to Oberstleutnant ( lieutenant colonel ) in 1930 and spent two years in Dresden with the 4th Artillery Regiment . Against his wishes , Kesselring was discharged from the army on 1 October 1933 and appointed head of the Department of Administration at the Reich Commissariat for Aviation ( Reichskommissariat für die Luftfahrt ) , the forerunner of the Reich Air Ministry ( Reichsluftfahrtministerium ) , with the rank of Oberst ( colonel ) . Since the Treaty of Versailles forbade Germany from establishing an air force , this was nominally a civilian agency . The Luftwaffe would formally be established in 1935 . As chief of administration , he had to assemble his new staff from scratch . He was involved in the re @-@ establishment of the aviation industry and the construction of secret factories , forging alliances with industrialists and aviation engineers . He was promoted to Generalmajor ( major general ) in 1934 and Generalleutnant ( lieutenant general ) in 1936 . Like other generals of Nazi Germany , he received personal payments from Adolf Hitler ; in Kesselring 's case , RM 6 @,@ 000 , a considerable sum at the time . At the age of 48 , he learned to fly . Kesselring believed that first @-@ hand knowledge of all aspects of aviation was crucial to being able to command airmen , although he was well aware that latecomers like himself did not impress the old pioneers or the young aviators . He qualified in various single and multi @-@ engined aircraft and continued flying three or four days per week until March 1945 . At times , his flight path took him over the concentration camps at Oranienburg , Dachau , and Buchenwald . Following the death of Generalleutnant Walther Wever in an air crash , Kesselring became Chief of Staff of the Luftwaffe on 3 June 1936 . In that post , Kesselring oversaw the expansion of the Luftwaffe , the acquisition of new aircraft types such as the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Junkers Ju 87 , and the development of paratroops . Like many ex @-@ Army officers , he tended to see air power in the tactical role , providing support to land operations . In the historiography of the Luftwaffe Kesselring and Hans @-@ Jürgen Stumpff are usually blamed for neglecting strategic bombing while over @-@ focusing on close air support for the army . However the two most prominent enthusiasts for the focus on ground @-@ support operations ( direct or indirect ) were actually Hugo Sperrle and Hans Jeschonnek . The two men were long @-@ time professional airmen involved in German air services since their early careers . The Luftwaffe was not pressured into ground support operations because of pressure from the army , or because it was led by ex @-@ army personnel like Kesselring . Interdiction and close air support were operations that suited the Luftwaffe 's pre @-@ existing approach to warfare ; a culture of joint inter @-@ service operations , rather than independent strategic air campaigns . Moreover , many in the Luftwaffe command believed medium bombers to be sufficient in power for use in strategic bombing operations against Germany 's most likely enemies ; Britain and France . Kesselring 's main operational task during this time was the support of the Condor Legion in the Spanish Civil War . However , his tenure was marred by personal and professional conflicts with his superior , General der Flieger Erhard Milch , and Kesselring asked to be relieved . The head of the Luftwaffe , Hermann Göring , acquiesced and Kesselring became the commander of Air District III in Dresden . On 1 October 1938 , he was promoted to General der Flieger ( air general ) and became commander of Luftflotte 1 , based in Berlin . = = World War II = = = = = Poland = = = In the Polish campaign that began World War II , Kesselring 's Luftflotte 1 operated in support of Army Group North , commanded by Generaloberst Fedor von Bock . Although not under von Bock 's command , Kesselring worked closely with Bock and considered himself under Bock 's orders in all matters pertaining to the ground war . Kesselring strove to provide the best possible close air support to the ground forces and used the flexibility of air power to concentrate all available air strength at critical points , such as during the Battle of the Bzura . He attempted to cut the Polish communications by making a series of air attacks against Warsaw , but found that even 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) bombs could not guarantee that bridges would be destroyed . Kesselring was himself shot down over Poland by the Polish Air Force . In all , he would be shot down five times during World War II . For his part in the Polish campaign , Kesselring was personally awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross by Adolf Hitler . = = = Western Europe = = = Kesselring 's Luftflotte 1 was not involved in the preparations for the campaigns in the west . Instead it remained in the east on garrison duty , establishing new airbases and an Air Raid Precautions network in occupied Poland . However , after the Mechelen Incident , in which an aircraft made a forced landing in Belgium with copies of the German invasion plan , Göring relieved the commander of Luftflotte 2 , General der Flieger Hellmuth Felmy , of his command , and appointed Kesselring in his place . Kesselring flew to his new headquarters at Münster the very next day , 13 January 1940 . As Felmy 's chief of staff , Generalmajor Josef Kammhuber , had also been relieved , Kesselring brought his own chief of staff , Generalmajor Wilhelm Speidel , with him . Arriving in the west , Kesselring found Luftflotte 2 operating in support of von Bock 's Army Group B. He inherited from Felmy a complex air plan requiring on @-@ the @-@ minute timing for several hours , incorporating an airborne operation around Rotterdam and The Hague to seize airfields and bridges in the " fortress Holland " area . The paratroopers were General der Flieger Kurt Student 's airborne forces that depended on a quick link up with the mechanised forces . To facilitate this , Kesselring promised von Bock the fullest possible close air support . Air and ground operations , however , were to commence simultaneously , so there would be no time to suppress the defending Royal Netherlands Air Force . The Battle of the Netherlands commenced on 10 May 1940 . While initial air operations went well , and the German fighters and bombers soon gained the upper hand against the small Dutch air force , the paratroopers ran into fierce opposition in the Battle for The Hague and the Battle of Rotterdam . On 14 May 1940 , responding to a call for assistance from Student , Kesselring ordered the bombing of Rotterdam city centre . Fires raged out of control , destroying much of the city . After the surrender of the Netherlands on 14 May 1940 , Luftflotte 2 attempted to move forward to new airfields in Belgium while still providing support for the fast moving ground troops . The Battle of France was going well , with General der Panzertruppe Heinz Guderian forcing a crossing of the River Meuse at Sedan on 13 May 1940 . To support the breakthrough , Kesselring transferred Generalleutnant Wolfram von Richthofen 's VIII . Fliegerkorps to Luftflotte 3 . By 24 May , the Allied forces had been cut in two , and the German Army was only 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) from Dunkirk , the last channel port remaining in Allied hands . However , that day Generaloberst Gerd von Rundstedt ordered a halt . In his memoirs , Kesselring described that decision as a " fatal error " . It left the burden of preventing the Allied evacuation of Dunkirk to the air force , hampered by poor flying weather and staunch opposition from the Royal Air Force . For his role in the campaign in the west , Kesselring was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall ( field marshal ) during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony . Following the campaign in France , Kesselring 's Luftflotte 2 was committed to the Battle of Britain . Luftflotte 2 was initially responsible for the bombing of southeastern England and the London area but as the battle progressed , command responsibility shifted , with Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle 's Luftflotte 3 taking more responsibility for the night @-@ time Blitz attacks while Luftflotte 2 conducted the main daylight operations . Kesselring was involved in the planning of numerous raids , including the Coventry Blitz of November 1940 . Kesselring 's fleet failed to achieve a decisive victory . Instead , the Luftwaffe employed the inherent flexibility of air power to switch targets . = = = Invasion of the Soviet Union = = = Although earmarked for operations against the Soviet Union , Luftflotte 2 remained in the west until May 1941 . This was partly as a deception measure , and partly because new airbases in Poland could not be completed by 1 June 1941 target date , although they were made ready in time for the actual commencement of Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 . Kesselring established his new headquarters at Bielany , a suburb of Warsaw . Luftflotte 2 operated in support of Army Group Centre , commanded by Fedor von Bock , continuing the close working relationship between the two . Kesselring 's mission was to gain air superiority , and if possible air supremacy , as soon as possible while still supporting ground operations . For this he had a fleet of over 1 @,@ 000 aircraft , about a third of the Luftwaffe 's total strength . The German attack caught large numbers of Soviet Air Force aircraft on the ground . Faulty tactics – sending unescorted bombers against the Germans at regular intervals in tactically unsound formations – accounted for many more . Kesselring reported that in the first week of operations Luftflotte 2 had accounted for 2 @,@ 500 Soviet aircraft in the air and on the ground . Even Göring found these figures hard to believe and ordered them to be re @-@ checked . As the ground troops advanced , the figures could be directly confirmed and were found to be too low . Within days , Kesselring was able to fly solo over the front in his Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 189 . With air supremacy attained , Luftflotte 2 turned to support of ground operations , particularly guarding the flanks of the armoured spearheads , without which the rapid advance was not possible . When enemy counterattacks threatened , Kesselring threw the full weight of his force against them . Now that the Army was convinced of the value of air support , units were all too inclined to call for it . Kesselring now had to convince the Army that air support should be concentrated at critical points . He strove to improve army – air cooperation with new tactics and the appointment of Colonel Martin Fiebig as a special close air support commander . By 26 July , Kesselring reported the destruction of 165 tanks , 2 @,@ 136 vehicles and 194 artillery pieces . In late 1941 , Luftflotte 2 supported the final German offensive against Moscow , codenamed Operation Typhoon . Raids on Moscow proved hazardous , as Moscow had good all @-@ weather airfields and opposition from both fighters and anti @-@ aircraft guns was similar to that encountered over Britain . The bad weather that hampered ground operations from October on impeded air operations even more . Nonetheless , Luftflotte 2 continued to fly critical reconnaissance , interdiction , close air support and air supply missions . = = = Mediterranean and North Africa = = = In November 1941 , Kesselring was appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief South and was transferred to Italy along with his Luftflotte 2 staff , which for the time being also functioned as his Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief South staff . Only in January 1943 did he form his headquarters into a true theatre staff and create a separate staff to control Luftflotte 2 . As a theatre commander , he was answerable directly to the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ( OKW ) and commanded ground , naval and air forces , but this was of little importance at first as most German units were under Italian operational control . Kesselring strove to organise and protect supply convoys in order to get the German @-@ Italian Panzer Army the resources it needed . He succeeded in establishing local air superiority and neutralising Malta , which provided a base from which British aircraft and submarines could interdict Axis convoys headed for North Africa . Without the vital supplies they carried , particularly fuel , the Axis forces in North Africa could not conduct operations . Through various expedients , Kesselring managed to deliver an increased flow of supplies to Generaloberst Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps in Libya . With his forces thus strengthened , Rommel prepared an attack on the British positions around Gazala , while Kesselring planned Operation Herkules , an airborne and seaborne attack on Malta with the 185 Airborne Division Folgore and Ramcke Parachute Brigade . Kesselring hoped to thereby secure the Axis line of communication with North Africa . For the Battle of Gazala , Rommel divided his command in two , taking personal command of the mobile units of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and Italian XX Motorized Corps , which he led around the southern flank of Lieutenant @-@ General Neil Ritchie 's British Eighth Army . Rommel left the infantry of the Italian X and XXI Corps under General der Panzertruppe Ludwig Crüwell to hold the rest of the Eighth Army in place . This command arrangement went awry on 29 May 1942 when Crüwell was taken prisoner . Lacking an available commander of sufficient seniority , Kesselring assumed personal command of Gruppe Crüwell . Flying his Fieseler Fi 156 Storch to a meeting , Kesselring was fired upon by a British force astride Rommel 's line of communications . Kesselring called in an air strike by every available Stuka and Jabo . His attack was successful ; the British force suffered heavy losses and was forced to pull back . Kesselring and Rommel had a disagreement over the latter 's conduct in the Battle of Bir Hakeim . Rommel 's initial infantry assaults had failed to capture this vital position , the southern pivot of the British Gazala Line , which was held by the 1st Free French brigade , commanded by General Marie Pierre Koenig . Rommel had called for air support but had failed to break the position , which Kesselring attributed to faulty coordination between the ground and air attacks . Bir Hakeim was evacuated on 10 June 1942 . Kesselring was more impressed with the results of Rommel 's successful assault on Tobruk on 21 June , for which Kesselring brought in additional aircraft from Greece and Crete . For his part in the campaign , Kesselring was awarded the Knight 's Cross with oak leaves and swords . In the wake of the victory at Tobruk , Rommel persuaded Hitler to authorise an attack on Egypt instead of Malta , over Kesselring 's objections . The parachute troops assembled for Operation Herkules were sent to Rommel . Things went well at first , with Rommel winning the Battle of Mersa Matruh , but just as Kesselring had warned , the logistical difficulties mounted and the result was the disastrous First Battle of El Alamein , Battle of Alam el Halfa and Second Battle of El Alamein . Kesselring considered Rommel to be a great general leading fast @-@ moving troops at the corps level of command , but felt that he was too moody and changeable for higher command . For Kesselring , Rommel 's nervous breakdown and hospitalisation for depression at the end of the African Campaign only confirmed this . Kesselring was briefly considered as a possible successor to Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel as Chief of Staff of the OKW in September 1942 , with General der Panzertruppe Friedrich Paulus replacing Generaloberst Alfred Jodl as Chief of the Operations Staff at OKW . The consideration demonstrated the high regard in which Kesselring was held by Hitler . Nevertheless , Hitler decided that neither Kesselring nor Paulus could be spared from their current posts . In October 1942 , Kesselring was given direct command of all German armed forces in the theatre except Rommel 's German @-@ Italian Panzer Army in North Africa , including General der Infantrie Enno von Rintelen , the German liaison officer at Commando Supremo , who spoke fluent Italian . Kesselring 's command also included the troops in Greece and the Balkans until the end of the year , when Hitler created an army group headquarters under Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm List , naming him List Oberbefehlshaber Südost . = = = Tunisia = = = Operation Torch , the Allied invasion of French North Africa , precipitated a crisis in Kesselring 's command . He ordered Walther Nehring , the former commander of the Afrika Korps who was returning to action after recovering from wounds received at the Battle of Alam el Halfa , to proceed to Tunisia to take command of a new corps ( XC Corps ) . Kesselring ordered Nehring to establish a bridgehead in Tunisia and then to press west as far as possible so as to gain freedom to manoeuvre . By December , the Allied commander , General Dwight D. Eisenhower , was forced to concede that Kesselring had won the race ; the final phase of Torch had failed and the Axis could only be ejected from Tunisia after a prolonged struggle . With the initiative back with the Germans and Italians , Kesselring hoped to launch an offensive that would drive the Allies out of North Africa . At the Battle of the Kasserine Pass his forces gave the Allies a beating , but ; in the end strong Allied resistance and a string of Axis errors stopped the advance . Kesselring now concentrated on shoring up his forces by moving the required tonnages of supplies from Sicily but his efforts were frustrated by Allied aircraft and submarines . An Allied offensive in April finally broke through , leading to a collapse of the Axis position in Tunisia . Some 275 @,@ 000 German and Italian prisoners were taken . In return , Kesselring had , however , held up the Allies in Tunisia for six months , forcing a postponement of the Allied invasion of Northern France from the middle of 1943 to the middle of 1944 . = = = Italian Campaign = = = = = = = Sicily = = = = Kesselring expected that the Allies would next invade Sicily , as a landing could be made there under fighter cover from Tunisia and Malta . He reinforced the six coastal and four mobile Italian divisions there with two mobile German divisions , the 15th Panzergrenadier Division and the Hermann Göring Panzer Division , both rebuilt after being destroyed in Tunisia . Kesselring was well aware that while this force was large enough to stop the Allies from simply marching in , it could not withstand a large scale invasion . He therefore pinned his hopes on repelling the Allied invasion of Sicily on an immediate counterattack , which he ordered Colonel Paul Conrath of the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to carry out the moment the objective of the Allied invasion fleet was known , with or without orders from the island commander , Generale d 'Armata Alfredo Guzzoni . Kesselring hoped that the Allied invasion fleet would provide good targets for U @-@ boats , but they had few successes . U @-@ 953 sank two American LSTs and with U @-@ 375 sank three vessels from a British convoy on 4 – 5 July , while U @-@ 371 sank a Liberty ship and a tanker on 10 July . Pressure from the Allied air forces forced Luftflotte 2 , commanded since June by von Richthofen , to withdraw most of its aircraft to the mainland . The Allied invasion of Sicily on 10 July 1943 was stubbornly opposed . A Stuka attacked and sank the USS Maddox ; a Bf 109 destroyed an LST ; and a Liberty ship filled with ammunition was bombed by Ju 88s and caught fire , later exploding without loss of life . Unaware that Guzzoni had already ordered a major counterattack on 11 July , Kesselring bypassed the chain of command to order the Hermann Göring Panzer Division to attack that day in the hope that a vigorous attack could succeed before the Americans could bring the bulk of their artillery and armoured support ashore . Although his troops gave the Americans " quite a battering " , they failed to capture the Allied position . Kesselring flew to Sicily himself on 12 July to survey the situation and decided that no more than a delaying action was possible and that the island would eventually have to be evacuated . Nonetheless , he intended to fight on and he reinforced Sicily with the 29th Panzergrenadier Division on 15 July . Kesselring returned to Sicily by flying boat on 16 July to give the senior German commander , General der Panzertruppe Hans @-@ Valentin Hube , his instructions . Unable to provide much more in the way of air support , Kesselring gave Hube command of the heavy flak units on the island , although this was contrary to Luftwaffe doctrine . In all , Kesselring managed to delay the Allies in Sicily for another month and the Allied conquest of the Sicily was not complete until 17 August . Kesselring 's evacuation of Sicily , which began a week earlier on 10 August , was perhaps the most brilliant action of the campaign . In spite of the Allies ' superiority on land , at sea , and in the air , Kesselring was able to evacuate not only 40 @,@ 000 men , but also 96 @,@ 605 vehicles , 94 guns , 47 tanks , 1 @,@ 100 tons of ammunition , 970 tons of fuel , and 15 @,@ 000 tons of stores . He was able to achieve near @-@ perfect coordination among the three services under his command while his opponent , Eisenhower , could not . = = = = Allied invasion of Italy = = = = With the fall of Sicily , OKW feared that Italy would withdraw from the war , but Kesselring remained confident that the Italians would continue to fight . OKW regarded Kesselring and von Rintelen as too pro @-@ Italian and began to bypass him , sending Rommel to northern Italy , and Student to Rome , where his I Parachute Corps was under OKW orders to occupy the capital in case of Italian defection . Benito Mussolini was removed from power on 25 July 1943 and Rommel and OKW began to plan for the occupation of Italy and the disarmament of the Italian Army . Kesselring remained uninformed of these plans for the time being . On the advice of Rommel and Jodl , Hitler decided that the Italian Peninsula could not be held without the assistance of the Italian Army . Kesselring was ordered to withdraw from southern Italy and consolidate his Army Group C with Rommel 's Army Group B in Northern Italy , where Rommel would assume overall command . Kesselring was slated to be posted to Norway . Kesselring was appalled at the prospect of abandoning Italy . It would expose southern Germany to bombers operating from Italy ; risk the Allies breaking into the Po Valley ; and was completely unnecessary , as he was certain that Rome could be held until the summer of 1944 . This assessment was based on his belief that the Allies would not conduct operations outside the range of their air cover , which could only reach as far as Salerno . Kesselring submitted his resignation on 14 August 1943 . SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff , the highest SS and police Führer in Italy , intervened on Kesselring 's behalf with Hitler . Wolff painted Rommel as " politically unreliable " and argued that Kesselring 's presence in southern Italy was vital to prevent an early Italian defection . On Wolff 's advice , Hitler refused to accept Kesselring 's resignation . Italy withdrew from the war on 8 September . Kesselring immediately moved to secure Rome , where he expected an Allied airborne and seaborne invasion . He ordered the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division and 2nd Parachute Division to close on the city , while a detachment made an unsuccessful attempt to seize the Italian Army staff at Monterotondo in a coup de main . Kesselring 's two divisions were faced by five Italian divisions , two of them armoured , but he managed to overcome the opposition , disperse the Italian forces and secure the city in two days . All over Italy , the Germans swiftly disarmed Italian units . Rommel deported Italian soldiers , except for those willing to serve in German units , to Germany for forced labour , whereas Italian units in Kesselring 's area were initially disbanded and their men permitted to go home . One Italian commander , General Gonzaga , refused German demands that his 222nd Coastal Division disarm , and was promptly shot . A significant part of the 184 Airborne Division Nembo went over to the German side , eventually becoming the basis of the 4th Parachute Division . On the Greek island of Kefalonia – outside Kesselring 's command – some 5 @,@ 000 Italian troops of the 33 Mountain Infantry Division Acqui were massacred . Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in Operation Oak ( Unternehmen Eiche ) , a raid planned by Kurt Student and carried out by Obersturmbannführer Otto Skorzeny on 12 September . The details of the operation were deliberately , though unsuccessfully , kept from Kesselring . " Kesselring is too honest for those born traitors down there " was Hitler 's assessment . Italy now effectively became an occupied country , as the Germans poured in troops . Italy 's decision to switch sides created contempt for the Italians among both the Allies and Germans , which was to have far @-@ reaching consequences . = = = = Salerno = = = = Although his command was already " written off " , Kesselring intended to fight . At the Battle of Salerno in September 1943 , he launched a full @-@ scale counterattack against the U.S. Fifth Army landings there with Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff 's Tenth Army . The counterattack inflicted heavy casualties on the Allied forces , forced them back in several areas , and , for a time , made Allied commanders contemplate evacuation . The short distance from German airfields allowed Luftflotte 2 to put 120 aircraft over the Salerno area on 11 September 1943 . Using Fritz X anti @-@ ship missiles , hits were scored on the battleship HMS Warspite and cruisers HMS Uganda and USS Savannah , while a Liberty ship was sunk on 14 September and another damaged the next day . The offensive ultimately failed to throw the Allies back into the sea because of the intervention of Allied naval gunfire which decimated the advancing German units , stubborn Allied resistance and the advance of the British Eighth Army . On 17 September 1943 , Kesselring gave Vietinghoff permission to break off the attack and withdraw . Kesselring had been defeated but gained precious time . Already , in defiance of his orders , he was preparing a series of successive fallback positions on the Volturno Line , the Barbara Line and the Bernhardt Line . Only in November 1943 , after a month of hard fighting , did the Allies reach Kesselring 's main position , the Gustav Line . According to his memoirs , Kesselring felt that much more could have been accomplished if he had access to the troops held " uselessly " under Rommel 's command . In November 1943 , Kesselring met with Hitler . Kesselring gave an optimistic assessment of the situation in Italy and gave reassurances that he could hold the Allies south of Rome on the Winter Line . Kesselring further promised that he could prevent the Allies reaching the Northern Apennines for at least six months . As a result , on 6 November 1943 , Hitler ordered Rommel and his Army Group B headquarters to move to France to take charge of the Atlantic Wall and prepare for the Allied attack that was expected there in the spring of 1944 . On 21 November 1943 , Kesselring resumed command of all German forces in Italy , combining Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief South , a joint command , with that of Army Group C , a ground command . " I had always blamed Kesselring " , Hitler later explained , " for looking at things too optimistically ... events have proved Rommel wrong , and I have been justified in my decision to leave Field Marshal Kesselring there , whom I have seen as an incredible political idealist , but also as a military optimist , and it is my opinion that military leadership without optimism is not possible . " The Luftwaffe scored a notable success on the night of 2 December 1943 when 105 Ju 88 bombers struck the port of Bari . Skilfully using chaff to confuse the Allied radar operators , they found the port packed with brightly lit Allied shipping . The result was the most destructive air raid on Allied shipping since the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 . Hits were scored on two ammunition ships and a tanker . Burning oil and exploding ammunition spread over the harbour . Some 16 ships were sunk and eight damaged , and the port was put out of action for three weeks . Moreover , one of the ships sunk , SS John Harvey , had been carrying mustard gas , which enveloped the port in a cloud of poisonous vapours . = = = = Cassino and Anzio = = = = The first Allied attempt to break through the Gustav Line in the Battle of Monte Cassino in January 1944 met with early success , with the British X Corps breaking through the line held by the 94th Infantry Division and imperilling the entire Tenth Army front . At the same time , Kesselring was receiving warnings of an imminent Allied amphibious attack at Anzio . Kesselring rushed his reserves , the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions , to the Cassino front . They were able to stabilise the German position there but left Rome poorly guarded . Kesselring felt that he had been out @-@ generalled when the Allies landed at Anzio . Although taken by surprise , Kesselring moved rapidly to regain control of the situation , summoning Generaloberst Eberhard von Mackensen 's Fourteenth Army headquarters from northern Italy , the 29th and 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions from the Cassino front , and the 26th Panzer Division from Tenth Army . OKW chipped in some divisions from other theatres . By February , Kesselring was able to take the offensive at Anzio but his forces were unable to crush the Allied beachhead , for which Kesselring blamed himself , OKW and von Mackensen for avoidable errors . Meanwhile , costly fighting at Monte Cassino in February 1944 , brought the Allies close to a breakthrough into the Liri Valley . To hold the bastion of Monte Cassino , Kesselring brought in the 1st Parachute Division , an " exceptionally well trained and conditioned " formation , on 26 February . Despite heavy casualties and the expenditure of enormous quantities of ammunition , an Allied offensive in March 1944 failed to break the Gustav Line position . On 11 May 1944 General Sir Harold Alexander , commanding the Allied Armies in Italy , launched Operation Diadem , which finally broke through the Gustav Line and forced the Tenth Army to withdraw . In the process , a gap opened up between the Tenth and Fourteenth Armies , threatening both with encirclement . For this failure , Kesselring relieved von Mackensen of his command , replacing him with General der Panzertruppe Joachim Lemelsen . Fortunately for the Germans , Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark , commander of the U.S. Fifth Army , obsessed with the capture of Rome , failed to take advantage of the situation and the Tenth Army was able to withdraw to the next line of defence , the Trasimene Line , where it was able to link up with the Fourteenth Army and then conduct a fighting withdrawal . For his part in the campaign , Kesselring was awarded the Knight 's Cross with oak leaves , swords and diamonds by Hitler at the Wolfsschanze near Rastenburg , East Prussia on 19 July 1944 . The next day , Hitler was the target of the 20 July plot . Informed of this event that evening by Göring , Kesselring , like many other senior commanders , sent a telegram to Hitler reaffirming his loyalty . Throughout July and August 1944 , Kesselring fought a stubborn delaying action , gradually retreating to the formidable Gothic Line north of Florence . There , he was finally able to halt the Allied advance . Casualties of the Gothic Line battles in September and October 1944 included Kesselring himself . On 25 October 1944 , his car collided with an artillery piece coming out of a side road . Kesselring suffered serious head and facial injuries and did not return to his command until January 1945 . = = = = Actions impacting population and cultural objects = = = = Kesselring , during the campaign , attempted to avoid the physical destruction of many artistically important Italian cities , including Rome , Florence , Siena and Orvieto . In some cases , historic bridges – such as the Ponte Vecchio ( literally " Old Bridge " ) – were booby trapped rather than blown up . However , other historic Florentine bridges were destroyed on his orders and , in addition to booby @-@ trapping the old bridge , he ordered the demolition of the ancient historical central borough at its two ends , in order to delay the Allied advance across the River Arno . Kesselring supported the Italian declaration of Rome , Florence and Chieti as open cities . In the case of Rome , this was in spite of there being considerable tactical advantages to be had from defending the Tiber bridges . These declarations were never agreed to by the Allies as the cities were not demilitarised and remained centres of government and industry . Despite the repeated declarations of " open city " , Rome was bombed more than fifty times by the Allies , whose air forces hit Florence as well . In practice , the open city status was rendered meaningless . Kesselring tried to preserve the monastery of Monte Cassino by avoiding its military occupation even though it offered a superb observing point over the battlefield . Ultimately this was unsuccessful , as the Allies believed the monastery would be used to direct the German artillery against their lines . On the morning of 15 February 1944 , 142 B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress , 47 B @-@ 25 Mitchell and 40 B @-@ 26 Marauder medium bombers deliberately dropped 1 @,@ 150 tons of high explosives and incendiary bombs on the abbey , reducing the historic monastery to a smoking mass of rubble . Kesselring was aware that some artworks taken from Monte Cassino for safekeeping wound up in the possession of Hermann Göring . Kesselring had some German soldiers shot for looting . German authorities avoided giving the Italian authorities control over artworks because they feared that " entire collections would be sold to Switzerland " . A 1945 Allied investigation reported that Italian cultural treasures had suffered relatively little war damage . Kesselring received regular updates on efforts to preserve cultural treasures and his personal interest in the matter contributed to the high proportion of art treasures that were saved . = = = = War crimes = = = = On 22 – 23 March 1944 , a 15 @-@ man American Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) Operational Group landed in inflatable boats from US Navy PT boats on the Ligurian coast as part of Operation Ginny II , a mission to blow up the entrances of two vital railway tunnels . Their boats were discovered and they were captured by a smaller group of Italian and German soldiers . On 26 March , they were executed under Hitler 's " Commando Order " , issued after German soldiers had been shackled during the Dieppe Raid . In Rome on 23 March 1944 , 33 policemen of the SS Police Regiment Bozen from the German @-@ speaking population of the Italian province of South Tyrol and three Italian civilians were killed by a bomb blast and the subsequent shooting . In response , Hitler approved the recommendation of von Mackensen , who was responsible for the sector including Rome , that ten Italians should be shot for each policeman killed . The task fell to SS Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler who , finding there were not enough condemned prisoners available , made up the numbers using Jewish prisoners and even civilians taken from the streets . The result was the Ardeatine massacre . The fall of Rome on 4 June 1944 placed Kesselring in a dangerous situation as his forces attempted to withdraw from Rome to the Gothic Line . That the Germans were especially vulnerable to Italian partisans was not lost on the British General Harold Alexander , who appealed in a radio broadcast for Italians to kill Germans " wherever you encounter them " . Kesselring responded by authorising the " massive employment of artillery , grenade and mine throwers , armoured cars , flamethrowers and other technical combat equipment " against the partisans . He also issued an order promising indemnity to soldiers who " exceed our normal restraint " . Subsequently , massacres were carried out by the Hermann Göring Panzer Division at Stia in April , Civitella in Val di Chiana in June and Bucine in July 1944 , by the 26th Panzer Division at Padule di Fucecchio on 23 August 1944 , and by the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer @-@ SS at Sant 'Anna di Stazzema in August 1944 and Marzabotto in September and October 1944 . In August 1944 Kesselring was informed by Rudolf Rahn , the German ambassador to the RSI , that Mussolini had filed protests about the killing of Italian citizens . In response , Kesselring issued another edict to his troops on 21 August , deploring incidents that had " damaged the German Wehrmacht 's reputation and discipline and which no longer have anything to do with reprisal operations " and launched investigations into specific cases that Mussolini cited . Between 21 July and 25 September 1944 , 624 Germans were killed , 993 wounded and 872 missing in partisan operations , while some 9 @,@ 520 partisans were killed . Kesselring used the Jews of Rome as slave labour on the construction of fortifications – as he had earlier done with those of Tunis . When ordered to deport the Roman Jews , Kesselring resisted . He announced that no resources were available to carry out such an order . Hitler then transferred responsibility to the SS . About 2 @,@ 000 Roman Jews were ultimately deported between October 1943 and June 1944 , half of them on 16 October 1943 . During the German occupation of Italy , the Germans were believed to have killed some 46 @,@ 000 Italian civilians , including 7 @,@ 000 Jews . = = = Central Europe = = = After he recovered from the car accident , Kesselring was summoned by Hitler to relieve Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt as OB West on 10 March 1945 , following the disastrous loss of the still @-@ intact Ludendorff Bridge over the Rhine during the Battle of Remagen . On arrival , he told his new staff , " Well , gentlemen , I am the new V @-@ 3 " , referring to the Vergeltungswaffe ( " vengeance " weapons ) . Given the desperate situation of the Western Front , this was another sign of Kesselring 's proverbial optimism . Kesselring still described as " lucid " Hitler 's analysis of the situation , according to which the Germans were about to inflict a historical defeat upon the Soviets , after which the victorious German armies would be brought west to crush the Allies and sweep them from the continent . Therefore , Kesselring was determined to " hang on " in the west until the " decision in the East " came . Kesselring endorsed Hitler 's order that deserters should be hanged from the nearest tree . When a staff officer sought to make him aware of the hopelessness of the situation , Kesselring told him that he had driven through the entire army rear area and not seen a single hanged man . The Western Front at this time generally followed the River Rhine with two important exceptions : the American bridgehead over the Rhine at Remagen , and a large German salient west of the Rhine , the Saar – Palatinate triangle . Consideration was given to evacuating the triangle , but OKW ordered it held . When Kesselring paid his first visit to the German First and Seventh Army headquarters there on 13 March 1945 , the army group commander , Oberst @-@ gruppenführer Paul Hausser , and the two army commanders all affirmed the defence of the triangle could only result in heavy losses or complete annihilation of their commands . General der Infanterie Hans Felber of the Seventh Army considered the latter the most likely outcome . Nonetheless , Kesselring insisted that the positions had to be held . The triangle was already under attack from two sides by Lieutenant General George Patton 's Third Army and Lieutenant General Alexander Patch 's Seventh Army . The German position soon crumbled and Hitler reluctantly sanctioned a withdrawal . The First and Seventh Armies suffered heavy losses : around 113 @,@ 000 Germans casualties at the cost of 17 @,@ 000 on the Allied side . Nonetheless , they had avoided encirclement and managed to conduct a skilful delaying action , evacuating the last troops to the east bank of the Rhine on 25 March 1945 . As Germany was cut in two , Kesselring 's command was enlarged to include Army Groups Centre , South and South @-@ East on the Eastern Front , and Army Group C in Italy , as well as his own Army Group G and Army Group Upper Rhine . On 30 April , Hitler committed suicide in Berlin . On 1 May , Karl Dönitz was designated German President ( Reichspräsident ) and the Flensburg government was created . One of the new president 's first acts was the appointment of Kesselring as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Southern Germany , with plenipotentiary powers . = = = Chaotic surrender = = = Meanwhile , Wolff and von Vietinghoff , now commander of Army Group C , had almost concluded a preliminary surrender agreement with the OSS chief in Switzerland , Allen Dulles . Known as Operation Sunrise , these secret negotiations had been in progress since early March 1945 . Kesselring was aware of them , having previously consented to them , although he had not informed his own staff . He did , however , later inform Hitler . At first he did not accept the agreement and , on 30 April , relieved both Vietinghoff and his Chief of Staff , Generalleutnant Hans Röttiger , putting them at the disposition of the OKW for a possible court martial . They were replaced by General Friedrich Schulz and Generalmajor Friedrich Wenzel respectively . The next morning , 1 May , Röttinger reacted by placing both Schulz and Wenzel under arrest , and summoning Lemelsen to take Schulz 's place . Lemelsen initially refused , as he was in possession of a written order from Kesselring which prohibited any talks with the enemy without his explicit authorization . By this time , Vietinghoff and Wolff had concluded an armistice with the Allied Commander in Chief of the Mediterranean Theatre , Field Marshal Alexander , which became effective on 2 May at 14 : 00 . Lemelsen reached Bolzano , and Schulz and Wenzel regained control , this time agreeing with the officers pushing for a quick surrender . The German armies in Italy were now utterly defeated by the Allies , who were rapidly advancing from Garmisch towards Innsbruck . Kesselring remained stubbornly opposed to the surrender , but was finally won over by Wolff on the late morning of 2 May after a two @-@ hour phone call to Kesselring at his headquarters at Pullach . North of the Alps , Army Group G followed suit on 6 May . Kesselring now decided to surrender his own headquarters . He ordered Hausser to supervise the SS troops to ensure that the surrender was carried out in accordance with his instructions . Kesselring then surrendered to an American major at Saalfelden , near Salzburg , in Austria on 9 May 1945 . He was taken to see Major General Maxwell D. Taylor , the commander of the 101st Airborne Division , who treated him courteously , allowing him to keep his weapons and field marshal 's baton , and to visit the Eastern Front headquarters of Army Groups Centre and South at Zeltweg and Graz unescorted . Taylor arranged for Kesselring and his staff to move into a hotel at Berchtesgaden . Photographs of Taylor and Kesselring drinking tea together created a stir in the United States . Kesselring met with Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers , commander of the Sixth United States Army Group , and gave interviews to Allied newspaper reporters . In his post @-@ war memoirs , Kesselring claimed he envisioned making a start on the rehabilitation of Germany following the end of the war . Instead , he was arrested . On 15 May 1945 , Kesselring was taken to Mondorf @-@ les @-@ Bains where his baton and decorations were taken from him and he was incarcerated . He was held in a number of American POW camps before being transferred to British custody in 1946 . He testified at the Nuremberg trial of Hermann Göring , but his offers to testify against Soviet , American , and British commanders were declined . = = Post @-@ war = = = = = Trial = = = By the end of the war , for many Italians the name of Kesselring , whose signature appeared on posters and printed orders announcing draconian measures adopted by the German occupation , had become synonymous with the oppression and terror that had characterised the German occupation . Kesselring 's name headed the list of German officers blamed for a long series of atrocities perpetrated by the German forces . The Moscow Declaration of October 1943 promised that " those German officers and men and members of the Nazi party who have been responsible for or have taken a consenting part in the above atrocities , massacres and executions will be sent back to the countries in which their abominable deeds were done in order that they may be judged and punished according to the laws of these liberated countries and of free governments which will be erected therein . " However , the British , who had been a driving force in moulding the war crimes trial policy that culminated in the Nuremberg Trials , explicitly excluded high @-@ ranking German officers in their custody . Thus , Kesselring 's conviction became " a legal prerequisite if perpetrators of war crimes were to be found guilty by Italian courts " . The British held two major trials against the top German war criminals who had perpetrated crimes during the Italian campaign . For political reasons it was decided to hold the trials in Italy , but a request by Italy to allow an Italian judge to participate was denied on the grounds that Italy was not an Allied country . The trials were held under the Royal Warrant of 18 June 1945 , thus essentially under British Common Military Law . The decision put the trials on a shaky legal basis , as foreign nationals were being tried for crimes against foreigners in a foreign country . The first trial , held in Rome , was of Mackensen and Mälzer for their part in the Ardeatine massacre . Both were sentenced to death on 30 November 1946 . Kesselring 's own trial began in Venice on 17 February 1947 . The British Military Court was presided over by Major General Sir Edmund Hakewill @-@ Smith , assisted by four lieutenant colonels . Colonel Richard C. Halse – who had already obtained the death penalty for von Mackensen and Kurt Mälzer – was the prosecutor . Kesselring 's legal team was headed by Hans Laternser , a skilful German lawyer who specialised in Anglo @-@ Saxon law , had represented several defendants at the Nuremberg Trials , and would later go on to represent Generalfeldmarschall Erich von Manstein . Kesselring 's ability to pay his legal team was hampered because his assets had been frozen by the Allies , but his legal costs were eventually met by friends in South America and relatives in Franconia . Kesselring was arraigned on two charges : the shooting of 335 Italians in the Ardeatine massacre and incitement to kill Italian civilians . Kesselring did not invoke the " Nuremberg defence " . Rather , he maintained that his actions were lawful . On 6 May 1947 the Court found him guilty of both charges and sentenced him to death by firing squad , which was considered more honourable than hanging . The court left open the question of the legality of killing innocent persons in reprisals . The planned major trial for the campaign of reprisals never took place , but a series of smaller trials was held instead in Padua between April and June 1947 for SS Brigadeführer Willy Tensfeld , Kapitänleutnant Waldemar Krummhaar , the 26th Panzer Division 's Generalleutnant Eduard Crasemann and SS Gruppenführer Max Simon of the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer @-@ SS . Tensfeld was acquitted ; Crasemann was sentenced to 10 years ; and Simon was sentenced to death , but his sentence was commuted . Simon 's trial was the last held in Italy by the British . By 1949 , British military tribunals had sentenced 230 Germans to death and another 447 to custodial sentences . None of the death sentences imposed between the end of 1946 and 1948 were carried out . A number of officers , all below the rank of General , including Kappler , were transferred to the Italian courts for trial . These applied very different legal standards to the British – ones which were often more favourable to the defendants . Ironically , in view of the repeated attempts by many senior Wehrmacht commanders to shift blame for atrocities onto the SS , the most senior SS commanders in Italy , Karl Wolff and Heinrich Himmler 's personal representative in Italy , SS Standartenführer Eugen Dollmann , escaped prosecution . = = = Commutation , pardon and release from prison = = = The death verdict against Kesselring unleashed a storm of protest in the United Kingdom . Former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill immediately branded it as too harsh and intervened in favour of Kesselring . Field Marshal Alexander , now Governor General of Canada , sent a telegram to Prime Minister Clement Attlee in which he expressed his hope that Kesselring 's sentence would be commuted . " As his old opponent on the battlefield " , he stated , " I have no complaints against him . Kesselring and his soldiers fought against us hard but clean . " Alexander had expressed his admiration for Kesselring as a military commander as early as 1943 . In his 1961 memoirs Alexander paid tribute to Kesselring as a commander who " showed great skill in extricating himself from the desperate situations into which his faulty intelligence had led him " . Alexander 's sentiments were echoed by Lieutenant General Sir Oliver Leese , who had commanded the British Eighth Army in the Italian campaign . In a May 1947 interview , Leese said he was " very sad " to hear of what he considered " British victor 's justice " being imposed on Kesselring , an " extremely gallant soldier who had fought his battles fairly and squarely " . Lord de L 'Isle , who had been awarded the Victoria Cross for gallantry at Anzio , raised the issue in the House of Lords . The Italian government refused to carry out death sentences , as the death penalty had been abolished in Italy in 1944 and was regarded as a relic of Mussolini 's Fascist regime . The Italian decision was very disappointing to the British government because the trials had partly been intended to meet the expectations of the Italian public . The War Office notified Lieutenant General Sir John Harding , who had succeeded Alexander as commander of British forces in the Mediterranean in 1946 , that there should be no more death sentences and those already imposed should be commuted . Accordingly , Harding commuted the death sentences imposed on von Mackensen , Mälzer and Kesselring to life imprisonment on 4 July 1947 . Mälzer died while still in prison in February 1952 , while von Mackensen , after having his sentence reduced to 21 years , was set free in October 1952 . Kesselring was moved from Mestre prison near Venice to Wolfsberg , Carinthia , in May 1947 . In October 1947 he was transferred for the last time , to Werl Prison , in Westphalia . In Kesselring 's memoirs , he said that in Wolfsberg he was approached by a former SS major who had an escape plan prepared . According to Kesselring , he declined the offer on the grounds that it would be seen as a confession of guilt . Other senior Nazi figures did manage to escape from Wolfsberg to South America or Syria . Kesselring resumed his work on a history of the war that he was writing for the US Army 's Historical Division . This effort , working under the direction of Generaloberst Franz Halder in 1946 , brought together a number of German generals for the purpose of producing historical studies of the war , including Gotthard Heinrici , Heinz Guderian , Lothar Rendulic , Hasso von Manteuffel and Georg von Küchler . Kesselring contributed studies of the war in Italy and North Africa and the problems faced by the German high command . Kesselring also worked secretly on his memoirs . The manuscript was smuggled out by Irmgard Horn @-@ Kesselring , Rainer 's mother , who typed it at her home . An influential group assembled in Britain to lobby for his release from prison . Headed by Lord Hankey , the group included politicians Lord de L 'Isle and Richard Stokes , Field Marshal Alexander and Admiral of the Fleet The Earl of Cork and Orrery , and military historians Basil Liddell Hart and J. F. C. Fuller . Upon re @-@ gaining the prime ministership in 1951 , Winston Churchill , who was closely associated with the group , gave priority to the quick release of the war criminals remaining in British custody . Meanwhile , in Germany , the release of military prisoners had become a political issue . With the establishment of West Germany in 1949 , and the advent of the Cold War between the former Allies and the Soviet Union , it became inevitable that the Wehrmacht would be revived in some form , and there were calls for amnesty for military prisoners as a condition for German military participation in the Western Alliance . A media campaign gradually gathered steam in Germany . Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung published an interview with Liny Kesselring and Stern ran a series about Kesselring and von Manstein entitled " Justice , Not Clemency " . The pressure on the British government was increased in 1952 , when the German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer made it clear that West German ratification of the European Defence Community Treaty was dependent on the release of German military figures . In July 1952 , Kesselring was diagnosed with a cancerous growth in the throat . During World War I , he had frequently smoked up to twenty cigars per day but he quit smoking in 1925 . Although the British were suspicious of the diagnosis , they were concerned that he might die in prison like Mälzer , which would be a public relations disaster . Kesselring was transferred to a hospital , under guard . In October 1952 , Kesselring was released from his prison sentence on the grounds of ill @-@ health . = = = Later life = = = In 1952 , while still in the hospital , Kesselring accepted the honorary presidency of three veterans ' organisations . The first was the Luftwaffenring , consisting of Luftwaffe veterans . The Verband deutsches Afrikakorps , the veterans ' association of the Afrika Korps , soon followed . More controversial was the presidency of the right @-@ wing veterans ' association , the Stahlhelm , Bund der Frontsoldaten . Leadership of this organisation tarnished his reputation . He attempted to reform the organisation , proposing that the new German flag be flown instead of the old Imperial Flag ; that the old Stahlhelm greeting Front heil ! be abolished ; and that members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany be allowed to join . The response was very unenthusiastic . Kesselring 's memoirs were published in 1953 , as Soldat bis zum letzten Tag ( A Soldier to the Last Day ) . They were reprinted in English as A Soldier 's Record a year later . Although written while he was in prison , without access to his papers , the memoirs formed a valuable resource , informing military historians on topics such as the background to the invasion of the Soviet Union . When the English edition was published , Kesselring 's contentions that the Luftwaffe was not defeated in the air in the Battle of Britain and that Operation Sea Lion — the invasion of Britain — was thought about but never seriously planned were controversial . In 1955 , he published a second book , Gedanken zum Zweiten Weltkrieg ( Thoughts on the Second World War ) . Interviewed by the Italian journalist Enzo Biagi soon after his release in 1952 , Kesselring defiantly described the Marzabotto massacre — in which almost 800 innocent Italian civilians had been killed — as a " normal military operation " . Since the event was considered to be the worst massacre of civilians committed in Italy during World War II , Kesselring 's definition caused outcry and indignation in the Italian Parliament . Kesselring reacted provocatively , claiming that he had " saved Italy " and that the Italians ought to build him " a monument " . In response , on 4 December 1952 , Piero Calamandrei , an Italian jurist , soldier , university professor , and politician , who had been a leader of the Resistance , penned an antifascist poem , Lapide ad ignominia ( " A Monument to Ignominy " ) . In the poem , Calamandrei stated that if Kesselring returned he would indeed find a monument , but one stronger than stone , composed of Italian Resistance fighters who " willingly took up arms , to preserve dignity , not to promote hate , and who decided to fight back against the shame and terror of the world " . Calamandrei 's poem appears in monuments in the towns of Cuneo , Montepulciano and Sant 'Anna di Stazzema . After release from prison , Kesselring protested against what he regarded as the " unjustly smirched reputation of the German soldier " . In November 1953 , testifying at a war crimes trial , he warned that " there won 't be any volunteers for the new German army if the German government continues to try German soldiers for acts committed in World War II " . He enthusiastically supported the European Defence Community , and suggested that the " war opponents of yesterday must become the peace comrades and friends of tomorrow " . On the other hand , he also declared that he found " astonishing " those who believe " that we must revise our ideas in accordance with democratic principles ... That is more than I can take . " In March 1954 , Kesselring and Liny toured Austria ostensibly as private citizens . He met with former comrades @-@ in @-@ arms and prison @-@ mates , some of them former SS members , causing embarrassment to the Austrian government , which ordered his deportation . He ignored the order and completed his tour before leaving a week later , as per his original plan . His only official service was on the Medals Commission , which was established by President Theodor Heuss . Ultimately , the commission unanimously recommended that medals should be permitted to be worn — but without the swastika . He was an expert witness for the " Generals ' Trials " . The Generals ' Trials were trials of German citizens before German courts for crimes committed in Germany , the most prominent of which was that of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner . Kesselring died in a sanatorium in Bad Nauheim in West Germany , on 16 July 1960 at the age of 74 , following a heart attack . He was given a quasi @-@ military Stahlhelm funeral and buried in Bergfriedhof Cemetery in Bad Wiessee . Members of Stahlhelm acted as his pall bearers and fired a rifle volley over his grave . His former chief of staff , Siegfried Westphal , spoke for the veterans of North Africa and Italy , describing Kesselring as " a man of admirable strength of character whose care was for soldiers of all ranks " . Josef Kammhuber spoke on behalf of the Luftwaffe and Bundeswehr , expressing the hope that Kesselring would be remembered for his earlier accomplishments rather than for his later activities . Also present were the former SS @-@ Oberst @-@ Gruppenführer Sepp Dietrich , the ex @-@ Chancellor Franz von Papen , Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner , Grossadmiral and former Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz , Otto Remer , SS Standartenführer Joachim Peiper , and former Ambassador Rudolf Rahn . In 2000 , a memorial event was held in Bad Wiessee marking the fortieth anniversary of Kesselring 's death . No representatives of the Bundeswehr attended , on the grounds that Kesselring was " not worthy of being part of our tradition " . Instead , the task of remembering the Generalfeldmarschall fell to two veterans groups , the Deutsche Montecassino Vereinigung ( German Monte Cassino Association ) and the Bund Deutscher Fallschirmjäger ( Association of German Paratroopers ) . To his ageing troops , Kesselring remained a commander to be commemorated .
= Bruce Kingsbury = Bruce Steel Kingsbury , VC ( 8 January 1918 – 29 August 1942 ) was an Australian soldier of the Second World War . Serving initially in the Middle East , he later gained renown for his actions during the Battle of Isurava , one of many battles forming the Kokoda Track Campaign in New Guinea . His bravery during the battle was recognised with the Victoria Cross , the highest decoration for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth armed forces . The first serviceman to receive the VC for actions in Australian territory , Kingsbury was a member of the 2 / 14th Infantry Battalion . On 29 August 1942 , during the Battle of Isurava , Kingsbury was one of the few survivors of a platoon that had been overrun by the Japanese . He immediately volunteered to join a different platoon , which had been ordered to counter @-@ attack . Rushing forward and firing his Bren gun from the hip , he cleared a path through the enemy and inflicted several casualties . Kingsbury was then seen to fall , shot by a Japanese sniper and killed instantly . His actions , which delayed the Japanese long enough for the Australians to fortify their positions , were instrumental in saving his battalion 's headquarters and he was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross as a result . = = Early life = = Born in the Melbourne suburb of Preston on 8 January 1918 , Kingsbury was the second son of Philip Blencowe Kingsbury , an estate agent , and his wife Florence Annie , née Steel . Growing up in Prahran , Kingsbury became friends with Allen Avery when he was five years old . The two often raced billycarts down the hilly streets , and would remain lifelong friends . Kingsbury attended Windsor State School as a child , and his results were good enough to earn a scholarship at Melbourne Technical College . Avery began an agricultural course in Longerenong . Although qualified as a printer , Kingsbury began working at his father 's real estate business , a job he disliked . Unhappy in the estate agency , Kingsbury took up the position of caretaker on a farm at Boundary Bend , not far from where Avery was working . After three months , the pair decided that they would go on an adventure – walking through western Victoria and New South Wales . In February 1936 , Kingsbury and Avery left their jobs and began travelling north , working on various farms and estates . The pair eventually arrived in Sydney several months later , and returned to Melbourne on the first train back . Kingsbury resumed working as a real estate agent , while Avery worked as a nurseryman . They spent their free time at dances and parties . During this time , Kingsbury met and became close to Leila Bradbury . As the war in Europe escalated , Kingsbury and Avery made up their minds to enlist . Despite his parents ' disapproval , Kingsbury signed up to the Australian Imperial Force on 29 May 1940 . = = Middle East = = Kingsbury was originally assigned to the 2 / 2nd Pioneer Battalion , but requested a transfer to the 2 / 14th Infantry Battalion to join Avery who had , coincidentally , enlisted on the same day at a different recruitment centre . The pair undertook basic training at Puckapunyal , where they were assigned to the same section ( 7 Section of 9 Platoon ) and were given drill instruction , rifle drill and mock battle training . After 7 Section learned they would be sent overseas , Kingsbury informed Avery that he planned to propose to Leila . The pair went to Melbourne to try to organise the wedding . Although Kingsbury gave Leila a wristwatch as an engagement present , they could not arrange a marriage licence before he left , and the marriage never took place . Kingsbury , along with the rest of the 7th Division , was shipped to the Middle East in late 1940 . Spending time in Tel Aviv and the surrounding areas , the 7th Division continued training and awaited further orders . On 9 April , the division was sent forward to Mersa Matruh in Egypt to support the Commonwealth force 's defences . It replaced a Scottish unit and took up positions in the garrison . On 23 May , Kingsbury 's brigade was sent back to Palestine , en route to battle in Syria and Lebanon . The 2 / 14th fought against the Vichy French on the Lebanese mountain ranges , as part of a three @-@ pronged attack on Beirut . During this time , the division fought in many towns , including a major battle in Jezzine , where Avery was wounded by a grenade — which drove metal splinters into his spine — and awarded the Military Medal for his " cool courage and devotion " . As the war with the Vichy French was winding down , on 11 July Kingsbury and Avery were selected for a contingent to collect and bury the dead . The battalion stayed in Beirut for a few months , until setting up a semi @-@ permanent camp at Hill 69 , outside Jerusalem . On 30 January 1942 , the 7th Division left Egypt for Australia , sailing via Bombay , as the division was needed to fight against the Japanese . Kingsbury 's battalion made landfall at Adelaide and continued to Melbourne by rail . The battalion arrived on 16 March , and was given a week 's leave . After this , the battalion underwent training in Glen Innes , before camping in Yandina , Queensland . On 5 August , the battalion moved north to Brisbane , boarding a ship to Port Moresby to join the fighting in New Guinea , where a force of mostly Militia personnel were engaged in a desperate defensive action . = = Kokoda Track Campaign = = Following the Battle of the Coral Sea , the Japanese abandoned the attempt to capture Port Moresby from the sea and , on 21 July , landed ground forces at Buna in north @-@ east Papua . After capturing the town of Kokoda for the second time on 9 August , the Japanese began advancing along the Kokoda Track towards Port Moresby . The 2 @,@ 500 @-@ strong Japanese force met the 39th and 53rd Infantry Battalions , at the town of Isurava . As the battle was beginning to develop , on 26 August , members of the 2 / 14th , including Kingsbury , arrived at Isurava to reinforce the exhausted 39th Battalion . = = = Battle of Isurava = = = The two combined battalions began digging in around Isurava . A headquarters had been set up at the top of the hill , which was vital to the defence of the position . While the Australians dug themselves in , the Japanese , led by Japanese Major General Tomitarō Horii , prepared to attack . On 28 August , the Japanese launched their offensive . The Australians , who had initially been outnumbered but were now roughly equal in strength , resisted in the face of heavy machine @-@ gun fire and hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . On 29 August , the Japanese broke through the right flank , pushing the Australians back with heavy fire , threatening to cut off their headquarters . The Australians began to prepare a counter @-@ offensive , and men volunteered to join an attack party . Kingsbury , one of the few survivors of his platoon , ran down the Track with the group . You could see his Bren gun held out and his big bottom swaying as he went with the momentum he was getting up , followed by Alan Avery . They were cheerful . They were going out on a picnic almost . Using a Bren gun he had taken from wounded Corporal Lindsay Bear , Kingsbury , alongside Avery and the rest of the group , engaged the nearby Japanese . The fire was so heavy that the undergrowth was completely destroyed within five minutes . It was then that Kingsbury , firing from his hip , charged straight at the Japanese . He came forward with this Bren and he just mowed them down . He was an inspiration to everybody else around him . There were clumps of Japs here and there and he just mowed them down . His actions demoralised the Japanese , killing several and forcing others to find cover . The rest of the Australian group , inspired by Kingsbury 's actions , forced the Japanese further back into the jungle . Kingsbury was then seen to fall to the ground , shot by a Japanese sniper . The sniper fired one shot before disappearing . Avery , who had been about 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) from Kingsbury , briefly chased after the sniper but returned to carry Kingsbury to the regimental aid post ; Kingsbury was dead by the time he arrived there . = = Legacy = = Kingsbury 's actions were a turning point in the battle . The Japanese had begun to gather momentum in their attack , and were threatening to overrun the 2 / 14th 's headquarters . His attack inflicted damage to the Japanese force , temporarily halting their advance . This allowed the Australian troops to stabilise their positions , eventually regaining control and defending the battalion 's headquarters . His act of bravery served as an inspiration to the troops . However , the battle ended in defeat for the Australians , with elements of the 2 / 14th breaking during the afternoon of 29 August . The remainder of the battalion managed to withdraw during the night , but suffered heavy casualties and another defeat during fighting the next day at positions around the Isurava Guest House . Authors and military analysts have speculated that had Kingsbury not attacked , the Japanese might have destroyed the battalion . The Japanese had been attacking in waves , and had started to climb a steep hill to outflank the Australians , in an effort to win the battle . The Australians were low on supplies and the Japanese were on the verge of breaking through the Australian line . Had they broken through , they would have been able to isolate the battalion 's headquarters from the soldiers on the flanks . This would have prevented the Australians from retreating to Alola , allowing the Japanese to overrun them . For his actions , Kingsbury was awarded the Victoria Cross , which was gazetted on 9 February 1943 . His citation read : War Office , 9th February , 1943 . The KING has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the VICTORIA CROSS to : — No . VX 19139 Private . Bruce Steel Kingsbury , Australian Military Forces . In New Guinea , the Battalion to which Private Kingsbury belonged had been holding a position in the Isurava area for two days against continuous and fierce enemy attacks . On the 29th August , 1942 , the enemy attacked in such force that they succeeded in breaking through the Battalion 's right flank , creating a serious threat both to the rest of the Battalion and to its Headquarters . To avoid the situation becoming more desperate , it was essential to regain immediately the lost ground on the right flank . Private Kingsbury , who was one of the few survivors of a Platoon which had been overrun and severely cut about by the enemy , immediately volunteered to join a different platoon which had been ordered to counter @-@ attack . He rushed forward firing his Bren Gun from the hip through terrific machine @-@ gun fire and succeeded in clearing a path through the enemy . Continuing to sweep the enemy positions with his fire and inflicting an extremely high number of casualties on them , Private Kingsbury was then seen to fall to the ground shot dead , by the bullet from a sniper hiding in the wood . Private Kingsbury displayed a complete disregard for his own safety . His initiative and superb courage made possible the recapture of the position which undoubtedly saved Battalion Headquarters , as well as causing heavy casualties amongst the enemy . His coolness , determination and devotion to duty in the face of great odds was an inspiration to his comrades . Kingsbury was the first Australian soldier to be awarded the Victoria Cross for actions in the South Pacific and also the first on Australian territory . Kingsbury 's section remains the most highly decorated section in the British Empire , its members having received a Victoria Cross , one Distinguished Conduct Medal and four Military Medals by war 's end ; the platoon also suffered the highest proportional losses in the Kokoda Campaign . Kingsbury 's platoon sergeant , Sergeant Robert Thompson , later commented that when he was recommending Kingsbury for the Victoria Cross , he was asked several times would he " please write it up a bit more with a bit more action and such " and On the same day or the next day there was another chap named Charlie McCarthy [ sic , McCallum ] , who really did something , probably far more deserving but they were only going to award one VC , so Bruce got it . I 'm not decrying it . He was worded up and Charlie unfortunately was worded down … Kingsbury 's Rock , the rock next to which Kingsbury died , stands within sight of where the 2 / 14th Battalion 's headquarters had been established , and has been incorporated as part of the Isurava Memorial . His body now rests in the Bomana Cemetery , Port Moresby , and his Victoria Cross is on display at the Australian War Memorial , Canberra . The Melbourne suburb of Kingsbury was named in his honour , as was a rest area on the Remembrance Driveway and a street in the Canberra suburb of Gowrie . Kingsbury 's story was featured in the History Channel production For Valour .
= Toyota Aurion ( XV40 ) = The Toyota Aurion ( XV40 ) / ˈɔːriən / is the original series of the Toyota Aurion , a mid @-@ size car produced by Toyota in Australia and parts of Asia . Designated " XV40 " , Toyota manufactured the first generation Aurion between 2006 and 2012 until it was fully replaced by the XV50 series . While Asian production of the XV50 series began in late @-@ 2011 , Toyota 's Australian operations did not take on production of the new model until 2012 . Although marketed as a separate model , the XV40 series Aurion is essentially a Toyota Camry ( XV40 ) with revised front- and rear @-@ end treatment , along with changes to the interior . In lieu of the " Aurion " nameplate , the majority of East and Southeast Asian markets received the Camry @-@ based Aurion under the name Toyota Camry . However , in Australasia and the Middle East , Toyota sold the original version of the Camry alongside the Aurion . In these markets , the Aurion replaced the Avalon ( XX10 ) model , which could trace its roots back to 1994 . In the Australasian and Middle Eastern markets , to further differentiate the Aurion from its Camry sibling , Toyota equipped the Aurion exclusively with a 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre V6 engine . With the Camry , the company only offered the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre four @-@ cylinder version . Previously in these markets , prior to the introduction of the Camry XV40 , Toyota had offered both four- and a six @-@ cylinder powerplants . Along with the naturally aspirated version , Toyota produced an Australia @-@ only supercharged TRD Aurion between 2007 and 2009 as tuned by Toyota Racing Development ( TRD ) . At its release , Toyota claimed this performance variant to be the world 's most powerful front @-@ wheel drive car . The powertrains used in the Asian specification Camry vary slightly from those of the Aurion . As well as the 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre V6 , two four @-@ cylinder engines are offered in either 2.0- or a 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre form . These engines are teamed with a six- , four- and five @-@ speed automatic transmissions , respectively . = = History of development = = Before commencing production of the Aurion , Toyota Australia manufactured the full @-@ size Avalon model at its Altona plant in Melbourne until June 2005 . Production of the Avalon had begun in 2000 , taking much of its basic design and mechanical features from the then six @-@ year @-@ old Avalon model sold in North America . The Avalon was offered as a larger , more upmarket car than the Toyota Camry , which it was built alongside . The original sales predictions were not met , with the Avalon failing to challenge rivals such as the Holden Commodore and the Ford Falcon . The reasoning behind this has been widely attributed to the Avalon 's older design and styling , which has been widely described as " bland " , as well as the front @-@ wheel drive configuration and smaller engine displacement . In its best year , the Avalon only managed to reach half of Toyota 's projected sales target , with many potential buyers opting for the slightly smaller sized V6 Camry , featuring the same engine as the Avalon . Toyota , discovering that the Australian public wanted something that was modern and designed with consideration to the Australian market , began full @-@ scale planning work on its Avalon replacement in 2002 . Toyota Australia realised that no other model being developed at the time for Japan or North America was going to be suitable , and due to the size limitations of the Australian market , a completely indigenous model was unrealisable . However , at that time , Toyota Australia did not have any designers of its own . As a result , the company recruited Paul Beranger in August 2002 to set up Toyota Style Australia ( TSA ) in an industrial complex located in Dingley Village , Victoria . TSA first developed the X @-@ Runner and Sportivo Coupe concepts , and in 2003 , Nick Hogios , who had previously worked for Ford Australia on designing the XR performance models of the BA Falcon , was appointed chief designer . TSA 's next venture was more significant — a privately developed model based on the Camry XV30 — a car that signalled the beginning of the Aurion programme . Codenamed " 380L " and developed during the course of 2003 , this one @-@ off model was forged by stripping panels and interior components from the donor Camry , and substituting these for TSA @-@ developed versions . Total cost was approximately A $ 1 million . Focus groups conducted by Toyota in early 2003 had ranked the Avalon at the bottom of the list when compared to the competing Holden Commodore , Ford Falcon , and Mitsubishi Magna . Later on in the year , the same focus groups were called back and the Avalon was exchanged for the 380L . Overall , the groups ranked the Toyota as their first preference , and according to Beranger , " didn 't see the car as a Camry " . As such , Toyota Australia deduced that if the 380L was available for purchase there and then , they could sell it alongside the regular Camry as a six @-@ cylinder car under a different name . During the 380L development , TSA had regular discussions with Toyota Japan on how its Avalon replacement would eventually turn out . Because TSA were an unknown quantity , having never designed a production vehicle , it took the division some time to convince Japan that they could indeed design a car themselves . When the 380L was consigned to a presentation with Japanese Toyota officials , TSA 's lead designer Nick Hogios was requested to tender a proposal for the next @-@ generation " 042L " Camry design competition . While his submission was not chosen , Hogios was summoned to work on what would become the Aurion , then exclusively referred to as the " Asian " or " prestige " Camry , and codenamed " 043L " . Due to the success of TSA 's earlier concepts and the 380L , Toyota Australia was given the authorisation to manufacture both the regular 042L and 043L Camrys and sell them side @-@ by @-@ side . In Australia however , the regular Camry was to be limited to the four @-@ cylinder engine , and the prestige Camry ( later to become the Aurion ) to the six . Hogios worked in Japan for nine months during 2004 designing the prestige Camry , and his final design was a collaborative effort between Japanese and Taiwanese designers , but the car 's front @-@ end styling is largely Hogios 's own work . While the work in Japan was being undertaken , TSA began to make changes for the Australian Aurion variants . After the design stage was completed , Toyota Australia then commenced work on the development of the car , concurrently developing both the Australian car and the version for Asia . Beranger proclaims that the entire engineering undertaking , " is probably one of the most significant jobs that any subsidiary of Toyota Japan has done anywhere in the world . " The Australian variant of the car was codenamed " 323L " . Despite both cars being essentially identical , Australia was given a different code due to the car occupying a broader range in that market — from a fleet vehicle to a sports @-@ oriented model . In Asia , the car 's role is much narrower , being a high @-@ end luxury car . On 9 February 2006 , Toyota Australia unveiled the Aurion alongside the Aurion Sportivo concept at the Melbourne International Motor Show at an official press conference . Toyota dropped the Avalon tag for their new large car , as it had gained a reputation to be an uninspiring car , both in the flesh and to drive . Toyota made use of the " Aurion " name to give the car a fresh start . Aurion means " tomorrow " in Ancient Greek , and Aurora translates to " the dawn " in Latin . The name was chosen after consumer research on more than 30 potential names . This gives implications of a completely new car and ties in with Toyota 's advertising slogan , " Can 't wait for tomorrow " . = = = Design = = = Aurion takes its doors , windows , roof panels , body sides ( except front quarters ) from the Camry XV40 . However , the other panels are unique from the regular Camry . This component sharing also means that Aurion has the same wheelbase , front and rear axle tracks , and interior dimensions . Interior design also largely parallels the Camry . Notable differences include the redesigned upper dashboard portion and restyled centre console , plus the substitution of the Australian Camry 's hand @-@ operated parking brake with a foot @-@ operated equivalent ( as shared with the Camry for Japan and North America ) . The reasoning behind this component sharing strategy was to reduce costs and to allow the car to be built alongside the Camry , thus simplifying the manufacturing process . Toyota claims that the Aurion is designed to Australian tastes , although it has been designed with markets such as Asia in mind . Hogios states that the Aurion follows the traits of current Australian styling , with a tendency to look towards European designs for inspiration . In addition , like its other vehicles of similar vintage , Toyota designed the Aurion within the realm of its " vibrant clarity " design language . According to chief designer Hogios , the car makes particular use of the " vibrant clarity " theory known as " perfect imbalance " . This involves body features that act as a counterpoint to other body features . Examples of this include intersecting concave and convex surfaces and vertical sculpted features on the front fascia , which are balanced by the horizontal headlamps . The front @-@ end 's " double concave architecture " can also be characterised by its protruding bonnet crease line and deep grille . The same architecture is applied at the rear , with a deep bumper , a clamshell @-@ shaped boot lid that envelops over the flanks , dual exhaust pipes and tail lamps . Design patents were filed on 27 December 2005 at the United States Patent and Trademark Office . For certain markets like China , where Camry sits right below similar @-@ sized Mercedes @-@ Benz cars as a luxury model , it is important for the Aurion to exemplify the traits of such vehicles . With the development of the Aurion , designers produced two separate philosophies , each pitched at a specific niche of the market . The base model AT @-@ X , and luxury Prodigy and Presara variants employ the comfort design , with the more aggressive sports @-@ oriented style found on the Sportivo versions . To meet this requirement , the Sportivo variants feature unique 17 @-@ inch alloy wheels , a rear spoiler , body kit appendages , and a three @-@ spoke steering wheel . The high @-@ performance TRD models offer a similar sports @-@ oriented design , but are distinguishable by the use of unique body parts . These include a redesigned Formula One @-@ inspired front bumper , with integrated foglamps , a unique rear bumper with fixed tailpipes . = = = Facelift = = = Toyota of Thailand unveiled a reworked version of the East and Southeast Asian @-@ market Camry in June 2009 equipped with a hybrid drivetrain . The revised Aurion @-@ based Camry previewed the Australian Aurion 's then upcoming facelift . The updated car features new headlamp and taillamp lens clusters with integrated foglamps , along with a redesigned front bumper , grille insert , and revised interior trim details . The design registrations for the facelifted hybrid version , noting changes made to the original were filed on 19 December 2008 at the US Patent and Trademark Office . Toyota Australia later revealed the updated car as its Aurion on 21 September . While the front @-@ end of the original Aurion was designed with a " double @-@ concave " architecture , the revised version abandons this for an " X @-@ Form " design philosophy , characterised by a lower and wider trapezoidal shaped grille . Like the original version , the Aurion continues to offer differing frontal design treatments across the range . From side , the rehashed design is identified by the deletion of bodyside moulding strips and a range of new wheels designs , including the standard fitment of alloy wheels on the base @-@ line AT @-@ X. Interior upgrades in the form of new colour combinations are featured , along with upgraded instruments and gauges giving greater turn signal and warning @-@ signal clarity . Revised audio systems , lighting and in @-@ cabin storage are also featured . Prodigy and Presara versions receive a new " linear satin " wood grain finish . = = = Safety = = = Safety was a key aspect in the development of the Aurion . All safety features are standard across the entire range and there are no optional safety devices . Features such as dual front , side and curtain airbags , traction control , brake assist , electronic brakeforce distribution and Vehicle Stability Control come standard . In tests conducted by Australasian New Car Assessment Program ( ANCAP ) , the base model scored a four @-@ star rating , with 30 @.@ 03 out of 37 points . Toyota caused controversy by not providing a third test vehicle for ANCAP to use for the optional " side @-@ pole impact test " . This third test , allows tested vehicles to be eligible for a five @-@ star rating if the initial score is high enough . Toyota cited the additional expense of A $ 75 @,@ 000 – $ 100 @,@ 000 including the car as being unjustifiable , and that they did not agree with the nature of the pole test . The scores given without the optional test indicate that the maximum two points that could have been earned would have been slightly less than needed to give the Aurion a five @-@ star rating anyway . Due to Toyota 's decision to fit a driver and front passenger seat belt reminder , along with their decision to fund the optional pole test , the Aurion 's safety rating was upgraded to a full five stars from August 2009 production , with a score of 33 @.@ 03 out of 37 . = = Powertrains = = The Aurion employs a version of Toyota 's 2GR @-@ FE V6 engine that also powers the V6 Camry outside of Australasia . With an engine displacement of 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litres , the 2GR @-@ FE engine is capable of outputting 200 kW ( 268 hp ) and 336 N · m ( 248 lb · ft ) of torque . Power rises by 4 kW ( 5 hp ) with the use of 95 RON " premium " unleaded petrol . Acceleration figures for the car have been recorded at 7 @.@ 4 seconds from standstill to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) , and Toyota claims a top speed of 228 km / h ( 142 mph ) . The Aurion , which is Euro IV emissions compliant , is rated at 9 @.@ 9 L / 100 km ( 23 @.@ 8 mpg @-@ US ) under the Australian ADR 81 / 01 fuel consumption test . The dual VVT @-@ i 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre 2GR @-@ FE engine paired to Toyota 's six @-@ speed U660E automatic transmission . This same transmission is also utilised by the supercharged TRD variants . These produce 241 kW ( 323 hp ) and 400 N · m ( 295 lb · ft ) , combined with a combined fuel consumption of 10 @.@ 9 L / 100 km ( 21 @.@ 6 mpg @-@ US ) . In some Asian countries where the Aurion is sold as the Toyota Camry , both 2.0- and 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre powerplants are offered . The naturally aspirated 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre engine is also available in some of these markets . The 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre 1AZ @-@ FE inline @-@ four has a maximum output of 108 kW ( 145 hp ) of power and 190 N · m ( 140 lb · ft ) of torque . These figures rise to 127 kW ( 170 hp ) and 224 N · m ( 165 lb · ft ) when the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre 2AZ @-@ FE unit is fitted . Of the two four @-@ cylinder motors , the latter is teamed with Toyota 's five @-@ speed U250E automatic , with the U241E four @-@ speed unit reserved for the 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre model . From circa 2009 , Toyota began offering a new 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre 3ZR @-@ FE inline @-@ four petrol engine in some markets . Producing 102 kW ( 137 hp ) and 189 N · m ( 139 lb · ft ) , the 3ZR @-@ FE was available with the four @-@ speed U241E automatic , or in some markets with a six @-@ speed manual . = = Market = = = = = Australasia = = = Toyota launched the Aurion in Australasia , where it competes with the rear @-@ wheel drive Ford Falcon , Holden Commodore , and the now discontinued front @-@ wheel drive Mitsubishi 380 . The TRD variants were pitched to compete with the Subaru Liberty GT and Mazda 6 MPS . Since its introduction , the Aurion has received numerous awards and positive reviews . In particular , the car has been praised for its good performance mated with comparatively low fuel consumption , and the inclusion of safety and comfort features that are optional on competitor vehicles . Prior to its introduction , a target of 24 @,@ 000 annualised sales were predicted for the Australian market , double that of the Avalon 's eventual sales rate . A further 8 @,@ 000 vehicles were forecast to be sent abroad to the Middle East and New Zealand . Starting from 2007 , Toyota received a contract to deliver 10 @,@ 000 export Aurions to the Middle East . The Aurion was also judged best large car in the Drive Car of the Year competition for both 2006 , 2007 and 2009 . Specification levels AT @-@ X : Marketed primarily towards fleets buyers , the entry @-@ level AT @-@ X features air conditioning , power windows and mirrors , among others . The Aurion AT @-@ X was awarded the Australia 's Best Large Car award in 2006 and 2007 ; judges described the Aurion as " ... a terrific well @-@ rounded package of technology and refinement . Toyota has produced a big six that has continued to outstrip traditional rivals in the Australian market . " Sportivo : Available in two flavours for the Australian market , the Sportivo is the Aurion 's sports oriented variant . The introductory Sportivo SX6 features a specially designed sports body kit , sports suspension , sports seats and 17 @-@ inch alloy wheels and tinted sports headlights . The Sportivo ZR6 also shares the same " Sportivo " exterior design , but is specified high , with electrically adjustable leather sports seats , parking sensors and dual @-@ zone climate control air conditioning . Prodigy : Building onto what the AT @-@ X offers , the semi @-@ luxury Prodigy , branded the Touring in New Zealand and the Middle East , features an electrically adjustable driver 's seat , dual @-@ zone climate control air conditioning , parking sensors , wood grain interior and full leather upholstery . The Prodigy also sees a chrome grille , and 16 @-@ inch alloy wheels along with front fog lamps as standard . Presara : the luxury @-@ oriented Presara features a lavishly appointed interior with features such as electric seats with a two @-@ memory setting , a moonroof , push @-@ start engine operation , a reversing camera , and satellite navigation . The Presara , marketed under the Grande moniker in New Zealand and the Middle East , also features high @-@ intensity discharge headlamps with auto levelling front lighting system . When reversing , the side mirrors face down towards the ground ( unless the mirror adjustment switch is in the off position ) to assist the driver when parking in places where space is compromised . Toyota Australia released the special edition " Touring SE " in October 2007 , based on the AT @-@ X. Features gained over the AT @-@ X comprised 16 @-@ inch alloy wheels , a rear spoiler , six CD stacker , a trip computer , dual zone climate control air @-@ conditioning and a leather steering wheel and selection lever . Front and rear parking sensors , and dual @-@ zone air conditioning were also fitted . The Touring SE was reintroduced in identical form in April 2008 , again in October 2008 , and then finally in April 2009 . These 2009 versions differed slightly , with 17- in lieu of 16 @-@ inch wheels , the Sportivo grille , and sports front and rear lights . The price remains unchanged from the 2007 original . At the same time , a Touring SE variant of the Camry sedan was released with similar upgrades . In 2011 , a special edition of the Aurion , called the " White LE " was released with only 250 built . The model is based on the Prodigy , however , features a unique exterior and interior combination . The White LE is painted white and has unique alloy wheels , similar to those found on the Australian version Camry Grande . The bodykit is from the Sportivo viarants and the model has unique badging . The interior is a mixture of black and off white on the leather seats and interior panels . = = = = TRD Aurion = = = = Toyota unveiled the Aurion Sports Concept at the 2006 Australian International Motor Show , held in Sydney . The A $ 8 million concept car was a styling exercise previewing the TRD Aurion , which was subsequently released in August 2007 . TRD 's first experiment with supercharger technology was with the Toyota Camry @-@ based 2005 TS @-@ 01 concept . The project 's exterior design manager was Lee Moran , a former Ford Australia designer . He was chosen by Toyota Styling Australia chief Paul Berninger in 2005 . One of Moran 's focuses was to reduce the size of the grille and add emphasis to the front bumper line below it . This was done so the car had more of a Formula One oriented look . In the Toyota wind tunnel in Japan , the vehicle 's drag coefficient was confirmed at 0 @.@ 30 , meaning that the car would operate better aerodynamically than its non @-@ TRD variants . The TRD also features bold exterior additions that differentiate it with the standard Aurion range , such as exhaust pipes integrated into the bumper , tinted taillight lenses , and a unique bodykit . Along with the supercharged 3 @.@ 5 @-@ litre V6 engine outputting 241 kW ( 323 hp ) of power and 400 N · m ( 295 lb · ft ) of torque , the TRD also incorporates an upgraded suspension system and tyres over the standard Aurion models to improve car handling . Toyota Australia planned to sell 50 to 70 TRD Aurion units per month with the majority of the sales coming from Australia . However , the project was unsuccessful , and as of 31 March 2009 , TRD Australia halted production of the Aurion TRD ( and TRD Hilux ) , and the division was shut down . When available , the range comprised two variants , the 3500S and 3500SL . The former features performance mufflers , 19 @-@ inch alloy wheels , red alcantara leather seats with black alcantara fabric bolsters and other high @-@ performance upgrades . The range @-@ topping 3500SL adds clearance and reverse parking sensors , dual @-@ zone climate control air conditioning , a colour @-@ coded transmission selection lever , and an eight @-@ way adjustable driver 's seat . Furthermore , the SL gains an aluminium rear bumper reinforcement addition , and is the first production car in the world to use the Eaton twin @-@ vortices supercharger . This substantially reduces engine noise while bringing gains to power and torque . = = = Asia = = = Toyota also manufactures and markets the Aurion in parts of East and Southeast Asia , where it is marketed under the Toyota Camry branding . This model gets a redesigned grille and is marketed under different trim levels to their Australasian counterparts . Although these vary from country to country , the range consists of the following models in some markets : 2 @.@ 0 E , 2 @.@ 0 G , 2 @.@ 4 E , 2 @.@ 4 G , 2 @.@ 4 Sportivo , 2 @.@ 4 V , 3 @.@ 5 V , and 3 @.@ 5 Q. The decimal in the nomenclature denotes the engine displacement , with the letter representing the level of luxury . In China , the Camry was unveiled in late April 2006 and commenced production in May . The Camry is sold in two variants — the 200 and 240 . The 200 variant is mated to the 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre 1AZ @-@ FE while 240 variant gets the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre 2AZ @-@ FE . The range consisted of the 200E , 200GVP , 200G , 200GN , 200GGB , 240GVP , 240G , 240GN , 240GGB , 240V , 240VN and the 240VGB . Transmission choices were the four @-@ speed automatic transmission for the 200 models and the five @-@ speed automatic for the 240 models . The Camry Hybrid was introduced in April 2010 . In Thailand , the 2 @.@ 0 @-@ litre models are available in two trim packages : the 2 @.@ 0 E and 2 @.@ 0 G. The 2 @.@ 4 variant is also available in Malaysia , utilizing the 2AZ @-@ FE engine model . The output of this 2 @.@ 4 V model is 123 kW ( 165 hp ) at 6000 rpm with 224 N · m ( 165 lb · ft ) of torque at 4000 rpm . In Indonesia , the Camry is offered with two engines , the four @-@ cylinder mated to a five @-@ speed automatic transmission . This engine is offered in G and V trims . The other engine is the V6 engine mated to a six @-@ speed automatic transmission . This engine is only offered in the top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line Q trim . The Camry has enjoyed success in Indonesia , being the best selling car in its class . The 2 @.@ 4 V and 3 @.@ 5 Q models have been used extensively by the Indonesian government , owning thousands of Camrys in their fleet . The Camry in the Philippines offers three grades : the base G , offering a 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre engine mated to a five @-@ speed automatic transmission , has 2 SRS airbags , has fabric seats and has a foot @-@ type parking brake . The 2 @.@ 4 V is almost the same as the G variant , however , it has a 4 @-@ spoke steering wheel with wood grain , 2 SRS airbags , and has a leather @-@ wrapped wood grain with chrome shift lever and knob . The 3 @.@ 5 Q is the top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line segment , offering a 3 @.@ 5 2GR @-@ FE V6 , 24V , DOHC and dual VVT @-@ i . It is mated to a six @-@ speed gate @-@ type automatic transmission , adaptive front lighting system , automatic rain sensor , dual exhaust tail pipe , tri @-@ color / Optitron with multi @-@ information display , 2 SRS front airbags , side SRS airbags , and a push start system . All of the variants has an integrated type / tuner / in @-@ dash 6 CD changer / MP3 / WMA . All of the variants use a foot @-@ type parking brake , welcome the driver whenever the ignition is set to " ON " , displaying on the central console " Welcome to Camry " . All of the variants also have 4 front and 2 rear speakers . In Thailand , the hybrid Camry has been available since 2009 . Its unique and differs it from other Camry hybrids because the petrol version of the Thai Camry is built using the Aurion fascia , the hybrid version also makes use of the same body . In Vietnam , the Toyota Aurion was introduced in 2006 and has been available only in sedan form with two different trims : Camry 2 @.@ 4 G and 3 @.@ 5 Q. The 2 @.@ 4 G trim comes with the 2 @.@ 4 @-@ litre engine rated 165 hp ( 123 kW ) and a 5 @-@ speed automatic gear box while the 3 @.@ 5 Q trim is equipped with a 3.5L 2GR @-@ FE engine rated 273 @.@ 5 hp ( 204 kW ) ( SAE net ) and a 6 @-@ speed automatic transmission standard . The two trims come with many safety features including brake assist system , Electronic brake @-@ force distribution ( EBD ) , vehicle stability control ( VSC ) and front and side airbags The Vietnamese Camry is produced at the Toyota production plant in Phúc Yên , Vĩnh Phú .
= HMS Cyclops ( 1871 ) = HMS Cyclops was the lead ship of the Cyclops @-@ class breastwork monitors built for the Royal Navy during the 1870s . The ships were ordered to satisfy demands for local defence during the war scare of 1870 , but the pace of construction slowed down tremendously as the perceived threat of war declined . The ship spent most of her career in reserve ; her only sustained period in commission was four months in Portland Harbour , during the Russo @-@ Turkish War in 1878 when the British were trying to force the Russians to end the war without allowing them to seize Constantinople . Cyclops was sold for scrap in 1903 . = = Design and description = = The Cyclops @-@ class ships were modified versions of the Cerberus class . The ships had a length between perpendiculars of 225 feet ( 68 @.@ 6 m ) , a beam of 45 feet ( 13 @.@ 7 m ) , and a draught of 16 feet 3 inches ( 4 @.@ 95 m ) at deep load . They displaced 3 @,@ 480 long tons ( 3 @,@ 540 t ) . Their crew consisted of 156 officers and men . The ships had two 4 @-@ cylinder inverted compound steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . The engines produced a total of 1 @,@ 528 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 139 kW ) on 30 December 1871 during the ship 's sea trials which gave her a maximum speed of 10 @.@ 79 knots ( 19 @.@ 98 km / h ; 12 @.@ 42 mph ) . Cyclops carried 250 long tons ( 250 t ) of coal , enough to steam 3 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 600 km ; 3 @,@ 500 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ships mounted four 10 @-@ inch rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . They were mounted on carriages that used hydraulic jacks to elevate and depress the guns . The Cyclops class had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was 8 inches ( 203 mm ) thick amidships and thinned to 6 inches ( 152 mm ) at the ends . The superstructure and conning tower was fully armoured , the reason it was called a breastwork , with 8 – 9 inches ( 203 – 229 mm ) of wrought iron . The gun turrets had 10 inches on their faces and 9 inches on the sides and rear . All of the vertical armour was backed by 9 – 11 inches ( 229 – 279 mm ) of teak . The decks were 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 @.@ 1 mm ) thick . = = Construction = = HMS Cyclops was laid down on 10 September 1870 by the Thames Ironworks in London . She was launched on 18 July 1871 and commissioned in January 1872 . The ship was towed to Devenport that same month for what proved to be a very lengthy fitting out period that was not completed until 4 May 1877 . Cyclops cost £ 156 @,@ 782 to build . = = = Refit = = = Although a recommendation had been made while the ships were still under construction to extend the superstructure out to the sides of the ship to improve their stability and habitability , this was not acted upon until they were refitted during the 1880s . This refit also strengthened the breastwork and upper decks , added another watertight bulkhead as well as a false keel . Four quick @-@ firing 3 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns were added on the breastwork for torpedo boat defence as well as five machine guns and several searchlights . This increased their crew to approximately 191 men and added 80 long tons ( 81 t ) to their displacement . = = Service = = HMS Cyclops was the third ship to be completed , although she was the lead ship of the class . She was placed in 1st Class Reserve after her completion . The ship , along with her sisters , was commissioned between April and August 1878 during the Russo @-@ Turkish War for service with Admiral Sir Cooper Key 's Particular Service Squadron in Portland Harbour . Cyclops was paid off at Chatham in August 1878 and refitted in 1887 – 89 . All four ships of the class participated in the annual fleet manoeuvers in 1887 , 1889 – 90 and 1892 ; in between times they were in Fleet Reserve . HMS Cyclops , like all of her sisters , was placed on the non @-@ effective list in January 1902 , transferred to the E Division of the Dockyard Reserve at Sheerness in May 1902 , and sold on 7 July 1903 for £ 8 @,@ 400 .
= Warburton , Greater Manchester = Warburton is a village and civil parish within the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , England . Historically in Cheshire , Warburton lies on the south bank of the River Mersey between the borough of Warrington and Greater Manchester . In the 21st century , the village remains predominantly rural . Altrincham is the nearest town . According to the 2001 census , the parish had a population of 286 . Warburton has a history of settlement stretching back to the 11th century , with the possibility of earlier habitation . There are 17 listed buildings in the village , including the timber framed Grade I Church of St Werburgh , which is at least 700 years old . Among the other listed buildings are examples of architect John Douglas ' work , including the second Church of St Werburgh , built in 1883 . In 2006 , Time Team excavated in the lands of Moss Brow Farm in Warburton , looking for a Roman fortlet . = = History = = Some limited evidence has been found of activity on the site of Warburton dating from the Bronze Age , through the Iron Age and Roman periods ; these include a flint blade , six Mesolithic tools , pieces of quernstone , and a snake bracelet . Archaeological evidence indicates that the area around Warburton has been used agriculturally since at least the Roman times . In the Domesday Book , the name was Warburgtune which name has evolved to today 's ' Warburton ' . The suffix – ton means a settlement or farmstead in Old English , indicating that the settlement has pre @-@ Conquest origins . It has been suggested that Warburton was the site of an Anglo @-@ Saxon burgh or defended settlement , possibly either called " Toppingburgh " orWeard byrig , established by Aethelflaed , Queen of the Mercians , in 915 during the wars with the Vikings . However , it now seems likely that site lay on the Wales – Cheshire border . The first documented reference to Warburton occurs in the Domesday Book , where the two manors of Warburton were recorded ; the manors were united by the late 12th century . Before the Norman conquest , the area was controlled by the Anglo @-@ Saxon thegn Aelfward . Although the Domesday Book records no church in Warburton , it is possible that the church dedicated to Saint Werburgh is pre @-@ Conquest . The omission of the church may not be significant , as not all pre @-@ Conquest churches or chapels were recorded in the Domesday survey . The first documented evidence of a church in Warburton was in a deed of 1187 , when it was a chapel of ease for the parish of Lymm . Warburton became a separate parish in the 13th century . The church is surrounded by a ditch and bank , probably dating to at least the 14th century . Warburton is also the site of a medieval priory , near the Church of St Werburgh ; although the priory was only formed in the 13th century , it was dissolved in 1270 . Warburton was predominantly a farming village during the medieval period . The north western corner of the township was used as a deer park . Warburton grew as an agricultural town during the medieval period , and it remained almost untouched by the Industrial Revolution ; this is reflected in the population change between 1801 and 1901 , dropping from 466 to 403 , with little variation at a time when the rest of Trafford was expanding rapidly . = = Governance = = The civil parish of Warburton was created in 1894 , under the Local Government Act 1894 and has its own parish council . Warburton became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Trafford in 1974 upon the borough 's creation , but was previously in Bucklow Rural District . The village is part of the Bowdon electoral ward ; as of the 2012 local elections the councillors for the Bowdon ward are all Conservative . Warburton lies in the Altrincham and Sale West constituency , and in the North West England constituency of the European Parliament . Since the formation of the Altrincham and Sale West constituency in 1997 it had been represented in the House of Commons by the Conservative MP Graham Brady . = = Geography = = The village of Lymm lies to the south west of Warburton in the borough of Warrington , with the River Bollin forming the border between the two villages . The Bollin joins the River Mersey in the village ; however the Mersey in Warburton has dried up , as it was diverted into the Manchester Ship Canal further upstream . To the east lie Dunham Town , Dunham Massey , Bowdon and Altrincham , with Little Bollington to the south , and Partington and Urmston to the north . The local geology is lower keuper marl , with a ridge of sand and gravel running from Warburton to Dunham . = = Transport = = The main roads running through Warburton are the A6144 and B5159 . Two local bus services , 5 ( operated by Warrington Borough Transport ) and 38 ( operated by Warrington Coachways ) link Warburton with Warrington and Altrincham . = = Demography = = At the 2001 UK census , Warburton had a total population of 286 . For every 100 females , there were 121 @.@ 7 males . The average household size was 2 @.@ 44 . Of those aged 16 – 74 in Warburton , 43 @.@ 2 % had no academic qualifications or one GCSE , similar to the figures for all of Trafford ( 40 @.@ 8 % ) and in England ( 45 @.@ 5 % ) . According to the census , 1 @.@ 40 % were unemployed and 33 @.@ 49 % were economically inactive . 16 @.@ 43 % of the population were under the age of 16 and 6 @.@ 64 % were aged 75 and over ; the mean age of the people of Warburton was 43 @.@ 03 . 69 @.@ 34 % of residents described their health as ' good ' . = = = Population change = = = = = Landmarks = = = = = Churches = = = Warburton has two churches of note . St Werburgh 's ( grid reference SJ696895 ) is a timber framed church and a Grade I Listed Building , one of six in Trafford . Of the 29 timber framed churches that survive in England and Wales , St Werbugh 's is one of the oldest . The church dates to at least the 14th century , and may be built on the site of an earlier Saxon chapel . It is rarely used for worship but is accessible to visitors . The church features an early @-@ 17th @-@ century font , a Jacobean pulpit , and a 1645 altar . Nearby are the remains of the old village cross , complete with stocks whose wooden restraints are modern , though the supporting pillars are much older . The other church in Warburton , also dedicated to St Werburgh , was built in 1883 by John Douglas and is a Grade II Listed Building . The church is made of red sandstone with a clay tile roof . = = = Grade II listed buildings = = = As well as the two churches dedicated to Saint Werburgh , there are 15 other Grade II listed buildings . The parish rooms and caretaker 's house were built in 1889 , and designed by John Douglas . Also built in the village by Douglas was the post office in 1893 , and Warburton School in 1871 – 72 ; this has been converted to a residence but still features crucks supporting the roof . Some farm buildings in Warburton are also listed , including the farmhouse on Moss Lane . The barn is 18th @-@ century but features crucks which may be 17th @-@ century or earlier . The timber framed farm building on Park Road is 17th @-@ century in origin ; the late @-@ 18th @-@ century farmhouse on Warburton Lane was made with Flemish bond brick and has a slate roof . The barn on Paddock Lane dates from the 17th century . Also on Paddock Lane are two farmhouses : one was built in 1717 by Thomas Egerton and features an inglenook fireplace ; the other is Wigsey Farmhouse which was originally built in the 17th century with later additions , including a 19th @-@ century porch . The building on Warburton Lane near Villa Farmhouse was originally a timber framed building from the 16th or early 17th century . The house features late @-@ 16th- or early @-@ 17th @-@ century frescos of a woman , possibly St Werburgh , with two geese and a rose . There is the base of a stone cross on Townfield Lane , and wooden stocks nearby , probably dating from the 17th century . One of the more unusual listed structures in Warburton is the 25 m stretch of wall constructed from flagstones , probably built in the 18th or 19th century . There are two listed structures in the grounds of the old Church of St Werburgh : a lychgate from the late 19th century , and a sundial from 1765 . = = = Warburton Toll Bridge = = = Warburton Bridge is a privately owned statutory tolled undertaking which incorporates a public highway road length . The high @-@ level cantilever bridge crosses the Manchester Ship Canal on the B5159 road , connecting the A57 with the A6144 , and was commissioned under the Rixton & Warburton Bridge Act 1863 . The original stone bridge spanned the River Mersey prior to its later diversion into the Manchester Ship Canal . Both bridges and the unadopted approach roads are privately maintained . It is one of the few remaining pre @-@ motorway toll bridges in the United Kingdom , and the only one in Greater Manchester . = = Time Team in Warburton = = Since 1998 , archaeological techniques such as field walking have led to the discovery of finds ranging in age from prehistoric flints and Bronze Age axe heads to Roman and late medieval finds . Featuring prominently amongst these finds were Roman artefacts including coins , broaches and a snake bracelet . At the invitation of local historian Jim Balme , Time Team excavated in Warburton in September 2006 . They were searching for a Roman fortlet that previous archaeological digs by South Trafford Archaeological Group ( STAG ) indicated might be present . Though no evidence of a Roman fortlet was found , the discovery of strip lynchets indicates that there was a Romano @-@ British farm in Warburton . The presence of Roman finds was explained as rubbish , mixed in with manure to be spread on the crops .
= What Lies Ahead = " What Lies Ahead " is the first episode of the second season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead . It originally aired on AMC in the United States on October 16 , 2011 . It was written by series developer Frank Darabont ( under the pseudonym Ardeth Bey ) and series creator Robert Kirkman , and directed by Gwyneth Horder @-@ Payton and Ernest Dickerson . In this episode , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) leads his group toward Fort Benning , Georgia , but during an encounter with a herd of zombies , colloquially referred to as " walkers " , Sophia Peletier ( Madison Lintz ) goes missing , and a search group is formed . " What Lies Ahead " was the last episode written by Darabont , who had been fired from the show in July 2011 . It was first previewed at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego on July 22 , 2011 . Production commenced in June 2011 . Unlike the first season , most of the principal photography for " What Lies Ahead " took place outside the city limits of Atlanta , Georgia ; filming took place in Smyrna and Henry County , Georgia . Before its first airing , several segments were announced and broadcast , including a six @-@ part internet series and a live after @-@ show hosted by Chris Hardwick . " What Lies Ahead " was well received by television critics , who said it made a strong start to the season . Ratings were similarly positive : in the United States , it broke the record for the most @-@ watched drama in the history of basic cable , attaining 7 @.@ 3 million viewers . Worldwide , it averaged a 2 @.@ 0 rating in most television markets . = = Plot = = After the destruction of the Center for Disease Control ( CDC ) in Atlanta , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and the survivors decide to travel to Fort Benning . Their group consists of Rick , his wife Lori Grimes ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , his son Carl Grimes ( Chandler Riggs ) , Carol Peletier ( Melissa McBride ) and her daughter Sophia ( Madison Lintz ) , Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) , Dale Horvath ( Jeffrey DeMunn ) , Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) , Glenn Rhee ( Steven Yeun ) , Theodore " T @-@ Dog " Douglas ( IronE Singleton ) , and Daryl Dixon ( Norman Reedus ) . Before leaving Rick tries one last time to contact Morgan Jones ( Lennie James ) and tells him to be safe but doesn 't reach him . The group encounters a blockade of abandoned vehicles , and Dale 's RV breaks down . Dale and Glenn try to repair the vehicle , while the rest search for food , water , and clothing . A large herd of walkers appears in the distance , prompting the survivors to seek shelter under abandoned vehicles . Andrea is trapped in the bathroom of an RV , where a walker discovers her . Dale hands her a screwdriver through an opening in the truck 's roof , and Andrea uses it to vanquish the walker . Meanwhile , T @-@ Dog slices his arm , attracting walkers to his trail of blood . Daryl rescues him by stabbing a walker , and they hide under nearby corpses , whose scent protects them . Two walkers spot Sophia hiding under a car and chase her into the woods . Rick pursues them , catches Sophia , and urges her to seek refuge in a hole near the riverbed while he distracts the walkers . Once Rick does so , Sophia escapes . While the others continue to clear the blockade of cars , Shane tells Lori he plans to leave the group on his own accord . Daryl and Rick fail to track Sophia down and the search is temporarily called off . A frantic and distraught Carol blames Rick for losing Sophia , exacerbating the guilt he already feels . The search for Sophia resumes the next morning . Andrea argues with Dale , requesting her gun for the search , and claiming his decision to stay with her at the CDC deprived her of the choice to end her life on her own terms . The group arrives at a church and kills the three walkers inside . Afterward , Lori and Carol go inside to pray . Carol begs for forgiveness and for Sophia 's safe recovery . Andrea overhears Shane arguing with Lori about his plans to leave , and Andrea tells him she is willing to go with him . As the tension heightens , Rick questions his position as leader of the group . He also decides to go into the church to pray . At the altar , where a statue of Jesus stands , Rick asks God to give him a sign that he is making the right decisions . Rick , Carl , and Shane discover a deer in the woods . Rick is initially in awe and takes this rare sighting as the sign he 'd petitioned God for , but as Carl approaches the deer a gun is fired and the bullet passes through the deer and hits Carl 's stomach . With his tenuous faith shattered , Rick frantically rushes to his severely injured son . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = An early concept for the season premiere by Frank Darabont never materialized , allegedly as a result of budget cuts . This initial idea would have been an episode @-@ long flashback , illustrating the fall of Atlanta and centering on the mission of a doomed soldier who loses his team . Darabont was influenced by the American war film Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) . " All they have to do is travel maybe a dozen blocks " , he said , " a simple journey , but what starts as a no @-@ brainer scenario goes from ' the city is being secured ' to ' holy shit , we 've lost control , the world is ending ' . " The episode would have introduced several characters , including Andrea , Dale , and Amy ( Emma Bell ) . The concluding scene would have tied into the pilot episode , " Days Gone Bye " . Darabont says that the episode shows a soldier dying , hidden in a tank , after which there is a " shot @-@ for @-@ shot reprise from the first episode of the first season " . The idea was to tell the soldier 's story , because " every zombie has a story " . Samuel Witwer , who was cast as the soldier in the pilot for this backstory that would eventually unfold , was frustrated by the story 's rejection and questioned the need for such a budget cut . Ultimately , the premiere written and filmed would begin after the events of Season 1 , although a brief flashback scene of Shane and Lori witnessing the fall of Atlanta from a distance would appear during the season . = = = Filming = = = At PaleyFest 2011 , it was announced that the second season of The Walking Dead would mainly be produced outside the city limits of Atlanta , Georgia . Most of the principal photography for " What Lies Ahead " took place in unincorporated Henry County , Georgia on June 5 – 9 , 2011 , using a stretch of Georgia State Route 20 that was closed to traffic for the purpose . On June 8 , 2011 , the first promotional image was released . Darabont described the scene : " At this moment , I ’ m standing on a stretch of post @-@ apocalypse interstate in Georgia , littered with abandoned cars ... " . Principal photography for the episode resumed at the Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre in Smyrna , Georgia , which was depicted as the headquarters of the CDC . Several neighboring roads were closed for 4 hours for it . Production then moved to a nearby office park , where it commenced over a period of sixteen hours . The scene was later cut from the season premiere prior to its broadcast . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , series creator Robert Kirkman said that after editing " there were certain things that just got left on the cutting room floor " . = = = Editing = = = " What Lies Ahead " is an extended premiere , the result of a decision to combine what were originally designed to be the first two episodes of the season . This led to much of the original first episode , titled " Miles Behind Us , " to be discarded , and is also the reason that the premiere contains dual credits for both writer and director . " Miles Behind Us , " which was written by then @-@ showrunner Frank Darabont and directed by Gwyneth Horder @-@ Payton ( an alumnus from the first season ) , began immediately where the Season 1 finale left off , with the group departing the destroyed CDC . Soon after , Shane finds himself left behind when one of the tires of his jeep is punctured . Frantically trying to catch up on foot , he is nearly overrun by a multitude of walkers when he is rescued in the nick of time by the rest of the group , Daryl having noticed Shane 's absence in the convoy . Shane reveals to Rick that despite their slow gait , the walkers do not seem to ever tire , knowledge that informs Rick 's fateful decision to temporarily leave Sophia . The group decides to look for refuge with Guillermo 's gang at the Atlanta nursing home , last encountered in the episode " Vatos , " but arrive to find the location overrun with walkers and the entire group dead . After clearing out the area to spend the night , the group observes that the people were not killed by walkers , but execution @-@ style by human pillagers , in what was likely intended to be foreshadowing of The Governor . Resolving that they will never again let their guard down , the group decides that they will try to reach Fort Benning , the alternative to the CDC proposed by Shane in the prior season . As in the final version of the episode , a narration scene with Rick speaking to Morgan on the walkie @-@ talkie was included , but was re @-@ shot with modified dialog that served to replace the above material , allowing the premiere to begin with the group putting Atlanta behind them . Rick sports his full sheriff 's wardrobe in the reshoot , whereas in the original version he is wearing the white undershirt he was wearing in the Season 1 finale . " Miles Behind Us " was likely meant to end with Rick returning to the highway to break the news to Carol that Sophia went missing , while in the final version the group is informed by implication , with a search in the woods underway following a commercial break . It is estimated that only about fifteen minutes of the original first episode appears in the final cut , with the balance of the premiere consisting of the " second " episode that was written by Robert Kirkman and directed by Ernest Dickerson . Many of the deleted scenes from " Miles Behind Us " appear as bonus material on the Season 2 DVD , though it does not include the events leading up to Shane 's rescue nor the original rooftop walkie @-@ talkie monologue . Footage can also be seen in the Comic @-@ Con trailer . The original title was seen on early marketing material for the season before the decision was made to " cannibalize " the original premiere into what would become " What Lies Ahead . " Following in the tradition established by the pilot , " Miles Behind Us " was taken from the title of the first issue of the second volume of the graphic novel . In the Season 2 DVD commentary , Robert Kirkman and Glen Mazzara described the decision to retool the premiere in such a dramatic way as an amicable decision agreed upon between both the producers and AMC to make the premiere more of an " event " as well as to push the story forward . However , reports at the time had suggested that the situation was the result of strife between Frank Darabont and AMC , who deemed footage from the first episode " unusable , " with some speculating that the network was looking for a " pretense " to oust Darabont due to its ongoing conflict with the showrunner over budget cuts . Darabont was ultimately fired from the show only a few episodes into production ( " Ardeth Bey , " as he is credited as co @-@ writer on the premiere , is a pseudonym ) , and Horder @-@ Payton has directed no further episodes of the series . Not knowing at the time that he would be referring to deleted scenes , Andrew Lincoln told Entertainment Weekly , " I remember going on set for the season premiere and seeing a couple of the prop guys , and they just looked at me as they gave me my gun and they went , ' You know , in this episode we kill more zombies than in the whole of Season 1 . ' They actually counted the kills ! And when it came time for the taking @-@ of @-@ the @-@ courtyard scene , that was just carnage . " He added , " It really wasn 't that well plotted . We just got sent zombies towards us and we had to improvise stabbing , so it was a bit touch @-@ and @-@ go from time to time . " Similarly , Neil Brown Jr . , the actor who plays Guillermo , gave an interview where he obliquely referred to possible participation in the Season 2 premiere . This ultimately never made it to the screen . = = = Marketing = = = " What Lies Ahead " was heavily promoted in the months before its premiere . A four @-@ minute trailer was released at San Diego Comic @-@ Con International on July 22 , 2011 , and a one @-@ minute preview was broadcast on July 27 , 2011 , during the season @-@ 4 premiere of Breaking Bad , in which Grimes kills two zombies with a rock . A six @-@ part internet series was broadcast on AMC on October 3 , 2011 . It showed the events before the zombie outbreak from the perspective of a woman named Hannah , who appeared in the first episode . On the same day , a screening of " What Lies Ahead " commenced at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles . After the premiere of the episode , a live after @-@ show titled Talking Dead was broadcast , hosted by Chris Hardwick . This is one of the last episodes of The Walking Dead to feature Darabont as an executive producer and the showrunner . In July 2011 he stepped down as showrunner . Initial reports suggested that he was unable to adjust to the schedule of running a television series , but it was later confirmed that he was fired because of the show 's reduced budget and his strained relationship with the executives of AMC . In addition to the main cast , Melissa McBride reprised her role as Carol Peletier , IronE Singleton reprised his role as T @-@ Dog , and Madison Lintz reprised her role as Sophia Peletier . All three were promoted to the recurring cast , as was Norman Reedus . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " What Lies Ahead " was first broadcast in the United States on October 16 , 2011 , on AMC . It received 7 @.@ 3 million viewers and attained a 4.8HH rating , breaking the record for the most @-@ watched drama in the history of cable television . It received the second highest viewership of the week ending October 16 , scoring higher than Jersey Shore but less than a 2011 NFL season game between the Detroit Lions and the Chicago Bears . " What Lies Ahead " achieved similar feats , attaining a 3 @.@ 8 rating — translating to 4 @.@ 8 million viewers — in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . In the 25 – 54 demographic , it garnered 4 @.@ 2 million viewers . Total viewership after two encore presentations was 11 million viewers , an increase of 38 % over the series premiere , " Days Gone Bye " , which got 5 @.@ 35 million viewers on its initial airing . Viewership in the 18 – 49 demographic showed similar increases , having nearly doubled from the series premiere . The episode received a similar response in international markets . It premiered in 122 countries in thirty @-@ five languages , with a total viewership of 10 million and an average rating of 2 @.@ 0 in most metered television markets . It was first broadcast in Spain on October 17 , 2011 , to an estimated 432 @,@ 000 viewers , nearly 73 % of them in the 18 – 49 demographic . Total viewership increased 411 % from the previous season 's premiere . The episode 's first UK broadcast received 693 @,@ 300 viewers and achieved a 2 @.@ 204 rating in the 18 – 34 demographic . An estimated 439 @,@ 800 viewers were in the 18 – 49 demographic , making it the second highest rated show of the week on FX . Total viewership in Mexico increased by 30 % from the previous season 's premiere , translating to 296 @,@ 090 . It became the highest @-@ rated program of the night on pay television . It was also the highest @-@ rated pay television program of the night in its timeslot in Colombia , attaining 296 @,@ 950 viewers and achieving a 2 @.@ 57 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , or 92 @,@ 240 viewers . In Italy , it was the highest @-@ rated program amongst men in the 18 – 49 demographic and the second most viewed program in its timeslot . The episode 's performance sparked reactions from several executives of the series ' broadcasting affiliates . Hernan Lopez , CEO of Fox International Channels ( FIC ) , commented , " The Walking Dead has gone from phenomenon to pandemic . The numbers that came in [ that ] week combined with the astounding launch results in the US [ told ] us that the virus is now out of control . " Charlie Collier , president of AMC , felt that The Walking Dead was a rarity that successfully reached its core audience as well as broadening its fanbase , saying , " That The Walking Dead is now the most watched drama in the history of basic cable is staggering , just like our zombies . " = = = Critical response = = = " What Lies Ahead " was met with general acclaim from television critics . Gina McIntyre of the Los Angeles Times felt it was the series ' best installment , calling it " thrilling " and " heart @-@ wrenching " . Similar sentiments were echoed by Josh Jackson of Paste , who gave the episode an 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 — a " commendable " rating . Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly liked what he called the " casual " atmosphere of the opening scene and described the ending as " daring " . IGN 's Eric Goldman felt the episode got the second season off to a strong start ; he gave the episode 8 out of 10 — a " great " rating . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post found the pace of this episode " sleeker " than that of previous ones , adding , " This has the subtle but immediate effect of making The Walking Dead less predictable and more frightening . " Derek Boeckelmann of Daily Nexus commended the episode , deeming it " frighteningly good " . He praised the performances of Holden and Reedus and described the former as one of the show 's strongest characters . David Chute of Indiewire approved of the special effects and commended the highway sequence , saying , " a sequence in which the humans hide under the wrecked cars in a freeway pileup , able to see only the feet of the flesh eaters shuffling past , is a classic nail @-@ biter . " David Hickley of Daily News gave " What Lies Ahead " three out of five stars and expressed the view : " The Walking Dead may be under new management , but it seems to have kept its rhythm , moving easily between bursts of intense violence and long stretches of psychological sparring . " The Hollywood Reporter writer Tim Goodman concurred . " It 's 90 minutes of skill " , he wrote , " bringing viewers back into the story without missing a beat , adding immediate depth to characters , ratcheting up suspense [ ... ] , plus expanding the emotional palette of the series . " In his 3 @.@ 5 @-@ star review , John Griffiths of Us Weekly liked the personal dynamics almost as much as the bloodthirstiness . Some critics were less enthusiastic about the episode . Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave it a B + grade ; he praised the horror sequences in the episode , but called the character development " tepid " . " At the very least " , he wrote , " the show does a fine job working within its restrictions . There are a handful of absolutely top @-@ notch set pieces in [ ' What Lies Ahead ' ] , starting with an attack on the highway that seems to go on forever . " Alex Hanno of The Tufts Daily felt that , although entertaining , the plot lacked " a much needed rush of energy " . He gave it 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . Likewise , Nick Venable of Cinema Blend wrote : " I won 't say I got bored , but much of the episode left me unmoved , and far less tense than I should have been . " = = = Awards = = = This episode won a Creative Arts Emmy Award on the 64th Primetime Emmy Awards , for Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Miniseries , Movie or a Special . It was the second award in this category for the series , after Gregory Nicotero and his team were awarded for the first season premiere , " Days Gone Bye " .
= Skaði = In Norse mythology , Skaði ( sometimes anglicized as Skadi , Skade , or Skathi ) is a jötunn and goddess associated with bowhunting , skiing , winter , and mountains . Skaði is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and in Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson , and in the works of skalds . In all sources , Skaði is the daughter of the deceased Þjazi , and Skaði married the god Njörðr as part of the compensation provided by the gods for killing her father Þjazi . In Heimskringla , Skaði is described as having split up with Njörðr and as later having married the god Odin , and that the two produced many children together . In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda , Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent that drips venom onto the bound Loki . Skaði is alternately referred to as Öndurguð ( Old Norse " ski god " ) and Öndurdís ( Old Norse " ski dís " , often translated as " lady " ) . The etymology of the name Skaði is uncertain , but may be connected with the original form of Scandinavia . Some place names in Scandinavia , particularly in Sweden , refer to Skaði . Scholars have theorized a potential connection between Skaði and the god Ullr ( who is also associated with skiing and appears most frequently in place names in Sweden ) , a particular relationship with the jötunn Loki , and that Scandinavia may be related to the name Skaði ( potentially meaning " Skaði 's island " ) or the name may be connected to an Old Norse noun meaning " harm " . Skaði has inspired various works of art . = = Etymology = = The Old Norse name Skaði , along with Sca ( n ) dinavia and Skáney , may be related to Gothic skadus , Old English sceadu , Old Saxon scado , and Old High German scato ( meaning " shadow " ) . Scholar John McKinnell comments that this etymology suggests Skaði may have once been a personification of the geographical region of Scandinavia or associated with the underworld . Georges Dumézil disagrees with the notion of Scadin @-@ avia as etymologically " the island of the goddess Skaði . " Dumézil comments that the first element Scadin must have had — or once had — a connection to " darkness " " or something else we cannot be sure of " . Dumézil says that , rather , the name Skaði derives from the name of the geographical region , which was at the time no longer completely understood . In connection , Dumézil points to a parallel in Ériu , a goddess personifying Ireland that appears in some Irish texts , whose name he says comes from Ireland rather than the other way around . Alternatively , Skaði may be connected with the Old Norse noun skaði ( " harm " ) , source of the Icelandic and Faroese skaði ( “ harm , damage ” ) and cognate with obsolete English scathe , which survives in unscathed and scathing . = = Attestations = = Skaði is attested in poems found in the Poetic Edda , in two books of the Prose Edda and in one Heimskringla book . = = = Poetic Edda = = = In the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál , the god Odin ( disguised as Grímnir ) reveals to the young Agnarr the existence of twelve locations . Odin mentions the location Þrymheimr sixth in a single stanza . In the stanza , Odin details that the jötunn Þjazi once lived there , and that now his daughter Skaði does . Odin describes Þrymheimr as consisting of " ancient courts " and refers to Skaði as " the shining bride of the gods " . In the prose introduction to the poem Skírnismál , the god Freyr has become heartsick for a fair girl ( the jötunn Gerðr ) he has spotted in Jötunheimr . The god Njörðr asks Freyr 's servant Skírnir to talk to Freyr , and in the first stanza of the poem , Skaði also tells Skírnir to ask Freyr why he is so upset . Skírnir responds that he expects harsh words from their son Freyr . In the prose introduction to the poem Lokasenna , Skaði is referred to as the wife of Njörðr and is cited as one of the goddesses attending Ægir 's feast . After Loki has an exchange with the god Heimdallr , Skaði interjects . Skaði tells Loki that he is " light @-@ hearted " and that Loki will not be " playing [ ... ] with [ his ] tail wagging free " for much longer , for soon the gods will bind Loki to a sharp rock with the ice @-@ cold entrails of his son . Loki responds that , even if this is so , he was " first and foremost " at the killing of Þjazi . Skaði responds that , if this is so , " baneful advice " will always flow from her " sanctuaries and plains " . Loki responds that Skaði was more friendly in speech when Skaði was in his bed — an accusation he makes to most of the goddesses in the poem and is not attested elsewhere . Loki 's flyting then turns to the goddess Sif . In the prose section at the end of Lokasenna , the gods catch Loki and bind him with the innards of his son Nari , while they turn his son Narfi into a wolf . Skaði places a venomous snake above Loki 's face . Venom drips from the snake and Loki 's wife Sigyn sits and holds a basin beneath the serpent , catching the venom . When the basin is full , Sigyn must empty it , and during that time the snake venom falls on to Loki 's face , causing him to writhe in a tremendous fury , so much so that all earthquakes stem from Loki 's writhings . In the poem Hyndluljóð , the female jötunn Hyndla tells the goddess Freyja various mythological genealogies . In one stanza , Hyndla notes that Þjazi " loved to shoot " and that Skaði was his daughter . = = = Prose Edda = = = In the Prose Edda , Skaði is attested in two books : Gylfaginning and Skáldskaparmál . = = = = Gylfaginning = = = = In chapter 23 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of High details that Njörðr 's wife is Skaði , that she is the daughter of the jötunn Þjazi , and recounts a tale involving the two . High recalls that Skaði wanted to live in the home once owned by her father called Þrymheimr . However , Njörðr wanted to live nearer to the sea . Subsequently , the two made an agreement that they would spend nine nights in Þrymheimr and then the next three nights in Njörðr 's sea @-@ side home Nóatún ( or nine winters in Þrymheimr and another nine in Nóatún according to the Codex Regius manuscript ) . However , when Njörðr returned from the mountains to Nóatún , he said : " Hateful for me are the mountains , I was not long there , only nine nights . The howling of the wolves sounded ugly to me after the song of the swans . " Skaði responded : " Sleep I could not on the sea beds for the screeching of the bird . That gull wakes me when from the wide sea he comes each morning . " The sources for these stanzas are not provided in the Prose Edda or elsewhere . High says that afterward Skaði went back up to the mountains and lived in Þrymheimr , and there Skaði often travels on skis , wields a bow , and shoots wild animals . High notes that Skaði is also referred to as " ski god " ( Old Norse Öndurgud ) or Öndurdis and the " ski lady " ( Öndurdís ) . In support , the above @-@ mentioned stanza from the Poetic Edda poem Grímnismál is cited . In the next chapter ( 24 ) , High says that " after this " , Njörðr " had two children " : Freyr and Freyja . The name of the mother of the two children is not provided here . At the end of chapter 51 of Gylfaginning , High describes how the gods caught and bound Loki . Skaði is described as having taken a venomous snake and fastening it above the bound Loki , so that the venom may drip on to Loki 's face . Loki 's wife Sigyn sat by his side and held a bowl out . The bowl catches the venom , but when the bowl becomes full Loki writhes in extreme pain , causing the earth to shake and resulting in what we know as an earthquake . = = = = Skáldskaparmál = = = = In chapter 56 of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál , Bragi recounts to Ægir how the gods killed Þjazi . Þjazi 's daughter , Skaði , took a helmet , a coat of mail , and " all weapons of war " and traveled to Asgard , the home of the gods . Upon Skaði 's arrival , the gods wished to atone for her loss and offered compensation . Skaði provides them with her terms of settlement , and the gods agree that Skaði may choose a husband from among themselves . However , Skaði must choose this husband by looking solely at their feet . Skaði saw a pair of feet that she found particularly attractive and said " I choose that one ; there can be little that is ugly about Baldr . " However , the owner of the feet turned out to be Njörðr . Skaði also included in her terms of settlement that the gods must do something she thought impossible for them to do : make her laugh . To do so , Loki tied one end of a cord around the beard of a nanny goat and the other end around his testicles . The goat and Loki drew one another back and forth , both squealing loudly . Loki dropped into Skaði 's lap , and Skaði laughed , completing this part of her atonement . Finally , in compensation to Skaði , Odin took Þjazi 's eyes , plunged them into the sky , and from the eyes made two stars . Further in Skáldskaparmál , a work by the skald Þórðr Sjáreksson is quoted . The poem refers to Skaði as " the wise god @-@ bride " and notes that she " could not love the Van " . Prose below the quote clarifies that this is a reference to Skaði 's leaving of Njörðr . In chapter 16 , names for Loki are given , including " wrangler of Heimdall and Skadi " . In chapter 22 , Skaði is referenced in the 10th century poem Haustlöng where the skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir refers to an ox as " bow @-@ string @-@ Var 's [ Skaði 's ] whale " . In chapter 23 , the skald Bragi Boddason refers to Þjazi as the " father of the ski @-@ dis " . In chapter 32 , Skaði is listed among six goddesses who attend a party held by Ægir . In chapter 75 , Skaði is included among a list of 27 ásynjur names . = = = Heimskringla = = = In chapter 8 of the Heimskringla book Ynglinga saga , Skaði appears in an euhumerized account . This account details that Skaði had once married Njörðr but that she would not have sex with him , and that later Skaði married Odin . Skaði and Odin had " many sons " . Only one of the names of these sons is provided : Sæmingr , a king of Norway . Two stanzas are presented by the skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir in reference . In the first stanza , Skaði is described as a jötunn and a " fair maiden " . A portion of the second stanza is missing . The second stanza reads : Of sea @-@ bones , and sons many the ski @-@ goddess gat with Óthin Lee Hollander explains that " bones @-@ of @-@ the @-@ sea " is a kenning for " rocks " , and believes that this defective stanza undoubtedly referred to Skaði as a " dweller of the rocks " in connection with her association with mountains and skiing . = = Theories = = = = = Völsunga saga = = = Another figure by the name of Skaði who appears in the first chapter of Völsunga saga . In the chapter , this Skaði — who is male — is the owner of a thrall by the name of Breði . Another man , Sigi — a son of Odin — went hunting one winter with the thrall . Sigi and the thrall Breði hunted throughout the day until evening , when they compared their kills . Sigi saw that the thrall 's kills outdid his own , and so Sigi killed Breði and buried Breði 's corpse in a snowdrift.Byock ( 1990 : 35 ) . That night , Sigi returned home and claimed that Breði had ridden out into the forest , that he had lost sight of Breði , and that he furthermore did not know what became of the thrall . Skaði doubted Sigi 's explanation , suspected that Sigi was lying , and that Sigi had instead killed Breði . Skaði gathered men together to look for Breði and the group eventually found the corpse of Breði in a snowdrift . Skaði declared that henceforth the snowdrift should be called " Breði 's drift , " and ever since then people have referred to large snow drifts by that name . The fact that Sigi murdered Breði was evident , and so Sigi was considered an outlaw . Led by Odin , Sigi leaves the land , and Skaði is not mentioned again in the saga . Scholar Jesse Byock notes that the goddess Skaði is also associated with winter and hunting , and that the episode in Volsunga saga involving the male Skaði , Sigi , and Breði has been theorized as stemming from an otherwise lost myth . = = = Other = = = Scholar John Lindow comments that the episode in Gylfaginning detailing Loki 's antics with a goat may have associations with castration and a ritual involving making a goddess laugh . Lindow notes that Loki and Skaði appear to have had a special relationship , an example being Skaði 's placement of the snake over Loki 's face in Lokasenna and Gylfaginning . Due to their shared association with skiing and the fact that both place names referring to Ullr and Skaði appear most frequently in Sweden , some scholars have proposed a particular connection between the two gods . On the other hand , Skaði may potentially be a masculine form and , as a result , some scholars have theorized that Skaði may have originally been a male deity . Scholar Hilda Ellis Davidson proposes that Skaði 's cult may have thrived in Hålogaland , a province in northern Norway , because " she shows characteristics of the Sami people , who were renowned for skiing , shooting with the bow and hunting ; her separation from Njord might point to a split between her cult and that of the Vanir in this region , where Scandinavians and the Sami were in close contact . " = = Modern influence = = Modern works of art depicting Skaði include Skadi und Niurd ( illustration , 1883 ) by K. Ehrenberg and Skadi ( 1901 ) by E. Doepler d . J. Skaði also appears in A. Oehlenschläger 's poem ( 1819 ) Skades Giftermaal . Art deco depictions of both the god Ullr ( 1928 ) and Skaði ( 1929 ) appear on covers of the Swedish ski annual På Skidor , both skiing and wielding bows . E. John B. Allen notes that the deities are portrayed in a manner that " give [ s ] historical authority to this most important of Swedish ski journals , which began publication in 1893 " . A moon of the planet Saturn ( Skathi ) takes its name from that of the goddess . Taking her name from that of the goddess , Skadi is the main character in a web comic by Katie Rice and Luke Cormican on the weekly webcomic site Dumm Comics . The Eye of Skadi is a purchasable item in Dota 2 , a real time action strategy game , by Valve Corporation . Skadi can be summoned as a persona in the Empress Arcana of the Persona series , a JRPG series by Atlus . Skadi is an unlockable huntress in the MOBA Smite . The Rowing Club of Rotterdam is named after Skadi . The Skadi Mons , a mountain on Venus , is named after the goddess . The skiing and alpine club of the Te Ra Waldorf primary school Kapiti New Zealand is named " Te Ra , Skadi " ( after the Maori god of the sun ; and Skadi Ski goddess ) .
= Ohio State Route 701 = State Route 701 ( SR 701 , OH 701 ) is a 8 @.@ 96 @-@ mile ( 14 @.@ 42 km ) east – west state highway in western Ohio , a U.S. state . The state highway 's western terminus is at a T @-@ intersection with SR 309 nearly 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) southeast of Ada . The eastern terminus of State Route 701 is at U.S. Route 68 ( US 68 ) approximately 3 @.@ 50 miles ( 5 @.@ 63 km ) southeast of Dunkirk . Established in the late 1930s , SR 701 is a two @-@ lane route that serves as an eastward continuation of SR 309 , which runs due east out of Lima . SR 701 picks up along the same east – west alignment when SR 309 turns southeasterly in the direction of Kenton . = = Route description = = The entirety of SR 701 runs within rural territory in the northern half of Hardin County . It begins at a T @-@ intersection with SR 309 in the extreme northern portion of Marion Township . The highway runs northeast a short distance before turning due east onto the boundary between Marion and Liberty Townships . For its entire distance , SR 701 passes through vast farmland . In addition , small patches of woods and a number of houses appear along the highway as well . SR 701 intersects County Road 65 ( CR 65 ) and then CR 75 , at which point it becomes the border between Cessna and Washington Townships . As it straddles the boundary between these two townships , SR 701 successively intersects Township Road 85 ( TR 85 ) and TR 87 , followed by split intersections with CR 95 , TR 105 , CR 115 and TR 125 . Upon intersecting CR 135 , SR 701 becomes the separation between Pleasant and Blanchard Townships . The highway crosses a CSX railway line , after which it meets TR 145 prior to arriving at its endpoint at US 68 . Continuing to the east of US 68 following the end of SR 701 is CR 70 . Maintenance of SR 701 falls under the jurisdiction of the Ohio Department of Transportation ( ODOT ) . As a part of its responsibilities maintaining this highway , ODOT conducts surveys to identify the amount of traffic using this and other routes throughout the state highway system . This measurement of traffic volume is known as the average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . The AADT identifies the amount of traffic using a particular stretch of highway on any average day of the year . As determined in a 2010 survey by ODOT , an average of 430 passenger vehicles and 90 commercial vehicles travel the length of SR 701 on a daily basis . SR 701 is not included within the National Highway System ( NHS ) . The NHS is a network of routes that are determined to be most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . = = History = = The SR 701 designation was applied in 1937 . Throughout its history , SR 701 has utilized the same alignment through in the northern half of Hardin County . It has been paved since it was first established . The only change to have taken place related to SR 701 is that the route that it met at its western terminus when first designated was the predecessor to SR 309 , US 30S . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Hardin County .
= Jabari Parker = Jabari Ali Parker ( born March 15 , 1995 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was taken with the second overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft . He ended his college career after one season of playing for Duke University . Parker was a standout high school athlete , helping his team win four straight state championships for Simeon Career Academy , and was named the National High School Player of the Year by Gatorade and McDonald 's . In his freshman year for the 2013 – 14 Duke Blue Devils , he was named a consensus first @-@ team All @-@ American , the USBWA National Freshman of the Year , and the runner @-@ up for the John R. Wooden Award ( College Player of the Year ) . Parker is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints , a native of Chicago , Illinois , and the son of former NBA player , Sonny Parker . = = Early life = = Parker 's family has lived on Chicago 's South Side since before Jabari was born , and he was raised in the South Shore community area . Parker 's father , Sonny , has served hundreds of Chicago metropolitan area children as youth foundation director since 1990 . Parker discovered basketball in one of his father 's many leagues , although his father has never coached one of his teams . He honed his basketball skills with his brother Christian on the basketball court at his local LDS Church meetinghouse in the Hyde Park community area in order to avoid the hazards of urban playgrounds . By second grade his basketball skills were superior to those of the fifth @-@ graders he played with , and he competed in middle school leagues as a fifth grader . He credits his cousin Jay Parker who grew up with him for pushing him to be better going back to when Jabari was in third grade and Jay was in fifth grade . Sometimes , Jabari and Christian played basketball all through the night at the church . Jabari actually made the eighth @-@ grade team as a fourth @-@ grader , but could not play until fifth grade for insurance reasons . In fifth grade , he had five Division I scholarship offers as a 6 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) guard . In sixth grade , when he stood at 6 feet 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) , he visited Simeon for a day and scrimmaged with Derrick Rose . Parker attended Robert A. Black Magnet Elementary and made headlines when he made Simeon Career Academy his high school choice , just like Rose , Nick Anderson , Ben Wilson , Bobby Simmons and Deon Thomas before him . Parker has two older sisters who had attended Simeon . However , he has claimed that the reason he chose Simeon was due to his perception of the likelihood that he could achieve team success on the basketball court ( as measured in championships ) . During the summer after finishing middle school , he received an National Basketball Players Association Top 100 Camp invitation , which he accepted . By this time , he stood at 6 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 93 m ) . = = High school career = = = = = Freshman year = = = Parker was the first freshman to start on the Simeon varsity team in school history . Over the course of the season , he contributed 19 @.@ 3 points per game , 5 @.@ 0 rebounds per game and 3 @.@ 0 assists per game , while his team won the IHSA Class 4A state championship with a 25 – 9 record . By the end of the season , he had received numerous scholarship offers , including those from Illinois , Kansas , DePaul , Pittsburgh , Northwestern , Florida , Washington , BYU and Oregon State as well as significant interest from Kentucky , Duke and North Carolina . He earned the ESPN HS 2010 Freshman of the Year . He was a MaxPreps.com second team 2009 @-@ 10 Boys Basketball Freshman All @-@ American Team selection . = = = Sophomore year = = = As a sophomore , Parker helped his team spend much of the season ranked nationally in the top five . That season , he averaged 15 @.@ 3 points and 5 @.@ 9 rebounds per game , while his team won the IHSA Class 4A state championship with a 30 – 2 record . He earned second team All @-@ State recognition from the Chicago Tribune , while the Chicago Sun @-@ Times listed him as a Class 4A All @-@ State first @-@ team selection with Ryan Boatright , Tracy Abrams , David Sobolewski and Frank Kaminsky . The 12 @-@ man Illinois Basketball Coaches Association Class 3A / 4A boys ' all @-@ state first team included these five and Wayne Blackshear , Johnny Hill , Mike Shaw , Nnanna Egwu , Sam Thompson , Anthony Davis and Mycheal Henry . He earned the ESPN HS 2011 Sophomore of the year . He was a MaxPreps.com first team 2010 @-@ 11 Boys Basketball Sophomore All @-@ American Team selection . = = = Junior year = = = During his junior year preseason , Parker participated in the July 2011 LeBron James Skill Academy , and he was one of a handful of juniors invited to the August 5 – 7 , 2011 5th annual Nike Global Challenge , where he earned tournament MVP honors . During the season , Parker established the Simeon single @-@ game scoring record with 40 points in 21 minutes of play to go along with 16 rebounds and 6 blocked shots against Perspectives High School . As a junior in high school , he received offers from Duke , Kansas , BYU , Kentucky , UNC and others . On February 17 , Parker and Simeon won the Public League championship by defeating Curie Metropolitan High School 53 – 49 . Both the semifinals and finals were broadcast on ESPN3 . Coaches Izzo , Krzyzewski , Matta and Weber as well as Mayor Emanuel and cadres of their assistants were among those in attendance to see this March 6 IHSA sectional semifinal against Young won by Simeon 52 – 42 in which Parker led the way with 18 points and 6 rebounds . In the days prior to the state final four , Parker stated that although Coach Weber had been fired , he remained interested in Illinois and other in @-@ state schools such as DePaul and Northwestern . Parker had 15 points in the March 17 championship game 50 – 48 victory over Proviso East High School , resulting in a 33 – 1 junior year record for Simeon . The state semifinals and the finals were broadcast live on ESPN3 . For the season , Parker averaged 19 @.@ 5 points , 8 @.@ 9 rebounds , 4 @.@ 9 assists , 3 @.@ 3 blocks and 1 @.@ 4 steals per game or 20 @.@ 4 points , 9 @.@ 2 rebounds , 5 @.@ 1 assists , 3 @.@ 4 blocks and 1 @.@ 5 steals per game , depending on the source , while shooting 55 percent from the field , 39 percent from 3 @-@ point range and 72 percent from the free @-@ throw line . Following the season , he was featured in a May cover story in Sports Illustrated with the title " The Best High School Basketball Player Since LeBron James is ... Jabari Parker But There 's Something More Important To Him Than Instant NBA Stardom : His Faith " . The story presented his humility and noted that he is conflicted on his decision to serve as an LDS missionary . Parker announced that he anticipated trimming his potential schools to a list of five by the end of the summer so that he could plan official visits . For his efforts during his junior year , Parker earned several accolades . The Chicago Sun @-@ Times named him to the Class 4A All @-@ State first team along with Jahlil Okafor , Keith Carter , Darius Paul and Fred VanVleet . He was also a first team ( unanimous ) All @-@ State selection by the Associated Press along with VanVleet , Carter , Taylor , and Malcolm Hill . The Chicago Tribune named him first team All @-@ State along with Carter , Aaron Simpson , Taylor , and VanVleet . He was named the 2012 Illinois boys ' basketball Gatorade Player of the Year . He became the first non @-@ senior honoree in the 32 @-@ year history of Illinois Mr. Basketball , which is awarded by the Chicago Tribune in conjunction with the Illinois Basketball Coaches Association . On April 12 , he was announced as the winner of the national boys ' basketball Gatorade Player of the Year , which was presented to him by ex @-@ NBA player Alonzo Mourning who greeted him at his school in a special assembly . Parker was the fourth junior to win the award ( LeBron James , Greg Oden and Brandon Knight ) . Parker finished second to Muhammad in ESPN HS 's Mr. Basketball USA voting . They were the only two players to appear on every ballot . However , Parker was selected as the ESPN HS National Junior of the Year and the MaxPreps.com National Junior of the Year . He was selected as a first team ESPN HS boys ' high school basketball All @-@ American along with Kyle Anderson , Marcus Smart , Shabazz Muhammad and Nerlens Noel by ESPN HS . He was also a first team All @-@ USA selection by USA Today with the same four players . SLAM Magazine selected him to its first team along with Anderson , Muhammad , Noel and Isaiah Austin . = = = Senior year = = = Parker entered the summer of 2012 as the consensus number one player in the country until he was sidelined with a foot injury , which caused him to miss some games during the 2012 FIBA Under @-@ 17 World Championship . Parker was one of ten USA Today preseason All @-@ USA selections , and his team was ranked No. 1 preseason nationally by MaxPreps.com. On December 20 , 2012 he chose to play for Duke . Over the course of his senior season , Parker and Simeon played in six showcase games that required travel outside of the region . Three of the showcase games were broadcast nationally on one of the ESPN networks . Parker led Simeon to its fourth consecutive IHSA class 4A state championship with a 58 – 40 victory over Stevenson High School , matching Manual High School 's IHSA record of four consecutive IHSA basketball championships . In the process , Parker , who scored 20 points and had 8 rebounds , became the second player ( Sergio McClain ) in IHSA history to start for four consecutive state basketball champions . Simeon finished with a 30 – 3 record . Several more accolades followed his senior year performance . USA Basketball selected Parker as a member of the 2013 USA Junior National Select Team for the April 20 , 2013 Nike Hoop Summit at the Rose Garden . On February 12 , Parker was recognized as a 2013 All @-@ Public League first team selection by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times . That same day , Parker was selected to play in the April 13 Jordan Brand Classic at the Barclays Center . On March 18 , Parker earned the Morgan Wootten Male Player of the Year , which recognizes " the McDonald 's All @-@ American who demonstrates outstanding character , exhibits leadership and exemplifies the values of being a student @-@ athlete in the classroom and the community " . On March 21 , Parker was named the Gatorade Illinois Boys Basketball Player of the Year , and on March 25 , he repeated as Illinois Mr. Basketball . On April 9 , he earned another National Player of the Year recognition , this time by MaxPreps.com. On April 17 , he was a first team All @-@ USA selection by USA Today , and on May 18 , he was named a 2013 first @-@ team Parade All @-@ American . During the McDonald 's All @-@ star game played at the United Center in his hometown , Parker scored 10 points on 4 @-@ for @-@ 13 shooting and added 8 rebounds , 3 assists , 2 steals and 2 blocks , contributing to a 110 – 99 West victory . At the April 13 Jordan Brand Classic played at the Barclays Center , Parker was co @-@ MVP along with Julius Randle . He had 16 points , 7 rebounds and 2 assists to help lead the West team to a 102 – 98 victory . At the April 20 Nike Hoops Summit held in Portland , Oregon , Parker had a team high 22 points and 7 rebounds as the U.S Junior National Select Team was defeated 112 – 98 by the World Select team . Parker concluded his high school career as the fourth rated player in the class of 2013 according to Rivals , behind Wiggins , Randle and Aaron Gordon . = = College career = = During the summer prior to matriculating at Duke , Parker participated in the Nike sponsored Chi @-@ League , a 9 @-@ weekend 10 @-@ team Chicago summer pro @-@ am league , During this time , Parker was projected by the press as a true freshman starter for the 2013 – 14 Blue Devils , and he was assigned to wear number 1 , a number only previously worn at Duke by Kyrie Irving . Preseason honors includes preseason All @-@ American first team listings by Sporting News and USA Today , and being named the preseason ACC Rookie of the Year . Parker was also one of nine freshmen named to the 50 @-@ man Wooden Award preseason watchlist . Parker debuted for Duke on November 8 with 22 points , 6 rebounds , 2 assists and 1 block against Davidson — becoming Krzyzewski 's fifth freshman to debut with 20 points and was part of Duke 's first game with four 20 @-@ point scorers ( along with Hood , Cook and Sulaimon ) in school history . For his efforts , on November 11 Parker earned his first ACC Rookie of the Week recognition . On November 13 , Parker earned his second Sports Illustrated cover as part of a four @-@ version set of regional covers depicting college basketball 's greatest rivalries on the College Basketball Preview Issue . On November 12 in the Champions Classic at his hometown United Center , Parker posted 27 points , 9 rebounds , 1 assist , 2 steals , and 1 block in a losing effort against Wiggins 's Kansas Jayhawks . On January 18 , Parker scored 23 against NC State , tying him with Gene Banks for most 20 @-@ point games by a Duke freshman . On January 25 , Parker tallied 14 points , 3 steals and 14 rebounds against Florida State to help Mike Krzyzewski win his 900th game at Duke . On March 8 , in the second Carolina – Duke rivalry game of the season , Parker had a career high 30 points . On March 10 , he earned a record @-@ tying ( Kenny Anderson and Tyler Hansbrough ) tenth ACC rookie of the week honor in the final week of the regular season . In postseason play , Parker yielded a 20 @-@ point performance in the semifinals of the 2014 ACC Men 's Basketball Tournament against NC State on March 15 , which marked his 17th such effort and moved him into sole possession of second place on the ACC freshman list , ahead of Marbury . In the March 16 championship game against Virginia , Parker posted his 18th 20 @-@ point game , which was one short of Anderson 's ACC freshman record . Parker and the team , ranked No. 3 in the Midwest region , ended the season in the first round of the NCAA Tournament with a loss to No. 14 Mercer . Parker set the Duke record for freshman scoring average ( 19 @.@ 1 ) and became the first freshman to lead the team in both scoring and rebounding . = = = College statistics = = = Parker has received much recognition for his freshman year performance . He was unanimously selected to both the Atlantic Coast Sports Media Association ( ACSMA ) All @-@ ACC first team and the Coaches All @-@ ACC Freshman Team . He was also selected to the Coaches All @-@ ACC Basketball first team with the most points . Parker was voted the ACC Freshman of the Year receiving 72 of 77 votes and placed second for the ACC Player of the Year award , trailing Warren 48 – 25 . Parker was a 2014 NCAA Men 's Basketball All @-@ American first @-@ team selection by The Associated Press , The Sporting News , Sports Illustrated , NBC Sports , Bleacher Report , United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) , National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) , and USA Today . Parker was USBWA National Freshman of the Year and named to the 2013 Freshman All @-@ American . He was selected to the first team All @-@ ACC Tournament team . Parker also earned John R. Wooden Award All @-@ American Team recognition . = = Professional career = = = = = Milwaukee Bucks ( 2014 – present ) = = = On April 17 , Parker declared for the 2014 NBA draft in an exclusive autobiographical story in Sports Illustrated . According to Bleacher Report , he signed with sports agent Rich Paul , who is LeBron James 's agent , but other sources , such as SLAM Magazine , suggest that he signed with BJ Armstrong , who is Derrick Rose 's agent . Parker ( along with other top prospects Andrew Wiggins and Joel Embiid ) decided to decline the invitation to participate in the NBA Draft Combine . On June 26 , Parker was selected no . 2 overall by the Milwaukee Bucks . Just prior to the draft , Parker became the second member of the 2014 draft class to sign a shoe contract when he signed an endorsement deal with the Jordan Brand . On July 9 , 2014 , Parker signed with the Bucks and joined them for the 2014 NBA Summer League . In the 2014 – 15 NBA.com Rookie Survey at the annual Rookie Photo Shoot on August 6 , Parker was named by his peers as both the most likely to be Rookie of the Year and the most likely to have the best NBA career . On October 29 , 2014 , Parker made his NBA debut in the Bucks ' season opener against the Charlotte Hornets . In just under 37 minutes of action as a starter , he recorded 8 points , 4 rebounds , 1 assist and 1 steal in a 106 – 108 overtime loss . Two nights later in his first home game , he posted a double @-@ double with 11 points and 10 rebounds against the Philadelphia 76ers . On November 19 , he posted a season @-@ high 23 points in a triple @-@ overtime win over the Brooklyn Nets . Parker was selected as the October / November Eastern Conference Rookie of the Month . On December 15 , Parker suffered a season @-@ ending injury by tearing his anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) against the Phoenix Suns . Parker 's injury extended into the beginning of the 2015 – 16 NBA season . He returned to action on November 4 against Okafor and the Philadelphia 76ers in the fifth game of the season for the Bucks but struggled , posting just two points in 16 minutes as a starter . As he ramped up his activity , he was rested on the second of back @-@ to @-@ back games . Nonetheless , after five games , he endured a sprain in his talonavicular joint in the right mid @-@ foot causing him to be expected to miss several games . He only missed one game . The following week , he began to come off the bench while O. J. Mayo took his starting spot . On December 12 , Parker had a 19 @-@ point , 7 @-@ rebound , 2 @-@ steal performance against the Golden State Warriors to help end their 24 @-@ game win streak . On January 27 , 2016 , he was named to the 2016 NBA All @-@ Star Game weekend Rising Stars Challenge lineup . On February 19 , he tied his career @-@ high with 23 points in a loss to the Charlotte Hornets . He surpassed that total the following night , recording career @-@ highs of 28 points and 13 rebounds in a 117 – 109 double @-@ overtime win over the Atlanta Hawks . On February 29 , Parker set a new career @-@ high with 36 points in a 128 – 121 Bucks victory over the Houston Rockets . = = NBA career statistics = = = = = Regular season = = = = = International career = = In October 2010 , Parker was among the 18 players who participated in the 2011 @-@ 12 USA Developmental National Team mini @-@ camp giving him an automatic invitation to the June 10 – 18 , 2011 tryouts for FIBA U16 competition at the United States Olympic Training Center in Colorado Springs , Colorado . Parker was one of four Chicago products to emerge from the 27 @-@ man tryouts as part of the 12 @-@ man team . He was MVP of the 2011 FIBA Americas U16 Championship , where Team USA won a gold medal . This qualified the United States for the 2012 FIBA U17 World Championship . The team , which was coached by Don Showalter of Mid @-@ Prairie High School , scored over 100 points in each outing . Parker set the USA U16 single @-@ game scoring record of 27 points . In December 2011 , he was named USA Basketball 's Male Athlete of the Year based on his FIBA Americas performance , which made him the youngest winner ever . While on the stage to accept the award from Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel , he claims that he told the mayor " I hope they don 't boo me . " He was selected for the USA team that competed in the 2012 FIBA Under @-@ 17 World Championship in Kaunas , Lithuania from June 29 – July 8 , 2012 along with Simeon teammate Kendrick Nunn and Whitney Young rival Okafor . The team won the gold medal , although Parker missed some games , including the semifinal , with an ankle injury . = = Player profile = = Parker was frequently compared to Derrick Rose in high school . According to Chicago Sun @-@ Times writer Michael O 'Brien , as of November 2011 , Rose had a 3 – 0 advantage in defining moments : " the back @-@ to @-@ back dunks against Washington in the city championship at the United Center , the game @-@ winning shot in overtime to give Simeon the state championship against Peoria Richwoods and the dismantling of Oak Hill , the top @-@ ranked team in the country . " Rose 's game against the Oak Hill team with Brandon Jennings , Nolan Smith and Alex Legion on ESPN is described as Rose 's national introduction . Although there are comparisons to Rose , his game is most often compared to Grant Hill and Paul Pierce . Dime Magazine describes him as " Grant Hill with a jump shot " . Parker claims to model his game after Paul Pierce and Carmelo Anthony . He hopes to be regarded as the best high school basketball player in the history of the city of Chicago and has stated that " being compared to Derrick also drives me . I know if I get better than him or break the records he broke I could be one of the best players to come out of Chicago . I look forward to being one of those players . " Because of the title of the Sports Illustrated story that compared Parker to LeBron James , Mike DeCourcy of Sporting News stated that " Jabari Parker is , rather , the best [ high school basketball player ] since Greg Oden . " In addition , Parker was considered to have a much less developed physique than James at the same stage of development . CBS Sports ' Jeff Borzello also contested the proclamation , pointing out that since James 's 2003 class both Dwight Howard ( 2004 ) and Oden ( 2006 ) were consensus top players in their classes and that Parker might not be any better than the most recent consensus , Oden . In addition , CBS noted that Parker " might not even be the best high school basketball player in the country , given the development of class of 2014 's Andrew Wiggins . " Chicago Tribune writer Mike Helfgot described the Sports Illustrated comparison as " incredibly irresponsible journalism " , noting he had once worked for the Star @-@ Ledger when it described Derrick Caracter as the next James . Following his four consecutive championships with Simeon , Parker ( and Chicago 's Simeon ) were compared to McClain ( and Peoria 's Manual ) . Peoria 's Journal Star emphasized that McClain was 32 – 0 as a starter in IHSA play because in the 1994 – 97 time period the IHSA was only divided into two classes . Thus , Manual had to wade through an 8 @-@ round tournament instead of the 7 @-@ round modern 4 @-@ class format . However , Simeon won 6 of its 7 games in its final championship by more than 10 points , while Manual only won 3 of its 8 by such a margin . In the postgame press conference , Simeon Coach Smith emphasized that his team had to endure the pressure of playing a national schedule that included games against elite teams in distant venues . Note , that with the 4 @-@ class system rather than the 2 @-@ class system of the past , the 2013 Class 3A IHSA champion was CPL runner @-@ up Morgan Park , who split 2 neutral court 2013 games with Simeon . As noted above , Rose @-@ era Simeon teams only won 2 championships in the 2 @-@ class era . Adding Parker 's 55 @-@ 11 start to a 33 – 1 junior year and a 30 – 3 senior season gives him a 118 – 15 legacy compared to Rose 's 120 – 12 . = = Personal life = = Parker is of Tongan and African American descent . His parents are Folola " Lola " Finau @-@ Parker and Sonny Parker . His father , Sonny , a Chicago native , played for the Texas A & M Aggies before becoming a 1976 NBA Draft first round selection ( 17th overall ) by the Golden State Warriors . He played in the NBA for six seasons . Sonny was an NBA teammate of Washington Huskies men 's basketball head coach Lorenzo Romar . In 2013 he developed a kidney disease that requires dialysis , making it difficult for him to attend Jabari 's games . His mother , Lola , a Polynesian native of Tonga , is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( LDS Church ) and emigrated to Salt Lake City at age three . Her grandfather was the second Tongan baptized by LDS missionaries . Several of Lola 's cousins are National Football League athletes , including Harvey Unga , Haloti Ngata and Tony Moeaki , and one of her first cousins once removed , Tony Finau , made his PGA Tour debut in October 2014 . His parents met at a mall when she was a student at Brigham Young University and he was playing for the Warriors . After helping him find a dress shirt , Sonny left her tickets to his game . After he retired and she served her mission , they married and settled in Chicago . The family lives in the South Shore community area where his parents settled after marrying and has turned down two movie offers . Parker has six siblings . His older brothers are named Darryl and Christian , while his older sisters are named Iman and Tilah . Darryl lettered two years for the Oregon Ducks basketball team , starting for the team in the 1995 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . Christian played basketball for Brigham Young University – Hawaii . Jabari grew up ( and remains ) an active member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints . While attending Simeon Career Academy , Parker attended LDS Seminary two mornings a week , according to ESPN , and three days a week , according to The New York Times , Sports Illustrated and Chicago Sun @-@ Times . At the time of his sixteenth birthday , he became a LDS priest ( as is customary in his faith ) . He has both performed baptisms and administered the weekly sacrament . In addition , he regularly traveled with his bishop during his monthly visitations to comfort the sick , the poor and the elderly . Parker worked out with basketball trainer Tim Grover . Jabari prefers individual training sessions with his brother Darryl instead of playing pick @-@ up games . Following his sophomore year , ESPN reported that he had a 3 @.@ 4 grade point average . By the end of the first semester of his junior year , The New York Times reported his GPA was 3 @.@ 7 . By April of his junior year , his GPA was 3 @.@ 63 , ranking 18th in his class of 377 and his extracurricular activities includes service as the principal @-@ appointed president of student representatives to the local school council , a youth basketball instructor , and a volunteer for Operation PUSH , The Salvation Army and the New Beginnings Church . In high school , he was known for carrying a backpack filled with basketball equipment , along with an iPod , and a copy of the Book of Mormon .
= Throwdown ( Glee ) = " Throwdown " is the seventh episode of the American television series Glee . The episode premiered on the Fox network on October 14 , 2009 . It was directed by series creator Ryan Murphy and written by Brad Falchuk . The episode includes a clash between glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) and cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) when she is named co @-@ director of the glee club . As Sue tries to divide the club by turning the students against Will , his wife Terri ( Jessalyn Gilsig ) blackmails her OB / GYN into colluding with her over her fake pregnancy . The episode features covers of five songs . Studio recordings of four of the songs performed were released as singles , available for digital download , and were also included on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 . " Throwdown " was watched by 7 @.@ 65 million US viewers and received mixed reviews from critics . The pregnancy storyline was criticized by both Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly and Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal was unimpressed by Quinn 's solo performance of The Supremes ' " You Keep Me Hangin ' On " , though the group performance of " Keep Holding On " was generally better received by reviewers . Lynch as Sue in particular was widely praised , with Flandez and Zap2it 's Liz Pardue both writing that Lynch gave an Emmy @-@ worthy performance . = = Plot = = When cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) is named co @-@ director of the McKinley High glee club , she divides the group in two , hoping to turn the students against director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) . Sue takes the minority students — Santana ( Naya Rivera ) , Artie ( Kevin McHale ) , Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) , Tina ( Jenna Ushkowitz ) , Mike ( Harry Shum , Jr . ) , Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) and Matt ( Dijon Talton ) — for her group , leaving Will with only Finn ( Cory Monteith ) , Rachel ( Lea Michele ) , Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) , Puck ( Mark Salling ) and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) in his group . Sue names her part of the club " Sue 's Kids " and tries to convince them that Will is discriminating against the students by making them sing backup . Will retaliates by failing all of Sue 's cheerleaders in Spanish , which only exacerbates their hostilities . Quinn and Finn go together for her ultrasound appointment , and they learn that she is expecting a girl . Finn , trying to be supportive , suggests they name the baby Drizzle , but Quinn is adamant she is having it adopted and is annoyed at his lack of understanding . Will , tired of his wife Terri 's ( Jessalyn Gilsig ) refusal to let him participate in the pregnancy , sets up an appointment with Terri 's OB / GYN so he can see their own baby on the ultrasound . With the help of her sister Kendra ( Jennifer Aspen ) , Terri blackmails her doctor into faking the sonogram using Quinn 's ultrasound DVD , in order to continue hiding the fact she isn 't really pregnant . Meanwhile , Quinn angrily confronts Rachel about her relationship with Finn and threatens her . Rachel confronts Quinn about being a spy in the glee club for Sue and tells her that she will be kicked of the Cheerios once Sue finds out about her pregnancy . School reporter Jacob Ben Israel ( Josh Sussman ) uncovers news of Quinn 's pregnancy . To protect Quinn and ensure Jacob will not release the story , Rachel agrees to give him her underwear . When both sections of the glee club stage a walkout in protest against Sue and Will 's constant arguing , the two make amends and Sue steps down as co @-@ director . Sue discovers the underwear in Jacob 's locker and the reason for it , and makes him run the story about Quinn 's pregnancy . She reveals her knowledge of the pregnancy to the club , and tells them that the whole school will soon know . Quinn breaks down in tears in the hallway , and New Directions does a performance of " Keep Holding On " to show their support for her . = = Production = = The episode was written by series creator Brad Falchuk and directed by co @-@ creator Ryan Murphy . Recurring characters who appear in " Throwdown " are Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , Terri 's sister Kendra Giardi , her OB / GYN Dr. Wu ( Ken Choi ) , school reporter Jacob Ben Israel , and glee club members Santana Lopez , Brittany Pierce , Matt Rutherford and Mike Chang . Amy Hill guest stars as Dr. Wu 's rival OB / GYN , Dr. Chin . " Throwdown " features cover versions of " Hate on Me " by Jill Scott , " No Air " by Jordin Sparks , " You Keep Me Hangin ' On " by The Supremes , " Keep Holding On " by Avril Lavigne , and " Ride wit Me " by Nelly . Studio recordings of " Hate on Me " , " No Air " , " You Keep Me Hangin ' On " and " Keep Holding On " were released as singles , available for digital download , and are also included on the album Glee : The Music , Volume 1 . " No Air " charted at number 52 in Australia , and 65 in America and Canada , while " Keep Holding On " reached number 56 in Australia and America , and 58 in Canada . " Ride with Me " was recorded live in the episode , as , according to Shum , Jr . , Murphy " wanted to get the chill vibe , that spur @-@ of @-@ the @-@ moment singing . " = = Reception = = " Throwdown " was watched by 7 @.@ 65 million US viewers and attained a 3 @.@ 4 / 9 rating / share in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic . It was the 26th most watched show of the week in Canada , with 1 @.@ 4 million viewers . In the UK , the episode was watched by 2 @.@ 066 million viewers ( 1 @.@ 674 million on E4 , and 388 @,@ 000 on E4 + 1 ) , becoming the most @-@ watched show on E4 and E4 + 1 for the week , and the most @-@ watched show on cable for the week , as well as the most @-@ watched episode of the series at the time . The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Mike Hale of the New York Times felt that " Throwdown " : " emphasized the show 's increasingly dual nature " whereby " the students are in a pretty good musical , and the adults are in a below @-@ average dramedy . " Wendy Mitchell of Entertainment Weekly deemed the episode " welcome light relief " , while Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times called it " perhaps Glee 's sharpest episode yet " , describing it as " chock @-@ full of standout scenes " . Eric Goldman for IGN rated the episode 8 @.@ 8 / 10 , criticizing it for " overly earnest , saccharine moments " but commenting that it was a " great example " of Glee " just being damn funny " . Lynch 's performance as Sue attracted praise , with Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal and Liz Pardue of Zap2it both calling her portrayal Emmy @-@ worthy . Entertainment Weekly writer Ken Tucker called her " the greatest Broadway @-@ musical villain to ever co @-@ star in a TV series " , deeming " Throwdown " " possibly the best showcase yet for Jane Lynch " , while Malcom praised the interaction between Lynch and Morrison , writing that their scenes " crackled with electric wit " . The pregnancy storyline drew criticism , with Tucker opining that it " nearly derailed an otherwise @-@ excellent episode " and writing : " there 's got to be a better way to ground the series in a serious plot @-@ line that doesn 't make you wish the pregnancy plot was all just a non @-@ musical dream sequence . " Malcom also criticized the storyline , asking if it could " please just go away already ? " and writing that her patience with it was running out . Musical performances received mixed reviews . Flandez deemed the cover of " Keep Holding On " an " emotionally satisfying showstopper " , however was critical of Quinn 's cover of " You Keep Me Hangin On " , which he called " thin and jarring " . Mitchell enjoyed the " No Air " duet , however felt it would be nice to see characters besides Finn and Rachel take the lead on the majority of songs . Reviewing musical performances in the series so far on October 21 , 2009 , Denise Martin for the Los Angeles Times rated " Hate On Me " the fourth best performance to date , writing that Riley : " blew [ her ] away . " In December 2012 , TV Guide also named the rendition one of Glee 's best performances , describing it as " a real Beyoncé moment " . Aly Semigran of MTV observed that Quinn spontaneously bursting into song brought Glee " dangerously close to High School Musical territory " .
= David L. Cook = David L. Cook ( born November 11 , 1968 ) is an American Christian country music singer @-@ songwriter , comedian and a multiple Emmy ® and Telly Awards winner . Born to Donnell and June ( née Mercer ) Cook , David is the oldest of six children . He has written more than 2 @,@ 500 songs , including Drop that Rock , which was featured on his album In the Middle of It All and garnered a Dove Award nomination for Christian Country Album of the Year in 1999 . In all of Cook 's overseas recordings his surname is Cooke to distinguish it from his work in the United States . The male members of The Cook Family Singers have always used just their middle initials as a trademark , a trait beginning back in 1885 when the first such group was formed . In 1990 Cook was diagnosed with a dissociative disorder and psychogenic amnesia reportedly brought on by an abusive father . In 1999 Cook 's story was used as a lead story with The 700 Club . = = Biography = = Cook was born in Pascagoula , Mississippi ; after two years , his family moved to Fort Lauderdale , Florida . Cook began his musical career at age five , singing with his family 's group , The Cook Family Singers . After his parents ' divorce , the group continued without Donnell , but in 1980 , the group disbanded because of June 's health issues . He continued singing both gospel and secular music . = = Early life = = Early in life , Cook was abused by his father , who had a severe drinking problem . While intoxicated , Cook 's father reportedly became violent towards his family . After many years of this abuse Cook developed many psychological problems that ended up following him through to his life as an adult . He developed a severe dissociative disorder and psychogenic amnesia . He recalled having periods of " missing time " but never really understood the cause . In 1990 , doctors finally diagnosed the disorders after Cook experienced what they thought was a severe stroke and was rushed to the Coral Springs Medical Hospital in Fort . Lauderdale . He checked himself out of the hospital and disappeared from his Florida home and was found five months later in a Charlotte , North Carolina , hospital with similar health complaints . Cook had been around Charlotte for five months and no one realized there was anything wrong until he started developing stroke symptoms again . Doctors diagnosed his problems , which were not organic , and referred him to see the proper specialists . He claims to have had no recollection of leaving Florida , nor what he had done during his five months in Charlotte . When asked , he stated that , " It was like someone switching off a light and then switching it back on . " Cook 's story has been told through different media . The 700 Club did a full @-@ length documentary about his life , which aired worldwide . Cook wrote a religious self @-@ help book , Inspirational Words about the issues he overcame . = = Health = = On November 11 , 2009 , Cook was diagnosed with a parathyroid tumor in his neck . Doctors assessed that the tumor was pressing against his vocal cords making it virtually impossible for him to perform . He was treated at Vanderbilt University Medical Center . = = Music = = Cook 's first solo Christian album , Come Follow Me , was released in 1985 . The album was written and produced by singer / producer Frank X. Loconto , a former member of the group Lane Brothers . In 1986 , he signed with the American Musical Academy of Arts Association ( AMAAA ) , and released another album , Personal Feelings . In 1997 , Mountainview Records released Cook 's album , In the Middle of it All , which earned him a Gospel Music Association Dove Award nomination for Christian Country Album of the Year in 1999 . However , after a fallout with Mountainview records in 1999 , he started his own record label , DLC Records . During this period Cook created a comedy character , named Mortermer Crabbottom , in the tradition of comedic Southern characters like Gomer Pyle . Cook recorded an album in character , Split Personality , based on the life and times of Mortermer Crabbottom growing up in fictional Crabbottom USA . In 1999 , the Country Gospel Music Association inducted Cook into its Hall of Fame , along with Loretta Lynn , Barbara Mandrell , Andy Griffith , Jody Miller and Lulu Roman . In 2012 Cook co @-@ wrote " Hands of Hope " with David Meece and Bruce Carroll . The song was fashioned along the same lines as " We Are the World " , which featured many famous voices from the music industry . The song went number one on the charts and remained there for two weeks . The song was used as the theme song for Turning Point Centers for Domestic Violence . On May 5 , 2012 NATAS announced that the song Hands of Hope garnered Cook , Meece and Carroll the Emmy ® nomination for best Arrangement / Composer of a television theme song . = = Television = = In August 2007 , Cook joined in partnership with the Firebird Arts Alliance . He was asked by David Tang , the president of Firebird , to write and produce a theme song for the television series New South Crossings . The theme song was " Meet Me at the Crossroads " . Cook won an Emmy Award ® on January 24 , 2009 for his work on the series audio and soundtrack . Cook appeared in an episode , " Master Class " , in which Cook worked with younger artists . He shows them the ins and outs of working together musically , and during the episode they perform the actual theme song for the series . On June 27 , 2010 , Cook won another Emmy ® award , this time for writing and singing the theme song , Meet Me At the Crossroads In August 2013 , Cook began working on his new television series , Written N Black & White . He is listed as one of the stars of the show along with fellow comedian , Trina Jeffrie . The two play an interracial newlywed couple who are comedians and their parents are clueless of the marriage . Although the series is said to take place in New York , the actual taping is done in Fort Mill , South Carolina at the former PTL Studios , which had housed the Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker PTL network back in the 1980s . = = Awards ( Partial listing from 1997 to present ) = = In July 2006 , the International Country Gospel Music Association inducted Cook and fellow artists , Mike Manuel , Gayla Earlene , Doug DeRamus and Marijohn Wilkin into the Hall of Fame . In January 2009 , Cook won his 5th Emmy Award for his work on the series , New South Crossings and he took home his sixth Emmy for the composing and arranging of " Meet Me At The Crossroads " in June 2010 . Cook was nominated on May 6 , 2011 for three Emmy ® Awards for the documentary , The Award Goes To : A Look Back at the Legends , and at the June 18 telecast , he won his 7th Emmy ® for Outstanding Excellence in a Live Event In 2015 Cook hosted the Mississippi Music Awards and was given the prestigious Mississippi Marvel Award for all of his work with new artists coming up in the business . During the 2015 AMG Heritage Awards , Cook was presented with a " Citation of Excellence " from the North Carolina Secretary of State , Elaine Marshall . The citation was given to Cook for the development of continued arts programing and mentoring he has implemented across the country . = = Entrepreneurship = = In 1988 , Cook had incorporated Cook 's Car Care Company in his native Fort Lauderdale . Eventually he transferred his interests to certain family members . The company is still in business today under different ownership . He incorporated Cook Productions International in 1989 with his business partner Edward Cook . Cook sold his interests in 1992 , which dissolved the Florida division . In 1999 Cook started DLC Records after leaving Mountainview Records due to contractual and other disputes . While on the label Cook took his 1999 project , In The Middle of it All , up the charts garnering several # 1 singles , a Dove Award nomination and became the number one selling Christian country artists of all time . He incorporated Cook Enterprises to administer his contracts and personal business affairs , which included a children 's television show development agreement with his management group , Five Star Music which produced a weekly show called , Crabbottom USA , taped at local television station , WHTV TV @-@ 39 , a Nashville Tennessee based station . In 2004 , Cook was presented with the opportunity to become the CEO and controlling partner for the International Academy of Music Arts and Sciences ( IAMAS Corporation ) . Years earlier , the company merged with its daughter company , The American Musical Academy of Arts Association , which proved profitable as there was an upswing in demand for Christian @-@ based music and distribution opportunities . This was profitable as IAMAS was able to use its history in the entertainment industry as a door to help boost other smaller companies into existence . In 2004 , the entertainment industry took a huge hit with the incoming markets of Napster , iTunes , and Amazon.com. IAMAS , no longer able to compete , decided to sell off only its American division and retain its overseas holdings . Since IAMAS Corporation had handled Cook 's contracts since 1980 , Cook offered to buy the company for an undisclosed amount . His offer was accepted and he officially filed for corporation status on November 24 , 2004 . Cook became the president and CEO of the Charlotte Civic Orchestra in 2005 and although he retired as CEO in 2011 , Cook remains on the board as an adviser . The organization is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) company , and is entirely composed of volunteers . In January 2011 , Cook and several others launched the Artists Music Guild , a network based company that connects artists with industry professionals who advise them and lead them in the proper course for career mapping . Cook is listed as the executive board president . After the retirement of longtime manager Mickey Hiter , Cook signed with Pink Hammer Entertainment out of Los Angeles , California in August 2012 . = = Artists Music Guild = = Cook and other entertainment industry insiders started the Artists Music Guild in January 2011 to reduce the risks of artists being taken advantage of in a predatory industry . On November 11 , 2011 , The Artists Music Guild held its inaugural convention at the historic Heritage USA complex . The inaugural convention was filmed for a PBS special , A Walk Through the History of Music in the United States , with more than 2000 people in attendance . Cook has stated that his main goal for making the Heritage USA the official home of the Artists Music Guild 's convention was to heal the broken people who were affected by the fall of PTL . The convention reunited several of the former PTL Singers , including Toni Bogart , Brian Keith , Lee Young and Sandy and Russell Hosey . Also in attendance were many of the employees who lost their jobs amid the sexual and financial scandal which caused the fall of the Bakker 's ministry . Cook posited that " by reuniting these individuals who have not performed together in over twenty plus years it would allow them to come together on their own terms and walk out of the complex without someone telling them they could never come back . It was the ultimate form of healing the hurts from the past . " In 2015 the Guild became the parent company for the Mississippi Music Foundation in an effort to build a youth orchestra and a better outreach to educating and developing young and upcoming artists . Cook was added to the advisory board and became the official spokesperson and face of the foundation . = = Rumor of Cook 's death = = On October 3 , 2012 , mainstream media reported that Cook had been killed in Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina after being struck by a car . Web crawlers picked up the story and the rumors went nationwide . The story was later confirmed to be that of a David Lee Cook who worked as a Department of Transportation worker who had been killed while removing a tree from the road during hazardous conditions . The original news organization released an explanation story after finding out of their mistake .
= Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment = The Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment was a mounted infantry regiment from New Zealand , raised for service during the First World War . It was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , and formed part of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force . The regiment , with an establishment of twenty @-@ six officers , 523 other ranks and 600 horses , was formed from three squadrons belonging to pre @-@ war Territorial Force regiments : the 1st Mounted Rifles ( Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry ) , the 8th ( South Canterbury ) Mounted Rifles and the 10th ( Nelson ) Mounted Rifles . It also included a small headquarters and , until 1916 , a Maxim machine @-@ gun section . The Maxim guns were withdrawn but the regiment 's fire @-@ power increased during the war , and by the end of the conflict each squadron had four Hotchkiss machine @-@ guns , one per troop . Being mounted infantry the regiment rode into battle on their horses , but were expected to dismount and fight on foot . The regiment fought predominantly against the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire . Their first involvement came in the Gallipoli Campaign between May and December 1915 , during which they participated in the largest battle of that theatre at Chunuk Bair and the fighting for Hill 60 . Evacuated to Egypt , they then took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 1916 to 1918 . The early battles they were involved in included those at Romani , Gaza and Beersheba . Later in the war they were part of the force that occupied the Jordan Valley , and took part in the raids on Amman and Es Salt . Their final wartime operation was in connection with the capture of the Turkish Fourth Army . During the four years of war the regiment lost 334 men dead from all causes , while another 720 were wounded or debilitated . After the war , the regiment played a minor role in the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 , before being disbanded in June 1919 . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = Raised on 12 August 1914 , at the start of the First World War , the Canterbury Mounted Rifles Regiment came from the Canterbury Region on the South Island of New Zealand . Commanded by Lieutenant @-@ Colonel John Findlay , it was composed of a headquarters , a machine @-@ gun section and three squadrons , formed from Territorial Force regiments . The New Zealand Territorial Force included a compulsory training system , and the four Military Districts were required to supply a mounted regiment for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force . To meet that obligation , the Territorial Force regiments each provided a squadron , which kept their own regimental badges and traditions . The regiment 's squadrons came from the 1st Mounted Rifles ( Canterbury Yeomanry Cavalry ) ( 1st Squadron ) , the 8th ( South Canterbury ) Mounted Rifles ( 8th Squadron ) and the 10th ( Nelson ) Mounted Rifles ( 10th Squadron ) . The establishment was fixed at twenty @-@ six officers and 523 other ranks , who used 528 riding horses , seventy @-@ four draught horses and six pack horses . Each squadron , of 158 men , had a field headquarters and four troops . The Machine @-@ Gun Section , with two Maxim Guns , had one officer , twenty @-@ six other ranks , twenty riding horses and sixteen draught horses . Even though the regiment used horses , they were not cavalry but mounted infantry , and expected to ride to the battlefield , dismount and then fight as traditional infantry . Attached to , but not part of , the regiment were medical and veterinary officers , an artificer , three more other ranks and another eighteen horses . The regiment was assigned to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , serving alongside two other regiments : the Auckland Mounted Rifles and the Wellington Mounted Rifles . = = = Embarkation = = = On 23 September the regiment left their camp for Lyttelton and embarked on the transport ships HMNZT Tahiti and HMNZT Athenic . Leaving the same day , they arrived at Wellington the next afternoon , and disembarked the troops . On 14 October they boarded the transports again and set sail . With a short stop at Hobart , on 28 October they arrived at Albany , and anchored waiting to be joined by the Australian contingent . The combined convoy sailed on 1 November and reached Colombo on 15 November . Two days later it sailed into the Red Sea , and the Suez Canal . Docking at Port Said on 2 December and Alexandria the next day , the regiment disembarked on 4 December and boarded a train for their camp in the Cairo suburb of Zeitoun where they started a training programme , using the desert for manoeuvres , during both day and night . = = Gallipoli = = In Egypt the regiment continued its training programme , working from reveille at 05 : 00 to 17 : 30 when they stabled their horses at the end of the working day . Every third or fourth night the soldiers performed guard duty or looked after the horses . It was in Egypt that the regiment , and brigade , came under command of the newly formed New Zealand and Australian Division which , along with the 1st Division , made up the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) . In April 1915 , the division 's infantry units left Egypt for an undisclosed destination , and it was not until 1 May that the regiment learned about the Gallipoli landings . Four days later the regiment received news that it would also deploy to Gallipoli , but in a dismounted role without their horses . On 7 May , twenty @-@ six officers and 482 other ranks ( some men remaining behind to look after their horses ) boarded trains for Alexandria to board their transports . They arrived off the Gallipoli peninsula on 12 May , and started to disembark , landing at Anzac Cove . By now the troops had been re @-@ equipped for their dismounted role , and carried a rifle with two hundred rounds of ammunition , a small pack , a haversack , mess tins , a bayonet , and an entrenching tool . Once ashore , the regiment camped that night behind the front line . The next day , they moved to the left flank in the north to relieve the Royal Naval Brigade . Their trenches stretched from the sea to Walkers Ridge and included two outposts , No.1 Post and No.2 Post . The regiment took over on the extreme right , with one squadron in the front line , one squadron in the support trench and the third squadron as the reserve . Next in line to their right , was the Auckland Mounted Rifles , and then the Wellington Mounted Rifles on the left . However , the regiment had to wait until it got dark before sending men forward to man the two outposts . = = = First combat = = = The regiment 's first experience of combat started at midnight on 18 / 19 March when their Turkish opponents opened fire on their trenches . The main assault , in the brigade 's sector , was against the Auckland Mounted Rifles ; to support them the regiment sent two troops from the 1st and 10th Squadrons and one troop from the 8th Squadron to form their reserve . At daylight , the men manning No.1 Post could see a group of Turks concentrating around " The Nek " and opened fire on them with a machine @-@ gun , forcing them to withdraw . The Turkish attack continued until that afternoon , when it gradually petered out . It was later estimated that 42 @,@ 000 Turkish troops had been involved in the attack on the ANZAC beach @-@ head , and by the end of the day 10 @,@ 000 of them had become casualties . Later that day white flags were observed over the Turkish trenches , and some of their men wandered into no man 's land . This was considered a ruse to retrieve arms and ammunition off the dead and to bring forward reinforcements , so the Turks were warned to return to their trenches as the New Zealanders were going to open fire again . A real armistice was arranged for 24 May , between 07 : 30 and 16 : 30 , when the wounded were brought to safety and the dead buried . Squadrons settled into a routine with twenty @-@ four hours in No.1 and No.2 Posts , twenty @-@ four hours in the main trenches and twenty @-@ four hours in support , then back to the outposts . Their first offensive action came on 28 May , when it was still dark . The Turks had built an outpost only 450 yards ( 410 m ) from No.2 Post , so the 1st Squadron charged and captured the position . Once it was secured , the 6th Squadron from the Wellington Mounted Rifles provided the garrison for what was now called No.3 Post . They had some difficulties defending it , as the Turks launched a counter @-@ attack to recapture it . After a battle lasting until the next day the 10th Squadron and two troops from the 8th Squadron managed to relieve the Wellington Regiment 's survivors and take over the defence of the post . Shortly after the relief , it was decided that the position was untenable and it was abandoned . Casualties gradually mounted and the regiment 's first replacements , three officers and forty @-@ four other ranks , arrived at the end of June . = = = Chunuk Bair = = = The objective of the British August offensive was to seize Chunuk Bair , a high point in the Sari Bair mountain range . The New Zealand and Australian Division would provide the attacking force . The initial attack was to clear the Turks from the foothills ; this task was given to the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , reinforced by the Maori Pioneer Battalion . The regiment , together with the Otago Mounted Rifles , was to clear Chailak Dere valley , then advance to Aghyl Dere in the north . They also had to capture Taylor 's Hollow and Walden 's Point , then turn east to capture Beauchop Hill . To reduce noise and maintain stealth , they were ordered to use only their bayonets . At 20 : 00 on 5 August , the 296 men of the regiment moved forward to No.2 Post in preparation for the attack , which was due to start at 21 : 00 the next night . Their assault started on time , with the 1st and 10th Squadrons forward , followed by the 8th Squadron and Machine @-@ Gun Section in reserve . The leading men met and killed four Turks in an observation post . Then with still around two hundred yards ( 180 m ) to go , a destroyer 's searchlight beam lit up the advancing men , and a Turkish machine @-@ gun opened fire on them . The 10th Squadron charged straight into the Turkish trench , while the 1st Squadron managed to manoeuvre around and attack the machine @-@ gun from the rear . They achieved this without firing a shot or making a sound , and then advanced towards their last objective , Beauchop Hill . The hill was also captured , and the survivors started to dig in . Although it had taken all its objectives , the regiment had around forty per cent casualties , including the commanding officer , who was wounded , and the second in command , Major Overton , who had been killed . While digging in they were able to observe the rest of the battle , which did not seem to be going well . By the next day , 7 August , Turkish reinforcements were arriving at Chunuk Bair and the attack had failed . Since the start of the battle they had lost twenty @-@ four men dead and sixty men wounded . Now commanded by Major Hutton , from the 10th Squadron , the regiment remained on Bauchop Hill in defence until 15 August , when they moved back to the entrance of Aghyl Dere , then later moved forward two hundred yards ( 180 m ) and occupied an old Turkish trench . = = = Hill 60 = = = At 15 : 30 on 21 August the Battle for Hill 60 began . Charging straight at the hill , the regiment suffered sixty per cent casualties , among them Hutton in command . He was replaced by Major Hurst , from the 1st Squadron , and they succeeded in capturing the Turkish trench within fifteen minutes of going over the top . But on either side of them the rest of the attack had failed , leaving the regiment and the Otago Mounted Rifles isolated from the rest of the force . Not having the manpower to continue the assault , they were ordered to dig in and hold the position . They held on until 23 August when they were relieved by the Auckland and Wellington Mounted Rifles . Three days later the regiment returned to their previous position to continue the assault . The attack began at 17 : 00 on 27 August with the regiment leading the brigade . They charged across the sixty yards ( 55 m ) of open ground and into the first Turkish trench . Within minutes they were up and on their way again , and captured the second and third trenches , which they defended all night and through the next day . Casualties had been high ; from the 119 men who had started the assault there were now only eighteen left , commanded by the only officer , Captain Gibbs . The brigade 's other regiments were in a similar state , but they remained in the trenches until they were relieved after dark on 29 August . = = = Lemnos = = = On 13 September , the brigade , less its machine gunners , was relieved by the 5th Australian Brigade and sailed to the island of Lemnos to rest and recuperate . The regiment 's strength was now just one officer and thirty @-@ nine other ranks , twelve of whom were machine @-@ gunners who had to remain at Gallipoli . By now , including the original contingent and their replacements , a total of thirty @-@ two officers and 645 other ranks had served with the regiment at Gallipoli . On arrival the regiment came under the command of Lieutenant @-@ Colonel George Stewart . By early October , replacements started arriving to bring the regiment back up to almost full strength . At the end of the month Stewart was evacuated sick , and Major John Studholme , the senior officer with the replacements , assumed temporary command of the regiment . On 10 November they returned to Gallipoli , camping that first night at Bauchop Hill . = = = Evacuation = = = The regiment spent their time building winter quarters , and tunnelling into the hillside to provide protection against shellfire , doing so until 27 November when they moved back into the front line . On 9 December , Major Christopher Powles , the Brigade @-@ Major , took over command of the regiment , with Studholme as the second in command . Three days later , the order for the complete evacuation of the peninsula was issued . Men with minor ailments left first , followed by one regiment or battalion from each brigade . The Auckland Mounted Rifles were chosen as the first regiment to leave from the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade , which meant that the Canterbury Mounted Rifles had to extend its lines to cover for the Aucklanders . The last men were due to leave over the night of 19 / 20 December . The regiment now numbered fourteen officers and 290 other ranks , which was to be reduced to nine officers and 163 men , the rest being among the first batch to be evacuated on 18 December . The remainder were divided in three groups . The first group , of three officers and ninety men , left the front for the embarkation beach at 17 : 30 the next day . They were followed by the second smaller group of three officers and forty @-@ two men at 21 : 35 . The last group , three officers and thirty @-@ one men , had to cover for the whole regiment , keeping up a steady rate of fire and moving their one Maxim @-@ gun around the position to support the deception that all defences were fully manned . This last group was also divided into three parts , the first of which left at 01 : 45 on 20 December . They were followed by the next group who waited ten minutes before withdrawing . The last small group of men left at 02 : 05 , and reached the beach , without incident , at 03 : 30 . The regiment sailed again to Lemnos , and on 22 December to Egypt , arriving at Alexandria on 26 December , and eventually returned to their old camp at Zeitoun . = = Sinai = = In Egypt reinforcements brought the regiment back up to full strength plus an added ten per cent , and the Machine @-@ Gun Section was doubled in size from two to four guns . Another change was the appointment of Major James Whyte of the Wellington Mounted Rifles as commanding officer . On 23 January 1916 the regiment left Zeitoun to take up a new defensive post on the Suez Canal eighty @-@ seven miles ( 140 km ) to the east . While there , Findlay , having recovered from his wounds , returned as commanding officer on 19 February . By 7 March the regiment was once more ready for operations and moved into the front line , at Railhead Ferrypost on the canal . Later that month , the brigade was assigned to the ANZAC Mounted Division . = = = Katia = = = Without any notice the regiment , and brigade , was ordered to Kantara , thirty @-@ two miles ( 51 km ) away on the Suez Canal , at 20 : 00 on 23 April . The reason was not then known by the troopers , but it later transpired that a Turkish force in the Sinai Desert had attacked British yeomanry positions at Katia and Oghratina . They reached Kantara at 07 : 00 and an hour later moved into the desert , camping at Hill 70 for the night . They sent reconnaissance patrols out into the desert , and manned observation posts . On 10 May the regiment was ordered to Romani and the next day to El Maler . Patrol activity was kept up , most of the time at troop strength , but sometimes involving the complete brigade . On 15 May the regiment carried out a reconnaissance of Oghratina and Bir el Abd , and for the first time sighted a hostile force in the desert ; they did not manage to engage them . The next day several men had to be evacuated , suffering from heat exhaustion , as temperatures reached 129 ° F ( 72 ° C ) . This convinced Findlay to cut their patrol short , and travelling overnight they arrived back at Maler early on 17 May . Over the next weeks their patrols continued , to acclimatise the men to desert travel and conditions . Early in July , the regiment lost its machine @-@ gun section when it was transferred to form the brigade Machine @-@ Gun Squadron . On 19 July reconnaissance aircraft spotted a large Turkish force moving west across the desert . = = = Romani = = = Just after midnight on 4 August the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades were attacked at Romani . At 08 : 00 , the regiment , acting as the brigade vanguard , advanced towards Dueidar ; at the same time they could hear firing in the distance from Romani . By 10 : 30 they were approaching the Turkish position on Mount Royston , and the regiment opened out to attack , with the 8th Squadron positioned on the left , the 1st in the centre , and the 10th on the right , with the Auckland Mounted Rifles following in support . The 5th Light Horse Regiment , who were supposed to be to the left of the 8th Squadron , had not yet arrived . The assault commenced at 15 : 00 , supported by the Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery , and by 17 : 30 they had driven the Turks off Mount Royston . The brigade captured an artillery battery and over 1 @,@ 000 prisoners . The regiment 's casualties during the battle were one dead and fifteen wounded . The next day at 03 : 30 they moved to Katia , which was believed to be occupied by a large Turkish force . On arrival , the brigade galloped forward , attacking from the south . When they got close the regiment dismounted and continued on foot . Fighting all day , they waited in vain for the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to support the assault . Still holding their ground at 20 : 00 , they had to retire and return to Bir et Maler to water their horses . Their casualties were two dead and fifteen wounded . The Turkish force withdrew towards Katia , which by the time the regiment 's reconnaissance patrol got there had been abandoned ; the Turks were heading towards Oghratina . Once the enemy were located , the regiment kept patrols in contact with them overnight and all during the next day while the Turks withdrew to Negilia . By 8 August the enemy had reached Bir el Abd , where they established defences and were waiting for the New Zealanders . = = = Abd = = = Before dawn on 9 August the regiment was behind the Auckland Mounted Rifles heading towards Abd . The brigade was to attack head on , while the rest of the division circled around to attack the flanks . At 05 : 30 the Aucklands were engaged by the Turkish defenders , so the 8th Squadron was sent forward on their left to assist , and immediately came under fire . To support them the 1st and 10th Squadrons moved up on the left . The 8th Squadron advanced and captured a ridge line facing east , followed soon after by the other squadrons occupying the high ground to the west of Abd . From there they could see the Turkish defences , which consisted of trenches and redoubts , supported by artillery that kept up a steady rate of fire on the regiment . At 06 : 00 the Turks left their trenches to counter @-@ attack the regiment , but were stopped by small arms fire and the attached Somerset Battery Royal Horse Artillery . The regiment then moved downhill towards Abd , but were faced with heavy Turkish artillery fire , which by 10 : 30 had stopped the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades to their left . At noon a second Turkish counter @-@ attack came in waves towards the regiment 's lines . They managed to fight them off , with heavy casualties . By 14 : 00 the Turks were attacking all the division 's brigades in strength . The 1st and 2nd Light Horse in the north and the 3rd in the south began to retire , leaving the New Zealanders ' position exposed on the flanks . Only by keeping up a heavy rate of small arms and artillery fire did they hold off the enemy . At 17 : 30 , the divisional commander Harry Chauvel called off the attack and ordered a withdrawal , but as the New Zealanders were in danger of being overrun the withdrawal was postponed until dark , with the regiment forming a rearguard . The battle cost the regiment nine dead , twenty @-@ two wounded and six men missing in action . The brigade withdrew to Debabis , caring for their wounded and resting for the next two days . On 12 August , they moved back to Abd , which had been evacuated by the Turks . Sending out reconnaissance patrols , they located the Turkish rearguard two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Salamana . Not being in a position to attack , they observed them until dusk , when the Turks moved further east to El Arish . = = = Magdhaba = = = On 20 December , in response to reports that the Turks had evacuated El Arish , the regiment started moving overnight towards the village . Advance patrols discovered that the Turks had withdrawn along the Wadi el Arish to Magdhaba . By dawn 23 December the regiment reached the wadi and joined up with the rest of the division , now heading towards Magdhaba . By 05 : 00 they could see the Turkish position ; the brigade was ordered to move around and approach it from the north . Five hours later the brigade had reached a position to start their attack , with the Canterbury regiment on the brigade 's left . Dismounted , the squadrons advanced in turn , covered by their machine @-@ guns . At 15 : 00 , when they were within five hundred yards ( 460 m ) of the Turkish lines , they were able to charge , with bayonets fixed , and captured the Turkish trench . One by one the Turkish redoubts were captured , before nightfall . The regiment 's casualties were light , at two dead and eleven wounded . = = = Rafa = = = By the end of the year the Turkish forces had been pushed out of the Sinai , and in January 1917 , orders were given for the division to attack Rafa on the Egyptian – Palestine border . By dawn on 9 January , the regiment and division had reached the border , and the brigade manoeuvred to attack Rafa from the north @-@ east . The 8th Squadron , leading the regiment , was moving around to the north of village , when the Turkish defenders opened fire on them . The regiment galloped forward , and one of their troops captured fifty prisoners at a police post . The remainder captured an uncompleted trench system , and another 171 prisoners , six of them German officers . The regiment was now position to block the Turkish withdrawal east , and were also able to observe the main Turkish defences . The regiment started advancing towards the village , the 8th Squadron on the left , and the 10th with the 1st Squadron on the right . Covered by their machine @-@ guns , but under heavy Turkish fire , they gradually moved forward on foot . Troops took turns to run forward while the rest of the squadron covered them . The intensity of the battle was demonstrated by the Inverness Battery Royal Horse Artillery , which was supporting the brigade and ran out of ammunition at 14 : 00 . Two hours later the division 's covering force reported Turkish reinforcements approaching , and Lieutenant @-@ General Philip Chetwode , who was commanding the attack , decided to call it off . Almost simultaneously Edward Chaytor , commanding the brigade , ordered another attack . Covered by their machine @-@ guns the men carried out a bayonet charge and the Turks to their front surrendered . By this time the other brigades had started to withdraw , but seeing what had happened , they turned back and also charge , capturing the position . The battle cost the regiment six dead and nineteen wounded . = = Palestine = = = = = Gaza = = = The British plan for Gaza required the ANZAC Mounted Division to circle around by night and block Turkish reinforcements getting to the town . On 26 March at 02 : 30 , the brigade left camp in a heavy fog and crossed the Wadi Ghuzze two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south @-@ east of Gaza . They soon reached their positions with the brigade , between the 2nd Light Horse and 22nd Mounted Brigades , and waited for the infantry divisions to assault the town . At 14 : 00 , as the infantry were having problems , the brigade were ordered to attack . The regiment galloped towards the town , with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their right and the Auckland Mounted Rifles in reserve . Once there , the regiment moved south along a ridge and attacked the garrison at Ali Muntar . This hilltop could command the approaches into Gaza . They soon captured the outlying Turkish trenches , forcing the defenders back towards the town . At 18 : 40 the 10th Squadron reached the hill top at the same time as the 53rd ( Welsh ) Division , who had been trying all day to take the position from the other side . Despite having captured a commanding position , both the regiment and the infantry division were ordered to withdraw . Turkish reinforcements had been reported en route , and the overall commander did not believe they could hold what they had captured . The regiment retired back the way they had come , and reached Belah just after midnight the next day . Casualties for the day were one dead and six wounded . = = = Wadi Ghuzee line = = = On 3 April the squadrons were issued Hotchkiss machine @-@ guns , one per troop . After the British withdrawal , the Turks built a defensive line of trenches and redoubts , from the sea south of Gaza to Beersheba , following the route of the road . The British plan for the second attack involved the ANZAC Mounted Division providing flank protection , intercepting any reinforcements , and pursuing the retreating Turkish forces if required . The regiment moved out at 18 : 30 on 16 April , forming the vanguard for the division . At 04 : 30 the next morning the 10th Squadron , in the lead , crossed the Wadi Ghuzee at Shellal . Their only opposition came from enemy aircraft which bombed the division . Breaking out into an extended line , they reconnoitred towards Sharia and Beersheba , reporting on Turkish movements . At nightfall they withdrew back to Shellal . The next day was a repeat of the previous day . Then , after dark , the division was ordered to march overnight to support the Imperial Mounted Division . The regiment set out at 23 : 00 , and by 09 : 00 on 18 April were the brigade reserve for their assault on " Sausage Ridge " . At 14 : 30 the regiment was called upon , and galloped forward under an artillery bombardment . Dismounting , a machine @-@ gun section set up just in time to stop a Turkish counter @-@ attack . However , the British attack all along the line had faltered and was called off that night , and they withdrew back behind the Wadi Ghuzee . The three days of fighting cost the regiment three dead and twenty @-@ eight wounded . = = = Beersheba = = = The regiment 's involvement in the attack on Beersheba began at 18 : 00 on 30 October , when the ANZAC Mounted Division set off along the Wadi el Imshash towards the village . By 08 : 00 the brigade had reached its starting position at Bir Salim Irgeig , ready to begin their assault on Tel el Saba . Moving around the open Turkish flank they managed to approach the mound from the east . The regiment were to the right of the brigade line with the Auckland Mounted Rifles on their left . The regiment intended to move around and outflank the Turkish position from the north . Once the assault started they slowly moved up the hill , and eventually they passed the Wadi Khalil and were able to engage the rear of the Turkish position . Confronted by Turkish artillery and machine @-@ gun fire coming from their north , they could advance no further . At 15 : 00 the Aucklanders managed to charge and capture the hill top . Elsewhere , Beersheba was captured following a mounted charge by the 4th Light Horse Brigade . The regiment 's casualties during the battle were one dead and six wounded . = = = Khuweilfe = = = The next day , 1 November , the brigade moved north @-@ east following the withdrawing Turks . The regiment , forming the vanguard , came under machine @-@ gun fire so the 10th Squadron charged directly at the position while the 1st Squadron moved around and attacked from the flank . The position was quickly captured with thirteen prisoners and a machine @-@ gun taken . That night , they returned to Beersheba for water . Following two days of rest , they moved out on 4 November , to relieve the 5th Mounted Brigade in the Ras el Nagb mountains . Turkish artillery fired on them en route , wounding five men . Once in position , they were attacked at 03 : 00 the next morning by a small Turkish force , which was forced to retire . Then a Turkish cavalry force was sighted assembling in a valley , which the regiment opened fire on ; they galloped away . At 11 : 00 the Turkish returned to the attack , supported by artillery and machine @-@ gun fire , and managed to get to within two hundred yards ( 180 m ) of the regiment 's lines before being stopped . Turkish artillery continued to bombard the regiment for the rest of the day , only stopping after dark . The day 's fighting cost the regiment six dead and forty @-@ nine wounded . As there was no trace of their relief , and the horses had not been watered for forty @-@ eight hours , they were sent back to Beersheba . Eventually relieved , on 6 November , by the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade , the men set out to the rear on foot , meeting their returning horses at Kh el Ras . = = = Ayun Kara = = = On 11 November , the brigade was ordered to move to the western flank and rejoin the division . It was not an easy task due to the difficult terrain , and one stage of thirty @-@ one miles ( 50 km ) took them thirty hours to cross . They eventually met with the division at Hamame the next day and had to rest and recuperate until moving out again on 13 November and camping for the night at Yebna . The next morning , 14 November , the regiment crossed the River Rubin , and at 12 : 30 located a Turkish position at Ayun Kara . The regiment was on the left front of the brigade advance , with the Wellington Mounted Rifles on their left and the Aucklanders in reserve . As the regiment advanced through orange groves , they were engaged by the Turkish defenders . The regiment then held a fire support position while the other two regiments attacked on the left . Fighting off several counter @-@ attacks the brigade eventually , at nightfall , won the battle and held their ground overnight . Not being involved in the main assault , the regiment 's casualties were rather light at one dead and six wounded . The next day the Turkish force had withdrawn , and the regiment advanced first to Beit Dejan , and then occupied the port of Jaffa on 17 November , where the commanding officer established the regimental headquarters in the German Consulate . = = = River Auja = = = Around four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) to the north of Jaffa is the River Auja , along which the withdrawing Turkish Fourth Army had formed a defence line . The only crossing points were a bridge at Khurbet Hadrah , and three fords . One of these was about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the east of Hadrah , another was at Jerisheh and the third at the river mouth . The brigade was ordered to assault the river and capture a crossing . On 24 November the regiment , with the 8th Squadron leading , crossed the ford at the river mouth . Taken by surprise , the Turkish defenders retired , and were followed by the regiment , who galloped into the nearby foothills and captured the village of Sheikh Muannis . The rest of the brigade continued the attack along the river , capturing the other crossings . To support their defence , the 161st ( Essex ) Brigade moved to the north of the river and dug in . The regiment sent mounted patrols forward to observe the surrounding country . The next day the Turkish counter @-@ attacked the bridge @-@ head at Khurbet Hadrah in force . Their first attempt failed , but after being reinforced they tried again the same day . Eventually the Essex Brigade were forced to withdraw back across the river . The regiment , to assist them , crossed at the river mouth and attacked the Turkish right , with the 10th Squadron heading , on foot , for Sheikh Muannis to assist the Wellington Mounted Rifles . Now defended by the 10th Squadron , the village 's defenders withdrew across the river , and once clear they were followed by the squadron . Meanwhile , the 1st and 8th Squadrons , which had moved into the northern hills , were heavily attacked by the advancing Turks . They managed to hold a line , supported by their machine @-@ guns , as they slowly retired , troop covering troop , back to the river . The Turkish force , now back in control of the northern river bank , made no attempt to force a crossing . Despite the nature of the battle , with the regiment withdrawing in daylight , their casualties were again rather light at two dead and four wounded . = = Jordan Valley = = = = = Jericho = = = The British captured Jerusalem in December , but the Turkish forces still held the Jordan Valley and the area around the Dead Sea , putting the British right flank in danger of a counter @-@ attack . As a result , the regiment 's next operation involved the capture of Jericho in the east . On 16 February the regiment started their move towards Bethlehem , arriving there the next day . Two days later the brigade started over the hills towards the River Jordan , marching overnight . The tracks forced them into single file , but by daylight they were at El Muntar . From there the terrain dropped three thousand feet ( 910 m ) to the Jordan Valley . As soon as the brigade 's vanguard appeared they were engaged by the Turkish defences . It was not until 07 : 00 that the regiment came into the open to assist the attack . The regiment was sent against a Turkish strong point at Hill 288 , the 8th and 10th Squadrons leading with the 1st in reserve . The 10th Squadron had problems continuing their attack so the 1st was sent forward by a different route , and by noon the Turkish defenders were withdrawing to Nebi Musa . Here , using their artillery and machine @-@ guns , the Turks held up the regiment 's advance along a narrow defile until nightfall . The next morning the 10th Squadron were sent forward again , but the Turks had withdrawn during the night . At 05 : 30 on 21 February the regiment formed the brigade 's vanguard as it started out again , reaching the Jordan Valley at 09 : 00 . The regiment pushed ahead towards Jericho , leaving the 8th Squadron behind to repair the road they were using . Jericho was occupied by the 1st Light Horse Brigade , so the regiment deployed along the River Jordan , from the Dead Sea to a pontoon bridge at Ghoraniyeh , which was still held by the Turks . The next day was spent patrolling the vicinity of the river , and at 15 : 00 on 22 February the western side was declared clear of all Turkish forces . The brigade did not linger in the valley , and at 18 : 00 the same day they started back to Jerusalem . = = = Amman = = = A raid on Amman was the next operation for the regiment . The ANZAC Mounted Division , 60th ( London ) Division and the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade would all take part . On 13 March the regiment started back to the Jordan Valley through heavy rain . Orders for the raid were issued ; the brigade would advance on mountain tracks , via the village of Ain Es Sir , then to Amman . The rains postponed the raid , and it was not until 01 : 30 on 24 March that the brigade crossed the river Jordan , by a pontoon bridge at Hajlah . At 09 : 30 the regiment , the Wellington Mounted Rifles and the 181st ( 2 / 6th London ) Brigade started clearing the area between the river and the foothills . The vanguard , formed by the 1st Squadron and the Auckland Mounted Rifles , had by 16 : 30 left the Wadi Jeria and started up into the hills . In the wet and cold weather progress was slow . The narrow tracks meant that all wheeled transport , including artillery and supply wagons , had to be left behind . They reached Ain Es Sir at 14 : 00 , two hours behind the vanguard . Out of contact with the division , they remained at the village for the remainder of that day and the next . Patrols checked the area between the village and Amman , which was around six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) away . The remainder of the division , which had travelled by a different route , arrived later that day . They were in no physical condition to attack , so the advance was postponed until the next day . The assault began at daylight on 27 March ; the 8th Squadron moved across the plain to Kusr , where their progress was stopped by heavy Turkish small arms fire . The squadron formed a defensive line , while the 1st Squadron moved past them on the right and captured a small hill . Turkish artillery and machine @-@ gun fire grew heavier all day , and another attempt by the 8th Squadron to move forward at 16 : 00 also failed . At 19 : 25 the Turks counter @-@ attacked the 1st Squadron , but were forced to retire . That night patrols were sent to reconnoitre the Turkish positions , so they could be more easily attacked the next day . At dawn on 28 March the entire division tried another attack . The 1st Squadron managed to capture a small trench , but without their artillery support they were unable to move any further forward in the face of heavy Turkish machine @-@ gun fire . All that day and night they managed to hold onto what they had won , waiting for reinforcement to continue the attack . The next day it was decided to make a dismounted attack on Hill 3039 , outside Amman . The regiment , while still holding its own lines , provided eleven officers and 102 other ranks to take part in the assault . At 02 : 00 they formed up and started forward , the regiment 's contingent forming the second line with the Wellington Mounted Rifles . The assault was successful , the first line capturing their objectives . The second line passed through them onto their objectives . With around three hundred yards ( 270 m ) to go , Turkish machine @-@ guns opened fire on them , but they pressed on , capturing a machine @-@ gun and fourteen prisoners . Then the 8th Squadron moved forward with the 4th ( ANZAC ) Battalion , Imperial Camel Corps Brigade , and captured the last Turkish position on the hill . The brigade settled in to defend the hill , the regiment located between the brigade 's other two units . At dawn Turkish artillery targeted the hill , and at 09 : 30 the Turks counter @-@ attacked the New Zealanders . They were stopped by the brigade , using captured machine @-@ guns in addition to their own weapons . Turkish artillery continued to bombard the hill until 16 : 00 , when another counter @-@ attack began , mostly to the regiment 's left ; this was driven off . The third counter @-@ attack came an hour later but was also defeated . Elsewhere the rest of the division had been trying to reach Amman but could not make any progress . Unable to continue the attack , and with a shortage of ammunition and rations , the division was ordered to withdraw back to the River Jordan . The brigade was ordered at 18 : 00 to retire back to Ain Es Sir . On arrival the 1st Squadron formed a defensive line , while the rest of the regiment rested . However , the 1st Squadron were soon engaged by a Turkish force , and the regiment and the Auckland Mounted Rifles moved up to support them . For the remainder of the night , the division retired through the line held by the regiment , until 04 : 00 on 1 April when the Wellington Mounted Rifles took over from the regiment , which then followed the division back to the river . They reached the Jordan Valley at dusk and moved back across the river . During the operation , the regiment lost eighteen dead , thirty @-@ seven wounded and one man missing in action . The brigade crossed the Jordan and the regiment camped two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the south @-@ east of Jericho . Not all of the ANZAC Mounted Division moved west of the river ; the 1st Light Horse Brigade remained on the eastern bank forming a bridge @-@ head . On 19 April the regiment crossed back over the river to conduct a reconnaissance of Shunet Nimrin . Advancing through Turkish artillery fire they got to within one thousand yards ( 910 m ) of the Turkish lines in the foothills , and remained there all day , before returning to the western bank at 21 : 00 . = = = Es Salt = = = On 30 April the second raid across the Jordan began , their objective to capture Es Salt . This time a much larger force was involved under command of the Desert Mounted Corps . The regiment and brigade were part of the force assigned to attack Shunet Nimrin . Once again they advanced through Turkish artillery fire , and confronted by Turkish strong points in the foothills , were unable to make any progress . That night they moved back across the Jordan , having suffered three dead and eleven wounded . On 1 May the brigade became the corps reserve and at noon were ordered to assist the 179th ( 2 / 4th London ) Brigade in their attack on El Haud . The regiment crossed the bridge and started forward , through artillery fire , first walking then increasing their pace to a canter , until they reached cover . But then they were ordered back and had to return to Umm Es Shert , so they headed back through the shellfire until they reached the village . They remained there overnight until ordered forward to support the 4th Light Horse Brigade defending the road from the Ed Damieh ford to Es Salt , which was the only route back for the rest of the force attacking Es Salt . For the next day the regiment held a defensive position along the road , and then moved , dismounted , into the mountains to help the Australian Mounted Division extricate themselves . On 3 May , once the Australians had moved past them , the regiment walked back down the track behind them , shelled by Turkish artillery . They then moved into the lines held by the infantry until the other forces had reached safety , before forming the rearguard back to Ghoraniyeh , arriving at 16 : 00 on 5 May . = = = Chaytor 's Force = = = The next months were spent training and refitting , until August when the brigade formed the divisional reserve located around Jericho . In September they moved forward to form the left ( northern ) flank of the Jordan Valley defences . At the same time , the regiment took command of the 1st and 2nd Battalions British West Indies Regiment and the 38th and 39th Battalions Royal Fusiliers , which were part of a larger deception force commanded by the divisional commander , Chaytor . They were tasked with convincing the Turks that the next British attack would be from the Jordan Valley , while the forces were actually being realigned to attack in the west . The regiment was heavily involved in the deception , carrying out offensive patrolling , constructing dummy camps , and moving back and forwards behind the lines to give the impression of a much larger force than was actually present . The main British attack started in the west on 19 September ; the regiment remained in the Jordan Valley keeping patrols close to the Turkish positions to watch for any withdrawal . The first evidence of that was observed the next day , when the Turks retired from their forward positions . The regiment then moved to join the rest of the brigade at Khubret Fusail on the western bank of the Jordan . The next day the brigade started towards their first objective , the bridge at Damieh . At 10 : 30 the Auckland Mounted Rifles , assisted by the 1st Squadron , assaulted and captured the Damieh bridge with a bayonet charge . The 10th Squadron arrived after the bridge was secured , and followed the Auckanders pursuing the withdrawing Turks into the hills . That night the regiment moved back across the bridge , leaving the 1st Squadron behind to guard it . The next day the brigade was ordered to resume the advance , so with the regiment as the vanguard , overcame the first obstacle , a Turkish machine @-@ gun post . At 15 : 30 they reached Es Salt , passed through the town to the east , and formed a defensive position in the hills for the night . During the day they had captured 250 men , three artillery pieces and several machine @-@ guns . The next day , 24 September , the regiment continued their advance , heading towards Suweile where they were joined by the 1st and 2nd Light Horse Brigades . The next day about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) north @-@ west of Amman they came upon two Turkish redoubts covering the road to the town . While the brigade 's other regiments deployed to attack them , the regiment , with a section from the Machine @-@ Gun Squadron , were ordered to manoeuvre around to assault them from the rear . At midday they were confronted by around two hundred Turkish troops defending a ridge line . The regiment , through artillery and machine @-@ gun fire , assaulted and captured the ridge . Not stopping to consolidate the position , they continued forward towards Amman . Once there the 10th Squadron , and part of the 8th Squadron , assaulted the Citadel in a bayonet charge , capturing 119 German prisoners and six machine @-@ guns . The regiment then charged through the town , capturing the railway station at 16 : 30 . All told the regiment took 1 @,@ 200 prisoners , fourteen machine @-@ guns , and other military stores . Their own casualties were one dead and two wounded . Casualties and illness had reduced the regiment 's strength to only 350 men , many of whom were struck down with malaria . The regiment remained in the Amman area until the night of 29 / 30 September when they moved south to Kastel and secured a large number of prisoners from the Turkish II Corps . On 3 October they were relieved by the 3rd Light Horse Regiment , and started back towards the Jordan Valley . By 9 October they had crossed the valley and had reached Jerusalem ; they then went back to Ayun Kara , their part in the war being over . = = Post war = = The war in the Middle East ended on 31 October 1918 , following the signing of the Armistice of Moudros . In November the regiment was selected to be part of the Allied force of occupation for the Dardanelles peninsula . They would again be going in a dismounted role , but only twenty @-@ five officers and 464 other ranks were involved . Leaving Egypt on 28 November they disembarked on 5 December and moved into their camps at Maidos and Kilid Bahr . On 19 January 1919 , the majority of the regiment returned to Egypt , rejoining the brigade at Kantara . On 17 March the whole brigade was ordered to deploy to assist the civil authorities dealing with growing unrest among the Egyptian civilian population . The regiment moved to the Nile Delta on 23 March , forming a column with four armoured cars and an armoured train . Any one found rioting was arrested and tried in front of a court headed by the commanding @-@ officer , who also imposed sentences . Within weeks the rioting was quelled and the regiment returned to their camp , remaining there until 17 June when they were ordered to send their horses to the remount depot and move to Ismailia on the Suez Canal . On 30 June they embarked on the transport ship HMNZT Ulimaroa for New Zealand and the regiment was disbanded . = = = Casualties = = = During the war 334 men from the regiment died from all causes . In the seven months of the Gallipoli Campaign they had 127 dead ; fourteen of those died of illness and 113 were killed in action . Another forty @-@ six , not included in that total , were reported missing believed dead . The two years of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign accounted for another 127 dead . At the same time 466 men were debilitated or wounded in action at Gallipoli , and another 254 were wounded during the later campaign , a total of 720 wounded for both campaigns . Many of the Gallipoli dead have no known grave ; the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Chunuk Bair Cemetery , constructed on the site where the Turks buried Allied war dead following the evacuation , has 632 graves of which only ten men have been identified . At the nearby Hill 60 Cemetery , which has another 788 graves , only seventy @-@ six were identified . = = = Honours = = = Several men of the regiment were recognised for their service by the British Empire awards system . Captain Robin Harper , later commander of the brigade machine @-@ gun squadron , was perhaps the most decorated , being awarded the Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) , Military Cross ( MC ) , Distinguished Conduct Medal ( DCM ) and being mentioned in despatches three times . Findlay was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and awarded a DSO , alongside six other officers who were also invested with the DSO . One officer was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire , and another a Member of the Order of the British Empire . Another eleven officers were awarded the MC , while the other ranks received a total of twelve DCMs and twenty @-@ three Military Medals . There were also a total of sixty mentions in despatches , some men being mentioned more than once .
= Étienne Hastrel de Rivedoux = Étienne d 'Hastrel de Rivedoux was a general of the First French Empire who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . He was born 4 February 1766 at Pointe @-@ aux @-@ Trembles in Quebec , which was then the British colony , Province of Québec , the son of an officer in the French military . His father had served in India during the Seven Years ' War , and later in Quebec . The son of rural nobility , he attended the Royal Military School in Paris as a gentleman @-@ cadet . After his graduation , Hastrel occupied several junior positions . During the French Revolution in 1789 , and its subsequent political and social upheavals , he affirmed his loyalty to France . Described by his colleagues as naturally talented , quickly moved into the ranks of the general staff , filling increasingly important positions in several French field armies , including the Army of the Rhine , the Army of the Danube , the Army of Helvetia , and the Grande Armée . He also managed an autonomous division of engineers and sappers during the Peninsular War . After the Bourbon Restoration , he retained his titles and honors . He was recalled from retirement in 1830 , during the July Revolution . He died 19 September 1846 at Versailles . = = Family = = Étienne d 'Hastrel descended from a family of rural notables . He was the son of Christophe Claude d 'Hastrel of Rivedoux , a second son of the Lord of Rivedoux , Pierre Bruno d 'Hastrel . His mother , Marie Anne Lienard de Boisjoly married his father , Christophe Claude d 'Hastrel , a gentleman from the Île de Ré , a small island off the coast of France near La Rochelle , on 12 February 1760 in Neuville . The senior d 'Hastrel was a captain in the Languedoc Regiment , in a company of grenadiers . He participated in the Siege of Pondicherry in the Seven Years ' War . Etienne d 'Hastrel 's elder brother , Jacques Bruno D 'Hastrel , ecuyer ( equerry ) , Chevalier , and Lord of Rivedoux , was a Knight of the Order of Saint Louis . Upon their father 's death in 1782 , he inherited the family estates and titles . Etienne Hastrel was married twice , first in 1796 to his cousin Marie @-@ Josephe d 'Hastrel Rivedoux ( b . 1767 ) , who died 18 January 1801 . He married later to an Alsatian , Louise Zäpffel or Zöpffel , the sister of Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke . He and his second wife had a son , Adolphe Hastrel de Rivedoux ( 1805 – 1875 ) , artillery captain and traveler , but best known as a painter and print maker . = = Military career = = Étienne d 'Hastrel was admitted to the Royal Military School in Paris as a gentleman @-@ cadet , with the rank of sous @-@ lieutenant on 11 September 1781 . When he graduated on 8 May 1784 , he joined the Artois Regiment — later the 48th Infantry Regiment — as a lieutenant . He was present at Rennes during the turmoil immediately following the Revolution , particularly divisive in the military . Some of soldiers , and indeed of some of the officers , suspected the loyalty of fellow officers remained with the old regime . Hastrel worried that the officers could no longer command the obedience of the troops , and recounted in his journal : " The reception of the tri @-@ color occasioned a scene of insubordination , which deprived us of several officers and served as a pretext to the revolutionaries to inspire defiance among the soldiers . At the moment when the flag was blessed and given to the battalion , the commander gave the orders to leave the church , but the soldiers would not budge . Stirred up by the youths who had assisted with the ceremony , they declared that they would not leave the old flag to be hung from the church vaults .... We could not enforce our commands .... Seeing his authority ignored , the commander left the church and was followed by six or seven other officers . Then Capitaine Sermizelles , who had stayed , took the flag and gave it to the priest to be hung in the church .... [ T ] he battalion ... returned to the barracks in order . " He was promoted to captain with the campaign of the Vosges on 13 April 1792 . He participated in the engagements at Frankfurt am Main and Hochheim and Siege of Mainz ( 1793 ) , and a small engagement at Bingen . Subsequently he was named adjutant staff major of the Army of the Rhine on 11 July 1793 . In 1799 , he was appointed to Jean @-@ Baptiste Jourdan 's general staff of the Army of the Danube , garrisoned initially in Strasbourg . After crossing the Rhine in early March , the Army engaged Archduke Charles ' Austrian troops at the battles of Ostrach and Stockach . Following defeat at Ostrach , the army was reorganized with the Army of Helvetia , under command of André Masséna . Hastrel received a staff appointment in Milan . François Antoine Louis Bourcier served with Hastrel in the Army of the Danube . In 1800 , he described Hastrel to François Nicolas Fririon : " The talents he has received from nature have been expanded by a careful education . His activities and services as the deputy of the general staff should make him eligible for promotion to a superior rank . " In 1804 , Etienne Hastrel became a member of the Legion of Honor . For the campaigns of 1805 against Austria , of 1806 against Prussia , and of 1807 against Poland , he served on the staffs of Antoine @-@ François Andréossy . While in Warsaw in 1807 , he was promoted to general of brigade . Upon his return to Germany , Hastrel was appointed to the staff of the Prince of Ponte @-@ Corvo , Jean @-@ Baptiste Bernadotte , on 20 August 1809 and , later , to the staff of Nicolas Oudinot in Holland . Etienne Hastrel also served as the military governor of Neumarkt , in Küstrin , Pomerania , 15 February 1807 to May 1807 , and in the military government of Hamburg . In 1809 , Napoleon sent Etienne Hastrel to Spain , to command the engineer park attached to French army . This included three companies of miners , nine companies of sappers , a battalion of mariners , another of sailors , four companies of pontonniers ( bridge builders ) , four companies of pioneers ( engineers ) , two companies of artillery , and park 's own medical detachment , close to 5 @,@ 000 men . In June 1810 , he was rewarded as Commander of the Legion of Honor . As chief of general staff of the Provisional Army of Germany , and later major general ( after 1811 ) he was appointed 13 March 1812 as director @-@ general of military conscription , a position which he held until the peace of 1814 . = = Bourbon restoration = = Louis XVIII named him a Knight of Order of Saint Louis upon the restoration and placed him command of the military of the Vosges in October . During the Hundred Days , Napoleon appointed him as director of the Ministry of War . In 1816 , the King appointed him to various inspector generalships from 1816 to 1823 , and he retired in 1825 . During the July Revolution of 1830 , he was recalled to the general staff , but he retired permanently in 1832 . He became a grand officer of the Legion of Honor on 8 May 1835 . During his retirement , he wrote his memoires , which were published in 1833 . He died 19 September 1846 at his home in Versailles and is buried at Cemetery of Notre Dame , at Versailles . Sixty @-@ one of his letters , written between 1806 and 1841 , are preserved at the Public Library of France , under the title Belgique , Les fètes de Bruges . = = = Genealogical information = = =
= TouchWave = TouchWave , Inc . ( now WebCom ) , was a privately held Palo Alto , California IP @-@ telephony network switch provider founded in 1997 . TouchWave developed a product line called WebSwitch that was designed to replace traditional private telephone exchange systems in small @-@ to @-@ medium @-@ sized companies . WebSwitch was part of a phone system that incorporates communication features provided by the Internet . The rapid success of TouchWave was memorialized with awards and an acquisition by Ericsson Communications for $ 46M two years after TouchWave was founded . Ericsson continued the TouchWave product line under the name WebCom , but its efforts have been viewed as less than successful . = = History = = In 1997 , TouchWave was a privately held , venture @-@ backed startup company in Palo Alto , California , with future entrepreneur Oliver Muoto as its marketing director . Co @-@ founded by CEO Bo Larsson , Jeff Snider , David F. Wittenkamp , and Jesper Stroe , TouchWave released its first product , WebSwitch , in 1997 . WebSwitch , a Web @-@ based phone switch , provided telephony over IP and targeted small to medium @-@ sized businesses and branch networks of larger organizations . The WebSwitch was designed to deliver significantly lower costs for communications , ease of management and administration and offered services on a single IP @-@ based network platform . The timing of TouchWave 's late 1997 release of its phone switch product matched Level 3 's development of its first softswitch , a method to connect calls from one phone line to another without a need to use traditional hardware . TouchWave made significant business and technology advances in 1998 and quickly became a recognized contributor to the VoIP industry . In March 1998 , TouchWave received the Best of Show Award at both at the Microsoft Network Telephony Forum and the Computer Telephony Expo ( Los Angeles ) for its WebSwitch product . In April , Communications Convergence magazine identified TouchWave 's WebSwitch as " [ hinting ] at the future , where voice and data will live together on a single network . " In July , TouchWave entered into a partnership agreement with British Telecom , the dominant fixed line telecommunications and broadband Internet provider in the United Kingdom . The partnership brought TouchWave access to technical recommendations and product feedback from British Telecom to be used to develop WebSwitch . In August , Computer Telephony awarded TouchWave its Editor 's Choice Award for the WebSwitch product . In September , TouchWave introduced a new version of WebSwitch . In October 1998 , TouchWave entered into an agreement with Telogy Networks to include Telogy 's embedded communications software in WebSwitch in order to improve the quality of its sound transmission . By the end of 1998 , TouchWave had improved its product line to where it could replace traditional private telephone exchange systems in small @-@ to @-@ medium @-@ sized companies throughout the world . By early April 1999 , TouchWave had upgraded their WebSwitch 1608 local area network distributed phone system to a product called WebSwitch 2000 . On April 13 , 1999 , Swedish telecommunication company Ericsson announced that it had purchased TouchWave for $ 46 million . In exchange for the $ 46M , TouchWave provided Ericsson with Internet Protocol centric network products such as business phone and private business exchanges . The acquisition of TouchWave came at a time when multibillion @-@ dollar companies were acquiring other relatively small Internet @-@ connected companies , such as WebLine , Selsius , GeoTel , NBX , Dialogic , and Summa Four . Some employees from TouchWave eventually followed serial entrepreneur and former TouchWave president and CEO Samir Lehaff to Adomo , Inc . , a provider of voicemail majordomo services . TouchWave co @-@ founder Jeff Snider would go on to be vice president of enterprise sales at Ericsson and then a CEO co @-@ founder of Adomo in 1999 . = = WebCom = = With Ericsson 's 1999 purchase , TouchWave became a subsidiary of Ericsson and was renamed WebCom . In April 2000 , Ericsson WebCom , now based in Menlo Park , California , expanded TouchWave 's WebSwitch product line with the WebSwitch 100 Phone Gateway and IP Extension Gateway . In January 2003 , Business Communications Review magazine stated that Ericsson 's acquisition of TouchWave " turned out to be of little consequence . " A year later , that same magazine asserted that Ericsson 's acquisition of TouchWave had not produced a desired result , writing that it had " borne little fruit . "
= Mark Henry = Mark Jerrold Henry ( born June 12 , 1971 ) is an American powerlifter , Olympic weightlifter , strongman , and professional wrestler who is currently signed to WWE on the Raw brand . He was a two @-@ time Olympian in 1992 and 1996 and a Gold , Silver and Bronze Medalist at the Pan American Games in 1995 . As a powerlifter , he was WDFPF World Champion ( 1995 ) and a two @-@ time U.S. National Champion ( 1995 and 1997 ) as well as an all @-@ time raw world record holder in the squat and deadlift . Currently , he still holds the WDFPF world records in the squat , deadlift and total and the USAPL American record in the deadlift since 1995 . He is credited for the biggest raw squat and raw powerlifting total ever performed by a drug tested athlete , regardless of weight class , as well as the greatest raw deadlift by an American citizen . In weightlifting , Henry was a three @-@ time U.S. National Weightlifting Champion ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 ) , an American Open winner ( 1992 ) , a two @-@ time U.S. Olympic Festival Champion ( 1993 and 1994 ) and a NACAC champion ( 1996 ) . He holds all three Senior US American weightlifting records of 1993 – 1997 . In 2002 he won the first annual Arnold Strongman Classic . Since joining the World Wrestling Federation ( now WWE ) in 1996 , he has become a one @-@ time WWF European Champion and a two @-@ time world champion , having held the ECW Championship in 2008 , and the World Heavyweight Championship in 2011 . = = Early life = = Henry was born in Silsbee , Texas . As a child , he was a big wrestling fan and André the Giant was his favorite wrestler . While attending a wrestling show in Beaumont , Texas , young Henry tried to touch André as he was walking down the aisle , but tripped over the barricade . André picked him up out of the crowd and put him back behind the barricade . Henry played football in high school until his senior year , when he strained ligaments in his wrist during the first game of the year and scored below 700 on the SAT . When Henry was 12 years old , his father , Ernest , died of complications from diabetes . When he was 14 years old , Henry was diagnosed with dyslexia . Henry comes from a family in which almost all of the men are larger than average , especially his great uncle Chudd , who was 6 ft 7 in , weighed approximately 500 lb , never had a pair of manufactured shoes , and was known as the strongest man in the Piney Woods of East Texas . = = Powerlifting career = = By the time Mark Henry was in the fourth grade , he was 5 ' 5 " and weighed 225 lb ( 102 kg ) . His mother bought a set of weights for him when he was 10 years old . During Henry 's freshman year at Silsbee High School , he was already able to squat 600 lb ( 270 kg ) , which was well over school record . As an 18 @-@ year @-@ old high school senior , Henry was called " the world 's strongest teenager " by the Los Angeles Times , and made it into the headlines in early 1990 for winning the National High School Powerlifting Championships and setting teenage lifting world records in the squat 832 lb ( 377 kg ) and total 2 @,@ 033 lb ( 922 kg ) . By the time Henry finished high school , he was a three @-@ time Texas state champion with state and national records in all four powerlifting categories — the squat at 832 lb ( 377 kg ) , bench press at 525 lb ( 238 kg ) and deadlift at 815 lb ( 370 kg ) as well as the total at 2 @,@ 033 lb ( 922 kg ) . At the Texas High School Powerlifting Championships in April 1990 , Terry Todd , a professor of kinesiology at the University of Texas at Austin and former weightlifter , spotted Henry and persuaded him to go to Austin after he graduated to train in the Olympic style of weightlifting . In July 1990 at the USPF Senior National Powerlifting Championships , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Henry came second only to the legendary six @-@ time World Powerlifting Champion Kirk Karwoski . While powerlifting relies primarily on brute strength and power , which Henry obviously possessed , Olympic weightlifting is considered more sophisticated , involving more agility , timing , flexibility and technique . There have been few lifters in history who have been able to be successful in both lifting disciplines . Mastering the technique of weightlifting usually takes many years of practice . But Henry broke four national junior records in weightlifting after only eight months of training . In April 1991 , he won the United States National Junior Championships ; 20 days later he placed fourth at the U.S. Senior National Championships , and finished sixth at the Junior World Weightlifting Championships in Germany two months later . Only few weeks afterwards , he became 1991 's International Junior Champion in Powerlifiting as well . In Henry 's first year in competitive weightlifting , he broke all three junior ( 20 and under ) American records 12 times , and became the United States ' top Superheavyweight , surpassing Mario Martinez . At the age of 19 , Henry had already managed to qualify for the weightlifting competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics , where he finished tenth in the Super- Heavyweight class . Ten months before the 1992 Olympics , Henry had begun training with Dragomir Cioroslan , a bronze medalist at the 1984 Summer Olympics , who said that he had " never seen anyone with Mark 's raw talent " . After the Olympics , Henry became more determined to focus on weightlifting and began competing all over the world . In late 1992 he took the win at the USA Weightlifting American Open and further proved his dominance on the American soil by winning not only the U.S. National Weightlifting Championships , but also the U.S. Olympic Festival Championships in 1993 and 1994 . At the 1995 Pan American Games Henry won a gold , silver and bronze medal . Having reached the pinnacle of weightlifting on a National and continental level , he competed again in powerlifting and shocked the world by winning the ADFPA U.S. National Powerlifting Championships in 1995 with a 2314 @.@ 8 lb raw Powerlifting Total . Despite competing without supportive equipment in contrast to the other competitors , Henry managed to outclass the lifter in second place by 286 lbs defeating not only 5 time IPF World Powerlifting Champion and 12 time USAPL National Powerlifting Champion Brad Gillingham , but also America 's Strongest Man of 1997 Mark Philippi . In the process he set all @-@ time world records in the raw deadlift at 903 @.@ 9 lbs ( 410 kg ) and the squat without a squat suit at 948 @.@ 0 lbs ( 430 kg ) as well as the all @-@ time drug tested raw total at 2314 @.@ 8 lb ( 1050 kg ) . Later that same year in October , he competed in the drug @-@ free Powerlifting World Championships and won again , even though he trained on the powerlifts only sparingly — due his main focus still being on the two Olympic lifts . He not only become World Champion by winning the competition but also bettered his previous all @-@ time squat world record to 953 @.@ 5 lbs ( 432 @.@ 5 kg ) and his all @-@ time drug tested world record total to 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ( 1060 kg ) . In 1996 Henry became the North America , Central America , Caribbean Islands ( NACAC ) Champion . He earned the right to compete at the Olympics by winning the U.S. National Weightlifting Championships in the Spring of 1996 for a third time . During his victory Henry became Senior US American record holder ( 1993 – 1997 ) in the Snatch at 180 @.@ 0 kg ( 396 @.@ 8 lbs ) , Clean and jerk at 220 @.@ 0 kg ( 485 @.@ 0 lbs ) , and Total at 400 @.@ 0 kg ( 881 @.@ 8 lbs ) , improving all of his three previous personal bests . This 400 kg total , in the opinion of many experts in track field of international lifting — including Dragomir Cioroslan , the ' 96s coach of the U.S. team — was the highest ever made by an athlete who had never used anabolic steroids — who was lifetime drugfree . By that time , at the age of 24 , Henry was generally acknowledged as the strongest man in the world , even by many of the Eastern Block athletes who outrank him in weightlifting . No one in the history of the sports had ever lifted as much as him in the five competitive lifts — the snatch and the clean and jerk in weightlifting — the squat , bench press and deadlift in powerlifting . To this day , his five lift total is still the greatest in history by a fair amount — making him arguably one of the strongest men that ever lived and stamp him , according to lifting statistician Herb Glossbrenner , as history ’ s greatest lifter . In the months prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , Georgia , Henry received more attention and publicity than any lifter in recent US history . He guested at Jay Leno , Conan O 'Brien and Oprah Winfrey Show and was featured on HBO Inside Sports and The Today Show . He was also featured in dozens of magazines including U.S. News & World Report , People Vanity Fair , ESPN The Magazine and Life where he was photographed nude by famed artist Annie Lebowitz . During this period he connected with WWE owner Vince McMahon for the first time , which led to him signing a 10 @-@ year deal as professional wrestler . Henry improved his lifts to 407 lb in the snatch and 507 lb in the clean and jerk during his final eight weeks of preparation for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta . Henry at 6 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inches tall and 414 lbs bodyweight , became the largest athlete in Olympic history and was voted captain of the Olympic weightlifting team . Unfortunately , he suffered a back injury during the competition and was unable to approach his normal performance level . Due to the injury he had to drop out after his first clean and jerk attempt and finished with a disappointing 14th place . His appearance at the Olympics proved to be his last official competition in Olympic weightlifting , as he retired from weightlifting , vowing never to return unless the sport is " cleaned up " of anabolic steroid use . Since his career start as a professional wrestler shortly after the Olympics , he broke his leg in the Fall of 1996 . But by the summer of the following year he had rehabbed it enough to be able to compete at the USAPL National Powerlifting Championships 1997 , where he won the competition to become the U.S National Powerlifting Champion in the Super Heavyweight class again . He had planned to continue heavy training in powerlifting , although his travel schedule as a professional wrestler with the WWF ( now WWE ) has made sustained training difficult . Mark ’ s WWF contract was unique in many ways , allowing him at least three months off each year from wrestling , so he can train for the national and world championships in weightlifting or powerlifting . Barring injury , Mark had originally hoped to return to the platform in late 1998 , to lift for many more years , and to eventually squat at least 1100 lbs without a “ squat suit ” and to deadlift 1000 lbs . Although in early 1998 he was still able to do five reps in the bench press with 495 lbs , three reps in the squat with 855 lbs ( with no suit and no knee wraps ) , and three reps in the standing press with 405 lbs in training , while traveling with the World Wrestling Federation , he never returned to compete again in official championships in favor of his wrestling career . He weighed 380 lbs at that time , and his right upper arm was measured at 24 ” by Terry Todd . By basically ending his lifting career at the age of 26 , it is probable that he never reached his full physical potential as a professional lifter . Henry remains the youngest man in history to squat more than 900 pounds without a squat suit as well as the youngest to total more than 2 @,@ 300 pounds raw – he 's the only person ever to have accomplished any of these feats at under 25 years of age . = = = Personal powerlifting records = = = Powerlifting Competition Records : done in official Powerlifting full meets Squat – 432 @.@ 5 kg ( 953 @.@ 5 lbs ) raw with knee wraps ( done on October 29 , 1995 WDFPF ) → former all @-@ time unequipped squat world record for over a decade in SHW class until 2010 ( + regardless of weight class until 2007 ) → current WDFPF world record squat in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995 → current drug tested all @-@ time world record squat without a suit in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1995 → currently heaviest walked @-@ out raw squat of all time ( without a monolift ) regardless of weight class or federation since 1995 Deadlift – 410 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) raw ( done on July 16 , 1995 ADFPA ( USAPL ) ) → former all @-@ time raw world record deadlift in SHW class until 2010 ( + regardless of weight class until 2009 ) → current all @-@ time highest raw deadlift ever pulled by an American in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1995 → current Open Men American record deadlift in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995 → current all @-@ time US national championship record deadlift in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995 → current USAPL American record deadlift in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995 → current drug tested raw world record deadlift ( in SHW class only ) since 1995 Powerlifting Total – 1060 kg ( 432 @.@ 5 / 235 @.@ 0 / 392 @.@ 5 ) / 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ( 953 @.@ 5 / 518 @.@ 1 / 865 @.@ 3 ) raw with wraps ( done on October 29 , 1995 WDFPF ) → current WDFPF world record in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since 1995 → current drug tested all @-@ time world record unequipped powerlifting total in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) Career aggregate Powerlifting Total ( best official lifts ) – 1108 @.@ 0 kg ( 432 @.@ 5 + 265 @.@ 5 + 410 ) / 2442 @.@ 7 lbs ( 953 @.@ 5 + 585 @.@ 3 + 903 @.@ 9 ) Powerlifting Gym Records ( unofficial ) : Squat – 1006 lbs ( 456 @.@ 5 kg ) Bench press – 585 lbs – 600 lbs ( 265 kg – 272 kg ) Deadlift – 925 lbs ( 420 kg ) Career aggregate Powerlifting Total ( best unofficial lifts ) – 2531 lbs ( 1006 + 600 + 925 ) Front Squat – 770 lbs ( 350 kg ) Behind @-@ the @-@ neck @-@ press – over 400 lbs ( > 181 kg ) = = = Personal weightlifting records = = = Weightlifting Competition Records : done in official competition Snatch : 180 @.@ 0 kg ( 396 @.@ 8 lbs ) ( done at 1996 's U.S. Nationals ) → Senior US American snatch record 1993 – 1997 in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) Clean & jerk : 220 @.@ 0 kg ( 485 @.@ 0 lbs ) ( done at 1996 's U.S. Nationals ) → Senior US American clean & jerk record 1993 – 1997 in SHW class Weightlifting Total : 400 @.@ 0 kg ( 881 @.@ 8 lbs ) – snatch : 180 @.@ 0 kg ( 396 @.@ 8 lbs ) / clean & jerk : 220 @.@ 0 kg ( 485 @.@ 0 lbs ) ( done at 1996 's U.S. Nationals ) → Senior US American weightlifting total record 1993 – 1997 in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) Weightlifting Gym Records ( unofficial ) : all three done in training after the 1996 's U.S. Nationals , but prior to the Olympics ' 96 Snatch : 184 @.@ 6 kg ( 407 lbs ) Clean & jerk : 230 @.@ 0 kg ( 507 lbs ) Weightlifting Total : 414 @.@ 6 kg ( 914 lbs ) = = = Combined lifting records = = = official weightlifting total + official powerlifting total = Combined Supertotal : 400 @.@ 0 kg + 1060 @.@ 0 kg = 1460 @.@ 0 kg / 881 @.@ 8 lbs + 2336 @.@ 9 lbs = 3218 @.@ 7 lbs raw with wraps → current all @-@ time highest combined weightlifting / powerlifting total in history ( since 1996 * ) 5 official weightlifting & powerlifting lifts combined – the snatch + the clean & jerk and the squat + bench press + deadlift = Five @-@ Lift @-@ Combined @-@ Total : 180 @.@ 0 kg + 220 @.@ 0 kg + 432 @.@ 5 kg + 265 @.@ 5 kg + 410 @.@ 0 kg
= 1508 @.@ 0 kg / 396 @.@ 8 lbs + 485 @.@ 0 lbs + 953 @.@ 5 lbs + 585 @.@ 3 lbs + 903 @.@ 9 lbs = 3324 @.@ 5 lbs → current all @-@ time highest 5 lift total in history ( since 1996 * ) * both combined all @-@ time records had previously been held by legendary powerlifter Jon Cole Holding these all @-@ time records in the lifting sports makes Mark Henry arguably one of the Strongest Men in history . Having achieved this at the very young age of 24 while being lifetime drug @-@ free makes it even more impressive . Many experts in the field , including Bill Kazmaier , Jan and Terry Todd , Dr. Robert M. Goldman , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Muscle & Fitness magazine and Flex magazine , consider him to be " one of the Strongest Men that ever lived " or even " the most naturally gifted strongman in history " . When asked in September 2003 , who the strongest man in the world is today [ 2003 ] , Bill Kazmaier , considered by many to be the greatest strongman of all time , stated : " It would have to be Mark Henry . [ ... ] I think he 's one of the strongest men in the history of the world , without a doubt . " = = Professional wrestling career = = = = = World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE = = = = = = = Early career ( 1996 – 1997 ) = = = = At the age of 24 , Henry made his first appearance on World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) programming on the March 11 , 1996 episode of Monday Night Raw , where he press slammed Jerry Lawler , who was ridiculing Henry while interviewing him in the ring . After Henry competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics , the WWF signed him to a ten @-@ year contract . Trained by professional wrestler Leo Burke , his first feud in the WWF was with Lawler . At the pay @-@ per @-@ view event , SummerSlam in August 1996 , Henry came to the aid of Jake Roberts who was suffering indignity at the hands of Lawler . His debut wrestling match was at In Your House : Mind Games on September 22 , 1996 , where he defeated Lawler . The feud continued on the live circuit during subsequent weeks . On the November 4 episode of Raw , Henry served as a cornerman for Barry Windham in a match against Goldust . He was set to team with Windham , Marc Mero and Rocky Maivia to take on the team of Lawler , Goldust , Hunter Hearst Helmsley and Crush at Survivor Series , but was replaced by Jake Roberts when he was forced to withdraw from the event due to injury . On the November 17 episode of Superstars , Henry defeated Hunter Hearst Helmsley , Crush and Goldust in a tug of war contest . Henry 's career was then stalled as , over the next year , he took time off to heal injuries and engage in further training . In November 1997 , he returned to the ring , making his televised return the following month . By the end of the year , he was a regular fixture on WWF programming , defeating Steve Lombardi on the December 15 episode of Raw , and beating The Sultan on the December 27 episode of Shotgun . = = = = Nation of Domination and Sexual Chocolate ( 1998 – 2000 ) = = = = Henry joined the faction with Farooq , The Rock , Kama Mustafa , and D 'Lo Brown on January 12 , 1998 . After The Rock usurped Farooq 's position as leader , Henry switched loyalties to The Rock . He also competed at WrestleMania XIV in a tag team Battle Royal with Brown as his partner , but they did not win . After The Nation disbanded , he engaged in a short feud with The Rock , defeating him at Judgment Day : In Your House with help from Brown , and then forming a permanent team with Brown , gaining Ivory as a manager . During the next year , Henry gave himself the nickname Sexual Chocolate , and was involved in controversial angles with Chyna and a transvestite . During a match at the August 1999 SummerSlam pay @-@ per @-@ view between Brown and Jeff Jarrett for the WWF Intercontinental and WWF European Championships ( both held at the time by Brown ) , Henry turned on Brown and helped Jarrett win the match and the titles . The next night , Henry was awarded the European title by Jarrett in return for his help . Henry lost the title one month later to Brown at the Unforgiven pay @-@ per @-@ view . The night after he tried to make up with Brown and later in the week claimed to be a sex addict resulting in him attending a sex therapy session a week later where he claimed that he lost his virginity at eight years old to his sister , and had just slept with her two days ago . After this , Henry turned into a fan favorite , and was seen on television romancing WWF women from Chyna to Mae Young as part of the " Sexual Chocolate " character . He feuded with Viscera during this time , as part of a storyline where Viscera splashed Mae Young while she was carrying Henry 's child . Young later gave birth to a hand . Henry was part of various other embarrassing and infamous storylines , including one about him overcoming sex addiction . = = = = Ohio Valley Wrestling and strongman competitions ( 2000 – 2001 ) = = = = In 2000 , Henry was sent to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) to improve his conditioning and wrestling skills . In OVW , he teamed with Nick Dinsmore to compete in a tournament for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship in mid @-@ 2001 . Later that year , Henry 's mother died , causing him to go on hiatus from wrestling . He felt he had to compete in the " Super Bowl of weight lifting " — the Arnold Strongman Classic — in honor of his mother , who gave him his first weight set when he was a child . Four months prior to the contest , Henry began lifting the heaviest of weights and trained for the first time since 1997 for a major lifting competition . He had never been a professional strongman before , but in the coming contest he was to face the very best of the best of professional strongmen , such as the # 1 ranked strongman in the world , and defending World 's Strongest Man competition winner of 2001 Svend Karlsen , World 's Strongest Man winner of 2006 Phil Pfister , World Powerlifting Champion of 2001 and equipped deadlift world record holder Andy Bolton , World Muscle Power Champion , Olympic weightlifting Champion Raimonds Bergmanis , and reigning America 's Strongest Man of 2001 Brian Schoonveld . Then on 22 , February 2002 in Columbus , Ohio the competition , consisting of four events , designed to determine the lifter with the greatest overall body power , began . Henry surprised everybody when he won the first event , setting a world record in the process by lifting the Apollon 's Axle three times overhead . Only three men in history had ever been able to press it at all . By deadlifting 885 lbs for two reps in the second event and easily pushing a 5 @.@ 000 + lbs Hummer with nearly flat tires in the third event , Henry kept his lead continuously throughout the competition and never gave it up again . In the final " Farmer 's Walk " -event Henry quickly carried the roughly 850 lbs of railroad ties up an incline , winning the whole competition convincingly to capture the winning prize — a US $ 75 @,@ 000 Hummer , a vacation cruise and 10.000US $ cash . Since Mark had only trained for four months and defeated the crème @-@ de @-@ là @-@ crème of worldwide strongmen , who had been practicing for years , his win was a shock for strongman experts worldwide , but remained basically unnoticed by the wrestling audience . Henry proved to be worthy of the title " World 's Strongest Man " not only by winning the contest , but also by achieving it in record time . By doing so he was again seen as the legit " strongest man in the world " by many lifting experts for a second time since 1996 . = = = = Brand switches ( 2002 – 2004 ) = = = = Henry returned to the WWE the next month and was sent to the SmackDown ! brand , where he developed an in @-@ ring persona of performing " tests of strength " while other wrestlers took bets on the tests , but the gimmick met with little success . During this time he competed against such superstars as Chris Jericho and Christian . After being used sporadically on WWE ( formerly WWF ) television during 2002 , as he was training for a weightlifting contest , and suffering a knee injury , Henry was sent back to OVW for more training . In August 2003 , Henry returned to WWE television on the Raw roster as a heel where he found some success as a member of " Thuggin ' And Buggin ' Enterprises " , a group of African Americans led by Theodore Long who worked a race angle in which they felt they were victims of racism and were being held down by the " white man " . During that time , Henry was involved in a brief program with World Heavyweight Champion Goldberg when former champion , Triple H , put a bounty on Goldberg . This was followed by a brief rivalry with Shawn Michaels , before he engaged in a rivalry with Booker T. After defeating Booker T twice , once in a street fight and once in a six @-@ man tag team match , he lost to Booker T at the Armageddon pay @-@ per @-@ view in December 2003 . At a practice session in OVW in February 2004 , Henry tore his quadriceps muscle , and was out for over a year after undergoing surgery . Henry was then utilized by WWE as a public relations figure during his recovery , before returning to OVW to finish out 2005 . = = = = Pursuit of the World Heavyweight Championship ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = = = During the December 30 episode of SmackDown ! , Henry made his return to television , as he interfered in a WWE Tag Team Championship match , joining with MNM ( Joey Mercury , Johnny Nitro , and Melina ) , to help them defeat Rey Mysterio and Batista for the championship . A week later on SmackDown ! , Henry got in a confrontation with the World Heavyweight Champion , Batista , and went on to interfere in a steel cage match between MNM and the team of Mysterio and Batista , helping MNM to retain their titles . Henry then had another match with Batista at a live event where Batista received a severely torn triceps that required surgery , forcing him to vacate his title . On the January 10 , 2006 episode of SmackDown ! , Henry was involved in a Battle Royal for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship . He was finally eliminated by Kurt Angle , who won the title . A week later , Henry received assistance from Daivari , who turned on Angle and announced that he was the manager of Henry . With Daivari at his side , Henry faced Angle for the World Heavyweight Championship at the 2006 Royal Rumble in January , losing when Angle hit him with a chair ( without the referee seeing ) and pinned him with a roll @-@ up . On the March 10 episode of SmackDown ! , Henry interfered in a World Heavyweight Championship match between Angle and The Undertaker , attacking the latter when he was seconds from possibly winning the title . Henry then performed a diving splash on Undertaker , driving him through the announcer 's table . Henry was then challenged to a casket match by Undertaker at WrestleMania 22 . Henry vowed to defeat The Undertaker and end his undefeated streak at WrestleMania , but The Undertaker defeated him . Henry had a rematch against The Undertaker on the April 7 episode of SmackDown ! . It ended in a no @-@ contest when Daivari introduced his debuting client , The Great Khali . Khali went to the ring and attacked The Undertaker , starting a new feud and ending Henry 's . During the rest of April and May , Henry gained a pinfall victory over the World Heavyweight Champion , Rey Mysterio in a non @-@ title match . Henry entered the King of the Ring Tournament , and lost to Bobby Lashley in the first round . He later cost Kurt Angle his World Heavyweight Championship opportunity against Mysterio , when he jumped off the top rope and crushed Angle through a table . Henry was then challenged by Angle to face off at Judgment Day , Henry then sent a " message " to Angle by defeating Paul Burchill . At Judgment Day , Henry defeated Angle by countout . Although winning , Angle got his revenge after the match by hitting Henry with a chair and putting him through a table . Henry later went on what was referred to as a " path of destruction " , causing injuries to numerous superstars . Henry " took out " Chris Benoit and Paul Burchill on this path of destruction , and attacked Rey Mysterio and Chavo Guerrero . These events led up to a feud with the returning Batista , whom Henry had put out of action with a legitimate injury several months beforehand . When Batista returned he and Henry were scheduled to face one another at The Great American Bash in July . Weeks before that event , however , on the July 15 , 2006 episode of Saturday Night 's Main Event , Henry was involved in a six @-@ man tag team match with King Booker and Finlay against Batista , Rey Mysterio , and Bobby Lashley . During the match , Henry was injured , canceling the scheduled match at The Great American Bash , as Henry needed surgery . Doctors later found that Henry completely tore his patella tendon off the bone and split his patella completely in two . = = = = Return from injury ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = = = Henry returned on the May 11 , 2007 episode of SmackDown ! , after weeks of vignettes hyping his return . He attacked The Undertaker after a World Heavyweight Championship steel cage match with Batista , allowing Edge to take advantage of the situation and use his Money in the Bank contract . Henry then began a short feud with Kane , defeating him in a Lumberjack Match at One Night Stand . Shortly after , Henry made an open challenge to the SmackDown ! locker room , which nobody ever accepted . In the coming weeks he faced various jobbers — wrestlers who consistently lose to make their opponents look stronger — and quickly defeated them all . On August 3 , he claimed that nobody accepted the open challenge to step into the ring with him because of what he had done to The Undertaker , presenting footage of his assault on The Undertaker . The Undertaker responded over the following weeks , playing various mind games with Henry . Henry finally faced The Undertaker again at Unforgiven in September , losing to him after being given a Last Ride . Following an unscripted backstage interview , Henry burst into tears and fled from the arena . Two weeks later , Henry lost a rematch to The Undertaker after The Undertaker performed a chokeslam on Henry . After a short hiatus , Henry returned to WWE programming on the October 23 episode of ECW , attacking Kane , along with The Great Khali and Big Daddy V. Henry then began teaming with Big Daddy V against Kane and CM Punk , and was briefly managed by Big Daddy V 's manager , Matt Striker . At Armageddon , Henry and Big Daddy V defeated Kane and Punk . Before WrestleMania XXIV aired , Henry participated in a 24 @-@ man battle royal to determine the number one contender for the ECW Championship , but failed to win . = = = = ECW Champion ( 2008 – 2009 ) = = = = As part of the 2008 WWE Supplemental Draft , Henry was drafted to the ECW brand . At Night of Champions , Henry defeated Kane and Big Show in a Triple Threat match to capture the ECW Championship in his debut match as an ECW superstar . Upon winning the title , it was made exclusive to the ECW brand once again . Henry 's title win came nearly a full decade after he was awarded the European Championship , which was back in 1999 and the only title he held in WWE . A few weeks later , Hall of Famer Tony Atlas returned to WWE to act as Henry 's manager . A month after Henry 's title win , ECW General Manager , Theodore Long , unveiled a new , entirely platinum ECW Championship belt design . Henry lost the title to Matt Hardy at Unforgiven in the Championship Scramble match . Henry attempted to regain the championship throughout the end of 2008 , and had a match against Hardy at No Mercy , but failed as he was unsuccessful . Henry and Atlas then engaged in a scripted rivalry against Finlay and Hornswoggle , which included Henry losing a Belfast Brawl at Armageddon . At the start of 2009 , Henry qualified for the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania XXV , and was involved in a series of matches with the other competitors on Raw , SmackDown , and ECW . He was unsuccessful at WrestleMania , however , as CM Punk won the match . In May , Henry began a rivalry with Evan Bourne , which began after Bourne defeated Henry by countout on the May 26 episode of ECW . = = = = Tag title pursuits ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = = On June 29 , Henry was traded to the Raw brand and redebuted for the brand that night as the third opponent in a three @-@ on @-@ one gauntlet match against WWE Champion Randy Orton , which he won , turning Henry into a face in the process . In August 2009 , Henry formed a tag team with Montel Vontavious Porter and the two challenged the Unified WWE Tag Team Champions Jeri @-@ Show ( Chris Jericho and The Big Show ) for the title at Breaking Point , but were unsuccessful . They stopped teaming afterwards , becoming involved in separate storylines , until the February 15 , 2010 episode of Raw in which they defeated the Unified WWE Tag Team Champions The Big Show and The Miz in a non @-@ title match . The next week they challenged The Big Show and The Miz in a title match but were unsuccessful . At Extreme Rules , Henry and MVP fought for a chance to become number one contenders to the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship , but were the second team eliminated in a gauntlet match by The Big Show and The Miz . Ultimately , The Hart Dynasty ( Tyson Kidd and David Hart Smith ) won the match . Henry mentored Lucky Cannon in the second season of WWE NXT . Cannon was eliminated on the August 10 episode of NXT . In September , Henry began teaming with Evan Bourne , starting at the Night of Champions pay @-@ per @-@ view , where they entered a Tag Team Turmoil for the WWE Tag Team Championship . They made it to the final two before being defeated by Cody Rhodes and Drew McIntyre . The team came to an end in October when Bourne suffered an injury and was taken out of action . Henry then formed a team with Yoshi Tatsu on the November 29 episode of Raw , defeating WWE Tag Team Champions Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater , after a distraction by John Cena . They received a shot at the championship the next week , in a fatal four @-@ way elimination tag team match , which also included The Usos and Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov . Henry and Tatsu were the first team eliminated in the match . = = = = Hall of Pain ; World Heavyweight Champion ( 2011 – 2012 ) = = = = In 2011 , on the April 25 episode of Raw , Henry was drafted back to SmackDown as part of the 2011 WWE Draft . In the main event of the night , Henry sparked a heel turn for his character when he attacked his teammates , John Cena and Christian . On the May 27 episode of SmackDown , Henry participated in a Triple Threat match against Sheamus and Christian to decide the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship , which was won by Sheamus . On the June 17 episode of SmackDown , Henry was scheduled to face an angry and emotionally unstable Big Show , who warned Henry not to get into the ring ; Henry ignored the warning and Big Show assaulted him before the match could begin . This act ignited a feud between the two ; Henry attacked Big Show both backstage and during matches while on the July 1 episode of SmackDown , Big Show 's music played during Henry 's match against Randy Orton , causing Henry to be counted out and costing him a shot at the World Heavyweight Championship . Henry reacted by destroying the audio equipment and manhandling a technician . Henry faced Big Show in a singles match at Money in the Bank and won . After the match , Henry crushed Show 's leg with a chair , ( kayfabe ) injuring him , an act Henry later referenced as an induction into the " Hall of Pain " . Henry did the same to Kane on the next episode of SmackDown , and in the months ahead , Vladimir Kozlov and The Great Khali suffered the same fate . On the July 29 episode of SmackDown , Henry was informed that he could no longer compete as no one dared to fight him , but Sheamus interrupted , saying that he wasn 't afraid of Henry before slapping him . At SummerSlam , Henry defeated Sheamus by count @-@ out after slamming him through a ring barricade . On the August 19 episode of SmackDown , Henry won a 20 @-@ man Battle Royal to become the number one contender for the World Heavyweight Championship to face Randy Orton at Night of Champions , and throughout weeks on SmackDown and Raw , Henry regularly attacked Orton , getting an advantage over him . At Night of Champions , Henry defeated Orton to become World Heavyweight Champion for the first time in his 15 years with WWE and became the fifth African American to win a World Heavyweight title . Henry successfully defended the title against Orton at Hell in a Cell in a Hell in a Cell match . On the October 7 episode of Smackdown , Big Show returned and chokeslammed Henry through the announce table , thus earning a title shot against Henry at Vengeance . During the match , Henry superplexed Big Show from the top rope , causing the ring to collapse from the impact and the match to be ruled a no contest . Henry began a feud with the Money in the Bank briefcase holder Daniel Bryan on the November 4 episode of SmackDown , challenging Bryan to a non @-@ title match to prove that Bryan could not become champion . During the match , Big Show knocked out Henry , making him win by disqualification . Show then urged Bryan to cash in his contract , but Henry recovered and attacked both Bryan and Big Show before the match could start . At Survivor Series , Henry retained the World Heavyweight Championship against Big Show after a low blow that disqualified Henry . Angered by Henry 's cowardice , Big Show crushed Henry 's ankle with a steel chair . On November 25 , Henry was knocked out again by Big Show , at which point Bryan cashed in his briefcase for a title match and quickly pinned Henry . However , SmackDown authority figure Theodore Long revealed that Henry was not medically cleared to compete and voided the match , so Henry remained champion and the briefcase was returned to Bryan . Later that night , Bryan won a fatal @-@ four way match to face Henry for the World Heavyweight Championship in a steel cage . On the November 29 of SmackDown , Henry defeated Bryan to retain his championship . At TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs , Henry lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Big Show in a chairs match . After the match , Henry knocked Big Show out , resulting in Daniel Bryan cashing in his Money in the Bank to win his first World Heavyweight Championship . On the January 20 episode of SmackDown , Bryan retained the championship against Henry in a lumberjack match after Bryan provoked the lumberjacks to come in and attack them to cause a no contest . At the 2012 Royal Rumble event , Henry faced Bryan and Show in a triple threat steel cage match for the World Heavyweight Championship ; Bryan escaped the cage to retain the title . On the February 3 episode of SmackDown , Henry was suspended indefinitely ( in storyline ) by SmackDown General Manager Theodore Long , after Henry physically accosted Long as he demanded a one @-@ on @-@ one rematch that night with Bryan . In reality , Henry had suffered a hyper @-@ extended knee the previous week . Henry returned to in @-@ ring action on the February 20 episode of Raw , losing to Sheamus . On the April 2 and 9 episodes of Raw , Henry faced CM Punk for the WWE Championship which he won by count @-@ out and disqualification ; as a result , Punk retained his title . On the April 16 episode of Raw , Punk defeated Henry in a no @-@ disqualification , no count @-@ out match to retain the WWE Championship . On May 14 , Henry announced he was going under a career @-@ threatening surgery for an injury . = = = = Championship Pursuits ( 2013 – 2014 ) = = = = After a nine @-@ month absence , Henry made his return on the February 4 , 2013 episode of Raw , brutally attacking Daniel Bryan , Rey Mysterio and Sin Cara . Four days later on SmackDown , Henry defeated Randy Orton to earn a spot in the number one contenders ' Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship at Elimination Chamber . At the pay @-@ per @-@ view on February 17 , Henry eliminated Daniel Bryan and Kane before being eliminated by Randy Orton . After his elimination , Henry attacked the three remaining participants before being escorted out by WWE officials . Henry then began a feud with Ryback after several non @-@ verbal confrontations led to them attacking Drew McIntyre with their finishers , attempting to one @-@ up each other . On the March 15 episode of SmackDown , Henry was defeated by Ryback via disqualification , following interference from The Shield . Afterward , Henry delivered the World 's Strongest Slam to Ryback three times in a row . On April 7 at Wrestlemania 29 , Henry defeated Ryback in a singles match . Later that month , Henry reignited a feud with Sheamus by repeatedly attacking Sheamus backstage . Henry and Sheamus then challenged each other in tests of strength , but with Sheamus unable to best Henry , he resorted to attacking Henry with Brogue Kicks . After Sheamus ( during his match ) Brogue Kicked Henry ( who was on commentary ) , Henry snapped and brutally whipped Sheamus with a belt . This led to a strap match on May 19 at Extreme Rules , where Sheamus emerged victorious . With the loss to Sheamus , Henry declared that he was " going home " . After being absent from television due to injuries , Henry used social media to tease his retirement . On the June 17 episode of Raw , Henry returned , interrupting WWE Champion John Cena and delivering an emotional retirement speech , which was revealed as a ruse when Henry gave Cena a World 's Strongest Slam after concluding his speech . The segment was highly praised by fans and critics . With Henry stating his intent to challenge for the " only title he 's never held " , he was granted a WWE Championship match against Cena at Money in the Bank . On July 14 at the pay @-@ per @-@ view , Henry failed in his title challenge against Cena after submitting to the STF . The following night on Raw , Henry cut a promo to congratulate Cena on his win and asked for a rematch for SummerSlam , but was ultimately attacked by The Shield , turning face in the process for the first time since 2011 . Henry continued his face turn the following week , by confronting The Shield and teaming together with The Usos to fend them off . Henry and the Usos went on to lose to The Shield in two six @-@ man tag team matches , the first on the July 29 episode of Raw , and the second on the August 7 episode of Main Event . On the August 12 Raw , Henry competed in a 20 @-@ man Battle Royal to determine the number one contender for the United States Championship , but was the last man eliminated by Rob Van Dam . After the match , Henry and Van Dam were confronted by The Shield , before the returning Big Show came to their aid . Four days later on SmackDown , Henry , Show , and Van Dam defeated the Shield in a six @-@ man tag team match . After a suspected hamstring injury on August 31 at the TD Garden in Boston Massachusetts , Henry was cleared to compete . Henry , however , took time off and during his time off , he dropped down to 405 lbs and shaved his head bald . Henry returned to in @-@ ring action on November 24 at Survivor Series , answering Ryback 's open challenge and defeating him in a single match . Henry tried to confront Brock Lesnar during separate encounters after Lesnar 's return , resulting in Henry receiving an F @-@ 5 the first time and then Lesnar injured Henry 's arm after getting it in a kimura lock hold , causing Henry to wail in pain and be absent . He returned on February 10 , 2014 and answered Dean Ambrose 's open challenge for the United States Championship , but was unable to win the title due to interference by the rest of The Shield . In March , Henry suffered another attack from Lesnar , this time resulting in Henry receiving an F @-@ 5 through the announcing table . Henry soon recovered and had another match with Ambrose for the U.S. Championship , but was again unsuccessful . On August 4 he defeated Damien Sandow after a few months absence . At Night of Champions , Henry lost to Rusev via submission . The following night on Raw , he lost to Rusev again by knockout via submission . On the October 27 episode of Raw , Henry attacked Big Show during their tag team match against Gold and Stardust , and turning heel in the process for the first time since 2013 . On the November 3 Raw , Henry lost to Big Show via disqualification and slammed Big Show onto the steel steps . On the November 10 Raw , he joined The Authority 's team to face John Cena 's team at Survivor Series . On November 23 at Survivor Series , Henry was the first to be eliminated from Team Authority 50 seconds into the match after being knocked out by The Big Show . Ironically however , Big Show turned heel and aligned with The Authority during the match . Henry then took another hiatus due to an unspecified injury . = = = = Later career ( 2015 – Present ) = = = = Henry returned on the March 12 , 2015 , episode of SmackDown , confronting Roman Reigns for having a lack of identity and for not being respected , ultimately resulting in Reigns attacking Henry . The attack caused Henry to become a " believer " in Reigns and turned face again in the process . Henry was unsuccessful in the Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship at the Elimination Chamber show replacing Rusev who was injured.On the June 8 episode of Raw , Henry became a heel once again when he faced Reigns for his Money in the Bank spot , in which he was unsuccessful . After the match , Henry attacked Reigns . However , on July 13 episode of Raw , The Prime Time Players revealed their tag team partner to be Henry against the heel tag team The New Day , seemingly turning Henry face again . Henry spent the remainder of 2015 suffering back to back loses in singles matches , losing to the likes of , Big Show , Sheamus and Neville while constantly switching between face and heel . At the 2016 Royal Rumble kickoff , Henry teamed with Jack Swagger to win a Fatal 4 @-@ Way tag team match to earn their spots in the Royal Rumble match . Despite this victory , Henry entered the Rumble Match at # 22 and lasted only 47 seconds when he was quickly eliminated by The Wyatt Family . On the February 8 episode of Raw , Henry walked out on The New Day during an 8 @-@ Man Tag Team Tables Match against The Usos and The Dudley Boyz . On the February 15 episode of Raw , Henry lost to Big E , during the match Henry ( kayfabe ) suffered broken ribs leading to a botched ( unplanned ) ending . At WrestleMania 32 , Henry entered his third André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal , he eliminated Tyler Breeze and made it to the final six competitors until being eliminated by Kane and Darren Young . On July 19 , at the 2016 WWE Draft , Henry was drafted to Raw . = = Personal life = = Henry is the cousin of former Pittsburgh Steelers defensive end Kevin Henry . He has an older brother named Pat . Henry lives in Austin , Texas with his wife Jana , son Jacob , and daughter Joanna . He also has a two @-@ foot ferret named Pipe . He drives a Hummer that he won in the 2002 Arnold Strongman Classic . On September 10 , 2012 , Henry served as one of the pallbearers for actor Michael Clarke Duncan 's funeral . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = In wrestling = = Finishing moves World 's Strongest Slam ( Falling powerslam ) – 2003 – present World 's Strongest Splash ( Running splash ) Signature moves Bearhug Big boot Body avalanche Corner slingshot seated senton to the opponent 's back – 2003 – 2006 Corner slingshot splash – 2006 – present Headbutt Headbutting opponent while crawling – adopted from and used as a tribute to Junkyard Dog ; 2013 – present Leapfrog body guillotine Military press transitioned into either a drop or a slam Nerve hold Reverse chokeslam facebuster – 2006 Running powerslam Scoop powerslam Managers Tony Atlas Daivari Ivory Theodore Long Melina Matt Striker Mae Young Nicknames " The World 's Strongest Man " " Sexual Chocolate " " The Silverback " " The King of the Jungle " " The World 's Strongest Champion " ( Used during his ECW Championship and World Heavyweight Championship reigns ) Entrance themes " Power " by Jim Johnston ( 1998 ; Used while a part of the Nation of Domination ) " Sexual Chocolate " performed by Stevan Swann and composed by Jim Johnston ( 1998 – 2000 , November 15 , 2010 ) " The Wall " performed by Heet Mob " Some Bodies Gonna Get It " by Three 6 Mafia ( May 21 , 2006 – present ) " Calling All Cars " by Jim Johnston ( 2007 @-@ 2008 ; when tagging with Big Daddy V ) " New Day , New Way " by Jim Johnston ( February 8 , 2016 ; when tagging with The New Day ) = = Championships , records and accomplishments = = = = = Powerlifting = = = CHAMPIONSHIPS PARTICIPATION – High School Level Two times 1st place in Texas State High School Powerlifting TEAM Championships ( in Division I under Silsbee High School ) 1st place in Texas State High School Powerlifting Championships 1988 in SHW division 1st place in Texas State High School Powerlifting Championships 1989 in SHW division 1st place in Texas State High School Powerlifting Championships 1990 in SHW division 1st place in National High School Powerlifting Championships 1990 in SHW division at age 18 results : Powerlifting Total – 922 kg ( 377 @.@ 5 / 227 / 317 @.@ 5 ) – 2033 lbs ( 832 / 501 / 700 ) CHAMPIONSHIPS PARTICIPATION – Junior & Senior Level 1st place in International Junior ( 20 – 23 ) Powerlifting Championships 1991 in SHW division at age 20 2nd place in Men 's USPF Senior National Championships 1990 in SHW division at age 19results : Powerlifting Total – 910 kg ( 365 @.@ 0 / 212 @.@ 5 / 332 @.@ 5 ) / 2006 @.@ 2 lbs ( 804 @.@ 7 / 468 @.@ 5 / 733 @.@ 0 ) 1st place in ADFPA ( USAPL ) National Powerlifting Championships 1995 in SHW division at age 24results : Powerlifting Total – 1050 kg ( 430 @.@ 0 / 210 @.@ 0 / 410 @.@ 0 ) / 2314 @.@ 8 lbs ( 948 @,@ 0 / 462 @,@ 9 / 903 @.@ 9 ) raw with wraps 1st place in WDFPF World Powerlifting Championships 1995 in SHW division at age 24results : Powerlifting Total – 1060 kg ( 432 @.@ 5 / 235 @.@ 0 / 392 @.@ 5 ) / 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ( 953 @.@ 5 / 518 @.@ 1 / 865 @.@ 3 ) raw with wraps 1st place in USAPL National Powerlifting Championships 1997 in SHW division at age 26results : Powerlifting Total – 1020 kg ( 410 / 225 / 385 ) – 2248 @.@ 7 ( 903 @.@ 9 / 496 @.@ 0 / 848 @.@ 8 ) raw with wraps RECORDS * Teen III ( 18 – 19 years ) Level Teen @-@ age World Records in the squat at 377 @.@ 5 kg ( 832 lbs ) and total at 922 kg ( 2033 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) set in April 1990 at The National High School Powerlifting Championships at age 18 Teen @-@ age US American Records in the squat at 377 @.@ 5 kg ( 832 lbs ) , bench press 227 kg ( 501 pounds ) , dead lift 317 @.@ 5 kg ( 700 lbs ) and total at 922 kg ( 2033 lbs ) set in April 1990 at The National High School Powerlifting Championships at age 18 Texas state and US American Teen @-@ age record holder in all four powerlifting categories – the squat at 377 @.@ 5 kg ( 832 lbs ) , bench press at 238 kg ( 525 lbs ) and deadlift at 369 @.@ 7 kg ( 815 lbs ) as well as the total at 922 kg ( 2033 lbs ) at age 19 . Current Texas state and US American Teen @-@ age record holder in the squat at 425 @.@ 0 kg ( 936 @.@ 75 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1991 Collegiate Level Current Texas State Collegiate Record holder in the squat at 425 @.@ 0 kg ( 936 @.@ 75 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1991 ( best in America as well but not registered as such ) Junior Level ( 20 – 23 years ) Current Texas State Junior Record holder in the deadlift at 385 @.@ 6 kg ( 850 @.@ 0 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1995 ( best in America as well but not registered as such ) Senior Level ( 24 + years ) Current Texas State Record holder in the squat at 433 kg ( 954 lbs ) , the deadlift at 410 @.@ 5 kg ( 905 lbs ) and the total at 1060 kg ( 2337 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since 1995 Former All @-@ time raw ( unequipped ) squat World Record holder at 430 @.@ 0 kg ( 948 @.@ 0 lbs ) ( drug @-@ tested as well as non drug @-@ tested ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) from July 16 , 1995 to October 29 , 1995 Former All @-@ time raw ( unequipped ) squat World Record holder at 432 @.@ 5 kg ( 953 @.@ 5 lbs ) ( drug @-@ tested as well as non drug @-@ tested ) in SHW class from October 29 , 1995 to June 7 , 2010 * * ( + regardless of weight class until November 4 , 2007 * * * ) Former All @-@ time raw ( unequipped ) deadlift World Record holder at 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) ( drug @-@ tested as well as non drug @-@ tested ) in SHW class from July 16 , 1995 to May 23 , 2010 * * * * ( + regardless of weight class until July 4 , 2009 * * * * * ) Current All @-@ time drug @-@ tested raw ( unequipped ) squat World Record holder at 432 @.@ 5 kg ( 953 @.@ 5 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since October 29 , 1995 Current All @-@ time drug @-@ tested raw ( unequipped ) deadlift World Record holder at 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) in SHW class only since July 16 , 1995 Current All @-@ time drug @-@ tested raw ( unequipped ) Powerlifting Total World Record holder at 1060 @.@ 0 kg ( 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since October 29 , 1995 Current All @-@ time American Record holder in the raw deadlift at 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) ( drug @-@ tested as well as non drug @-@ tested ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) since July 16 , 1995 Current American Record holder in the deadlift at 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) ( drug @-@ tested as well as non drug @-@ tested ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since July 16 , 1995 Current All @-@ time US National Championship Record holder in the deadlift at 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) ( drug @-@ tested as well as non drug @-@ tested ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since July 16 , 1995 Federation Records World Drug @-@ Free Powerlifting Federation ( WDFPF ) World Records Current WDFPF World Record holder in the squat at 432 @.@ 5 kg ( 953 @.@ 5 lbs ) , the deadlift at 392 @.@ 5 kg ( 865 @.@ 3 lbs ) and the total at 1060 kg ( 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since October 29 , 1995 ( categorized as " open equipped " , despite performed in singlet & knee sleeves only / without suit ) U.S.A. Powerlifting ( USAPL ) US American Records Current USAPL US American Record holder in the deadlift at 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since July 16 , 1995 Current US National Championship Record holder in the deadlift at 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) in SHW class ( + regardless of weight class and equipment ) since July 16 , 1995 Special Powerlifting Honors " The World 's Strongest Teen @-@ ager " by the Los Angeles Times in April 1990 . Mark Henry was voted in the All @-@ time Top 25 All @-@ Mens US Powerlifting Nationals Team in 2007 . Mark Henry is the only human in history who has not only squatted more than 900 lbs without a squat suit , but also deadlifted more than 900 lbs raw . Mark Henry is the only human in history to have squatted more than 900 lbs without a squat suit and deadlifted more than 900 lbs raw in one and the same powerlifting meet . Mark Henry 's 430 @.@ 0 kg ( 948 @.@ 0 lbs ) raw squat and 410 @.@ 0 kg ( 903 @.@ 9 lbs ) deadlift , done on July 16 , 1995 is the highest raw " squat @-@ pull @-@ 2 @-@ lift @-@ total " ( squat + deadlift = 1851 @.@ 9 lbs ) ever lifted in a competition . ( Andrei Malanichev 's 430 @.@ 0 kg ( 948 @.@ 0 lbs ) squat and 400 @.@ 0 kg ( 881 @.@ 8 lbs ) deadlift
= 1829 @.@ 8 lbs on October 22 , 2011 being the 2nd highest ever ; Mark Henry 's 953 @.@ 5 lbs squat and 865 @.@ 3 lbs deadlift = 1818 @.@ 8 lbs being the 3rd highest , Benedikt Magnusson 's 837 @.@ 75 lbs squat and 975 @.@ 5 lbs deadlift
= 1813 @.@ 3 lbs being the 4th highest ; Malanichev 's 992 lbs squat and 815 lbs deadlift = 1808 being the 5th ; Don Reinhoudt 's 904 @.@ 5 lbs squat and 885 @.@ 5 lbs deadlift = 1790 @.@ 0 lbs being th 6th ) Mark Henry does not only hold the greatest all @-@ time drug @-@ tested raw ( unequipped ) Powerlifting Total in history at 1060 @.@ 0 kg ( 2336 @.@ 9 lbs ) , but also the second greatest in history at 1050 kg ( 2314 @.@ 8 lbs ) . * incomplete * * surpassed by Robert Wilkerson ( SHW class ) of the United States with a 975 lbs raw squat with knee wraps on June 7 , 2010 at the Southern Powerlifting Federation ( SPF ) Nationals ( open competition , not drug @-@ tested ) as the all @-@ time raw world record in the SHW class * * * surpassed by Sergiy Karnaukhov ( 308 @-@ pound @-@ class ) of Ukraine with a 970 lbs raw squat with knee wraps on November 4 , 2007 as the all @-@ time raw " regardless of weight class " world record * * * * surpassed by Andy Bolton ( SHW class ) of the United Kingdom with a 953 lbs raw deadlift on May 23 , 2010 ( open competition , not drug @-@ tested ) as the all @-@ time raw world record in the SHW class ( + regardless of weight class ) * * * * * surpassed by Konstantin Konstantinovs ( 308 @-@ pound @-@ class ) of Latvia with a 939 lbs raw deadlift without a belt on July 4 , 2009 ( drug @-@ tested competition ) as the all @-@ time raw " regardless of weight class " world record = = = Weightlifting = = = Olympic Games Olympic Games team member representing USA at the Olympics 1992 in Barcelona , Spain , finishing 10th place in SHW division at age 21 Team Captain of the Olympic Weightlifting team representing USA at the Olympics 1996 in Atlanta , Georgia , finishing 14th in SHW division due to back injury at age 25 Pan American GamesSilver Medalist in the Olympic weightlifting Total in SHW ( + 108 ) division at the Pan American Games 1995 in Mar del Plata , Argentina at age 23 result : total – 804 pounds Gold Medalist in the Snatch in SHW ( + 108 ) division at the Pan American Games 1995 in Mar del Plata , Argentina at age 23 result : snatch – 391 1 / 4 pounds , setting an American record Bronze Medalist in Clean and jerk in SHW ( + 108 ) division at the Pan American Games 1995 in Mar del Plata , Argentina at age 23 result : clean and jerk – snatch 412 3 / 4 pounds North America , Central America , Caribbean Islands ( NACAC ) Championships 1st place in North America , Central America , Caribbean Islands Championships 1996 in SHW ( + 108 kg ) division U.S. National Weightlifting Championships1st place in U.S. National Junior Weightlifting Championships 1991 in SHW ( + 110 kg ) division at age 19results : total : 326 @.@ 0 kg – snatch : 156 @.@ 0 kg / clean & jerk : 170 @.@ 0 kg 4th place in U.S. Senior National Weightlifting Championships 1991 in SHW ( + 110 kg ) division at age 19results : total : 325 @.@ 0 kg – snatch : 150 @.@ 0 kg / clean & jerk : 175 @.@ 0 kg 3rd place in U.S. Senior National Weightlifting Championships 1992 in SHW ( + 110 kg ) division at age 20results : total : 365 @.@ 0 kg – snatch : 165 @.@ 0 kg / clean & jerk : 200 @.@ 0 kg 1st place in U.S. Senior National Weightlifting Championships 1993 in SHW ( + 108 kg ) division at age 21results : total : 385 @.@ 0 kg – snatch : 175 @.@ 0 kg / clean & jerk : 210 @.@ 0 kg 1st place in U.S. Senior National Weightlifting Championships 1994 in SHW ( + 108 kg ) division at age 22results : total : 387 @.@ 5 kg – snatch : 172 @.@ 5 kg / clean & jerk : 215 @.@ 0 kg 1st place in U.S. Senior National Weightlifting Championships 1996 in SHW ( + 108 kg ) division at age 24results : total : 400 @.@ 0 kg – snatch : 180 @.@ 0 kg / clean & jerk : 220 @.@ 0 kg Mark Henry was voted as the # 1 outstanding lifter of the championships U.S. Olympic Festival Championships1st place in U.S. Olympic Festival Championships 1993 in SHW ( + 108 kg ) division at age 22 1st place in U.S. Olympic Festival Championships 1994 in SHW ( + 108 kg ) division at age 23 USA Weightlifting American Open Championships 2nd place in the American Open Weightlifting Championships 1991 in SHW ( + 110 kg ) division at age 20 1st place in the American Open Weightlifting Championships 1992 in SHW ( + 110 kg ) division at age 21 RECORDS Junior US American record holder ( + 110 kg ) in the Snatch at 162 @.@ 5 kg , Clean and jerk at 202 @.@ 5 kg , and Total at 362 @.@ 5 kg ( 1986 – 1992 ) Senior US American record holder ( + 108 kg ) in the Snatch at 180 @.@ 0 kg , Clean and jerk at 220 @.@ 0 kg , and Total at 400 @.@ 0 kg ( 1993 – 1997 ) = = = Strength athletics = = = Arnold Classic Arnold Strongman Classic – Winner 2002 First man in history to one @-@ hand clean and push press the " unliftable " Thomas Inch dumbbell ( 172 lbs ; 2 @.@ 47 " diameter handle ) The Second Strongest Man That Ever Lived according to Flex Magazine International Sports Hall of Fame International Sports Hall of Fame ( Class of 2012 ) = = = Professional wrestling = = = Pro Wrestling Illustrated Most Improved Wrestler of the Year ( 2011 ) PWI ranked him No. 9 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012 World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE ECW Championship ( 1 time ) World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) WWF European Championship ( 1 time ) Slammy Award ( 3 times ) " Holy $ # ! + Move of the Year " ( 2011 ) Big Show and Mark Henry implode the ring after Henry superplexed him at Vengeance Feat of Strength of the Year ( 2013 ) Pulling two trucks with his bare hands Match of the Year ( 2014 ) – Team Cena vs. Team Authority at Survivor Series
= John Joscelyn = John Joscelyn or John Joscelin ( 1529 – 1603 ) was an English clergyman and antiquarian as well as secretary to Matthew Parker , an Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England . Joscelyn was involved in Parker 's attempts to secure and publish medieval manuscripts on church history , and was one of the first scholars of the Old English language . He also studied the early law codes of England . His Old English dictionary , although not published during his lifetime , contributed greatly to the study of that language . Many of his manuscripts and papers eventually became part of the collections of Cambridge University , Oxford University , or the British Library . = = Early life = = Joscelyn was born in 1529 , and was the son of Sir Thomas Joscelin and Dorothy Gate . John was their third son to survive childhood , and was probably born on his father 's estate at High Roding , Essex . He attended Queens ' College at Cambridge beginning in 1545 , attaining a Bachelor of Arts in 1549 . In the school year 1550 – 1551 he taught Latin at Queens ' College , and the following school year he taught Greek . At the end of 1552 , he was awarded a Master of Arts . In 1555 , during Queen Mary I 's reign , Joscelyn subscribed to the required church doctrine , and was once more a teacher of Greek during the school year 1556 – 1557 . However , in 1557 he resigned from his fellowship at Queens ' College . = = Work for Parker = = In 1559 shortly after he was appointed as archbishop , Matthew Parker , the Archbishop of Canterbury , named Joscelyn to a chaplainacy , and also as his Latin language secretary . The following year Parker gave Joscelyn a prebend in Hereford , held until 1577 . Unusually for the time , besides Greek and Latin Joscelyn was a scholar of Hebrew . From Parker 's interest in the history of early Christianity , and to discover more information about the growth of papal power in the Middle Ages , Joscelyn also began to study Old English ( a topic of interest to Parker ) , and helped the archbishop in his studies of the English pre @-@ Norman Conquest church . Joscelyn helped discover lost manuscripts , obtained them for Parker , and prepared them for publication . Joscelyn also acquired manuscripts for himself , 40 of which were written in Old English . Joseclyn often annotated the manuscripts he or Parker owned , and even inserted some pages of faked script into the D manuscript of the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , and probably owned that manuscript prior to Robert Cotton . His glosses are still extant on several dozen manuscripts , usually in Latin , but occasionally in English . He was , however , also concerned that their collections be properly cared for . He had a good understanding of the law codes of the English Anglo @-@ Saxon kings , which he used in the preparation of an Old English @-@ Latin dictionary he worked on , but which was never completed . The dictionary was , however , of great help to later Old English scholars , as it passed into the hands of Robert Cotton , and became part of the Cotton Library as manuscripts Titus A xv and Titus A xvi . Joscelyn 's written work on Old English grammar also became part of the Cotton library , but was lost after Cotton loaned the manuscript to William Camden in 1612 . Parker published in 1572 a work entitled De Antiquitate Britannicae Ecclesiae & Priuilegiis Ecclesiae Canuariensis , cum Archiepiscopis eiusdem 70 , which is the first privately printed work to appear in English . Although Parker claimed in a letter that he was the author , it is likely that at the very least Joscelyn did most of the research , and the manuscript of the work , which is now Vitellius E xiv , is largely in his handwriting . Further , Parker 's son , after the archbishop 's death , noted beside the bequest notation for Joscelyn 's brother Thomas that John Joscelyn was the author of the work . = = Legacy and death = = Joscelyn also published an edition of Gildas ' work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae in 1568 , for which he wrote the preface . He also wrote a history of Corpus Christi College at Cambridge that remained unpublished until 1880 , 200 years after his death . He contributed extensively to Parker 's A Testimonie of Antiquitie Shewing the Auncient Fayth in the Church of England , the earliest printed book containing portions in Old English . Joscelyn also contributed a large part of Parker 's De Antiquitate Britannicae , published in 1572 . In 1577 , Parker 's successor gave Joscelyn a rectory at Hollingbourne , Kent , replacing the prebend at Hereford . He died on 28 December 1602 , probably at High Roding , and was buried in All Saint 's Church in High Roding . He never married . Joscelyn 's contributions to the study of Old English have been called " a significant contribution to the development of the study of the language " . The historian May McKisack called him a " man of great learning and a good servant to his master " . Besides his dictionary and grammar , his working notebook also became part of the Cotton library , now manuscript Vitellius D.vii. Other of his manuscripts , either written or acquired by him , were either given to Corpus Christi College by Parker 's heirs , or became parts of the British Library or the Bodleian Library .
= Keratoconus = Keratoconus ( KC , KTCN ) is a degenerative disorder of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more conical shape than the more normal gradual curve . Keratoconus can cause substantial distortion of vision , with multiple images , streaking and sensitivity to light all often reported by the person . It is typically diagnosed in the person 's adolescent years . If both eyes are significantly affected , the deterioration in vision can affect the person 's ability to drive a car or read normal print . In most cases , corrective lenses fitted by a specialist are effective enough to allow the person to continue to drive legally and likewise function normally . Further progression of the disease may require surgery , for which several options are available , including intrastromal corneal ring segments , corneal collagen cross @-@ linking , mini asymmetric radial keratotomy , corneal intrastromal implantation system ( CISIS ) , topography @-@ guided photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK ) , topography @-@ guided conductive keratoplasty , phakic intraocular lenses and , in 25 % of cases , corneal transplantation . Estimates of the rates for keratoconus range from 1 in 500 to 1 in 2000 people , but difficulties with differential diagnosis cause uncertainty . It seems to occur in populations throughout the world , although it is observed more frequently in certain ethnic groups , such as South Asians . Environmental and genetic factors are considered possible causes , but the exact cause is uncertain . It has been associated with detrimental enzyme activity within the cornea . The word is from Greek : kéras horn , cornea ; and Latin : cōnus cone . = = Signs and symptoms = = People with early keratoconus typically notice a minor blurring of their vision and come to their clinician seeking corrective lenses for reading or driving . At early stages , the symptoms of keratoconus may be no different from those of any other refractive defect of the eye . As the disease progresses , vision deteriorates , sometimes rapidly . Visual acuity becomes impaired at all distances , and night vision is often poor . Some individuals have vision in one eye that is markedly worse than that in the other . The disease is often bilateral , though asymmetrical . Some develop photophobia ( sensitivity to bright light ) , eye strain from squinting in order to read , or itching in the eye , but there is normally little or no sensation of pain . It may cause luminous objects to appear as cylindrical pipes with the same intensity at all points . The classic symptom of keratoconus is the perception of multiple " ghost " images , known as monocular polyopia . This effect is most clearly seen with a high contrast field , such as a point of light on a dark background . Instead of seeing just one point , a person with keratoconus sees many images of the point , spread out in a chaotic pattern . This pattern does not typically change from day to day , but over time , it often takes on new forms . People also commonly notice streaking and flaring distortion around light sources . Some even notice the images moving relative to one another in time with their heart beat . The predominant optical aberration of the eye in keratoconus is coma . The visual distortion experienced by the person comes from two sources , one being the irregular deformation of the surface of the cornea , and the other being scarring that occurs on its exposed highpoints . These factors act to form regions on the cornea that map an image to different locations on the retina . The effect can worsen in low light conditions , as the dark @-@ adapted pupil dilates to expose more of the irregular surface of the cornea . = = Diagnosis = = Prior to any physical examination , the diagnosis of keratoconus frequently begins with an ophthalmologist 's or optometrist 's assessment of the person 's medical history , particularly the chief complaint and other visual symptoms , the presence of any history of ocular disease or injury which might affect vision , and the presence of any family history of ocular disease . An eye chart , such as a standard Snellen chart of progressively smaller letters , is then used to determine the person 's visual acuity . The eye examination may proceed to measurement of the localized curvature of the cornea with a manual keratometer , with detection of irregular astigmatism suggesting a possibility of keratoconus . Severe cases can exceed the instrument 's measuring ability . A further indication can be provided by retinoscopy , in which a light beam is focused on the person 's retina and the reflection , or reflex , observed as the examiner tilts the light source back and forth . Keratoconus is amongst the ophthalmic conditions that exhibit a scissor reflex action of two bands moving toward and away from each other like the blades of a pair of scissors . If keratoconus is suspected , the ophthalmologist or optometrist will search for other characteristic findings of the disease by means of slit lamp examination of the cornea . An advanced case is usually readily apparent to the examiner , and can provide for an unambiguous diagnosis prior to more specialized testing . Under close examination , a ring of yellow @-@ brown to olive @-@ green pigmentation known as a Fleischer ring can be observed in around half of keratoconic eyes . The Fleischer ring , caused by deposition of the iron oxide hemosiderin within the corneal epithelium , is subtle and may not be readily detectable in all cases , but becomes more evident when viewed under a cobalt blue filter . Similarly , around 50 % of subjects exhibit Vogt 's striae , fine stress lines within the cornea caused by stretching and thinning . The striae temporarily disappear while slight pressure is applied to the eyeball . A highly pronounced cone can create a V @-@ shaped indentation in the lower eyelid when the person 's gaze is directed downwards , known as Munson 's sign . Other clinical signs of keratoconus will normally have presented themselves long before Munson 's sign becomes apparent , and so this finding , though a classic sign of the disease , tends not to be of primary diagnostic importance . A handheld keratoscope , sometimes known as " Placido 's disk " , can provide a simple noninvasive visualization of the surface of the cornea by projecting a series of concentric rings of light onto the cornea . A more definitive diagnosis can be obtained using corneal topography , in which an automated instrument projects the illuminated pattern onto the cornea and determines its topography from analysis of the digital image . The topographical map indicates any distortions or scarring in the cornea , with keratoconus revealed by a characteristic steepening of curvature which is usually below the centreline of the eye . The technique can record a snapshot of the degree and extent of the deformation as a benchmark for assessing its rate of progression . It is of particular value in detecting the disorder in its early stages when other signs have not yet presented . = = = Stages = = = Once keratoconus has been diagnosed , its degree may be classified by several metrics : The steepness of greatest curvature from ' mild ' ( < 45 D ) , ' advanced ' ( up to 52 D ) or ' severe ' ( > 52 D ) ; The morphology of the cone : ' nipple ' ( small : 5 mm and near @-@ central ) , ' oval ' ( larger , below @-@ center and often sagging ) , or ' globus ' ( more than 75 % of cornea affected ) ; The corneal thickness from mild ( > 506 μm ) to advanced ( < 446 μm ) . Increasing use of corneal topography has led to a decline in use of these terms . = = Pathophysiology = = Despite considerable research , the etiology of keratoconus remains unclear . Several sources suggest that keratoconus likely arises from a number of different factors : genetic , environmental or cellular , any of which may form the trigger for the onset of the disease . Once initiated , the disease normally develops by progressive dissolution of Bowman 's layer , which lies between the corneal epithelium and stroma . As the two come into contact , cellular and structural changes in the cornea adversely affect its integrity and lead to the bulging and scarring characteristic of the disorder . Within any individual keratoconic cornea , regions of degenerative thinning coexisting with regions undergoing wound healing may be found . Scarring appears to be an aspect of the corneal degradation ; however , a recent , large , multicenter study suggests abrasion by contact lenses may increase the likelihood of this finding by a factor over two . A number of studies have indicated keratoconic corneas show signs of increased activity by proteases , a class of enzymes that break some of the collagen cross @-@ linkages in the stroma , with a simultaneous reduced expression of protease inhibitors . Other studies have suggested that reduced activity by the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase may be responsible for a build @-@ up of free radicals and oxidising species in the cornea . Whatever the pathogenetical process , the damage caused by activity within the cornea likely results in a reduction in its thickness and biomechanical strength . At an ultrastructural level the weakening of the corneal tissue is associated with a disruption of the regular arrangement of the collagen layers and collagen fibril orientation . While keratoconus is considered a noninflammatory disorder , one study shows wearing rigid contact lenses by people leads to overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines , such as IL @-@ 6 , TNF @-@ alpha , ICAM @-@ 1 , and VCAM @-@ 1 in the tear fluid . A genetic predisposition to keratoconus has been observed , with the disease running in certain families , and incidences reported of concordance in identical twins . The frequency of occurrence in close family members is not clearly defined , though it is known to be considerably higher than that in the general population , and studies have obtained estimates ranging between 6 % and 19 % . Two studies involving isolated , largely homogenetic communities have contrarily mapped putative gene locations to chromosomes 16q and 20q . Most genetic studies agree on an autosomal dominant model of inheritance . A rare , autosomal dominant form of severe keratoconus with anterior polar cataract is caused by a mutation in the seed region of mir @-@ 184 , a microRNA that is highly expressed in the cornea and anterior lens . Keratoconus is diagnosed more often in people with Down 's syndrome , though the reasons for this link have not yet been determined . Keratoconus has been associated with atopic diseases , which include asthma , allergies , and eczema , and it is not uncommon for several or all of these diseases to affect one person . Keratoconus is also associated with Alport syndrome , Down syndrome and Marfan syndrome . A number of studies suggest vigorous eye rubbing contributes to the progression of keratoconus , and people should be discouraged from the practice . Keratoconus differs from Ectasia which is caused by LASIK eye surgery . Post @-@ LASIK Ectasia has been associated with the excessive removal of the eye 's stromal bed tissue during surgery . = = Treatment = = = = = Lenses = = = In early stages of keratoconus , glasses or soft contact lenses can suffice to correct for the mild astigmatism . As the condition progresses , these may no longer provide the person with a satisfactory degree of visual acuity , and most practitioners will move to manage the condition with rigid contact lenses , known as rigid , gas @-@ permeable , ( RGP ) lenses . RGP lenses provide a good level of visual correction , but do not arrest progression of the condition . In people with keratoconus , rigid contact lenses improve vision by means of tear fluid filling the gap between the irregular corneal surface and the smooth regular inner surface of the lens , thereby creating the effect of a smoother cornea . Many specialized types of contact lenses have been developed for keratoconus , and affected people may seek out both doctors specialized in conditions of the cornea , and contact lens fitters who have experience managing people with keratoconus . The irregular cone presents a challenge and the fitter will endeavor to produce a lens with the optimal contact , stability and steepness . Some trial @-@ and @-@ error fitting may prove necessary . = = = = Hybrid lenses = = = = Traditionally , contact lenses for keratoconus have been the ' hard ' or RGP variety , although manufacturers have also produced specialized ' soft ' or hydrophilic lenses and , most recently , silicone hydrogel lenses . A soft lens has a tendency to conform to the conical shape of the cornea , thus diminishing its effect . To counter this , hybrid lenses have been developed which are hard in the centre and encompassed by a soft skirt . However , soft or earlier generation hybrid lenses did not prove effective for every person . Early generation lenses have been discontinued . The fourth generation of hybrid lens technology has improved , giving more people an option that combines the comfort of a soft lens with the visual acuity of an RGP lens . = = = = Scleral lenses = = = = Scleral lenses are sometimes prescribed for cases of advanced or very irregular keratoconus ; these lenses cover a greater proportion of the surface of the eye and hence can offer improved stability . Easier handling can find favor with people with reduced dexterity , such as the elderly . = = = = Piggybacking = = = = Some people find good vision correction and comfort with a " piggyback " lens combination , in which RGP lenses are worn over soft lenses , both providing a degree of vision correction . One form of piggyback lens makes use of a soft lens with a countersunk central area to accept the rigid lens . Fitting a piggyback lens combination requires experience on the part of the lens fitter , and tolerance on the part of the person with keratoconus . = = = Surgery = = = = = = = Corneal transplant = = = = Between 11 % and 27 % of cases of keratoconus will progress to a point where vision correction is no longer possible , thinning of the cornea becomes excessive , or scarring as a result of contact lens wear causes problems of its own , and a corneal transplantation or penetrating keratoplasty becomes required . Keratoconus is the most common grounds for conducting a penetrating keratoplasty , generally accounting for around a quarter of such procedures . The corneal transplant surgeon trephines a lenticule of corneal tissue and then grafts the donor cornea to the existing eye tissue , usually using a combination of running and individual sutures . The cornea does not have a direct blood supply , so the donor tissue is not required to be blood type matched . Eye banks check the donor corneas for any disease or cellular irregularities . The acute recovery period can take four to six weeks , and full postoperative vision stabilization often takes a year or more , but most transplants are very stable in the long term . The National Keratoconus Foundation reports that penetrating keratoplasty has the most successful outcome of all transplant procedures , and when performed for keratoconus in an otherwise healthy eye , its success rate can be 95 % or greater . The sutures used usually dissolve over a period of three to five years , but individual sutures can be removed during the healing process if they are causing irritation to the person . In the USA , corneal transplants ( also known as corneal grafts ) for keratoconus are usually performed under sedation as outpatient surgery . In other countries , such as Australia and the UK , the operation is commonly performed with the person undergoing a general anaesthetic . All cases require a careful follow @-@ up with an eye doctor ( ophthalmologist or optometrist ) for a number of years . Frequently , vision is greatly improved after the surgery , but even if the actual visual acuity does not improve , because the cornea is a more normal shape after the healing is completed , people can more easily be fitted with corrective lenses . Complications of corneal transplants are mostly related to vascularization of the corneal tissue and rejection of the donor cornea . Vision loss is very rare , though difficult @-@ to @-@ correct vision is possible . When rejection is severe , repeat transplants are often attempted , and are frequently successful . Keratoconus will not normally reoccur in the transplanted cornea ; incidences of this have been observed , but are usually attributed to incomplete excision of the original cornea or inadequate screening of the donor tissue . The long @-@ term outlook for corneal transplants performed for keratoconus is usually favorable once the initial healing period is completed and a few years have elapsed without problems . One way of reducing the risk of rejection is to use a technique called deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty ( DALK ) . In a DALK graft , only the outermost epithelium and the main bulk of the cornea , the stroma , are replaced ; the person 's rearmost endothelium layer and the Descemet 's membrane are left , giving some additional structural integrity to the postgraft cornea . Furthermore , it is possible to transplant freeze @-@ dried donor tissue . The freeze @-@ drying process ensures this tissue is dead , so there is no chance of rejection . = = = = = Epikeratophakia = = = = = Rarely , a nonpenetrating keratoplasty known as an epikeratophakia ( or epikeratoplasty ) may be performed in cases of keratoconus . The corneal epithelium is removed and a lenticule of donor cornea is grafted on top of it . The procedure requires a greater level of skill on the part of the surgeon , and is less frequently performed than a penetrating keratoplasty , as the outcome is generally less favorable . However , it may be seen as an option in a number of cases , particularly for young people . = = = = Corneal ring implants = = = = A possible surgical alternative to corneal transplant is the insertion of intrastromal corneal ring segments . A small incision is made in the periphery of the cornea and two thin arcs of polymethyl methacrylate are slid between the layers of the stroma on either side of the pupil before the incision is closed by a suture . The segments push out against the curvature of the cornea , flattening the peak of the cone and returning it to a more natural shape . The procedure offers the benefit of being reversible and even potentially exchangeable as it involves no removal of eye tissue . = = = = Cross @-@ linking = = = = Corneal collagen cross @-@ linking is a developing treatment which aims to strengthen the cornea , however , according to a 2015 Cochrane review , there is insufficient evidence to determine if it is useful in keratoconus . In 2016 , the US Food and Drug Administration approved Avedro 's riboflavin ophthalmic solution and KXL system for crosslinking based on three 12 @-@ month clinical trials . = = = = Radial keratotomy = = = = Radial keratotomy is a refractive surgery procedure where the surgeon makes a spoke @-@ like pattern of incisions into the cornea to modify its shape . This early surgical option for myopia has been largely superseded by LASIK and other similar procedures . LASIK is absolutely contraindicated in keratoconus and other corneal thinning conditions as removal of corneal stromal tissue will further damage an already thin and weak cornea . For similar reasons , radial keratotomy has also generally not been used for people with keratoconus . = = Prognosis = = Patients with keratoconus typically present initially with mild astigmatism and myopia , commonly at the onset of puberty , and are diagnosed by the late teenage years or early 20s . The disease can , however , present or progress at any age ; in rare cases , keratoconus can present in children or not until later adulthood . A diagnosis of the disease at an early age may indicate a greater risk of severity in later life . Patients ' vision will seem to fluctuate over a period of months , driving them to change lens prescriptions frequently , but as the condition worsens , contact lenses are required in the majority of cases . The course of the disorder can be quite variable , with some patients remaining stable for years or indefinitely , while others progress rapidly or experience occasional exacerbations over a long and otherwise steady course . Most commonly , keratoconus progresses for a period of 10 to 20 years before the course of the disease generally ceases in the third and fourth decades of life . = = = Corneal hydrops = = = In advanced cases , bulging of the cornea can result in a localized rupture of Descemet 's membrane , an inner layer of the cornea . Aqueous humor from the eye 's anterior chamber seeps into the cornea before Descemet 's membrane reseals . The patient experiences pain and a sudden severe clouding of vision , with the cornea taking on a translucent milky @-@ white appearance known as a corneal hydrops . Although disconcerting to the patient , the effect is normally temporary and after a period of six to eight weeks , the cornea usually returns to its former transparency . The recovery can be aided nonsurgically by bandaging with an osmotic saline solution . Although a hydrops usually causes increased scarring of the cornea , occasionally it will benefit a patient by creating a flatter cone , aiding the fitting of contact lenses . Corneal transplantation is not usually indicated during corneal hydrops . = = Epidemiology = = The National Eye Institute reports keratoconus is the most common corneal dystrophy in the United States , affecting about one in 2 @,@ 000 Americans , but some reports place the figure as high as one in 500 . The inconsistency may be due to variations in diagnostic criteria , with some cases of severe astigmatism interpreted as those of keratoconus , and vice versa . A long @-@ term study found a mean incidence rate of 2 @.@ 0 new cases per 100 @,@ 000 population per year . Some studies have suggested a higher prevalence amongst females , or that people of South Asian ethnicity are 4 @.@ 4 times as likely to suffer from keratoconus as Caucasians , and are also more likely to be affected with the condition earlier . Keratoconus is normally bilateral ( affecting both eyes ) although the distortion is usually asymmetric and is rarely completely identical in both corneas . Unilateral cases tend to be uncommon , and may in fact be very rare if a very mild condition in the better eye is simply below the limit of clinical detection . It is common for keratoconus to be diagnosed first in one eye and not until later in the other . As the condition then progresses in both eyes , the vision in the earlier @-@ diagnosed eye will often remain poorer than that in its fellow . = = History = = The German oculist Burchard Mauchart provided an early description in a 1748 doctoral dissertation of a case of keratoconus , which he called staphyloma diaphanum . However , it was not until 1854 that British physician John Nottingham ( 1801 – 1856 ) clearly described keratoconus and distinguished it from other ectasias of the cornea . Nottingham reported the cases of " conical cornea " that had come to his attention , and described several classic features of the disease , including polyopia , weakness of the cornea , and difficulty matching corrective lenses to the patient 's vision . In 1859 , British surgeon William Bowman used an ophthalmoscope ( recently invented by Hermann von Helmholtz ) to diagnose keratoconus , and described how to angle the instrument 's mirror so as to best see the conical shape of the cornea . Bowman also attempted to restore vision by pulling on the iris with a fine hook inserted through the cornea and stretching the pupil into a vertical slit , like that of a cat . He reported that he had had a measure of success with the technique , restoring vision to an 18 @-@ year @-@ old woman who had previously been unable to count fingers at a distance of 8 inches ( 20 cm ) . By 1869 , when the pioneering Swiss ophthalmologist Johann Horner wrote a thesis entitled On the treatment of keratoconus , the disorder had acquired its current name . The treatment at that time , endorsed by the leading German ophthalmologist Albrecht von Graefe , was an attempt to physically reshape the cornea by chemical cauterization with a silver nitrate solution and application of a miosis @-@ causing agent with a pressure dressing . In 1888 , the treatment of keratoconus became one of the first practical applications of the then newly invented contact lens , when the French physician Eugène Kalt manufactured a glass scleral shell that improved vision by compressing the cornea into a more regular shape . Since the start of the 20th century , research on keratoconus has both improved understanding of the disease and greatly expanded the range of treatment options . The first successful corneal transplantation to treat keratoconus was done in 1936 by Ramon Castroviejo . = = Related disorders = = Several other corneal ectatic disorders , also cause thinning of the cornea : Keratoglobus is a very rare condition that causes corneal thinning primarily at the margins , resulting in a spherical , slightly enlarged eye . It may be genetically related to keratoconus . Pellucid marginal degeneration causes thinning of a narrow ( 1 – 2 mm ) band of the cornea , usually along the inferior corneal margin . It causes irregular astigmatism that , in the early stages of the disease can be corrected by spectacles . Differential diagnosis may be made by slit @-@ lamp examination . Posterior keratoconus , a distinct disorder despite its similar name , is a rare abnormality , usually congenital , which causes a nonprogressive thinning of the inner surface of the cornea , while the curvature of the anterior surface remains normal . Usually only a single eye is affected . Post @-@ LASIK ectasia is a complication of LASIK eye surgery .
= German submarine U @-@ 39 ( 1938 ) = German submarine U @-@ 39 was a Type IXA U @-@ boat of the Kriegsmarine that operated from 1938 to the first few days of World War II . She was ordered by the Kriegsmarine on 29 July 1936 as part of the re @-@ armament program ( Aufrüstung ) in Germany , which was illegal under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles . The keel for U @-@ 39 was laid down on 2 June 1937 , by DeSchiMAG AG Weser of Bremen . She was commissioned on 10 December 1938 with Kapitänleutnant Gerhard Glattes in command . On 14 September 1939 , just 27 days after she began her first patrol , U @-@ 39 attempted to sink the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal by firing two torpedoes at her . The U @-@ 39 was immediately hunted down by three British destroyers , disabled with depth charges , and subsequently sunk . All of the crew members survived and were captured . U @-@ 39 was the first German U @-@ boat to be sunk in World War II . = = Design = = As one of the eight original German Type IX submarines , later designated IXA , U @-@ 39 had a displacement of 1 @,@ 032 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 016 long tons ) when at the surface and 1 @,@ 153 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 135 long tons ) while submerged . The U @-@ boat had a total length of 76 @.@ 50 m ( 251 ft ) , a pressure hull length of 58 @.@ 75 m ( 192 ft 9 in ) , a beam of 6 @.@ 51 m ( 21 ft 4 in ) , a height of 9 @.@ 40 m ( 30 ft 10 in ) , and a draught of 4 @.@ 70 m ( 15 ft 5 in ) . The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40 / 46 supercharged four @-@ stroke , nine @-@ cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4 @,@ 400 metric horsepower ( 3 @,@ 240 kW ; 4 @,@ 340 shp ) for use while surfaced , two Siemens @-@ Schuckert 2 GU 345 / 34 double @-@ acting electric motors producing a total of 1 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 740 kW ; 990 shp ) for use while submerged . She had two shafts and two 1 @.@ 92 m ( 6 ft ) propellers . The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres ( 750 ft ) . The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18 @.@ 2 knots ( 33 @.@ 7 km / h ; 20 @.@ 9 mph ) and a maximum submerged speed of 7 @.@ 7 knots ( 14 @.@ 3 km / h ; 8 @.@ 9 mph ) . When submerged , the boat could operate for 65 – 78 nautical miles ( 120 – 144 km ; 75 – 90 mi ) at 4 knots ( 7 @.@ 4 km / h ; 4 @.@ 6 mph ) ; when surfaced , she could travel 10 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 400 km ; 12 @,@ 100 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . U @-@ 39 was fitted with six 53 @.@ 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes ( four fitted at the bow and two at the stern ) , 22 torpedoes , one 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 13 in ) SK C / 32 naval gun , 180 rounds , and a 3 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) as well as a 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) anti @-@ aircraft gun . The boat had a complement of forty @-@ eight . = = Service history = = = = = Patrol and Sinking = = = U @-@ 39 conducted only one war patrol during her entire career , as part of the 6th U @-@ boat Flotilla . She left Wilhelmshaven with U @-@ 31 , U @-@ 32 , U @-@ 35 and U @-@ 53 all of which were also a part of the 6th Flotilla , on 19 August 1939 , in preparation for the beginning of World War II . She headed into the North Sea and eventually circumnavigated the British Isles . Prior to her sinking , U @-@ 39 was attacked in the North Sea on 10 September while en route to the British Isles . She was depth charged by an unidentified British vessel and was forced to dive to 100 meters ( 328 feet ) to escape the attack . On 14 September 1939 , after only 27 days at sea , U @-@ 39 fired two torpedoes at the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal off Rockall Bank north @-@ west of Scotland . Lookouts spotted the torpedo tracks and Ark Royal turned towards the attack , reducing her cross @-@ section and causing both torpedoes to miss and exploded short of their target . Following the failed attack , three British destroyers in the vicinity of the Ark Royal , HMS Faulknor , Firedrake , and Foxhound detected U @-@ 39 . All three destroyers depth charged the U @-@ boat and seconds after Firedrake released her depth charges , U @-@ 39 surfaced . Foxhound , which was the closest to the U @-@ boat , picked up 25 crew members while Faulknor rescued 11 and Firedrake saved the remaining eight . The crewmen were then taken ashore in Scotland and spent the rest of the war in various prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps , including the Tower of London , before being shipped to Canada . U @-@ 39 was the first of many U @-@ boats to be sunk in World War II ; at 58 ° 32 ′ N 11 ° 49 ′ W. = = = Aftermath = = = Four other U @-@ boats joined U @-@ 39 on her ill @-@ fated patrol , U @-@ 31 , U @-@ 32 , U @-@ 53 and U @-@ 55 . According to a report by the Seekriegsleitung ( German Supreme Naval Command ) on 22 September 1939 , U @-@ 32 and U @-@ 53 were heading back to their home port of Kiel while only U @-@ 31 and U @-@ 35 remained in the operational area north of the British Isles . According to plan , U @-@ 39 should also have made for Kiel . However , there had been no contact with the U @-@ boat for several days . A lack of response from U @-@ 39 , despite several requests to give her current location , began to fuel rumours that she was sunk . This belief was later confirmed by a British radio transmission detailing the arrival of the first German prisoners of war who were members of the Kriegsmarine , at a London railway station a few days later .
= FN Five @-@ seven = The FN Five @-@ seven , trademarked as the Five @-@ seveN , is a semi @-@ automatic pistol designed and manufactured by Fabrique Nationale d ’ Armes de Guerre @-@ Herstal ( FN Herstal ) in Belgium ( trademark capitalization style is intended to emphasize the manufacturer 's initials . ) It is a lightweight polymer @-@ based weapon with a large magazine capacity , ambidextrous controls , low recoil , and the ability to penetrate body armor when using certain cartridge types . It is known as the " cop killer . " The nickname was reported as a cultural phenomena by Wired and many others , and tested by the Brady campaign which called it a " Risk to Police Officers . " Sales of the Five @-@ seven were originally restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers , but since 2004 , the pistol has also been offered to civilian shooters for personal protection , target shooting , and similar uses . Although offered only with sporting ammunition , the Five @-@ seven 's introduction to civilian shooters was met with vocal opposition from gun control organizations such as the Brady Campaign , and the pistol has been subject to ongoing controversy in the United States . The Five @-@ seven is currently in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations , including Canada , France , Greece , India , Poland , Spain , and the United States . In the United States , the Five @-@ seven is in use with numerous law enforcement agencies , including the U.S. Secret Service . In the years since the pistol 's introduction to the civilian market in the United States , it has also become increasingly popular with civilian shooters . = = History = = = = = Development = = = The Five @-@ seven pistol and its 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm ammunition were developed by FN Herstal in response to NATO requests for a replacement for the 9 × 19mm Parabellum cartridge and associated pistols and submachine guns . NATO called for two types of weapons chambered for a new cartridge — one a shoulder @-@ fired weapon , and the other a handheld weapon . According to NATO , these new weapons , termed personal defense weapons ( PDWs ) , were to provide " personal protection in last @-@ resort situations when the user is directly endangered by the enemy [ ... ] . " In 1989 , NATO published document D / 296 , outlining a number of preliminary specifications for these weapons : The new cartridge was to have greater range , accuracy , and terminal performance than the 9 × 19mm cartridge . Additionally , it was to be capable of penetrating certain types of body armor . The shoulder @-@ fired personal defense weapon was to weigh less than 3 kg ( 6 @.@ 6 lb ) , with a magazine capacity of at least 20 rounds . The handheld personal defense weapon ( pistol ) was to weigh less than 1 kg ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) , although a weight of 700 g ( 1 @.@ 5 lb ) was deemed desirable ; it was to have a magazine capacity of no fewer than 20 rounds . Both weapons were to be sufficiently compact to be carried hands @-@ free on the user 's person at all times , whether in the cab of a vehicle or the cockpit of an aircraft , and were to perform effectively in all environments and weather conditions . FN Herstal was the first small arms manufacturer to respond to NATO 's requirement ; FN started by developing a shoulder @-@ fired personal defense weapon , the FN P90 , along with a small caliber , high velocity 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge type . The original 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge , called the SS90 , went into production with the P90 in 1990 . This cartridge type was discontinued in 1993 , and replaced with the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm SS190 , which used a heavier and slightly shorter projectile weighing 2 @.@ 0 g ( 31 grains ) . The reduced length of the SS190 projectile allowed it to be used more conveniently in the Five @-@ seven , which was under development at that time . In 1993 , Jean @-@ Louis Gathoye of FN filed a United States patent application for a delayed blowback operating system intended for the Five @-@ seven pistol , and U.S. Patent 5 @,@ 347 @,@ 912 ( " Elements for decelerating the recoil of the moving parts of a fire arm " ) was received the following year . In 1995 , FN officially announced development of the Five @-@ seven pistol , and a prototype of the pistol was publicly displayed the following year . With some improvements , a double @-@ action only model of the pistol went into production in 1998 , and a single @-@ action model called the Five @-@ seven Tactical was then introduced shortly afterward . The Five @-@ seven first entered service in May 2000 , when the Cypriot National Guard ( Greek : Εθνική Φρουρά ) purchased 250 pistols for their special forces group . = = = NATO evaluation = = = In 2002 and 2003 , NATO conducted a series of tests with the intention of standardizing a PDW cartridge as a replacement for the 9 × 19mm Parabellum cartridge . The tests compared the relative merits of the FN 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge and the HK 4 @.@ 6 × 30mm cartridge , which was created by German small arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch as a competitor to the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm . The results of the NATO tests were analyzed by a group formed of experts from Canada , France , the United Kingdom , and the United States , and the group 's conclusion was that the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm was " undoubtedly " the more efficient cartridge . However , the German delegation and others rejected the NATO recommendation that 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm be standardized , halting the standardization process indefinitely . As a result , both the 4 @.@ 6 × 30mm and 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridges ( and the associated weapons ) have been independently adopted by various NATO countries , according to preference ; the Five @-@ seven pistol is currently in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations throughout the world . = = = Present = = = Historically , sales of the Five @-@ seven pistol were restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers , but in 2004 the new Five @-@ seven IOM model was introduced and offered to civilian shooters for use with 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm sporting ammunition . The IOM model incorporated several modifications to the weapon 's design , such as the addition of an M1913 accessory rail , a magazine safety mechanism , and fully adjustable sights . Although offered only with sporting ammunition , the Five @-@ seven 's introduction to civilian shooters was met with strong opposition from gun control organizations such as the Brady Campaign . Further development of the Five @-@ seven pistol led to the introduction of the Five @-@ seven USG model , which was approved by the ATF as a sporting firearm in 2004 . The USG model incorporates a conventionally shaped square trigger guard , a reversible magazine release , and other minor changes . In 2013 , the Five @-@ seven MK2 model was introduced , replacing the USG model . The MK2 model has cocking serrations on the front of the slide , all black controls , and slightly different iron sights . = = Design = = The Five @-@ seven is a semi @-@ automatic delayed blowback pistol chambered for FN 's 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm ammunition . The pistol has a concealed hammer . Polymer materials are used extensively in the pistol 's design , and even the steel slide is encased in a polymer shell . In addition to providing reduced weight and greater resistance to corrosion , this also prevents unwanted light reflection . The slide 's polymer shell gives the pistol the appearance of being constructed entirely of polymers , but the slide interior , barrel , trigger , springs , pins , and similar parts are all steel . However , the pistol is unusually lightweight , weighing only 744 g ( 1 @.@ 6 lb ) with a loaded 20 @-@ round magazine . The Five @-@ seven is a full @-@ size pistol , having an overall length of 208 mm ( 8 @.@ 2 in ) , a height of 137 mm ( 5 @.@ 4 in ) , and a max width of 36 mm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) . It has the same grip angle as the distinguished Browning Hi @-@ Power and M1911 pistols . Despite the considerable length of the pistol 's 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm ammunition , the grip is not particularly unwieldy — the distance from the trigger to the back of the grip measures 69 @.@ 85 mm ( 2 @.@ 750 in ) , which is identical to a U.S. Military issue M9 pistol chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellum . The Five @-@ seven barrel is cold hammer @-@ forged and chrome @-@ lined , with a total length of 122 mm ( 4 @.@ 8 in ) and a rifled length of 94 mm ( 3 @.@ 7 in ) . The barrel has eight rifling grooves with a right @-@ hand twist rate of 1 : 231 mm ( 1 : 9 @.@ 1 in ) , and it weighs 113 g ( 0 @.@ 249 lb ) . The small caliber gives the barrel a length in calibers of more than 20 , 58 % more than a comparable 9 mm barrel . It has a stated service life of 20 @,@ 000 rounds and the Five @-@ seven is noted for being very accurate . Current models of the Five @-@ seven are single @-@ action , having a short and light trigger pull of 20 to 30 N ( 4 @.@ 4 to 6 @.@ 6 lbF ) . They have a Picatinny rail for mounting accessories , and a magazine safety mechanism that prevents the pistol from firing without a magazine inserted . The grip texture on current pistols is extensively checkered for a superior hold , and each side of the slide has a series of narrow ridges at the rear to aid grasping . The trigger and trigger guard surfaces also have grooves to reduce finger slip , and the trigger guard is elongated to ease firing while wearing gloves . The Five @-@ seven is currently offered in two different frame finishes ( standard black or flat dark earth ) , and two different iron sight systems ( adjustable sights or low profile fixed sights ) . = = = Ammunition = = = Particularly significant to the design of the Five @-@ seven pistol is the small caliber , high velocity bottlenecked cartridge it uses . The 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge was created by FN Herstal in response to NATO requests for a replacement for the 9 × 19mm Parabellum cartridge , which is commonly used in pistols and submachine guns . The 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge weighs 6 @.@ 0 g ( 93 grains ) — roughly half as much as a typical 9 × 19mm cartridge — making extra ammunition less burdensome , or allowing more ammunition to be carried for the same weight . Since the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge also has a relatively small diameter , an unusually high number of cartridges can be contained in a magazine . The cartridge has a loud report and produces considerable muzzle flash , but it has roughly 30 percent less recoil than the 9 × 19mm cartridge , improving controllability . Due to its high velocity , the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm also exhibits an exceptionally flat trajectory . One of the design intents for the standard 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge type , the SS190 , was that it have the ability to penetrate Kevlar protective vests — such as the NATO CRISAT vest — that will stop conventional pistol bullets . Fired from the Five @-@ seven , the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm SS190 has a muzzle velocity of roughly 650 m / s ( 2 @,@ 130 ft / s ) and is capable of penetrating the CRISAT vest at a range of 100 m ( 110 yd ) , or 48 layers of Kevlar material ( roughly equivalent to two stacked Level II Kevlar vest panels ) at a range of 50 m ( 55 yd ) . It is also capable of penetrating a PASGT vest at a range of 300 m ( 330 yd ) or a PASGT helmet at a range of 240 m ( 260 yd ) . FN states an effective range of 50 m ( 55 yd ) and a maximum range of 1 @,@ 510 m ( 1 @,@ 650 yd ) for the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge when fired from the Five @-@ seven pistol . In testing conducted by Passaic County , New Jersey Sheriff 's Department , the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm SS190 penetrated to a depth of 27 cm ( 11 in ) in bare ballistic gelatin , and a depth of 23 cm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) in gelatin protected with a Kevlar vest . In testing , the SS190 and similar 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm projectiles consistently turn base over point ( " tumble " ) as they pass through ballistic gelatin and other media , using the 21 @.@ 6 @-@ mm ( .85 in ) projectile length to create a larger wound cavity . However , some are skeptical of the bullet 's terminal performance , and it is a subject of debate among civilian shooters in the United States . The 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm projectile potentially poses less risk of collateral damage than conventional pistol bullets , because the projectile design limits overpenetration , as well as risk of ricochet . The lightweight projectile also poses less risk of collateral damage in the event of a miss , because it loses much of its kinetic energy after traveling only 400 m ( 440 yd ) , whereas a conventional pistol bullet such as the 9 × 19mm retains significant energy beyond 800 m ( 870 yd ) . This range exceeds the engagement distances expected for the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge 's intended applications , so the cartridge 's limited energy at long range is not considered to be disadvantageous . Since the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm SS190 projectile does not rely on fragmentation or the expansion of a hollow @-@ point bullet , the cartridge and pistol are considered suitable for military use under the Hague Convention of 1899 , which prohibits the use of expanding bullets in warfare . = = = Feeding = = = The Five @-@ seven pistol feeds from detachable box magazines , but it is unconventional in that it feeds cartridges into the chamber without the use of a barrel feed ramp , having a beveled chamber only — the pistol 's feeding is inherently reliable because of its use of bottlenecked cartridges . The pistol is supplied with 20 @-@ round magazines as standard , or 10 @-@ round magazines for jurisdictions where magazines are restricted by law to a maximum capacity of 10 rounds . The Five @-@ seven will also accept an aftermarket extended 30 @-@ round magazine , which protrudes an additional 38 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) from the base of the pistol . With an additional cartridge in the chamber , the Five @-@ seven pistol has a total capacity of 11 , 21 , or 31 rounds depending on which magazine type is used . Magazine pouches for the Five @-@ seven magazine are available from various manufacturers . The Five @-@ seven 's magazine can be disassembled for cleaning or lubrication by removing the polymer floorplate . The magazine body is constructed of polymer , with steel inserts at the feed lips . Unlike a conventional pistol magazine , it feeds from dual feed lips , with a follower that has the same appearance as that of an M16 rifle 's magazine , and which is loaded in the same manner : by pushing cartridges straight down into the magazine , rather than pushing them down and back . This setup makes it very easy to load individual cartridges into the magazine . The magazine floorplate has a slight finger spur , and four holes in the left side of the magazine body allow a convenient estimate of the amount of remaining ammunition . = = = Controls = = = All controls ( excluding the trigger ) on the Five @-@ seven USG and earlier models are grey polymer , in contrast to the black polymer frame and slide cover . Similarly , all of the controls on the Five @-@ seven FDE and Five @-@ seven ODG models are black polymer , in contrast to the flat dark earth and olive drab polymer frames . A takedown lever is located at the front on the left side of the weapon 's frame , and a slide release is located at the rear on the left side of the frame ; these controls are protected from accidental movements by slight projections in the frame contour . A chamber indicator , in the form of a pin inside a tiny hole , is provided on the left side of the slide . When a round has been chambered , this pin will protrude 1 @.@ 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 063 in ) , which is sufficient to provide both visible and tactile indication of the chamber 's status . Current models of the Five @-@ seven have an ambidextrous manual safety device , which is located in an unconventional position : one control is found on each side of the frame above the trigger guard , where it is reachable with the trigger finger or support hand thumb . A red dot is visible here when the safety is deactivated and the pistol is ready to fire ; when the safety is moved to the raised position , it is activated and the red dot is no longer visible . The Five @-@ seven 's push @-@ button magazine release , located on the left side of the frame where the trigger guard intersects with the grip , is square @-@ shaped and reversible for left @-@ handed shooters . The Five @-@ seven can be disassembled quickly and easily , by using the left hand to retract and hold the slide 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) rearwards , while simultaneously using the left @-@ hand thumb to push and hold the takedown lever rearwards . When the slide is released , it moves forward freely and the complete slide assembly can be disengaged from the frame , whereupon the barrel ( and captured recoil spring ) can be removed from the slide . This level of disassembly is sufficient to perform thorough cleaning of the pistol , and FNH USA recommends no further disassembly except by an authorized armorer , FN Herstal , or FNH USA . Reassembly of the pistol is done in the reverse order , except no use of the disassembly lever is necessary . = = = Sights and accessories = = = The Five @-@ seven has a sight radius of 178 mm ( 7 @.@ 0 in ) ; the pistol is currently offered with either adjustable sights or fixed sights . The " three @-@ dot " type adjustable sights consist of a 2 @.@ 9 @-@ mm ( 0 @.@ 12 in ) square notch rear and a 3 @.@ 6 @-@ mm ( 0 @.@ 14 in ) blade front , which has a height of 9 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 36 in ) . The sights are targeted at 91 @.@ 4 m ( 100 @.@ 0 yd ) , but can be adjusted for either windage or elevation . The " three @-@ dot " type C @-@ More fixed sights , which are offered as a low profile alternative to the adjustable sights , can only be adjusted for windage . The fixed sights are targeted at 7 @.@ 6 m ( 25 ft ) using SS195LF ammunition , and are available with or without tritium @-@ illuminated inserts ( " night sights " ) to aid use of the pistol in dim lighting . The Five @-@ seven is supplied with a lockable hard case , a locking device and keys , a magazine release reversal tool , a sight adjustment tool ( not included with the fixed sights model ) , a cleaning kit , an owner 's manual , and three 20 @-@ round magazines ( or three 10 @-@ round magazines , where restricted by law ) . The Five @-@ seven can be used in conjunction with a wide range of firearm accessories ; holsters are offered by various manufacturers , and the pistol 's MIL @-@ STD @-@ 1913 ( Picatinny ) accessory rail will accept tactical lights or laser aiming devices . With the use of an extended , threaded barrel , the pistol can also be fitted with various sound suppressors developed by Advanced Armament Corporation , Gemtech , Silencerco , and other manufacturers . The Gemtech SFN @-@ 57 , which was developed in 1998 specifically for use with the Five @-@ seven , is a matte black aluminum suppressor with a length of 147 mm ( 5 @.@ 8 in ) , a diameter of 32 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 in ) , and a weight of 147 g ( 0 @.@ 324 lb ) . Israeli manufacturer FAB Defense offers a complete PDW conversion kit for the Five @-@ seven , designated the KPOS G2 FN 5 @.@ 7 , that allows the pistol to be reconfigured into a shoulder @-@ fired personal defense weapon , and CornerShot offers a weapon system compatible with the Five @-@ seven that allows the shooter to aim and fire around corners without being exposed . = = Variants = = Five @-@ seven The original Five @-@ seven was introduced in 1998 , and it is now discontinued . It had no manual safety device and it was double @-@ action only , with a heavy trigger pull of 4 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 5 daN ( 10 to 14 lbF ) ; its double @-@ action only trigger was harshly criticized . The original Five @-@ seven had a pebbled grip pattern , a smoothly contoured accessory rail , low profile fixed sights and a large circular @-@ shaped trigger guard designed to facilitate gloved use . It did not have a slide release and the slide was not serrated as on newer models , but a portion at the rear of the slide was instead slightly concave to aid grasping . The pistol also had slightly different markings , with an FN logo placed on the left side of the frame above the trigger guard . Five @-@ seven Tactical The Five @-@ seven Tactical was introduced shortly after the original double @-@ action only model , as a single @-@ action alternative . It had a short and light trigger pull of 2 to 3 daN ( 4 @.@ 4 to 6 @.@ 6 lbF ) , as on current models . It also had the addition of an ambidextrous manual safety device ( located on each side of the frame , as on current models ) , and a slide release . Aside from these modifications , the Tactical model was identical to the original double @-@ action only Five @-@ seven . It was discontinued following the introduction of the IOM model . Five @-@ seven IOM The Five @-@ seven IOM ( Individual Officer Model ) was the first model of the Five @-@ seven pistol to be offered to civilian shooters , debuting in 2004 . It is now discontinued in favor of the USG model . The IOM was similar in its basic design to the Tactical version , but differed in that it had a MIL @-@ STD @-@ 1913 ( Picatinny ) accessory rail , a serrated slide and trigger guard , and fully adjustable sights . It also had a magazine safety mechanism incorporated into the design , to prevent the pistol from being fired without a magazine inserted . Five @-@ seven USG The Five @-@ seven USG ( United States Government ) model was approved by the ATF as a sporting firearm in 2004 , replacing the IOM model . The USG retained the changes that were incorporated in the IOM , but it had further modifications , including a conventionally shaped square trigger guard , a tightly checkered grip pattern , and a larger , reversible magazine release . It was originally offered with adjustable sights , but starting in 2009 it was also offered with low profile fixed sights . The USG model had a black frame finish with grey controls as standard , but it was also offered in limited quantities with black controls . Since 2013 , the USG model is no longer listed by FNH USA . Five @-@ seven FDE The Five @-@ seven FDE ( Flat Dark Earth ) model was built to the same specifications as the Five @-@ seven USG , but it had a brown frame finish and black controls , as opposed to the standard black frame finish and grey controls of the Five @-@ seven USG . Like the USG model , the FDE was offered with either adjustable sights or low profile fixed sights . Since 2013 , the original FDE model is no longer listed by FNH USA , although a flat dark earth version of the new MK2 is available . Five @-@ seven ODG The Five @-@ seven ODG ( Olive Drab Green ) model was built to the same specifications as the Five @-@ seven USG model , but it had an olive drab frame finish and black controls , as opposed to the standard black frame finish and grey controls of the Five @-@ seven USG . Like the USG model , the ODG model was offered with either adjustable sights or low profile fixed sights . Since 2012 , the ODG model is no longer listed by FNH USA . = = = Current model = = = Five @-@ seven MK2 The Five @-@ seven MK2 model was introduced in 2013 , and is now the standard version of the Five @-@ seven offered by FN Herstal . This new model has cocking serrations on the front of the slide , and has been reported to have a one @-@ piece metal slide ( under the polymer cover ) , whereas the previous models have a two @-@ piece welded metal slide . There is apparently still a choice of fixed or adjustable sights : the model shown on FNH 's site is a fixed @-@ sight version ; a model with adjustable sights was photographed at the 2013 SHOT show . The rear sight on the adjustable @-@ sight version has also been changed , with beefed @-@ up construction and white straight @-@ edge sight references compared to the present three @-@ dot target @-@ style sights ; these have been described as " combat adjustable sights " . The MK2 has a black frame and slide , with flat black controls in place of the grey controls of the IOM and USG models . It is also available with a flat dark earth frame color . Note : The MK2 is slightly wider than previous models and will not fit most custom holsters made for earlier versions of the Five @-@ seven . = = Controversy = = The Five @-@ seven pistol and 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm ammunition were originally restricted by FN to military and law enforcement customers , but in 2004 the new Five @-@ seven IOM model was introduced , and offered to civilian shooters for use with 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm SS192 ammunition . FNH USA has marketed the Five @-@ seven to civilian shooters as a pistol suitable for personal protection , target shooting , and similar uses , but the Five @-@ seven 's introduction to civilian shooters was strongly opposed by U.S. gun control organizations such as the Brady Campaign ; by the end of 2004 , sales of the Five @-@ seven pistol had increased dramatically . In early 2005 , the pistol was subject to controversy in the United States after the Brady Campaign stated that commercially available 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm SS192 ammunition penetrated a Level IIA Kevlar vest in testing . The National Rifle Association ( NRA ) shortly countered the Brady Campaign 's claim by stating that the gun control group may not have adhered to standard testing procedures , and that FN offers armor @-@ piercing varieties of the 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm cartridge only to military and law enforcement customers . Varieties offered to civilians are classified by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) as not armor @-@ piercing , and it was stated that the SS192 and SS196 cartridge variations were unable to penetrate various types of Kevlar vests in tests conducted by FNH USA . Michael D. Barnes , then @-@ president of the Brady Campaign , responded to the NRA 's statements on the Five @-@ seven by challenging NRA Executive Vice President Wayne LaPierre to be shot with the pistol while wearing a Kevlar vest . The NRA again responded to the Brady Campaign 's statements , saying that " Barnes demonstrated his group 's complete and utter disregard for gun safety and its flaming zeal to further restrict the rights of law @-@ abiding gun owners . " In the same year , two pieces of legislation were introduced in the United States Congress , specifically targeting the Five @-@ seven pistol and 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm ammunition for a federal ban : the H.R. 1136 : PLEA Act was introduced in the House of Representatives by Rep. Eliot Engel ( D @-@ NY ) , and the S. 527 : PLEA Act was introduced in the Senate by Sen. Frank Lautenberg ( D @-@ NJ ) ; neither bill proceeded to a vote by the House or Senate . In March 2007 , legislation was again introduced in the United States Congress by Rep. Engel , under the new designation H.R. 1784 : PLEA Act . Once again , the bill failed to proceed to a vote . In the following years , the Five @-@ seven was subject to further controversy due to reports of the pistol 's use by drug cartels in the Mexican Drug War . In the United States , the Five @-@ seven has never been used to kill a police officer , but various news sources such as The Boston Globe and La Jornada reported incidents in which the pistol was used to shoot and kill police officers or civilians in Mexico . According to the ATF , the Five @-@ seven is one of the weapons favored by drug cartels in the Mexican Drug War , and a smuggled Five @-@ seven pistol can sell for up to 66 @,@ 000 pesos ( US $ 5 @,@ 000 ) in Mexico . From Mexico , the pistols have been smuggled into other South American countries ; in a July 2010 drive @-@ by shooting in Envigado , Colombia , two cartel gunmen armed with Five @-@ seven pistols opened fire on a group of bystanders outside a nightclub , leaving 9 people dead and 10 wounded . In November 2009 , the Five @-@ seven again became subject to controversy in the United States , following the shooting at Fort Hood military base , in Texas . A U.S. Army psychiatrist , Major Nidal Malik Hasan , opened fire on fellow soldiers with a Five @-@ seven pistol , killing 13 people and wounding 29 in the worst shooting ever to take place on an American military base . Shortly after the shooting , FNH USA responded with a fact sheet dismissing allegations about the nature of the pistol , stating that it is only offered to civilians with sporting ammunition . Later in the month , a number of gun control organizations such as the Brady Campaign wrote a collaborative letter to U.S. President Barack Obama , citing the weapon 's use by the Fort Hood shooter and Mexican drug cartels , and calling on him to ban importation of the Five @-@ seven pistol and 5 @.@ 7 × 28mm ammunition . In July 2010 , legislation was introduced in the United States Congress by Rep. Engel , for a third time , under the new designation H.R. 6030 : PLEA Act . Like its previous incarnations , the H.R. 6030 bill failed to proceed to a vote by either the House of Representatives or Senate . = = Users = = The first military organization to adopt the Five @-@ seven was the Cypriot National Guard ( Greek : Εθνική Φρουρά ) , which purchased 250 pistols in May 2000 for its special forces group . By 2009 , the Five @-@ seven was in service with military and police forces in over 40 nations throughout the world . In 2009 , the Military of Libya purchased 367 Five @-@ seven pistols from FN Herstal , along with various other FN weapons , in a controversial sale valued at 11 @.@ 5 million euros ( US $ 15 @.@ 8 million ) . In 2011 , these weapons were used by Muammar Gaddafi 's military forces in the 2011 Libyan civil war , and Libyan rebel forces were also photographed using captured examples in the war . In the United States , the Five @-@ seven is currently used by over 300 law enforcement agencies , including the U.S. Secret Service . Military and law enforcement organizations using the Five @-@ seven include :
= Langit Makin Mendung = " Langit Makin Mendung " ( " The Sky is Increasingly Cloudy " ) is a controversial Indonesian short story . Published in Sastra magazine under the pen name Kipandjikusmin in August 1968 , it tells the story of Muhammad descending to Earth with the angel Gabriel to investigate the decreasing number of Muslims entering heaven , only to find that Muslims in Indonesia have begun fornicating , drinking alcohol , waging war on Muslims , and otherwise going against the tenets of Islam because of nasakom , a government policy during Sukarno 's administration that combined nationalism , religion , and communism . Unable to do anything to stop the rampant sinning , Muhammad and Gabriel watch the political maneuvering , crime , and famine in Jakarta in the form of eagles . Upon publication , " Langit Makin Mendung " drew heavy criticism for its depictions of Allah , Muhammad , and Gabriel . Sastra was banned in North Sumatra , and the magazine 's offices in Jakarta were attacked . Despite published apologies from the writer and publisher , the head editor of Sastra , HB Jassin , was tried for blasphemy ; he was later sentenced to a one @-@ year suspended sentence . Critical views of the story vary ; the story has been compared to Dante 's Divine Comedy for its depiction of a man on a spiritual quest with a spiritual companion , yet criticized for depicting Allah , Muhammad , and Gabriel in a negative light . The legal case itself has been subject to debate , with both sides arguing freedom of expression and the scope of imagination . = = Background = = Indonesia is the world 's largest majority @-@ Muslim country . This has had a large influence on the development of Indonesia , both in its national revolution and in modern times . However , it has been used to justify and promote political positions . The Dutch colonial government minimized the role of the religious leaders , the kyai and ulama , in an attempt to prevent them using their influence to lead resistance . Modern rulers have used it to " maintain the status quo " , while those pushing for change use Islam as a means for justice or other political ends . This has led to a general fragmentation . During the early 1960s then @-@ President Sukarno declared a new state ideology of Nasakom , which stood for Nasionalisme , Agama , dan Komunisme ( Nationalism , Religion , and Communism ) , which would complement the existing policy of Pancasila . This declaration , viewed as proof of increasing Indonesian Communist Party ( Partai Komunis Indonesia , or PKI ) power , led to conflict between the PKI and the military . In the midst of an escalating confrontation with Malaysia ( 1963 – 1966 ) , Sukarno demoted General Abdul Haris Nasution , Commander of the Army , and promoted Ahmad Yani , while the PKI spread rumours that a CIA @-@ sponsored board of generals ( Dewan Jenderal ) were plotting against the government , using the Gilchrist Document as proof . Eventually , a coup on 30 September 1965 , thought to have been sponsored by the PKI , killed six generals , leading to the massacre of suspected communists and the fall of Sukarno 's government over the next two years . = = Plot = = Muhammad and the other prophets of Islam , bored of living in jannah ( heaven ) and weary of singing the praises of Allah , request permission to return to Earth . Disappointed by the prophets ' request , Allah calls on Muhammad to explain why he wishes to return , as Allah had already granted him many things . Muhammad replies that he wishes to conduct research , to discover why so few Muslims are coming to heaven . Allah , after removing his glasses , responds that the people had been poisoned by Sukarno 's policy of Nasakom and grants Muhammad permission to investigate further . After much fanfare , Muhammad departs jannah 's airport , riding a buraq , or winged horse . The Archangel Gabriel accompanies him . On the way , they encounter a Soviet spacecraft . Hearing that they are infidels , Muhammad approaches to investigate , only to crash into the spacecraft , obliterating it and the buraq and killing the three cosmonauts ; Muhammad and Gabriel are able to catch a cloud . Later , they pass Jakarta , which Gabriel describes as the most sinful place on Earth . Angered by Gabriel 's statement that less than a million of Indonesia 's 90 million Muslims are true believers , as well as the fact that it is the birthplace of Nasakom , Muhammad declares that Islam will never die and waits on the cloud . Meanwhile , in Jakarta , an epidemic of the flu is underway . Among those who fall ill is President Sukarno , who writes to Chairman Mao Zedong to request some doctors . Mao sends doctors , who give Sukarno poison to paralyze him and aid the 30 September Movement in overthrowing the government . The slow acting poison causes Sukarno to faint after he and his ministers have a large party with haraam events , including the consumption of pork and frog and zina ( sex outside of marriage ) . Muhammad and Gabriel , having transformed into eagles to observe Jakarta , see prostitution , adultery , theft , and drinking . Muhammad is shocked that zina and theft continue unabated , calling for Gabriel to help him stone the adulterers and cut the hands off the thieves . Gabriel replies that there are not enough stones for the adulterers , and the swords have been replaced by guns bought by the " infidel " Soviets and Americans who " worship dollars " . They later see a minister , referred to only as Togog , attempting to use the Gilchrist Document to overthrow Sukarno . Muhammad gives up on Indonesia , planning to install television in jannah . Eventually , Sukarno recovers from the poison and is told about the Gilchrist Document , also being told that the Chinese are reneging on their agreement to supply nuclear weapons for Indonesia 's confrontation with Malaysia . Sukarno uses the Gilchrist Document to spread rumours and distrust among the populace , demoting his commander of the military , while the Chinese ambassador is sent home . = = Writing and influences = = " Langit Makin Mendung " was written under the pen name Kipandjikusmin . HB Jassin , head editor of Sastra , said that Kipandjikusmin had been born to a Muslim family but educated in a Catholic junior school prior to being sent to a naval academy ; Jassin noted that this Catholic education , with literature which personifies God and angels , may have influenced his writing style . Another influence was Javanese wayang , or shadow puppets , with stories which traditionally have a hierarchy of anthropomorphic deities . Jassin also notes influences from the culture of the Guided Democracy era , evidenced from terms like sputnik and the social commentary , with strong condemnation of prostitution in Indonesia and Sukarno 's Nasakom . Kipandjikusmin later wrote to Ekspres magazine that his goal in writing the short story was to expose the corruption in Sukarno 's government , focusing on the religious leaders who had agreed with Nasakom when it was politically expedient to do so , yet turned against the PKI when the party was hunted and its members killed . He also admitted the influences proposed by Jassin , writing that he had often thought of the Catholic heaven as being similar to the Javanese Kahyangan , with God being similar to Batara Guru . His depictions of Muhammad and Gabriel transforming into eagles were influenced by images of Christ as the Lamb of God . It was originally meant to be a serial , and Jassin had already received the second instalment by the time the controversy began . = = Style = = " Langit Makin Mendung " has been described as being written with crude and offensive expressions . Jassin argues that the style , though direct and at times discourteous , indicates a sense of irony , humor , sarcasm , and cynicism . = = Release and reception = = " Langit Makin Mendung " was published in the literary magazine Sastra , headed by HB Jassin , in August 1968 , under the pen name Kipandjikusmin . It became instantly controversial , with Indonesian Muslims considering it blasphemous and an insult to Islam . Among the points of contention were the anthropomorphic personification of Allah , as well as the " less than respectful " treatment of Muhammad and other Islamic figures . It was banned in North Sumatra on 12 October and groups of young Muslims attacked Sastra 's headquarters in Jakarta . After threats of prosecution , Jassin and his co @-@ editor Rachman issued a public apology ; despite this , the magazine was banned . On 22 or 25 October 1968 , Kipandjikusmin followed suit , with a statement submitted to Kami . In April 1969 or February 1970 , the High Prosecutor 's office in Medan filed charges against Jassin , charging him with blasphemy after he was unwilling to divulge Kipandjikusmin 's true name . At trial , Jassin argued that , as the story was a product of the author 's imagination , it should not be considered an insult to Islam ; he also cited physical descriptions of Allah from the Quran and Sufi literature , as well as the writer 's Christian influences . A witness for the prosecution , noted ulama and writer Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah ( Hamka ) , testified that a depiction of Allah wearing glasses implied that Allah was imperfect , as opposed to the personifications cited by Jassin , which were based on man 's love for Allah . Hamka later stated that nobody had been able to incite hatred against Muhammad like Kipandjikusmin since the Crusades . Jassin was sentenced to a one @-@ year suspended sentence . = = Polemics = = = = = Literary = = = Jassin writes that " Langit Makin Mendung " , as a result of its author 's imagination , is not dogma , history , ethics , or an objective reality , but a work within its own world . As a result , Allah , Muhammad , and other religious figures are fictional characters and not representative of their counterparts . He further argues that " Langit Makin Mendung " is not written as an insult , but social criticism on perceived mistakes and corruption during the Sukarno period . He draws on parallels between " Langit Makin Mendung " , Dante 's Divine Comedy , and Allama Muhammad Iqbal 's Javid Nama , focusing on the journey of a person and a guide , with objections being raised due to readers identifying imagination with religion . Another critic , Bahrum Rangkuti , wrote that " Langit Makin Mendung " had to be judged based on Kipandjikusmin 's intentions , which he interpreted as ridding Islam of Nasakom , which he saw as not being compatible . He noted that the Muslims criticized in the story are those who act in ways that are not permitted in Islam , such as drinking and committing zina , while other targets include inept leadership and corruption . Like Jassin , Rangkuti notes numerous instances of Allah being personified in the Quran and hadiths ; he views the personification of Allah in " Langit Makin Mendung " as an attempt to draw Muslims closer to Allah . Sukarsono argues that " Langit Makin Mendung " would have been a " monumental " critique , with a good description of degeneration and immorality in the early 1960s , if written during Sukarno 's regime , like Machiavelli 's The Prince was for its time , but as it was released in the New Order it lost some of its impact . He notes that in most cases the personification of Allah as being compatible with Islamic views of Allah . However , Allah 's donning of gold spectacles is seen as being in contradiction to the tenets of Islam . An opposing view , offered by Indonesian literary critic M. Jusuf Lubis , is that " Langit Makin Mendung " , as it is based on actual events and dogma , including Muhammad 's night journey . He rejects the view that the controversy arose from a misunderstanding of the story , writing that Indonesian Muslims reacted because they will not accept works that they see as denying the existence of Allah or comparing Pancasila to Nasakom . He notes that Jassin is inconsistent in his defense , calling the representations of Allah , Muhammad , and Gabriel figments of the author 's imagination , but citing Sukarno and Nasakom as influences . = = = Legal = = = Many studies have been made pertaining to the legal aspects of the " Langit Makin Mendung " case . One opinion is that the prosecution office had no legal basis for acting as both judge and literary critic in the case , with the blasphemy laws used in prosecution not being at least government or parliamentary level . The banning of Sastra is criticized for having no legal basis , as laws pertaining to the banning of print media at the time only applied to foreign publications ; per the then @-@ applicable Press Laws , any banning of a magazine would require approval of the Press Board . The need for freedom of speech is also mentioned . Another view is that the prosecution 's actions were justified , pointing to the obscurity of the press laws , as well as the intent to publish , indicated by the story 's prominent placement in the magazine . In response to arguments that the banning of Sastra was a violation of the right to freedom of speech , Sju 'bah Asa argues that the public and prosecutors have the same right , which can exercised through protests or legal action . Poet Taufiq Ismail notes that most protests against the prosecution 's actions were for their motion to ban Sastra , a reputable and respected publication , which does not indicate that " Langit Makin Mendung " was being supported .
= Breaking Benjamin = Breaking Benjamin is an American rock band from Wilkes @-@ Barre , Pennsylvania , founded in 1999 by lead singer and guitarist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel . The first lineup of the band also included guitarist Aaron Fink and bassist Mark Klepaski . This lineup released two albums , Saturate ( 2002 ) and We Are Not Alone ( 2004 ) , before Hummel was replaced by Chad Szeliga in 2005 . The band released two more studio albums , Phobia ( 2006 ) and Dear Agony ( 2009 ) , before entering an extended hiatus in early 2010 due to Burnley 's recurring illnesses . The release of a compilation album amid the hiatus , Shallow Bay : The Best of Breaking Benjamin ( 2011 ) , unauthorized by Burnley , brought about legal trouble within the band resulting in the dismissal of Fink and Klepaski . Szeliga later announced his departure in 2013 citing creative differences . Burnley remained the sole member of the band until late 2014 , when the current lineup was announced , including bassist and backing vocalist Aaron Bruch , guitarist and backing vocalist Keith Wallen , guitarist Jasen Rauch , and drummer Shaun Foist . The band afterward released Dark Before Dawn in 2015 . Despite significant lineup changes , the band 's musical style and lyrical content has remained consistent , with Burnley serving as the primary composer and lead vocalist since the band 's inception . The band has commonly been noted for its formulaic hard rock tendencies with angst @-@ heavy lyrics , swelling choruses , and " crunching " guitars . In the United States alone , the band has sold more than 7 million units and yielded two RIAA @-@ certified platinum records , two gold records , and several certified singles , including one multi @-@ platinum , three platinum , and three gold . The band has also produced one number one record on the Billboard 200 . = = History = = = = = Formation and Saturate ( 1998 – 2003 ) = = = Benjamin Burnley was originally in a band named Breaking Benjamin in 1998 that played " softer music " such as Weezer and The Beatles covers , and was " nothing like " subsequent lineups . The name originates from an incident in which Burnley broke a borrowed microphone , prompting its owner to retort , " Thanks to Benjamin for breaking my fucking mic . " This band included guitarist Aaron Fink , bassist Nick Hoover , and drummer Chris Lightcap , but soon broke up when Burnley moved to California . After returning to Pennsylvania with drummer Jeremy Hummel , Burnley formed Plan 9 , which also included bassist Jason Davoli . Plan 9 , a reference to Plan 9 from Outer Space , was continually misnamed as " Planet 9 " , therefore the group reclaimed the name Breaking Benjamin from the previous band , as Burnley still had promotional stickers with that name . The three @-@ piece first gained attention when Freddie Fabbri , a DJ for active rock radio station WBSX , put the group 's track " Polyamorous " in rotation . After it became the number one requested track on the station , Fabbri financed the recording of the group 's eponymous EP , which sold all 2 @,@ 000 copies that were printed in 2001 . Jonathan " Bug " Price was credited on bass , replacing Davoli . After growing dissatisfied with their previous band , former band mate Aaron Fink and bassist Mark Klepaski joined Breaking Benjamin . In early 2002 , over a dozen record companies visited a two @-@ night showcase where Breaking Benjamin was playing , and the group subsequently signed with Hollywood Records . Shortly afterward , Breaking Benjamin began recording their first full @-@ length major @-@ label record , Saturate , which was released on August 7 , 2002 and produced by Ulrich Wild . It peaked at No. 136 on the Billboard 200 , and was later certified gold on September 25 , 2015 . In early 2003 , Breaking Benjamin participated in the Jägermeister Music Tour , then toured as a supporting act for Godsmack . Of the little media coverage received , Saturate garnered positive reception , with Jason Taylor from AllMusic stating that the album " has serious potential to become one of 2002 's most successful debuts , " feeling that " although it is repetitive and generic , it is undeniably addictive " , ultimately scoring the album 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 . The disc received a favorable review from Schwegweb 's Vin Cherubino , who noted , " The music has just as much quality as any popular artist in the same genre . Influences from bands such as Tool can be heard , making the music seem all so familiar and palatable . " = = = We Are Not Alone ( 2003 – 2005 ) = = = Breaking Benjamin returned to the studio in October 2003 with producer David Bendeth for their sophomore effort We Are Not Alone . Burnley also worked with The Smashing Pumpkins front man Billy Corgan over the course of six days in December 2003 to write the songs " Rain " , " Forget It " , and " Follow " . Despite initially being nervous , Burnley felt it was one of the highlights of his career . The album was released on June 29 , 2004 and sold 48 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , peaking at No. 20 on the Billboard 200 . It was later certified gold on October 21 , 2004 , then platinum on June 13 , 2005 . The record features singles such as " So Cold " and " Sooner or Later " , both of which peaked at No. 2 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart . " So Cold " became a platinum single on September 25 , 2015 . MTV writer Jon Wiederhorn writes that the initial commercial success of the album can be attributed to a tour two weeks prior to the album 's debut which " generated prerelease buzz " . They later co @-@ headlined a tour with Evanescence , Seether , and Three Days Grace . We Are Not Alone garnered mixed reviews . It was met with high acclaim from IGN 's Colin Moriarty , who felt " extremely satisfied , " saying " safely and confidently " that it " might be my personal favorite album of the year , " giving it a score of 9 @.@ 3 out of 10 . Conversely , Exclaim ! writer Amber Authier felt that , " On first listen its simply generic sound did nothing for me , " though later admitted , " I listened to Breaking Benjamin several times over a week and several elements of the disc started to grow on me , even appeal to me . " The writer concluded , " Breaking Benjamin created a standard of quality for themselves that they simply couldn 't meet on the entire disc . " On November 3 , 2004 , a non @-@ album single named " Blow Me Away " was released , to commercial success , ultimately going gold on November 24 , 2015 . On November 23 , 2004 , Breaking Benjamin released the So Cold EP , which features live versions of the songs " Away " and " Breakdown " , a live acoustic version of " So Cold " , and studio acoustic recordings of " Blow Me Away " and " Lady Bug " . In late 2005 , drummer Hummel filed a federal lawsuit against Breaking Benjamin . According to the lawsuit , Hummel requested earlier that year to take a paternity leave to be with his wife during the birth of their first child , to which all members of the band agreed and hired Kevin Soffera as a temporary substitute on drums . However , Burnley later called Hummel and terminated him , citing chemistry issues . In the lawsuit , Hummel contended wrongful termination and lack of compensation for profits accrued by We Are Not Alone and other non @-@ album tracks that appeared in Halo 2 and National Treasure 2 . The band 's manager , Larry Mazer ( who was also named in the lawsuit ) , asserted that the lawsuit was " totally frivolous " and his termination had " nothing to do with the paternity leave . " Mazer said the band received no payment for the Halo 2 appearance , adding that the song was included for promotional reasons and Burnley was happy to have it in the video game . The band received minimal payment for the National Treasure 2 appearance , and Mazer stated that otherwise , " [ Hummel ] is 100 per cent current . " Ben " B.C. " Vaught served as a sit @-@ in drummer for the band , and they later toured with 3 Doors Down and Staind in November 2005 . The lawsuit was settled for an undisclosed amount in April 2006 . = = = Phobia ( 2005 – 2007 ) = = = After the departure of Jeremy Hummel , Breaking Benjamin auditioned fifteen drummers , of whom Chad Szeliga stood out for his ability as a stage performer and the fact that he had " serious problem @-@ solving skills " , according to Burnley . The group 's next album , Phobia , was again produced by Bendeth and was the first to be recorded with Szeliga . The concept of the album is dedicated to Burnley 's various phobias . The cover of the album depicts a winged man suspended over a runway , which represents the singer 's fear of flying . Burnley also suffers from death anxiety , a fear of the dark , driving anxiety , and hypochondriasis . Burnley cites his fear of flying as for why he did not perform overseas , saying , " I 'll go as far as a boat will take me " , though at the time the band 's record label had not facilitated travel by boat . Phobia 's " Intro " and " Outro " tracks feature sound effects of an airport intercom , airplane turbulance , car doors , and crowd panic . Phobia was released on August 8 , 2006 to commercial success . The album sold more than 131 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of sales and peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 . It went gold on November 8 , 2006 , then platinum on May 21 , 2009 . Its lead single , " The Diary of Jane " , peaked at No. 2 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart and was the fastest single added to radio playlists in the history of Hollywood Records , later receiving a double platinum certification on November 24 , 2015 . " Breath " , the record 's second single , spent seven weeks at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , and went platinum on November 24 , 2015 . The third single , " Until the End " , peaked at No. 6 on the same chart , and became a gold single on February 11 , 2014 . In February 2007 in support of Phobia , AXS TV ( then known as HDNet ) aired a one @-@ hour Breaking Benjamin concert from Stabler Arena in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . The broadcast recording was included on the re @-@ released Phobia DVD in April , billed as " The Homecoming " . A music video was created for " Breath " which was made from footage of the song 's performance at the show . Breaking Benjamin followed with Spring and Fall tours alongside Three Days Grace , accompanied by Puddle of Mudd during the Spring tour , and Seether , Skillet , and Red during the Fall tour . Phobia received mixed critical reception . It received praise for general composition and musicianship , but received criticism for a lack of originality . AllMusic 's Corey Apar found the album " nothing if not consistent , " and while generally regarding the disc with positive sentiments , noted a lack of distinction from the " rest of the post @-@ grunge / alt @-@ metal pack " aside from " a certain charm " . IGN 's Spence D. gave the disc a negative review , citing tedium and lack of vocal distinction , feeling that the group 's " intersection of hard rock and emo @-@ oriented introspection " is " not a bad thing , but also not a terribly memorable or earth @-@ shattering one , either . " However , the writer praised the musicianship of Fink , Klepaski , and Szeliga , ultimately giving the album a score of 5 @.@ 7 out of 10 . Entertainment Weekly graded the album C + and noted its angst @-@ ridden themes , saying , " as pathological angst goes , it 's expertly done , with expansive choruses and epic riffs — not that that matters , when , like , we 're all going to die cold and alone anyway . " = = = Dear Agony ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = Breaking Benjamin began working on a fourth album , titled Dear Agony , in 2009 . It was the first album Burnley wrote while completely sober . In 2007 , Burnley experienced fatigue and phosphenes following three consecutive days of no sleep and heavy drinking , after which he decided to remain sober . Burnley acknowledged an improved clarity and coherence within Dear Agony due to his sobriety . The album cover features Burnley 's brain scan , representing the recurrent themes on Dear Agony related to the singer 's chronic illnesses caused by alcohol consumption . Burnley collaborated with then @-@ Red guitarist Jasen Rauch on various tracks for Dear Agony : The two equally wrote together the songs " Without You " and " Hopeless " , and Rauch wrote the outro for " I Will Not Bow " , also helping write " Lights Out " . Burnley said of the collaboration , " I love writing with him because he does stuff exactly like I would 've done , " adding , " writing @-@ wise , we 're like the same person . " Dear Agony was released on September 9 , 2009 , and peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 . The disc initially outsold its predecessor in its first week , moving more than 134 @,@ 000 copies . It ultimately achieved gold certification on February 16 , 2010 . The album 's lead single " I Will Not Bow " reached No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , and went platinum on November 24 , 2015 . The other two singles , " Lights Out " and " Give Me a Sign " , peaked at No. 9 and No. 6 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart , respectively ( the latter of which also receiving a gold certification on November 24 , 2015 ) . Breaking Benjamin toured in support of the album in January and February 2010 with Three Days Grace and Flyleaf , then with Red , Chevelle , and Thousand Foot Krutch in March 2010 . In April , Breaking Benjamin began touring with Nickelback , Shinedown , and Sick Puppies on their Dark Horse Tour . Prior to the last show of the Dark Horse Tour , Burnley stated he was ill and therefore no longer able to tour in support of the album , placing the band on hiatus . After internet rumors began to circulate that the band had broken up , Burnley released a statement " officially letting everyone know that Breaking Benjamin has not broken up . " Dear Agony received mixed critical reception . AllMusic 's James Monger gave the album a positive review , stating it " feels a lot like their first three " , noting a consistency that " feels like a well @-@ oiled machine . " The disc received a negative review from Consequence of Sound 's Alex Young , who complained of over @-@ production and the disc 's sell @-@ out nature at the hands of three @-@ time Breaking Benjamin producer David Bendeth : " Dear Agony is the unfortunate side effect of a trend in ' producer ' David Bendeth 's world , training wild chimpanzees to be more tasteful whilst handling silverware " , ultimately giving the record a half @-@ star " for teaching Breaking Benjamin 's peers who not to hire for production credit . " About Entertainment gave the record a mixed review , feeling that " Though it lacks the breakthrough singles of Phobia , Dear Agony does have its moments , " adding , " frustratingly , Dear Agony never reaches greatness , settling for an admirable competency that 's still the envy of many of their contemporaries . " = = = Hiatus and Shallow Bay ( 2010 – 2013 ) = = = In March 2010 , Hollywood Records requested that the band produce two new master recordings and a greatest hits album , and also sought permission to release a new version of the hit song " Blow Me Away " featuring Sydnee Duran of Valora . In May 2011 , Fink and Klepaski granted the record company 's requests after they were offered a $ 100 @,@ 000 payment . Burnley , alleging that Fink and Klepaski acted unilaterally on both the song remix and the compilation album , not informing him or the band 's management , fired the two via email , demanding at least $ 250 @,@ 000 in punitive fees and compensatory damages , as well as the exclusive right to the name Breaking Benjamin . Fink and Klepaski 's attorneys stated the two " dispute and strictly deny " Burnley 's allegations , instead asserting that a January 2009 agreement ( allowing Burnley to dismiss them for " just cause " ) was no longer valid because of the singer 's status of indefinite hiatus . The case was ordered by a judge to arbitration . Burnley 's attorney , Brian Caplan , told the Associated Press , " The relationship between Mr. Burnley and the two other members of the band has ended ... Mr. Burnley intends on moving forward using the name Breaking Benjamin and the band will continue . It just won 't continue in its prior configuration . He 's not retiring . " In August 2011 , Hollywood Records scheduled the release of the Shallow Bay : The Best of Breaking Benjamin compilation album , featuring every single from the band 's catalog , including the remix of " Blow Me Away " . A two @-@ disc deluxe edition was released alongside it , with the second disc containing altered versions of b @-@ sides and rarities . Burnley publicly opposed the album 's release , saying content had been altered without his consent and did not meet his standards . Burnley later elaborated , saying that the rarities were taken off of his laptop without his consent , and were intended for in @-@ studio reference and not public release , but that he was otherwise content with previously @-@ released tracks on Shallow Bay . The album was released on August 16 , 2011 and peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard 200 , also topping the Hard Rock Albums chart in 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 . The disc received positive critical reception . The Daily Trojan 's Krishna Jetti praised it for balance and a progressive retrospective history . AllMusic 's Gregory Heaney felt similarly , saying , " Shallow Bay is a great jumping @-@ on point for new fans , capturing the band at their height delivering some of their best moments in one convenient package . For older fans , this collection may just serve as a reminder of a crucial turning point in Breaking Benjamin 's career . " In April 2013 , Burnley announced that the dispute involving Fink and Klepaski was resolved and that he would retain the right to continue the band under the name Breaking Benjamin . Three days later , Szeliga announced his departure , citing creative differences . = = = Return and Dark Before Dawn ( 2014 – present ) = = = In August 2014 , Breaking Benjamin announced via Facebook that the band reformed as a quintet with , except for Burnley , all new members , including : Dear Agony co @-@ writer Jasen Rauch ( guitar , originally from Red ) ; Keith Wallen ( guitar and backing vocals , originally from Adelitas Way ) ; Aaron Bruch ( bass and backing vocals ) ; and Shaun Foist ( drums , originally from Picture Me Broken ) . Burnley said of the lineup : " Everybody that 's in the band now is deliberately handpicked , " noting that " Keith [ Wallen ] and Aaron [ Bruch ] are really , really amazing singers . That 's kind of what the band always needed . " On March 18 , 2015 , a new single entitled " Failure " as well as a new album , Dark Before Dawn , were announced for release on March 23 and June 23 , respectively . The new lineup debuted with acoustic shows in late 2014 , then went on a four @-@ venue winter tour in the north @-@ eastern United States . The band afterward announced 2015 spring , summer , and fall tour dates , supported by bands such as Young Guns and Starset . In July 2015 , the band announced their first overseas performance , in which they headlined a four @-@ day cruise venue in February 2016 along with Yngwie Malmsteen , Zakk Wylde , Flyleaf , et al . The band also performed on a joint U.S. tour with Shinedown in October and November along with Sevendust , and proceeded to play further outside of the United States in June 2016 at venues such as the Download Festival in the United Kingdom , Rock am Ring in Germany , and Nova Rock in Austria . Burnley explained that writing for Dark Before Dawn was intermittent and fragmentary , taking place throughout the hiatus , though it was toward the end of the hiatus in 2013 when it became cohesive . After growing frustrated with the lack of answers regarding his health condition , Burnley decided to abandon searching for a diagnosis and focus on the album . Recorded and produced at a personal studio of Burnley 's , Dark Before Dawn is the first album with the front man credited as the producer . The singer stated that " I would say that I did the same amount of producing on this album as I 've done on other albums , just never had my name [ on it ] " , adding , " You know , I 'm not doing anything different here than I have done in the past . Why shouldn 't I be known to be doing it ? " Within an hour of pre @-@ order availability , Dark Before Dawn reached No. 1 on the rock albums chart on iTunes and No. 3 on the overall album chart . It sold 135 @,@ 000 pure album units and 141 @,@ 000 equivalent album units in its first week , debuting at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , making the album the group 's heretofore most successful sales effort . The disc 's lead single " Failure " spent nine weeks at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock Songs chart as well . Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz felt the album 's success was " eyebrow @-@ raising " , noting that , in addition to the band 's lineup change , " 135 @,@ 000 in pure album sales is a hefty number in 2015 — it 's a bigger number than the respective bows of recent Madonna , ASAP Rocky , and Kelly Clarkson albums " . Joe DeTomaso , program director of active rock station WAQX @-@ FM , added that , " They 've always been a top @-@ level band for the format , but not quite on the level of Disturbed or Shinedown or bands like that . They always seem to put out hit records without getting the kind of recognition that they deserved . " Forbes ' Hugh McIntyre writes that runner @-@ up Tori Kelly 's 75 @,@ 000 copies " puts Breaking Benjamin 's figures into perspective " and that despite " a pretty extensive lineup change , it looks like fans were awaiting their return with open arms . " The album was met with mostly positive critical reception , many critics praising the album for staying true to the group 's sound , though others criticized it for sounding too similar to previous material . Dan Marsicano from About Entertainment stated , " Burnley could have made his creation just another dose of the glitzy , overproduced crap that is heard on every rock radio station in the world . Instead , Breaking Benjamin hardly deviate from the hooky jams that were present on Dear Agony . " Conversely , AllMusic 's James Monger felt that " it 's hard to conceal the fact that most of these songs are nearly interchangeable with the band 's older material . " Revolver 's Jeremy Borjon felt that " the music 's true force only becomes apparent through deeper and repeated listenings , as the songs , on the surface , have a tendency to blend into one another . " = = Characteristics = = = = = Musical style = = = Breaking Benjamin 's musical style is primarily classified as hard rock and alternative rock , more specifically post @-@ grunge and alternative metal , and has commonly been noted for its consistency . Corey Apar felt that " Breaking Benjamin are nothing if not consistent " , and Alex Young felt that " Breaking Benjamin is one of the few modern rock bands on the radio that , if you have heard any song in its catalog prior , could be immediately recognized . " Despite a complete lineup change prior to the release of Dark Before Dawn , Dan Marsicano stated , " Breaking Benjamin hardly deviate from the hooky jams that were present on Dear Agony . They have had an established sound since their breakout We Are Not Alone — hard @-@ edged riffs with emotional upheaval — and that isn 't tampered with on Dark Before Dawn . " Their style is described by Apar as " mixing heavy hard rock dynamics with a moody demeanor that never slips into full @-@ on dejection . " Spence D. characterizes the band as " [ persisting ] in delivering crunching guitars topped off with somewhat generic , angst @-@ ridden [ lyrics ] that waffle between being plaintive and aggressive " with vocals that " [ deliver ] just the right amount of emotion , fluctuating between contemplative subjectivity and growling anger . " Young felt that Breaking Benjamin is " indicative of early ' 00s modern rock , while also now and then being more Filter @-@ esque or technically proficient , primarily on guitar during 2002 's Saturate , and from then on with bass and drums . " = = = Composition = = = Burnley is the primary songwriter in the band . Music industry attorney and author Martin Frascogna writes that " it 's unmistakably clear that Burnley started the group , is the creative force behind the group and essentially dictates the group 's decisions . " Bands such as Nirvana , Live , Bush , Pearl Jam , Stone Temple Pilots , and The Beatles have been cited as influences . Burnley remarked in 2009 that while the other band members did contribute , it was " always left up to me to put all the pieces together and make it so that it 's even anything at all . " However , Burnley expressed how he considered Rauch to be his " writing partner " during Dear Agony , and that he looked forward to writing with him in the future . After joining the band in 2014 as part of the new lineup , Rauch provided writing contributions on Dark Before Dawn , writing the intro and outro tracks as well as riffs on two other tracks . Burnley revealed in 2015 that the whole band would write songs for Breaking Benjamin in the future , and that " It just so happens that when they came on board for this album , I was already 95 percent done " , adding , " I 'm really looking forward to writing the next one all together . " Breaking Benjamin 's lyrical content evolved as a product of Burnley 's sobriety , the front man noting that the lyricism in Dear Agony is more thought out . Rito Asilo of the Inquirer writes that Burnley " owes the improved clarity and coherence in Breaking Benjamin 's music to sobriety . " Burnley has said that before sobriety , anything that made sense thematically was a coincidence , and that he would take shots if he were dissatisfied with a lyric . Breaking Benjamin 's lyrics have been noted for their vague , angst @-@ heavy themes , Burnley saying that " I try to keep my writing vague so people can draw their own conclusions . " = = = Live performance = = = Breaking Benjamin 's live sound has corresponded with lineup arrangements . The band originally lacked backing vocalists and tertiary instrumentation , requiring them to rely on pre @-@ recorded tracks during live performances . However , the band was noted for a change in such respects with the second iteration of the band assembled in 2014 . Bruch and Wallen were selected in part for their ability as singers , providing all backing vocals on both new studio recordings and during live shows . Burnley noted that it was important to add two new singers in order to replicate vocal techniques such as three @-@ part harmonies , octave range , and layered vocals . Rauch , acting as a third guitarist , provides the band with " more freedom while simultaneously thickening up their live sound " , as some songs feature three guitar parts , layered guitars , or are meant to feature Burnley only performing vocals , such as " I Will Not Bow " and " Lights Out " . Foist utilizes Roland V @-@ Kit electronic drums during live performances and triggers certain sounds as heard in studio recordings , such as the piano notes in " Breakdown " . Additionally , Rauch is equipped with a Roland GR @-@ 55 guitar synthesizer allowing him to play orchestral strings and choir sound effects , further eliminating any reliance on pre @-@ recorded tracks . = = Members = = Current members Benjamin Burnley – lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1999 – present ) Jasen Rauch – lead guitar , electronic strings , programming ( 2014 – present ) Keith Wallen – rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 – present ) Aaron Bruch – bass , backing vocals ( 2014 – present ) Shaun Foist – drums , electronic percussion , programming ( 2014 – present ) Former members Chad Szeliga – drums , percussion ( 2005 – 2013 ) Aaron Fink – lead guitar ( 2002 – 2011 ) Mark Klepaski – bass guitar ( 2002 – 2011 ) Jeremy Hummel – drums , percussion ( 1999 – 2004 ) Jonathan " Bug " Price – bass guitar ( 2001 ) Jason Davoli – bass guitar ( 1999 ) Touring members Kevin Soffera – drums , percussion ( 2004 ) Ben " BC " Vaught – drums , percussion ( 2004 – 2005 ) = = = Timeline = = = = = Discography = = Studio albums Saturate ( 2002 ) We Are Not Alone ( 2004 ) Phobia ( 2006 ) Dear Agony ( 2009 ) Dark Before Dawn ( 2015 )
= Polish – Russian War of 1792 = The Polish – Russian War of 1792 ( also , War of the Second Partition , and in Polish sources , War in Defence of the Constitution ( Polish : wojna w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja ) ) was fought between the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth on one side , and the Targowica Confederation ( conservative nobility of the Commonwealth opposed to the new Constitution of 3 May 1791 ) and the Russian Empire under Catherine the Great on the other . The war took place in two theaters : northern in Lithuania and southern in Ukraine . In both , the Polish forces retreated before the numerically superior Russian forces , though they offered significantly more resistance in the south , thanks to the effective leadership of Polish commanders Prince Józef Poniatowski and Tadeusz Kościuszko . During the three @-@ month @-@ long struggle several battles were fought , but no side scored a decisive victory . The largest success of the Polish forces was the defeat of one of the Russian formations at the Battle of Zieleńce on 18 June ; in the aftermath of the battle the Polish highest military award , Virtuti Militari , was established . The war ended when the Polish King Stanisław August Poniatowski decided to seek a diplomatic solution , asked for a ceasefire with the Russians and joined the Targowica Confederation , as demanded by the Russian Empire . = = Background = = = = = Decline of the Commonwealth = = = By the early 18th century , the magnates of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state – or rather , they managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status ( the " Golden Freedoms " ) . Through the abuse of the liberum veto rule which enabled any deputy to paralyze the Sejm ( Commonwealth 's parliament ) proceedings , deputies bribed by magnates or foreign powers or those simply content to believe they were living in an unprecedented " Golden Age " , paralysed the Commonwealth 's government for over a century . The idea of reforming the Commonwealth gained traction from the mid @-@ 17th century ; it was however viewed with suspicion not only by its magnates but also by neighboring countries , which had been content with the deterioration of the Commonwealth and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders . With the Commonwealth Army reduced to around 16 @,@ 000 , it was easy for its neighbors to intervene directly ( The Imperial Russian Army numbered 300 @,@ 000 troops overall ; The Prussian Army and Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire , 200 @,@ 000 each ) . = = = Attempts at reform = = = A major opportunity for reform presented itself during the " Great Sejm " of 1788 – 92 . Poland 's neighbors were preoccupied with wars and unable to intervene forcibly in Polish affairs . Russian Empire and Archduchy of Austria were engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire ( the Russo – Turkish War , 1787 – 1792 and the Austro @-@ Turkish War , 1787 – 1791 ) ; the Russians also found themselves simultaneously fighting in the Russo @-@ Swedish War , 1788 – 1790 . A new alliance between the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth and Prussia seeming to provide security against Russian intervention , and on 3 May 1791 the new constitution was read and adopted to overwhelming popular support . With the wars between Turkey and Russia and Sweden and Russia having ended , Tsarina Catherine was furious over the adoption of the document , which she believed threatened Russian influence in Poland . Russia had viewed Poland as a de facto protectorate . " The worst possible news have arrived from Warsaw : the Polish king has become almost sovereign " was the reaction of one of Russia 's chief foreign policy authors , Alexander Bezborodko , when he learned of the new constitution . The Kingdom of Prussia was also strongly opposed to the new Polish constitution , and Polish diplomats received a note that the new constitution changed the Polish state so much that Prussia did not consider its obligations binding . Just like Russia , Prussia was concerned that the newly strengthened Polish state could become a threat and the Prussian Foreign Minister , Friedrich Wilhelm von Schulenburg @-@ Kehnert , clearly and with rare candor told Poles that Prussia did not support the constitution and refused to help the Commonwealth in any form , even as a mediator , as it was not in Prussia 's interest to see the Commonwealth strengthened so that it could threaten Prussia in some future . The Prussian statesman Ewald von Hertzberg expressed the fears of European conservatives : " The Poles have given the coup de grâce to the Prussian monarchy by voting a constitution " , elaborating that a strong Commonwealth would likely demand the return of the lands Prussia acquired in the First Partition . The Constitution was not adopted without dissent in the Commonwealth itself , either . Magnates who had opposed the constitution draft from the start , namely Franciszek Ksawery Branicki , Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki , Seweryn Rzewuski , and Szymon and Józef Kossakowski , asked Tsarina Catherine to intervene and restore their privileges such as the Russian @-@ guaranteed Cardinal Laws abolished under the new statute . To that end these magnates formed the Targowica Confederation . The Confederation 's proclamation , prepared in St. Petersburg in January 1792 , criticized the constitution for contributing to , in their own words , " contagion of democratic ideas " following " the fatal examples set in Paris " . It asserted that " The parliament ... has broken all fundamental laws , swept away all liberties of the gentry and on the third of May 1791 turned into a revolution and a conspiracy . " The Confederates declared an intention to overcome this revolution . We " can do nothing but turn trustingly to Tsarina Catherine , a distinguished and fair empress , our neighboring friend and ally " , who " respects the nation 's need for well @-@ being and always offers it a helping hand " , they wrote . The Confederates aligned with Tsarina Catherine and asked her for military intervention . On 18 May 1792 Russian ambassador to Poland , Yakov Bulgakov , delivered a declaration of war to the Polish Foreign Minister Joachim Chreptowicz . Russian armies entered Poland and Lithuania on the same day , starting the war . = = Opposing forces = = The Russian army numbered nearly 98 @,@ 000 . It was commanded by generals Mikhail Krechetnikov and Mikhail Kakhovsky . The Russians also had an advantage in combat experience . The Russian plan called for Kakhovsky to advance through Ukraine , taking Kamieniec Podolski , Chełm and Lublin , and approach Polish capital of Warsaw from the south . Krechetnikov was to advance through Minsk , Wilno , Brześć Litewski and Białystok , and approach Warsaw from the north , where he was to link with Kakhovsky . Whereas the Russians had good intelligence network in Poland , and were mostly aware of Polish army distribution and strength ; the Poles had much less intelligence , receiving contradictory and often erroneous reports , and unsure whether the war would even start up to the point the Russian troops crossed the border . Stanisław August Poniatowski , King of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth , was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Polish forces , but in practice he delegated this position to his nephew , Prince Józef Poniatowski . Poniatowski had in theory at his disposal a 48 @,@ 000 strong Crown army and the Lithuanian army more than half that size to confront them . In practice , Polish forces , still forming following the reforms of the Constitution of 3 May ( which specified an army size of 100 @,@ 000 ) numbered only 37 @,@ 000 . The army was in the midst of reorganizing , with key documents on unit numbers and composition passed as recently as in April ; it was also short on equipment and experienced personnel . In the southeast corner of the country – the Ukrainian lands – the Polish forces were initially concentrated separately in three regions of the expected front , under Tadeusz Kościuszko , Michał Wielhorski and Prince Poniatowski himself . The Polish Crown army in Ukraine , led by Prince Poniatowski , and supported by Kościuszko , was about 17 @,@ 000 , 21 @,@ 000 or 24 @,@ 000 strong ( Derdej distinguishes between the primary force of 17 @,@ 000 and Prince Michał Lubomirski 's reserve division , of 4 @,@ 500 ) . They were faced on this southeastern war theater with a nearly four times larger enemy army under General Mikhail Kakhovsky , who had about 64 @,@ 000 men under his command . Kakhovsky 's forces were divided into four corps : 1st , 17 @,@ 000 strong , under the command of General Mikhail Golenishchev @-@ Kutuzov , 2nd , under General Ivan Dunin , 3rd , under General Otto Wilhelm Derfelden , and 4th , under General Andrei Levanidov . The Targowica Confederates did not represent any real strength ; and their attempts to gather popular support in Poland upon crossing borders failed miserably , with only few dozens joining at first ; later the number would grow but not significantly , and even the Russians saw them as not having any military value , keeping them from frontlines . In Lithuania , Commonwealth Lithuanian Army numbered about 15 @,@ 000 , with an additional Crown detachment of about 3 @,@ 000 . They were commanded by Duke Louis of Württemberg . Württemberg made no plans for the war , and the troops were not readied for action by the time the war started . The Russian army in that theatre under General Mikhail Krechetnikov was 33 @,@ 700 strong or 38 @,@ 000 strong . The Russian army was also divided into four corps : 1st under one of Targowica Confederate leaders , Szymon Kossakowski 7 @,@ 300 strong , 2nd under General Boris Mellin , 7 @,@ 000 strong , 3rd under General Yuri Dolgorukov , 15 @,@ 400 strong , and 4th under General Ivan Fersen , 8 @,@ 300 strong . Additional Polish forces , about 8 @,@ 000 strong , were to concentrate in Warsaw under command of King Poniatowski as reserve . Tadeusz Kościuszko proposed a plan where the entire Polish army would be concentrated and would engage one of the Russian armies , in order to assure numerical parity and to boost the morale of mostly inexperienced Polish forces with a quick victory ; this plan was however rejected by Prince Poniatowski . ( Only a few months ago , however , both commanders had the opposite idea – Poniatowski wanted the troops concentrated , and Kościuszko , dispersed ) . Poniatowski also planned to avoid serious engagements in the first phase of the war , hoping to receive the expected Prussian reinforcements of 30 @,@ 000 which would bring parity to the two sides . = = War = = = = = Southern theater = = = First Russian forces crossed the border in Ukraine on the night of 18 / 19 May 1792 . The Russians in that theater would encounter significantly more resistance than they expected , as Commonwealth 's top commanders , Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were stationed there . Kościuszko joined Prince Poniatowski near Janów on 29 May . The Crown Army was judged too weak to oppose the four columns of enemy armies advancing into West Ukraine and began a fighting withdrawal to the western side of the Southern Bug River , towards Lubar and Połonne , with Kośiuszko commanding the rear guard . Poniatowski , in face of a significant numerical inferiority of his forces , and promised reinforcements by King Poniatowski , decided to abandon Ukraine and move to Volhynia , where Połonne was to be fortified as a major defensive point , and where Lubomirski was tasked with gathering supplies . On 14 June Wielhorski 's unit was defeated at the Battle of Boruszkowce . On 17 June Poniatowski finally received awaited reinforcements , about 2 @,@ 000 troops led by Michał Lubomirski . Next day the Poles , led by Prince Poniatowski , defeated one of the Russian formations of general Irakly Morkov at the Battle of Zieleńce on 18 June . The victory was celebrated by King Poniatowski , who sent the new Virtuti Militari medals for the campaign leaders and soldiers , as " the first since John III Sobieski " . The Russian forces , however , kept advancing . The Polish army , under the command of Józef Poniatowski , was still retreating in order , yielding to the more powerful enemy as necessary to avoid annihilation , according to the Prince 's judgement . In early July , near Dubno , Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko were betrayed by Michał Lubomirski , who was tasked with King Poniatowski with resupplying the troops ; instead Lubomirski joined the Russian side , and either hid the supplies for the Polish army , or outright passed them to the Russians . Lubomirski , however , was a powerful magnate , and it took until late May for the King to officially relieve him of his command . Within about a month of the Russian invasion , the Poles have mostly retreated from Ukraine . On 7 July Kościuszko 's forces fought a delaying battle with the Russians at Volodymyr @-@ Volynskyi ( Battle of Włodzimierz ) . Meanwhile , Poniatowski 's army retreated to the Bug River , where Kościuszko 's units fought the Battle of Dubienka on 18 July to a draw . With about 5 @,@ 300 troops Kościuszko defeated the attack of 25 @,@ 000 Russians under General Michail Kachovski . Kośicuszko then had to retreat from Dubienka , as the Russians begun flanking his positions crossing the nearby Austrian border . Although the Poles had to retreat from the Bug River line , they were not defeated so far , and a decisive battle or battles at more favorable locations closer to Warsaw were expected . = = = Northern theater = = = In the Grand Duchy of Lithuania the Russians crossed the Commonwealth border four days later than in the south , on 22 May . Poland 's ally , the Kingdom of Prussia , broke its alliance with Poland and the Prussian commander of the Lithuanian army , Duke Württemberg , betrayed the Polish @-@ Lithuanian cause by refusing to fight the Russians . He never reached the frontlines , feigned illness in Wołczyn , and issued contradictory orders to his troops . Thus the Army of Lithuania did little to oppose the advancing Russians , and kept withdrawing before their advance . Minsk was abandoned , after some skirmishes , on 31 May . Only after a change of commander on 4 June , did the Army , now under General Józef Judycki , try to stand and fight the Russians . The Russians however defeated Judycki at the battle of Mir on 11 June and kept advancing through the Grand Duchy . The Commonwealth army retreated towards Grodno . On 14 June the Russians took Wilno , after only a small skirmish with local garrison ; on 19 June , incompetently defended Nieśwież ; and on 20 June , Kaunas , this time without any opposition . Judycki , disgraced , was replaced by Michał Zabiełło on 23 June . Nonetheless , since Mir , no decisive engagements occurred in the northern theater , as Polish army withdrew in relative order towards Warsaw , after minor defeat at Zelwa , eventually taking defensive positions along the Bug river near Brest . Russians took Grodno on 5 July and Białystok on 17 July . On 23 July the Russians took Brest , defeating the local garrison , but on 24 they were defeated near Krzemień @-@ Wieś ; this last battle was the first significant Commonwealth victory on the northern front . = = = War ends = = = While Prince Poniatowski and Kościuszko considered the outcome of the war still open , and were planning to use the combined Polish @-@ Lithuanian forces to defeat the still separate Russian forces , King Poniatowski , with the consent of the Guardians of the Laws ( cabinet of ministers ) decided to ask for a ceasefire . Tsarina Catherine demanded that the King Poniatowski joins the pro @-@ Russian aristocratic faction , the Targowica Confederation ; with his cabinet split , he gave in to her demand around 22 – 23 July , which effectively forced Prince Poniatowski to terminate military resistance . The last military confrontation of the war was fought on 26 July at Markuszów in Lublin province , where an enemy attack was repelled by Polish cavalry led by Poniatowski . At the time King Poniatowski decided to sue for peace , the Polish army was still in good fighting condition , not suffering from any major defeat nor from lack of supplies . King Poniatowski thought that due to Russian numerical superiority defeat was nonetheless imminent , and more could be gained through negotiations with the Russians , with whom he hoped a new alliance could be formed . Although subsequent events would prove him wrong , the question of whether this could have been foreseen , and prevented through continued military resistance , has been subject to much debate among historians . The Polish military was widely dissatisfied with the ceasefire ; Kościuszko , Prince Poniatowski and many others would criticize the King 's decision and many , including Kościuszko , would resign their commission in the coming weeks . Prince Poniatowski even considered rebelling against his uncle 's orders , and even issued orders to bring the King to the army 's camp by force if necessary , as was postulated by the more radical faction . Ultimately he decided not to continue fighting against his uncle 's will , and the order was rescinded at the last moment before the departure of the group charged with capturing the King . = = Aftermath = = Most Polish historians agree that the Polish capitulation was a mistake both from the military perspective , and the political one . In the realm of military , the Poles had reasonable chances to defend the Vistula river line , and exhaust the Russian invading forces . From the political one , showing willingness to fight could have persuaded the partitioning powers that their plan was too costly . King Poniatowski 's hopes that the capitulation will allow an acceptable diplomatic solution to be worked out were soon dashed . With new deputies bribed or intimidated by the Russian troops , a new session of parliament , known as the Grodno Sejm , took place , in fall 1793 . On 23 November 1793 , it concluded its deliberations under duress , annulling the constitution and acceding to the Second Partition . Russia took 250 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 97 @,@ 000 sq mi ) , while Prussia took 58 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 22 @,@ 000 sq mi ) of the Commonwealth 's territory . This event reduced Poland 's population to only one @-@ third of what it was before the First Partition . The rump state was garrisoned by Russian troops and its independence was strongly curtailed . This outcome came also as a surprise to most of the Targowica Confederates , who had wished only to restore the status quo ante bellum ( Commonwealth magnate @-@ favoring Golden Freedoms ) and had expected that the overthrow of the 3 May Constitution would achieve that end , and nothing more . The last bid to restore the reformed Commonwealth came with the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 . The uprising failed and resulted in the Third Partition in 1795 , in which the country lost all its remaining territories and the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist .
= Aliens ( film ) = Aliens is a 1986 American military science fiction action horror film written and directed by James Cameron , produced by his then @-@ wife Gale Anne Hurd , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Carrie Henn , Michael Biehn , Paul Reiser , Lance Henriksen , William Hope , and Bill Paxton . It is the sequel to the 1979 film Alien and the second installment in the Alien franchise . The film follows Weaver 's character Ellen Ripley as she returns to the planet where her crew encountered the hostile Alien creature , this time accompanied by a unit of space marines . Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill of Brandywine Productions , who produced the first film and the later sequels , were executive producers of Aliens . They were interested in a follow @-@ up to Alien as soon as its 1979 release , but the new management at 20th Century Fox postponed those plans until 1983 . That year Brandywine picked Cameron to write after reading his script for The Terminator ; when that film became a hit in 1984 , Fox greenlit Aliens with Cameron as director and a budget of approximately $ 18 million . The script was written with a war film tone influenced by the Vietnam War to contrast the horror motifs of the original Alien . It was filmed in England at Pinewood Studios and at a decommissioned power plant in Acton , London . Aliens grossed $ 180 million worldwide . It was nominated for seven Academy Awards , including a Best Actress nomination for Sigourney Weaver , winning both Sound Effects Editing and Visual Effects ( that latter delivered to special effects supervisor John Richardson ) . It won eight Saturn Awards , including Best Science Fiction Film , Best Actress for Weaver and Best Direction and Best Writing for Cameron . Aliens is considered one of the best films in its genre . = = Plot = = Ellen Ripley ( Sigourney Weaver ) is rescued after drifting through space in stasis for 57 years . She is debriefed by her employers at the Weyland @-@ Yutani Corporation over the destruction of her ship , the Nostromo ; they are skeptical of her claims that an Alien killed the ship 's crew and forced her to destroy the ship . Zeta Reticuli , the exomoon LV @-@ 426 , where the USCSS Nostromo encountered the alien eggs , is now home to the terraforming colony Hadleys [ sic ] Hope . When contact is lost with Hadleys Hope , Weyland @-@ Yutani representative Carter Burke ( Paul Reiser ) and Colonial Marine Lieutenant Gorman ( William Hope ) ask Ripley to accompany Burke and a Colonial Marine unit to investigate the disturbance . Traumatized by her encounter with the Alien , Ripley initially refuses , but she relents after experiencing recurring nightmares about the creature ; she makes Burke promise to destroy , and not capture , the Aliens . Aboard the spaceship USS Sulaco , she is introduced to the Colonial Marines and the android Bishop , toward whom Ripley is initially hostile following her experience with the traitorous android Ash aboard the Nostromo . A dropship delivers the expedition to the surface of LV @-@ 426 , where they find the colony deserted . Inside , they find makeshift barricades and signs of a struggle , but no bodies ; two live facehuggers in containment tanks in the medical lab ; and a survivor , a traumatized young girl nicknamed Newt who used the ventilation system to evade capture or death . The crew uses the colony 's computer to locate the colonists grouped beneath the fusion powered atmosphere processing station . They head to the location , descending into corridors covered in Alien secretions . At the center of the station , the marines find the colonists cocooned , serving as incubators for the Aliens ' offspring . When the marines kill a newborn Alien , the Aliens are roused and ambush the marines , killing and capturing several . When the inexperienced Gorman panics , Ripley takes control of their vehicle and rams it through the nest to rescue marines Hicks , Hudson , and Vasquez . Hicks orders the dropship to recover the survivors , but a stowaway Alien kills the pilots , causing it to crash . Ripley , Newt , Burke and the remaining marines barricade themselves inside the colony . Ripley discovers that Burke deliberately sent the colonists to investigate the derelict spaceship where the Nostromo crew first encountered the Alien eggs , believing he could become wealthy by recovering Alien specimens for use as biological weapons . She threatens to expose him , but Bishop informs the group of a greater danger : the power plant was damaged during the battle , and will soon detonate with the force of a 40 @-@ megaton thermonuclear weapon . He volunteers to crawl through several hundred meters of piping conduits to reach the colony 's transmitter and remotely pilot the Sulaco 's remaining dropship to the surface . Ripley and Newt fall asleep in the medical laboratory , awakening to find themselves locked in the room with the two facehuggers , which have been released from their tanks . Ripley triggers a fire alarm to alert the marines , who rescue them and kill the creatures . Ripley accuses Burke of releasing the facehuggers so that they would impregnate her and Newt , allowing him to smuggle the Alien embryos past Earth 's quarantine , and of planning to kill the rest of the marines in hypersleep during the return trip so that no one could contradict his version of events . Before the marines can kill Burke , the electricity is cut and Aliens assault through the ceiling . Hudson , Burke , Vasquez and Gorman are all killed and Newt is captured . Ripley and an injured Hicks reach Bishop in the second dropship , but Ripley refuses to abandon Newt . She hastily assembles a weapon and rescues Newt from the hive in the processing station , where the two encounter the Alien queen in her egg chamber . Ripley destroys the eggs , enraging the queen , who tears free from her ovipositor . Pursued by the queen , Ripley and Newt rendezvous with Bishop and Hicks on the dropship . All four escape moments before the colony is consumed by the nuclear blast . On the Sulaco , Ripley and Bishop 's relief at their escape is interrupted when the Alien queen , stowed away on the dropship 's landing gear , tears Bishop in two . The queen advances on Newt , but Ripley clashes with her using an exosuit cargo @-@ loader and expels it through an airlock . Ripley , Newt , Hicks and the badly damaged Bishop enter hypersleep for the return to Earth . = = Development = = = = = Conception = = = David Giler declared that back in 1979 Brandywine Productions were intent on " immediately making a sequel " to Alien , having the full support of 20th Century Fox president Alan Ladd , Jr .. However , that year Ladd left amidst Fox 's transition to new owners Marc Rich and Marvin Davis , and the new studio management had no interest in the sequel . Giler accused new president Norman Levy of being the one that held back the film 's production ; Levy would later declare that " It was a movie I wanted to make , " but he felt another Alien would prove too costly . In the meantime , Giler and partners Walter Hill and Gordon Carroll sued Fox regarding the disbursement of the Alien profits . By the time the lawsuit was settled , in 1983 , Fox had new executives that got interested in continuing Alien . Giler pitched the project to one of the executives as a cross between Hill 's Southern Comfort and The Magnificent Seven . While the producers and development executive Larry Wilson sought a writer for Alien II , Wilson came across James Cameron 's screenplay for The Terminator , and passed the script to Giler feeling Cameron was apt for the job . Giler then approached Cameron , who was completing pre @-@ production of The Terminator . A fan of the original Alien , Cameron was interested in crafting a sequel and entered a self @-@ imposed seclusion to brainstorm a concept for Alien II . After four days Cameron produced an initial 45 @-@ page treatment , although the Fox management put the film on hiatus , as some disliked the pitch and they felt that Alien had not generated enough profit to warrant a sequel . A scheduling conflict with actor Arnold Schwarzenegger caused filming of The Terminator to be delayed by nine months ( as Schwarzenegger was filming Conan the Destroyer ) , allowing Cameron additional time to write a script for Aliens . While filming The Terminator , Cameron wrote 90 pages for Aliens , and although the script was not finished , Fox 's new president Larry Gordon was impressed and told him that if The Terminator was a success , he would be able to direct Aliens . Cameron even declared that he spent production of The Terminator thinking on which elements of that film could " make a good dry run " for the Alien sequel . Following the success of The Terminator , Cameron and producing partner Gale Anne Hurd were given approval to direct and produce the sequel to Alien , scheduled for a 1986 release . Cameron was enticed by the opportunity to create a new world and opted not to follow the same formula as Alien , but to create a worthy combat sequel focusing " more on terror , less on horror " . Sigourney Weaver , who played Ripley in Alien , had doubts about the project , but after meeting Cameron she expressed interest in revisiting her character . 20th Century Fox , however , refused to sign a contract with Weaver over a payment dispute and asked Cameron to write a story excluding Ripley . He refused on the grounds that Fox had indicated that Weaver had signed on when he began writing the script . With Cameron 's persistence , Fox signed the contract and Weaver obtained a salary of $ 1 million , a sum 30 times what she was paid for the first film ( and equivalent to $ 2 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 in present @-@ day terms ) . Weaver nicknamed her role in the Alien sequel " Rambolina " , referring to John Rambo of the Rambo series , and stated that she approached the role as akin to the titular role in Henry V or women warriors in Chinese classical literature . Cameron drew inspiration for the Aliens story from the Vietnam War , a situation in which a technologically superior force was mired in a hostile foreign environment : " Their training and technology are inappropriate for the specifics , and that can be seen as analogous to the inability of superior American firepower to conquer the unseen enemy in Vietnam : a lot of firepower and very little wisdom , and it didn 't work . " The attitude of the space marines was influenced by the Vietnam War ; they are portrayed as cocky and confident of their inevitable victory , but when they find themselves facing a less technologically advanced but more determined enemy , the outcome is not what they expect . Cameron listed Robert A. Heinlein 's novel Starship Troopers as a major influence that led to the incorporation of various themes and phrases , such as the terms " the drop " and " bug hunt " , as well as the cargo @-@ loader exoskeleton . = = = Casting = = = Cameron opted to hire actors who had , or could imitate , American accents . After over 3 @,@ 000 individuals in the United Kingdom were unsuccessfully auditioned , American actors were chosen instead , including three who had previously worked with Cameron on The Terminator ; Lance Henriksen , Bill Paxton , and Michael Biehn . Actors who played Marines were asked to read Starship Troopers and undergo military training , which included running , lifting weights , learning salutes , marches , deployments , and maneuvers , for two weeks . Cameron wanted the Marines to train together so that they would form bonds that would show on @-@ screen . Sigourney Weaver , William Hope , and Paul Reiser were absent from training because of other obligations , but Cameron felt that this suited their characters as " outsiders " in the film . Main cast : Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley : A former warrant officer , and the sole survivor of an Alien attack on her ship , the Nostromo . Weaver reprised her role from Alien . She received a Saturn Award for best actress for her performance and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress , her first Academy Award nomination . Michael Biehn as Corporal Dwayne Hicks : One of the Colonial Marines ' squad leaders ; he was hastily cast a week after filming had commenced , and thus was not present for the military training that the other actors playing marines went through James Remar was originally cast as Hicks but left the project over creative differences with Cameron . In an interview on episode # 128 of the Sidebar podcast , Remar stated that he was replaced due to being fired after he was busted due to the possession of drugs . Paul Reiser as Carter J. Burke : A representative from the Weyland @-@ Yutani Corporation , sent to investigate LV @-@ 426 . Lance Henriksen as Bishop : An android serving as the executive officer aboard the Sulaco . Carrie Henn as Rebecca " Newt " Jorden : A young girl , who is the only survivor of the colony on LV @-@ 426 . According to the casting director , Newt was the most difficult role to cast : Schoolchildren were auditioned , but many of them had acted in commercials and were accustomed to smiling after saying their lines . Henn was chosen out of 500 children for the role , although she had no previous acting experience . She received a Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor , but chose not to pursue an acting career , and became a teacher . Bill Paxton as Private Hudson : The Marine team 's technician . He received a Saturn Award for best supporting actor . William Hope as Lieutenant Gorman The Marines ' inexperienced commanding officer Ricco Ross as Private Frost : A member of the Colonial Marines . Al Matthews as Sergeant Apone : One of the Marines ' commanding officers . Matthews attributed his casting to his military experience Also featured are Jenette Goldstein as Private Vasquez ( she received a Saturn Award for best supporting actress ) , Mark Rolston as Private Drake , Colette Hiller as Corporal Ferro , Daniel Kash as Private Spunkmeyer , Cynthia Dale Scott as Corporal Dietrich , the Marines ' corpsman , Tip Tipping as Private Crowe , and Trevor Steedman as Private Wierzbowski . Paul Maxwell portrays Van Leuwen , the head of the review board that revokes Ripley 's flight license , and Carl Toop portrays the Aliens and Alien Queen . = = = Filming = = = Aliens was filmed over ten months on a budget of $ 18 million at Pinewood Studios in England . Cameron , bound by a low budget and a deadline , found it difficult to adjust to what Paxton called the " really indentured " working practices of the British crew , such as the tea breaks that brought production to a halt . The crew were admirers of Ridley Scott , and many of them believed Cameron was too young and inexperienced to direct , despite Cameron 's attempts to show them his previous film , The Terminator , which had not yet been released in the UK . They mocked producer Gale Anne Hurd , insisting that she was only receiving the producer credit because she was married to Cameron . Cameron clashed with the original director of photography , Dick Bush , when Bush started production saying the schedule couldn 't be met , and when he insisted on lighting the Alien nest set brightly ; Cameron insisted on a dark , foreboding nest , relying on the lights from the Marines ' armor . After Bush was fired , the crew walked out . Hurd managed to coax the team back to work and Adrian Biddle was hired as Bush 's replacement . Some scenes of the Alien nest were shot at the decommissioned Acton Lane Power Station in Acton , London . The crew thought it was a perfect place to film because of its grilled walkways and numerous corridors , but had to spend money to remove asbestos from the station . The Atmosphere Processor set was not dismantled after filming , and was reused in 1989 as the Axis Chemicals set for Batman ( 1989 ) . = = = Music = = = Music composer James Horner felt he was not given enough time to create a musical score . Horner arrived in England and expected the film to be " locked " so he could write the score in six weeks , which he thought was a sufficient amount of time . Horner , however , discovered that filming and editing were still taking place , and he was unable to view the film . He visited the sets and editing rooms for three weeks and found that editor Ray Lovejoy was barely keeping up with the workload for reasons of time restrictions . Horner believed Cameron was preoccupied with sound effects , citing that Cameron spent two days with the sound engineer creating the sounds for the pulse rifles . He also complained that he was given an outdated recording studio ; the score was recorded with the London Symphony Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios , a 30 @-@ year @-@ old studio that was barely able to patch in synthesizers or use the electronic equipment that Horner required . Six weeks from theatrical release , no dubbing had taken place and the score had not been written , as Horner was unable to view the completed film . The final cue for the scene in which Ripley battles the Alien queen was written overnight . Cameron completely reworked the scene , leaving Horner to rewrite the music . As Gale Hurd did not have much music production experience , she and Cameron denied Horner 's request to push the film back four weeks so he could finish the score . Horner felt that , given more time , he could get the score to 100 % of his satisfaction , rather than the 80 % he estimated he had been able to achieve . The score was recorded in roughly four days . Despite his troubles , Horner received an Academy Award nomination ( his first ) for Best Original Score . Horner stated that tensions between himself and Cameron were so high during post @-@ production that he assumed they would never work together again . Horner believed that Cameron 's film schedules were too short and stressful . The two parted ways until 1997 when Cameron , impressed with Horner 's score for Braveheart , asked him to compose the score for Titanic . = = Design = = Early concept art was created by Syd Mead , who had previously worked on Blade Runner , 2010 and Tron . One of the original designs for the spaceship Sulaco was spherical , but it was redesigned as the ship would be out of frame due to the film 's aspect ratio . Cameron showed Mead his own concept art and the final result was described as " rocket gun that carries stuff " . Concept artists were asked to incorporate subliminal acknowledgments to the Vietnam War , which included designing the dropship as a combination of a F @-@ 4 Phantom II and AH @-@ 1 Cobra . British Airways was re @-@ equipping several of its aircraft tug tractors , and the crew managed to purchase a 635 hp Hunslet ATT 77 tug to use as the armored personnel carrier . It initially weighed 70 short tons ( 64 @,@ 000 kg ) , and although the crew removed 35 short tons ( 32 @,@ 000 kg ) of lead ballast , the power station floor had to be reinforced to support the weight . The crew used many " junk " items in the set designs , such as Ripley 's toilet , which came from a Boeing 707 . Lockers , helicopter engines , and vending machines were used as set elements in the opening hypersleep scene . Production designer Peter Lamont was asked to reduce the cost of several scenes , including the not @-@ yet @-@ filmed space marine hypersleep sequence . Gale Hurd wanted to cut the scene altogether , but Lamont and Cameron felt it was important to the sequence of the film . To save on cost , only four hypersleep chambers were created and a mirror was used to create the illusion that there were twelve in the scene . Instead of using hydraulics , the chambers were opened and closed by wires operated by puppeteers . Weapons used by the space marines were based on real , fully functional weapons . British armorers used guns they found to be the most reliable when firing blanks and those which looked futuristic . The ' pulse rifles ' were created from a Thompson SMG , with an attached forend of a Franchi SPAS @-@ 12 shotgun and a Remington 12 Gauge Model 870P receiver with barrel . The ' smart guns ' carried by Vasquez and Drake were based on the German MG @-@ 42 machine gun and were maneuvered with Steadicam @-@ like harnesses created using old motorcycle parts . The crew found flamethrowers the most difficult weapon to create and use , as they were the heaviest and most dangerous . Aside from the Alien Queen , designed by Cameron himself , the Aliens still took inspiration off H. R. Giger 's designs for the original . The only change was removing the translucent dome that gave the creature 's head its sleek shape in Alien , exposing the ridged , spined cranium beneath . Cameron felt the dome was too fragile for the practical effects , and also felt that the cranium design was more visually interesting without it . = = = Visual effects = = = Brothers Robert and Dennis Skotak were hired to supervise the visual effects , having previously worked with Cameron on several Roger Corman movies . Two stages were used to construct the colony on LV @-@ 426 , using miniature models that were on average six feet tall and three feet wide . Filming the miniatures was difficult because of the weather ; the wind would blow over the props , although it proved helpful to give the effect of weather on the planet . Cameron used these miniatures and several effects to make scenes look larger than they really were , including rear projection , mirrors , beam splitters , camera splits and foreground miniatures . Due to budget limits , Cameron said he had to pay for the robotic arm used to cut into Ripley 's shuttle in the opening scene . Practical effects supervisor John Richardson ( who won a special effects Oscar for his part in the film ) declared his biggest challenge was creating the forklift Power Loader exoskeletons , which required only three months of work and had Cameron complaining about visual details during construction . The model could not stand on its own , requiring either wires dangling from the shoulders or a pole through the back attached to a crane . While Sigourney Weaver was inside the power loader model , a stunt man standing behind it would move the arms and legs . The Alien suits were made more flexible and durable than the ones used in Alien , to expand on the creatures ' movements and allow them to crawl and jump . Dancers , gymnasts , and stunt men were hired to portray the Aliens . Various 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) tall mannequins were also created to make Aliens that stood in inhuman poses , and could have their bodies exploded to simulate gunshot wounds . Stan Winston 's team created fully articulated Facehuggers that could move their fingers ; these were moved by wires hidden on the scenery or the actors ' clothing . The one that walked towards Ripley had a mechanism akin to a pull toy , with pulleys that moved the fingers , and its jump combined three models shot separatedly : the walking Facehugger , a stationary model dangling on a table leg , and another model being pulled towards the camera . Scenes involving the Alien queen were the most difficult to film , according to production staff . A life @-@ sized mock @-@ up was created by Stan Winston 's company in the United States to see how it would operate . Once the testing was complete , the crew working on the queen flew to England and began work creating the final version . Standing at 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) tall , it was operated using a mixture of puppeteers , control rods , hydraulics , cables , and a crane above to support it . Two puppeteers were inside the suit operating its arms , and sixteen were required to move it . All sequences involving the full size queen were filmed in @-@ camera with no post @-@ production manipulation . Additionally , a miniature alien queen was used for certain shots . = = Release = = = = = Box office = = = Eagerly anticipated by fans following the success of Alien , Aliens was released in North America on July 18 , 1986 , and August 29 in the United Kingdom . In North America , the film opened in 1 @,@ 437 theaters with an average opening gross of $ 6 @,@ 995 and a weekend gross of $ 10 @,@ 052 @,@ 042 . It was number one at the North American box office for four consecutive weeks , grossing $ 85 @.@ 1 million . Aliens was the seventh highest @-@ grossing film of 1986 in North America . The film 's worldwide total gross has been stated as high as $ 180 million , making Aliens one of the highest grossing R @-@ rated films at the time . = = = Critical reception = = = Aliens recieved universal critical acclaim . Test and pre @-@ screenings were unable to take place for Aliens due to the film not being completed until its week of release . Once it was released in cinemas , critical reaction was generally positive to very positive . Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 4 and called it " painfully and unremittingly intense " and a " superb example of filmmaking craft . " He also stated " when I walked out of the theater , there were knots in my stomach from the film 's roller @-@ coaster ride of violence . " Walter Goodman of The New York Times said it was a " flaming , flashing , crashing , crackling blow- ' em @-@ up show that keeps you popping from your seat despite your better instincts and the basically conventional scare tactics . " Time magazine featured the film on the cover of its July 28 , 1986 , issue , calling it the " summer 's scariest movie " . Time reviewer Richard Schickel declared the film " a sequel that exceeds its predecessor in the reach of its appeal while giving Weaver new emotional dimensions to explore . " The selection of Aliens for a Time cover was attributed to the successful reception of the film , as well as its novel example of a science fiction action heroine . Echoing Time 's assessment , Dave Kehr of The Chicago Reader called the film " one sequel that surpasses the original . " Gene Siskel gave the film a negative review , describing Aliens as " one extremely violent , protracted attack on the senses " and that " toward the end , the film resorts to placing a young girl in jeopardy in a pathetic attempt to pander to who knows what audience . Some people have praised the technical excellence of Aliens . Well , the Eiffel Tower is technically impressive , but I wouldn 't want to watch it fall apart on people for two hours . " Reviews of the film have remained mostly positive over the years . In a 1997 interview , Weaver stated that Aliens " made the first Alien look like a cucumber sandwich . " In a 2000 review , film critic James Berardinelli said " When it comes to the logical marriage of action , adventure , and science fiction , few films are as effective or accomplished as Aliens . " Austin Chronicle contributor Marjorie Baumgarten labeled the film in 2002 as " a non @-@ stop action fest . " In 2016 , James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film number six on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals . Based on 48 reviews , the film holds a " Certified Fresh " rating of 98 % on Rotten Tomatoes with an average critic score of 8 @.@ 8 out of 10 . It also holds a score of 87 out of 100 ( " universal acclaim " ) on the other major review aggregator , Metacritic . Aliens was also featured in Empire Magazine 's 500 Greatest films of All Time poll at number 30 , and in Empire 's recent 301 Greatest Films of All Time poll at number 19 . = = = Interpretation and analysis = = = Philosopher Stephen Mulhall has remarked that the four Alien films represent an artistic rendering of the difficulties faced by the woman 's " voice " to have itself heard in a masculinist society , as Ripley continually encounters males who try to silence her and to force her to submit to their desires . Mulhall sees this depicted in several events in Aliens , particularly the inquest scene in which Ripley 's explanation for the deaths and destruction of the Nostromo , as well as her attempts to warn the board members of the Alien danger , are met with officious disdain . However , Mulhall believes that Ripley 's relationship with Hicks illustrates that Aliens " is devoted ... to the possibility of modes of masculinity that seek not to stifle but rather to accommodate the female voice , and modes of femininity that can acknowledge and incorporate something more or other of masculinity than our worst nightmares of it . " Several movie academics , including Barbara Creed , have remarked on the color and lighting symbolism in the Alien franchise , which offsets white , strongly lit environments ( spaceships , corporate offices ) against darker , dirtier , " corrupted " settings ( derelict alien ship , abandoned industrial facilities ) . These black touches contrast or even attempt to take over the purity of the white elements . Others , such as Kile M. Ortigo of Emory University , agree with this interpretation and point to the Sulaco with its " sterilized , white interior " as representing this element in the second film of the franchise . While some claim that the shape of the Sulaco was based on a submarine , the design has most often been described as a " gun in space " resembling the rifles used in the movie . Author Roz Kaveney called the opening shot of the ship traveling through space " fetishistic " and " shark @-@ like " , " an image of brutal strength and ingenious efficiency " — while the militarized interior of the Sulaco ( designed by Ron Cobb ) is contrasted to the organic interior of the Nostromo in the first movie ( also designed by Cobb ) . David McIntee noted the homage the scene pays to the opening tour through the Nostromo in Alien . The android character Bishop has been the subject of literary and philosophical analysis as a high @-@ profile fictional android conforming to science fiction author Isaac Asimov 's Three Laws of Robotics and as a model of a compliant , potentially self @-@ aware machine . His portrayal has been studied by writers for the University of Texas Press for its implications relating to how humans deal with the presence of an " Other " , as Ripley treats them with fear and suspicion after the android Ash tried to kill her in the original Alien movie , and a form of " hi @-@ tech racism and android apartheid " is present throughout the series . This is seen as part of a larger trend of technophobia in films prior to the 1990s , with Bishop 's role being particularly significant as he proves his worth at the end of the film , thus confounding Ripley 's expectations . = = = Accolades = = = Aliens was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Music , Best Sound , Best Film Editing , and Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . It won two awards for Sound Effects Editing and Visual Effects . Sigourney Weaver received her first Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , and although she did not win , it was considered a landmark nomination for an actress to be considered for a science fiction / horror film , a genre which was given little recognition by AMPAS in 1986 . Aliens received four BAFTA award nominations and won in the category of Visual Effects . It won eight Saturn Awards in the film categories of actress ( Sigourney Weaver ) , supporting actor ( Bill Paxton ) , supporting actress ( Jenette Goldstein ) , performance by a younger actor ( Carrie Henn ) , direction ( James Cameron ) , writing ( James Cameron ) , special effects ( Stan Winston and the L.A. Effects Group ) , and science fiction film . Time magazine named Aliens in their Best of ' 86 list calling it a " technically awesome blend of the horror , sci @-@ fi and service @-@ comedy genres . " In 2007 , Entertainment Weekly named Aliens as the second @-@ best action movie of all time , behind Die Hard . In a Rotten Tomatoes analysis of the top 100 science fiction films , Aliens ranks tenth among the best @-@ reviewed films of the genre . In 2004 , Aliens was ranked 35th on Bravo 's " 100 Scariest Movie Moments " for the scene in which Ripley and Newt are attacked by facehuggers ; the original Alien was ranked second for the chestburster scene . IGN ranked it third in its " Top 25 Action Films of All @-@ Time " , stating that " there won 't be an Alien movie as scary – or exciting – as this one made ever again . " Empire voted it the ' Greatest Film Sequel Of All Time ' . = = = Home media = = = Aliens was first released on VHS in 1987 , finishing as the tenth best @-@ selling title of the year . A " Special Edition " of Aliens was released in 1992 on laserdisc and VHS that restored seventeen minutes of deleted footage . These additions include a segment showing Newt 's family first encountering the derelict spacecraft on LV @-@ 426 , Ripley learning that her daughter died during the years she was in hypersleep , a scene in the operations building in which the Marines use sentry guns against the Aliens , and several extended dialogue scenes between Ripley and the Marines . These scenes had been deleted from the original theatrical release as 20th Century Fox representatives thought the film was showing " too much nothing " and spent an unnecessary amount of time building suspense . Most of the Special Edition 's footage was first seen when the film made its broadcast television debut on CBS in 1989 , but two additional sequences concerning Burke 's transmission to the colony about the derelict , and the Jorden family 's subsequent discovery of the same , were added to the initial Laserdisc release . According to Cameron , the visual effects for the scene were incomplete , so he went back to the Skotak brothers and had them finish the sequences . All currently available versions of the Special Edition contain these scenes . The special edition was released as part of The Alien Legacy 20th Anniversary Edition DVD box set in 1999 along with Alien , Alien 3 , and Alien : Resurrection . Both the theatrical version and the special edition were released again in 2003 as part of the Alien Quadrilogy DVD box set along with similar versions of Alien , Alien 3 , and Alien : Resurrection . A separate two @-@ disc " Special Collector 's Edition " DVD of Aliens was released on January 6 , 2004 , containing the same material as the two Aliens discs in the Quadrilogy set . Additional content in these versions included an audio commentary for the special edition featuring director James Cameron , producer Gale Hurd , special effects artists and crew members . The second disc included special features relating to pre @-@ production , production , and post @-@ production . The film was first made available on Blu @-@ Ray in the 2010 box set Alien Anthology , before receiving a stand @-@ alone release the following year . Fox will release the 30th anniversary Blu Ray of the movie on September 13 , 2016 . = = Merchandise = = = = = Video games = = = Aliens : Colonial Marines is a first @-@ person shooter video gamedeveloped by Gearbox Software and published by Sega . The game is set in the Alien universe and takes place after the events of the third film in the franchise , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) . The game is the second Alien title that Sega has produced : the first being Aliens Infestation in 2011 . The game was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles and for Microsoft Windows on February 12 , 2013 . A Wii U version was being produced for release but was eventually canceled on April 5 , 2013 . It puts the player in the role of a United States Colonial Marine named Cpl. Christopher Winter . The player has access to iconic weapons from the Aliens movie such as the flamethrower , pulse rifle , smartgun , shotgun , pistol , and robotic sentry turrets and is mainly set in the Aliens world ( LV @-@ 426 ) . Players are also able to use welding torches to seal doors and motion trackers to detect unseen enemies which also features in the Aliens movie . = = = Toys = = = In 2013 , NECA released the first wave of highly detailed human and alien action figures from the respective film . NECA 's Reel Toys worked directly with actors from the Alien franchise to release realistic figures based on select characters they portrayed in the films . NECA has released 7 @-@ inch figures based on characters such as Corporal Hicks , Private Hudson and Bishop . During winter 2014 , it was announced there would be multiple figures of Ripley , Sigourney Weaver ’ s character from the Alien films . NECA worked directly with Weaver to develop these action figures , which are the first to feature her actual likeness .
= Juno Beach = Juno or Juno Beach was one of five beaches of the Allied invasion of German occupied France in the Normandy landings on 6 June 1944 , during the Second World War . The beach spanned from Courseulles , a village just east of the British beach Gold , to Saint @-@ Aubin @-@ sur @-@ Mer , just west of the British beach Sword . Taking Juno was the responsibility of the Canadian Army , with sea transport , mine sweeping , and a naval bombardment force provided by the Royal Canadian Navy and the British Royal Navy as well as elements from the Free French , Norwegian , and other Allied navies . The objectives of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division on D @-@ Day were to cut the Caen @-@ Bayeux road , seize the Carpiquet airport west of Caen , and form a link between the two British beaches of Gold and Sword on either side of Juno Beach . The beach was defended by two battalions of the German 716th Infantry Division , with elements of the 21st Panzer Division held in reserve near Caen . The invasion plan called for two brigades of the 3rd Canadian Division to land on two beach sectors — Mike and Nan — focusing on Courseulles , Bernières and Saint @-@ Aubin . It was hoped that the preliminary naval and air bombardments would soften up the beach defences and destroy coastal strong points . Close support on the beaches was to be provided by amphibious tanks of the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade . Once the landing zones were secured , the plan called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade to land reserve battalions and deploy inland , the Royal Marine commandos to establish contact with the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword Beach and the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade to link up with the British 50th Infantry Division on Gold Beach . The 3rd Canadian Division 's D @-@ Day objectives were to capture Carpiquet Airfield and reach the Caen – Bayeux railway line by nightfall . The landings initially encountered heavy resistance from the German 716th Division ; the preliminary bombardment proved less effective than had been hoped , and rough weather forced the first wave to be delayed until 07 : 35 . Several assault companies — notably those of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles and The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada — took heavy casualties in the opening minutes of the first wave . Strength of numbers , as well as coordinated fire support from artillery and armoured squadrons , cleared most of the coastal defences within two hours of landing . The reserves of the 7th and 8th brigades began deploying at 08 : 30 ( along with the Royal Marines ) , while the 9th Brigade began its deployment at 11 : 40 . The subsequent push inland towards Carpiquet and the Caen – Bayeux railway line achieved mixed results . The sheer numbers of men and vehicles on the beaches created lengthy delays between the landing of the 9th Brigade and the beginning of substantive attacks to the south . The 7th Brigade encountered heavy initial opposition before pushing south and making contact with the British 50th Division at Creully . The 8th Brigade encountered heavy resistance from a battalion of the 716th at Tailleville , while the 9th Brigade deployed towards Carpiquet early in the evening . Resistance in Saint @-@ Aubin prevented the Royal Marines from establishing contact with the British 3rd Division on Sword . When all operations on the Anglo @-@ Canadian front were ordered to halt at 21 : 00 , by which time The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada had reached its D @-@ Day objective , and the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in pushing farther inland than any other landing force on D @-@ Day . = = Background = = = = = Invasion of Normandy = = = In 1942 , the Western Allies agreed to open a second front ( the Western Front ) in Western Europe to take pressure off the beleaguered Red Army in the Soviet Union . While Britain and the United States did not yet possess the resources to mount a full invasion , invasion plans that came to be known as Operation Sledgehammer were drawn up , in case the German position in Western Europe weakened or the USSR 's situation became dire . In August 1942 Anglo @-@ Canadian forces attempted an abortive landing — Operation Jubilee — at the French port of Dieppe ; the landing was designed to test the feasibility of a cross @-@ channel invasion . The attack was poorly planned and ended in disaster ; 4 @,@ 963 soldiers were killed , wounded or captured . Following the Anglo @-@ American victory against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in North Africa in May 1943 , British , American and Canadian troops invaded Sicily in July 1943 , followed by Italy in September . By December the Allies ' progress had slowed facing tenacious German resistance and the difficult geography of the Italian Peninsula . After gaining valuable experience in amphibious assaults and inland fighting , Allied planners returned to the plans to invade Northern France , now postponed to 1944 . Under the direction of General Dwight D. Eisenhower ( Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force ) and Frederick Morgan , plans for the invasion of France coalesced as Operation Overlord . With an initial target date of 1 May 1944 , the infantry attack was conceived as a joint assault by five divisions transported by landing craft , constituting the largest amphibious operation in military history . The attack was later scheduled for Monday , 5 June 1944 , and Normandy was selected for the landing sites , with a zone of operations extending from the Cotentin Peninsula to Caen . There were originally seventeen sectors along the Normandy coastline with codenames taken from one of the spelling alphabets of the time , from Able , west of Omaha , to Rodger on the east flank of the invasion area . Eight further sectors were added when the planned invasion was extended to include Utah on the Cotentin Peninsula . Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green , Red and White . Operation Overlord called for the British Second Army to assault between the River Orne and Port en Bessin , capture Caen , and form a front line from Caumont @-@ l 'Éventé to the south @-@ east of Caen , to acquire airfields and protect the left flank of the United States First Army while it captured Cherbourg . Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the city of Falaise , which could then be used as a pivot for a swing left to advance on Argentan , the Touques River and then towards the River Seine . After delays due to both logistical difficulties and poor weather , the D @-@ Day of Overlord , the largest amphibious operation ever , was postponed 24 hours to 6 June 1944 . Eisenhower and Montgomery , commander of 21st Army Group , aimed to capture Caen within the first day , and liberate Paris within 90 days . = = = Juno = = = Operation Neptune , the landing phase of Overlord , called for a five @-@ division front spread across 50 miles ( 80 km ) of coastline ; three airborne divisions ( two American , one British , which also included a Canadian battalion ) would also land in the pre @-@ dawn hours of D @-@ Day . Eisenhower and General Bernard Montgomery hoped to have eight infantry divisions and fourteen tank regiments in the Normandy beachhead by nightfall on D @-@ Day . The landing zone was divided into five landing areas , with the Americans attacking Utah ( the westernmost ) and Omaha , and the British attacking Gold and Sword . Juno , a 6 @-@ mile ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) stretch of shoreline between La Rivière to the west and Saint @-@ Aubin to the east , was assigned to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division ( 3rd CID ) , commanded by Major @-@ General Rodney Keller . Juno included the villages of Courseulles and Bernières . The name " Juno " arose because Winston Churchill considered that the original code name — Jelly — sounded inappropriate . The code names for the beaches to be taken by British and Commonwealth forces were named after types of fish : Goldfish , Swordfish and Jellyfish , abbreviated to Gold , Sword and Jelly . Churchill " disapproved of the name Jelly for a beach on which so many men might die " . He insisted on a change to the more dignified name Juno . = = Planning and preparation = = = = = German defences = = = While the German army had seen its strength and morale heavily depleted by campaigns in Russia , North Africa and Italy , it remained a powerful fighting force . Despite this , most of the German divisions along the French coast in late 1943 were composed of either new recruits or veteran units resting and rebuilding from the Eastern Front ; altogether some 856 @,@ 000 soldiers were stationed in France , predominantly on the coast . An additional 60 @,@ 000 Hilfswillige ( " voluntary helpers " ) , USSR and Polish members of the German army , served on the French coast . Under the command of Field Marshals Erwin Rommel and Gerd von Rundstedt , the defences of the Atlantic Wall — a line of coastal gun emplacements , machine @-@ gun nests , minefields and beach obstacles along the French coast — were increased ; in the first six months of 1944 , the Germans laid 1 @.@ 2 million tons of steel and 17 @.@ 3 million cubic yards of concrete . Rommel also surrounded the coast with four million antitank and antipersonnel mines and 500 @,@ 000 beach obstacles . On Juno , the defences of the Atlantic Wall were greater than at many other landing sectors . The Germans assumed that the Allies would land during high tide , to minimize the distance during which they would be exposed on the beaches and created " a ' devil 's garden ' of beach obstacles ... deployed in rows between 12 – 17 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 2 m ) above the low @-@ tide mark " . Strongpoints of machine @-@ gun positions , antitank and antipersonnel artillery and bunkers were located every 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) , manned by several platoons with mortars . Minefields were deployed surrounding these strongpoints , and additional defences were present in the Courseulles harbour . The Calvados beaches of Normandy were defended by the 716th Static and 352nd Infantry divisions , with the Canadian landing zone defended by elements of the 716th . It was formed mostly from soldiers under 18 or over 35 , comprising 7 @,@ 771 combat troops in six battalions ( as opposed to 9 or 12 battalions of Allied divisions ) . While the 352nd was considered a first @-@ rate division , the 716th was " accounted a better @-@ than @-@ average static division " ; these divisions generally had very few vehicles or tanks and had to rely on infantry and field regiments . On Juno the division 's 736th Grenadier Regiment deployed four infantry companies : 7 Kompanie held what was to become " Mike Sector " , the 6th was stationed in Courseulles , the 5th was at Bernières , and the 9th held Nan sector and Saint @-@ Aubin . A second line of four infantry companies and one panzer company was stationed 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) inland . The 21st Panzer Division was deployed south @-@ east of Caen and two battalions of Polish and Russian conscripts were stationed on the flanks of Juno adjacent to Sword and Gold . = = = Canadian preparations = = = Canadian training for D @-@ Day had begun as early as July 1943 , when Lieutenant @-@ General Andrew McNaughton of the First Canadian Army informed Harry Crerar , commander of II Canadian Corps , that the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division might play a role in the invasion of France . Initial training was demanding , and complicated by the lack of any landing craft to practice with , either LCAs or LCTs . Field exercises in Scotland commenced in August and September 1943 , and succeeded in establishing unique techniques and equipment for use by armoured and artillery regiments in storming the beach ; the most significant were the amphibious duplex drive tanks ( DD tanks ) . Mechanisms were also developed to allow artillery to bombard the beach while still attached to their landing craft . Through the winter of 1943 , units jointly developed more advanced assault tactics among the Juno regiments . The landings would be supported by the largest invasion fleet in history — 7 @,@ 016 vessels in total . The Royal Canadian Navy contributed 121 vessels to the armada , including destroyers , frigates , corvettes , landing ships , minesweepers and torpedo boats . Four Canadian Tribal @-@ class destroyers were in the Royal Navy 's 10th Destroyer Flotilla , which joined other RN units in keeping the English Channel near Normandy clear of German naval units . Naval Force J had begun intense training for the invasion with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in February 1944 , with a full @-@ scale simulation of the invasion carried out on 4 May in Exercise Fabius . On D @-@ Day itself , Force J , commanded from HMS Hilary , was to bombard German defensive positions along the landing zone with everything from heavy @-@ calibre cruiser guns to self @-@ propelled artillery attached to landing craft . According to Canadian Army Historian C. P. Stacey , a light bombardment of the landing zone would commence " 30 minutes before H Hour and continue for 15 minutes ; heavy bombing would then begin on the flanks of the divisional attack , lasting until H Hour " . Additional cover would be provided by Royal and Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons both before and on D @-@ Day . A successful surprise invasion required total air superiority over the English Channel and Normandy . In the months preceding D @-@ Day , the RAF Second Tactical Air Force attacked airfields , coastal garrisons , radar , railway lines and transport routes in order to soften the beach defences , as well as prevent the German Luftwaffe from mounting a serious challenge to air superiority over Normandy . By dawn , on 6 June , the RAF tactical air forces had 2 @,@ 434 fighter and fighter @-@ bomber aircraft with approximately 700 light and medium bombers to support them . The operational plan for Juno was divided into two main sectors : Mike ( west ) and Nan ( east ) . Mike Sector would be attacked by the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade , with the Royal Winnipeg Rifles , The Canadian Scottish Regiment and the 1st Hussars in support . The 7th Brigade was to take Courseulles and drive inland . Nan Sector would be assaulted by the Regina Rifle Regiment of 7th Brigade , as well as the North Shore Regiment and the Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada of the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade , while tanks of the Fort Garry Horse provided armoured support ; a squadron of specialized AVRE engineering tanks from the British 79th Armoured Division would land on each beach sector as well . The 8th Brigade was to capture Bernières and the western edge of Saint @-@ Aubin , then push south into Normandy . The operational plan also called for the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and the Sherbrooke Fusiliers to be deployed to Juno as reinforcements within 4 to 6 hours of the initial assault . By nightfall of D @-@ Day , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was slated to have captured the high ground west of Caen , the Bayeux – Caen railway line , and the seaside towns of Courseulles , Bernières , Saint @-@ Aubin and Bény @-@ sur @-@ Mer . = = D @-@ Day landings = = = = = Early bombardment = = = Air attacks on Normandy 's coastal defences began in earnest on 5 June at 23 : 30 , with RAF Bomber Command units targeting the primary coastal defences . The attack continued until 05 : 15 , with 5 @,@ 268 tons of bombs dropped by 1 @,@ 136 sorties ; this marked the largest attack by Bomber Command in terms of tonnage up to that point in the war . Initial attacks on the Atlantic Wall proved ineffective , with poor weather and visibility making it difficult to accurately hit the bunkers and turrets . The bombing left the defences on Omaha , Gold and Juno virtually intact , yet did not damage Allied landing craft in the Channel ( as many planners had feared it would ) . 230 Royal Canadian Air Force bombers specifically bombed targets on Juno during this raid , yet direct damage was limited . As the Americans began their own bombing runs against Omaha and Utah to the west , the Anglo @-@ Canadian naval forces began their counter @-@ battery fire , seeking to knock out German shore batteries and bunkers . The British had attached the cruisers HMS Belfast and Diadem to Force J to serve as heavy support . Belfast commenced bombardment of the Atlantic Wall at 05 : 30 and Diadem at 05 : 52 on 6 June . The naval gunfire proved more effective than the aerial bombardment ; the battery at Longues was the only one to return fire , and was quickly destroyed by the light cruiser HMS Ajax . Indeed , most of the gun batteries at Juno were incomplete on D @-@ Day , and did not possess sufficient protection or communication measures to accurately return fire on Force J. The Bény @-@ sur @-@ Mer battery was neutralized by Diadem shortly after she opened fire . At 06 : 10 , the 11 destroyers of Force J moved shoreward to begin bombardment , hoping to damage light gun emplacements and prevent the German 716th from mobilizing and moving across the beach . They were supplemented by additional raids by medium bombers and fighter @-@ bombers of the RAF and USAAF , which dropped an additional 2 @,@ 796 tons of ordnance on the five landing zones . While the medium bombers proved inaccurate , the Hawker Typhoon fighter @-@ bombers proved more effective at attacking coastal defences . As the bombing runs continued to hit Juno with ordnance , the destroyers and landing craft moved towards the beach and began close @-@ range saturation bombardment . In addition to the destroyers of Force J — two Canadian , eight British , one French — bombardment was also provided by converted LCTs fitted with 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) guns . Smaller , light @-@ gunned landing craft were able to get closer to the beach and use their 6 @-@ pounder guns against German defensive positions . Additional firepower was provided by eight landing craft fitted with over 1 @,@ 000 high @-@ explosive rockets and 24 LCTs , each carrying four M7 Priest self @-@ propelled guns . These field regiments , while still seaborne , were to fire heavy concentrations of high explosive and smoke shells against the four main " resistance nests " in " Mike " and " Nan " sectors , beginning half an hour before H Hour . Forward observation and fire control officers in the leading assault waves were to make the necessary adjustments to this neutralizing fire during the assault . The bombardment was scheduled to cease immediately before the assault companies deployed on Juno , but due to heavy seas , the landing was delayed by ten minutes , to 07 : 45 in Mike sector and 07 : 55 in Nan Sector . This was at a slightly higher tide , closer to the beach obstacles and mines . The LCTs carrying the field artillery were forced to adjust course to avoid landing too early ; the LCTs carrying DD tanks were forced to break off their advance . The seas proved too rough to launch the DD tanks , so they were ordered to deploy from the LCTs several hundred yards out from the beach . = = = Landing : 7th Brigade ( Mike , Nan Green ) = = = Though the 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade was scheduled to land on Mike Sector at 07 : 35 , rough seas and poor craft coordination pushed this time back by ten minutes . Two assault companies of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles , one assault company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment , and one squadron of the 1st Hussars were to land on " Mike Red " and also on " Mike Green " , while the Regina Rifle Regiment , supported by a second squadron of the 1st Hussars , landed on " Nan Green " sector . The first Winnipegs touched down at 07 : 49 , with the remaining assault companies deploying within seven minutes . The LCAs carrying " B " Company craft were engaged while about 700 yards from shore . Disembarkation had to be done under direct fire and , in consequence , heavy casualties were sustained by this company while landing . The strongpoint in this area consisted of three casemates and twelve machine @-@ gun emplacements . This left the infantry the grim prospect of clearing it by direct assault . " B " company was unable to advance further without armoured support . The Hussars ' " A " Squadron launched 1 @,@ 500 yards ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) from the beach , but would not be fully deployed until a full six minutes after the Winnipegs were ashore . To their west , " D " Company faced less defensive fire , as it was clear of the strongpoint . The company easily cleared the beach , and went through the barbed wire with light casualties . " A " platoon of the 6th Field Company Royal Canadian Engineers was redirected to clear the minefields facing " D " Company , given that the flail tanks had yet to land . On the far right , " C " Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment landed with little opposition , and discovered that their objective — a 75 mm gun emplacement — had been destroyed by naval gunfire . To the east of Mike Sector , the Regina Rifles came ashore on " Nan Green " with the objective of subduing German forces in Courseulles . " A " Company reported touchdown at 08 : 09 , and met heavy resistance almost immediately ; " B " Company reported touchdown at 08 : 15 . The Hussars ' tanks first reported deploying twenty minutes before the infantry , with " B " Squadron HQ reporting their landing at 07 : 58 . They faced the task of destroying a heavy gun emplacement equipped with 88 mm and 75 mm guns , and 4 @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) thick concrete walls . The pre @-@ landing bombardment had failed to destroy the emplacement , and heavy machine guns subsequently inflicted high casualty rates on the company ; one LCA reported six men killed within seconds of lowering the ramps . One platoon was able to breach the barbed wire lining the beach and take cover in Courseulles , and then eliminated the machine @-@ gun positions engaging " A " Company of the Regina Rifles . The DD tanks arrived in the Regina Rifles sector with both greater numbers and punctuality than in the Winnipegs ' sector . The 75 mm gun emplacement in the Courseulles strongpoint was destroyed by fire from " B " Squadron of the 1st Hussars ; the 88 mm was similarly silenced . To their east , " B " Company encountered limited resistance , and succeeded in pushing into Courseulles , and soon " had cleared a succession of the assigned blocks in the village " , according to Stacey . With the initial assault companies ashore and fighting for their objectives , the reserve companies and battalion ( Canadian Scottish Regiment ) began their deployment on Juno . " A " and " C " Companies of the Winnipeg Rifles landed at 08 : 05 , and began to push towards the villages of Banville and Sainte @-@ Croix @-@ sur @-@ Mer . " A " Company encountered heavy machine @-@ gun resistance , and had to request support from the 1st Hussars to clear the position . On Nan Green , " C " and " D " Companies of the Regina Rifles prepared to storm Courseulles . " C " Company touched down at 08 : 35 , and moved into the village without difficulty . " D " Company was further delayed , meaning that several LCAs struck antitank mines attached to beach obstacles ; only 49 " D " Company soldiers reached the beach . The Canadian Scottish Regiment arrived on the beach at 08 : 30 , with the leading companies coming under heavy mortar fire ; it took the regiment a full hour to get off the beaches and push further inland . = = = Landing : 8th Brigade ( Nan White , Red ) = = = Originally scheduled to land at 07 : 45 to the east of the 7th , the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade 's two assault battalions were postponed by 10 minutes as a result of heavy seas . The Queen 's Own Rifles of Canada ( QOR ) landed at 08 : 12 at Nan White and faced the most tenacious defences of any unit in Nan Sector : an 88 mm gun emplacement with multiple machine @-@ gun nests outside of Bernières . The first LCA to touch down saw 10 of its first 11 soldiers either killed or wounded . " B " Company came ashore directly in front of the main resistance nests , 200 yards east of their intended landing zone , subjecting them to heavy mortar and machine @-@ gun fire . The QOR had been scheduled to advance with DD fire support , but the heavy seas meant that " instead of swimming in , they [ DD tanks ] left their craft close inshore and landed behind the infantry assault companies " . Several soldiers from " B " Company succeeded in outflanking the main pillbox and killing its gunners with grenades and small arms . One LCA 's rudder from " B " Company had jammed , and that platoon landed far to the left of the rest of " B " Company , enabling them to outflank and destroy the gun emplacements . With the defences silenced , the QOR was able to advance into Bernières , having taken 65 casualties on the beaches . To their west , " A " Company encountered less resistance , but was limited by poorly coordinated run @-@ ins by the LCAs to the beach . " A " Company was able to quickly reach the seawall and breach the barbed wire , but encountered heavy mortar and sniper resistance in Bernières . This was the only sector of Juno where armoured support proved ineffective , as " B " Squadron of the Fort Garry Horse was too far out from the beach to provide heavy support . The first units of the North Shore Regiment 's " A " and " B " companies touched down on Nan Red at 08 : 10 in chest @-@ deep water . They were tasked with securing Saint @-@ Aubin and clearing defences in the village . " B " Company landed to find that the Saint @-@ Aubin strong point " appeared not to have been touched " by preliminary naval bombardment . The two assault companies faced a 100 @-@ yard ( 91 m ) sprint across open beach in the face of fire from Saint @-@ Aubin . " A " Company suffered the heaviest casualties , incurring many fatalities from beach mines . " B " Company faced stronger opposition at the strong point , yet managed to breach the seawall and barbed wire . The strong point 's 50 mm antitank gun was still active , and the thick concrete casemates protected it from infantry fire . By 08 : 10 , Sherman tanks of the Fort Garry Horse and Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVRE ) tanks of the 80th Assault Squadron , Royal Engineers , had landed at Nan Red , and began to assist " B " Company in clearing the gun emplacement . The 50 mm gun knocked out four of the squadron 's tanks , while the North Shore 's machine @-@ gun platoon flanked the position . The right section of the strong point was eliminated by antitank guns and combat engineers , while the central antitank gun was silenced by petard shells from the British AVREs . When the North Shore captured the strong point , approximately half the defenders were killed ; 48 German soldiers surrendered . The 8th Brigade 's reserve battalion , Le Régiment de la Chaudière , began deploying to the beaches at 08 : 30 along with the reserve companies of the North Shore and QOR . More than half of the LCAs were crippled by mines buried along the beach ; QOR " C " Company was forced to touch down further offshore when their LCAs were damaged by mines . " C " Company linked up with " B " Squadron of the Fort Garry Horse , and moved to assist the pinned @-@ down and exhausted " A " Company . The North Shore 's C and D Companies landed outside of Saint @-@ Aubin , with " C " Company taking over for " A " Company in the advance further into Saint @-@ Aubin , while " D " Company established a firm presence inside the village . All but one of the LCAs carrying Chaudière " A " Company foundered before they could touch down on the beach , and they lost most of their equipment while swimming to shore . The Chaudières quickly formed up outside Bernières and Saint @-@ Aubin , linking up with both the QOR and the North Shores . The reserve also included the No. 48 ( Royal Marine ) Commando , which was scheduled to land 45 minutes after the first arrivals . The Commandos were to pass Saint @-@ Aubin 's eastern edge and occupy Langrune @-@ sur @-@ Mer on the eastern end of Juno . The strong point facing them had not been cleared , and 40 per cent of the 400 @-@ man unit became casualties within seconds of landing . = = = Deploying reinforcements = = = With Juno itself largely secured , Keller prepared to deploy the reserves of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and tanks of the Sherbrooke Fusiliers . The reports coming in from the battalions already on Juno were mixed ; Canadian military historian Terry Copp says that the North Shore was " proceeding according to plan " , while the Chaudières were " making progress slowly " . The two self @-@ propelled artillery regiments — the 14th Field and 19th Army Field Regiments , Royal Canadian Artillery — had deployed at 09 : 25 and 09 : 10 , and had several dozen guns in action before 11 : 00 . Opposition and continued problems with mine obstacles on Nan Red meant that the entire 9th Brigade would have to land in Bernières and Nan White sector . When the 9th Brigade 's LCIs touched down at 11 : 40 , the congestion on the beach in Nan White was so heavy that most infantry companies could not disembark from their landing craft . The 9th Brigade 's reserves consisted of the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders , the Stormont , Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders , and the Highland Light Infantry of Canada . The Glengarry Highlanders reported coming under mortar fire from German positions further inland , as " with little room to manoeuvre on dry land , the entire 9th Brigade became easy targets for German artillery " . The 9th Brigade quickly made it across the beach , and joined the Chaudières , Queen 's Own Rifles and Fort Garry Horse in Bernières to await further advance inland . Having subdued German defences on the beach , the other priority of the landed forces was to clear Juno of obstacles , debris and undetonated mines , as well as establish the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division 's headquarters in Bernières . Movement Control Units came ashore just before noon , with military policemen beginning to marshal vehicles through to Bernières and Courseulles . Sappers of 619 Independent Field Company also moved in to begin clearing the minefields surrounding the beach , so as to free up the advance south towards Carpiquet . Keller himself established divisional headquarters in Bernières shortly after noon . = = Advance inland = = = = = Initial attacks = = = At 14 : 35 , Keller met with the commanders of the 8th and 9th Infantry Brigades , as well as the newly reconstituted 2nd Armoured Brigade ( Fort Garry Horse , Sherbrooke Fusiliers , 1st Hussars ) . With the first line of objectives ( codenamed Yew ) secured on the beachhead , Keller ordered the 7th and 8th Brigades to advance with armoured support towards the second line of objectives ( Elm ) , whereupon 9th Brigade would then leapfrog over the 7th and 8th to reach the third objective line ( Oak ) . Facing them were the remains of three battalions of the 736th Grenadier Regiment , and three battalions of the 726th Regiment . " B " Company of the Winnipegs was still facing heavy resistance from snipers and machine guns in Courseulles , while the eastern companies of the North Shore Regiment were fighting for Saint @-@ Aubin . " A " and " C " Companies of the Royal Winnipegs moved off the beach , cut through the walls of barbed wire behind the German bunkers , pushed through Vaux and Graye @-@ sur @-@ Mer , and began to advance towards St. Croix and Banville . " C " Company advanced on Banville — the headquarters of II Battalion of the 726th — but was stopped by three machine @-@ gun emplacements just short of the town . Winnipeg " A " Company joined " C " Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment and a troop of " C " Squadron of the 1st Hussars and advanced on St. Croix , unaware of a large German counter @-@ attack massing in St. Croix under the command of 8 Battalion , 726 Regiment . " C " Company of the Canadian Scottish Regiment had deployed to their west , and was able to spot the units of the 8th Battalion , and halt the counter @-@ attack before it fully materialized . " D " Company of the Winnipegs joined the advance on Banville with covering fire from the Cameron Highlanders and the 12th and 13th Field Artillery Regiments ; Banville was declared captured at 13 : 10 , although small pockets of resistance would survive until nightfall and then retreat . " D " Company of the Canadian Scottish moved to capture two bridges on the Seulles River further inland from the Winnipeg companies . " B " Company joined them , and pushed through the gap between St. Croix and Banville , joining " C " Company as it did so . " C " Squadron of the 1st Hussars provided armoured support . To their east , the Regina Rifles advanced south towards Reviers , engaging troops of the 7th Battalion of the 736th Grenadier Regiment . They reported reaching the town by 12 : 15 with two companies , and began consolidating their position in preparation for further advance . In Nan Sector , the 8th Brigade 's advance started slower than that of the 7th Brigade , because the Chaudières had lost most of their equipment on the advance over the beaches . The Queen 's Own Rifles ' " C " Company was pinned down at the edge of Bernières by sniper @-@ fire , and could not cross the open fields behind the town ; their armoured support was also stopped by heavy antitank fire coming from Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer . The Chaudières " A " and " B " Companies were caught in the crossfire ; " B " Company lost almost an entire platoon when a German 88 mm scored a direct hit on a Priest self @-@ propelled gun . Chaudière and QOR progress was slow ; all told , it took nearly two hours for artillery and heavy guns to clear the defences at Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer , allowing the QOR to advance towards the town . Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer was reported cleared at 14 : 00 , at which point the Chaudières began to mass in the town for a further advance south towards Carpiquet . The QOR broke off to the left to engage heavy artillery batteries to the west of Beny , and " B " Company was assisted by the guns of HMCS Algonquin , which destroyed a bunker of 105 mm guns . To their east , " C " and " D " Company of the North Shores advanced towards Tailleville — the headquarters of II Battalion of the 736th Grenadiers . Mortar fire north of the headquarters was both concentrated and accurate , slowing the advance of " C " Company . They were supported in their drive south by tanks of the Fort Garry Horse , which caught close to 100 German defenders in open fields . The North Shores and their armour support entered Tailleville at 14 : 00 , at which point the six tanks of " C " Squadron moved through the village , destroying German gun emplacements . However , the defenders of the II Battalion had created a complex underground bunker system in the village , which enabled them to continuously outflank Canadian infantry ; it would take another seven hours to clear Tailleville of defenders , which ensured that the North Shores would be unable to capture German radar sites to the south on D @-@ Day . Meanwhile , " B " Company of the North Shore Regiment and No. 48 Commando of the Royal Marines were engaged in a protracted fight to secure Saint @-@ Aubin and Lagrune @-@ sur @-@ Mer . " B " Company had generally neutralized the strongpoint at WN27 within two hours of landing , which allowed Troops A and B of the Royal Marines to push west . These units had the important objective of bridging the 5 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) gap between the landing zones at Juno and Sword , which would allow for a continuous Anglo @-@ Canadian front by the end of the first day . The Royal Marines began to advance on Lagrune and strong @-@ point WN26 , while to their east No. 41 Commando Royal Marines advanced from Sword . The strongpoint was defended by " a reinforced platoon from the 736th Grenadiers " , and was centred on a group of fortified houses and 50 mm antitank guns . B Troop 's first attempt to capture it failed , and the assault was renewed with support from Centaur tanks only to again falter in the face of heavy resistance . No. 48 Commando was forced to call the assault off at nightfall , as reports of massing counter @-@ attacks by the 21st Panzer Division against the divide between Sword and Juno began to filter in . The strong points at Lagrune and Luc @-@ sur @-@ Mer were captured on 8 June . = = = Drive to Elm = = = The division 's advance south of Tailleville had halted , preventing an attack on German radar stations . The Queen 's Own Rifles and " C " Company of the Chaudières opted to continue their advance towards Anguerny and Columby @-@ sur @-@ Thaon and Objective Line " Elm " . The beachhead was now filled to capacity with troops , to the point that " B " Company of the Chaudières could not be deployed alongside " C " Company without severely hindering the advance of the QOR to their east . " C " Company 's advance on Basly was even further hindered by the proximity of the combat ; the fighting occurred at such close range that the 14th Field Artillery would not provide fire support for fear of friendly @-@ fire casualties . When " C " Company reached Basly , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders formed up outside Beny @-@ sur @-@ Mer , with the intention of overtaking the Chaudières and making for Carpiquet and the Caen – Bayeux highway . At 16 : 45 , the North Novas assembled in Beny , and were the target of concentrated German mortar fire as the Sherbrooke Fusiliers de @-@ waterproofed their tanks . Three companies of the North Novas and a squadron of the Sherbrookes advanced on the mortar positions , taking heavy casualties among the infantry but clearing the positions . The QOR entered Anguerny — on the Elm Objective Line — at 17 : 30 , and sent " D " Company to probe German defences on the hills overlooking the village . The Chaudières reported that Basly was cleared of defenders at 18 : 15 , allowing the 9th Brigade to advance towards Carpiquet Airfield . By 19 : 00 , the North Nova Scotia Highlanders were advancing towards Carpiquet , encountering their first resistance an hour later . With reports of the 21st Panzer Division attacking the flanks of the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword , Lieutenant @-@ General Miles Dempsey — commander of the British Second Army — ordered forces on Sword , Juno and Gold to establish defensive positions at their intermediate objectives . On the western edge of the Canadian sector , the advance of the 7th Brigade had stalled in the face of stiffening resistance in St. Croix and Banville , throwing the right flank of the assault off @-@ schedule . The German defenders gave ground slowly , and did not begin withdrawing from the towns until the Bren Gun platoons began to arrive at 14 : 00 . Once St. Croix and Banville were cleared , the Canadian Scots pushed south to Colombiers , reinforced the platoons that had captured the bridge across the Seulles earlier in the day , and moved towards the Creully – Caen road . The Canadian Scots reported reaching the road at 16 : 30 , and continued to push south past Objective Line Elm . To their west the Royal Winnipegs stopped at Elm Line , and began to erect defensive positions with Bren Gun carriers and artillery . The Regina Rifles , meanwhile , had been slow to advance from Courseulles on account of the heavy casualties taken securing the village ; the 1st Hussars ' " B " Squadron was in a similar position , with only half its fighting strength having made it off the beach . By 18 : 00 the Reginas were advancing , while the Hussars scouted ahead of the infantry companies . As the Reginas linked up with the Canadian Scots , the order to hold positions and dig in arrived from Keller 's headquarters ; the two battalions halted at 21 : 00 . Three tanks of the 1st Hussars ' " C " Squadron ( No. 2 Troop ) had continued to advance southwards , pushing through side @-@ roads towards Carpiquet Airfield . Aside from a German staff @-@ car and a machine @-@ gun nest , the three Sherman tanks encountered virtually no resistance , advancing all the way to the Caen – Bayeux railway line and becoming the only unit on the whole of D @-@ Day to reach its final objective . Though the commander of the unit — Lieutenant William F. McCormick — attempted to contact his superiors to bring up reinforcements to attack Carpiquet Airfield , the three tanks eventually withdrew back to the Canadian lines . = = = Positions at nightfall = = = At the end of D @-@ Day , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was situated firmly on Objective Line Elm , short of their final D @-@ Day objectives . In the west , the 7th Brigade was anchored in Creully and Fresne @-@ Camilly . The 9th Brigade was positioned a mere 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from Caen , the farthest inland of any Allied units on D @-@ Day . On the eastern edge of the Canadian sector the 8th Brigade had taken up positions in Anguerny and Columby , having begun in the late afternoon to dig in . The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had succeeded in advancing farther than any other divisional element in the Allied Expeditionary Force , but due to heavy fighting in Lagrune and Saint @-@ Aubin had failed to link up with the British 3rd Division from Sword . The German 716th Infantry Division was scattered and heavily depleted : division commander Lieutenant General Wilhelm Richter recorded that less than one full battalion could be mustered for further defence . The German 21st Panzer Division had driven a wedge between the British and Canadian 3rd Divisions , yet had been unable to dislodge either from the beaches . To the south , Hitler had released the elite Panzer Lehr Division and the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend ( Hitler Youth ) , both of which now prepared to head north with the I SS Panzer Corps . = = Aftermath = = While the Normandy landings in all five sectors managed to establish footholds in Normandy , many D @-@ Day objectives were not met . The 82nd and 101st American Airborne Divisions had suffered heavy casualties — their landings were scattered all over the dropzones — but had captured Sainte @-@ Mère @-@ Église to the west of Utah . On the Cotentin Peninsula , the American 4th Division had suffered lighter casualties in securing Utah , and had established a strong bridgehead by the end of D @-@ Day . Omaha had met with less success , as intact defences and high @-@ calibre troops of the 352nd Division caused heavier casualties than at any of the other beaches ; at one point the attack was going so badly that Lieutenant General Omar Bradley considered withdrawing the US V Corps from the beaches . A second wave of attacks breached the coastal defences , but could only push 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) inland by nightfall . To the west of Juno , the British 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division encountered only light resistance , and succeeded in advancing inland and creating a continuous front with Juno ( though not with Omaha ) with only 413 casualties . To their east , the British 3rd Infantry Division succeeded in establishing a foothold on Sword . However , counter @-@ attacks by the 21st Panzer Division in the afternoon prevented the 3rd Infantry from advancing on Caen and from making contact with the Canadian 3rd on Juno . The counter @-@ attack did not succeed in driving the British off the beaches , as units of the British 6th Airborne Division — which had landed the previous night near the River Orne — were able to outflank the 21st and force it to withdraw . In spite of the heavy casualties inflicted on the 352nd and 716th Infantry Divisions , the German Seventh Army quickly established plans for counter @-@ attacks . Early logistical responses to the invasion were confused , as the divisions necessary for counter @-@ attacks fell under a different jurisdiction than those defending the coast . Furthermore , the heavy Panzer divisions , such as the Panzer Lehr , 12th SS Panzer , and 2nd SS Panzer , could not be mobilized to the coast without the explicit authorization of Hitler himself . The order to mobilize Panzer Lehr and the 12th SS was finally given in the mid @-@ afternoon of 6 June . When the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade and the Sherbrooke Fusiliers began to advance on 7 June , they were met by entrenched forces of the 716th Infantry and 21st Panzer Divisions . At 17 : 00 , the advancing force was counter @-@ attacked by the 12th SS , under the command of Kurt Meyer . After heavy fighting the 9th Brigade was forced to withdraw to their D @-@ Day positions , having suffered heavier casualties than any single unit on Juno itself the previous day . However , the 7th Brigade succeeded in reaching its final D @-@ Day objectives along Line Oak , while the 8th Brigade attempted to destroy German radar stations to their east , a task which would only be completed on 11 June . The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division made contact with the British on Sword on 7 June , before forming one continuous front with the American sector by 13 June . The subsequent advance on Caen and Cherbourg was slow , as a greater number of German Panzer units were concentrated near Caen and Carentan . The Canadians captured Carpiquet Airfield during Operation Windsor on 5 July , while Anglo @-@ Canadian forces captured Caen as part of Operation Charnwood ( 8 – 9 July ) and Operation Atlantic ( 18 – 20 July ) . = = = Casualties = = = Initial predictions for the likely casualties on Juno had been very high , approaching 2 @,@ 000 , including 600 drowned . In the end , the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division suffered the following casualties : 340 killed , 574 wounded and 47 taken prisoner . The Queen 's Own Rifles suffered the heaviest , with 143 casualties , the Royal Winnipegs 128 , the North Shore 125 and the Regina Rifles 108 . Of the varied landing craft used on the run @-@ in to Juno , 90 of 306 were lost or damaged . Due to the breakdown of logistics on D @-@ Day the exact numbers of casualties for the German 716th Infantry Division is unknown . However , of the division 's four German battalions numbering 7 @,@ 771 men before the invasion , Richter reported that the equivalent of only one battalion — at 80 per cent strength — remained . At least one of the two conscript battalions of the 716th was reported to have fled . Richter also reported that 80 per cent of the division 's artillery had been destroyed or captured on D @-@ Day , while only two gun batteries were intact west of the River Orne . By 9 June , the division had been reduced to a battlegroup of 292 officers and men . = = Analysis = = = = = Preliminary bombardment = = = Military historians have generally drawn the conclusion that the preliminary aerial and naval bombardment of Juno was not as effective as had been hoped , yet differ in their opinions as to how ineffective . The aerial bombardment of Juno 's defences the night before is considered to have been very ineffective , primarily because of the inclement weather . John Keegan notes that " the prevailing low , thick cloud frustrated its [ Bomber Command 's ] efforts " . Colonel Stacey — the official historian of the Canadian Army in the Second World War — considers the effects of the bombing runs to have been " spotty " , noting that while several coastal batteries were not hit , those that were ( such as the battery at Houlgate ) were hit accurately . Chester Wilmot offers a different view , suggesting that " [ the coastal guns ] had been accurately bombed , but had survived because they were heavily protected by the concrete casemates Rommel had insisted upon " . Historians ' assessment of the naval bombardment is even more mixed ; while they generally agree that it failed to fully neutralize German defences on Juno , they are in disagreement as to why . Stacey suggests that while the " beach @-@ drenching fire " was concentrated and substantial , it was both inaccurate and of insufficient firepower to destroy the coastal bunkers . He further suggests that the effect of the drenching fire was moral rather than material , in that it forced defenders to keep below @-@ ground and sapped their morale . Terry Copp echoes this analysis , noting that " reasonable accuracy could not be obtained from the pitching decks of LCTs [ by mounted artillery on the ships ] " ; the 13th Field Regiment 's drenching fire fell on average 200 yards ( 180 m ) past their targets . British historian Max Hastings notes that because of the delay in landing times by ten minutes , a substantial gap existed between the cessation of bombardment and the actual landing of the first waves of infantry , meaning that platoons of the 716th had ample time to return to their positions . The bombardment of specific strongpoints in the towns along the coast was inconsistent ; the North Shore Regiment reported that the strongpoint near Saint @-@ Aubin " appeared not to have been touched " by bombardment , while the strongpoints facing the Canadian Scottish Regiment had been eliminated by naval bombardment before their landing . = = = Overall = = = Despite the failure to capture any of the final D @-@ Day objectives , the assault on Juno is generally considered — alongside Utah — the most strategically successful of the D @-@ Day landings . Historians suggest a variety of reasons for this success . Mark Zuehlke notes that " the Canadians ended the day ahead of either the US or British divisions despite the facts that they landed last and that only the Americans at Omaha faced more difficulty winning a toehold on the sand " , suggesting that the calibre of the training the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had received beforehand explains their success . Chester Wilmot claims that the Canadian success in clearing the landing zones is attributable to the presence of amphibious DD tanks on the beaches ; he also notes that the absence of DD tanks was largely responsible for the heavier casualties on Omaha — the only beach with heavier resistance than Juno . Canadian historian Terry Copp attributes the steady advance of the 7th Brigade in the afternoon to " less serious opposition " than the North Shore Regiment encountered in Tailleville . Despite the verdict of a successful D @-@ Day for the 3rd CID , the failure of Canadian units to reach their final objectives has proven more disputed than the reasons for their success . Terry Copp places the blame on Keller , who committed the entirety of the 9th Brigade reserve to land on the narrower beaches of the 8th Brigade — which was itself still fighting to clear the seaside towns — after receiving reports of poor progress by the 7th Brigade . Dutch historian Dan Van der Vat notes that " the planned breakout of the 9th Brigade was held up by a huge jam of vehicles " . Wilmot also places the blame with logistical difficulties of the landing , saying that " on the whole it was not so much the opposition in front as the congestion behind — on the beaches and in Bernières — that prevented the Canadians from reaching their final D @-@ Day objective " . Stacey offers a different view , suggesting that it was not impossible for the 3rd CID to reach its D @-@ Day objectives , and that the failure to do so rests in the fact that " British and Canadian forces were usually better at deceiving the enemy and achieving initial success in an assault than they were at exploiting surprise and success once achieved . Perhaps they were rather too easily satisfied " . Copp disagrees with Stacey 's assessment , suggesting that such caution was not the result of poor planning but of the fact that " the British and Canadians fought the way they had been trained , moving forward to designated objectives in controlled bounds and digging in at the first sign of a counterattack " . He also disputes whether the capture of the final objectives would have been strategically intelligent , observing that " if 9th Brigade had reached Carpiquet and dug in , with artillery in position to offer support , the commander of the 26th Panzer Grenadiers might have followed orders and waited until a coordinated counterattack with other divisions had been organized . Such an attack might well have done far more damage to the Allied beachhead than the hastily improvised operation actually carried out [ on 7 June ] " . Stacey offers a second line of analysis on the Canadians ' failure to advance to Line Oak , suggesting that difficulties encountered by the British 3rd Infantry Division on Sword caused Dempsey to halt the advance of the entire British Second Army . The British encountered heavy counterattacks by the 21st Panzer Division , which prevented the British 9th Brigade from establishing contact with the Canadians at Juno . Copp offers agreement on this assessment , writing : " Before this withdrawal [ of the 21st Panzer Division ] became evident , Dempsey had concluded that more armoured counterattacks could be expected . So he ordered all three assault divisions to dig in at their second line of objectives . This decision was relayed to subordinate commanders somewhere after 19 : 00 " , just as the 9th Canadian Brigade was preparing to advance south towards Carpiquet . Wilmot also agrees with this analysis , arguing that the British 3rd Infantry Division 's brigade commanders were overly cautious in advancing towards Caen . This , in turn , slowed the momentum of the entire Anglo @-@ Canadian advance , especially given the reports of counterattacks Dempsey received from Sword . = = Commemoration = = The landing is commemorated today by the museum and memorial at the Juno Beach Centre in Courseulles @-@ sur @-@ Mer as well as exhibits at the Canadian War Museum and other Canadian military museums . One of the Sherman tanks that landed at Juno Beach , the M4A3 Sherman Bomb , fought all the way into Germany and is today preserved at Sherbrooke , Quebec .
= Robert Key ( cricketer ) = Robert William Trevor Key ( born 12 May 1979 ) is an English former cricketer . He represented Kent County Cricket Club and is a former member of the England Test match and One Day International sides . A right @-@ handed opening batsman , Key made appearances at age @-@ group level for Kent from the age of eleven , moving up until he made his first @-@ class debut in 1998 . He made eight first @-@ class and 4 List A appearances for England 's youth sides , and was a member of the side which won the 1998 Under @-@ 19 Cricket World Cup . Following a season of heavy run @-@ scoring , Key was called up to the England A side in 1999 . Following an injury to Marcus Trescothick , Key made his Test debut against India in 2002 . He toured Australia during the 2002 – 03 Ashes series , where he justified his selection ahead of a more experienced player . His One Day International debut came in 2003 , against Zimbabwe , however he was dropped from both squads shortly after . Injury to Mark Butcher allowed Key back into the England side for the series against the West Indies in 2004 . He scored his maiden Test hundred in the first match of the series , which later became his maiden first @-@ class double century as he scored 221 . This performance , coupled with the 93 he scored in the third Test , earned him recognition as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year . Key 's last Test matches came during England 's tour of South Africa during 2004 – 05 , where he managed to score 152 runs without being consistent , and despite a one @-@ match return during the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 , he has remained on the fringes of selection . Key became Kent captain following the 2006 English cricket season , following David Fulton 's resignation . He led Kent to a County Championship 2nd Division Championship title in 2010 , two Twenty20 Cup Finals Day appearances and a Friends Provident Trophy final . He resigned as Kent captain following the 2012 English cricket season and James Tredwell became club captain . Key only had one season off as captain as Tredwell then himself resigned and Key was named as his replacement , captaining the county for another two years until the end of the 2015 season . Key was a regular commentator on Sky Sports TV 's coverage of county cricket while still a player at Kent . He can also be found as a studio pundit on the channel 's coverage of international tours in the English close @-@ season . In April 2016 , Key announced his retirement from all forms of cricket . = = Early and personal life = = Born in East Dulwich , London to parents Trevor and Lynn , Key was raised in a particularly sporting family : his mother played for Kent 's ladies cricket side , his father played club cricket in Derby and his sister Elizabeth played for her junior school side , where she once took a hat @-@ trick . Key himself was a keen all @-@ round sportsman ; he also played tennis for Kent . He attended Worsley Bridge Primary School where the school won both the Bromley area and Kent cricket Cups . His performances led to his inclusion in the county under @-@ elevens , before Alan Ealham , coach of Kent County Cricket Club 's youth sides , became his mentor . Later he attended Colfe 's School in Lee , London and Langley Park School for Boys in Beckenham , where he passed ten GCSEs . Key has often been criticized for his weight , and at one stage early in his career weighed 16 stone before Alec Stewart told him to " buck his ideas up " . Key himself said of the matter : " I 'll never be the most athletic @-@ looking bloke , but I 'm a hell of a lot fitter than I was at 19 or 20 . " Key is married to Fleur , with whom he has a daughter , Aaliyah , and a son , Harrison . = = Youth and early career = = Key played his first matches for Kent 's second eleven in 1995 , at the age of sixteen . He remained a regular in the second team throughout the 1996 season and first half of the 1997 season , by which time he had hit his first two centuries for a Kent representative side ; an unbeaten 146 against Essex 's second team , and an unbeaten 139 against Glamorgan 's seconds . Following on from those performances , Key joined the England Under @-@ 17 squad for the International Youth Tournament , which was being held in Bermuda . Key 's growing reputation as a batsman was greatly enhanced by his performances in this tournament , where he finished with the second highest batting average of anyone at the tournament , scoring 184 runs at an average of 48 . Key 's performances helped England win the tournament by a single point from Ireland 's Under @-@ 17s . Key returned to England for two matches with Kent 's second team , before joining up with England 's Under @-@ 19s for a youth Test series against Zimbabwe 's under @-@ 19s . In the three Test series , Key made two half @-@ centuries , earning himself a place in the squad for the 1998 Under @-@ 19 Cricket World Cup in South Africa . Batting at the top of the order throughout , Key scored a total of 206 runs as England won the tournament , with his best performance coming in the defeat to India , where Key scored 57 . Following a first @-@ class debut against Middlesex at the beginning of the 1998 season , in which Key scored 15 , he proceeded to play a near @-@ complete season . He scored his first first @-@ class century against Durham , scoring 101 in an innings victory . He added a second century ( 115 ) against Nottinghamshire , before rejoining the England under @-@ 19 squad for the series against Pakistan under @-@ 19s . He struggled in the one @-@ day series , scoring just 36 runs in three matches , but finished as the top run @-@ scorer in the youth Tests ; with 377 at an average of 62 @.@ 83 . = = Domestic career = = The 1999 season began for Key with a call up to England A 's tour of Zimbabwe through January and February . He struggled for runs throughout his five matches on the tour , failing to pass 26 in any innings . In all , Key managed one century in the calendar year , 125 against Somerset , and finished the year with 1 @,@ 309 runs in all competitions . The 2000 season proved even more disappointing , with just 700 runs at an average of less than 20 . The 2001 English cricket season saw Key 's form improve , with him scoring four first @-@ class centuries ; including one against the touring Pakistanis . His highest score of the season and career to date would come in the final game — he scored 132 in a rain @-@ affected match against Lancashire . His scoring throughout the season persuaded the national selectors to include him in the National Academy , which went on a winter tour of Australia , where he showed his ability with an innings of 177 against the side 's Australian counterparts . He continued his good form into 2002 , where his run @-@ scoring earned him an invitation to play for the Marylebone Cricket Club against the Sri Lankans . He scored 77 in a drawn match , and would later that season make his Test match debut against India . However , following his Test debut , he only passed 50 on one further occasion that year . He would maintain his place in the Test side against Zimbabwe the following year , despite only scoring one innings of note — 129 against the Cambridge students . However , after being dropped from the side , Key 's form seemed to improve : he scored 140 against Nottinghamshire to set up a Kent victory , and consistently scored around 40 runs per innings for the remainder of the season . The 2004 English cricket season saw Key hit top form for the first time , scoring a total of 2 @,@ 486 runs in all competitions . This total included a " majestic " unbeaten 118 in the opening game of the season against Gloucestershire , during which Key did not offer a single chance throughout . He reached the thousand run milestone for the season on 2 June , the earliest date the milestone had been reached since 1978 , and went on a run that included five centuries in seven innings . He was then recalled to the England squad for the series against the West Indies , and Key played two key innings : 221 at Lord 's , and his second innings 93 not out to win the third Test for England . Following the series Key returned to the domestic scene , and finished the season with two further tons ; 131 against both Northamptonshire and Middlesex . Following the winter international series in South Africa , Key returned to domestic action with Kent . While not having as successful a season as in the previous year , he still scored over 1 @,@ 500 runs . This included two centuries in the same match against Surrey , during the second of which he shared a county third @-@ wicket record partnership of 323 with Martin van Jaarsveld . At the end of the season , Key was named the new county captain following the resignation of David Fulton , a role he took on in order to help his chances of regaining a place in the England side . His first season as captain saw his form slide , as Kent 's chairman of cricket Graham Johnson related at the end of the season : " His commitment to the team has probably impacted on his own form " . Nonetheless , he was given the captaincy of the England A team in their fixture against Pakistan , and led Kent to fifth place in the top tier of the County Championship . The following season saw Key lead Kent to silverware , whilst returning to some of his best form . He struck a total of eight centuries , and amassed a total of 2 @,@ 267 runs in all competitions , whilst also leading Kent to the finals day of the 2007 Twenty20 Cup , in which Kent defeated Sussex and Gloucestershire to claim the trophy . However , Key was later found guily of " serious dissent " following his controversial dismissal in the final . He continued his run @-@ scoring into 2008 , where he scored an unbeaten 178 against the touring New Zealanders to " lift himself firmly into the Test reckoning " . Following Michael Vaughan 's resignation as England captain , Key was touted by the some people in the media as a potential candidate for the job . However , the season ended badly for Key , as under his captaincy Kent were relegated to the second tier of the County Championship for the first time , with Key also being fined £ 1 @,@ 250 for comments he made over an ECB pitch panel decision in August . Key took his first wicket in first @-@ class cricket on the final day of Kent 's draw with Northamptonshire at the start of the 2009 season . He went on to score 1 @,@ 209 runs that season , with four centuries including a career @-@ best 270 * , at 50 @.@ 37 runs per innings . It was the sixth time he had passed one thousand runs in a season . He came close to beating this score the following season when , on 17 May 2010 , he scored 261 against Durham . He had , until that match , struggled with the bat - averaging only 14 @.@ 30 in the County Championship . He announced his retirement from the game on 18 April 2016 , citing his desire to not " hinder younger players [ coming through ] " and focus on coaching and his role with SKY Sports as a television pundit . = = International career = = = = = India in England , 2002 = = = Key made his Test match debut in the second Test against India in 2002 , as a replacement for Marcus Trescothick , who had broken his thumb . Chairman of selectors David Graveney said Key was selected because of his " outstanding form for Kent after attending the National Academy " over the winter . Opening the batting with Michael Vaughan , Key made 17 runs in his only innings before being bowled by Ashish Nehra . Retained in the side for the third Test , Key managed scored 30 and 34 as England succumbed to an innings defeat . However , his performance was marred by him dropping three catches . Key was dropped from the fourth and final Test , with Trescothick replacing him having been rushed back from injury . = = = England in Australia , 2002 – 03 = = = After success in domestic cricket and promise shown in his Test appearances previously , Key was selected as part of the squad to play Australia . Despite playing well in a limited overs match against an ACB Chairman 's XI ; hitting 68 , he was not selected to play in the first Test , instead acting as twelfth man . He ended up fielding to a greater extent than he would have imagined , after Simon Jones ruptured knee ligaments while fielding , and took no further part in the match . Brought back into the side for the second Test for the injured John Crawley , Key made a solitary run in the first innings , batting at number three , before being caught off the bowling of Shane Warne just after the lunch break . Relegated to number five in the second innings , with Mark Butcher and Nasser Hussain batting ahead of him , he again made just one before being caught off Andy Bichel . Key fared better in the third match , played at the WACA Ground in Perth . On a pitch with " exceptional bounce and pace " , Key was the only English batsman to keep his wicket intact for a prolonged period , batting passively for 47 , the highest score of the innings . He then caught Brett Lee at third man in Australia 's only innings , before offering Hussain " stout support " in making 23 second time around . England lost the Test match by an innings and 48 runs , a result that ensured that Australia retained the Ashes . Following a break for the first part of the VB Series of One Day Internationals , England moved to Melbourne for the fourth Test . Unfortunately for Key , he fell for a duck in the first innings , trapped leg before wicket ( lbw ) second ball by fast bowler Brett Lee . With England following on , Key made a maiden half @-@ century to ensure Australia had to bat again . He eventually fell just after the new ball was taken , caught at second slip for 52 . The final Test , played at the Sydney Cricket Ground , saw England attempting to avoid a series whitewash . Key scored three runs in England 's first innings , before falling lbw to an innocuous half @-@ volley from Steve Waugh , playing in his last Ashes Test . He scored 14 in his final innings of the tour , before being caught at midwicket , however England had nearly 350 runs on the board by that stage and were on track to complete a consolatory victory . The 2004 edition of the Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack recorded that Key had " justified his selection ahead of an older player , like Mark Ramprakash , but did not cement his place " . = = = Zimbabwe and South Africa in England , 2003 = = = Despite a low @-@ scoring start to the 2003 English cricket season , in which he passed 40 only once in his first seven innings of the season , he kept his place in the Test side for the visit of the touring Zimbabweans . Batting at number five in both Tests , Key failed to make much of an impact , scoring 18 runs in the first match and four in the second . He had reason to feel aggrieved at his first Test dismissal — umpire Steve Bucknor gave him out caught behind , despite Key not hitting the ball . His inclusion in the One Day International ( ODI ) squad for the following NatWest Series against Zimbabwe and South Africa owed more to the lack of available players than his own form ; he had only passed 40 on one occasion going into the series . Key made his ODI debut against Zimbabwe in the opening match of the tournament ; he scored 11 before falling to the left @-@ arm spin of Ray Price . Key only played one more match in the series ; against South Africa he fell for a golden duck taking a " wild swing " at the first ball he received from Makhaya Ntini . Following England 's qualification into the final of the tournament , Key was released from the squad " to have some match @-@ practice in the longer form of the game ahead of the Test series " against South Africa . However , Key did not make an appearance in the series . = = = West Indies in England , 2004 = = = Key returned to the Test match side after an excellent start to the 2004 season . He reached 1 @,@ 000 runs for the season by 2 June , the earliest date the milestone had been reached for 16 years , and had a run of five centuries in seven innings . However , his limited @-@ overs form was not as good — he passed fifty only once all season . Despite this , he was called into the squad for the NatWest Series against the West Indies and New Zealand . Key 's series began with the fifth match of the tournament ; against the West Indies at Headingley . With England chasing 160 to win , Key came in at 55 for one , but scored just six before being bowled by Dwayne Bravo . His only other appearance came against New Zealand towards the end of the group stage — Key scored 18 and was playing well before being caught behind . His place in the Test side was ensured after Mark Butcher pulled out , having been hit from behind in his car and sustaining a whiplash injury . Key took the opportunity , moving toward a maiden Test century with what Wisden described as " powerful driving and pulling " . He was dropped twice — Chris Gayle parried an opportunity with Key on 16 , while Devon Smith failed to dismiss him when on 58 . Key maintained his concentration throughout , even after meeting the Queen in a presentation during the tea interval . He brought up his century with a boundary off the bowling of Fidel Edwards , and by the end of the first day had reached 167 not out . He continued positively on the second day , and brought up his maiden double century with four through square leg off Pedro Collins . He was eventually dismissed when he " slashed a wide ball to Brian Lara at backward point " , having made 221 . In the second innings , he was run out by his captain Michael Vaughan , who went on to score his second century of the match . The second Test saw Key struggling in the corridor of uncertainty , a characteristic highlighted by Collins , who beat the bat on several occasions before finding the edge to dismiss him . His second innings lasted just seven balls before Key " chipped a simple catch to mid @-@ on " , having scored just four . Key 's most valuable innings , according to Wisden , came in the third Test . Despite only scoring six runs in the first innings , Key came to the crease for his second innings with England requiring another 216 runs to take a 3 – 0 lead in the series . Initially batting with Michael Vaughan , and then with Andrew Flintoff , Key scored an unbeaten 93 to guide England to their target , which was a record fourth innings total to win an Old Trafford Test . His series came to an end when he scored ten runs , in England 's ten @-@ wicket victory in the final Test . Key 's performances in the series and his domestic form earned him recognition — he was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in the 2005 edition . = = = England in South Africa , 2004 – 05 = = = Following on from his performances during the series against the West Indies , Key was taken on England 's tour of South Africa over the English close @-@ season . However , with Mark Butcher returning to the side following injury , Key lost his place . This was despite him scoring 87 in a warm @-@ up game against a Nicky Oppenheimer XI , a match in which Butcher had scored just six . Returning to the side for the third Test after Butcher had sustained a wrist injury , Key made a duck in the first innings , before " defending resolutely " in accumulating 41 before being stumped charging Nicky Boje . The fourth Test , played at the Wanderers , saw Key hit 83 , in a partnership of 182 with Andrew Strauss that Wisden described as including " hard @-@ hitting support from Key " . He added a further eighteen to his match tally in the second innings , a contribution which helped England to an eventual victory . Key returned single figure scores of one and nine in his two innings in the final Test , being dismissed by Shaun Pollock on both occasions in a rain @-@ affected draw . = = = ICC World Twenty20 = = = Key briefly returned to international cricket for the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 competition . On 5 June 2009 , he made his only appearance in the competition , against the Netherlands at Lords as a replacement for the injured Kevin Pietersen . Coming in during the 18th over , with England at 144 / 4 , he managed to knock 10 from 11 balls however could not find the boundary . The Netherlands successfully chased down the target from the final ball . = = Career records and statistics = = = = = Test matches = = = Records : Lord 's Cricket Ground second wicket partnership record : 291 with Andrew Strauss , 2004 v West Indies Wanderers Stadium second wicket partnership record : 182 with Andrew Strauss , 2004 – 05 v South Africa Test centuries : Career performances : = = = One Day Internationals = = = Career performances : = = = Career Best Performances = = = as of 10 August 2014
= Emma Watson = Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson ( born 15 April 1990 ) is a British actress , model , and activist . Born in Paris and brought up in Oxfordshire , Watson attended the Dragon School as a child and trained as an actress at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts . She rose to prominence after landing her first professional acting role as Hermione Granger in the Harry Potter film series , appearing in all eight Harry Potter films from 2001 to 2011 , previously having acted only in school plays . The franchise earned Watson worldwide fame , critical accolades , and more than £ 10 million . She continued to work outside of the Harry Potter films , first lending her voice to The Tale of Despereaux and appearing in the television adaptation of the novel Ballet Shoes . Since then , she has taken on starring roles in The Perks of Being a Wallflower and The Bling Ring , made a brief appearance as an " exaggerated " version of herself in This Is the End , and portrayed the title character 's adopted daughter in Noah . From 2011 to 2014 , Watson split her time between working on film projects and continuing her education , studying at Brown University and Worcester College , Oxford and graduating from Brown with a bachelor 's degree in English literature in May 2014 . Her modelling work has included campaigns for Burberry and Lancôme . As a fashion consultant , she helped create a line of clothing for People Tree . She was honoured by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2014 , winning for British Artist of the Year . That same year , she was appointed as a UN Women Goodwill Ambassador and helped launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which calls for men to advocate gender equality . = = Early life = = Watson was born in Paris , France , the daughter of English lawyers Jacqueline Luesby and Chris Watson . Watson lived in Paris until the age of five . Her parents separated when she was young ; following their divorce , Watson moved back to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire while spending weekends at her father 's house in London . Watson has stated that she speaks some French , though " not as well " as she used to . After moving to Oxford with her mother and brother , she attended the Dragon School in Oxford , remaining there until 2003 . From the age of six , she wanted to become an actress , and trained at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts , a part @-@ time theatre school where she studied singing , dancing , and acting . By the age of ten , Watson had performed in various Stagecoach productions and school plays , including Arthur : The Young Years and The Happy Prince , but she had never acted professionally before the Harry Potter series . Following the Dragon School , Watson moved on to Headington School . While on film sets , she and her peers were tutored for up to five hours a day . In June 2006 , she took GCSE school examinations in ten subjects , achieving eight A * and two A grades . = = Career = = = = = 1999 – 2003 : Beginnings and breakthrough = = = In 1999 , casting began for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( released as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in the United States ) , the film adaptation of British author J. K. Rowling 's best @-@ selling novel . Casting agents found Watson through her Oxford theatre teacher , and producers were impressed by her confidence . After eight auditions , producer David Heyman told Watson and fellow applicants Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint that they had been cast for the roles of the schoolfriends Hermione Granger , Harry Potter and Ron Weasley , respectively . Rowling supported Watson from her first screen test . The release of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 2001 was Watson 's debut screen performance . The film broke records for opening @-@ day sales and opening @-@ weekend takings and was the highest @-@ grossing film of 2001 . Critics praised the performances of the three leads , often singling out Watson for particular acclaim ; The Daily Telegraph called her performance " admirable " , and IGN said she " stole the show " . Watson was nominated for five awards for her performance in Philosopher 's Stone , winning the Young Artist Award for Leading Young Actress . A year later , Watson again starred as Hermione in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , the second instalment of the series . Reviewers praised the lead actors ' performances . The Los Angeles Times said Watson and her peers had matured between films , while The Times criticised director Chris Columbus for " under @-@ employing " Watson 's hugely popular character . Watson received an Otto Award from the German magazine Bravo for her performance . = = = 2004 – 2011 : Continued success with Harry Potter and other roles = = = In 2004 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was released . Watson was appreciative of the more assertive role Hermione played , calling her character " charismatic " and " a fantastic role to play " . Although critics panned Radcliffe 's performance , labelling him " wooden " , they praised Watson ; The New York Times lauded her performance , saying " Luckily Mr. Radcliffe 's blandness is offset by Ms. Watson 's spiky impatience . Harry may show off his expanding wizardly skills ... but Hermione ... earns the loudest applause with a decidedly unmagical punch to Draco Malfoy 's deserving nose . " Although Prisoner of Azkaban proved to be the lowest @-@ grossing Harry Potter film of the entire series , Watson 's personal performance won her two Otto Awards and the Child Performance of the Year award from Total Film . With Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) , both Watson and the Harry Potter film series reached new milestones . The film set records for a Harry Potter opening weekend , a non @-@ May opening weekend in the US , and an opening weekend in the UK . Critics praised the increasing maturity of Watson and her teenage co @-@ stars ; The New York Times called her performance " touchingly earnest " . For Watson , much of the humour of the film sprang from the tension among the three lead characters as they matured . She said , " I loved all the arguing . ... I think it 's much more realistic that they would argue and that there would be problems . " Nominated for three awards for Goblet of Fire , Watson won a bronze Otto Award . Later that year , Watson became the youngest person to appear on the cover of Teen Vogue , an appearance she reprised in August 2009 . In 2006 , Watson played Hermione in The Queen 's Handbag , a special mini @-@ episode of Harry Potter in celebration of Queen Elizabeth II 's 80th birthday . The fifth film in the Harry Potter franchise , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , was released in 2007 . A huge financial success , the film set a record worldwide opening @-@ weekend gross of $ 332 @.@ 7 million . Watson won the inaugural National Movie Award for Best Female Performance . As the fame of the actress and the series continued , Watson and fellow Harry Potter co @-@ stars Daniel Radcliffe and Rupert Grint left imprints of their hands , feet and wands in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theater in Hollywood on 9 July 2007 . By July 2007 , Watson 's work in the Harry Potter series was said to have earned her more than £ 10 million , and she acknowledged she would never have to work for money again . In March 2009 , she was ranked 6th on the Forbes list of " Most Valuable Young Stars " , and in February 2010 , she was named as Hollywood 's highest paid female star , having earned an estimated £ 19 million in 2009 . Despite the success of Order of the Phoenix , the future of the Harry Potter franchise became surrounded in doubt , as all three lead actors were hesitant to sign on to continue their roles for the final two episodes . Radcliffe eventually signed for the final films on 2 March 2007 , but Watson was considerably more hesitant . She explained that the decision was significant , as the films represented a further four @-@ year commitment to the role , but eventually conceded that she " could never let [ the role of ] Hermione go " , signing for the role on 23 March 2007 . Watson 's first non @-@ Potter role was the 2007 BBC film Ballet Shoes , an adaptation of the novel of the same title by Noel Streatfeild . The film 's director , Sandra Goldbacher , commented that Watson was " perfect " for the starring role of aspiring actress Pauline Fossil : " She has a piercing , delicate aura that makes you want to gaze and gaze at her . " Ballet Shoes was broadcast in the UK on Boxing Day 2007 to an audience of 5 @.@ 7 million viewers , to mixed reviews . Watson also lent her voice to the role of Princess Pea in the animated film The Tale of Despereaux , a children 's comedy starring Matthew Broderick , with Harry Potter co @-@ star Robbie Coltrane ( Rubeus Hagrid ) also starring in the film . The Tale of Despereaux was released in December 2008 and grossed $ 87 million worldwide . Principal photography for the sixth Harry Potter film began in late 2007 , with Watson 's part being filmed from 18 December to 17 May 2008 . Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince premiered on 15 July 2009 , having been delayed from November 2008 . With the lead actors now in their late teens , critics were increasingly willing to review them on the same level as the rest of the film 's all @-@ star cast , which the Los Angeles Times described as " a comprehensive guide to contemporary UK acting " . The Washington Post felt Watson to have given " [ her ] most charming performance to date " , while The Daily Telegraph described the lead actors as " newly liberated and energised , eager to give all they have to what 's left of the series " . In December 2008 , Watson stated she wanted to go to university after she completed the Potter series . Watson 's filming for the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , began on 18 February 2009 and ended on 12 June 2010 . For financial and scripting reasons , the original book was divided into two films which were shot consecutively . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released in November 2010 while the second film was released in July 2011 . She also appeared in a music video for One Night Only , after meeting lead singer George Craig at the 2010 Winter / Summer Burberry advertising campaign . The video , " Say You Don 't Want It " , was screened on Channel 4 on 26 June 2010 and released on 16 August . In her first post @-@ Harry Potter film , Watson appeared in 2011 's My Week with Marilyn as Lucy , a wardrobe assistant who is flirted with by the main character , Colin Clark , and has a few dates with him . = = = 2012 – present = = = In May 2010 , Watson was reported to be in talks to star in a film adaptation of The Perks of Being a Wallflower . Filming began in summer 2011 , and the film was released in September 2012 . In The Bling Ring ( 2013 ) , Watson stars as Nicki . The film is based on the real @-@ life Bling Ring robberies , with Watson playing a fictionalised version of Alexis Neiers , a television personality who was one of seven teenagers involved in the robberies . While the film mostly received mixed reviews , critics gave almost unanimous praise for Watson 's portrayal of Nicki in the film . Watson also had a supporting role in the apocalyptic comedy This Is the End ( 2013 ) , in which she , Seth Rogen , James Franco and many others played " exaggerated versions of themselves " and Watson memorably dropped the " f @-@ bomb " . She said she could not pass up the opportunity to make her first comedy and " work with some of the best comedians ... in the world right now " . In June 2012 , Watson was confirmed for the role of Ila in Darren Aronofsky 's Noah , which began filming the following month , and was released in March 2014 . In March 2013 , it was reported that Watson was in negotiations to star as the title character in a live @-@ action Disney adaptation of Cinderella . Kenneth Branagh was attached to direct the adaptation , while Cate Blanchett had reportedly agreed to play the evil stepmother . Watson was offered the role , but turned it down . Watson was attached in 2012 to the role of Emma Forrest in a film adaptation of her memoir Your Voice in My Head . At the time , Harry Potter director David Yates was attached . In a May 2013 interview , it appeared that Watson was no longer attached as the film 's star . Stanley Tucci stated that the role would instead be played by Emily Blunt . However , by September 2013 , it was confirmed that Watson was once again involved in the production in the role of Forrest and that filming would begin in November that year with a new director , Francesca Gregorini . As of June 2013 , Watson is set to work with Harry Potter producer David Heyman for her next film Queen of the Tearling , based on a yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ released book trilogy . She will lead the film as heroine Kelsea Glynn as well as being an executive producer . Warner Bros. will distribute the film . It was reported in September 2013 that Watson would star in While We 're Young , the film adaptation of Adena Halpern 's 2010 novel 29 , which focuses on a young @-@ at @-@ heart grandmother who would rather spend time with her granddaughter ( Watson ) than her daughter . The film was directed by Stephen Chbosky , with whom Watson had collaborated on The Perks of Being a Wallflower . Watson also has been cast opposite Ethan Hawke in thriller Regression . Alejandro Amenábar wrote and directed the film , which was released in 2015 . In October 2013 , Watson was chosen as the Woman of the Year by British GQ . That same month she was one of two British actors to land atop a readers ' poll of the sexiest movie stars of 2013 , beating Scarlett Johansson and Jennifer Lawrence for the actresses ' title in an online poll of more than 50 @,@ 000 film fans . Benedict Cumberbatch took the men 's vote . Watson joined Judi Dench , Robert Downey Jr . , Mike Leigh , Julia Louis @-@ Dreyfus and Mark Ruffalo as recipients of the 2014 Britannia Awards , presented on 30 October in Los Angeles . Watson won for British Artist of the Year and dedicated her award to Millie , her pet hamster who died as Watson filmed Philosopher 's Stone . 2015 releases in which Emma stars include Colonia , a thriller co @-@ starring Daniel Brühl and Michael Nyqvist . Watson will play Belle in a 2017 live @-@ action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast opposite Dan Stevens as the Beast . She will sing in a film for the first time , which she called " terrifying in and of itself " . She also starred in Regression , a thriller released in August 2015 , alongside Ethan Hawke and her Harry Potter colleague David Thewlis. and has signed up to star opposite Tom Hanks in the film adaptation of The Circle . In February 2016 , Watson announced she was taking a year @-@ long break from acting . She planned to spend the time on her " personal development " and her women 's rights work . = = Modelling and fashion = = In 2005 , Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for Teen Vogue and was the youngest star to grace its cover . Three years later , the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel , but this was denied by both parties . In June 2009 , following several months of rumours , Watson confirmed that she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn / Winter 2009 campaign , for which she received an estimated six @-@ figure fee . She also appeared in Burberry 's 2010 Spring / Summer campaign alongside her brother Alex , musicians George Craig and Matt Gilmour , and model Max Hurd . In February 2011 , Watson was awarded the Style Icon award from British Elle by Dame Vivienne Westwood . Watson continued her involvement in fashion advertising when she announced she had been chosen as the face of Lancôme in March 2011 . In September 2009 , Watson announced her involvement with People Tree , a Fair Trade fashion brand . Watson worked as a creative advisor for People Tree to create a spring line of clothing , which was released in February 2010 ; the range featured styles inspired by southern France and London . The collection , described by The Times as " very clever " despite their " quiet hope that [ she ] would become tangled at the first hemp @-@ woven hurdle " , was widely publicised in magazines such as Teen Vogue , Cosmopolitan , and People . Watson , who was not paid for the collaboration , admitted that competition for the range was minimal , but argued that " Fashion is a great way to empower people and give them skills ; rather than give cash to charity you can help people by buying the clothes they make and supporting things they take pride in " ; adding , " I think young people like me are becoming increasingly aware of the humanitarian issues surrounding fast fashion and want to make good choices but there aren 't many options out there . " Watson continued her involvement with People Tree , resulting in the release of a 2010 Autumn / Winter collection . Watson was awarded Best British Style at the 2014 British Fashion Awards . The competition included David Beckham , Amal Clooney , Kate Moss and Keira Knightley . = = Education = = After leaving school , Watson took a gap year to film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows beginning in February 2009 , but said she intended to continue her studies and later confirmed that she had chosen Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island . In March 2011 , after 18 months at the university , Watson announced that she was deferring her course for " a semester or two " , though she attended Worcester College , Oxford during the 2011 – 12 academic year as a " visiting student " . Watson told Ellen DeGeneres just before graduation that it took five years to finish instead of four because , due to her acting work , she " ended up taking two full semesters off " . On 25 May 2014 , she graduated from Brown University with a bachelor 's degree in English literature . In 2013 , she became certified to teach yoga and meditation . As part of this certification , she attended a week @-@ long meditation course at a Canadian facility , in which residents are not allowed to speak , in order " to figure out how to be at home with myself " . She told Elle Australia that an uncertain future meant finding " a way to always feel safe and at home within myself . Because I can never rely on a physical place . " = = Personal life = = Watson met and started dating fellow Oxford student Will Adamowicz in 2011 , during her first year at the university . He accompanied her to the 2013 MTV Movie Awards , where she was given the Trailblazer Award . The couple split up in early 2014 . Later in 2014 , Watson began dating Oxford rugby player Matthew Janney . The relationship ended in November ; a spokesman for Watson said the split was due to her " unrelenting work schedule " . While working on the film Noah , Watson was questioned about her faith , and she described herself as a spiritual Universalist . = = Women 's rights work = = Watson has promoted education for girls , visiting Bangladesh and Zambia to do so . In July 2014 , she was appointed as a UN Women Goodwill Ambassador . In September that year , an admittedly nervous Watson delivered an address at UN Headquarters in New York City to launch the UN Women campaign HeForShe , which calls for men to advocate for gender equality . In that speech she said she began questioning gender @-@ based assumptions at age eight when she was called " bossy " ( a trait she has attributed to her being a " perfectionist " ) whilst boys were not , and at 14 when she was " sexualised by certain elements of the media " . Watson 's speech also called feminism " the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities " and declared that the perception of " man @-@ hating " is something that " has to stop " . Watson later said she received threats within 12 hours of making the speech , which left her " raging . ... If they were trying to put me off [ of doing this work ] , it did the opposite " . In 2015 , Malala Yousafzai told Watson she decided to call herself a feminist after hearing Watson 's speech . Also in September , Watson made her first country visit as a UN Women Goodwill Ambassador to Uruguay where she gave a speech highlighting the need for women 's political participation . In December , the Ms. Foundation for Women named Watson its Feminist Celebrity of 2014 following an online poll . Watson also gave a speech about gender equality in January 2015 , at the World Economic Forum 's annual winter meeting . Watson took the top spot on the AskMen " Top 99 Outstanding Women 2015 " list on the strength of having " thrown her back " into women 's rights issues . The day after she turned 25 , Watson placed number 26 on the TIME 100 list of the world 's most influential people ; her first @-@ ever appearance on the list . For its recap , former New York Times editor Jill Abramson noted Watson 's " gutsy , smart take on feminism " and called the effort to get men involved " refreshing " . In January 2016 , Emma Watson started a feminist Goodreads book club : Our Shared Shelf . The goal of the club is to share feminist ideas and encourage discussion on the topic . One book is selected per month and is discussed in the last week of that month . The first book to be selected was My Life on the Road by Gloria Steinem , who Emma Watson would later interview on February 24th at the How to : Academy in London . = = Filmography = = = = Awards and nominations = =
= Neoromicia malagasyensis = Neoromicia malagasyensis is a vespertilionid bat of Madagascar in the genus Neoromicia . It is known only from the vicinity of the Isalo National Park in the southwestern part of the island , where it has been caught in riverine habitats . After the first specimen was caught in 1967 , it was described as a subspecies of Eptesicus somalicus ( now Neoromicia somalica ) in 1995 . After four more specimens were collected in 2002 and 2003 , it was recognized as a separate species . Because of its small distribution and the threat of habitat destruction , it is considered " Endangered " in the IUCN Red List . Neoromicia malagasyensis is a relatively small species , with a forearm length of 30 to 32 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) and a body mass of 3 @.@ 9 to 9 g ( 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 3 oz ) . The fur is dark brown above and mixed buff and gray below . The ears are translucent and the tibia is short . The baculum ( penis bone ) resembles that of N. melckorum , but is smaller . The duration of the echolocation call , which consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency and one showing more stable frequency , averages 4 @.@ 9 ms and the interval between calls averages 69 @.@ 1 ms . = = Taxonomy = = In their 1995 review of Malagasy bats , Randolph Peterson and colleagues established Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis , a new subspecies of Eptesicus somalicus ( currently Neoromicia somalica ) . They had only a single specimen and noted that further material was needed to assess the new form 's relationship with E. somalicus . Studies in 2001 and 2002 provided evidence that E. somalicus and related species are not closely related to Eptesicus ( nor to Pipistrellus , where they have also been placed ) , so that these species were allocated to the separate genus Neoromicia . In 2004 , Steven Goodman and Julie Ranivo reviewed the Malagasy subspecies after collecting two more specimens and concluded that it was distinct enough to be classified as a separate species , Neoromicia malagasyensis . Two years later , Paul Bates and colleagues reported on two more specimens and showed that the bacula ( penis bones ) of N. malagasyensis and N. somalica are different , providing further evidence that they are distinct species . However , they recommended that further research assess the degree of difference between N. malagasyensis and N. matroka ( formerly in Eptesicus , but placed in Neoromicia by Bates and colleagues ) , which occurs further east in Madagascar . The IUCN Red List currently again classifies the species in Eptesicus , as Eptesicus malagasyensis . Neoromicia malagasyensis is one of at least six species of small vespertilionid bats ( " pipistrelles " ) on Madagascar , in addition to N. matroka , N. melckorum , Pipistrellus hesperidus , P. raceyi , and Hypsugo anchietae . The classification of these bats has historically been controversial , leading to many changing identifications and generic assignments . The genus Neoromicia is exclusively African and included 11 species in the 2005 third edition of Mammal Species of the World ; more species , like N. malagasyensis and N. matroka , have been added since . Common names proposed for this species include " Isalo Serotine " and " Peterson 's ' pipistrelle ' " . = = Description = = Neoromicia malagasyensis is a relatively small " pipistrelle " , but larger than N. somalica . The fur on the back is long and dark brown and the underparts contain both gray and dark buff hairs ; there , the fur becomes lighter towards the tail . The fur is darker than in N. somalica , but paler than in N. matroka . The brown ears are translucent . The tragus ( a projection on the inner side of the outer ear ) is similar to that of N. somalica , but may be a little narrower . Relative to the two other Malagasy Neoromicia species , the tibia is short . A single baculum ( penis bone ) , 2 @.@ 2 mm long , has been studied . It resembles the baculum of N. melckorum , but is smaller . As in N. matroka , the distal ( far ) end is flat and displaced downwards , but the N. malagasyensis baculum has a smaller area and less well @-@ developed flanges at the sides and a smaller vertical extension of the bone . The skull is somewhat smaller than that of N. matroka and the braincase and palate are narrower . Compared to N. somalica , the skull is broader . The ridge on the lacrimal bone is better developed , the palate is broader , the frontal bones contain a depression and are swollen at the sides , the mastoid bones are smaller , and the coronoid and angular processes of the mandible ( lower jaw ) are more prominent . The echolocation call of this species was reported in a 2007 study that consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency followed by one with more slowly changing frequency . The call takes 3 @.@ 6 to 6 @.@ 3 ms , averaging 4 @.@ 9 ms , and the period between two calls is 34 @.@ 2 to 94 @.@ 4 ms , averaging 69 @.@ 1 ms . The maximum frequency averages 79 @.@ 8 kHz , the minimum frequency averages 40 @.@ 5 kHz , and the call emits the most energy at a frequency of 45 @.@ 7 kHz . = = Distribution and ecology = = Neoromicia malagasyensis is known only from the vicinity of Isalo National Park , an area of about 2000 km2 ( 800 sq mi ) , in interior southwestern Madagascar . The holotype was caught in 1967 in a mistnet set in a row of palms along a river in dry savannah habitat . Peterson and colleagues reported that it had been collected near the village of Marinday , but Goodman and Ranivo suggested that it may instead have come from near Ilakaka . Two specimens , a male and a female , were collected at different localities in Isalo National Park in early December 2002 , both in mistnets near rivers . The male had enlarged testes and the female had recently stopped lactating and had large mammae . Two others followed in 2003 , also from the national park , and caught in woodland near rivers . A 2009 study on echolocation described the call of six individuals of N. malagasyensis from an unspecified site within the national park . In view of its small known range and the threat of habitat destruction , the IUCN Red List assesses the species as " Endangered " ; further research is recommended on its roosting and dietary habits .
= SeaCity Museum = The SeaCity Museum is a museum in Southampton , England , which opened on 10 April 2012 to mark the centenary of RMS Titanic 's departure from the city . It is housed within a part of the Grade II * listed civic centre building which previously housed the magistrates ' court and police station . The museum contains two permanent exhibitions , one dedicated to Southampton 's connection with RMS Titanic , and the other to the city 's role as gateway to the world . A third space for temporary exhibitions is housed in a purpose built pavilion extension to the civic centre . Further phases of development may yet add to the exhibition space . The museum was designed by Wilkinson Eyre with Kier Southern serving as the main contractor . The budget for the museum was £ 15M , approximately £ 5M of which came from the Heritage Lottery Fund , with Southampton City Council and Southampton Cultural Development Trust providing the remainder . The council had planned on selling works from their municipal art collection to fund the museum , but backed down after encountering significant opposition from both within and outside the city . = = Background = = Plans for a heritage centre in Southampton began to emerge in 2002 , with the city council 's formation of the Heritage Working Group to explore options and to outline the way forward for such a scheme . In 2004 , the following locations were shortlisted as potential sites for the then named " Story of Southampton " heritage centre – Lower High Street 50 @.@ 897536 ° N 1 @.@ 404339 ° W / 50 @.@ 897536 ; -1.404339 ( Lower High Street ) Mayflower Park 50 @.@ 897836 ° N 1 @.@ 408783 ° W / 50 @.@ 897836 ; -1.408783 ( Mayflower Park ) Berth 101 at the Port of Southampton 50 @.@ 900206 ° N 1 @.@ 414747 ° W / 50 @.@ 900206 ; -1.414747 ( Berth 101 ) The former Vosper Thornycroft shipyard , Woolston 50 @.@ 895617 ° N 1 @.@ 382861 ° W / 50 @.@ 895617 ; -1.382861 ( Former Vosper Thornycroft shipyard ) All of the shortlisted sites were deemed too costly and unworkable . Following these developments , in 2006 Southampton Police announced their intention to vacate their civic centre headquarters due to a lack of space . With the magistrates ' court having left the building in 2001 , this would leave an entire block of the civic centre vacant . And so the civic centre became a candidate to host the heritage centre , and by 2007 was considered the front runner . Plans were unveiled for the civic centre heritage centre in 2008 . The original plans included a 3 @-@ storey extension to the building , and a water feature running from nearby Watts Park , both of which were scrapped to reduce the cost by £ 10M to £ 28M . The project was split into two phases . The focus of phase one was to be Southampton 's Titanic connection , and the Sea City name was attached . Phase one had a budget of £ 15M and a completion date due in 2012 . = = Funding = = Southampton City Council sought Heritage Lottery Funding towards the museum ; it was awarded £ 0.5M in 2009 for the development phase , and a further £ 4.6M in 2010 for the construction . To raise the rest of the £ 15M , in 2009 , Southampton City Council proposed selling off works from their municipal art collection . The council selected two works to be sold , an oil painting by Alfred Munnings , After the Race ( 1937 ) , and one of two bronzes by Auguste Rodin , either Eve ( 1880 ) or Crouching Woman ( 1882 ) . The council believed that these works were not core to the gallery 's focus on British modern and contemporary 20th and 21st century art . Due to space constraints at Southampton City Art Gallery , only 200 of the 3 @,@ 500 works in the collection can ever be displayed there at one time ; the council believed that the sale of the two works would allow space to be created in the new museum for the display of 100 further works from the collection . It was hoped that the sale would generate £ 5M towards the museum . The proposed sale of the artwork had backing from the local paper , the Daily Echo , which had campaigned for three years for the deaccessioning of pieces from the " overflowing " municipal collection . There were voices of dissent from within the city however , in spite of Alec Samuels , the then Conservative council leader 's assertion that , " If we don 't sell some paintings we don 't get a heritage centre . " Councillors from opposition Liberal Democrat and Labour camps described the proposed sale as a " betrayal of public trust " which would damage the reputation of the city 's museum . Alan Whitehead , MP for neighbouring Southampton Test described the proposed sale as an " outstandingly bad idea " , which would discourage future donations and bequests to the city and destroy the national standing of its gallery . Labour politicians proposed borrowing funds as an alternative to the proposed sale , but the ruling Conservative faction dismissed this plan , arguing that it would lead to either cuts in front @-@ line services , or increases in council tax , to cover interest and repayments . Opponents formed the " Save our Collection " group to campaign against the proposed art sale ; they protested outside the civic centre and handed a petition with over 2 @,@ 500 signatories opposing the proposed sale to the council . Nonetheless , the council voted to proceed with its plans , and in September 2009 , they formally approached Baroness Scotland of Asthal , then Attorney General for England and Wales to approve the sale . Criticism came from further afield when the Museums Association stated that the proposed sale would be in breach of the association 's code of ethics as Southampton City Council had not fully explored alternate sources of funding . The Munnings forms part of the Chipperfield bequest to the city , over which the Tate held an advisory responsibility . They joined in the criticism , stating that " the sale of works acquired through the Chipperfield bequest to raise funds towards a capital project is not advisable and , indeed , not in the spirit of the bequest . " The Art Fund , which had previously provided funding towards the acquisition of Bridget Riley 's Red Movement ( 2005 ) by the city , expressed concern at the proposed sale , wary that it would " set an uncomfortable precedent , stretching the sector 's guidelines and effectively sanctioning the disposal of works of art from publicly @-@ owned collections to support other areas of public sector cultural provision " . In November 2009 , due to the strong opposition , Southampton City Council placed the proposed art sale on hold to re @-@ evaluate their funding possibilities . By February 2010 , the council had cancelled the proposed art sale . The council stated that movements in the property markets had allowed it to consider selling off assets that were previously seen as unviable for sale . The council also looked to other organisations to provide funding , such as partnerships with neighbouring Hampshire County Council through a loan of artworks scheme . And if these efforts were to fail , the council stated that any shortfall would be met through borrowing . A charity , the Southampton Cultural Development Trust was formed in 2010 to raise funds towards the project . The museum further received a grant from the Department for Culture , Media and Sport in conjunction with the Wolfson Foundation , and another from the Garfield Weston Foundation . Over its first two years of operations income was £ 468 thousand ( 23 % ) lower than expected . Visitor numbers were 10 thousand lower than expected at 240 thousand . Visitor numbers have continued to fall in subsequent years raising concerns over ongoing funding and long term viability . = = Construction = = Southampton City Council appointed the design team in July 2009 , naming Wilkinson Eyre as lead . A year later , Kier Southern were named as main contractor . Despite reservations over the appearance of the new pavilion , English Heritage gave their approval for the designs , and final planning permission was granted in September 2010 . Work began in October . There were some obstacles to the build , contractors discovered significant corrosion to the original building 's steel frame which had to be repaired . Adding the necessary security elements to cover museum exhibits in a listed building also proved challenging . Features from the original building were preserved in the design , the former prison cells were kept intact and used as toilet facilities , and a court room was preserved as an exhibition space . By August 2011 , contractors had reached the top of the pavilion , and a topping out ceremony was held . The pavilion was designed as three interlocking bays to negotiate the irregular site upon which it sits , which rises two metres from South to North . Stone aggregate was used on the pavilion 's exterior to maintain consistency with the original civic centre building 's portland stone exterior . Wilkinson Eyre described the pavilion as a " bold architectural addition " which signalled " the presence of a new important cultural attraction within the city " . Oliver Green , writing for Museums Journal described the shape of the pavilion as echoing the " prows of ocean liners cutting through art deco waves " . The completed museum provides 2 @,@ 000 m2 of exhibition and learning space . The museum opened on time on 10 April 2012 , marking the centenary of RMS Titanic 's departure from the city . Southampton City Council forecast that the museum would receive over 150 @,@ 000 visitors per year , but these numbers were only achieved in the first year , and annual totals have subsequently fallen consistently . Work on the SeaCity Museum attracted positive attention from industry bodies . The Institution of Structural Engineers shortlisted Ramboll 's structural design work for their 2012 Structural Awards ; Architects ' Journal shortlisted Wilkinson Eyre and interior fitters 8build for their 2012 Retrofit Awards . = = Exhibits = = There are three exhibitions at SeaCity , all of which were designed by Urban Salon . Two permanent exhibitions are housed in the former police station and magistrates ' court . Gateway to the World examines Southampton 's history , and its role as a hub for human migration . Exhibits include a one tonne , seven @-@ metre long replica of RMS Queen Mary , rehoused from Southampton Maritime Museum . Both Southampton Maritime Museum and Southampton Museum of Archaeology closed permanently in September 2011 to allow their exhibits to be rehoused at SeaCity and Tudor House Museum . Southampton 's Titanic Story explores the Titanic tragedy through the eyes of its crew , the majority of whom listed Southampton as their address . A preserved court room uses audiovisual elements to re @-@ enact scenes from the British inquiry into the sinking and to explore its ramifications . The civic centre clock tower , approximately the height of a funnel on the Titanic can be viewed through a roof light as visitors enter the exhibition , giving them an impression of the scale of the ship . The story incorporates audio recordings given by the survivors and features interactive elements allowing visitors to steer the virtual ship and to stoke its engines . The pavilion plays host to temporary exhibitions . The first of which , to coincide with the Titanic centenary , is Titanic : The Legend which explores the public 's enduring fascination with the ship through its portrayal in popular culture . The exhibition hosts screens playing back scenes from films such as 1912 's In Nacht und Eis and 1997 's Titanic . Titanic memorabilia collected include Steiff " mourning bears " , beers from the Titanic Brewery , jigsaw puzzles and many other such kitsch that SeaCity scoured the internet to find . Catherine Roberts , reviewing Southampton 's Titanic Story for Culture24 described the comparison between the height of the civic centre and the height of the Titanic as inspired . She praised the graphics for making the story digestible for children and adults . And while she mentioned that the motif of following several crew members through the story never quite pans out , she concluded that it was a well @-@ conceived exhibition and that " there can be no better place than Southampton to remember both those who died and those who survived the Titanic ’ s first and final voyage . " Oliver Green , writing in Museums Journal welcomed the new building , comparing it favourably to Southampton Maritime Museum 's former home at The Wool House , which he described as being " completely unsuitable for telling the story of 20th century Southampton " . Green praised the use of multimedia as " creative but restrained " , and highlighted their careful integration with the museum 's collections . He finished his review on a hopeful note , eyeing the still undeveloped spaces available in the civic centre building for further expansion . He concluded that it would be " a real shame if the project were to falter at this stage " , and that further phases of expansion " must surely be good for the city and its future success . "
= Kanye West = Kanye Omari West ( / ˈkɑːnjeɪ / ; born June 8 , 1977 ) , is an American rapper , songwriter , record producer , fashion designer , and entrepreneur . Raised in Chicago , West first became known as a producer for Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records in the early 2000s , producing hit singles for artists such as Jay Z and Alicia Keys . Intent on pursuing a solo career as a rapper , West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004 to widespread critical and commercial success . He went on to explore a variety of different musical styles on subsequent albums that included the baroque @-@ inflected Late Registration ( 2005 ) , the arena @-@ inspired Graduation ( 2007 ) , and the polarizing 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) . In 2010 , he released his critically acclaimed fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , and the following year he collaborated with Jay Z on the joint LP Watch the Throne ( 2011 ) . West released his sixth album , Yeezus , to further critical praise in 2013 . West 's seventh album , The Life of Pablo , was released in 2016 . West 's outspoken views and life outside of music have received significant mainstream attention . He has been a frequent source of controversy and public scrutiny for his conduct at award shows , on social media , and in other public settings . His more publicized comments include his unscripted denunciation of President George W. Bush during a live 2005 television broadcast for Hurricane Katrina relief and his interruption of country music singer Taylor Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . West 's efforts as a fashion designer include collaborations with Nike , Louis Vuitton , and A.P.C. on both clothing and footwear , and have most prominently resulted in the YEEZY collaboration with Adidas beginning in 2013 . He is the founder and head of the creative content company DONDA . His 2014 marriage to television personality Kim Kardashian has also been subject to widespread media coverage . West is among the most acclaimed musicians of the 21st century , and is one of the best @-@ selling artists of all time , having sold more than 32 million albums and 100 million digital downloads worldwide . He has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all time and the most Grammy @-@ awarded artist to have debuted in the 21st century . Three of his albums have been included and ranked on Rolling Stone 's 2012 update of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " list . He has also been included in a number of Forbes annual lists . Time named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2005 and 2015 . = = Early life = = Kanye Omari West was born on June 8 , 1977 in Atlanta , Georgia . His parents divorced when he was three years old . After the divorce , he and his mother moved to Chicago , Illinois . His father , Ray West , is a former Black Panther and was one of the first black photojournalists at The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution . Ray West was later a Christian counselor , and in 2006 , opened the Good Water Store and Café in Lexington Park , Maryland with startup capital from his son . West 's mother , Dr. Donda C. ( Williams ) West , was a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University , and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University before retiring to serve as his manager . West was raised in a middle @-@ class background , attending Polaris High School in suburban Oak Lawn , Illinois after living in Chicago . At the age of 10 , West moved with his mother to Nanjing , China , where she was teaching at Nanjing University as part of an exchange program . According to his mother , West was the only foreigner in his class , but settled in well and quickly picked up the language , although he has since forgotten most of it . When asked about his grades in high school , West replied , " I got A 's and B 's . And I 'm not even frontin ' . " West demonstrated an affinity for the arts at an early age ; he began writing poetry when he was five years old . His mother recalled that she first took notice of West 's passion for drawing and music when he was in the third grade . Growing up in Chicago , West became deeply involved in its hip hop scene . He started rapping in the third grade and began making musical compositions in the seventh grade , eventually selling them to other artists . At age thirteen , West wrote a rap song called " Green Eggs and Ham " and began to persuade his mother to pay $ 25 an hour for time in a recording studio . It was a small , crude basement studio where a microphone hung from the ceiling by a wire clothes hanger . Although this wasn 't what West 's mother wanted , she nonetheless supported him . West crossed paths with producer / DJ No I.D. , with whom he quickly formed a close friendship . No I.D. soon became West 's mentor , and it was from him that West learned how to sample and program beats after he received his first sampler at age 15 . After graduating from high school , West received a scholarship to attend Chicago 's American Academy of Art in 1997 and began taking painting classes , but shortly after transferred to Chicago State University to study English . He soon realized that his busy class schedule was detrimental to his musical work , and at 20 he dropped out of college to pursue his musical dreams . This action greatly displeased his mother , who was also a professor at the university . She later commented , " It was drummed into my head that college is the ticket to a good life ... but some career goals don 't require college . For Kanye to make an album called College Dropout it was more about having the guts to embrace who you are , rather than following the path society has carved out for you . " = = Career = = = = = 1996 – 2002 : Early work and Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records = = = Kanye West began his early production career in the mid @-@ 1990s , making beats primarily for burgeoning local artists , eventually developing a style that involved speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records . His first official production credits came at the age of nineteen when he produced eight tracks on Down to Earth , the 1996 debut album of a Chicago rapper named Grav . For a time , West acted as a ghost producer for Deric " D @-@ Dot " Angelettie . Because of his association with D @-@ Dot , West wasn 't able to release a solo album , so he formed and became a member and producer of the Go @-@ Getters , a late @-@ 1990s Chicago rap group composed of him , GLC , Timmy G , Really Doe , and Arrowstar . His group was managed by John " Monopoly " Johnson , Don Crowley , and Happy Lewis under the management firm Hustle Period . After attending a series of promotional photo shoots and making some radio appearances , The Go @-@ Getters released their first and only studio album World Record Holders in 1999 . The album featured other Chicago @-@ based rappers such as Rhymefest , Mikkey Halsted , Miss Criss , and Shayla G. Meanwhile , the production was handled by West , Arrowstar , Boogz , and Brian " All Day " Miller . West spent much of the late @-@ 1990s producing records for a number of well @-@ known artists and music groups . The third song on Foxy Brown 's second studio album Chyna Doll was produced by West . Her second effort subsequently became the very first hip @-@ hop album by a female rapper to debut at the top of the U.S. Billboard 200 chart in its first week of release . West produced three of the tracks on Harlem World 's first and only album The Movement alongside Jermaine Dupri and the production duo Trackmasters . His songs featured rappers Nas , Drag @-@ On , and R & B singer Carl Thomas . The ninth track from World Party , the last Goodie Mob album to feature the rap group 's four founding members prior to their break @-@ up , was co @-@ produced by West with his manager Deric " D @-@ Dot " Angelettie . At the close of the millennium , West ended up producing six songs for Tell ' Em Why U Madd , an album that was released by D @-@ Dot under the alias of The Madd Rapper ; a fictional character he created for a skit on The Notorious B.I.G. ' s second and final studio album Life After Death . West 's songs featured guest appearances from rappers such as Ma $ e , Raekwon , and Eminem . West got his big break in the year 2000 , when he began to produce for artists on Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records . West came to achieve recognition and is often credited with revitalizing Jay @-@ Z 's career with his contributions to the rap mogul 's influential 2001 album The Blueprint . The Blueprint is consistently ranked among the greatest hip @-@ hop albums , and the critical and financial success of the album generated substantial interest in West as a producer . Serving as an in @-@ house producer for Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records , West produced records for other artists from the label , including Beanie Sigel , Freeway , and Cam 'ron . He also crafted hit songs for Ludacris , Alicia Keys , and Janet Jackson . Despite his success as a producer , West 's true aspiration was to be a rapper . Though he had developed his rapping long before he began producing , it was often a challenge for West to be accepted as a rapper , and he struggled to attain a record deal . Multiple record companies ignored him because he did not portray the ' gangsta image ' prominent in mainstream hip hop at the time . After a series of meetings with Capitol Records , West was ultimately denied an artist deal . According to Capitol Record 's A & R , Joe Weinberger , he was approached by West and almost signed a deal with him , but another person in the company convinced Capitol 's president not to . Desperate to keep West from defecting to another label , then @-@ label head Damon Dash reluctantly signed West to Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records . Jay @-@ Z later admitted that Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella was initially reluctant to support West as a rapper , claiming that many saw him as a producer first and foremost , and that his background contrasted with that of his labelmates . West 's breakthrough came a year later on October 23 , 2002 , when , while driving home from a California recording studio after working late , he fell asleep at the wheel and was involved in a near @-@ fatal car crash . The crash left him with a shattered jaw , which had to be wired shut in reconstructive surgery . The accident inspired West ; two weeks after being admitted to the hospital , he recorded a song at the Record Plant Studios with his jaw still wired shut . The composition , " Through The Wire " , expressed West 's experience after the accident , and helped lay the foundation for his debut album , as according to West " all the better artists have expressed what they were going through " . West added that " the album was my medicine " , as working on the record distracted him from the pain . " Through The Wire " was first available on West 's Get Well Soon ... mixtape , released December 2002 . At the same time , West announced that he was working on an album called The College Dropout , whose overall theme was to " make your own decisions . Don 't let society tell you , ' This is what you have to do . ' " = = = 2003 – 06 : The College Dropout and Late Registration = = = Carrying a Louis Vuitton backpack filled with old disks and demos to the studio and back , West crafted much of his production for his debut album in less than fifteen minutes at a time . He recorded the remainder of the album in Los Angeles while recovering from the car accident . Once he had completed the album , it was leaked months before its release date . However , West decided to use the opportunity to review the album , and The College Dropout was significantly remixed , remastered , and revised before being released . As a result , certain tracks originally destined for the album were subsequently retracted , among them " Keep the Receipt " with Ol ' Dirty Bastard and " The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly " with Consequence . West meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , improved drum programming and new verses . West 's perfectionism led The College Dropout to have its release postponed three times from its initial date in August 2003 . The College Dropout was eventually issued by Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella in February 2004 , shooting to number two on the Billboard 200 as his debut single , " Through the Wire " peaked at number fifteen on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks . " Slow Jamz " , his second single featuring Twista and Jamie Foxx , became an even bigger success : it became the three musicians ' first number one hit . The College Dropout received near @-@ universal critical acclaim from contemporary music critics , was voted the top album of the year by two major music publications , and has consistently been ranked among the great hip @-@ hop works and debut albums by artists . " Jesus Walks " , the album 's fourth single , perhaps exposed West to a wider audience ; the song 's subject matter concerns faith and Christianity . The song nevertheless reached the top 20 of the Billboard pop charts , despite industry executives ' predictions that a song containing such blatant declarations of faith would never make it to radio . The College Dropout would eventually be certified triple platinum in the US , and garnered West 10 Grammy nominations , including Album of the Year , and Best Rap Album ( which it received ) . During this period , West also founded GOOD Music , a record label and management company that would go on to house affiliate artists and producers , such as No I.D. and John Legend . At the time , the focal point of West 's production style was the use of sped @-@ up vocal samples from soul records . However , partly because of the acclaim of The College Dropout , such sampling had been much copied by others ; with that overuse , and also because West felt he had become too dependent on the technique , he decided to find a new sound . Beginning his second effort that fall , West would invest two million dollars and take over a year to craft his second album . West was significantly inspired by Roseland NYC Live , a 1998 live album by English trip hop group Portishead , produced with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra . Early in his career , the live album had inspired him to incorporate string arrangements into his hip @-@ hop production . Though West had not been able to afford many live instruments around the time of his debut album , the money from his commercial success enabled him to hire a string orchestra for his second album Late Registration . West collaborated with American film score composer Jon Brion , who served as the album 's co @-@ executive producer for several tracks . Although Brion had no prior experience in creating hip @-@ hop records , he and West found that they could productively work together after their first afternoon in the studio where they discovered that neither confined his musical knowledge and vision to one specific genre . Late Registration sold over 2 @.@ 3 million units in the United States alone by the end of 2005 and was considered by industry observers as the only successful major album release of the fall season , which had been plagued by steadily declining CD sales . While West had encountered controversy a year prior when he stormed out of the American Music Awards of 2004 after losing Best New Artist , the rapper 's first large @-@ scale controversy came just days following Late Registration 's release , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina victims . In September 2005 , NBC broadcast A Concert for Hurricane Relief , and West was a featured speaker . When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers , he deviated from the prepared script . Myers spoke next and continued to read the script . Once it was West 's turn to speak again , he said , " George Bush doesn 't care about black people . " West 's comment reached much of the United States , leading to mixed reactions ; President Bush would later call it one of the most " disgusting moments " of his presidency . West raised further controversy in January 2006 when he posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns . = = = 2007 – 09 : Graduation and 808s & Heartbreak = = = Fresh off spending the previous year touring the world with U2 on their Vertigo Tour , West felt inspired to compose anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas . To this end , West incorporated the synthesizer into his hip @-@ hop production , utilized slower tempos , and experimented with electronic music and influenced by music of the 1980s . In addition to U2 , West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . To make his next effort , the third in a planned tetralogy of education @-@ themed studio albums , more introspective and personal in lyricism , West listened to folk and country singer @-@ songwriters Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash in hopes of developing methods to augment his wordplay and storytelling ability . West 's third studio album , Graduation , garnered major publicity when its release date pitted West in a sales competition against rapper 50 Cent 's Curtis . Upon their September 2007 releases , Graduation outsold Curtis by a large margin , debuting at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart and selling 957 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . Graduation once again continued the string of critical and commercial successes by West , and the album 's lead single , " Stronger " , garnered the rapper his third number @-@ one hit . " Stronger " , which samples French house duo Daft Punk , has been accredited to not only encouraging other hip @-@ hop artists to incorporate house and electronica elements into their music , but also for playing a part in the revival of disco and electro @-@ infused music in the late 2000s . Ben Detrick of XXL cited the outcome of the sales competition between 50 Cent 's Curtis and West 's Graduation as being responsible for altering the direction of hip @-@ hop and paving the way for new rappers who didn 't follow the hardcore @-@ gangster mold , writing , " If there was ever a watershed moment to indicate hip @-@ hop 's changing direction , it may have come when 50 Cent competed with Kanye in 2007 to see whose album would claim superior sales . " West 's life took a different direction when his mother , Donda West , died of complications from cosmetic surgery involving abdominoplasty and breast reduction in November 2007 . Months later , West and fiancée Alexis Phifer ended their engagement and their long @-@ term intermittent relationship , which had begun in 2002 . The events profoundly affected West , who set off for his 2008 Glow in the Dark Tour shortly thereafter . Purportedly because his emotions could not be conveyed through rapping , West decided to sing using the voice audio processor Auto @-@ Tune , which would become a central part of his next effort . West had previously experimented with the technology on his debut album The College Dropout for the background vocals of " Jesus Walks " and " Never Let Me Down . " Recorded mostly in Honolulu , Hawaii in three weeks , West announced his fourth album , 808s & Heartbreak , at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards , where he performed its lead single , " Love Lockdown " . Music audiences were taken aback by the uncharacteristic production style and the presence of Auto @-@ Tune , which typified the pre @-@ release response to the record . 808s & Heartbreak , which features extensive use of the eponymous Roland TR @-@ 808 drum machine and contains themes of love , loneliness , and heartache , was released by Island Def Jam to capitalize on Thanksgiving weekend in November 2008 . Reviews were positive , though slightly more mixed than his previous efforts . Despite this , the record 's singles demonstrated outstanding chart performances . Upon its release , the lead single " Love Lockdown " debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and became a " Hot Shot Debut " , while follow @-@ up single " Heartless " performed similarly and became his second consecutive " Hot Shot Debut " by debuting at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 . While it was criticized prior to release , 808s & Heartbreak had a significant effect on hip @-@ hop music , encouraging other rappers to take more creative risks with their productions . In 2012 , Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote , " Now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye 's most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " West 's controversial incident the following year at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was arguably his biggest controversy , and led to widespread outrage throughout the music industry . During the ceremony , West crashed the stage and grabbed the microphone from winner Taylor Swift in order to proclaim that , instead , Beyoncé 's video for " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . He was subsequently withdrawn from the remainder of the show for his actions . West 's tour with Lady Gaga was cancelled in response to the controversy , and it was suggested that the incident was partially responsible for 808s & Heartbreak 's lack of nominations at the 52nd Grammy Awards . = = = 2010 – 12 : My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy and collaborations = = = Following the highly publicized incident , West took a brief break from music and threw himself into fashion , only to hole up in Hawaii for the next few months writing and recording his next album . Importing his favorite producers and artists to work on and inspire his recording , West kept engineers behind the boards 24 hours a day and slept only in increments . Noah Callahan @-@ Bever , a writer for Complex , was present during the sessions and described the " communal " atmosphere as thus : " With the right songs and the right album , he can overcome any and all controversy , and we are here to contribute , challenge , and inspire . " A variety of artists contributed to the project , including close friends Jay @-@ Z , Kid Cudi and Pusha T , as well as off @-@ the @-@ wall collaborations , such as with Justin Vernon of Bon Iver . My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy , West 's fifth studio album , was released in November 2010 to rave reviews from critics , many of whom described it as his best work that solidified his comeback . In stark contrast to his previous effort , which featured a minimalist sound , Dark Fantasy adopts a maximalist philosophy and deals with themes of celebrity and excess . The record included the international hit " All of the Lights " , and Billboard hits " Power " , " Monster " , and " Runaway " , the latter of which accompanied a 35 @-@ minute film of the same name . During this time , West initiated the free music program GOOD Fridays through his website , offering a free download of previously unreleased songs each Friday , a portion of which were included on the album . This promotion ran from August 20 - December 17 , 2010 . Dark Fantasy went on to go platinum in the United States , but its omission as a contender for Album of the Year at the 54th Grammy Awards was viewed as a " snub " by several media outlets . Following a headlining set at Coachella 2011 that was described by The Hollywood Reporter as " one of greatest hip @-@ hop sets of all time " , West released the collaborative album Watch the Throne with Jay @-@ Z. By employing a sales strategy that released the album digitally weeks before its physical counterpart , Watch the Throne became one of the few major label albums in the Internet age to avoid a leak . " Niggas in Paris " became the record 's highest charting single , peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . In 2012 , West released the compilation album Cruel Summer , a collection of tracks by artists from West 's record label GOOD Music . Cruel Summer produced four singles , two of which charted within the top twenty of the Hot 100 : " Mercy " and " Clique " . West also directed a film of the same name that premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival in custom pyramid @-@ shaped screening pavilion featuring seven screens . = = = 2013 – 15 : Yeezus and Adidas collaboration = = = Sessions for West 's sixth solo effort begin to take shape in early 2013 in his own personal loft 's living room at a Paris hotel . Determined to " undermine the commercial " , he once again brought together close collaborators and attempted to incorporate Chicago drill , dancehall , acid house , and industrial music . Primarily inspired by architecture , West 's perfectionist tendencies led him to contact producer Rick Rubin fifteen days shy of its due date to strip down the record 's sound in favor of a more minimalist approach . Initial promotion of his sixth album included worldwide video projections of the album 's music and live television performances . Yeezus , West 's sixth album , was released June 18 , 2013 to rave reviews from critics . It became the rapper 's sixth consecutive number one debut , but also marked his lowest solo opening week sales . Def Jam issued " Black Skinhead " to radio in July 2013 as the album 's lead single . On September 6 , 2013 , Kanye West announced he would be headlining his first solo tour in five years , to support Yeezus , with fellow American rapper Kendrick Lamar accompanying him along the way . In June 2013 , West and television personality Kim Kardashian announced the birth of their first child , North . In October 2013 , West and Kardashian announced their engagement to widespread media attention . November 2013 , West stated that he was beginning work on his next studio album , hoping to release it by mid @-@ 2014 , with production by Rick Rubin and Q @-@ Tip . In December 2013 , Adidas announced the beginning of their official apparel collaboration with West , to be premiered the following year . In May 2014 , West and Kardashian were married in a private ceremony in Florence , Italy , with a variety of artists and celebrities in attendance . West released a single , " Only One " , featuring Paul McCartney , on December 31 , 2014 . " FourFiveSeconds " , a single jointly produced with Rihanna and McCartney , was released in January 2015 . West also appeared on the Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special , where he premiered a new song entitled " Wolves " , featuring Sia Furler and fellow Chicago rapper , Vic Mensa . In February 2015 , West premiered his clothing collaboration with Adidas , entitled Yeezy Season 1 , to generally positive reviews . This would include West 's Yeezy Boost sneakers . In March 2015 , West released the single " All Day " featuring Theophilus London , Allan Kingdom and Paul McCartney . West performed the song at the 2015 BRIT Awards with a number of US rappers and UK grime MC 's including : Skepta , Wiley , Novelist , Fekky , Krept & Konan , Stormzy , Allan Kingdom , Theophilus London and Vic Mensa . He would premiere the second iteration of his clothing line , Yeezy Season 2 , in September 2015 at New York Fashion Week . = = = 2015 – present : The Life of Pablo and Turbo Grafx 16 = = = Having initially announced a new album entitled So Help Me God slated for a 2014 release , in March 2015 West announced that the album would instead be tentatively called SWISH . Later that month , West was awarded an honorary doctorate by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago for his contributions to music , fashion , and popular culture , officially making him an honorary DFA . The next month , West headlined at the Glastonbury Festival in the UK , despite a petition signed by almost 135 @,@ 000 people against his appearance . Toward the end of the set , West proclaimed himself : " the greatest living rock star on the planet . " Media outlets , including social media sites such as Twitter , were divided on his performance . NME stated , " The decision to book West for the slot has proved controversial since its announcement , and the show itself appeared to polarise both Glastonbury goers and those who tuned in to watch on their TVs . " The publication added that " he 's letting his music speak for and prove itself . " The Guardian said that " his set has a potent ferocity – but there are gaps and stutters , and he cuts a strangely lone figure in front of the vast crowd . " In December 2015 , West released a song titled " Facts " . West announced in January 2016 that SWISH would be released on February 11 , and that month released new songs " Real Friends " and a snippet of " No More Parties in L.A. " with Kendrick Lamar . This also revived the GOOD Fridays initiative in which Kanye releases new singles every Friday . On January 26 , 2016 , West revealed he had renamed the album from SWISH to Waves , and also announced the premier of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden . In the weeks leading up to the album 's release , West became embroiled in several Twitter controversies and released several changing iterations of the tracklist for the new album . Several days ahead of its release , West again changed the title , this time to The Life of Pablo . On February 11 , West premiered the album at Madison Square Garden as part of the presentation of his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line . Following the preview , West announced that he would be modifying the track list once more before its release to the public , and further delayed its release to finalize the recording of the track " Waves " at the behest of co @-@ writer Chance the Rapper . He released the album exclusively on Tidal on 14 February 2016 following a performance on SNL . Following its official streaming release , West continued to tinker with mixes of several tracks , describing the work as " a living breathing changing creative expression " and proclaiming the end of the album as a dominant release form . Although a statement by West around Life of Pablo 's initial release indicated that the album would be a permanent exclusive to Tidal , the album was released through several other competing services starting in April . On February 24 , 2016 , West stated on Twitter that he was planning to release another album in the summer of 2016 , tentatively called Turbo Grafx 16 in reference to the 1980s video game console of the same name . On June 3 , 2016 , West premiered the first single " Champions " off the GOOD Music album Cruel Winter , which was six minutes and featured Travis Scott , Big Sean , Gucci Mane , Desiigner , Yo Gotti , Quavo , and 2 Chainz . He told the radio host , Big Boy , that the beat had been in works for a year and a half . = = Musical style = = = = = Influences and early work = = = West 's musical career has been defined by frequent stylistic shifts , and has seen him develop and explore a variety of different musical approaches and genres . When asked about his early musical inspirations , he has named artists such as A Tribe Called Quest , Stevie Wonder , Michael Jackson , George Michael , LL Cool J , Phil Collins and Madonna . West has named Puff Daddy as the " most important cultural figure " in his life , and he has also described David Bowie as one of his " most important inspirations . " West was formatively mentored by Chicago producer No I.D. , who introduced him to hip hop production in the early 1990s , allowing a teenage West to sit in on recording sessions . Early in his career , West pioneered a style of production dubbed " chipmunk soul " which utilized pitched @-@ up vocal samples , usually from soul and R & B songs , along with his own drums and instrumentation . His first major release featuring his trademark soulful vocal sampling style was " This Can 't Be Life " , a track from Jay @-@ Z 's The Dynasty : Roc La Familia . West has said that Wu @-@ Tang Clan producer RZA influenced him in his style , and has named Wu @-@ Tang rappers Ghostface Killah and Ol ' Dirty Bastard as inspirations . RZA spoke positively of the comparisons , stating in an interview for Rolling Stone , " I got super respect for Kanye [ ... ] [ he ] is going to inspire people to be like him . " West further developed his style on his 2004 debut album , The College Dropout . After a rough version was leaked , he meticulously refined the production , adding string arrangements , gospel choirs , and improved drum programming . For his second album , Late Registration ( 2005 ) , he collaborated with film score composer Jon Brion and drew influence from non @-@ rap influences such as English trip hop group Portishead . Blending West 's primary soulful hip hop production with Brion 's elaborate chamber pop orchestration , the album experimentally incorporated a wide array of different genres and prominent orchestral elements , including string arrangements , piano chords , brass flecks , and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation . It also incorporated a myriad of foreign and vintage instruments not typical in popular music , let alone hip hop , such as a celesta , harpsichord , Chamberlin , CS @-@ 80 analog synthesizer , Chinese bells and berimbau , vibraphones , and marimba . Rolling Stone described Late Registration as West claiming " the whole world of music as hip @-@ hop turf " chronicling the album as " his mad quest to explode every cliché about hip @-@ hop identity . " Critic Robert Christgau wrote that " there 's never been hip @-@ hop so complex and subtle musically . " For a period of time , Kanye West stood as the sole current pop star to tour with a string section , as audible on his 2006 live album Late Orchestration . = = = Middle period = = = With his third album , Graduation ( 2007 ) , West moved away from the soulful sound of his previous releases and towards a more atmospheric , rock @-@ tinged , electronic @-@ influenced soundscape . Under the belief that Late Registration had been too indulgent and poorly arranged , he fashioned Graduation to contain less ornate production , made the album completely devoid of skits , and attempted to sequence it as a tighter , more cohesive package . The musical evolution arose from him listening to music genres encompassing European Britpop and Euro @-@ disco , American alternative and indie @-@ rock , and his native Chicago house . Towards this end , West retracted much of the live instrumentation that characterized his previous album and replaced it with heavy , gothic synthesizers , distorted synth @-@ chords , rave stabs , house beats , electro @-@ disco rhythms , and a wide array of modulated electronic noises and digital audio @-@ effects . In addition , West drew musical inspiration from arena rock bands such as The Rolling Stones , U2 , and Led Zeppelin in terms of melody and chord progression . Similar to its predecessor , the album wasn 't confined to the conventional looping techniques typical of contemporary hip @-@ hop and instead continued to implement sudden musical shifts within its multi @-@ layered song structures and express intricately composed introductions , bridges , and codas . Conceived in the wake of several distressing personal events , West 's fourth studio album , 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) , marked a radical departure from his previous releases , largely abandoning rap and hip hop stylings in favor of a stark electropop sound composed utilizing the Roland TR @-@ 808 drum machine , the Auto @-@ Tune vocal processor , and virtual synthesis technology . The album 's music features austere production and elements such as droning synthesizers , dense drums , lengthy strings , and somber piano , and drew comparisons to the work of 1980s post @-@ punk and new wave groups ; West would confess an affinity with artists such as Joy Division , Gary Numan , TJ Swan and Boy George , and later described 808s as " the first black new wave album . " Maintaining a " minimal but functional " approach towards the album 's studio production , West explored the electronic feel produced by his explicitly Auto @-@ Tuned vocals and manipulated the sounds created by the 808 , modulating its pitch to produce a distorted , electronic sound ; he then sought to juxtapose mechanical sounds with the traditional sounds of taiko drums and choir monks . Rolling Stone journalist Matthew Trammell asserted that the record was ahead of its time and wrote in a 2012 article , " Now that popular music has finally caught up to it , 808s & Heartbreak has revealed itself to be Kanye 's most vulnerable work , and perhaps his most brilliant . " West recorded his fifth album , My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) , with a wide range of collaborators . It has been noted by writers for its maximalist aesthetic and its incorporation of elements from West 's previous four albums . Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson noted that such elements " all recur at various points " , namely " the luxurious soul of 2004 's The College Dropout , the symphonic pomp of Late Registration , the gloss of 2007 's Graduation , and the emotionally exhausted electro of 2008 's 808s & Heartbreak . " AllMusic 's Andy Kellman views it as the " culmination " of those albums , while noting that " it does not merely draw characteristics from each one of them . The 13 tracks ... sometimes fuse them together simultaneously . Consequently , the sonic and emotional layers are often difficult to pry apart and enumerate " . Kellman emphasized the track " All of the Lights " as most representative of the album 's " contrasting elements and maniacal extravagance . " Robert Christgau , writing for MSN Music , commented that the music eschews the " grace " of The College Dropout and Late Registration for " grandiosity " and " sonic luxuries . " = = = Recent work = = = Describing his sixth studio album Yeezus ( 2013 ) as " a protest to music , " West embraced an abrasive style that incorporated a variety of unconventional influences . Music critic Greg Kot described it as " a hostile , abrasive and intentionally off @-@ putting " album that combines " the worlds of " 1980s acid @-@ house and contemporary Chicago drill music , 1990s industrial music , and the " avant @-@ rap " of Saul Williams , Death Grips and Odd Future . The album also incorporates elements of trap music , as well as dancehall , punk , and electro . Inspired by the minimalist design of Le Corbusier and primarily electronic in nature , the album features distorted drum machines and " synthesizers that sound like they 're malfunctioning , low @-@ resolution samplers that add a pixelated digital aura to the most analog sounds . " To this end , the album incorporates glitches reminiscent of CD skips or corrupted MP3 's , and Auto @-@ Tuned vocals are modulated to a point in which they are difficult to decipher . It also continues West 's practice of eclectic samples : he employs a sample of Nina Simone 's " Strange Fruit , " an obscure Hindi sample on " I Am a God " , and a sample of 1970s Hungarian rock group Omega on " New Slaves " . " On Sight " interpolates a melody from " Sermon ( He 'll Give Us What We Really Need ) " by the Holy Name of Mary Choral Family . Rolling Stone called the album a " brilliant , obsessive @-@ compulsive career auto @-@ correct " . Released in 2016 after several years of delays , West 's seventh album The Life of Pablo was noted for its " raw , occasionally even intentionally messy , composition " in distinction to West 's previous albums . Rolling Stone wrote that " this is a messy album that feels like it was made that way on purpose , after the laser @-@ sharp intensity of Yeezus , " stating that " It 's designed to sound like a work in progress . " Carl Wilson of Slate characterized the album as creating " strange links between Kanye 's many iterations — soul @-@ sample enthusiast , heartbroken Auto @-@ Tune crooner , hedonistic avant @-@ pop composer , industrial @-@ rap shit @-@ talker , " suggesting that " the point is that in the context of all this sonic landscaping , in West 's kamikaze , mood @-@ swinging way , Pablo now seems undeniably ( not half @-@ assedly , as I 'd been about to conclude ) like an album of struggle . " He also noted the album 's use of auto @-@ tune , a cappella , as well as bass and percussion lines " that are only the tail @-@ end decay of some lost starting place , some vanished rhythmic Eden . " West initially characterized the release as " a gospel album . " Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune wrote in his review of The Life of Pablo , " West 's version of gospel touches on some of those sonic cues — heavy organ , soaring choirs — but seems more preoccupied with gospel text and the notion of redemption . " = = Other ventures = = = = = Fashion = = = Early in his career , West made clear his interest in fashion and desire to work in the clothing design industry . In September 2005 , West announced that he would release his Pastelle Clothing line in spring 2006 , claiming " Now that I have a Grammy under my belt and Late Registration is finished , I am ready to launch my clothing line next spring . " The line was developed over the following four years – with multiple pieces teased by West himself – before the line was ultimately cancelled in 2009 . In 2009 , West collaborated with Nike to release his own shoe , the Air Yeezys , with a second version released in 2012 . In January 2009 , West introduced his first shoe line designed for Louis Vuitton during Paris Fashion Week . The line was released in summer 2009 . West has additionally designed shoewear for Bape and Italian shoemaker Giuseppe Zanotti . On October 1 , 2011 , Kanye West premiered his women 's fashion label , DW Kanye West at Paris Fashion Week . He received support from DSquared2 duo Dean and Dan Caten , Olivier Theyskens , Jeremy Scott , Azzedine Alaïa , and the Olsen twins , who were also in attendance during his show . His debut fashion show received mixed @-@ to @-@ negative reviews , ranging from reserved observations by Style.com to excoriating commentary by The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , the International Herald Tribune , Elleuk.com , The Daily Telegraph , Harper 's Bazaar and many others . On March 6 , 2012 , West premiered a second fashion line at Paris Fashion Week . The line 's reception was markedly improved from the previous presentation , with a number of critics heralding West for his " much improved " sophomore effort . On December 3 , 2013 , Adidas officially confirmed a new shoe collaboration deal with West . After months of anticipation and rumors , West confirmed the release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts with a Twitter announcement directing fans to the domain yeezy.supply. In 2015 , West unveiled his Yeezy Season clothing line , premiering Season 1 in collaboration with Adidas early in the year . The line received positive critical reviews , with Vogue observing " a protective toughness , a body @-@ conscious severity that made the clothes more than a simple accessory . " The release of the Yeezy Boosts and the full Adidas collaboration was showcased in New York City on February 12 , 2015 , with free streaming to 50 cinemas in 13 countries around the world . An initial release of the Adidas Yeezy Boosts was limited to 9000 pairs to be available only in New York City via the Adidas smartphone app ; the Adidas Yeezy Boosts were sold out within 10 minutes . The shoes released worldwide on February 28 , 2015 , were limited to select boutique stores and the Adidas UK stores . He followed with Season 2 later that year at New York Fashion Week . On February 11 , West premiered his Yeezy Season 3 clothing line at Madison Square Garden in conjunction with the previewing of his album The Life of Pablo . = = = Business ventures = = = West founded the record label and production company GOOD Music in 2004 , in conjunction with Sony BMG , shortly after releasing his debut album , The College Dropout . John Legend , Common , and West were the label 's inaugural artists . The label houses artists including West , Big Sean , Pusha T , Teyana Taylor , Yasiin Bey / Mos Def , D 'banj and John Legend , and producers including Hudson Mohawke , Q @-@ Tip , Travis Scott , No I.D. , Jeff Bhasker , and S1 . GOOD Music has released ten albums certified gold or higher by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . In November 2015 , West appointed Pusha T the new president of GOOD Music . In August 2008 , West revealed plans to open 10 Fatburger restaurants in the Chicago area ; the first was set to open in September 2008 in Orland Park . The second followed in January 2009 , while a third location is yet to be revealed , although the process is being finalized . His company , KW Foods LLC , bought the rights to the chain in Chicago . Ultimately , in 2009 , only two locations actually opened . In February 2011 , West shut down the Fatburger located in Orland Park . Later that year , the remaining Beverly location also was shuttered . On January 5 , 2012 , West announced his establishment of the creative content company DONDA , named after his late mother Donda West . In his announcement , West proclaimed that the company would " pick up where Steve Jobs left off " ; DONDA would operate as " a design company which will galvanize amazing thinkers in a creative space to bounce their dreams and ideas " with the " goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford . " West is notoriously secretive about the company 's operations , maintaining neither an official website nor a social media presence . In stating DONDA 's creative philosophy , West articulated the need to " put creatives in a room together with like minds " in order to " simplify and aesthetically improve everything we see , taste , touch , and feel . " . Contemporary critics have noted the consistent minimalistic aesthetic exhibited throughout DONDA creative projects . On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that West is a co @-@ owner , with various other music artists , in the music streaming service Tidal . The service specialises in lossless audio and high definition music videos . Jay Z acquired the parent company of Tidal , Aspiro , in the first quarter of 2015 . Including Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z , sixteen artist stakeholders ( such as Rihanna , Beyoncé , Madonna , Chris Martin , Nicki Minaj and more ) co @-@ own Tidal , with the majority owning a 3 % equity stake . The idea of having an all artist owned streaming service was created by those involved to adapt to the increased demand for streaming within the current music industry , and to rival other streaming services such as Spotify , which have been criticised for their low payout of royalties . " The challenge is to get everyone to respect music again , to recognize its value " , stated Jay @-@ Z on the release of Tidal . On June 6 , 2016 , West announced the Yeezy Season 2 Zine and the Adidas Yeezy Boost 750 will be released to retailers on June 11 . They are high @-@ top shoes with a glow in the dark sole . = = = Philanthropy = = = West , alongside his mother , founded the " Kanye West Foundation " in Chicago in 2003 , tasked with a mission to battle dropout and illiteracy rates , while partnering with community organizations to provide underprivileged youth access to music education . In 2007 , the West and the Foundation partnered with Strong American Schools as part of their " Ed in ' 08 " campaign . As spokesman for the campaign , West appeared in a series of PSAs for the organization , and hosted an inaugural benefit concert in August of that year . In 2008 , following the death of West 's mother , the foundation was rechristened " The Dr. Donda West Foundation . " The foundation ceased operations in 2011 . Kanye West and friend , Rhymefest , also founded " Donda 's House , Inc " . Got Bars is the Donda 's House signature music / lyric composition and performance program . Participants are selected through an application and audition process . Got Bars is a free music writing program with the goal of helping at @-@ risk Chicago youth . It is aimed at students between 15 and 24 , and includes lessons on how to write and record music . Their curriculum is based on the teaching philosophy and pedagogy of Dr. Donda West with a focus on collaborative and experiential learning . West has additionally appeared and participated in many fundraisers , benefit concerts , and has done community work for Hurricane Katrina relief , the Kanye West Foundation , the Millions More Movement , 100 Black Men of America , a Live Earth concert benefit , World Water Day rally and march , Nike runs , and a MTV special helping young Iraq War veterans who struggle through debt and PTSD a second chance after returning home . = = Controversies = = = = = General media = = = West has been an outspoken and controversial celebrity throughout his career , receiving both criticism and praise from many , including the mainstream media , other artists and entertainers , and two U.S. presidents . On September 2 , 2005 , during a benefit concert for Hurricane Katrina relief on NBC , A Concert for Hurricane Relief , West ( a featured speaker ) accused President George W. Bush of not " car [ ing ] about black people " . When West was presenting alongside actor Mike Myers , he deviated from the prepared script to criticize the media 's portrayal of hurricane victims , saying : I hate the way they portray us in the media . You see a black family , it says , ' They 're looting . ' You see a white family , it says , ' They 're looking for food . ' And , you know , it 's been five days [ waiting for federal help ] because most of the people are black . And even for me to complain about it , I would be a hypocrite because I 've tried to turn away from the TV because it 's too hard to watch . I 've even been shopping before even giving a donation , so now I 'm calling my business manager right now to see what is the biggest amount I can give , and just to imagine if I was down there , and those are my people down there . So anybody out there that wants to do anything that we can help — with the way America is set up to help the poor , the black people , the less well @-@ off , as slow as possible . I mean , the Red Cross is doing everything they can . We already realize a lot of people that could help are at war right now , fighting another way — and they 've given them permission to go down and shoot us ! Myers spoke next and continued to read the script . Once it was West 's turn to speak again , he said , " George Bush doesn 't care about black people . " At this point , telethon producer Rick Kaplan cut off the microphone and then cut away to Chris Tucker , who was unaware of the cut for a few seconds . Still , West 's comment reached much of the United States . Bush stated in an interview that the comment was " one of the most disgusting moments " of his presidency . In November 2010 , in a taped interview with Matt Lauer for the Today show , West expressed regret for his criticism of Bush . " I would tell George Bush in my moment of frustration , I didn 't have the grounds to call him a racist " , he told Lauer . " I believe that in a situation of high emotion like that we as human beings don 't always choose the right words . " The following day , Bush reacted to the apology in a live interview with Lauer saying he appreciated the rapper 's remorse . " I 'm not a hater " , Bush said . " I don 't hate Kanye West . I was talking about an environment in which people were willing to say things that hurt . Nobody wants to be called a racist if in your heart you believe in equality of races . " Reactions were mixed , but some felt that West had no need to apologize . " It was not the particulars of your words that mattered , it was the essence of a feeling of the insensitivity towards our communities that many of us have felt for far too long " , argued Def Jam co @-@ founder Russell Simmons . Bush himself was receptive to the apology , saying , " I appreciate that . It wasn 't just Kanye West who was talking like that during Katrina , I cited him as an example , I cited others as an example as well . You know , I appreciate that . " In September 2013 , West was widely rebuked by human rights groups for performing in Kazakhstan at the wedding of authoritarian President Nursultan Nazarbayev 's grandson . He traveled to Kazakhstan , which has one of the poorest human rights records in the world , as a personal guest of Nazarbayev . Other notable Western performers , including Sting , have previously cancelled performances in the country over human rights concerns . West was reportedly paid US $ 3 million for his performance . West had previously participated in cultural boycotts , joining Shakira and Rage Against The Machine in refusing to perform in Arizona after the 2010 implementation of stop and search laws directed against potential illegal aliens . Later in 2013 , West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re @-@ enacting West 's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet . Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping . During a November 26 , 2013 radio interview , West explained why he believed that President Obama had problems pushing policies in Washington : " Man , let me tell you something about George Bush and oil money and Obama and no money . People want to say Obama can 't make these moves or he 's not executing . That 's because he ain 't got those connections . Black people don 't have the same level of connections as Jewish people ... We ain 't Jewish . We don 't got family that got money like that . " In response to his comments , the Anti @-@ Defamation League stated : " There it goes again , the age @-@ old canard that Jews are all @-@ powerful and control the levers of power in government . " On December 21 , 2013 , West backed off of the original comment and told a Chicago radio station that " I thought I was giving a compliment , but if anything it came off more ignorant . I don 't know how being told you have money is an insult . " In February 2016 , West again became embroiled in controversy when he posted a tweet seemingly asserting Bill Cosby 's innocence in the wake of over 50 women making allegations of sexual assault directed at Cosby . That same month , West became embroiled in a short @-@ lived social media altercation with rapper Wiz Khalifa on Twitter that eventually involved their mutual ex @-@ partner , Amber Rose , who protested to West 's mention of her and Khalifa 's child . The feud involved allegations by Rose concerning her sexual relationship with West , and received significant media attention . As of February 2 , 2016 , West and Khalifa had reconciled . = = = Award shows = = = In 2004 , West had his first of a number of public incidents during his attendance at music award events . At the American Music Awards of 2004 , West stormed out of the auditorium after losing Best New Artist to country singer Gretchen Wilson . He later commented , " I felt like I was definitely robbed [ ... ] I was the best new artist this year . " After the 2006 Grammy nominations were released , West said he would " really have a problem " if he did not win the Album of the Year , saying , " I don 't care what I do , I don 't care how much I stunt – you can never take away from the amount of work I put into it . I don 't want to hear all of that politically correct stuff . " On November 2 , 2006 , when his " Touch the Sky " failed to win Best Video at the MTV Europe Music Awards , West went onto the stage as the award was being presented to Justice and Simian for " We Are Your Friends " and argued that he should have won the award instead . Hundreds of news outlets worldwide criticized the outburst . On November 7 , 2006 , West apologized for this outburst publicly during his performance as support act for U2 for their Vertigo concert in Brisbane . He later spoofed the incident on the 33rd season premiere of Saturday Night Live in September 2007 . On September 9 , 2007 , West suggested that his race had something to do with his being overlooked for opening the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards ( VMAs ) in favor of Britney Spears ; he claimed , " Maybe my skin 's not right . " West was performing at the event ; that night , he lost all five awards that he was nominated for , including Best Male Artist and Video of the Year . After the show , he was visibly upset that he had lost at the VMAs two years in a row , stating that he would not come back to MTV ever again . He also appeared on several radio stations saying that when he made the song " Stronger " that it was his dream to open the VMAs with it . He has also stated that Spears has not had a hit in a long period of time and that MTV exploited her for ratings . On September 13 , 2009 , during the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards while Taylor Swift was accepting her award for Best Female Video for " You Belong with Me " , West went on stage and grabbed the microphone to proclaim that Beyoncé 's video for " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " , nominated for the same award , was " one of the best videos of all time " . He was subsequently removed from the remainder of the show for his actions . When Beyoncé later won the award for Best Video of the Year for " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " , she called Swift up on stage so that she could finish her acceptance speech . West was criticized by various celebrities for the outburst , and by President Barack Obama , who called West a " jackass " . In addition , West 's VMA disruption sparked a large influx of Internet photo memes with blogs , forums and " tweets " with the " Let you finish " photo @-@ jokes . He posted a Tweet soon after the event where he stated , " Everybody wanna booooo me but I 'm a fan of real pop culture ... I 'm not crazy y 'all , I 'm just real . " He then posted two apologies for the outburst on his personal blog ; one on the night of the incident , and the other the following day , when he also apologized during an appearance on The Jay Leno Show . After Swift appeared on The View two days after the outburst , partly to discuss the matter , West called her to apologize personally . Swift said she accepted his apology . In September 2010 , West wrote a series of apologetic tweets addressed to Swift including " Beyonce didn 't need that . MTV didn 't need that and Taylor and her family friends and fans definitely didn 't want or need that " and concluding with " I 'm sorry Taylor . " He also revealed he had written a song for Swift and if she did not accept the song , he would perform it himself . However , on November 8 , 2010 , in an interview with a Minnesota radio station , he seemed to recant his past apologies by attempting to describe the act at the 2009 awards show as " selfless " and downgrade the perception of disrespect it created . In " Famous , " a track from his 2016 album The Life of Pablo , West implies that this incident led to Swift 's stardom , rapping , " I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why ? I made that bitch famous . " After some media backlash about the reference , West posted on Twitter " I did not diss Taylor Swift and I 've never dissed her ... First thing is I 'm an artist and as an artist I will express how I feel with no censorship . " He continued by adding that he had asked both Swift and his wife , Kim Kardashian , for permission to publish the line . On February 8 , 2015 , at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , West walked on stage as Beck was accepting his award for Album of the Year and then walked off stage , leaving the audience to think he was joking . After the awards show , West stated in an interview that he was not joking and that " Beck needs to respect artistry , he should have given his award to Beyoncé " . On February 26 , 2015 , he publicly apologized to Beck on Twitter . On August 30 , 2015 , West was presented with the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award at the MTV Video Music Awards . In his acceptance speech , he stated , " Y 'all might be thinking right now , ' I wonder did he smoke something before he came out here ? ' And the answer is : ' Yes , I rolled up a little something . I knocked the edge off . ' " At the end of his speech , he announced , " I have decided in 2020 to run for president . " = = = Petitions = = = Music fans have turned to Change.org around the globe to try and block West 's participation at various events . The largest unsuccessful petition has been to the Glastonbury Festival 2015 with 133 @,@ 000 + voters stating they would prefer a rock band to headline . On July 20 , 2015 , within five days of West 's announcement as the headlining artist of the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Pan American Games , Change.org user XYZ collected over 50 @,@ 000 signatures for West 's removal as headliner , on the grounds that the headlining artist should be Canadian . In his Pan American Games Closing Ceremony performance , close to the end of his performance , West closed the show by tossing his faulty microphone in the air and walked off stage . = = Personal life = = = = = Relationships = = = West began an on @-@ and @-@ off relationship with designer Alexis Phifer in 2002 , and they became engaged in August 2006 . The pair ended their 18 @-@ month engagement in 2008 . West subsequently dated model Amber Rose from 2008 until the summer of 2010 . West began dating reality star and longtime friend Kim Kardashian in April 2012 . West and Kardashian became engaged in October 2013 , and married on May 24 , 2014 at Fort di Belvedere in Florence , Italy . Their private ceremony was subject to widespread mainstream coverage , with West taking issue with the couple 's portrayal in the media . They have two children : daughter North " Nori " West ( born June 15 , 2013 ) and son Saint West ( born December 5 , 2015 ) . In April 2015 , West and Kardashian traveled to Jerusalem to have North baptized in the Armenian Apostolic Church at the Cathedral of St. James . The couple 's high status and respective careers have resulted in their relationship becoming subject to heavy media coverage ; The New York Times referred to their marriage as " a historic blizzard of celebrity . " = = = Mother 's death = = = On November 10 , 2007 , at approximately 7 : 35 pm , paramedics responding to an emergency call transported West 's mother , Donda West , to the nearby Centinela Freeman Hospital in Marina del Rey , California . She was unresponsive in the emergency room , and after resuscitation attempts , doctors pronounced her dead at approximately 8 : 30 pm , at age 58 . The Los Angeles County coroner 's office said in January 2008 that West had died of heart disease while suffering " multiple post @-@ operative factors " after plastic surgery . She had undergone liposuction and breast reduction . Beverly Hills plastic surgeon Andre Aboolian had refused to do the surgery because West had a health condition that placed her at risk for a heart attack . Aboolian referred her to an internist to investigate her cardiac issue . She never met with the doctor recommended by Aboolian and had the procedures performed by a third doctor , Jan Adams . Adams sent condolences to Donda West 's family but declined to publicly discuss the procedure , citing confidentiality . West 's family , through celebrity attorney Ed McPherson , filed complaints with the Medical Board against Adams and Aboolian for violating patient confidentiality following her death . Adams had previously been under scrutiny by the medical board . He appeared on Larry King Live on November 20 , 2007 , but left before speaking . Two months later , he appeared again , with his attorney , stating he was there to " defend himself " . He said that the recently released autopsy results " spoke for themselves " . The final coroner 's report January 10 , 2008 , concluded that Donda West died of " coronary artery disease and multiple post @-@ operative factors due to or as a consequence of liposuction and mammoplasty " . The funeral and burial for Donda West was held in Oklahoma City on November 20 , 2007 . West played his first concert following the funeral at The O2 in London on November 22 . He dedicated a performance of " Hey Mama " , as well as a cover of Journey 's " Don 't Stop Believin ' " , to his mother , and did so on all other dates of his Glow in the Dark tour . At a December 2008 press conference in New Zealand , West spoke about his mother 's death for the first time . " It was like losing an arm and a leg and trying to walk through that " , he told reporters . California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the " Donda West Law " , legislation which makes it mandatory for patients to provide medical clearance for elective cosmetic surgery . = = = Legal issues = = = In December 2006 , Robert " Evel " Knievel sued West for trademark infringement in West 's video for " Touch the Sky " . Knievel took issue with a " sexually charged video " in which West takes on the persona of " Evel Kanyevel " and attempts flying a rocket over a canyon . The suit claimed infringement on Knievel 's trademarked name and likeness . Knievel also claimed that the " vulgar and offensive " images depicted in the video damaged his reputation . The suit sought monetary damages and an injunction to stop distribution of the video . West 's attorneys argued that the music video amounted to satire and therefore was covered under the First Amendment . Just days before his death in November 2007 , Knievel amicably settled the suit after being paid a visit from West , saying , " I thought he was a wonderful guy and quite a gentleman . " On September 11 , 2008 , West and his road manager / bodyguard Don " Don C. " Crowley were arrested at Los Angeles International Airport and booked on charges of felony vandalism after an altercation with the paparazzi in which West and Crowley broke the photographers ' cameras . West was later released from the Los Angeles Police Department 's Pacific Division station in Culver City on $ 20 @,@ 000 bail bond . On September 26 , 2008 , the Los Angeles County District Attorney 's Office said it would not file felony counts against West over the incident . Instead the case file was forwarded to the city attorney 's office , which charged West with one count of misdemeanor vandalism , one count of grand theft and one count of battery and his manager with three counts of each on March 18 , 2009 . West 's and Crowley 's arraignment was delayed from an original date of April 14 , 2009 . West was arrested again on November 14 , 2008 at the Hilton hotel near Gateshead after another scuffle involving a photographer outside the famous Tup Tup Palace nightclub in Newcastle upon Tyne . He was later released " with no further action " , according to a police spokesperson . On July 19 , 2013 , West was leaving LAX as he was surrounded by dozens of paparazzi . West became increasingly agitated as a photographer , Daniel Ramos , continued to ask him why people were not allowed to speak in his presence . West then says , " I told you don 't talk to me , right ? You trying to get me in trouble so I steal off on you and have to pay you like $ 250 @,@ 000 and shit . " Then he allegedly charged the man and grabbed him and his camera . The incident captured by TMZ , took place for a few seconds before a female voice can be heard telling West to stop . West then released the man , and his camera , and drove away from the scene . Medics were later called to the scene on behalf of the photographer who was grabbed . It was reported West could be charged with felony attempted robbery behind the matter . However , the charges were reduced to misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft . In March 2014 , West was sentenced to serve two years ' probation for the misdemeanor battery conviction and required to attend 24 anger management sessions , perform 250 hours of community service and pay restitution to Ramos . = = = Religious beliefs = = = After the success of his song " Jesus Walks " from the album The College Dropout , West was questioned on his beliefs and said , " I will say that I 'm spiritual . I have accepted Jesus as my Savior . And I will say that I fall short every day . " In a 2008 interview with The Fader , West stated that " I 'm like a vessel , and God has chosen me to be the voice and the connector . " In a 2009 interview with online magazine Bossip , West clarified that he believed in God , but " would never go into a religion , " explaining that " I feel like religion is more about separation and judgment than bringing people together and understanding . That 's all I 'm about . " More recently , in September 2014 , West referred to himself as a Christian during one of his concerts . = = Legacy = = West is among the most critically acclaimed artists of the twenty @-@ first century , receiving praise from music critics , fans , fellow musicians , artists , and wider cultural figures for his work . AllMusic editor Jason Birchmeier writes of his impact , " As his career progressed throughout the early 21st century , West shattered certain stereotypes about rappers , becoming a superstar on his own terms without adapting his appearance , his rhetoric , or his music to fit any one musical mold . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that West has been " a frequent lightning rod for controversy , a bombastic figure who can count rankling two presidents among his achievements . " Village Voice Media senior editor Ben Westhoff dubbed him the greatest hip hop artist of all time , writing that " he 's made the best albums and changed the game the most , and his music is the most likely to endure , " while Complex called him the 21st century 's " most important artist of any art form , of any genre . " In 2016 , The Guardian compared West to the late David Bowie within the " modern mainstream " , arguing that " there is nobody else who can sell as many records as West does [ ... ] while remaining so resolutely experimental and capable of stirring things up culturally and politically . " = = = Influence = = = Rolling Stone credited West with transforming hip hop 's mainstream , " establishing a style of introspective yet glossy rap [ ... ] " , and called him " as interesting and complicated a pop star as the 2000s produced — a rapper who mastered , upped and moved beyond the hip @-@ hop game , a producer who created a signature sound and then abandoned it to his imitators , a flashy , free @-@ spending sybarite with insightful things to say about college , culture and economics , an egomaniac with more than enough artistic firepower to back it up . " West 's middle @-@ class background , flamboyant fashion sense and outspokenness have set him apart from other rappers . Early in his career , he was among the first rappers to publicly criticize the preponderance of homophobia in hip hop . The sales competition between rapper 50 Cent 's Curtis and West 's Graduation altered the direction of hip hop and helped pave the way for new rappers who did not follow the hardcore @-@ gangster mold . Rosie Swash of The Guardian viewed the sales competition as a historical moment in hip @-@ hop , because it " highlighted the diverging facets of hip @-@ hop in the last decade ; the former was gangsta rap for the noughties , while West was the thinking man 's alternative . " West 's 2008 album 808s & Heartbreak polarized both listeners and critics upon its release , but was commercially successful and impacted hip hop and pop stylistically , as it laid the groundwork for a new wave of artists who generally eschewed typical rap braggadocio for intimate subject matter and introspection , including Frank Ocean , The Weeknd , Drake , Future , Kid Cudi , Childish Gambino , Lil Durk , Chief Keef , and Soulja Boy . According to Ben Detrick of XXL magazine , West effectively led a new wave of artists , including Kid Cudi , Wale , Lupe Fiasco , Kidz in the Hall , and Drake , who lacked the interest or ability to rap about gunplay or drug @-@ dealing . In 2013 , Julianne Escobedo Shepherd of Spin described West as fronting a " new art @-@ pop era " in contemporary music , in which musicians draw widely on the visual arts as a signifier of both creative exploration and extravagant wealth . Drake , Nicki Minaj and Casey Veggies have acknowledged being influenced directly by West . Non @-@ rap artists such as English singer @-@ songwriters Adele and Lily Allen , New Zealand artist Lorde , English rock band Arctic Monkeys , American pop singer Halsey , American pop rock singer Andy Grammar , Sergio Pizzorno of English rock band Kasabian and the American indie rock bands MGMT and Yeah Yeah Yeahs have cited West as an influence . Experimental and electronic artists such as James Blake Daniel Lopatin , and Tim Hecker have also cited West 's work as an inspiration . = = = Accolades = = = A substantial number of artists and other figures have professed admiration for West 's work , including hip hop artists Rakim , RZA of Wu @-@ Tang Clan , Chuck D of Public Enemy , and DJ Premier of Gang Starr . Experimental rock pioneer and Velvet Underground founder Lou Reed said of West that " the guy really , really , really is talented . He 's really trying to raise the bar . No one 's near doing what he 's doing , it 's not even on the same planet . " Musicians such as Paul McCartney and Prince have also commended West 's work . Famed Tesla Motors CEO and inventor Elon Musk complimented West in a piece for Time Magazine 's 100 most influential people list , writing that : " Kanye West would be the first person to tell you he belongs on this list . The dude doesn 't believe in false modesty , and he shouldn 't [ ... ] He fought for his place in the cultural pantheon with a purpose . In his debut album , over a decade ago , Kanye issued what amounted to a social critique and a call to arms ( with a beat ) : " We rappers is role models : we rap , we don 't think . " But Kanye does think . Constantly . About everything . And he wants everybody else to do the same : to engage , question , push boundaries . Now that he 's a pop @-@ culture juggernaut , he has the platform to achieve just that . He 's not afraid of being judged or ridiculed in the process . Kanye 's been playing the long game all along , and we 're only just beginning to see why . " West 's first six solo studio albums , all of which have gone platinum , have received numerous awards and critical acclaim . All of his albums have been commercially successful , with Yeezus , his sixth solo album , becoming his fifth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release . West has had six songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of December 2012 , with " Gold Digger " selling 3 @,@ 086 @,@ 000 , " Stronger " selling 4 @,@ 402 @,@ 000 , " Heartless " selling 3 @,@ 742 @,@ 000 , " E.T. " selling over 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , " Love Lockdown " selling over 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , and " Niggas in Paris " selling over 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 , placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade . He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best @-@ selling digital artists of all @-@ time . As of 2013 , West has won a total of 21 Grammy Awards , making him one of the most awarded artists of all @-@ time . About.com ranked Kanye West No. 8 on their " Top 50 Hip @-@ Hop Producers " list . On May 16 , 2008 , Kanye West was crowned by MTV as the year 's No. 1 " Hottest MC in the Game . " On December 17 , 2010 , Kanye West was voted as the MTV Man of the Year by MTV . Billboard ranked Kanye West No. 3 on their list of Top 10 Producers of the Decade . West ties with Bob Dylan for having topped the annual Pazz & Jop critic poll the most number of times ever , with four number @-@ one albums each . West has also been included twice in the Time 100 annual lists of the most influential people in the world as well as being listed in a number of Forbes annual lists . In its 2012 list of " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , Rolling Stone included three of West 's albums — The College Dropout at number 298 , Late Registration at number 118 , and My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy at number 353 . The Pitchfork online music publication ranked My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy as the world 's best album of the decade " so far " — between 2010 and 2014 — on August 19 , 2014 , while Yeezus was ranked in the eighth position of a list of 100 albums . During the same week , the song " Runaway " ( featuring Pusha T ) was ranked in the third position in the publication 's list of the 200 " best tracks " released since 2010 . = = Discography = = Studio albums The College Dropout ( 2004 ) Late Registration ( 2005 ) Graduation ( 2007 ) 808s & Heartbreak ( 2008 ) My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy ( 2010 ) Watch the Throne ( with JAY @-@ Z ) ( 2011 ) Yeezus ( 2013 ) The Life of Pablo ( 2016 ) = = Videography = = The College Dropout Video Anthology ( 2004 ) Late Orchestration ( 2006 ) VH1 Storytellers ( 2010 ) = = Tours = = Touch The Sky Tour ( 2005 ) Glow in the Dark Tour ( 2008 ) Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga ( Cancelled ) ( 2009 – 10 ) Watch the Throne Tour ( With JAY @-@ Z ) ( 2011 – 12 ) The Yeezus Tour ( 2013 – 14 ) Saint Pablo Tour ( 2016 ) = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = =
= Driving Emotion Type @-@ S = Driving Emotion Type @-@ S ( ドライビング・エモーション・タイプエス ) is a racing game developed by Escape , a subsidiary of Square . It was published in Japan on March 30 , 2000 and was Square 's first release for the PlayStation 2 console . After criticisms of the game 's handling , the European and North American versions of the game feature revised controls and additional contents , and were released on January 26 , 2001 and January 29 , 2001 respectively . The game features officially licensed cars from international manufacturers . Several modes of playing are present , including a training mode and a two @-@ player mode . The game 's music , primarily composed by Shinji Hosoe , was published as a soundtrack in Japan . Sales for the game were low and professional reviews very mixed , with either praises or criticism of the game 's graphics , controls and sounds . = = Gameplay = = The gameplay of Driving Emotion Type @-@ S follows general conventions of racing games . The game 's physics and controls intend to be realistic and are based on vehicular weight . The player competes in races with other computer controlled cars in order to unlock new cars and tracks . Car settings can be customized , as well as their colors , before each course . The game includes 43 officially licensed cars from thirteen Japanese and European manufacturers , including BMW , Toyota , Nissan , Mazda , Porsche , Subaru , Mitsubishi , TVR , Alfa Romeo , Ferrari , Which Was First Game to include The All New Ferrari 360 and Lexus Which Was exclusive to the Western versions of the game . Fourteen courses are available in total , including two fictional circuit and real circuit like The Home of Formula One Circuit in Japan Suzuka Circuit and the home of Super Lap in Japan Tsukuba Circuit , and one exclusive to the Western versions of the game called West Coast . There are four game modes . The " Arcade Type @-@ S " mode is the main part of the game , and allows the play to immediately join a race . Only four cars are available at the beginning of the game , but as the player wins more races , more cars and tracks are unlocked . The " Line Training " mode enables the player to try out any of the tracks and improve their driving techniques , without any computer @-@ controlled car . An ideal racing line is shown in red on the track and becomes jagged when the suggested braking points are approached . This mode features four autocross tracks that do not feature in the other modes . A " Time Attack " and split @-@ screen two @-@ player " Vs Mode " fill out the gameplay . = = Development = = Announced in January 2000 under the working title of Type @-@ S , Driving Emotion Type @-@ S was developed by Escape , a subsidiary of Square . Its development team had previously worked with DreamFactory on Ehrgeiz and the Tobal series for the PlayStation . The announcement was later followed by a four @-@ page advertisement in the Japanese gaming magazine Weekly Famitsu , which stated that the game would be Square 's first release for the PlayStation 2 . In Japan , a playable version of the game was showcased at Square 's " Millennium Event " , a show held on January 29 , 2000 in Yokohama . Television advertisements of the game were among the first ones to air in Japan for the PlayStation 2 . The game was also showcased in the United States at the Electronic Entertainment Expo of Los Angeles , from May 11 to May 13 of the same year . This demonstration was not playable however , as focus groups were revising the game to improve upon the Japanese version . According to the American website GameSpot , the level of body details and shading was also refined . The European and North American versions of the game were eventually released ten months after the Japanese one . = = Audio = = The music of the game was primarily composed by Shinji Hosoe , with contributions by Ayako Saso and Takayuki Aihara . The soundtrack was published in Japan by Hosoe 's label Super Sweep Records , on December 29 , 2001 , and was sold bundled with the soundtrack of the video game Bushido Blade . The music is mostly techno @-@ based , with rock and jazz elements . According to the game music website Chudah 's Corner , one of the more varied track is the opener " Rush About " , which features electronic beats , a duet of saxophone and electric guitar , and a piano . The site also mentions the synth @-@ influenced " Best Tone " and its bass solo as Ayako Saso 's most enjoyable contribution , while Takayuki Aihara 's is the catchy 80s rock tune " F @-@ Beat " . Finally , the site cites the piano @-@ based " Recollections of Sepia " as the calmest track of the album . All songs written and composed by Shinji Hosoe , except where noted . = = Reception = = A week after its Japanese release , Driving Emotion Type @-@ S had sold 46 @,@ 600 copies . The game made a more mediocre start outside Japan , with only 2 @,@ 500 copies sold in the United States a week after its North American release . The American website Allgame noted that while the game sold poorly , it nevertheless benefited commercially from having been released before Gran Turismo 3 : A @-@ Spec , a better title according to the site as well as GamePro , GameSpot , GameZone and IGN . The game received very mixed reviews from gaming publications . The Japanese magazine Weekly Famitsu gave the title a score of 28 out of 40 , praising its graphics , usage of real cars and innovative driver 's view perspective . The American magazine Game Informer and website GameZone also lauded the game 's realistic car interiors and highly detailed environments , putting them on par with those of Ridge Racer V and Gran Turismo 3 : A @-@ Spec . Still , Allgame noted the presence of a subtle shimmering effect in the graphics , an effect typically seen on early PlayStation 2 titles , while the American website Game Revolution found the graphics " severely jagged " . The shimmering and jaggedness were also noted by GameSpot and the American website IGN , which did not feel they were that irritating . Concerning the game 's playability , the Japanese release was judged " impossible to play " by GameSpot and IGN , which both felt the Western versions were an improvement , even though the game was still " far more sensitive than it ought to be " . Still , Game Revolution found the car default settings unbalanced and hard to re @-@ adjust properly , and criticized the game 's inconsistent AI , like Allgame and IGN . Famitsu reported long load times and a high difficulty level , noting that the game was aimed more toward fans of sim racing than fans of arcade @-@ style gameplay , due to the difficulty of steering . Game Informer and GameZone echoed Famitsu 's review , stating that the load times quickly become a " game @-@ ending nightmare " , and calling the game 's handling " touchy " , " intense " and " revolutionary " , but acknowledging that most players would simply find it too challenging and frustrating to be fun . While Game Informer alleged that " there is a masterpiece for driving simulator buffs buried in here " , Allgame was much more negative , stating that the cars " seem overly light on their tires " and that it " feels like you 're driving on ice " . Reviews for the game 's audio were also mixed . The music was praised by Chudah 's Corner , which called it the game 's " saving grace " and " a marvel of its own " , while Game Informer called it " decent " but felt Square should have enlisted big bands to match the music of the competitor series Gran Turismo . GameSpot called the music " solid , albeit imperfect " and also thought that it lacked impact compared to that of Gran Turismo 2 , R4 : Ridge Racer Type 4 or Ridge Racer V. While the site praised the game 's ambient sound effects as realistic and detailed , IGN and GameZone felt they were too muted and " nothing special " . GameZone , Game Revolution and the American magazine GamePro felt the music was " intolerable " and " out @-@ of @-@ tune " , " cheesy and annoying " , and sounded like " a flock of seagulls being maimed and tortured " .
= 2008 NHL Winter Classic = The 2008 NHL Winter Classic ( known via corporate sponsorship as the AMP Energy NHL Winter Classic ) an outdoor regular season National Hockey League ( NHL ) game played on January 1 , 2008 , at Ralph Wilson Stadium in Orchard Park , New York . The Pittsburgh Penguins defeated the Buffalo Sabres , 2 – 1 , in a shootout , on a goal by captain Sidney Crosby . It was the first outdoor regular @-@ season professional ice hockey game to be played in the United States , and was sponsored by AMP Energy . It was the successor to the 2003 Heritage Classic , the NHL 's first regular @-@ season outdoor game , played in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . The game was televised in the United States on NBC and in Canada on CBC and RDS . Due to the snowy conditions , the game was at the time colloquially referred to as the " Ice Bowl " by residents of the area and Sabres fans . The game , which was played at a temporary ice rink built on the football field , set an NHL attendance record of 71 @,@ 217 . The Sabres held a Winter Classic " house party " at HSBC Arena during the game where another 11 @,@ 000 fans saw the game shown live on the arena 's video scoreboard with synched @-@ up audio from the team 's radio coverage . The Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team played a pre @-@ game at the HSBC Arena as part of the house party festivities . Buffalo Sabres anthem singer Doug Allen sang the Canadian national anthem , as is customary at Sabres home games . Irish tenor Ronan Tynan performed " God Bless America " before the game at the stadium . The success of the event has led to subsequent outdoor hockey games being scheduled and helped establish the Winter Classic as an annual NHL tradition . = = Preparations = = Construction of the outdoor rink began on December 24 , the day after the Buffalo Bills played their last home game of the 2007 NFL season . It was built between the 16 @-@ yard lines of the football field , under the supervision of NHL facilities operations manager Dan Craig . Initially , six inches ( 150 mm ) of the nine @-@ inch ( 230 mm ) crown of the football field had to be leveled using styrofoam insulation . On top of the newly created flat surface , three inches ( 75 mm ) of plywood with plastic covering were laid as a base for the necessary piping . At the same time the boards were being put in place , an inch of sand was spread amongst the piping and was then wet by a combination of hoses and timely rain so it could freeze into a rink overnight and be painted four days before the game . Another ¾ of an inch of ice was added to complete the playing surface . After this experience , Commissioner Gary Bettman stated that the League would like more time to prepare the site for the next outdoor game . He also wanted to ensure that not too many outdoor games are held so the event can remain special . = = Attendance = = 71 @,@ 217 people attended the game , setting an NHL attendance record . The former NHL record of 57 @,@ 167 was set at the Heritage Classic between the Montreal Canadiens and Edmonton Oilers in Edmonton , Alberta , on November 22 , 2003 . Georges Laraque and Ty Conklin are the only two players who have played in both the Heritage Classic and Winter Classic games . They both played for the Oilers and Penguins , respectively , for each game . While it was the record for a professional game , it fell short of the then all @-@ time number of 74 @,@ 554 , which was set in " The Cold War " between the University of Michigan and Michigan State University on October 6 , 2001 . Sabres goaltender Ryan Miller and Penguins forward Adam Hall both played for Michigan State in that game . Approximately 41 @,@ 000 tickets to the game were made available to the general public , selling out within 30 minutes of being made available on September 18 , 2007 . In the face of controversy about the quickness of ticket sales , an official spokesperson for the Sabres called it " a testament to how popular the Sabres are and how many people want to be part of the event . " However , many Penguins fans were left out by not having the opportunity to purchase the tickets after they were made available to the city hosting the event , and they were frustrated by the lack of exclusivity for Penguins season @-@ ticket holders . Terrence Pegula , who would go on to purchase the Sabres three years later , was among those in attendance . Also in attendance was game show host Pat Sajak , who spoke positively of his experience ( although admitting that Ralph Wilson Stadium 's size was somewhat of a distraction from the game itself ) . = = Television and radio coverage = = The game was televised in the United States on NBC and in Canada on CBC and RDS . Westwood One broadcast the game on radio , and XM Satellite Radio aired the game , as well . Some NBC affiliates in the United States decided instead to play the game on secondary channels often used for weather service . Therefore , in some markets , fans with satellite service with DirecTV or DISH Network were unable to watch the game . Despite this , and competing with broadcasts of college football bowl games ( this was particularly noted in the Detroit , Michigan market , usually a strong market for hockey ratings , where the Wolverines were playing in the Capital One Bowl ) , the game garnered a 2 @.@ 6 rating and 5 share , the highest rating for a regular season NHL game since 1996 , and the highest share since Wayne Gretzky 's final game in 1999 , in a near tie with second @-@ place CBS 's 2 @.@ 7 rating for Gator Bowl coverage . The production earned a 38 @.@ 1 rating in Buffalo and 17 @.@ 7 rating in Pittsburgh , to lead all markets . Westwood One carried a nationwide radio broadcast of the game , as did each team 's local announcing team for local networks ( Rick Jeanneret and Harry Neale for Buffalo , Mike Lange and Phil Bourque for Pittsburgh ) . NBC had an airplane flying overhead to provide bird 's @-@ eye views of the rink , including a live webstream from its camera throughout the game . The announcers stood in a constructed perch on the penalty box side of the rink , in front of the stadium stands . Mike Emrick , Eddie Olczyk and Darren Pang comprised the TV broadcast team for NBC , while Jim Hughson , Craig Simpson and Greg Millen called the game on CBC . = = Pregame = = Doug Allen sang the Canadian national anthem ( O Canada ) and Irish tenor Ronan Tynan performed " God Bless America " before the game . The U.S. national anthem ( " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " ) was not performed . = = Rule changes = = The NHL also announced that several rule changes were in effect for this game , to nullify advantages to either team due to the weather conditions . The teams switched ends halfway through the third period . Play was interrupted exactly at the 10 : 00 minute mark , similar to the end of a period with a horn sounding , a Zamboni resurfacing the ice , and a faceoff following at center ice . The overtime period was similarly divided into two 2 : 30 segments . In the shootout , each goaltender was permitted to choose which goal to defend , and they each chose the same goal , towards the west side of the stadium . = = Game summary = = The teams wore vintage jerseys for the event , with the Penguins wearing powder blue jerseys for the first time since 1973 . The Sabres wore their old white jerseys , which they wore from 1978 to 1996 . The game was part of the regular 2007 – 08 NHL season schedule , replacing a game that would have been held at HSBC Arena , the Sabres ' regular home . In addition , the goaltenders also dressed in vintage style , with Ty Conklin and Ryan Miller both wearing retro @-@ painted masks . Ryan Miller also wore a hockey sock on top of his mask , which he changed during each intermission so he could auction all three of them off for charity along with his mask . Penguins backup Dany Sabourin wore a set of vintage @-@ styled pads but did not play . Weather for the game was appropriate to the winter setting it was intended to evoke , with game @-@ time temperatures around the freezing mark and snow falling for much of the time , especially during the third period . The weather conditions made play somewhat more difficult for players but were well received by fans . The Penguins registered 25 shots on goal , and the Sabres had 37 , dominating the second and overtime periods , leading those 14 – 2 and 7 – 0 , respectively . Each goalie allowed one goal in playing time not including the shootout , giving Conklin 36 saves for the Penguins , and Miller 24 for the Sabres . = = = Scoring summary = = = Number in parenthesis represents the player 's total in goals or assists to that point of the season = = = Penalty summary = = = = = = Three star selections = = = = = Team rosters = = ^ Jocelyn Thibault dressed for the Buffalo Sabres as the back @-@ up goalie and did not enter the game . ^ Dany Sabourin dressed for the Pittsburgh Penguins as the back @-@ up goalie and did not enter the game . = = = Scratches = = = Pittsburgh Penguins : # 10 Gary Roberts ( injured ) Buffalo Sabres : # 4 Nolan Pratt ( healthy ) , # 21 Drew Stafford ( concussion ) = = = Officials = = = Referees — Marc Joannette , Don VanMassenhoven Linesmen — Brad Kovachik , Tim Nowak = = Future games = = Due to the success of the Winter Classic and its predecessor , outdoor games have been held during subsequent seasons , and the Winter Classic has become an annual NHL tradition . The next Winter Classic was held on January 1 , 2009 , at Wrigley Field in Chicago , matching the Detroit Red Wings against the Chicago Blackhawks . Winter Classics have been held in every year since , except for 2013 , which was interrupted by the 2012 – 2013 NHL lockout . Two Heritage Classics , one in 2011 and 2014 , have been held since . The league expanded its offerings of outdoor games with the introduction of the NHL Stadium Series in 2014 . Since the inaugural Winter Classic , the NHL has held 12 additional outdoor games .
= Kim Possible ( character ) = Kimberly Ann " Kim " Possible is a fictional character who appears in the animated television series Kim Possible , voiced by American actress Christy Carlson Romano . Created by Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle , the character debuted in the show 's pilot , " Crush " , which premiered on June 7 , 2002 . After starring in each of the show 's 84 episodes , Kim made her final appearance in the series finale " Graduation , Part 2 " , which originally aired on September 7 , 2007 . A high school cheerleader who moonlights as a crime @-@ fighter , aided by her best friend Ron Stoppable , the majority of Kim 's world @-@ saving missions require her to thwart the evil plans of her archnemeses Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego , a mad scientist and supervillain duo , all the while coping with everyday challenges commonly associated with adolescence , including maintaining good grades and dating . Inspired by their own daughters , Schooley and McCorkle conceived Kim as a teenage girl who can do anything , basing the character on their own fictional childhood hero James Bond . Upon noticing that female leads were lacking in children 's animated television , they decided to reverse traditional gender roles by making Kim the show 's action hero with a comedic male sidekick . Devoid of both superpowers and a secret identity unlike traditional superheroes , the character 's crime @-@ fighting abilities are drawn from her experience as both a cheerleader and gymnast , making her more relatable to young audiences . Originally designed as a bombshell based on video game character Lara Croft , Kim 's appearance was ultimately altered to closer resemble that of a teenage girl . The character is known for her atypical teenage slang and outfits . When Kim Possible premiered in 2002 , Kim was instantly well @-@ liked by both female and male audiences . The character has since been very positively received by critics , who hailed her as a positive role model for young women , while heavily comparing her to similar crime @-@ fighting television heroines Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Sydney Bristow from Alias , both of whom preceded her . Kim has also earned the respect of feminist critics , who appreciated the character for both defying gender roles and challenging negative stereotypes commonly associated with cheerleaders . A fashion trendsetter , the character 's wardrobe is also believed to have helped popularize the wearing of crop tops and cargo pants during the early 2000s . The success of the show inspired the release of two television films , Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time ( 2003 ) and Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) , as well as a video game series , in all of which Kim stars . = = Role in Kim Possible = = High school student Kim Possible ( Christy Carlson Romano ) fights crime alongside her best friend and sidekick Ron Stoppable ( Will Friedle ) , aided by his pet naked mole @-@ rat Rufus ( Nancy Cartwright ) and computer genius Wade ( Tahj Mowry ) . The character lives in fictional Middleton , USA with her parents James ( Gary Cole ) and Ann ( Jean Smart ) , a rocket scientist and neurosurgeon respectively , and her younger brothers , identical twins Jim and Tim . Kim goes on extraordinary missions to save the world from danger at the hands of various supervillains and evil geniuses . Her most consistent adversaries are mad scientist Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego , the latter of whom is a former superheroine who has the ability to generate powerful energy blasts , and thus poses as her main combatant and threat . Kim becomes a crime @-@ fighter unintentionally . In need of a job , the character creates her own website , on which she promotes her own babysitting and lawn mowing services , using the slogan " I can do anything . " When a wealthy entrepreneur accidentally contacts Kim Possible instead of Team Impossible when he becomes trapped by his own laser security system , Kim rushes to his aid , using her gymnastic abilities to disable the device . As news of Kim 's heroism spreads and requests for her help increase , the character finally decides to pursue it as a career . Although hardly a normal teenager , Kim insists that she is just an " basic average girl " and must nonetheless cope with usual adolescent affairs , such as maintaining good grades in school , pleasing her parents , learning how to drive , dating and relationships , and attending cheerleading practice . = = Development = = = = = Conception and writing = = = Long @-@ time co @-@ workers and writing partners , television writers Bob Schooley and Mark McCorkle explained that the idea for Kim Possible arrived from " out of the blue " when they realized that there were few animated shows starring female leads . Both McCorkle and Schooley had worked as writers on the male @-@ led animated series Aladdin and Hercules for several years , but longed to do " something original " , and had just recently learned that young people were beginning to crave shows that depicted " ordinary kids in extraordinary circumstances . " Thus , Schooley and McCorkle conceived Kim as a " girl who can do anything " ; Kim Possible provided the writers with a first @-@ time opportunity to create an entirely new character " from scratch " , which Schooley described as a " refreshing " experience in comparison to writing for characters who had already been established . Both Schooley 's and McCorkle 's own daughters inspired them to conceive Kim as " a character that our daughters and other girls can look up to " , aware of the " ancient truism " that while girls would seldom hesitate to watch a show about a male lead , boys are usually less willing to do the opposite . Thus , the writers decided to reverse traditional gender roles by making Kim the show 's competent action hero and Ron her " fumbling " sidekick , longing to provide young girls with " a character that they can pretend to be " , similar to their own childhood heroes , fictional spy James Bond and Captain Kirk from Star Trek . According to McCorkle , Kim has much more in common with James Bond than she does with comic book superheroes . The " weird dynamic " between Kim 's enemies Dr. Drakken and Shego was deliberately written so that it mirrors Kim and Ron 's relationship . Meanwhile , the recurring character Monique was created because Schooley and McCorkle felt that it would be more realistic if Kim were to have a female best friend in addition to Ron . The writers also penned fast , " sitcom @-@ style dialogue " for Kim and the other characters to say in order to attract both children and adults . After three years , production on Kim Possible had virtually ceased following the premiere of the film So the Drama because the writers felt that finally establishing Kim and Ron as a couple would serve as " great wrap @-@ up to the series " , and thus had long abandoned creating new " outlets " for the character during the show 's third season . Schooley and McCorkle had always wanted Kim and Ron to eventually end up a couple , but avoided this storyline for as long as possible in fear of " paint [ ing ] [ themselves ] into a corner " . When the show was surprisingly renewed for a fourth season by popular demand , Schooley and McCorkle realized that pursuing Kim and Ron 's relationship provided the series with " new story ideas " and " opportunities for comedy " , and ultimately learned to appreciate the characters ' " new dynamic . " To prevent Kim and Ron 's relationship from becoming " soap @-@ opera @-@ ish " , the writers strove to maintain the basics of their friendship , with Kim continuing to save the world with Ron as her sidekick . In terms of character development , the show 's main titles were finally adjusted to reflect the grade in which Kim is currently enrolled , changing it from high school sophomore to high school senior . Additionally , Kim finally gets her own car , which she inherits from her father , while her younger brothers Jim and Tim begin enrollment at Middleton High School , having skipped several grades due to their genius @-@ level intellect , much to Kim 's chagrin . = = = Design , personality and abilities = = = Aware of what does and does not work in television animation , Schooley and McCorkle knew that Kim needed to be a physically attractive character . Kim 's appearance evolved dramatically over the course of three months . The character was originally designed to look like " a pretty standard @-@ looking athletic blonde " , which was gradually changed in favor of a more distinctive appearance . At one point , Kim 's design was based on that of video game character Lara Croft from Tomb Raider . However , the Disney Channel eventually determined that Lara " is ... not a very real character . " Finally , the creators decided to give Kim a more realistic appearance akin to that of a 14 @-@ year @-@ old girl as opposed to a bombshell , concluding , " She has a nice , very appealing design , but we just wanted to keep it out of that realm of video game heroine . " The creators admitted that Kim would have been their " dream girl " in high school , joking , " She would have been way out of our class though . " Director Chris Baily wanted Kim to be designed with " graphic sensibilities " similar to those of the show 's backgrounds , creating a 3D character " whose feet can be planted on the ground and communicate a sense of space . " For example , when the character is dressed in all @-@ black , Kim was drawn without a white outline so that she virtually disappears when she moves in front of a black background , yet her " simple design " and flesh allows audiences to " fill in where her body is " naturally . The show 's female characters are the only characters drawn with lips , only the upper of which is visible . Describing Kim as " a mostly graphic heroine " , Animation : A World History : Volume III : Contemporary Times author Giannalberto Bendazzi agreed that the character 's " limited animation " was intentional . In the fourth season , the character 's signature crop top and cargo pants are replaced by a T @-@ shirt and pants because the former outfit was damaged during a fight with Shego . Kim was animated by Rough Draft Korea . The creators wanted to make Kim as believable as possible . Schooley 's and McCorkle 's own daughters inspired them to conceive Kim as a " character with dimension ... that girls could watch and appreciate . " McCorkle was quick in deciding very early on that Kim does not belong to a spy organization , nor does she possess any superpowers . Although admitting that the character 's accomplishments are generally " implausible , " Schooley and McCorkle wanted Kim to remain relatable to young viewers , and avoided making her " impervious " like superheroes by giving her " real problems and teen issues . " McCorkle described Kim as " incredibly competent in the action world but challenged in the real world by all the things we all have trouble with " , including embarrassment , school work and family . Schooley explained that " What makes Kim effective in the action world is gymnastics , cheerleading , physical activity , something that any kid , any girl , in the world could do . " Additionally , the character is skilled in 17 different types of kung fu . Elaborating on her role in the pilot , Schooley believes that " Kim 's mix of tenacity , intelligence and heart makes for a very strong female role model for kids , " however , " Sure she can save the world , but that doesn 't help her a bit when she comes face @-@ to @-@ face with her latest school crush . " Furthermore , the writers envisioned the character having her own website and hand @-@ held communicator – named the " Kimmunicator " after the character – with video chat , both of which were considered revolutionary back in 2000 , a time when few young people owned cellphones . Kim 's use of advanced technology represents her ability to " effortlessly hop around the world and get back in time for dinner . Which is pretty unrealistic , but it ’ s what kids can do on the internet now . They can talk to somebody anywhere " . " Ms. Possible , when not solving the typical dilemmas facing high school youth , faced off against a bevy of ( occasionally competent ) do @-@ badders using her smarts , courage , acrobatic martial @-@ arts skills and sundry cool gadgets . Kim , Ron and Rufus spring into action when alerted by Wade , a comrade of comparable age who somehow manipulates a computer surveillance system the Pentagon might envy . Plausible it may not be , but popular it surely is . " Kim 's main goal in the series is simply to help those in need regardless of money or rewards , which Schooley and McCorkle deliberately instilled in the character 's personality . One of her trademark gags involves her thanking people for providing her with transportation , to which they respond " No , thank you , for saving us " . Although primarily writers , Schooley and McCorkle remained thoroughly involved in determining the overall appearance of the series , as well as the design of its characters . However , they accredit the majority of the series ' aesthetics to season one director Chris Baily and artistic director Alan Bodner . Cartoonist Stephen Silver served as a character animator on the show . = = = Voice = = = Kim is voiced by American actress Christy Carlson Romano , who was only 16 years old when she was first cast as the character . The titular role was originally offered to actress Anneliese van der Pol , who turned it down in favor of co @-@ starring as Chelsea Daniels in the Disney Channel Original Series That 's so Raven . Before being cast as Kim , Romano had already been well @-@ known for starring as Ren Stevens in the Disney Channel sitcom Even Stevens . The actress was finally introduced to the show 's creators by Disney Channel executives after Schooley and McCorkle had already auditioned several people for the role . According to McCorkle , Romano " nailed " her audition , which he described as " just fantastic . " Kim was Romano 's first voice @-@ acting role . Upon being cast as Kim , Romano immediately identified with the character because they were " both dealing with teenage issues " at the time . During the show 's first season , Romano and the rest of the Kim Possible cast recorded at different locations . Like her character , Romano also balanced her acting profession with schoolwork , and agreed that they are both confident in their endeavors . Because the actress was enrolled in high school in New York at the time , she was often required to participate in cast meetings and table reads via telephone ; Romano was actually unable to attend her own senior prom because she was working on Kim Possible . Occasionally , the actress herself would serve as creative inspiration for the writers ; one episode in particular , " Blush " , was based on the fact that Romano is a shy and easily embarrassed person who tends to " blush at even the slightest compliment / awkward situation . " The writers also gave Kim several interests that are similar to Romano 's own . Schooley enthused that the actress " add [ s ] something to [ her character ] that makes it more than a typical gag @-@ oriented cartoon " , crediting both her and co @-@ star Will Friedle , voice of Ron , among reasons fans connected with the characters . Romano described Kim as a " very ambitious , very skilled , very smart " character , and attempted to make her as much of a role model as possible . The actress also described the character as " a really confident , sweet girl who everybody loves . And she is a heroine who little girls look up to . ... She is a typical role model , perfect in every way . How could you not like Kim ? " Romano initially doubted that the show would be successful , but eventually admitted that " the animation was great and the writing was amazing . It 's done so that kids and adults can enjoy it ; families can share an amazing experience together . " Additionally , Romano 's character greatly influenced her own career , and considers Kim to be a positive role model for young girls . Romano identified the season one episode " Mind Games " in which Kim and Ron switch bodies as her favorite . By the end of the series , Romano was 21 years old and attending Columbia University for political science . Kim 's final line in the series is " uuhhh ... huh ? " , which Romano recorded tearfully due to the series ending . Writing for 7M Pictures , Kevin Carr considered the fact that Kim is only a voice @-@ acted role beneficial to the series because " they could always get someone else to mimic her original voice " should Romano depart , unlike Lizzie McGuire 's Hilary Duff . = = Characterization and themes = = A pun , the character 's name " Kim Possible " alludes to the word " impossible " . Kim is referred to by several nicknames by various characters throughout the series , including K.P. ( Ron ) ; Kimmy Cub ( James ) ; K , Miss Perfect , Tin Teeth ( Bonnie ) ; Princess , Pumpkin , Cupcake , Miss Snooty , Miss Priss ( Shego ) ; and Kimmie by miscellaneous . Unlike traditional superheroes and secret agents , Kim lacks a secret identity ; the character is known simply as " Kim Possible , and everyone who knows her knows what she does . " Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle observed that Kim " never put on spandex or acquired a secret identity ; instead , she had her own website where people could book her for jobs with a tagline that promised that she could do anything " , a claim reinforced by the fact that she is capable of fighting crime while continuing to perform well in high school and remaining captain of her school 's cheerleading squad . Writing for Women Write About Comics , Jamie Kingston observed that Middleton High School " ignores her as a heroine unless something happens on school grounds where she has to do her thing . " Thus , Kim rarely receives attention for her work from her family and peers , although her customers remain extremely grateful . However , while describing Kim as a " power fantasy " , Stealing Commas believes that Kim is simply " preventing regime change " and " Preserving the status quo rather than doing any real world saving . " According to Metacritic , Kim " is stubborn , strong @-@ willed , and has a fuse shorter than a grenade with a three second delay " but remains " extremely humble , refusing to take credit for her truly amazing actions . " Meanwhile , David Horiuchi of Amazon.com wrote that the character is " tough , witty , and refreshingly free of any saucy teen attitude . " UGO.com described Kim as a " cheery and upbeat " character who " settl [ es ] for nothing less than excellence " . Described as a " goody @-@ goody , " Kim is also a perfectionist . Despite her high school popularity – the character is the second most popular girl at Middleton High School , behind rival Bonnie Rockwaller – Kim is not stuck up and remains very much devoted to her academics , being a straight @-@ A student . However , her reputation as " a brainiac " does not harm her popularity . The character 's intellect counters negative stereotypes commonly associated with cheerleaders ; she often incorporates her cheerleading routines into battle . Meanwhile Bonnie , who is described as " Kim 's polar opposite " , is depicted as " a typical cheerleader " , reflecting what Kim " could have become " . A running gag , Bonnie constantly complains about Kim 's tardiness for cheerleading practice due to her tasking job . Described by Tracey McLoone of PopMatters as " clever , as well as graceful and physically fit " , the character also disproves the belief that brawn is superior to brains in battle . However , Kim is not a tomboy , and exhibits personality traits and interests typically associated with teenage girls , including shopping and fangirling over popular trends . Flawed , the character also has a tendency to come off as judgmental , jealous and overly competitive at times . Her best female friend Monique represents " Kim ’ s bridge between the world of super @-@ spy , superhero action , and the world of high school , and stuff teen girls care about " , keeping the character " grounded " . Despite her confidence as a young woman , Kim remains very much concerned about her love life , which is sometimes treated as one of her weaknesses . Mike McDaniel of the Houston Chronicle joked that " Nothing 's impossible with Kim Possible -- except maybe landing a date . " Feminist Fairytales observed that Kim " contain [ s ] a [ w ] ide range of differences in one person " . Much of the character 's dialogue consists of " not @-@ so @-@ typical teen slang " including " So not the drama " and " No big " , as well as her signature catchphrase " What 's the sitch ? " . Kim 's unconventional relationship with her inept , unpopular best friend Ron ultimately unveils the best in both characters , " with Kim keeping Ron out of trouble and Ron keeping Kim from over @-@ stressing . " Kim Possible : A Sitch in Time further demonstrates how much Kim actually depends on Ron . Ron helps remove negative qualities from Kim that would otherwise cause others to perceive the character as a " bitch " . Reminiscent of the romantic comedy When Harry Met Sally ( 1989 ) , their relationship heavily explores the idea of the friend zone , as Kim and Ron remain platonic friends for the majority of the series , although their romantic interests in each other is hinted at throughout , more @-@ so Ron 's feelings for Kim . While Kim has been jealous of Ron 's girlfriends at times , Ron values their friendship too much to jeopardize it by confessing his true feelings for her until the third season , at the end of which they finally start dating . Sarah Freymiller of Bustle described Ron as " the Joker to [ Kim 's ] Batman ; he is the intelligent , kind chaos in her highly @-@ organized life . " Meanwhile , Priya Krishna of BuzzFeed observed , " At the end of the day , Kim needs Ron , and Ron is always there for her and never feels emasculated by the fact his friend / girlfriend is clearly better than him at everything . " Kim was among several fictional characters and pop culture icons to debut towards the " end of the ' Girl Power ' era " and third @-@ wave feminism . Thus , some critics perceive the character as a combination of Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Sydney Bristow from Alias , and The Powerpuff Girls . As an animated series , Kim Possible was revolutionary for its diverse cast of strong female characters , namely Kim and Shego . Many of the character 's typically " girly " belongings double as powerful weapons , namely her lip gloss and compact mirror . In his book Dangerous Curves : Action Heroines , Gender , Fetishism , and Popular Culture , author Jeffrey A. Brown believes that " Kim may be the epitome of a Girl Power @-@ derived heroine " , while reinforcing " that there is a lot to be learned from female elders . " Like Kim herself , her grandmother Nana Possible also fought crime when she was young , from whom Kim is believed to have inherited her abilities . Kim 's entire family is very intelligent , and constantly reiterate the phrase " anything is possible for a Possible " . Therefore , the character is spared " the burden of being the only brain on the show . " The character 's relationship with her parents is atypically healthy for a teenager . Kim 's father James " views women as equals " , and thus has a good relationship with Kim although he struggles to come to terms with the reality that she is growing up and dating . Her mother Ann is essentially a " grown up " version of Kim . At one point , Ann insists that Kim invite her on one of her missions as her Mother 's Day present , and Kim also admits to being impressed by her mother 's work as a brain surgeon . The Artifice observed that Kim and Shego are strikingly similar in appearance . Metacritc believes that Shego is essentially " Kim 's dark reflection . " Both characters are smart , athletic and attractive with green eyes , but Shego chooses to use her powers for evil instead . According to Metacritic , Kim 's " fiery " red hair symbolizes " her attitude that is best summed up by the phrase , ' I can do anything . ' " The character is infamous for her puppy dog pout , which she often uses to get her way . = = Appearances = = Kim Possible was very successful , running for a total of five years from June 7 , 2002 to September 7 , 2007 and spanning four seasons , becoming the longest @-@ running Disney Channel Original Series until eventually being surpassed by Phineas and Ferb . The series comprised 84 episodes , with Kim starring in each one . Kim also made an appearance in the Lilo & Stitch : The Series crossover episode " Rufus " . = = = Epcot theme park attraction = = = In 2009 , a theme park attraction entitled the Kim Possible World Showcase Adventure premiered at Walt Disney World 's Epcot . Upon arrival , visitors were allowed to partake in an alternate reality game ( ARG ) inspired by the television series in which they entered into the world of Kim Possible and ventured on a " high @-@ tech scavenger hunt " in a simulated country of their choice . = = Reception and legacy = = Kim has garnered very positive reviews from entertainment critics . Jacqueline Cutler of the Sun @-@ Sentinel hailed the character as " as close to a role model as an animated cheerleader trying to save the world can be . " Similarly , Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette joked , " Though a heroine who dresses like Britney Spears ... Kim 's got the same insecurities as all adolescents , making her a character kids will identify with " , while comparing the character to Buffy Summers from Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Sydney Bristow from Alias . Tracey McLoone of PopMatters believes that the show 's " merit lies primarily in heroine Kim Possible " , observing that she is a " more self @-@ assured " character than both Buffy and Sydney . Levi Buchanan of IGN described Kim as a " well @-@ flashed out " character . Scott D. Pierce of the Deseret News dubbed Kim " a teenage Powerpuff Girl " , while Betsy Wallace of Common Sense Media also drew further similarities between the character and The Powerpuff Girls , as well as Buffy and Sydney . In review of the film Kim Possible : So the Drama , the premiere of which was originally intended to conclude the series , David Horiuchi of Amazon.com praised Kim as " a teen heroine that appeals to both youngsters and oldsters " , citing the character among several other reasons the show will be missed . Meanwhile , reviewing the film Kim Possible : The Secret Files , Horiuchi described Kim as " An Alias @-@ type heroine for the tween @-@ age set " whose " school @-@ girl awkwardness can prove appealing to grown @-@ up kids as well . " Netflix crowned Kim the " ultimate crime @-@ fighting teenager " . Writing for The Huffington Post , Carly Steyer credited Kim with teaching the importance of maintaining a healthy work @-@ life balance : " She paid an appropriate amount of attention to her schoolwork , and worked hard , but didn 't slave over it to the extent that she didn 't have any time left to save the world . " The character has also received positive attention from feminist critics ; in her article " 12 Life Lessons ' Kim Possible ' Taught Us That Are Still Pretty Relevant " , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle described Kim as an " amazingly feminist " character " that taught girls that it was okay to overachieve , that worrying about boys didn 't make you any less of a hero , and that you could invent your own slang and still sound ( sort of ) cool . " Griffiths went on to hail the character as " our cartoon idol when it came to reaching for the stars and pulling it off flawlessly " , concluding , " at the end of the day Kim Possible could do anything . And so can all of us . " BuzzFeed ranked Kim ninth on its list of " 17 Characters From Your Childhood That Were More Feminist Than You Remember " , with author Ellie Bate crediting the character with " break [ ing ] the sexist stereotype that all cheerleaders are nothing but bimbos " . Bustle writer Sarah Freymiller agreed that " Kim offers a model for femininity that both bolsters and works against the typical ' high school cheerleader ' stereotype . " Pride ranked Kim 11th on its list of " 13 Cartoon Characters Who Defied Gender Stereotypes " . In her article " Power feminism , mediated : Girl power and the commercial politics of change " , Rebecca C. Hains of Salem State College cited Kim among several " strong powerful girl [ television ] heroes " who are responsible for " breaking the mold by placing girls at the center of narratives with active agency and unfettered power " during the early 2000s . MTV compared the character to American spy Virginia Hall in their article " 9 Cartoon Feminists Who Remind Us of Real @-@ life Badass Women " . While ranking Kim Possible : So the Drama the 12th most feminist Disney Channel Original Movie , Priya Krishna of BuzzFeed described Kim as " obviously great " . Comparing Kim to comic book superheroine Wonder Woman , Kathryn Shattuck of The New York Times wrote , " MOVE over , boy wonders . The newest superhero on the block doesn 't need a gimmicky mask or a jolt of testosterone to get the job done ... Kim Possible is ready and able to rescue humankind from evildoers without sacrificing her interest in boys and clothes . " However , in her book Girlfighting : Betrayal and Rejection , author Lyn Mikel Brown dismissed Kim as both a feminist and role model because of her alleged reliance on Ron 's intelligence , as well as the observation that " Her biggest threat is not evil , in fact , but the head cheerleader " . Since her debut , Kim has proven herself a popular character among both girls and boys , although McCorkle admitted that " whenever you have a girl in the lead doing all the action stuff , there ’ s a certain age group of boys who won ’ t admit they like the stuff . They really want to see the boy in that role . " McCorkle recalled an incident in which a fan of the show was very much surprised to learn that the writers were actually men upon meeting them ; the fan had always just assumed that they were both young women because of the way in which they characterized Kim . MTV 's Deepa Lakshmin predicted that Kim " will live on in our hearts forever " . UGO.com ranked Kim 59th on the website 's list of the 75 " hottest " animated characters , hailing her as the " Disney Channel queen " . In 2015 , MTV published an article entitled " 13 Reasons Kim Possible is the Only Role Model You Need " , citing the character 's " great friends , a great boyfriend and a kick @-@ ass career " . In Oh My Disney 's article " Why We Want To Be Kim Possible " , the character was hailed as " the best " because " Who else could be a straight @-@ A student , captain of the cheerleading team , AND protect the world from bad guys ? The answer is no one , because she ’ s Kim Poss @-@ ib @-@ le . " The same website also included the character in its article " Disney Redheads : An Appreciation Post " . Kim is also regarded as a fashion trendsetter , with Charmaine Simmons of Bustle crediting the character with popularizing " all of the stylish looks that we never knew we 'd be in love with over 10 years later " , including crop tops , cargo pants and bodysuits . Also writing for Bustle , Sarah Freymiller penned , " Her commitment to action is notable , even if she never wears a shirt longer than mid @-@ lung , and she fights crime in her cheerleader uniform when she needs to . " Freymiller concluded , " In the early 2000s , as Limited Too dominated the tween fashion scene , it was refreshing to see a girl decked out in functional black and army green attire . " The character 's Kimmunicator ringtone is commonly associated with the series , and is also frequently imitated by fans . The Kimmunicator 's inception preceded the creation of smartphones by several years . Upon Apple 's release of the Apple Watch , several critics drew similarities between the real @-@ life device and the Kimmunicator , especially when Kim 's device was downsized to a wristwatch during the final season .
= Ron Hamence with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 = Ron Hamence was a member of Donald Bradman 's famous Australian cricket team of 1948 , which toured England and was undefeated in its 34 matches . As a result of this unprecedented feat by a Test side touring England , the team earned the nickname The Invincibles . A right @-@ handed middle @-@ order batsman , Hamence was not instrumental in the team 's success . Regarded as the last batsman to be chosen for the team , his selection was the subject of controversy because many batsmen who had scored more runs in the preceding Australian season had been overlooked . Hamence and Colin McCool were the only squad members who did not play a Test on tour . Hamence was used in non @-@ Test tour matches so that the leading batsmen could conserve energy for the Tests , as play was scheduled for six days a week . Along with Doug Ring , Hamence and McCool called themselves " ground staff " because of their scant playing duties in the major matches , and they often created and sang ironic songs about their lack of opportunities . Bradman was reluctant to risk the team 's unbeaten record and as a result , Hamence did not receive many opportunities to bat high in the order , something that was the subject of criticism . Hamence scored 582 runs at a batting average of 32 @.@ 33 , with a top @-@ score of 99 . He was the only frontline Australian batsman not to score a century . The remaining eight frontline batsmen each scored at least 973 runs and all averaged no less than 47 @.@ 30 . Hamence also occasionally opened the bowling in the tour matches with his gentle medium pace , allowing the team 's leading bowlers to recuperate between Tests . = = Background = = During the preceding 1947 – 48 season in Australia , Hamence was dropped from the national team . He had played sporadically in the Test team , being selected in three of the ten matches in the previous two seasons . In those three Tests he scored a total of 81 runs at an average of 27 @.@ 00 . Returning to domestic cricket following his omission , Hamence scored 85 and 66 against Queensland , a performance which kept him in the running for a place in the national team . His selection for the 1948 tour of England under Bradman was the subject of considerable controversy , as many other batsmen were overlooked despite being more productive during the Australian summer . For his part , Bradman described his middle @-@ order — Hamence among them — as " an array of batsmen who could scarcely fail " . From the start , Hamence was on the outer with regards to selection in the Tests . He was not selected for any of the Tests during the English campaign , but in a 2008 interview , emphasised that he felt no resentment over his omission . Hamence was a popular member of the touring party and his cheerful nature and splendid tenor voice added to the good spirits of the team . His roommate during the tour was the seamer Ernie Toshack . = = Early tour = = Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire . Being a fringe member of the squad and having made only sporadic Test appearances in previous seasons , Hamence was not selected . Australia promptly crushed the hosts by an innings . Hamence made his debut on English soil in the second tour match against Leicestershire . Batting at No. 6 , he came in at 4 / 344 and made only seven . His dismissal triggered a collapse of 5 / 38 as Australia were bowled out for 448 before winning by an innings . The next match against Yorkshire , on a damp pitch that suited slower bowling , was the closest Australia came to defeat on the tour . Batting at No. 4 , Hamence made 12 in the first innings as Australia replied to Yorkshire 's 71 with 101 . He batted slowly , coming in at 2 / 24 before departing at 7 / 74 . After Australia dismissed the hosts for 89 in their second innings , Australia collapsed to 3 / 13 in pursuit of 60 for victory . Hamence came in and scored one before he was run out after being slow to set off for a quick single ; Australia collapsed to 6 / 31 . To make matters worse , Sam Loxton was injured and could not bat , so Australia effectively had only three wickets in hand and faced their first loss to an English county since 1912 . However , Australia scraped home by four wickets after a counterattack by Neil Harvey and Don Tallon , aided by a dropped catch and missed stumping . Hamence was rested as the Australians travelled to London to defeat Surrey at The Oval by an innings . He returned for the next match against Cambridge University . Elevated to No. 3 by stand @-@ in captain Lindsay Hassett , Hamence came in at 1 / 64 and put on a partnership of 176 with Bill Brown , ending with 92 as Australia piled on 4 / 414 and won by an innings . Hamence scored mainly from the back foot , and Jack Fingleton opined " a nice innings it was , too , in its neat strokemaking " . Hamence also bowled for the first time on tour , sending down three overs for seven runs in the second innings without taking a wicket . In the following match , Australia crushed Essex by an innings and 451 runs , their largest winning margin for the summer . On the first day , Australia set a world record by scoring 721 , the most first @-@ class runs added in one day . Halfway through the day , at 2 / 364 , all rounder Keith Miller came to the crease . A cavalier and carefree character , Miller resented Bradman 's ruthless attitude towards annihilating the opposition and often refused to try when Australia were in an unassailable position . He deliberately let the ball hit the stumps and was out for a golden duck . Hamence came in and struck 46 , adding 146 runs for the fifth wicket with Sam Loxton . The partnership took only an hour , and Australia went on to win by an innings . Miller later said that one of his reasons for gifting his wicket was to protest the lack of opportunities given to Hamence and other fringe batsmen . Batting at No. 5 in the next match against Oxford University , Hamence made only three as Australia made 431 and proceeded to another innings victory . The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , N- and were basically a full strength Test team , while Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team . It was a chance to gain a psychological advantage . Given Hamence 's early struggles in the English conditions , which saw him make only 161 runs at 26 @.@ 83 in his first six innings , while all of Australia 's first @-@ choice top six had made centuries , N- he was not selected ; Australia amassed 552 and won by an innings . Recalled for the next match , against Lancashire at Old Trafford in Manchester , Hamence scored two while batting at No. 7 in the first innings and an unbeaten 49 at No. 6 in the second , putting on an unbeaten century partnership with Harvey as the match ended in a draw after the entire first day 's play was lost to rain . His second innings was praised for the aesthetic quality . It was the first match on tour that Australia had failed to win . Hamence was rested for the following match against Nottinghamshire , which was again drawn , before returning against Hampshire . He made five as Australia were dismissed for 117 in reply to the home side 's 195 , the first time the tourists had conceded a first innings lead during the season . He did not get another chance with the bat as Australia recovered to win by eight wickets . Hamence had one last chance to make his case for Test selection in the match against Sussex at Hove , the last county fixture before the First Test at Trent Bridge . He came to the crease at 4 / 453 and made 34 in a stand of 96 with Harvey . His dismissal and Harvey reaching his 100 prompted Australia to declare at 5 / 549 . Bradman said that Hamence was " the unlucky player of the match " and that he was standing on the balcony ready to declare when Hamence fell on the last ball of the over . Australia went on to complete an innings victory . In the second innings , Hamence opened the bowling with Ray Lindwall . He took an early wicket before ending the innings by claiming the last man to fall , a stumping by Ron Saggers standing up to the stumps . = = Test omission = = Since World War II , the first five positions in Australia 's Test batting order had regularly consisted of Arthur Morris , Sid Barnes , Bradman , Hassett and Miller , while the sixth position saw many occupants . All of the first five were selected for the matches against Worcestershire and the MCC , and retained their positions for the First Test . This left one position for the remaining batsmen in the squad . Up to this point , Brown had scored 800 runs on tour at an average of 72 @.@ 72 , with four centuries , and was on his third tour of England . Brown had played in the first @-@ choice team in the matches against Worcestershire and the MCC . Harvey had accumulated 296 runs at 42 @.@ 29 , all rounder Loxton had 310 runs at 51 @.@ 66 , but was injured , while Hamence had made only 251 runs at 27 @.@ 88 and was the only one of the four to not have scored a century . Hamence was overlooked while Brown gained selection in the First Test at Trent Bridge , batting out of position in the middle @-@ order while Barnes and Morris were preferred as the first @-@ choice opening pair , whereas Harvey was dropped despite making a century in Australia 's most recent Test against India . This was the exact situation that had unfolded in the Worcestershire and MCC matches where Australia fielded their first @-@ choice team ; Brown batted in the middle order . Bradman explained the decision in his memoirs : " Hamence was not in good enough form and Harvey scarcely ready " . During the opening stages of the tour , Bradman spent little time talking to Hamence at practice sessions , leading analysts to conclude that the Australian skipper viewed Hamence as being highly unlikely to play in the Tests . Australia went on to defeat England by eight wickets , although Brown struggled and made only 17 . Between Tests , Hamence earned selection for the match against Northamptonshire , batting at No. 4 and scoring 34 ; he partnered acting captain Hassett in a stand of 104 for the third wicket . He took 1 / 11 in the second innings as Australia won by an innings . In the second match before the Second Test , which was against Yorkshire , Hamence made 48 and six not out , and took a total of 1 / 17 as the game ended in a draw . He batted slowly and cautiously ; Bradman gave him few opportunities , so he had to make the most of them . The first innings 48 was a determined performance on a sticky wicket that helped Australia to 249 ; Bradman felt that Hamence 's grit was a notable factor in Australia managing to pass 200 . Harvey made 49 and 56 while Brown made 19 and 113 as an opener . This was enough for Brown to retain his middle @-@ order position for the Second Test at Lord 's , where Australia fielded an unchanged team . Australia went on to a crushing win by 409 runs but Brown made only 24 and 32 . The next match was against Surrey and started the day after the Second Test . As the Test players were tired , Bradman gave them a lighter workload and assigned Hamence and Loxton to open the bowling . Both took two wickets and Hamence snared opposing captain Laurie Fishlock and Eric Bedser to end with 2 / 24 . Brown injured a finger while fielding , so he was not able to bat in Australia 's first innings . Hamence was thus elevated to open the batting . Hamence made a duck , but Australia nevertheless took a 168 @-@ run lead . Hamence opened the bowling for the second time , although he was unable to take a wicket and ended with 0 / 30 . In the second innings , Harvey volunteered to play as a makeshift opener alongside Loxton and they chased down the 122 runs for victory in less than an hour to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win . For the following match against Gloucestershire before the Third Test , Brown and Hamence did not play . Harvey made 95 and Loxton ended on 159 not out as Australia reached 7 / 774 declared , its highest of the tour , underpinning an innings victory . As a result of the performance , Loxton seized Brown 's middle @-@ order position for the Third Test at Old Trafford . During the drawn Third Test , opening batsman Sid Barnes was injured . This opened up a vacancy for the Fourth Test . Hamence made 30 as Australia defeated Middlesex by ten wickets in their only county match before the Fourth Test at Headingley . Hamence was overlooked for the vacancy as Harvey was called in . Australia scored 3 / 404 to set a world record for the highest successful Test run chase ; Harvey scored a century . Immediately after the Test , Hamence made 21 at No. 6 as Australia amassed 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings . In the next match against Glamorgan , Hamence was yet to bat when rain ended the match at 3 / 215 in Australia 's first innings . He was rested as Australia defeated Warwickshire by nine wickets . Hamence was recalled as Australia faced and drew with Lancashire for the second time on the tour . He made 14 in the first innings and was unbeaten on 10 in the second when Australia declared , having batted at No. 5 both times . In the last match before the Fifth Test , a non @-@ first @-@ class fixture against Durham , Hamence scored 24 batting at No. 6 in Australia 's 282 . The match was a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings . Hamence was overlooked for the Fifth Test , as Australia won by an innings to seal the series 4 – 0 ; the drawn Third Test was Australia 's only non @-@ victory . = = Later tour matches = = Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to go through a tour of England without defeat . Australia batted first against Kent and Hamence made 38 . Hamence was the ninth man to fall as partners ran out and Australia lost their last seven wickets for 89 to end at 361 . Despite this , they completed an innings victory . In the next match against the Gentlemen of England , Hamence batted at No. 7 and only had a limited opportunity to contribute , coming in at 5 / 532 and scoring 24 before Bradman declared at 5 / 610 when Hassett reached 200 . Hamence bowled in both innings for a total of 1 / 41 as Australia won by an innings . In the next match against Somerset , Hamence put on 195 for the fifth wicket with Ian Johnson to take Australia to 4 / 501 with his score on 99 . The other batsmen had all made centuries , and the Australian players were keen to see Hamence do the same . With his score on 99 , the rest of the team left their card games in readiness to applaud his impending milestone . However , Hamence hit two balls from the middle of the bat , only to see them travel directly to the fielder , yielding no runs . Anxious to reach his century , Hamence then charged down the pitch and was then stumped for 99 , his highest score for the season . According to Bradman , Hamence " fell to what everyone said was the best ball all day " . Nevertheless , Australia won by an innings and 374 runs . In the following match against the South of England , Hamence made seven as Australia declared at 7 / 522 . The match was washed out ; Hamence bowled three overs without success in the hosts ' only innings . Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was the fixture against Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI . During the last tour in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit , but this time Bradman insisted that only six players currently in England 's Test team be allowed to play for the hosts . Bradman then fielded a full @-@ strength team , so Hamence was left out . Australia led by 312 on the first innings and were well in control , but the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays . The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . Hamence batted once in each match , scoring six and 15 as Australia ended the tour with two innings victories . = = Role = = During the tour , Hamence played 19 first @-@ class matches and scored 582 runs at an average of 32 @.@ 33 . An occasional bowler who delivered 56 @.@ 3 overs of medium pace during the tour , he took seven wickets at 21 @.@ 42 and completed nine catches . He was the most successful of the specialist batsmen with the ball , occasionally opening the bowling in the tour matches , such as in both innings of the second match against Surrey and the second innings of the second match against Yorkshire . This allowed Bradman to rest his first @-@ choice bowlers to keep them fresh for the Tests . Hamence 's primary role was to allow the leading batsmen an opportunity to conserve energy for the Tests ; the Australians generally had six days of play scheduled every week . In most of the matches , Hamence batted in the middle order at Nos. 5 , 6 and 7.N- Along with Loxton , he was given 22 first @-@ class opportunities with the bat , whereas the other eight frontline batsmen had at least 26 innings . Loxton scored 973 runs , while the others all scored more than 1 @,@ 000 . All of the batsmen other than Loxton averaged at least 47 @.@ 30 @.@ and as Australia won many of their matches by an innings or by eight or more wickets , he seldom batted in the second innings . On four occasions , he was unbeaten when Australia either declared , reached their target or time ran out . Teammate Sid Barnes criticised the omission of Hamence from much meaningful cricket on the tour . Referring to the match against the Gentlemen of England , Barnes criticised the fact that Bradman , Hassett and himself all made centuries , while Hamence was only given a short innings in the lower order and was not out on 24 when Australia declared . As the tourists were already in a strong position , Barnes reasoned that Hamence " could have been sent in [ at ] first wicket down , where he batted with his interstate team ... Despite this , Hassett still went in before Hamence in the next game , against Somerset ... Hamence batted No. 6 ... but he should have been sent in No. 3 . " Barnes reported that Hamence , along with the other frequent omissions Colin McCool and Doug Ring , termed themselves the " ground staff " . He added : " In the dressing room during county games they would break out into ironic song about the few chances they got . " Loxton reported that these songs included the " odd risque limerick " . Bradman did later state that " because of the strong array of batsman ahead of him , [ Hamence ] seldom had an opportunity to make big scores " but " was an extremely useful reserve who could have been played in the Tests with confidence " . Following the 1948 tour , Bradman described Hamence as " a fine batsman of the strictly orthodox type . Very sound and reliable with his game based on driving " and a " very safe fieldsman " . Bradman added that Hamence had few opportunities because of Australia 's batting strength but " always batted well and often at a critical moment made valuable runs " . Bradman said that Hamence " could have been played in the Tests with confidence " and praised his contributions to team morale . Fingleton said " there was criticism of his selection in this side , but had the war not intervened he undoubtedly would have made a [ n ] [ Ashes ] trip before " . = = = Statistical notes = = = = = = General notes = = =
= Eurasian nuthatch = The Eurasian nuthatch or wood nuthatch ( Sitta europaea ) is a small passerine bird found throughout temperate Asia and in Europe , where its name is the nuthatch . Like other nuthatches , it is a short @-@ tailed bird with a long bill , blue @-@ grey upperparts and a black eye @-@ stripe . It is a vocal bird with a repeated loud dwip call . There are more than 20 subspecies in three main groups ; birds in the west of the range have orange @-@ buff underparts and a white throat , those in Russia have whitish underparts , and those in the Far East have a similar appearance to European birds , but lack the white throat . The preferred habitat is mature deciduous or mixed woodland with large , old trees , preferably oak . Pairs hold permanent territories , and nest in tree holes , usually old woodpecker nests , but sometimes natural cavities . If the entrance to the hole is too large , the female plasters it with mud to reduce its size , and often coats the inside of the cavity too . The 6 – 9 red @-@ speckled white eggs are laid on a deep base of pine or other wood chips . The Eurasian nuthatch eats mainly insects , particularly caterpillars and beetles , although in autumn and winter its diet is supplemented with nuts and seeds . The young are fed mainly on insects , with some seeds , food items mainly being found on tree trunks and large branches . The nuthatch can forage when descending trees head first , as well as when climbing . It readily visits bird tables , eating fatty man @-@ made food items as well as seeds . It is an inveterate hoarder , storing food year @-@ round . Its main natural predator is the Eurasian sparrowhawk . Fragmentation of woodland can lead to local losses of breeding birds , but the species ' range is still expanding . It has a large population and huge breeding area , and is therefore classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) as being of least concern . = = Taxonomy = = The nuthatches are a family of similar @-@ looking birds with short tails and wings , compact bodies and longish pointed bills . They have grey or bluish upperparts , a black eyestripe and strong feet . All are in the single genus Sitta . Within the genus , the Eurasian nuthatch forms a superspecies with the chestnut @-@ vented , Indian , chestnut @-@ bellied and Kashmir nuthatches and has in the past been considered conspecific with all of these . The Eurasian nuthatch was described by Linnaeus in his Systema naturae in 1758 under its current scientific name . Sitta is derived from the Ancient Greek name for this bird , σιττη , sittē , and the species name , europaea , is Latin for " European " . " Nuthatch " , first recorded in 1350 , is derived from " nut " and a word probably related to " hack " , since these birds hack at nuts they have wedged into crevices . The fossil record for nuthatches is sparse , and in Europe is limited to the extinct Sitta senogalliensis from the Lower Miocene in Italy and somewhat later material from France ; the family appears to be of relatively recent origin . = = = Subspecies = = = There are more than 20 subspecies , but the precise number is disputed . These taxa can be divided into three main groups ; these may have been geographically isolated from each other until relatively recently . Birds of intermediate appearance occur where the group ranges overlap . The large , white @-@ breasted S. e. arctica of north east Siberia is distinctive in appearance and genetically , and may be another subspecies group or even a separate species . = = Description = = The adult male of the nominate subspecies , S. e. europaea is 14 cm ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) long with a 22 @.@ 5 – 27 cm ( 8 @.@ 9 – 10 @.@ 6 in ) wingspan . It weighs 17 – 28 g ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 oz ) . It has blue @-@ grey upperparts , a black eye @-@ stripe and whitish throat and underparts . The flanks and lower belly are orange @-@ red , mottled with white on the undertail . The stout bill is dark grey with a paler area on the base of the lower mandible , the iris is dark brown and the legs and feet are pale brown or greyish . Most other members of the S. e. europaea group differ only in detail from the nominate form , often with respect to the hue of the underparts , but S. e. arctica is quite distinctive . It is large , pale , has a white forehead and a reduced eye @-@ stripe , and it has more white in the tail and wings than any other subspecies . Nuthatches move on trees with short leaps , and do not use their tails for support . In flight , they have a characteristic appearance , with a pointed head , round wings and a short , square tail . Their flight is fast , with wings closed between beats , and is usually of short duration . S. e. caesia , the most widespread of the western subspecies , has orange @-@ buff underparts except for a white throat and cheeks . The other western forms mainly differ in the exact shade of the underparts , although some southeastern forms also show a white forehead and supercilium . S. e. sinensis and S. e. formosana , of China and Taiwan respectively , have buff underparts like the western races , but have buff , instead of white , throats . The female is similar in appearance to the male , but may be identified by her slightly paler upperparts , a browner eyestripe and a more washed @-@ out tone to the flanks and lower belly . In the eastern form , S. e. asiatica , some males have buff underparts like the female , and birds with this appearance are difficult to sex in the field . Young birds resemble the female , although their plumage is duller and they have paler legs . Individuals can be reliably sexed as female from about 12 days old by their paler and buffer flanks , or , in some white @-@ breasted subspecies , by the creamier hue of their underparts . Adults have a complete moult after breeding which takes about 80 days , starting from late May onwards and finishing by late September . The moult period for Siberian birds is more compressed , running from June to mid @-@ September . Fledged juveniles moult some of their wing coverts when they are about eight weeks old . In much of its range , Eurasian is the only nuthatch present . In southeast Europe and southwest Asia , the western and eastern rock nuthatches are larger and paler than the Eurasian species . They also lack white spots in the tail and are usually found in a different , stony habitat , and Krüper 's nuthatch is small and has a black cap and reddish breast patch . In southwest China , the chestnut @-@ vented nuthatch is very similar to the European bird , but is darker above , has less white on the face and has greyer underparts . = = = Voice = = = The Eurasian nuthatch calls frequently , usually with a loud , sharp dwip normally repeated twice , sometimes more often if excited . It has a shrill sirrrr or tsi @-@ si @-@ si alarm call , and a thin tsit pre @-@ flight call . The song is a slow whistled pee @-@ pee @-@ pee with many variants , including a faster version , and may be intermingled with the call . The song of the distinctive S. e. arctica is said to be noticeably different from that of its relatives , which would help to establish whether it is a full species , but there has been insufficient research into its vocalizations . = = Distribution and habitat = = The Eurasian nuthatch 's breeding range extends across temperate Eurasia from Great Britain ( but not Ireland ) to Japan . It is found between the 16 – 20 ° C ( 61 – 68 ° F ) July isotherms , north to about latitude 64 ° N in western Russia and 69 ° N in Siberia . It breeds south to the Mediterranean in Europe , although it is absent from the islands , other than Sicily , and in most of Russia the southern boundary is around 54 – 55 ° N. In the east , the range includes most of China and Taiwan and much of Korea . It has occurred as a vagrant in Lebanon and the Channel Islands , and the nominate race has been recorded a few times in Finland where S. e. asiatica is the normal form . Most populations are sedentary , apart from some post @-@ breeding dispersal of young birds , and there is a reluctance to cross even short stretches of open water . Northern and eastern breeders are dependent on the cones of the Siberian stone pine , and if the crop fails many birds of the S. e. asiatica subspecies may move west into northern Sweden and Finland in autumn , sometimes staying to breed . Siberian S. e. arctica may make more limited movements south and east in winter , and S. e. amurensis , from southeast Russia , is regular in winter in Korea . The preferred habitat is mature woodland with large , old trees , which provide extensive growth for foraging and nesting holes . In Europe , deciduous or mixed forest is favoured , particularly when containing oak . Parks , old orchards and other wooded habitats may be occupied as long as they have at least a 1 ha ( 2 @.@ 5 acres ) block of suitable trees . Particularly in mountains , old spruce and pine forests are used , and pine is also favoured in Taiwan . In most of Russia , conifers are used for nesting , but population densities are relatively low . Moroccan birds nest in oak , Atlas cedar and fir . Unusual habitats include dwarf juniper in Mongolia and rocky terrain in a limited part of southern Siberia . The Eurasian nuthatch is primarily a lowland bird in the north of its range , but reaches the tree @-@ line in Switzerland , at 1 @,@ 200 m ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) or higher , and breeds occasionally at 1 @,@ 800 – 2 @,@ 100 m ( 5 @,@ 900 – 6 @,@ 900 ft ) in Austria . It breeds at similar levels in the mountains of Turkey , the Middle East and Central Asia . It is mainly a mountain bird in southern Japan , 760 – 2 @,@ 100 m ( 2 @,@ 490 – 6 @,@ 890 ft ) , and Taiwan , 800 – 3 @,@ 300 m ( 2 @,@ 600 – 10 @,@ 800 ft ) , but in southern China , the chestnut @-@ vented nuthatch is the highland species , with the Eurasian species at lower levels . = = Behaviour = = = = = Breeding = = = Nuthatches are monogamous , and a pair occupies a breeding territory in which it spends the winter as well . Territory sizes range from 2 – 10 ha ( 5 – 25 acres ) in Europe to an average of 30 @.@ 2 ha ( 75 acres ) in the sub @-@ optimal conifer forests of Siberia . The male sings to defend his territory and attract a mate . Both sexes have a courtship display with a floating , quivering flight , and the male will also make circular flights with a spread tail and raised head . He will also feed the female while courting her . Despite the lifelong pairing , genetic research in Germany showed that at least 10 % of the young in the study area were fathered by another male , usually from an adjacent territory . The nest is in a tree cavity , usually an old woodpecker hole , but sometimes of natural origin . Occasionally the female will enlarge an existing hole in rotten wood . The nest site is typically 2 – 20 m ( 7 – 66 ft ) above the ground and has a deep base of pine bark or chips of other wood , rarely supplemented with dry plant material . If the entrance to the hole is too large , it is plastered with mud , clay and sometimes dung to make it smaller . A small entrance and large interior , together with the use of a deep layer of wood chips in which to bury the eggs and small young when the adults leave the nest , may be adaptations to reduce the chance of predation . Nests with small entrance holes are most successful . Locally , a small entrance may make it less likely that the nest will be taken over by common starlings . The female undertakes most of the work , and often plasters the inside of the cavity too , taking up to four weeks to complete the construction . A nest is often re @-@ used in subsequent years . The clutch is usually 6 – 9 red @-@ speckled white eggs , although up to 13 eggs are sometimes laid . They average 19 @.@ 5 mm × 14 @.@ 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 77 in × 0 @.@ 57 in ) and weigh 2 @.@ 3 g ( 0 @.@ 081 oz ) of which 6 % is shell . The female incubates the eggs for 13 – 18 days to hatching , and broods the altricial downy chicks until they fledge 20 – 26 days later . Both adults feed the chicks in the nest and continue after they fledge until they become independent in about 8 – 14 days . Normally only one brood is raised each year . When nest boxes are used , the clutch size and number of fledglings are greater in larger boxes . For reasons that are unclear , there is no link between cavity size and nesting outcomes for natural holes . The sedentary nature of this species means that juveniles can only acquire a territory by finding a vacant area or replacing a dead adult . In Europe , young birds almost always move to unoccupied habitat , but in the larger territories of Siberia most live within the breeding range of an adult pair . The adult annual survival rate across most of the range is around 51 % , and a small Belgian study found a 25 % local survival rate for juveniles . The typical lifespan is two years and the maximum known age for a wild bird is 12 years 11 months in the UK . There is also a Swiss longevity record of a 10 years 6 months . = = = Feeding = = = The Eurasian nuthatch eats mainly insects , particularly caterpillar and beetles . In autumn and winter , the diet is supplemented with nuts and seeds , hazel nuts and beech mast being preferred . The young are fed mainly on the insects favoured by their parents , with some seeds . Food items are found mainly on tree trunks and large branches , but smaller branches may also be investigated , and food may be taken from the ground , especially outside the breeding season . Nuthatches can forage when descending trees head first , as well as when climbing . Some prey is caught in flight , and a nuthatch will remove bark or rotten wood to reach insects , although it cannot chisel into healthy wood like a woodpecker . A pair may temporarily join a mixed @-@ species foraging flock as it passes near their territory . The Eurasian nuthatch readily visits bird tables and bird feeders in winter , eating human @-@ made food items such as fat , cheese , butter and bread . It has even been recorded as taking slaughterhouse offal . Sizeable hard food items like nuts or large insects are wedged into crevices in tree bark and smashed with the strong bill . Plant food is stored year @-@ round , but mainly in autumn . Individual seeds are hidden in cracks in bark , occasionally in walls or in the ground . The food item is usually concealed with lichen , moss or small pieces of bark . The cached food is retrieved in cold weather . Siberian birds store the seeds of the Siberian stone pine , sometimes hoarding enough to last a whole year . Cached food may sometimes include non @-@ plant material such as pieces of bread , caterpillars and grubs , the larvae being incapacitated by battering . Hoarding is a long @-@ term strategy , stored food items only being consumed when fresh food is hard to find , sometimes up to three months after caching . Birds with good stored food supplies are fitter that those with more limited resources . Beech mast crops vary widely from year to year . Where beech mast is an important part of the diet , adult survival rates are largely unaffected in years with a poor mast crop , but the number of juvenile birds falls in the autumn as they are lost through starvation or emigration . In areas where common hazel is the prevalent tree species , there is a similar pattern of adult survival and loss of juvenile birds in years with poor nut production . = = Predators and parasites = = Across most of its European range , the most important predator of the Eurasian nuthatch is the sparrowhawk . Other species known to prey on this nuthatch include the northern goshawk , hobby , tawny owl , pygmy owl and least weasel . A Swedish study showed that 6 @.@ 2 % of the nuthatch nests in their study area were raided by predators . The perpetrators were not identified , but the main single predator of tit nests in the same study was the great spotted woodpecker . Common starlings will take over Eurasian nuthatch nest holes , reducing their breeding success . This is most likely to occur if the nest is high in a tree and there is a good local breeding density of the nuthatch . Introduced ring @-@ necked parakeets may also compete with Eurasian nuthatches for nesting holes . The parakeets tend to occur in fragmented urban woodlands , while nuthatches prefer large old oak woodlands , which reduces the level of competition . Ornithologists conducting a 2010 Belgian study suggested that the problem was not so severe as to warrant culling of the parakeets . Mites of the genus Ptilonyssus , such as P. sittae , have been found in the Eurasian nuthatch 's nasal cavities . Intestinal worms include the nematodes Tridentocapillaria parusi and Pterothominx longifilla . Small studies in Slovakia and Spain found no blood parasites , but a larger Spanish survey found some evidence of Plasmodium infection . = = Status = = The European population of the Eurasian nuthatch has been estimated as 22 @.@ 5 – 57 million birds , suggesting a global total of 45 @.@ 9 – 228 million individuals . China , Taiwan , Korea , Japan and Russia each have between 10 @,@ 000 and 100 @,@ 000 breeding pairs . The known breeding area is about 23 @.@ 3 million km2 ( 9 million sq mi ) , which is a large proportion of the potential suitable habitat , and the population appears to be stable . The large numbers and huge breeding range mean that this species is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern . The Eurasian nuthatch is common throughout much of its range , although densities are lower in the far north and in coniferous forests . Annual numbers in Siberia fluctuate depending on the availability of pine cones from year to year . In recent decades the nuthatch has colonised Scotland and the Netherlands , and expanded its range in Wales , northern England , Norway and the High Atlas mountain range in North Africa . S. e. asiatica breeds intermittently in Finland and northern Sweden following irruptions . Because large trees are essential , felling or fragmentation of old woodland can lead to local declines or losses .
= Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire = Pokémon Ruby Version and Sapphire Version ( ポケットモンスタールビー & サファイア , Poketto Monsutā Rubī & Safaia , " Pocket Monsters : Ruby & Sapphire " ) are the third installments of the Pokémon series of role @-@ playing video games , developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance . The games were first released in Japan in late 2002 and internationally in 2003 . Pokémon Emerald , a special edition version , was released two years later in each region . These three games ( Pokémon Ruby , Sapphire , and Emerald ) are part of the third generation of the Pokémon video game series , also known as the " advanced generation " . Remakes of the two games , titled Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire , were released for the Nintendo 3DS onward worldwide on November 21 , 2014 , exactly twelve years to the date of the original Ruby and Sapphire release date , with the exception of Europe , where it was released on November 28 , 2014 . The gameplay is mostly unchanged from the previous games ; the player controls the main character from an overhead perspective , and the controls are largely the same as those of previous games . As with previous games , the main objectives are to catch all of the Pokémon in the games and defeat the Elite Four ( a group of Pokémon trainers ) ; also like their predecessors , the games ' main subplot involves the main character defeating a criminal organization that attempts to take over the region . New features , such as double battles and Pokémon abilities along with 135 new Pokémon , have been added . As the Game Boy Advance is more powerful than its predecessors , four players may be connected at a time instead of the previous limit of two . Additionally , the games can be connected to an e @-@ Reader or other advanced generation Pokémon games . Ruby and Sapphire received mostly positive reviews , though critics were divided in their assessment of the games , especially on the gameplay and graphics . Most of the complaints focused on the fact that the gameplay had not changed much since previous generations . With the popularity of Pokémon on the decline at the time , the games sold less than previous generations . However , they were still commercial successes ; with around 16 million copies sold according to IGN , they are the best @-@ selling games for the Game Boy Advance . = = Gameplay = = The basic mechanics of Ruby and Sapphire are largely the same as their predecessors ' . As with all Pokémon games for hand @-@ held consoles , gameplay is in third @-@ person , overhead perspective and consists of three basic screens : a field map , in which the player navigates the main character ; a battle screen ; and the menu , in which the player configures his party , items , or gameplay settings . The player begins the game with one Pokémon , and can capture more using Poké Balls . The player can also use his / her Pokémon to battle other Pokémon . When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer to a battle , the screen switches to a turn @-@ based battle screen where the Pokémon fight . During battle , the player may fight , use an item , switch his / her active Pokémon , or flee ( the last is not an option in battles against trainers ) . All Pokémon have hit points ( HP ) ; when a Pokémon 's HP is reduced to zero , it faints and cannot battle until it is revived . If the player 's Pokémon defeats the opposing Pokémon ( causes it to faint ) , it receives experience points . After accumulating enough experience points , it may level up ; most Pokémon evolve into a new species of Pokémon when they reach a certain level . Apart from battling , capturing Pokémon is the most essential element of Pokémon gameplay . During battle with a wild Pokémon ( other trainers ' Pokémon cannot be captured ) , the player may use a Poké Ball on the wild Pokémon . If successful , the Pokémon will be added to the player 's active party ( or stored if the player already has the maximum six Pokémon in his / her party ) . Factors in the success rate of capture include the HP ( and / or status effects such as Paralysis or Sleep , ) of the target Pokémon and the strength of the Poké Ball used : the lower the target 's HP and the stronger the Poké Ball , the higher the success rate of capture is . = = = New gameplay features = = = The most prominent change in the battle mechanics is the introduction of double battles , in which the opposing parties each use two Pokémon at the same time . Consequently , certain Pokémon moves can affect multiple combatants at once . Multi battles were added alongside double battles . They are identical to double battle , but there are two trainers to a side , each controlling one of the two Pokémon sent out . Also new to the games are innate abilities and natures ; the former is shared by every Pokémon of a certain species , while the latter may vary among a particular species . Abilities grant their holders certain powers in battle , such as immunity against certain types of moves or strengthening a certain type of move . Natures , like innate abilities , affect the strength of Pokémon in battle ; however , they affect the stats of the Pokémon rather than directly affecting the strength of the moves . Another stat introduced in Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire is Condition , an important factor in Pokémon Contests , mini @-@ games in which participants perform moves before a judge . Both Pokémon and their moves have a Condition , which is increased by using Pokéblocks ( candies made from berries ) . Ruby and Sapphire were the first games to have different weather conditions ( sunny , rain , hail , and sandstorm ) , and these affected battle in unique ways . Secret bases were added as a one off feature where players could open up a hole in the world and customize the place with various items picked up in game . Players who linked up with others who set up secret bases were able to battle an NPC version of that trainer within their secret base . Like Pokémon Gold , Silver , and Crystal , Ruby and Sapphire keep track of real @-@ life time ; this influences events like tides and berry plant growth . However , unlike their predecessors , Ruby and Sapphire do not differentiate between day and night . Also , due to the differences in the technical specifications of Game Boy link cables and Game Boy Advance link cables , Ruby and Sapphire cannot be linked with Pokémon games of previous generations ; one cannot battle with or trade to the previous generations . = = = Connectivity with other devices = = = Ruby and Sapphire have limited e @-@ Reader support . Nintendo released Battle @-@ e Cards , a set of e @-@ Reader cards that contained trainer battles in which the player could see previously @-@ hidden Pokémon . A special e @-@ Reader card called the Eon Ticket was also released ; obtained through the Mystery Gift function , the Ticket allows the player to reach a place called Southern Island . There , the player faces either Latios or Latias , depending on which version the player is using . Ruby and Sapphire are also able to connect to the GameCube games Pokémon Colosseum , Pokémon XD : Gale of Darkness and Pokémon Box . In the former two , once players reach a certain point in the game , they are able to transfer Pokémon between Colosseum / XD and Ruby / Sapphire . Additionally , those who pre @-@ ordered Colosseum were able to access the Pokémon Jirachi and see a preview of the movie Pokémon : Jirachi Wish Maker . Box , a so @-@ called Pokémon " Microsoft Office " , allows players to store and organize their Pokémon on the GameCube . Also , in the European version of Pokémon Channel , players could receive a Jirachi at a certain point in the game , which they could then transfer over to Ruby / Sapphire . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire take place in the Hoenn region , located some distance from the Kanto and Johto regions featured in previous games . The design of Hoenn was based on the Japanese island and region of Kyushu ; however Hoenn is rotated 90 ° relative to Kyushu , as Junichi Masuda felt that it would provide a better gameplay balance . Like Kyushu , Hoenn possesses many smaller islands , and part of the region is dominated by sea routes , several of which contain areas where the player can dive underwater . = = = Story = = = Like other Pokémon games , Ruby and Sapphire 's gameplay is linear ; the main events occur in a fixed order . The protagonist of Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire is a child who has recently moved to Littleroot Town . At the beginning of the games , the player chooses either Treecko , Torchic , or Mudkip as his or her starter Pokémon from Professor Birch . His or her friend , the protagonist 's rival , is also a Pokémon Trainer and occasionally battles the player . The games ' two main goals are defeating the eight Gym Leaders , proving oneself worthy of challenging the Elite Four and Champion to become the new Champion and completing the Pokédex by capturing , evolving , and trading to obtain all 202 Pokémon ( It is possible to obtain all 386 Pokémon , but this requires trading with Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen ) . In addition to the main quest of defeating the Gym Leaders , there are side quests in which the player can aid NPCs by fulfilling tasks ( usually obtaining items ) ; other side quests involve catching legendary Pokémon . The most prominent subplot involves Team Aqua and Team Magma , crime syndicates who want to use Pokémon to alter the climate of Hoenn . In Ruby , the villains , Team Magma , want to use the legendary Pokémon Groudon to dry up the oceans of Hoenn and increase the region 's landmass ; in Sapphire , the Team Aqua are the villains and they try to use Groudon 's counterpart , Kyogre , to increase the region 's water levels . The player 's father also introduces the player to Wally , a sickly young boy whom the player helps capture a Pokémon to be his companion as he moves away from the big city . Wally eventually overcomes his illness and becomes a successful Pokémon trainer , ultimately becoming the final challenger the player must face before the Elite Four . Shortly before approaching the town of the first Gym Leader , the protagonist first encounters the Team Magma / Aqua in the Petalburg Woods , where he or she rescues a worker from Devon ( a company that manufactures Pokéballs ) and recovers Devon merchandise . Upon arriving in Fallarbor Town ( after defeating the third Gym Leader ) , the protagonist discovers that Professor Cozmo , an astronomer , has been kidnapped by Magma / Aqua . The protagonist traces them to a cave , Meteor Falls , but is too late to stop them from escaping to Mt . Chimney with a meteorite . The protagonist follows Magma / Aqua to Mt . Chimney where they are preparing to use the meteorite to alter the climate of the region . The protagonist defeats the Team 's leader , however , and returns the meteorite to Professor Cozmo . Shortly after the protagonist defeats the fifth Gym Leader ( the protagonist 's father , the first time such a character appears ) , Magma / Aqua again attempts to change the region 's climate by stealing a Castform , a Pokémon with the ability to change the weather , from the Weather Institute . After the protagonist defeats the sixth Gym Leader , Magma / Aqua steals an orb with the ability to control a legendary Pokémon ( Groudon in Ruby , Kyogre in Sapphire ) . Magma / Aqua then steals a submarine from Captain Stern in Slateport City ; the protagonist , however , infiltrates the team 's hideout , but fails to prevent the submarine from being used . Magma / Aqua , then travel with the orb to the Seafloor Cavern , where Groudon or Kyogre resides ; the team then uses the orb to awaken the legendary Pokémon , but they have chosen the wrong one and have instead enraged the Pokémon instead of putting it under their thrall . Once awakened , the Pokémon travels to the Cave of Origin and causes a region @-@ wide drought ( Ruby ) or severe rainstorms ( Sapphire ) . When the protagonist defeats ( or captures ) the Pokémon , the region 's weather returns to normal . = = Development and release = = Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire were developed by Game Freak and Nintendo under the direction of Junichi Masuda . As with its predecessors , Ken Sugimori was the art director , although these were the first games in which he did not single @-@ handedly produce all of the art . When asked where his design team came up with the ideas for all of the new Pokémon , Sugimori stated that they got their ideas from past experiences in their childhood involving nature , animals , and the media and then base them on insects . Even looking at the world in a different perspective sometimes provided inspiration for the creatures . " First we select an insect and after that we add essential elements to the insects to make it more like Pokemon , such as adding some hard shape to it , to be more like steel , " Sugimori said , describing the process of creating a Pokémon . As the Game Boy Advance was able to handle newer , enhanced graphics , Ruby and Sapphire were the first games in the series that allowed up to four people to share information at one time , as opposed to the previous limit of two . However , the development team used a more basic graphics engine in order to keep the game simple and not overly confusing . The team wanted the games to appeal to a large audience , so the software was designed to be easy enough for younger generations of children to play , but new features were added to bring the veteran gamers back . Masuda stated that the basic philosophy of all Pokémon games is communication ; in the Pokémon series , this is manifested in trading and battling with other people . When asked about the new concept of double battles , the developers noted that they tried to focus more on the original one @-@ on @-@ one battles as the main type of competition and only added the double battles as a " new challenge " . They stated that if they receive positive feedback about the double battles , the feature may appear more in future generations . The games were the first in the series that did not contain all of the Pokémon from previous generations . Sugimori stated that the team tried to include all the new Pokémon as well as some from previous generations . When asked about any features that could not be included due to technical restrictions , Masuda noted that he wanted each individual Pokémon to make up to three different cries depending on its mood . Nintendo did not promote Ruby and Sapphire at the 2002 E3 convention ; however , it launched a USD $ 7 million promotional campaign that lasted from March to May 2003 . In addition to rewarding pre @-@ orders of the games with merchandise , Nintendo held a contest in which participants submitted videos of themselves singing the Pokémon theme song with their own re @-@ written lyrics ; the grand prize for that event was a Lugia PT Cruiser . Later that year , Nintendo launched the EON Ticket Summer Tour , in which 125 Toys ' R ' Us stores across the United States offered the Eon Ticket e @-@ Card in stores from July 19 to September 1 . Nintendo aired two television advertisements , " Faces " and " Names " , on prime @-@ time network , cable , and syndication . " Faces " featured Pokémon juxtaposed with human look @-@ alikes ; " Names " featured people shouting out the names of Pokémon and emphasized the fact that the games introduced 100 new Pokémon . Additionally , Nintendo collaborated with United Kingdom beverage brand Vimto to promote the games . = = Audio = = The audio of Ruby and Sapphire consists entirely of game music ; all dialogue is on @-@ screen . The music , composed by Junichi Masuda , Go Ichinose and Morikazu Aoki , is completely instrumental except for two tracks with vocals , " Trick Master " and " Slateport City " . The soundtrack of the game was released under the Mediafactory label in Japan on April 26 , 2003 ; the album reached # 297 on the Oricon charts and charted for one week . Junichi Masuda wrote only battle tunes , Go Ichinose wrote most of the town , route , fanfare & ' Spotted ' tunes , whereas Morikazu Aoki did the remainder . The soundtrack is noted for its heavy use of trumpets . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The games met with mostly positive reviews . IGN gave them an " Amazing " 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating and awarded them the Editor 's Choice Award ; in 2007 , the games were collectively named the tenth best Game Boy Advance game of all time in an IGN article . GameZone also gave the games a 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating and gave the games an Outstanding Award . GamePro gave the games 5 out of 5 stars and named them Editor 's Choices . ComputerAndVideoGames.com gave the games a 9 of 10 , and GameSpot gave the games 8 @.@ 1 out of 10 . Eurogamer and 1UP.com were less enthusiastic about the games , however ; Eurogamer gave the games 7 out of 10 , and 1UP gave the games a B- . Reviewers were divided in their critiques of the games , especially concerning the gameplay and graphics . IGN praised the " deep design " and noted that the addition of features such as double battles greatly increased the strategic aspect of the games . GamePro also thought that the addition of double battles " add [ ed ] challenge " and " made the harder battles far more strategic than before — the way the game should be " . Likewise , ComputerAndVideoGames.com called the gameplay " incredibly compelling and addictive " . GameZone noted that the gameplay was more refined and challenging than that of previous titles . However , GameSpot called the games " a cakewalk from start to finish " and claimed that Ruby and Sapphire " don 't offer much of a challenge " . Eurogamer also felt that the mechanics " [ get ] very tired , very fast " . 1UP.com also felt that the games were formulaic and that double battles were underused . ComputerAndVideoGames.com was enthusiastic over the graphics , calling them " gorgeous " . Other reviewers were less enthusiastic , however . GamePro felt that the graphics were only " a fair bit prettier " than those of the Game Boy color games ; GameZone said that the games " still [ use ] the simple animations and basic character designs that were created for the original , color @-@ less Game Boy " . IGN and 1UP.com noted that the graphics had received only a minor upgrade , and Eurogamer felt that the graphics had been upgraded to a " functional level at best " . The audio was generally well @-@ received : GameZone and GameSpot both felt the audio was catchy ; GameZone gave the audio an 8 out of 10 score , saying that while the music " was annoying at times , [ ... ] it 's also very good . [ ... ] I found myself humming the music when I wasn 't playing " . Other complaints included the removal of the time system of Gold and Silver and the inability to import Pokémon from the games of previous generations . = = = Sales = = = Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire were highly anticipated . In Japan , they sold 1 @.@ 25 million units within the first four days of release and were the best @-@ selling games of the 2002 holiday season ; sales totaled around 4 @.@ 4 million within six weeks of release . They also became the first games to sell 2 million copies in Japan since 2001 's Final Fantasy X and the first games for a hand @-@ held console to do so since 2000 's Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh ! Duel Monsters 4 . In North America , Nintendo sold 2 @.@ 2 million units by April 2003 ( within one month of the games ' North American release ) in the region alone . Ruby and Sapphire were the second and third best @-@ selling games , respectively , of 2003 . The games enjoyed success in Europe as well . They were the second best @-@ selling games of the holiday season in 2002 ; even before release , European retailers imported cartridges from the United States to meet the high demand for the games . With around 16 million units sold worldwide , the games are the best @-@ selling titles ever for the Game Boy Advance . However , analysts noted that with " young kids ... gravitating toward Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh ! " at the time , Pokémon 's popularity was waning . This was reflected in the games ' sales compared to those of previous generations : Red and Blue sold nearly 27 million units worldwide , and Gold and Silver sold over 14 million units . = = Related games = = = = = Pokémon Emerald = = = Pokémon Emerald ( ポケットモンスターエメラルド , Poketto Monsutā Emerarudo , lit " Pocket Monsters : Emerald " ) , featuring Rayquaza on the box art , is the twelfth game in the Pokémon video game series in Japan , and the eleventh in North America and Europe . The game , an updated version of Ruby and Sapphire , was released in Japan on September 16 , 2004 ; it was released in North America on May 1 , 2005 ; Australia on June 9 , 2005 ; and Europe on October 21 , 2005 . Although the gameplay is as that of Ruby and Sapphire , Emerald introduces new features . The plot is modified ; both Team Magma and Aqua are villains who are locked in a constant gang war and awaken Groudon and Kyogre , respectively . When the two legendary Pokémon begin to battle each other , the protagonist must unleash the legendary Pokémon Rayquaza ( pictured on the box cover ) to calm them . Some of the game mechanics are changed as well . Though double battles were clearly marked in Ruby and Sapphire , in Emerald , two separate trainers might unite to battle as a pair . After the Elite Four is defeated , the player may re @-@ battle Gym Leaders in a double battle if they are called on their PokéNav . Also , Pokémon sprites are animated in battle like they were in Pokémon Crystal . Probably the most significant addition is the Battle Frontier , an expanded version of the Battle Tower in Ruby and Sapphire . Another change made in Emerald is the addition of Team Magma 's base on the side of Mt . Chimney ; moreover , the legendary Pokémon Groudon is found here , rather than in the Cave of Origin . Even though the locations of the legendary Pokémon are different , Team Magma still makes the mistake of taking the blue orb to Groudon , while Team Aqua still makes the mistake of taking the red orb to Kyogre . A new character named Scott is also introduced in this game . Unknown to the player , he is the creator of the Battle Frontier . He follows the player throughout the game , watching them battle each Gym Leader and even meeting up with them when they get to the Battle Frontier . Emerald has been generally well received . The game has an aggregate rating of 77 % on Game Rankings . GameSpot gave it a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 ; IGN gave it an " Impressive " rating of 8 @.@ 0 out of a possible 10 . Eurogamer , however , gave Emerald a score of 6 out of 10 . Though it praised Emerald for looking better than either Ruby or Sapphire and for having harder and longer gameplay , it criticized the game for not even being a " half changed update [ ... ] but more of a director 's cut " . Emerald was the second best @-@ selling game in the United States of 2005 ; it sold 6 @.@ 32 million copies , making it the third @-@ best selling game for the Game Boy Advance . In 2011 , it was reported that the game was still selling in Japan in 2010 with approximately 7 @,@ 724 sold that year . = = = Pokémon Box : Ruby and Sapphire = = = Pokémon Box : Ruby and Sapphire , or simply Pokémon Box , is a spin @-@ off Pokémon game for the Nintendo GameCube console , bundled with a Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable and a Memory Card 59 . It was released in Japan on May 30 , 2003 and in North America on July 11 , 2004 , but only through the New York Pokémon Center and its online store . It is no longer available in either location . The game was released in some parts of Europe as Pokémon Memory Magic due to translation problems , and Europeans only could get the game by using points from Nintendo of Europe 's loyalty program , or by buying the Pokémon Colosseum Mega Pack . The game is essentially a storage system for the Game Boy Advance Pokémon games that allows players to trade and store Pokémon that they have caught in Ruby , Sapphire , Emerald , FireRed , and LeafGreen onto a GameCube memory card . Players can then organize and interact with their Pokémon on the GameCube , such as allowing them to breed . Unique Pokémon can also be acquired . Another feature allows the games to be played on the television via the GameCube Game Boy Advance Cable . Options such as taking screenshots of the game are available in this mode . Another addition is the " Showcase " , where players can create and display game pieces of Pokémon . Nintendo referred to the game as " the most exclusive Pokémon software ever offered to North American Pokémon fans , " but it was generally considered to be unnecessary , receiving a score of 50 % on Game Rankings from 1 review . Craig Harris of IGN gave the game a " Meh " rating of 5 @.@ 0 out of 10 , praising the interface , which makes the organization of Pokémon much easier as compared to the Game Boy Advance interface , as well as the emulator which allows Ruby and Sapphire to be played on the GameCube . He also stated that the game was a good deal due to the inclusion of a Memory Card and Cable . However , Harris cited the " Showcase " as " entirely unnecessary and completely out of place , " and said that overall the game lacked much to do . He wrote , " It 's targeted specifically for the truly die @-@ hard Pokemon fan , but it requires so many specific elements to actually be useful to anyone . " Allgame gave the game three and a half out of five stars . = = = Pokémon Omega Ruby and Pokémon Alpha Sapphire = = = On May 7 , 2014 , Nintendo announced that a remake of Ruby and Sapphire , titled Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire , and it was released for the Nintendo 3DS on November 21 , 2014 Worldwide , with the exclusion of Europe , where it was released on November 28 , 2014 . = = = General = = =
= Brabham BT49 = The Brabham BT49 / ˈbræbəm / is a Formula One racing car designed by South African Gordon Murray for the British Brabham team . The BT49 competed in the 1979 to 1982 Formula One World Championships and was used by Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet to win his first World Championship in 1981 . The car was initially designed in 1979 as a short notice replacement for the team 's Alfa Romeo @-@ engined BT48 , after Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone decided to end his relationship with the Italian engine manufacturer . The BT49 was created in only six weeks using elements of the BT48 chassis together with the widely used Cosworth DFV engine . It is a single seater with an open cockpit and exposed wheels . The monocoque chassis is made from aluminium alloy and carbon fibre composites . The car was fitted with controversial hydropneumatic suspension and water @-@ cooled brakes at different points in its life . The BT49 was updated over four seasons taking a total of seven wins , six poles and 135 points . Seventeen were eventually built , most of which survive today . Some are used successfully in historic motorsport ; Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D . = = Concept = = The BT49 was created by South African designer Gordon Murray for the Brabham team during the 1979 season of the Formula One motor racing World Championship . The Brabham team had been competing in partnership with engine supplier Alfa Romeo since 1976 and won races in the 1978 season . However , the team 's 1979 car , the BT48 , was not a great success . Alfa Romeo entered their own Type 177 and Type 179 cars in Formula One Grands Prix that summer , helping to convince the Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone that the partnership was over . Motorsport author Alan Henry writes that Ecclestone did not want his team to take second place to an Alfa Romeo works team , and that the team designing Alfa Romeo 's cars was drawing on Brabham knowledge . Alfa 's engines were powerful , but had proved troublesome and according to Henry , " the days during which pure power was the main criterion had temporarily vanished by the start of 1979 " . Instead aerodynamic ground effect , as brought to Formula One by the Lotus 78 two years earlier , was the most important factor . To allow them to focus on this , the Brabham team reverted to a known quantity , the reliable and widely used Ford Cosworth DFV engine that it had last used in 1975 . Three BT49s were designed and built in only six weeks for the Canadian Grand Prix on 30 September 1979 ; two of them were converted BT48 chassis and one was newly built . = = Chassis and suspension = = Like all of its Formula One contemporaries , the BT49 chassis is a monocoque structure . It is built from sheet aluminium alloy with reinforcement from carbon fibre composite panels and is one of the first Formula One chassis to incorporate this material structurally . The chassis is slightly longer than that of the BT48 , and is new from the cockpit back with revised sidepods and a structural fuel tank reduced from 45 to 38 imperial gallons ( 205 to 173 L ) capacity to match the reduced fuel consumption requirements of the DFV compared to the Alfa Romeo . This allowed a reduction in dry weight over the BT48 of 35 pounds ( 15 @.@ 9 kg ) and of 95 lb ( 43 @.@ 1 kg ) when fully fuelled . The underside of the BT49 is shaped to create downforce through ground effect : air is accelerated under the car , reducing the air pressure beneath it and pushing the tyres down harder onto the track . This provides more grip and thus higher cornering speeds , but compared to conventional wings creates less of the drag that slows the car in a straight line . In its original form , the reduced pressure area under the car was sealed off with sliding skirts which rose and fell with the movement of the car to ensure no air could leak under it . According to Murray , the aerodynamics were the car 's great strength : " It had more [ downforce ] than any other car and it all came from the ground effect . We ran the car with no front wing at all and scarcely any at the back . " The suspension , which controls the relative motion of the chassis and the wheels , is similar to that of the BT48 : it features double wishbones front and rear , with the springs and dampers mounted on the chassis out of the airflow and activated by pullrods . Anti @-@ roll bars are fitted front and rear . The BT49 's disc brakes are mounted outboard , within the wheel hubs , and are activated by a single four piston brake caliper for each wheel . For most of the BT49 's career , it used conventional steel brakes . Lighter reinforced carbon @-@ carbon discs and pads , a technology that Brabham had introduced to Formula One in 1976 , were used in 1981 and 1982 ; The wheels are of 13 @-@ inch ( 330 mm ) diameter , although occasionally 15 in ( 381 mm ) wheels were used at the front . The car initially raced on Goodyear tyres , but the team had to adapt the BT49 to Michelin 's new radial tyres for part of the 1981 season when Goodyear temporarily withdrew from Formula One . Slick tyres were used in dry conditions and treaded tyres in the wet . Three chassis , included the two modified BT48 units , were built for the end of the 1979 season . Two of these were re @-@ used during the 1980 Formula One season , alongside seven new chassis . = = Engine and transmission = = The Ford Cosworth DFV was produced by Cosworth in Northampton and had been used in Formula One since 1967 . It is a 2 @,@ 993 cc ( 183 cu in ) normally aspirated four @-@ stroke engine with two banks of four cylinders at 90 degrees to each other in a ' V8 ' configuration . It has an aluminium alloy engine block with cylinder liners . Each of its crossflow cylinder heads has a single spark plug and four valves , activated by gear @-@ driven double overhead camshafts . This , combined with the flat @-@ plane crankshaft , provides a relatively simple exhaust layout , in which the exhaust pipes exit on the outer side of the block . The engine is water @-@ cooled , with water and oil radiators mounted in the left and right sidepods respectively . In 1980 , a revised version of the DFV was introduced in which ancillaries such as the water and oil pumps were reduced in size and grouped further forwards on the flanks of the engine to provide more clearance for ground effect tunnels under the cars . Like its contemporaries , the BT49 uses the engine as a fully stressed structural component , carrying all loads between the front and rear of the car : the front of the engine bolts directly to the integral fuel tank and the back of the engine attaches to the car 's rear suspension and gearbox . The Ford Cosworth engine integrated into the car much more easily than Alfa Romeo 's large , heavy and inconsistently sized units : Murray described returning to the DFV as being " like having a holiday " . By the time the DFV was used in the BT49 , it weighed roughly 340 lb ( 154 kg ) and produced around 500 brake horsepower ( 373 kW ) at about 11 @,@ 000 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) . Peak torque was 270 pound @-@ feet ( 366 N · m ) at 9 @,@ 000 rpm . After his first test session with the car , Brazilian driver Nelson Piquet commented that he had always believed " that the DFV was quite a rough , coarse engine , but it felt quite the opposite to me . After those Alfa V12s it felt smooth and willing to rev. " In 1979 , when the BT49 first raced , all but three teams - Ferrari , Alfa Romeo and Renault - used the DFV , and the most powerful alternative ( Alfa Romeo 's V12 ) produced 525 bhp ( 391 kW ) . By 1982 , most teams still used the DFV , but BMW , Ferrari and Hart had joined Renault in employing turbocharged engines : Ferrari 's 1982 turbocharged V6 engine produced around 580 bhp ( 433 kW ) , while the DFV 's output had remained at around 500 bhp . The BT49 was initially fitted with the same gearbox the team had been using since 1977 : a six @-@ speed unit designed by Brabham using internal components from Hewland and a casing cast by Alfa Romeo . = = Variants = = BT49B A BT49B specification appeared early in the 1980 season ; it was conceived around a new transverse gearbox designed by American gearbox specialist Pete Weismann . The new unit could be fitted with five or six gears and was tall and narrow , allowing a clearer airflow from under the car to the rear , with the intent of improving the ground effect . An alternative rear suspension layout was designed to go with this gearbox . It replaced the standard pullrods with rocker arms that activated vertical coil springs mounted behind the gearbox . The Weismann unit proved difficult to make reliable and was used alongside the original gearbox , mainly on a spare chassis , until the Dutch Grand Prix , after which it was put to one side . BT49T A modified BT49 , dubbed BT49T , was used to test the earliest versions of BMW 's turbocharged Formula One engine between the 1980 and 1981 Formula One seasons . This was a 1 @,@ 499 cc ( 92 cu in ) inline four @-@ cylinder engine , with a single KKK turbocharger mounted in the left hand sidepod of the car . The first version of the engine was said to produce 557 bhp ( 415 kW ) . BT49C For the 1981 season , a BT49C specification was produced with a chassis lightened through increased use of carbon composite materials . Five of this variant were built and two of the previous year 's cars converted to this specification . That year a minimum ride height of 60 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) was introduced and sliding skirts were banned , with the intention of limiting ground effect and slowing the cars . The BT49C regained its front wings to compensate in part for the downforce lost . More significantly , Murray devised a hydropneumatic suspension system for the BT49C in which soft air springs supported the car at the regulation height for checks while stationary . At speed , where the ride height could not be measured , downforce compressed the air and the car settled to a much lower height , creating more downforce . Because the skirts now had to be fixed , the suspension had to be very stiff to allow them to consistently seal around the sides of the car : by the end of the 1981 season , total suspension movement was only 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) , half of which came from the compression of the tyres . A lightweight qualifying chassis was produced , featuring a small fuel tank and lighter reinforced carbon @-@ carbon brake discs and pads . BT49D Three new BT49D chassis were built for the 1982 season , featuring a still lighter chassis and one @-@ piece bodywork . By this stage , the cars had to be ballasted to bring them up to the minimum weight limit of 580 kg ( 1 @,@ 279 lb ) specified in the rules . The BT49D used the carbon @-@ carbon brakes as standard and was one of several DFV @-@ powered cars to be fitted with large water tanks , ostensibly for " water @-@ cooled brakes " . In practice , the water was dumped early in the race , allowing the cars to race as much as 50 kg ( 110 lb ) under the weight limit ; the regulations stated coolant could be topped up at the end of the race before the weight was checked . In the view of the DFV teams , this practice met the letter of the regulations and equalised their performance with that of the more powerful turbocharged cars . The 60 mm ground clearance rule was removed for the 1982 season , but the fixed skirts and very stiff suspension remained . = = Racing history = = The BT49 's racing career got off to an unsettled start when Brabham 's lead driver , Niki Lauda , abruptly quit the sport after 10 laps of the first practice session at the penultimate race of the 1979 season , the Canadian Grand Prix . The car soon showed promise : Piquet ran third in the race on the high speed Circuit Île Notre @-@ Dame before retiring with a broken gearbox . Lauda 's replacement , Argentine novice Ricardo Zunino , was seventh of the nine who completed the race . At the season finale in wet conditions at the Watkins Glen International circuit , Zunino spun off although Piquet set the fastest lap before a driveshaft failed , putting his car out of the race . Early in the 1980 season , Piquet 's car scored points finishes at the Argentine and South African Grands Prix , behind Alan Jones ' Williams FW07 @-@ DFV and the turbocharged Renault RE20 of René Arnoux . At the fourth race of the season , the United States Grand Prix West , Piquet qualified on pole by over a second in a BT49 featuring some updates to the sidepods , bodywork and suspension , before leading the race , held on the streets of Long Beach , California , from start to finish . BT49s in Piquet 's hands scored in seven of the ten remaining rounds of the championship . Towards the end of the season , the suspension was reworked for the Dutch Grand Prix on the high speed Circuit Park Zandvoort , lengthening the wheelbase by three inches and allowing the car to run in a lower drag configuration . Piquet won after Jones destroyed his FW07 's skirts on kerbs . Piquet also won the next race , the Italian Grand Prix to give himself a one @-@ point lead over Williams driver Jones . By the end of the season the BT49 was " arguably the fastest Cosworth @-@ powered car " , but Piquet lost the title to Jones at the penultimate race of the year , the Canadian Grand Prix , when a development engine failed while he was leading the race . The BT49s driven by the team 's second drivers — Zunino and then from mid @-@ season Mexican Héctor Rebaque — either retired or finished outside the points , with the exception of Rebaque 's sixth place at the Canadian race . The team finished third in the constructors ' championship behind Williams and Ligier , unable to compete with only one car scoring points . Disagreement between the teams and the sport 's administrators over the technical regulations for the 1981 Formula One season contributed to Goodyear 's temporary withdrawal from Formula One and meant that the 1981 South African Grand Prix was run by the teams to 1980 regulations using cars with sliding skirts . Piquet finished second in a BT49B , but the race did not count towards the championship . The season proper opened with the United States Grand Prix West , at which the BT49C was introduced . To the team 's surprise , it was the only car to exploit the " obvious " loophole in the new ground clearance regulation by lowering itself , but the BT49Cs raced with conventional suspension after the hydropneumatic system repeatedly jammed . The team revised the system continuously over the next three races and used it to set pole position at the Brazilian and Argentine Grands Prix and win the Argentine and San Marino races while continuing to suffer from the system not rising or lowering correctly . Frank Williams led an abortive protest against the car at the Argentine Grand Prix , objecting to the flexibility of the fixed skirts used to seal the underside of the car , which allowed them to replicate the effect of a sliding skirt . At the following race , the scrutineers rejected the flexible skirts . Brabham replaced them with stiffer material from one of the other teams for the race , which Piquet won . As the season progressed , other teams developed their own lowering systems — a front spring and cylinder were stolen from the Brabham garage in Argentina — but after a rule clarification from FISA many cars were lowered by the driver pressing a switch , a development that Murray found frustrating in light of Brabham 's efforts to develop a system that he considered legal . The cars ran on Goodyear tyres again from the sixth round of the championship ; motorsport author Doug Nye believes this cost the BT49s good results at several races while the American company adapted to the latest Formula One developments . Despite the virtually solid suspension now required to maintain a consistent ride height , which put components under greater strain , Piquet built a championship challenge on the back of consistent reliability : by the end of the season , his BT49Cs had finished 10 of 15 races , with only one mechanical failure . Piquet finished fifth at the final race of the season — the Caesars Palace Grand Prix — to take the title from Carlos Reutemann in a Williams FW07 by one point . Brabham had been working with the German engine manufacturer BMW since 1980 on the development of a turbocharged engine for Formula One . The BMW @-@ powered BT50 made its debut at the start of the 1982 season , taking advantage of the high @-@ altitude Kyalami circuit in South Africa , which favoured turbocharged cars . However , the as yet unreliable BMW @-@ powered cars were dropped for the next two races . Piquet finished first at the Brazilian Grand Prix in a BT49D , but was disqualified after a protest from Renault and Ferrari on the grounds that the car had raced underweight due to its water @-@ cooled brakes . FISA ruled that in future all cars must be weighed before coolants were topped up , resulting in a boycott of the fourth race of the season by most of the DFV @-@ powered teams , including Brabham . Under threat from BMW , Brabham did not use its Ford @-@ powered BT49s again until the sixth race of the season , the Monaco Grand Prix , where one was entered for Riccardo Patrese alongside Piquet in a BT50 . Patrese won the race after a chaotic final lap on which several other cars stopped . Patrese used the BT49 for the next two races , taking a second place behind Piquet 's BMW @-@ powered car in the BT49 's final Formula One race , the 1982 Canadian Grand Prix . = = Historic racing = = Since 1995 , BT49s have competed regularly in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship . The championship is open to cars that competed in Formula One in the DFV era , between 1967 and 1985 , in several classes to allow for equal competition . The BT49 competes in class C , for post 1971 ground effects cars . In 1999 , Motor Sport magazine tested a BT49D from the series featuring 530 bhp ( 395 kW ) from its developed DFV at 11 @,@ 200 rpm , but the championship has since introduced rules to restrict engines to 10 @,@ 500 rpm to keep costs down . While the cars ' original skirts can be kept , they must be set up such that there is 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) clearance beneath the car , a rule that removes most of the advantage of ground effect . The hydropneumatic suspension employed during 1981 is not permitted . The carbon @-@ carbon brakes originally used in 1981 and 1982 are also banned and the cars must run with conventional brake pads and steel brakes . The cars use Avon slick tyres . Christian Glaesel won the 2005 FIA Historic Formula One Championship driving a BT49D and Joaquin Folch won the 2012 championship in a BT49C . = = Complete Formula One World Championship results = = ( key ) ( Results in bold indicate pole position ; results in italics indicate fastest lap ) ^ 1 Placings in the constructors ' championship are for chassis @-@ engine combinations . Brabham used both Alfa Romeo and Ford @-@ powered cars during this season : the BT49 @-@ Fords scored no points and Brabham @-@ Ford was not classified . ^ 2 Brabham used both Ford and BMW @-@ powered cars during this season : Brabham @-@ Ford was classified 9th .
= Thomas Hines = Thomas Henry Hines ( October 8 , 1838 – January 23 , 1898 ) was a Confederate cavalryman who was known for his spying activities during the last two years of the American Civil War . A native of Butler County , Kentucky , he initially worked as a grammar instructor , mainly at the Masonic University of La Grange , Kentucky . During the first year of the war , he served as a field officer , initiating several raids . He was an important assistant to John Hunt Morgan , doing a preparatory raid ( Hines ' Raid ) in advance of Morgan 's Raid through the states of Indiana and Ohio , and after being captured with Morgan , organized their escape from the Ohio Penitentiary . He was later involved in espionage and tried to stir up insurrections against the Federal government in selected Northern locales . On several occasions during the war , Hines was forced to make narrow , seemingly impossible , escapes . At one point , he concealed himself in a mattress that was being used at the time ; on another occasion , he was confused for the actor and assassin John Wilkes Booth , a dangerous case of mistaken identity that forced him to flee Detroit in April 1865 by holding a ferry captain at gunpoint . Union agents viewed Hines as the man they most needed to apprehend , but apart from the time he served at the Ohio Penitentiary in late 1863 , he was never captured . After the war , once it was safe for him to return to his native Kentucky , he settled down with much of his family in Bowling Green . He started practicing law , which led him to serve on the Kentucky Court of Appeals , eventually becoming its Chief Justice . Later , he practiced law in Frankfort , Kentucky , until his death in 1898 , keeping many of the secrets of Confederate espionage from public knowledge . = = Early life = = Hines was born in Butler County , Kentucky , on October 8 , 1838 , to Judge Warren W. and Sarah Carson Hines and was raised in Warren County , Kentucky . While his education was largely informal , he spent some time in common schools . He was 5 feet 9 inches ( 1 @.@ 75 m ) tall , and weighed a mere 140 pounds ( 64 kg ) . With his slender build , Hines was described as rather benign in appearance , and a friend observed that he had a voice resembling that of a " refined woman " . He was said to have a fondness not only for women , but also music and horses . He became an adjunct professor at the Masonic University , a school established by the Grand Lodge of Kentucky Freemasons for teaching the orphans of Kentucky Masons in La Grange in 1859 . He was the principal of its grammar school , but with the advent of the war , he joined the Confederate Army in September 1861 . = = Civil War = = = = = Early war experiences = = = Hines joined the Confederate army , as did at least eleven of his cousins . Hines initially led " Buckner 's Guides " , which were attached to Albert Sidney Johnston 's command , as his fellow guides recognized his " coolness and leadership " . In November 1861 , he was given a lieutenant 's commission . On December 31 , 1861 , he led a successful mission to Borah 's Ferry , Kentucky , to attack a Union outpost there . The Guides were disbanded in January 1862 after the Confederate government of Kentucky fled Bowling Green , as Hines did not want to fight anywhere except in Kentucky . He traveled to Richmond , Virginia , and missed the Battle of Shiloh as a result . In April , he decided to join Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan , and he re @-@ enlisted in the army as a private in the 9th Kentucky Cavalry in May 1862 . Morgan recognized Hines ' talents and commissioned him as a captain on June 10 , 1862 . Afterward , Hines spent most of his time engaged in secret missions in his beloved Kentucky . Dressed in civilian clothes , he usually operated alone to avoid drawing attention to himself , not wanting to be executed as a spy . On many of his forays in Kentucky , Hines made special trips to see loved ones . Often it was to visit Nancy Sproule , his childhood sweetheart and future bride , in Brown 's Lock , near Bowling Green . On other occasions he visited his parents in Lexington , Kentucky . In both places , Union spies attempted to capture Hines , but he always escaped , even after his father had been captured and his mother was sick in bed . = = = 1863 = = = In June 1863 , Hines led an invasion into Indiana with 25 Confederates posing as a Union unit in pursuit of deserters . Their goal was to see if the local Copperheads would support the invasion of John Hunt Morgan planned for July 1863 . Traveling through Kentucky for eight days to obtain supplies for their mission , they crossed the Ohio River to enter Indiana , near the village of Derby , on June 18 , 1863 . Hines visited the local Copperhead leader , Dr. William A. Bowles , in French Lick , and learned that there would be no formal support for Morgan 's Raid . On his way back to Kentucky , Hines and his men were discovered in Valeene , Indiana , leading to a small skirmish near Leavenworth , Indiana , on Little Blue Island . Hines had to abandon his men as he swam across the Ohio River under gunfire . After wandering around Kentucky for a week , Hines rejoined General Morgan at Brandenburg , Kentucky . Colonel Basil W. Duke made a disparaging comment in his memoirs about how Hines appeared on the Brandenburg riverfront , saying Hines was " apparently the most listless inoffensive youth that was ever imposed upon " ; despite being Morgan 's second @-@ in @-@ command , Colonel Duke was usually not told of all the espionage Hines was carrying out , causing some to believe that Hines and Duke did not like each other , which was not the case . It was due to Hines that the riverboats Alice Dean and the John T. McCombs were captured for the purpose of transporting Morgan 's 2000 + men force across the Ohio River . It was Hines ' reports that encouraged Morgan to be rough with anyone posing as a Confederate sympathizer in Indiana , as Morgan had been relying on support from sympathizers in Indiana to be successful on his raid . Hines stayed with Morgan until the end of the Raid , and was with John Hunt Morgan during their imprisonment , first at Johnson 's Island , and later at the Ohio Penitentiary just outside downtown Columbus , Ohio , where , despite the rules of war dictating that prisoners of war should go to military prison , they were put in with common criminals . = = = = Escape = = = = Hines discovered a way to escape from the Ohio Penitentiary . He had been reading the novel Les Misérables and was said to be inspired by Jean Valjean and Valjean 's escapes through the passages underneath Paris , France . Hines noticed how dry the lower prison cells felt and how they were lacking in mold , even though sunlight never shined there . This caused him to believe that escape by tunneling down was possible . After discovering an air chamber underneath them , which he had deduced , Hines begun the tunneling effort . The tunnel was only eighteen inches wide , which was just large enough for him to enter the four foot by four foot air chamber that was surrounded by heavy masonry . As Hines and the six others who accompanied Hines and John Hunt Morgan worked on the tunnel , a thin crust of dirt was used to hide the tunneling from the prison officials . They tunneled for six weeks , with the tunnel 's exit coming between the inner and the 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) outer prison walls , near a coal pile . On the day of escape , November 26 , 1863 , Morgan switched cells with his brother , Colonel Richard Morgan . The day was chosen as a new Union military commander was coming to Columbus , and Morgan knew that the prison cells would be inspected at that time . Together , after the daily midnight inspection , Hines , John Hunt Morgan and five captains under Morgan 's command used the tunnel to escape . Aided by the fact that the prison sentries sought shelter from the raging storm occurring at the time , the Confederate officers climbed the 25 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) wall effortlessly , using metal hooks to effect their escape . Hines had even left a note for the warden . It read : " Warden N. Merion , the Faithful , the Vigilant " as follows : " Castle Merion , Cell No. 20 . November 27 , 1863 . Commencement , November 4 , 1863 . Conclusion , November 20 , 1863 . Hours for labor per day , three . Tools , two small knives . La patience est amere , mais son fruit est doux . By order of my six honorable confederates . " Those left behind were strip searched and moved to different cells in the Ohio State Penitentiary . Two of the officers who escaped with Hines and Morgan , Captain Ralph Sheldon and Captain Samuel Taylor , were captured four days later in Louisville , Kentucky , but the other three ( Captain Jacob Bennett , Captain L. D. Hockersmith , and Captain Augustus Magee ) made good their escape to Canada and the South . Hines led John Hunt Morgan back to Confederate lines . First , they arrived at the train station in downtown Columbus , where they bought tickets to Cincinnati , Ohio . The duo jumped off the train before it entered the Cincinnati train station . They continued to evade capture in Cincinnati , staying for one night at the Ben Johnson House in Bardstown , Kentucky . In Tennessee , Hines diverted the Union troops ' attention away from John Hunt Morgan , and was himself recaptured and sentenced to death by hanging . He escaped that night by telling stories to the soldier in charge of him and subdued him when given the chance . A few days later he again escaped Union soldiers who intended to hang him . = = = Northwest Conspiracy = = = Hines went to the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , after his escape in January 1864 . He convinced Confederate President Jefferson Davis of a plan to instill mass panic in the Northern states , by means of freeing prisoners and causing arson in larger Northern cities . Impressed by Hines ' plan , Davis agreed to back him . Davis urged Hines to tell Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin and Secretary of War James Seddon his plan . Both men agreed to the plan , and encouraged Hines to proceed , with the only hesitation by Davis , Benjamin and Sheldon being the effect on public opinion on such a plan , including what Great Britain and France would think of Hines ' actions . Hines thought it would be easier to enter the North from Canada and traveled there during the winter . Hines led the Northwest Conspiracy from Canada in the fall of 1864 . Colonel Benjamin Anderson was involved in the plot , along with other Confederate soldiers . It was hoped that Hines and his men would be able to free the Confederate prisoners held at Camp Douglas in Chicago , Illinois . Hines led sixty men from Toronto , Ontario , on August 25 , 1864 . They arrived during the Democratic Party National Convention held in Chicago that year . The Copperheads had told Hines to wait until that time , as they said that 50 @,@ 000 Copperheads would be there for the event . However , encountering Copperhead hesitation to assist Hines and his force , and with Federal authorities apparently knowledgeable of the plot , Hines and his men were forced to flee Chicago on August 30 , 1864 . Many of the men thought Anderson may have been a double agent , forcing him to leave the group . A second attempt to free the Camp Douglas Confederate prisoners occurred during the United States Presidential Election of 1864 , but that plan was also foiled . In the same year he tried to free Confederate prisoners of war by recruiting former members of Morgan 's Raiders who had escaped to Canada , including John Hunt Morgan 's telegrapher George " Lightning " Ellsworth , who was a native of Canada . On his last day in Chicago , Hines had to avoid discovery by Union soldiers inspecting the home he was hiding in by crawling into a mattress upon which the homeowner 's wife lay ill with delirium . The Union soldiers inspected the house he was in , and even checked to see if Hines was the one lying on the bed , but did not discover Hines in the mattress . The soldiers established a guard by the door of the house . As it rained the next day , visitors were encouraged to visit the sick woman . The soldiers never looked at the faces under the umbrellas , and as a result , Hines sneaked out of the house and left Chicago . = = = Late war = = = In October 1864 , Hines again went to Cincinnati , after crossing covertly through Indiana , where Union troops had again sought him . This time , with the help of friends whose home he hid in , Hines concealed himself in an old closet obscured by mortar and red bricks , where he avoided detection by the Union troops who inspected the house . Hines learned there that his beloved Nancy Sproule was in an Ohio convent . He decided to " spirit " her from it , and on November 10 , 1864 , at St. Mary 's Catholic Church in Covington , Kentucky , they were married , despite her father 's wishes that they wait until the war was over , due to Hines ' wartime activities . They spent a week 's honeymoon in Kentucky , after which Hines returned to his clandestine activities in Canada . Two days after Lincoln 's assassination , on April 16 , 1865 , Hines was in Detroit , Michigan , when he was mistaken for John Wilkes Booth , who was then the subject of a massive manhunt . After finding himself in a fight , Hines jumped several fences and made his way to Detroit 's wharf . He waited for a ferryboat to empty its passengers and then forced the captain at gunpoint to take him across the Detroit River to Canada . On arrival , Hines apologized to the captain and gave him five dollars . Hines ' exploit led to the mistaken rumor that Booth had escaped into Canada . = = Post @-@ war = = After his escape from Detroit , Hines went to Toronto where several other former Confederates lived . Not expecting to return to the United States , he sent for his wife Nancy . While in Toronto he studied law with General John C. Breckinridge , a former Vice President of the United States . Once U.S. President Andrew Johnson declared a pardon for most former Confederates , Hines went back to Detroit on July 20 , 1865 , to sign a loyalty oath to the United States . However , knowing that Union officials in Kentucky would consider him an exception to the pardon , he remained in Canada until May 1866 . After sending his wife to Kentucky , where their first child was born , Hines began living in Memphis , Tennessee , passing the bar exam on June 12 , 1866 , with high honors . During his stay in Memphis he also edited the Daily Appeal . Hines moved to Bowling Green , Kentucky , in 1867 , where many of his family lived , and practiced law there . Basil W. Duke appointed Hines a colonel in the Soldiers of the Red Cross . Hines later became the County Judge for Warren County , Kentucky . Hines was elected to the Kentucky Court of Appeals in 1878 and served there until 1886 . From 1884 to 1886 , he served as Chief Justice . He was said to be " exceptionally free from all judicial bias " . Hines was a witness to the assassination of fellow judge John Milton Elliott on March 26 , 1879 , while the two were leaving the Kentucky State House , by Colonel Thomas Buford , a judge from Henry County , Kentucky . Buford , enraged by Elliott 's failure to rule in favor of his late sister in a property dispute , shot Elliott with a double @-@ barreled twelve gauge shotgun filled with buckshot after Hines had turned and walked away from Elliott . Hines inspected the body as Buford surrendered to a deputy sheriff who had come to investigate the turmoil . After his time on the Kentucky Court of Appeals , Hines returned to practicing law in Frankfort , Kentucky . In 1886 , Hines began writing a series of four articles discussing the Northwest Conspiracy for Basil W. Duke 's Southern Bivouac magazine . The magazine was dedicated to the memory of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy , but was less adversarial than similar Southern magazines , gaining a larger Northern readership than similar journals . The first of the articles was printed in the December 1886 issue . However , after consulting with former Confederate president Jefferson Davis at Davis ' home in Mississippi , Hines did not name anybody on the Northern side who assisted in the conspiracy . After writing the first article , Hines was attacked for not being more forthcoming regarding all the participants from both newspapers ' reviewers ( particularly from the Louisville Times ) and Southern readers , which discouraged Hines from publishing any more accounts of the Northwest Conspiracy . Hines died in 1898 in Frankfort , and was buried in Fairview Cemetery in Bowling Green , Kentucky , in the Hines series of plots . Also among the Hines family plots is the grave site of Duncan Hines , a second cousin twice removed . = = Misinformation = = Historical markers concerning Hines ' exploits have occasionally included mistaken information . The historical marker placed by the Indiana Civil War Centennial Commission in 1963 in the vicinity of Derby , Perry County , Indiana , to memorialize Hines ' entry into Indiana states that Hines invaded Indiana in 1862 , although he actually did so in 1863 . In addition , a marker by the Confederate Monument of Bowling Green in Bowling Green 's Fairview Cemetery says that Hines died before he could go to the dedication ceremony in 1876 , when in reality he died in 1898 and is buried a few hundred feet away .
= Lavoy Allen = Lavoy Allen ( born February 4 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was selected in the 2nd Round , 50th overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers . Allen is the son of a truck driver , and did not play much basketball until eighth grade . He attended Pennsbury High School , where he was coached by Frank Sciolla . Rivals.com ranked him the 14th best center in his class , and Scout.com named him the 110th overall prospect . Allen committed to Temple University and coach Fran Dunphy . Temple reached the NCAA Tournament in all four seasons that Allen played there . He was a three @-@ time All @-@ Atlantic 10 Defensive Team honoree and a two @-@ time All @-@ Atlantic 10 First Team recipient . In his junior year , he became the first Temple player to average a double @-@ double since Ollie Johnson accomplished the feat in 1970 @-@ 71 . Allen declared for early entry in the 2010 NBA draft , but withdrew prior to the May 8 deadine . As a senior , Allen surpassed Johnny Baum as the all @-@ time leading rebounder in Temple history . He was the recipient of the Robert V. Geasey Trophy honoring the Philadelphia Big Five Player of the Year . Dunphy has said that Allen " might be the smartest player I 've ever coached . " = = Early life = = Allen was born in Trenton , New Jersey on February 4 , 1989 . His mother is Paula Allen and his father , Dave Allen , is a truck driver . When he was nine years old , Lavoy moved to Morrisville , Pennsylvania , and struggled to make friends in his new surroundings . He did not play much organized basketball until eighth grade . In an interview , Allen admitted he was not very good in the beginning , and focused on passing the ball to a better teammate . His initial motivation was how schoolchildren mocked him for his height yet not being able to dunk . " I could barely jump over the Sunday paper , " he said . = = High school career = = He attended Pennsbury High School , where he was coached by Frank Sciolla . Former Temple player Dalton Pepper was his high school teammate . In ninth grade , Allen decided that he wanted to be great , and put in much more practice time . He became a starter on the varsity team in his sophomore year . As a junior , he averaged 12 points and nine rebounds per game , and was named a Top 150 player in his class by Hoop Scoop . In his senior season , Allen posted per @-@ game averages of 13 points , 9 @.@ 6 rebounds , 3 @.@ 2 assists , 3 blocks , and 2 steals . Under Allen , Pennsbury reached the second round of the PIAA playoffs before losing to Harrisburg High School . He was named to the Second Team all @-@ Southeastern Pennsylvania at the conclusion of the season . Allen tried out for the USA U @-@ 19 basketball team , but did not make the final cut . Rivals.com ranked him the 14th best center in his class , and Scout.com named him the 110th overall prospect . He worked at a day care facility to earn enough money to bring his date to the senior prom . On November 8 , 2006 , Allen committed to Temple , over Division I scholarship offers from Rutgers , Saint Joseph 's , and La Salle . Along with Dayton signee Chris Wright , Allen was one of two ESPN 100 prospects in the class of 2008 to sign with an Atlantic 10 program . = = College career = = = = = Freshman = = = Coming into his freshman season , Allen was selected to the Preseason All @-@ Atlantic 10 Rookie Team . He was seen as an answer for Temple 's rebounding and interior scoring struggles from the previous 12 @-@ 18 season . In his first college basketball game , Allen scored eight points and grabbed nine rebounds in a loss to # 7 Tennessee . From November 18 through December 9 , 2007 , he scored in double figures in six consecutive games . On February 10 , 2008 , Allen 's season @-@ high 20 points led Temple to an 80 @-@ 70 overtime victory over the UMass Minutemen . Allen was benched in the February 17 game against Dayton due to missing a study assignment . The Owls finished the season 21 – 13 , and made the NCAA Tournament for the first time since 2001 , receiving a 12 seed by the selection committee . In the first round , they bowed out to fifth @-@ seeded Michigan State 72 @-@ 61 . In that game , Allen notched his first double @-@ double of 13 points and 11 rebounds , and also drained his first two collegiate three @-@ pointers . He led the team in blocks with a total of 52 , and finished second in field goal percentage ( .558 ) , third in rebounds per game ( 5 @.@ 7 ) , and fourth in points per game ( 8 @.@ 1 ) . Allen was selected to the All @-@ Atlantic 10 Rookie Team . = = = Sophomore = = = As a sophomore , Allen increased his scoring average to 10 @.@ 9 points per game , second on the team , and again led the team in blocks with 1 @.@ 56 per game . He shot a team @-@ best .579 from the floor , and his .618 field goal percentage in league games led the Atlantic 10 . In addition , he led the team and finished third in the Atlantic 10 in rebounding with 9 @.@ 0 rebounds per game . He had 14 double @-@ doubles on the season . In the Owls ' game against Lafayette , Allen broke his thumb and was forced to miss the next game against Buffalo . His season @-@ high 23 points came on February 8 , when the Owls defeated the Rhode Island Rams 68 @-@ 62 ; Allen also had 13 rebounds . The following day , Allen received his first Philadelphia Big 5 player of the week honors . He would again be honored as Big 5 player of the week on February 23 , following a 20 @-@ point and season @-@ high 18 rebound performance against St. Bonaventure . At the end of the regular season , Allen was named to the All @-@ Atlantic 10 Third Team and All @-@ Atlantic 10 Defensive Team . He helped Temple to its second consecutive Atlantic 10 Tournament title and NCAA Tournament appearance . In the championship game over Duquesne , Allen contributed 10 points and 14 rebounds . He posted 10 points and 11 rebounds against Arizona State in an 2009 NCAA Tournament Round of 64 loss . = = = Junior = = = Allen was a Preseason All @-@ Atlantic 10 First Team selection in his junior year . He averaged 11 @.@ 5 points and 10 @.@ 7 rebounds per game , becoming the first Temple player to average a double @-@ double since Ollie Johnson accomplished the feat in 1970 @-@ 71 . Allen 's 10 @.@ 9 rebounds per game average in Atlantic 10 conference games was bested only by Fordham 's Chris Gaston and Duquesne 's Damian Saunders . In addition , he led Temple in field goal percentage at .536 . He scored 10 points and snatched 17 rebounds in the Owls ' upset of # 3 Villanova on December 19 . In a 65 @-@ 53 win over La Salle on February 28 , 2010 , Allen scored 17 points and grabbed 21 rebounds , a career high and the most by an Owl since Joe Newman pulled down 24 on February 5 , 1973 . With the victory , Temple clinched the Philadelphia Big Five title with a perfect 4 – 0 record . Allen became the 46th Temple player to score 1 @,@ 000 points in his career in a game against George Washington . This earned him Atlantic 10 ( co- ) player of the week honors for the week of March 7 . Led by Allen , Temple enjoyed a 29 – 5 season , captured a share of the Atlantic 10 conference regular season championship with a 14 – 2 record , and culminated in a third consecutive Atlantic 10 conference tournament title and an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . In the NCAA Tournament , Temple was seeded fifth and matched up with 12 seed Cornell in the first round . Allen had 11 points , but his Owls were upset by the Big Red 78 @-@ 65 . Following the season , Allen was selected to the All @-@ Atlantic 10 First Team and All @-@ Atlantic 10 Defensive Team . He was recognized as an All @-@ Fourth District first @-@ team selection by the National Association of Basketball Coaches making him eligible for the State Farm Division I All @-@ America teams . Since the Atlantic 10 Conference was its own district , this is equivalent to being named first team All @-@ Atlantic 10 by the NABC . The U.S. Basketball Writers Association named Allen to the 10 @-@ man All @-@ District II team covering college basketball players in the states of New York , New Jersey , Delaware. the District of Columbia , Pennsylvania , and West Virginia . Allen briefly flirted with the 2010 NBA draft . He declared for early entry in the draft , but did not hire an agent . After one workout with the Portland Trail Blazers , Allen was told to return to school to work on his offensive game . On May 8 , Allen officially pulled his name out of consideration for the draft . He did so on the final day allowed by the NCAA to ensure collegiate eligibility . = = = Senior = = = Allen was named to the 20 @-@ man USA Select team , which played with and against the USA National team from July 19 @-@ 24 . Prior to his senior campaign , he was on the preseason John R. Wooden Award and Naismith College Player of the Year watchlists . He was a preseason All @-@ Atlantic 10 First Team and Defensive Team selection . On December 6 , Allen was named Atlantic 10 co @-@ player of the week after recording back @-@ to back double @-@ doubles against Central Michigan and Maryland , both Temple victories . He sprained his ankle in a game against Fordham on February 9 , 2011 , and was forced to miss the following game versus the Dayton Flyers . In the February 20 game against Saint Joseph 's , Allen became Temple 's all time leader in rebounds . Allen snatched 12 boards to pass Temple radio analyst Johnny Baum 's career 1 @,@ 042 rebounds . He received conference player of the week honors for the week of February 28 . Allen scored a career @-@ high 24 points to top La Salle in the regular season finale , earning him Atlantic 10 Player of the Week recognition on March 6 . Temple finished with a 26 – 8 record in Allen 's senior season and earned a berth to the 2011 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament . This time , they defeated Penn State in the Round of 64 before falling to San Diego State in double overtime . Allen had 12 points and 11 rebounds in his final game as a Temple Owl . He was named to the All @-@ Atlantic 10 First Team and Defensive Team at the conclusion of the regular season . Allen was the recipient of the Robert V. Geasey Trophy honoring the Philadelphia Big Five Player of the Year . Behind Chris Gaston of Fordham , Allen finished second in conference in rebounding average with an 8 @.@ 4 mark in league play , and was fifth in the Atlantic 10 in blocks . In addition , he averaged 11 @.@ 6 points per game , second on the team . For his career , he pulled down 1 @,@ 147 rebounds and scored 1 @,@ 421 points , 24th in Temple history . Temple coach Fran Dunphy has said that Allen " might be the smartest player I 've ever coached in terms of positioning and understanding the game – just his knowledge . " = = = College statistics = = = = = Professional career = = = = = 2011 NBA draft = = = On April 1 , 2011 , Allen participated in the 2011 Reese 's College All @-@ Star Game held at the Reliant Center in Houston , Texas . He contributed 11 points and eight rebounds as his East team lost to the West 113 – 108 . Chad Ford of ESPN said that Allen was the 99th best prospect in the 2011 NBA draft . Allen sprained his ankle in a workout with his hometown Philadelphia 76ers and was forced to miss the next workout with the New Jersey Nets . The Sixers were not overly concerned with the injury , as they drafted him in the second round with the 50th pick on June 23 . Allen became the 32nd Temple product to be drafted and the first since the New York Knicks selected Mardy Collins with the 29th pick in 2006 . = = = Strasbourg IG = = = On July 15 , 2011 , he signed a contract with Strasbourg IG of France 's LNB Pro A. The contract included an opt @-@ out clause when the NBA settled its lockout , set to expire on January 30 , 2012 . Allen joined former Richmond foes Kevin Anderson and Justin Harper on Strasbourg IG . He made his debut on October 7 , scoring 10 points and pulling down four rebounds in a 77 – 74 victory over Cholet Basket . The following game , against SLUC Nancy Basket , he grabbed a season @-@ high 13 rebounds and also added 12 points . Allen 's season @-@ high 19 points came on November 10 , when Strasbourg IG defeated Chorale Roanne Basket 93 – 80 . In nine games , Allen averaged 10 @.@ 1 points and 7 @.@ 2 rebounds per game . = = = Philadelphia 76ers = = = = = = = Rookie season = = = = When the NBA ended its lockout , Allen opted @-@ out of his French contract to sign a contract with the Philadelphia 76ers on December 9 , the first day of training camp . Allen made his NBA debut during the 76ers ' 97 – 62 win over the Toronto Raptors on January 7 , 2012 , and grabbed two rebounds . He first saw significant playing time on the January 23 game against the Washington Wizards due to injuries to centers Spencer Hawes and Nikola Vucevic . Allen responded by scoring 10 points on 5 – 5 shooting and pulling down six rebounds en route to a 103 – 83 victory . He recorded a season @-@ high 15 points on February 1 against the Chicago Bulls , and a season @-@ high 12 rebounds against the Milwaukee Bucks on April 25 . In 41 regular season games and 15 as a starter , Allen averaged 4 @.@ 1 points and 4 @.@ 2 rebounds per game . Allen raised his averages in the playoffs to 6 @.@ 3 points and 4 @.@ 9 rebounds per game . Coach Doug Collins named him the starting center in the playoff opener against the Bulls . In his first playoff game , Allen sprained his thumb , but the injury was not considered severe . In Game 2 of the series , he nearly posted a double double with 11 points and nine rebounds . The 76ers advanced past the Bulls to face the Boston Celtics in the conference semifinals . Allen hit the " shot of [ his ] life " to help the 76ers defeat the Celtics 82 – 81 in the second game of the series . With the score tied and four minutes left , Andre Iguodala passed the ball to Allen , who hit a 22 foot jumper as the shot clock expired . He earned his postseason minutes partially because of his ability to guard Celtics star Kevin Garnett . The Sixers pushed the series to seven games , but ultimately lost to the Celtics . = = = = 2012 – 13 season = = = = On July 11 , 2012 , Allen re @-@ signed with the Philadelphia 76ers to a reported two @-@ year , $ 6 million contract . He missed two days of training camp to attend to his girlfriend , who gave birth to his son Kai on October 4 . He started the majority of games for the 76ers in his sophomore season at center due to the absence of Andrew Bynum . Allen averaged 5 @.@ 8 points and 5 @.@ 0 rebounds in his second season with the 76ers . = = = = 2013 – 14 season = = = = Allen missed an exhibition game due to a knee injury . He was criticized for missing a practice in October 2013 due to oversleeping . He mainly played backup power forward during the season . Allen missed four games in January 2014 due to a strained right calf . In 51 games , Allen posted averages of 5 @.@ 2 points and 5 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . = = = Indiana Pacers = = = On February 20 , 2014 , Allen and Evan Turner were traded to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for Danny Granger and a second @-@ round draft pick . In eight minutes per game , Allen averaged 2 @.@ 9 points and 2 @.@ 4 rebounds per game . Allen scored 13 points in a match against the 76ers on March 14 and contributed 12 points and 11 rebounds last game of the regular season versus the Orlando Magic . He got married in the summer of 2014 . On July 11 , 2014 , Allen re @-@ signed with the Pacers . He was most effective earlier in the season due to injuries of other players . He missed a January 31 , 2015 game against the Sacramento Kings due to a sore knee . Allen mainly played as a backup power forward and averaged 5 @.@ 0 points and 5 @.@ 1 rebounds in his first full season with the Pacers . On July 27 , 2015 , Allen re @-@ signed once again with the Pacers . = = NBA career statistics = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = Playoffs = = =
= Edward Pulsford = Edward Pulsford ( 29 September 1844 – 29 September 1919 ) was an English @-@ born Australian politician and free @-@ trade campaigner . Pulsford established a successful business with his father as commission agents in Yorkshire before moving his interests to New South Wales in 1883 . There he became a vigorous campaigner for free trade , and was a co @-@ founder of the Free Trade and Liberal Association in that colony , the body that would later become the machine behind the Free Trade Party . Although his attempts to enter the New South Wales Legislative Assembly were abortive , he was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1895 and served until 1901 , when he was elected to the Senate . An uncompromising opponent of all forms of protectionism , following the 1909 Fusion of the anti @-@ Labour forces he joined the Liberal Party only with reluctance . Pulsford is also remembered for his avid opposition to the White Australia policy and other forms of racial discrimination . Whilst financial editor of the Daily Telegraph he attacked restrictive immigration laws , and he fought against the policy in the state parliament and later in the Senate , where he was one of the few to oppose the 1901 Immigration Restriction Act . This racial tolerance , combined with his opposition to women 's suffrage , has led the economist John Hawkins to describe him as " probably the least racist but perhaps the most sexist member of the Australian Senate in its first decade " . = = Early life = = Edward Pulsford was born at Burslem in Staffordshire on 29 September 1844 . His mother was Mary Ann , née Cutler , and his father , James Eustace Pulsford , was a Baptist minister and businessman . He received a private education and worked with his father as a commission agent ; together they worked in Hull , Yorkshire , from 1870 to 1884 . On 23 February 1870 , he married Mary Charlotte Stainforth at Hull ; she would predecease him . In 1883 Edward embarked for New South Wales , while his father travelled to New York to become resident secretary of the Liverpool , London & Globe Insurance Company . After his arrival in Sydney , Pulsford immediately became involved in the free trade cause , and in 1885 he co @-@ founded the Free Trade and Liberal Association of New South Wales ( FTLA , a forerunner of the Free Trade Party ) with Bernhard Wise . His campaigning on behalf of free trade led to his becoming an honorary member of the Cobden Club . = = Colonial politics = = From its foundation until 1891 , Pulsford was secretary of the FTLA , and became an organiser and ferocious pamphleteer . He received a prize for an essay on " The Beneficial Influence of a Free Trade Policy upon the Colony of New South Wales " , written as a contribution to the 1887 centennial edition of the Year @-@ Book of Australia . He became actively involved in journalism as proprietor of the Armidale Chronicle and financial editor of the Daily Telegraph from 1890 to 1898 . While focusing overwhelmingly on free trade , actively denigrating the neighbouring colony of Victoria 's protectionist policies , he also worked on the compilation of an Australian biographical supplement to Webster 's International Dictionary and supported Federation . Pulsford was a leading proponent of the free @-@ trade cause , although an intended candidacy for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1891 did not eventuate . He had contested a by @-@ election for East Sydney earlier that year , losing to protectionist candidate Walter Bradley . He was nevertheless nominated to the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1895 by the Free Trade Premier , George Reid . He continued his support of free trade policies , but differentiated himself from his colleagues by firmly opposing restrictions on Asian immigration . He had expressed regret concerning the fate of the Australian Aborigines in a Telegraph article in 1888 and also opposed Sir Henry Parkes 's poll tax on the Chinese , and now opposed the continuing restrictive measures passed in 1896 and 1898 . He served as president of the Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association 's New South Wales branch in 1900 and was deputy president of the federal election campaign committee , standing himself for the Senate in New South Wales . = = Federal politics = = At the first federal election in March 1901 , Pulsford was elected as a senator for New South Wales in the sixth and final position , narrowly defeating fellow Free Trader John Gray . He continued his fervent support of free trade and was one of the few senators to oppose the White Australia policy , describing " the whole of the inhabitants of Asia as [ his ] friends " . He opposed the 1901 Immigration Restriction Act , supported Asians ' eligibility for the old @-@ age pension , and decried the treatment of Kanaka labourers as " cattle " . In his opposition to immigration restriction he highlighted the diplomatic insult to Japan and other Asian nations , and published a pamphlet in 1905 supporting the protestations of the Japanese government against the policy . Pulsford spoke for five hours in the debate on the 1902 Customs Tariff Bill , although he later supported time limits for speeches . Missing out on a frontbench portfolio when the Free Traders were briefly in government from 1904 to 1905 , he was absent from parliament for most of 1907 . Described by the Tribune as " the best living authority on Australia 's tariff question " , his pamphlet to the Cobden Club in 1907 attracted a favourable reception . He opposed women 's suffrage on the grounds that it would put Australia " in advance of public opinion throughout the world " , believing it would lead to the " vulgarisation of women " . The Fusion in 1909 between the Free Trade and Protectionist parties to form the Liberal Party was difficult for Pulsford , who had " no faith in either the old Protection or the new Protection " , and although he did join the new party , his support of any protectionist legislation would be " in order to show that all such legislation must be a failure " . He was defeated at the 1910 election when the Labour Party won all the Senate seats in New South Wales . = = Later life = = Pulsford continued his support for the free @-@ trade cause outside Parliament , and in May 1914 planned to establish a free @-@ trade paper to be circulated around Australia , New Zealand and South Africa , a scheme that was abandoned following the outbreak of World War I. He revised his book Commerce and the Empire ( originally published in 1903 ) in 1917 , arguing that free trade was central to the freedoms the Empire was fighting for , and calling for free trade with Germany after the war . On 2 March 1919 he married Blanche Elspeth Brown at Neutral Bay , but he died later that year on his seventy @-@ fifth birthday , 29 September 1919 . Survived by his second wife and the three sons of his first marriage , Pulsford was buried at Gore Hill cemetery after an Anglican service .
= History of slavery in Indiana = Slavery in Indiana occurred between the time of French rule during late seventeenth century and 1826 , with a few traces of slavery afterward . When the United States first forcibly removed the Native Americans from the region , slavery was accepted as a necessity to keep peace with the Indians and the French . When the Indiana Territory was established in 1800 , William Henry Harrison , a former slaveholder , was appointed governor and slavery continued to be tolerated through a series of laws enacted by the appointed legislature . Opposition against slavery began to organize in Indiana around 1805 , and in 1809 abolitionists took control of the territorial legislature and overturned many of the laws permitting retaining of slaves . By the time Indiana was granted statehood in 1816 , the abolitionists were in firm control and slavery was banned in the constitution . In 1820 , an Supreme Court of Indiana ruling in Polly v. Lasselle freed all the remaining slaves in the state . An additional Supreme Court ruling in 1821 freed indentured servant Mary Bateman Clark , helping to bring an end to indentured servitude . With the end of slavery in the state , Indiana became a border state with the southern slave states . Hoosiers like Levi Coffin came to play an important role in the Underground Railroad that helped many slaves escape from the South . Indiana remained anti @-@ slavery and in the American Civil War remained with the Union and contributed men to the war . = = Early existence = = In 1783 , at the end of the American Revolution , the territory that would become Indiana was annexed to the United States . Slavery was already a present institution – the French who had controlled the area only 20 years earlier , and their allies among the Native American Population , had been practicing slavery in the region for at least one hundred and fifty years before the Americans took control . René @-@ Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle , first began explorations in Indiana in the late 1660s . He was accompanied by a Shawnee slave on several of his expeditions . In 1787 Congress organized the territory under the Northwest Ordinance , which prohibited slavery by stating " that there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory " . It would later be decided that anyone who purchased a slave outside of the territory could enter and reside there with their slaves . The Ordinance also allowed for preexisting French – Indian slave arrangements . Many Virginian natives living in the territory interpreted the Ordinance as allowing them to have slaves . The Ordinance stated that the Virginians " shall have their possessions and titles confirmed to them , and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and liberties . " Many decided to keep slaves . Fear of French rebellion kept the courts from acting against slavery , as did the violent actions of those who would kidnap escaped slaves . A court ruling in the Michigan Territory in 1807 stated that preexisting slavery could still exist under the Northwest Ordinance , validated Hoosier slaveholding in the opinions of the slaveholders . = = = Southern influence = = = Many of the territory 's early settlers came from the South . Southern immigrants who were anti @-@ slavery settled in Ohio where a strong anti @-@ slavery movement was underway . The immigrants in favor of slavery generally moved to Indiana where the government was friendly to slaveholders . When they relocated to the Indiana Territory , they brought what few slaves they owned with them . An 1810 census recorded 393 free blacks and 237 slaves in the Indiana Territory . Knox County , where the territorial capital of Indiana , Vincennes , was located , was the center of Indiana slavery . A young Army officer named Charles Larrabee , who was serving in Governor William Henry Harrison ’ s army , summed the Vincennes populace as “ chiefly from Kentucky and Virginia … slavery is tolerated here . ” Most of the initial immigration was attributed to the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 . After the Revolutionary War , George Rogers Clark and his soldiers , all Virginians , were given land grants in southern Indiana . Many settled in Indiana bringing their Southern ideals with them . After the War of 1812 many veterans of the Western theater were granted land in central Indiana . These soldiers were mostly from Kentucky and the South . They also moved into Indiana , bringing more Southern influence to the state . Southerners of all classes migrated to Indiana . William Henry Harrison , longtime Indiana Territory governor and future United States President , was from the long established aristocracy class of the lowland and coastal South . His class supported slavery . From the non @-@ slaveholding class of the Upland South were migrants such as Abraham Lincoln , whose family is representative of the migration to Indiana from Kentucky and Tennessee . Some of his social class , while not owning slaves , typically condoned the institution . Lincoln 's father worked as a slave catcher and the family of Lincoln 's wife , Mary Todd , owned slaves . But others immigrated to Indiana such as Levi Coffin , a North Carolina Quaker who was an outspoken abolitionist . = = Treatment of slaves = = The first recorded slaves in Indiana were owned by the French traders who entered the region and introduced the practice to the native tribes . Jesuit priests encouraged the tribes they lived among to adopt slavery as an alternative to executing their prisoners in war . According to some classical historians , the decline of cannibalism among the tribes was a direct result of the rise of slavery . Early slaves were often Native Americans who were sold to pay debts . The early slaves typically performed manual labor , helping the traders transport their goods and to build forts and trading posts . While part of new France , laws were enacted to give slaves some protection from their masters . Torture and mutilation of slaves was forbidden , and families were prevented from being forcibly broken up . Other laws allowed slaves to be seized by creditors as payment . Other laws required that if a master had children by a slave , the slave and her children were then to be freed . Their status under the French laws was similar to that of minors . As the territory developed , their tasks changed ; slaves also served as household servants and farm workers , as in the case of William Henry Harrison 's slaves . George Rogers Clark 's two slaves assisted him in running a gristmill in Clarksville . While the pro @-@ slavery faction was in power , laws were passed permitting anyone to seize and return slaves who were more than ten miles from their home , and a one hundred dollar fine was placed on anyone who helped a slave escape . Some slaves , like " Aunt Fannie " , who belonged to Dennis Pennington , refused to be set free . Pennington had freed all his slaves when he left Virginia , but Fannie did not want to be left behind and continued on as a free household servant for the rest of her life . She was buried in the Pennington family cemetery in Corydon , Indiana . Others were not so fortunate as in the case of another black woman who also lived in Corydon . When she tried to escape from her masters she was run down in the street , beaten , and carried back home . The men threatened death to anyone in the town , which was strongly anti @-@ slavery , who interfered . The slaves did not have a large impact on Indiana 's economy as they never became a large percentage of the population and large scale plantation style farms , that were common in the southern states , never developed in Indiana . In 1820 , the year all the state 's slaves were freed , the census only counted 192 out of a population over 65 @,@ 000 . Many slaves had already been freed by that time and there over 1200 free blacks in the state during the same census . = = Indiana Territory = = Slavery in the Indiana Territory was supported by Governors William Henry Harrison and his successor Thomas Posey , who both sought to legalize it in the territory . Both men were appointed by the President of the United States while the office was held by southern slaveholders . Although slavery was not legal under Article 6 of the Northwest Ordinance , Harrison recognized the existing customs of slavery and indenture in the territory , Both men 's slavery positions were resisted by the territory 's population . In a gesture to the residents who lived in the territory before the Northwest Ordinance , Harrison organized a public meeting in 1802 which called for a 10 @-@ year moratorium on the slavery ban . Harrison and Posey were strongly opposed by Jonathan Jennings , Dennis Pennington , and other prominent men who would eventually take over the territorial legislature . Indiana courts never ruled on the Ordinance / slavery issue during the territorial period . When the issue of slavery was in the courts , it “ was always treated as an existing institution and its legality went unchallenged . ” Early Hoosiers , including William Henry Harrison , wanted to have slavery legalized in the new territory . Harrison may have been motivated by the need to appease existing slaveowners , the need for labor in a developing territory , or the desire to attract immigrants from southern colonies . They sought passage of a new law to override the Northwest Ordinance 's ban on slavery . Harrison succeeded in getting permission from Congress for the territory to decide for itself whether slavery should be legalized . Harrison and his party sought to gradually legalize slavery three times ( 1803 , 1807 , and 1809 ) but all three efforts ultimately failed . Harrison succeeded , however , in passing laws that established forms of indentured servitude . Harrison was particularly interested in having slavery legalized . He maintained a plantation style home in Vincennes called Grouseland . Harrison was also in the process of constructing another plantation style farm called Harrison Valley near Corydon in 1807 , the same year he was pushing for slavery to be legalized . In 1803 Harrison asked Congress to suspend the anti @-@ slavery clause of the Northwest Ordinance for ten years . Harrison claimed it was necessary to increase the territory 's population more quickly and attract new settlers . Congress wanted the territory to become economically viable so that the federal government would not longer have to financially support it . In 1803 the entire territory 's population numbered less than 5 @,@ 000 . That year the legislature — which was appointed by Harrison — passed legislation reintroducing indentured servitude . In 1805 the Territory was granted representation in Congress . Pro @-@ slavery Benjamin Parke was elected and supported Harrison 's request to have Congress suspend the ban on slavery in the territory . Parke submitted legislation to outright legalize slavery , but no action was taken on it . The same year , Congress suspended Article Six of the Northwest Ordinance for ten years , and granted the territories covered by it the right to choose for themselves to legalize slavery . By the same act , Congress removed the legislative power from the General Court of the territory and created a Legislative Council that would was to be popularly elected . When the election was complete Davis Floyd was the only anti @-@ slavery member elected ; slavery had not yet become a major issue in the state . That year Harrison persuaded the legislature to begin the debate to legalize slavery . The bill was narrowly defeated because many of the slaveholders in the council wanted a concession from Harrison , namely to recommend creating the Illinois Territory , a concession which he refused to make . = = = Fight to end slavery = = = Harrison 's move to legalize slavery was not taken lightly by President Thomas Jefferson . Although Jefferson was himself a slaveholder , he was opposed to the spread of slavery . Jefferson had been working with James Lemen since at least 1784 and used him as an agent in the Northwest to organize an anti @-@ slavery movement . Lemen succeeded in helping to establish an anti @-@ slavery Baptist church that drew many members . Jefferson sent Lemen to the Indiana territory again in 1807 with the mission to seek out and organize the anti @-@ slavery men of the state and encourage them to take action . Several prominent men had already been stirred by Harrison 's moves to legalize slavery . Dennis Pennington , a former slave holder who had freed his slaves when he moved to Indiana , was chief among the anti @-@ slavery men . Jonathan Jennings , who also attended the meeting , would quickly grow into the party 's leader . Other prominent anti @-@ slavery men included Richard Rue , John Paul , and General William Johnson , all veterans of the Revolution . Later in 1807 , at Lemen 's urging , a mass meeting was held in Springville attended by many of the anti @-@ slavery men within the state . The meeting was held largely in response to Harrison 's attempt to legalize slavery and the fact that he almost succeeded , and likely would soon unless a large anti @-@ slavery faction came to power . The meeting was chaired by John Beggs , with Davis Floyd acting as secretary . Dennis Pennington and others put forth speeches , and resolved to stop the attempt to legalize slavery . They declared their intentions to end the " despised institution " . Their resolution stated : ... a great number of citizens , in various parts of the United States , are preparing , and many have actually emigrated to this Territory , to get free from a Government which does tolerate slavery ... And although it is contended by some , that , at this day , there is a great majority in favor of slavery , whilst the opposite opinion is held by others , the fact is certainly doubtful . But when we take into consideration the vast emigration into this Territory , and of citizens , too , decidedly opposed to the measure , we feel satisfied that , at all events , Congress will suspend any legislative act on this subject until we shall , by the constitution , be admitted into the Union , and have a right to adopt such a constitution , in this respect , as may comport with the wishes of a majority of the citizens .... The toleration of slavery is either right or wrong ; and if Congress should think , with us , that it is wrong , that it is inconsistent with the principles upon which our future constitution is to be formed , your memorialists will rest satisfied that , at least , this subject will not be by them taken up until the constitutional number of the citizens of this Territory shall assume that right . When the petition was signed and circulated , it gained six hundred more signatures than the petition circulated to request the legalization of slavery . The same year , the abolitionists won their first victory over the Harrison faction . In the election for territorial delegate , Jesse B. Thomas , the anti @-@ slavery factions candidate , defeated Harrison 's candidate . By 1809 the territory 's population had climbed to over 20 @,@ 000 . Congress passed legislation that allowed the Indiana Territory to elect a bicameral legislature and made the Legislative Council the upper house It also ordered Harrison to dissolve the existing one and created the Illinois Territory . The effect of these actions , was to cut the pro @-@ slavery faction remaining in the Indiana Territory in half . The election resulted in a sweeping victory for the anti @-@ slavery party . The new assembly quickly passed legislation revoking the indentured servitude laws of 1803 , and introduced legislation to prevent its reintroduction . They also passed laws aimed at preventing slave hunters from removing escaped slaves from the state . The repeal of the laws was met with resentment and violence in Vincennes . An effigy of Jesse Bright was burnt in the street , and Rice Jones , a popular abolitionist , was murdered . = = = Abolitionist victory = = = In 1809 , Dennis Pennington , one of the most outspoken anti @-@ slavery men and a friend of Henry Clay , was elected to the legislature as the representative from Harrison County , and became speaker of the assembly . His prominence allowed him to dominate the legislature . Before the constitutional convention in 1816 , Pennington was quoted as saying " Let us be on our guard when our convention men are chosen that they be men opposed to slavery . " At the constitutional convention , the anti @-@ slavery party was able to take control , electing Jennings as the president of the convention . It was by their actions that slavery was banned by the first constitution . When Indiana sought statehood in 1816 , there was talk of its entering as a slave state among the dwindling group of slavery supporters as illustrated in the March 2 , 1816 edition of the ( Vincennes ) Western Sun , where a " citizen of Gibson " stated , " the best interests of humanity required the admission of slavery into the state . " The eastern half of the state saw much debate over the slavery issue . While the state constitution did outlaw slavery and indentures , much of the population that had immigrated from the South were commoners and not landed slaveholders . Of the 43 men who wrote the constitution , 34 were either born or had once lived in the South , and the constitution was a near copy of the Kentucky constitution , save for the anti @-@ slavery clause . During the first gubernatorial election , Jonathan Jennings 's campaign motto was " No Slavery in Indiana " . He easily defeated pro @-@ slavery candidate Thomas Posey , and upon his victory he declared that Indiana was a " Free State " . He also asked the legislature to pass laws that would stop the " unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom : and at the same time , as far as practical , to prevent those who rightfully owe service to the citizen of any other State of Territory , from seeking , within the limits of this State ( Indiana ) , a refuge from the possession of their lawful masters . " He stated that such laws would help secure the freedom of many . This request resulted in the creation of a Man Stealing Act aimed to prevent slave hunters from operating in the state . In 1818 Dennis Pennington , then a state senator , had three Kentuckians indicted for violating the Man Stealing Act when they forcibly took a black woman from a home in Harrison County and removed her to Kentucky . Governor Jennings requested the Kentucky Governor send the men to Indiana for trials ; after several years of correspondence the Kentucky governor refused on constitutional grounds . These events led Jennings to eventually have to reverse his position and request that the legislature pass laws to discourage runaway slaves from seeking refuge in Indiana . Jennings said it was needed to " maintain harmony between the states " . From 1810 to 1820 , the number of free blacks in Indiana increased from 400 to 1200 . In 1820 the State Supreme Court case of Polly v. Lasselle ordered all slaves , except those held before the 1787 Northwest Territory Ordinance , to be freed . The new ruling led to a sharp decline in the state 's slave population . In 1820 the census recorded 190 slaves ; by the 1830 census there were only three . In 1823 , when Ohio passed resolutions asking the Federal government for a national ban on slavery , at the urging of Governor William Hendricks , the Indiana General Assembly issued a resolution which was forwarded the Federal government stating : " Resolved That it is expedient that such a system should be predicated upon the principle that the evil of slavery is a national one and that the people and the States of this Union ought mutually to participate in the duties and burdens of removing it Therefore , " Resolved By the General Assembly of the State of Indiana that we do approve of and cordially concur in the aforesaid resolutions of the State of Ohio and that His Excellency the Governor be requested to communicate the same to the Executives of each of the several States in the Union and each of our Senators and Representatives in Congress requesting their cooperation in all national measures to effect the grand object therein embraced . " = = Indiana state = = = = = Remnants of slavery = = = Even with statehood , there was still slavery in Indiana . Despite slavery and indentures becoming illegal in 1816 due to the state constitution , the 1820 federal census listed 190 slaves in Indiana . Many Hoosier slaveholders felt that the 1816 constitution did not cover preexisting slavery ; others just did not care if it was illegal . In eastern Indiana nearly all slaveholders immediately freed their slaves . But the majority of slaveholders in western counties , especially in Knox , decided to keep their slaves . The Vincennes newspaper Western Sun had numerous times advertised " indentured Negroes and other slaves " , a sign of the approval of slavery in the area . " In Knox County , virtually all of the ( slave ) suits were denied by the County Court in 1817 and 1818 . " A black woman known as Polly was held slave by French trader Hyacinthe Lasselle of Vincennes . Polly sued in 1820 for her freedom , but was denied in the Knox County Court . She appealed to the Indiana Supreme Court , who ruled in her favor that she should be free . But even after this decision , there was slavery in Indiana . The federal census of 1830 still showed three slaves in Indiana : one each in Orange County , Decatur County , and Warrick County . A separate local census in Knox County in 1830 showed the presence of 32 slaves . Even in 1840 there were three slaves listed in the federal census as being in Indiana : a girl in Putnam County and a man and girl in Rush County . = = = Views upon slavery = = = A traveler from New York , Dr. Samuel Bernard Judah , described Vincennes in 1829 as having many blacks , making the observation of them being “ generally poorly clad … poor miserable race ” . Indiana Governor Noah Noble spoke with pride in December 1837 on how Indiana helped slaveholders recapture their escaped slaves . When Kentucky expressed displeasure at how some Hoosiers helped runaways , the Indiana legislature passed a resolution that stated acts by Northerners to interfere with the capture of runaways was “ unpatriotic and injurious to the stability of the Union . ” In 1851 Indiana adopted a new constitution , and among its new clauses was one that prohibited blacks from immigrating to Indiana . The prohibition was intended to be a punishment to the slavery states . Like several other northern states , Indiana lawmakers believed the majority of free blacks were uneducated and ill equipped to care for themselves . They believed since the South put them in that condition , they should be responsible for the " burden " of caring for them . This view , that the South should clean up its own mess , remained dominant even after the Civil War , and the clause in Indiana 's constitution was not repealed until the 20th century . = = = Abraham Lincoln = = = Abraham Lincoln lived in Indiana from 1816 until 1830 , age 7 to 21 . It was during these years that Lincoln first encountered slavery and began to form his opinions . Growing up in a climate where the state politics were run by men like Jennings and Pennington would have much influence on the development of Lincoln 's views . In 1860 when the American Civil War broke out , Indiana would remain part of the Union and contribute over 200 @,@ 000 men to suppress the rebellion . By that act Hoosiers helped to outlaw slavery in the United States forever . = = = Underground Railroad = = = Many Indiana residents participated in the underground railroad . Two major arteries in the underground railroad traveled through Indiana . Tell City , Evansville , and Jeffersonville were two gateways to the underground railroad . An important stopover was Westfield , where food and hiding places were provided to slaves trying to reach Canada . Other safe houses dotted Indiana , including one in Town Clock Church ( pictured ) . Escaping slaves who entered Indiana would be ferried from safe house to safe house northward , usually into Michigan , where they could cross safely to Windsor , in Ontario , Canada . In one of the more famous events of the underground railroad , Eliza Harris , a slave from Kentucky , crossed the Ohio River one winter 's night when it froze over . She was aided in her escape by Levi Coffin of Fountain City , and eventually escaped to Ontario after being guided by Hoosiers from safe house to safe house through Indiana . Her story was the inspiration for the book Uncle Tom 's Cabin . Coffin and his wife would help as many as two thousand slaves escape the South .
= Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke = Aymer de Valence , 2nd Earl of Pembroke ( c . 1275 – 23 June 1324 ) was a Franco @-@ English nobleman . Though primarily active in England , he also had strong connections with the French royal house . One of the wealthiest and most powerful men of his age , he was a central player in the conflicts between Edward II of England and his nobility , particularly Thomas , 2nd Earl of Lancaster . Pembroke was one of the Lords Ordainers appointed to restrict the power of Edward II and his favourite Piers Gaveston . His position changed with the great insult he suffered when Gaveston , as a prisoner in his custody whom he had sworn to protect , was removed and beheaded on the instigation of Lancaster . This led Pembroke into close and lifelong cooperation with the King . Later in life , however , political circumstances combined with financial difficulties would cause him problems , driving him away from the centre of power . Though earlier historians saw Pembroke as the head of a ' middle party ' , between the extremes of Lancaster and the king , the modern consensus is that he remained essentially loyal to Edward throughout most of his career . Pembroke was married twice , and left no legitimate issue , though he did have a bastard son . He is today remembered primarily through his wife 's , Marie de St Pol , foundation of Pembroke College , Cambridge , and for his splendid tomb that can still be seen in Westminster Abbey . He was also an important figure in the wars against Robert the Bruce . = = Family and early years = = Aymer was the son of William de Valence , son of Hugh X , Count of La Marche and Isabella of Angoulême . William was Henry III 's half @-@ brother through his mother ’ s prior marriage to King John , and as such gained a central position in the Kingdom of England . He had come to the earldom of Pembroke through his marriage to Joan de Munchensi , granddaughter of William Marshal . Aymer was the third son of his family , so little is known of his birth and early years . He is believed to have been born some time between 1270 and 1275 . As his father was on crusade with Lord Edward until January 1273 , a date towards the end of this period is more likely . With the death in battle in Wales of his remaining brother William in 1282 ( John , the elder brother , was dead in 1277 ) , Aymer found himself heir to the Earldom of Pembroke . William de Valence died in 1296 , and Aymer inherited his father 's French lands , but had to wait until his mother died in 1307 to succeed to the Earldom . Through inheritance and marriages his lands consisted of – apart from the county palatine in Pembrokeshire – property spread out across England primarily in a strip from Gloucestershire to East Anglia , in south @-@ east Ireland ( Wexford ) , and French lands in the Poitou- and Calais areas . In 1297 he accompanied Edward I on a campaign to Flanders , and seems to have been knighted by this time . With his French connections he was in the following years a valuable diplomat in France for the English King . He also served as military commander in Scotland . He won an important victory over Robert the Bruce in 1306 at the Battle of Methven , only to be defeated by Bruce at Loudoun Hill the next year . = = The Ordinances and Piers Gaveston = = Edward I died in 1307 and was succeeded by his son Edward II . The new King at first enjoyed the good will of his nobility , Valence among them . Conflict soon ensued , however , connected especially with the enormous unpopularity of Edward 's favourite Piers Gaveston . Gaveston 's arrogance towards the peers , and his control over Edward , united the Baronage in opposition to the King . In 1311 the initiative known as the Ordinances was introduced , severely limiting Royal powers in financial matters and in the appointment of officers . Equally important , Gaveston was expelled from the realm - as Edward I had already done once before . Pembroke , who was not among the most radical of the Ordainers , and had earlier been sympathetic with the King , had now realised the necessity of exiling Gaveston . When Gaveston without permission returned from exile later the same year , a Baronial council entrusted Pembroke and The Earl of Surrey , with the task of taking him into custody . This they did on 19 May 1312 , but not long after Thomas of Lancaster , acting with the Earls of Warwick , Hereford and Arundel , seized Gaveston and executed him on 19 June . This criminal act had the effect of garnering support for the King , and marginalising the rebellious earls . As far as Pembroke is concerned , the seizing and execution of a prisoner in his custody was a breach of the most fundamental chivalric codes , and a serious affront to his honour . The event must therefore be seen as pivotal in turning his sympathies away from the rebels and towards the King . = = Later years = = In the following years Pembroke worked closely with the King . He was appointed the King ’ s lieutenant in Scotland in 1314 , and was present at the disastrous English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn , where he helped lead Edward away from the field of battle . In 1317 , however , while returning from a papal embassy to Avignon , he was captured by a Jean de Lamouilly , and held for ransom in Germany . The ransom of £ 10 @,@ 400 was to cause Pembroke significant financial difficulties for the remainder of his life . Although ostracised because of the murder of Gaveston , Thomas of Lancaster had regained virtual control of royal government in the period after Bannockburn . Proving himself as incapable to rule as Edward , however , he soon grew unpopular . Pembroke was one of the magnates who in the years 1316 @-@ 18 tried to prevent civil war from breaking out between the supporters of Edward and those of Lancaster , and he helped negotiate the Treaty of Leake in 1318 , restoring Edward to power . Peace did not last long , however , as the King by now had taken on Hugh Despenser the younger as another favourite , in much the same position as Gaveston . Pembroke 's attempts at reconciliation eventually failed , and civil war broke out in 1321 . In 1322 Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge , and executed . Pembroke was among the Earls behind the conviction . Also in 1322 , Pembroke founded a leper hospital in Gravesend . After Boroughbridge Pembroke found himself in a difficult situation . The opponents of Hugh Despenser and his father had lost all faith in him , but at the same time he found himself marginalised at court where the Despensers ' power grew more and more complete . On top of this came his financial problems . On 24 June 1324 , while on an embassy to France , he suddenly collapsed and died while lodging somewhere in Picardy . = = Legacy = = T.F. Tout , in 1914 one of the first historians to make a thorough academic study of the period , considered Pembroke the one favourable exception in an age of small @-@ minded and incompetent leaders . Tout wrote of a ' middle party ' , led by Pembroke , representing a moderate position between the extremes of Edward and Lancaster . This ' middle party ' supposedly took control of royal government through the Treaty of Leake in 1318 . In his authoritative study of 1972 , J.R.S. Phillips rejects this view . In spite of misgivings with the King ’ s favourites , Pembroke was consistently loyal to Edward . What was accomplished in 1318 was not the takeover by a ' middle party ' , but simply a restoration of royal power . Aymer and his sister Agnes rented the one of the old manor houses of Dagenham in Essex , which has been called Valence House ever since . Aymer married twice ; his first marriage , before 1295 , was to Beatrice , daughter of Raoul de Clermont , Lord of Nesle in Picardy and Constable of France . Beatrice died in 1320 , and in 1321 he married Marie de St Pol , daughter of Gui de Châtillon , Count of St Pol and Butler of France . He never had any legitimate children , but he had an illegitimate son , Henry de Valence , whose mother is unknown . Pembroke 's most lasting legacy is probably through his second wife , who in 1347 founded Pembroke College , Cambridge . The family arms are still represented on the dexter side of the college arms . Aymer de Valence was buried in Westminster Abbey , where his tomb can still be seen as a splendid example of late gothic architecture , elaborating on the design of the nearby tomb of Edmund Crouchback .
= Paparazzi ( Lady Gaga song ) = " Paparazzi " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Lady Gaga from her debut studio album , The Fame ( 2008 ) . It was released as the fifth and final single by Interscope Records . Gaga wrote and produced the song with Rob Fusari . The song portrays Gaga 's struggles in her quest for fame , as well as balancing success and love . Musically , it is an up @-@ tempo dance @-@ pop song whose lyrics describe a stalker following somebody to grab attention and fame . Although released on July 6 , 2009 , in the United Kingdom and four days later in Australia , " LoveGame " initially had been planned as the third single release in the former but deeming its lyrics and music video potentially controversial , it was decided that " Paparazzi " would be released instead . " Paparazzi " was critically acclaimed for its " fun @-@ filled " and club @-@ friendly nature . It was also commercially successful , reaching top @-@ ten positions in the music charts of Australia , Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , and the United States and topping the charts in the Czech Republic and Germany . The accompanying music video portrays Gaga as a doomed starlet , hounded by photographers , who is almost killed by her boyfriend . It shows her survival , comeback , revenge on her boyfriend , and experiences on the way to fame . The video won two MTV Video Music Awards in 2009 for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects . Gaga also performed the song at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards in a performance art piece symbolizing the negative effect of fame leading to death . Additional live performances of the song include on The Fame Ball Tour , where it was the opening song , on an October 2009 episode of Saturday Night Live and on The Monster Ball Tour . On the first leg of the tour , she appeared as a Rapunzel @-@ like character ; from the second leg onward , she performed the song alongside a giant anglerfish ( " The Fame Monster " ) who , attempting to devour her , was killed after her leotard shot sparks into the creature . = = Background and release = = Before she rose to fame , Lady Gaga met music producer Rob Fusari in March 2006 and began dating him in May . Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with Fusari . While working together , he compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury , lead singer of Queen . He also created the " Lady Gaga " moniker after the Queen song " Radio Ga Ga " . Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first , the pair soon started writing more songs for Gaga . Towards the end of 2007 , Gaga 's management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne , whom they also managed . By 2008 , Gaga relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album , The Fame , and set up her own creative team called the Haus of Gaga . " Paparazzi " was one of the songs written by Gaga and Fusari who also produced the track . In a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone , Gaga recalled her relationship with a heavy metal drummer called Luke , who became an inspiration for most of the songs on The Fame , including " Paparazzi " . The song became a symbol for Gaga to escape her own narcissism and desire for fame . She was infatuated with Luke , calling him " the love of her life " , and ready to be his fan , to turn the camera around and photograph him . To the Australian Daily Telegraph , Gaga explained that " Paparazzi " was about struggling to balance success and love . Further explanations said that the song was about trying to win the paparazzi and the media in one 's favor . " It 's a love song for the cameras , but it 's also a love song about fame or love – can you have both , or can you only have one " , she concluded . " Paparazzi " was the album 's third single in Ireland , Italy and the United Kingdom , the fourth in Canada and the United States and the fifth in Australia , France and New Zealand . Although released on July 6 , 2009 , in the United Kingdom and four days later in Australia , " LoveGame " initially had been planned as the third single release in the former but deeming its lyrics and music video potentially controversial , it was decided that " Paparazzi " would be released instead . = = Recording and composition = = " Paparazzi " was recorded at 150 Studios in Parsippany @-@ Troy Hills , New Jersey . Along with the production and songwriting of the track , Gaga also did the background vocals and played piano and synthesizer . Calvin " Sci @-@ Fidelty " Gaines did the programming and Fusari did the audio engineering and recording . Other personnel involved in creating the final version of the song included Robert Orton who did the audio mixing , and Gene Grimaldi who mastered the song at Oasis Mastering Studios , Burbank , California . " Paparazzi " has a similar up @-@ tempo composition to the previous singles " Just Dance " and " Poker Face " and carries a sultry beat , while its composition is of the dance @-@ pop genre . According to the sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song has a moderate electro @-@ synth groove . It is composed in the key of C minor with a tempo of 115 beats per minute . It is set in common time , and Gaga 's vocal range spans from a low @-@ note of G3 to the high @-@ note of E ♭ 5 . The verses follow in the chord progression of Cm – A ♭ – Cm and the chorus uses an A ♭ – E ♭ – Fm – D ♭ progression . The lyrics of " Paparazzi " deal with stalking and the trappings of fame . Gaga sings about her desire to get attention from the cameras : " I 'm your biggest fan / I 'll follow you until you love me / Papa , paparazzi . " = = Critical reception = = The song received positive reviews from music critics . In 2011 , Rolling Stone called it the second greatest Gaga song of all time , praising the song 's theme and beat . Jill Menze of Billboard , while reviewing The Fame Ball Tour , complimented Gaga 's vocals on the song by saying , " The fame @-@ obsessed ballad ' Paparazzi ' showed how adept she can be with her range . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian said that , " You may quickly tire of hearing the album 's theme constantly reiterated , but the tune of ' Paparazzi ' takes up residence in your brain and refuses to budge . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the song clever and said that it " functions simultaneously as glorious pop trash and a wicked parody of it . " Priya Elan of The Times thought that " even the trio of songs that provides the core of the album 's celebrity theme ( ' Paparazzi ' , ' Beautiful Dirty Rich ' , and the title track ) don 't ruminate on the addictive inanity of fame , choosing instead to observe passively . " David Balls from Digital Spy praised Gaga 's decision of releasing a mid @-@ tempo track after two uptempos ( " Just Dance " and " Poker Face " ) saying that " thanks to a typically catchy chorus and some smart , celebrity @-@ themed lyrics , very nearly as thrilling in the finish . Backed with a hilariously self @-@ indulgent video , it seems GaGa still has us firmly in her clutch and , ahem , squealing for more . " Evan Sawdey of PopMatters said that both " Paparazzi " and the earlier single " Poker Face " are comparable with the musical styles of first single " Just Dance " but added that " never once does it feel like Gaga is deliberately repeating herself ; instead , her faults only come from covering territory that she 's obviously not prepared for . " Freedom du Lac of The Washington Post said that even though Gaga turns somewhat serious while disapprovingly singing " Paparazzi " , the song comes across as flat and faceless as well as vapid . Erika Howard of the New Times Broward @-@ Palm Beach called it the most telling track from the album . Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said that " ' Paparazzi ' is a love letter from camera to subject but stops short of admitting that the affection runs both ways . Any notion that Lady Gaga is sketching an elaborate stunt is stopped cold at the lyric sheet , a perverse flaunting of simplicity that betrays no cynicism whatsoever . " Pitchfork Media ranked " Paparazzi " number 83 on their list of 2009 's 100 best tracks . NME ranked it at number 9 in their list of the best songs of 2009 . = = Chart performance = = In the United States , the song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 74 on the issue dated September 12 , 2009 , and reached a peak of number six , becoming her fourth consecutive top @-@ ten song on the chart . With the song , Gaga joined Christina Aguilera , Beyoncé , and Fergie as the only women this decade to collect four Hot 100 top @-@ tens from a debut album . It also reached the top of Billboard 's Pop Songs chart , thus making Gaga the first artist in the seventeen @-@ year history of Pop Songs chart to have her first four singles from a debut album reach the top of the chart . The song also topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart . It has sold 3 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads in the United States as of April 2015 , according to Nielsen Soundscan . It became Gaga 's fourth song to top the three @-@ million mark , and was certified three @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . " Paparazzi " debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 92 and moved up to number 57 the following week becoming the week 's greatest digital gainer . The song ultimately peaked at number three on the chart , in its 13th week . " Paparazzi " debuted on the official Australian Singles Chart at number seventy @-@ three on the issue dated June 1 , 2009 and leaped to twenty @-@ seven the next week . The song ultimately peaked at number two , giving Gaga her fourth top five single in Australia . The song was certified two @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 140 @,@ 000 copies . In New Zealand , " Paparazzi " debuted at number twenty @-@ three on the week ending June 22 , 2009 and reached a peak of number five . The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) after fourteen weeks on the chart , for shipping over 7 @,@ 500 copies . In the UK , " Paparazzi " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number ninety @-@ nine in February 2009 due to digital downloads after the release of The Fame . It reached number thirteen for the issue dated June 21 , 2009 , after jumping from forty @-@ three to this position from the last week . The next week the song further climbed to number eight and ultimately peaked at number four . It was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) and sold a total of 585 @,@ 000 copies according to the Official Charts Company . " Paparazzi " debuted at number thirty @-@ eight on the Irish Singles Chart and peaked at number four . " Paparazzi " reached number one in Germany , making it her second chart @-@ topper there . The song also debuted on the Dutch Top 40 at number twenty @-@ seven on the issue dated July 18 , 2009 . It peaked at number four on its sixth week on the chart . In Italy , the song debuted at number nineteen and then climbed to number three , becoming Gaga 's second top three there . = = Music video = = = = = Development = = = The music video was directed by Swedish director , Jonas Åkerlund , who has previously directed music videos for artists like The Smashing Pumpkins , Madonna , Moby , Rammstein , and U2 . His wife Bea Åkerlund was hired as Gaga 's stylist for the video . It was filmed at Villa de Leon in Malibu , California and at Chateau d 'Or in Bel Air , Los Angeles . Gaga told MTV News that she was satisfied with the finished version of the " Paparazzi " video , likening it to a short film . In an interview with The Canadian Press on May 26 , 2009 , Gaga cited her video as " the most amazing creative work that [ she 's ] put together so far . " She went on to describe the message of the video : " It has a real , genuine , powerful message about fame @-@ whoring and death and the demise of the celebrity , and what that does to young people . The video explores ideas about sort of hyperbolic situations that people will go to in order to be famous . Most specifically , pornography and murder . These are some of the major themes in the video . Later , in her V magazine cover story , Gaga believed that Princess Diana was referenced in the video , claiming she died because of being a martyr symbolic of fame . The video was supposed to premiere on June 4 , 2009 , in the United Kingdom and Ireland , on Channel 4 . However , while touring in Australia , Gaga posted a message on her Twitter account on May 29 , 2009 saying " Stop leaking my motherfucking videos " , which referred to the video being released without the singer 's consent . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video is eight minutes long . Swedish actor Alexander Skarsgård plays Gaga 's boyfriend . The video features a murderous plot line involving a doomed starlet who is constantly followed by photographers . The video opens with a shot of a seaside mansion , where Gaga and her boyfriend are shown lying on a bed talking in Swedish . They move to the balcony and start making out ; however , when hidden photographers start taking pictures of them , Gaga realizes that her boyfriend has set the paparazzi to photograph her and tries to stop him . Her struggles nevertheless remain futile even when she punches him , and in a final frantic attempt at defense , she smashes a nearby bottle of liquor into his face . The enraged boyfriend throws her over the balcony . Gaga lies on the ground in her own blood as the photographers continue take pictures of her bloody body and tabloid headlines proclaim that her career is over . According to Rolling Stone this scene pays homage to Alfred Hitchcock 's film Vertigo . Gaga is shown getting out of a limousine , being carried by male dancers to a wheelchair . It is during this scene , that the song starts . As the dancers gyrate around her , she starts walking down the carpet with the help of a pair of crutches while wearing a metallic bustier and a matching helmet . The metallic outfit is a reference to the film Metropolis . These scenes are interspersed with scenes of dead models lying around the mansion . Next Gaga is shown on a golden couch where she makes out with a trio of hair metal rockers during the line " Loving you is cherry pie " . The trio , which consist of the triplets Calle " Kelii " Landeberg , Nisse " Izzy " Landeberg , and Pelle " Rock " Landeberg are known as Snake of Eden and they are from the reality television dating program Daisy of Love . According to MTV this scene is a reference to the song " Cherry Pie " by American glam band Warrant . The video continues through the intermediate bridge with Gaga wearing a dress made up of film strips and a towering feathered Mohawk headdress . In the next scene , Gaga and her eye @-@ patch wearing boyfriend are reading magazines on a sofa in a tea room . Gaga wears a yellow jumpsuit with circular glasses and shoulder pads . The Guardian compared this look with that of Minnie Mouse . She finally takes her revenge on her boyfriend by discreetly poisoning his drink with white powder concealed in her ring . As he falls dead , Gaga calls 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 and declares that she just killed her boyfriend . The police arrive at the mansion and arrest Gaga who , wearing a tall ice cream cone corkscrew wig , walks to the police car as the paparazzi surround her once again . Images flash by , with newspapers proclaiming her innocence and that Gaga is back in the spotlight and has regained her fame . The video ends with Gaga posing for mug shots like a fashion model while wearing a tulip shaped metallic dress similar to the single cover . = = = Reception = = = Rolling Stone writer Daniel Kreps compared the video with the music video of " November Rain . " The scenes of the dead models were described as stomach turning while he complimented the video for " brimming with cinematic style [ so ] that it ’ s hard to take your eyes off it , though it will likely be labeled as a little self @-@ indulgent . " He also commented on the leaking of the video saying that it " warranted more than just a simple leak ; it deserved a red carpet . " Anna Pickard from The Guardian complimented the video saying that " quite a lot of work has gone into it " . However , she opined that the video was too long . Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the video , saying it " gives us even more of the next @-@ level cuckoo we 've come to expect from the girl born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta . " The paparazzi theme of the video was compared to Britney Spears 's 2004 music video , " Everytime " . MTV News called the video a " 1940s romantic @-@ epic @-@ style video " that " proves once and for all that Gaga is a true original with a unique vision . " The video was nominated for five VMAs at the 2009 awards in the categories of Best Direction , Best Editing , Best Special Effects , Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction . Along with four other nominations for " Poker Face " , she and Beyoncé were tied for most nominations that year . The video won the award for Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects . The music video for Gaga 's single " Telephone " is a continuation of the " Paparazzi " music video , and is a short film as well . The video picks up right where " Paparazzi " left off ; starting with Gaga in prison . = = Live performances = = Gaga performed " Paparazzi " live on the UK program , The Album Chart Show on February 14 , 2009 as promotion for The Fame . The song was performed at Capital Radio 95 @.@ 8 FM in an acoustic piano version on May 1 , 2009 . On June 26 , 2009 , Gaga performed the song at the Glastonbury Festival emerging from a silver case on stage . The song was a major part of Gaga 's performance in her first headlining Fame Ball tour as the opening number of the setlist . The show started with a video intro called " The Heart " where Gaga played an alternate persona called Candy Warhol . She wore a silver and black short skirt like a tutu and shaped like peplum on both sides . She was surrounded by her dancers holding plates which were encrusted with crystals and completely hid them . The stage was surrounded by mechanical fog and heavy lighting was being emitted from the background . It was also performed at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards . The performance began with Gaga lying on the floor , on a set that was described as an ornate mansion . Gaga staggered across the stage and pirouetted behind a dancer in a lily @-@ white wheelchair . She made her way to a white grand piano which she played by placing one foot up on the keyboard . Once again , she staggered across the stage , with theatrical blood dripping from her ribcage . She collapsed on the stage wailing in agony as one of the dancers gently lifted her . Gaga then hung liflessly with one hand rising above her dancers and blood smeared on her face with a golden halo being projected on the screen behind her . The ending climax of the performance pays homage to a similar sounding ending climax in " A Day In The Life " by The Beatles . She later commented that the performance was for her fans : " I wanted to say something honest and real and not just give a performance where I was jacking off on stage the whole time about my record , " [ ... ] It was really for my fans , who I knew would be at home cheering and swooning . " In a poll conducted by Billboard , the performance was ranked as the fourth best in the history of MTV Video Music Awards . The song was performed by Gaga in a similar choreography at the thirty @-@ fifth season of NBC 's late night comedy show Saturday Night Live . It was also present on the set list of Gaga 's The Monster Ball Tour . She wore multiple donned braided extensions and was perched atop a railing . From each of her braids , a dancer was attached on the stage . A backdrop of stars were shown during the performance . During the revised shows of The Monster Ball , Gaga changed the concept and the performance of the song . She wore an emerald green dress by Thierry Mugler , and was attacked by a giant , mechanical Angler fish . Gaga then removed the dress to reveal a leotard of the same color and during the bridge she is lowered beneath the stage to acquire her pyro @-@ technic bra . In the final chorus of the song Gaga returns and kills the monster with the sparks from the bra . The song was performed on the Born This Way Ball and ArtRave : The Artpop Ball tours ; in the latter she dressed up in a polka @-@ dotted rubber outfit with tentacles growing out around her waist and her head . Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone described her look as " she had an inflatable rubber order of fried calamari growing out of her spine " , while Adam Carlson from Billboard called the performance as reminiscing a " dancing Ursula from The Little Mermaid " . = = Track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Lady Gaga – vocals , songwriting , co @-@ production , piano , synthesizer Rob Fusari – songwriting , production Calvin " Sci @-@ Fidelty " Gaines – programming Robert Orton – audio mixing Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California Recorded at 150 Studios , Parsippany @-@ Troy Hills , New Jersey Credits adapted from The Fame album liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works = Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works was a 19th @-@ century manufacturer of railroad steam locomotives based in Paterson , in Passaic County , New Jersey , in the United States . It built more than six thousand steam locomotives for railroads around the world . Most railroads in 19th @-@ century United States rostered at least one Rogers @-@ built locomotive . The company 's most famous product was a locomotive named The General , built in December 1855 , which was one of the principals of the Great Locomotive Chase of the American Civil War . The company was founded by Thomas Rogers in an 1832 partnership with Morris Ketchum and Jasper Grosvenor as Rogers , Ketchum and Grosvenor . Rogers remained president until his death in 1856 when his son , Jacob S. Rogers , took the position and reorganized the company as Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works . The younger Rogers led the company until he retired in 1893 . Robert S. Hughes then became president and reorganized the company as Rogers Locomotive Company , which he led until his death in 1900 . Rogers avoided the American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) merger in 1901 through closing and reopening as Rogers Locomotive Works . The company remained independent until 1905 , when ALCO purchased it ; ALCO continued building new steam locomotives at the Rogers plant until 1913 . ALCO used the Rogers facilities through the 1920s as a parts storage facility and warehouse , but eventually sold the property to private investors . Today , several Rogers @-@ built locomotives exist in railroad museums around the world , and the plant 's erecting shop is preserved as the Thomas Rogers Building ; it is the current location of the Paterson Museum , whose mission is to preserve and display Paterson 's industrial history . = = 1831 to 1856 : Thomas Rogers era = = The firm that was to become Rogers Locomotive Works began in 1831 . Thomas Rogers had been designing and building machinery for textile manufacturing for nearly 20 years when he sold his interest in Godwin , Rogers & Company ( of which he was the Rogers part of the name ) in June of that year . Rogers set out on his own with a new company called Jefferson Works in Paterson , New Jersey . The Jefferson Works built textile and agricultural machinery for a year before Rogers met the two men who would help transform the company into a major locomotive manufacturer . In 1832 , Rogers partnered with two investors from New York City , Morris Ketchum and Jasper Grosvenor . Jefferson Works was renamed Rogers , Ketchum & Grosvenor , and the company began to diversify into the railroad industry . The company soon manufactured springs , axles and other small parts for railroad use . The first locomotive that Rogers ' company assembled was actually built by Robert Stephenson and Company of England in 1835 . This locomotive was the McNeil for the Paterson and Hudson River Railroad . It took another two years before Rogers received its first order for a complete locomotive . In 1837 , the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad ordered two locomotives from Rogers to form the beginning of the railroad 's roster . The first of these two locomotives was the Sandusky , which became the first locomotive to cross the Allegheny Mountains ( albeit by canal boat and not by rail ) , and the first locomotive to operate in Ohio . Sandusky included features designed by Thomas Rogers that had not been seen in locomotive construction to date . It was also the first locomotive to use cast iron driving wheels , and the wheels included built @-@ in counterweights to reduce the amount of wear on the track caused by the weight of the driving rod and wheel all coming down at once during the wheels ' rotations . Before Sandusky 's construction , driving wheels were typically built with wooden spokes , much like wagon wheels . Some accounts also state that Sandusky was the first locomotive to feature a whistle , but this has since been proven false . Rogers was not working completely alone in American locomotive manufacturing . In 1837 , in addition to building the company 's first locomotive , Rogers also filled orders from fellow locomotive builders Matthias W. Baldwin ( founder of Baldwin Locomotive Works ) and William Norris ( founder of Norris Locomotive Works ) for locomotive tires of various sizes . Once Rogers started working on his own locomotives , however , no further orders from either Baldwin or Norris were forthcoming . Within Rogers ' own shop , William Swinburne worked as the shop foreman until he moved on to form his own locomotive manufacturing company , Swinburne , Smith and Company in 1845 . After Swinburne left Rogers , John Cooke also worked at the Rogers plant . Like Swinburne , Cooke later went on to form his own locomotive manufacturing firm , Danforth , Cooke & Company . Another engineer who worked at Rogers was Zerah Colburn , the well known locomotive engineer and , later editor and publisher . Colburn was , around 1854 , " superintendent and / or consultant " at the works where he introduced a number of improvements in locomotive design . His assistant was William S. Hudson who succeeded Rogers after he died in 1856 , and was responsible for further engineering enhancement . Rogers locomotives were , from very early in the company 's history , seen as powerful , capable engines on American railroads . The Uncle Sam , serial number 11 , a 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 ( a locomotive with two unpowered axles in front , followed by one powered axle ) built in 1839 for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company , was noted by American Railroad Journal for hauling a 24 @-@ car train up a grade of 26 feet per mile ( 4 @.@ 9 m / km ) or 0 @.@ 49 % at 24 @.@ 5 mph ( 39 @.@ 4 km / h ) . In 1846 , Rogers built what is referred to as the largest 6 @-@ wheel truck engine ( 4 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 ) in the United States ; the Licking , serial number 92 , built for the Mansfield and Sandusky Railroad , generated 110 psi ( 760 kPa ) of steam pressure and could pull a 380 @-@ short @-@ ton ( 345 t ; 339 @-@ long @-@ ton ) train up a grade of 16 feet per mile ( 3 m / km ) or 0 @.@ 3 % . Arguably , the most famous locomotive to come out of the Rogers shops was built in 1855 . Rogers built a 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 , serial number 631 , in December of that year for the Western and Atlantic Railroad . The railroad named the locomotive The General . This locomotive , best known for being at the heart of an American Civil War incident , is now on display at the Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History ( the Big Shanty Museum ) in Kennesaw , Georgia . Not only were Rogers locomotives known in the industry for their power , but they were also known for their endurance . It is estimated that one locomotive , Illinois Central Railroad 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 number 23 , serial number 449 , built in December 1853 , operated over one million miles ( 1 @.@ 6 × 106 km ) in its thirty @-@ year career on the Illinois Central . = = 1856 to 1905 : Reorganization and decline = = When Thomas Rogers died in 1856 , his son Jacob S. Rogers reorganized RK & G , with Ketchum and Grosvenor remaining as investors , as the Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works . Rogers built their first 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 , which is sometimes referred to as the first 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 built in the United States , in 1863 for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company . The company continued manufacturing both locomotives and textile machinery for nearly another 20 years . In November 1868 Rogers delivered five identical coal @-@ burning 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 steam locomotives ( assigned Nos. 116 – 120 ) to the Union Pacific Railroad , which were subsequently placed into freight service in western Wyoming and Utah . Union Pacific No. 119 would gain fame on May 10 , 1869 , when it took part in the " Golden Spike " ceremony at Promontory , Utah , to celebrate the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad . The unit was rebuilt in the early 1880s , and redesignated as road No. 343 in 1885 . No. 119 was retired and sent to the scrapyard after nearly 35 years of service in April 1903 . A full @-@ scale , operating replica was completed in 1979 , and now is part of an operational display at the Golden Spike National Historic Site . In the mid @-@ 1870s , Rogers ended production of textile machinery and began concentrating solely on locomotive manufacturing . Rogers customers of the mid @-@ 19th century continued purchasing their locomotives . The Louisville and Nashville Railroad ( L & N ) purchased so many locomotives from Rogers that Rogers gave the L & N a free locomotive as a thank @-@ you bonus in 1879 . Reuben Wells was appointed as shop superintendent in 1887 . Jacob Rogers , now in his late 70s , gradually passed more and more responsibility to Wells until Rogers resigned the presidency in 1893 . After just over 60 years , the Rogers company would no longer be run by a member of the Rogers family . The company reorganized under its former treasurer and new president , Robert S. Hughes , as the Rogers Locomotive Company ; Jacob Rogers remained the company 's principal investor . Hughes led the company until his own death in 1900 . A year later , Jacob Rogers closed the Rogers Locomotive Company plant . In 1901 , the year that Jacob Rogers died and the same year that the American Locomotive Company ( ALCO ) was formed through the merger of eight other locomotive manufacturers , the company reopened as the Rogers Locomotive Works . Reuben Wells was again the shop superintendent . But Rogers was at a competitive disadvantage . Not enough capital investment was made to purchase new equipment or in research and development . ALCO and Baldwin , the two companies that were at the time the largest locomotive manufacturers in North America , held too much of a lead in manufacturing and selling their own locomotives for Rogers to keep up . Compounding Rogers ' troubles was the greater city of Paterson that had grown up around the shop . There was not any room for Rogers to expand . = = 1905 to present : absorbed into ALCO = = Faced with stiff competition and an inability to increase its own capacity , Rogers Locomotive Works was purchased by ALCO in 1905 . Rogers ' last independently built locomotive was serial number 6271 , a 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 tank locomotive built for W. R. Grace & Company in February 1905 . ALCO continued building locomotives at the Rogers plant until 1913 when manufacturing at the plant ceased permanently . Locomotives built at the Rogers plant under ALCO are generally referred to as locomotives built by ALCO @-@ Rogers . ALCO used the Rogers plant buildings as warehouses well into the 1920s , but eventually sold off all of the property . The original Rogers erecting shop was converted into office space and was still in use in that manner as late as 1992 . The erecting shop building has since been renamed the " Thomas Rogers Building " and is now the home of the Paterson Museum . The museum preserves and displays artifacts of Paterson 's industrial history . A 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 locomotive that was used in the construction of the Panama Canal is on display outside the museum , but it is one that was built by ALCO @-@ Cooke ( the former Cooke Locomotive and Machine Works plant , also located in Paterson ) and not by Rogers . = = Preserved Rogers locomotives = = The following locomotives ( in serial number order ) built by Rogers , before ALCO 's acquisition of the company , have been preserved . Where multiple railroads and road numbers are listed , they are given in chronological order for the locomotives ; all locations are in the United States unless noted .
= Pal ( dog ) = Pal ( June 4 , 1940 – June 1958 ) was a Rough Collie performer and the first in a line of such dogs to portray the fictional female collie Lassie in film and television . Pal was born in California in 1940 and eventually brought to the notice of Rudd Weatherwax , a Hollywood animal trainer . In 1943 , the dog was chosen to play Lassie in MGM 's feature film , Lassie Come Home . Following his film debut , Pal starred in six more MGM Lassie films from the mid @-@ 1940s to early 1950s , then appeared briefly in shows , fairs , and rodeos around the United States before starring in the two pilots filmed in 1954 for the television series , Lassie . Pal retired after filming the television pilots , and died in June 1958 . He sired a line of descendants who continued to play the fictional character he originated . The Saturday Evening Post said Pal had " the most spectacular canine career in film history " . = = Birth and early years = = Pal was born at Cherry Osborne 's Glamis Kennels in North Hollywood on June 4 , 1940 . The son of Red Brucie of Glamis and Bright Bauble of Glamis , Pal 's ancestry is traced to the nineteenth century and England 's first great collie , " Old Cockie " . Because of his large eyes and the white blaze on his forehead , Pal was judged not of the highest standards and sold as a pet @-@ quality dog . Howard Peck , an animal trainer , brought the eight @-@ month @-@ old collie to Hollywood animal trainer Rudd Weatherwax in order to break the animal of uncontrolled barking and a habit of chasing motorcycles . After working with the dog , Weatherwax gained control of the barking but was unable to break Pal of his motorcycle @-@ chasing habit . Peck was disappointed with the results and gave the dog to Weatherwax in exchange for the money Peck owed him . Weatherwax , in turn , gave the dog to a friend , but when he learned that Eric Knight 's 1940 novel , Lassie Come @-@ Home , was being considered as a feature film by MGM , Weatherwax sensed Pal was the dog to fill the role , and bought Pal back from his friend for $ 10 @.@ 00 USD . Peck later tried to reclaim him after he became famous as Lassie , but Weatherwax 's legal ownership was upheld . Rudd 's brother Frank Weatherwax , who trained dogs for such films as The 5 @,@ 000 Fingers of Dr. T and The Wizard of Oz , assisted Rudd in training Pal . = = MGM films = = The first MGM " Lassie " film was planned as a low budget , black and white children 's film . Pal was among 1 @,@ 500 dogs who auditioned for the title role , but was rejected because he was male , his eyes were too big , his head too flat , and a white blaze ran down his forehead . A female prize @-@ winning show collie was hired to play the title character . Weatherwax was hired to train the star , and Pal was hired as a stunt dog . During the course of filming , a decision was made to take advantage of a massive flooding of the San Joaquin River in central California in order to obtain some spectacular footage for the film . The female collie was still in training and refused to enter the raging waters created by the flood . Weatherwax was on the site with Pal and offered to have his dog perform in a five @-@ stage shot in which Pal would swim the river , haul himself out , lie down without shaking the water off his coat , attempt to crawl while lying on his side and finally lie motionless , completely exhausted . Pal performed exceptionally well and the scene was completed in one take . Weatherwax said director Fred M. Wilcox was so impressed with Pal during the sequence that he had " tears in his eyes . " In response , producers released the female collie and hired Pal in her stead , reshooting the first six weeks of the filming with Pal now portraying Lassie . Other sources say that the female collie was replaced because she began to shed excessively during shooting of the film in the summer , resulting in Weatherwax substituting the male collie , Pal , in the role of " Lassie " . In any case , MGM executives were so impressed , they upgraded the production to an A film with full advertising support , top publicity and filming in Technicolor . Pal went through his paces with enthusiasm , rarely required multiple retakes , and did his own stunt work . Pal 's success in Lassie Come Home in 1943 led to six more MGM films : Son of Lassie ( a sequel to Lassie Come Home ) , Courage of Lassie , Hills of Home , The Sun Comes Up , Challenge to Lassie , and The Painted Hills . In his earlier years with MGM , Rudd Weatherwax was assisted by Frank Inn , who , for fourteen years , trained Lassies and later supplied animals for the 1954 Lassie television series . Following The Painted Hills in 1951 , MGM executives felt Lassie had run her course and planned no future films featuring the character . MGM executives then sought a way to break Weatherwax 's contract . Weatherwax was concerned about protecting Pal and the Lassie image he had created from future diminishment at the hands of others . In lieu of US $ 40 @,@ 000 in back pay owed him by the studio , Weatherwax bargained for and received the Lassie name and trademark . = = Television series = = Following their departure from MGM , Pal and Weatherwax went on the road performing an 18 @-@ minute program at dog shows and department stores . Television producer Robert Maxwell convinced Weatherwax that Pal 's future lay in television . Together , the men created a boy @-@ and @-@ his @-@ dog scenario about a struggling family on a weatherbeaten farm in Middle America . The field for the role of the boy in Lassie was narrowed to three young actors , but the final decision was left to Pal . After spending a week with the boys at Weatherwax 's North Hollywood home , Pal seemed to like eleven @-@ year @-@ old Tommy Rettig more than the other two . Rettig won the role based on Pal 's response , and filming for the two pilots began in the summer of 1954 , with Pal portraying Lassie in both . After viewing the pilots , CBS executives immediately signed the 30 @-@ minute show to its fall 1954 schedule . Pal retired after filming the two pilots , and his son , Lassie Junior ( who was three years old and had been in training for a couple of years ) , stepped into the television role . Pal would come to the show 's studio home at Stage One of KTTV in Los Angeles every day with his son during filming . He had a bed behind the set , and was respectfully termed The Old Man . Series star Tommy Rettig later recalled , " When Rudd would ask Lassie , Jr. to do something , if you were behind the set , you could see The Old Man get up from his bed and go through the routine back there . " = = Death = = By 1957 , Pal was growing blind , deaf , and stiff , and rarely visited the Lassie set . The star of the show Jon Provost later recalled , " As young as I was , I recognized how much that dog meant to Rudd . Rudd loved that old dog as much as anyone could love an animal or person . " Pal died in natural causes in June 1958 at age 18 ( about 126 in " dog years " ) ; and for months Weatherwax slipped in and out of deep depression . Robert Weatherwax , Rudd 's son , later recalled , " It hit him very hard when Pal died . He buried him in a special place on the ranch and would often visit the grave . Dad would never again watch an MGM Lassie movie . He just couldn 't bear to see Pal . He didn 't want to have to be reminded of just how much he loved that dog . " = = Legacy = = In 1950 , Rudd Weatherwax and co @-@ author John H. Rothwell co @-@ wrote a book about Pal 's life called The Story of Lassie : His Discovery and Training from Puppyhood to Stardom . Several descendants of Pal played the fictional Lassie character following their progenitor 's death . On the original television series ( 1954 – 73 ) , Pal 's son , Lassie Junior , and his grandsons , Spook and Baby , worked the first several seasons . Mire appeared in a few of the Ranger seasons , and Hey Hey worked the final two syndicated seasons . The casting of non @-@ Pal bloodline collies in the role of Lassie has met with protest . In 1997 , a Lassie television series debuted on the Animal Planet network but without a Weatherwax @-@ trained dog as Lassie . A protest campaign was waged , and producers brought a ninth generation Weatherwax dog to the show . The 2005 – 2006 remake of the original Lassie movie provoked comment when a non @-@ Pal bloodline collie was cast in the title role . Robert Weatherwax has disputed the casting of non @-@ Pal bloodline dogs in the role of Lassie . In 2000 the Lassie trademark was sold by the eight remaining members of the Weatherwax family to Classic Media . In 2004 Robert Weatherwax 's personal contract to supply a dog to play the role of Lassie ended and neither side pursued a renewal . After several years of stand @-@ in collies that were not related to the line , Classic Media contracted with Carol Riggins , who had been co @-@ trainer with Robert Weatherwax , and her 9th generation dog HeyHey , who had played the role of Lassie during the last 13 episodes of the Canada Lassie series under the Weatherwax Trained Dogs banner . Carol Riggins continues today as the official owner and trainer of Lassie with another " Pal " , a 10th generation direct descendant of the original Pal . = = Filmography = = = = Television work = =
= Space Invaders = Space Invaders ( Japanese : スペースインベーダー , Hepburn : Supēsu Inbēdā ) is an arcade video game created by Tomohiro Nishikado and released in 1978 . It was originally manufactured and sold by Taito in Japan , and was later licensed for production in the United States by the Midway division of Bally . Space Invaders is one of the earliest shooting games and the aim is to defeat waves of aliens with a laser cannon to earn as many points as possible . In designing the game , Nishikado drew inspiration from popular media : Breakout , The War of the Worlds , and Star Wars . To complete it , he had to design custom hardware and development tools . It was one of the forerunners of modern video gaming and helped expand the video game industry from a novelty to a global industry ( see golden age of video arcade games ) . When first released , Space Invaders was very successful . The game has been the inspiration for other video games , re @-@ released on numerous platforms , and led to several sequels . The 1980 Atari 2600 version quadrupled the system 's sales and became the first " killer app " for video game consoles . Space Invaders has been referenced and parodied in multiple television shows , and been a part of several video game and cultural exhibitions . The pixelated enemy alien has become a pop culture icon , often used as a synecdoche representing video games as a whole . = = Gameplay = = Space Invaders is a two @-@ dimensional fixed shooter game in which the player controls a laser cannon by moving it horizontally across the bottom of the screen and firing at descending aliens . The aim is to defeat five rows of eleven aliens — some versions feature different numbers — that move horizontally back and forth across the screen as they advance towards the bottom of the screen . The player defeats an alien , and earns points , by shooting it with the laser cannon . As more aliens are defeated , the aliens ' movement and the game 's music both speed up . Defeating the aliens brings another wave that is more difficult , a loop which can continue without end . The aliens attempt to destroy the cannon by firing at it while they approach the bottom of the screen . If they reach the bottom , the alien invasion is successful and the game ends . A special " mystery ship " will occasionally move across the top of the screen and award bonus points if destroyed . The laser cannon is partially protected by several stationary defense bunkers — the number varies by version — that are gradually destroyed by a numerous amount of blasts from the aliens or player . = = = Scoring = = = Alien invaders : 10 ( bottom two rows ) , 20 ( middle and second from top rows ) , or 30 points ( top row ) . Mystery ship : 50 , 100 , 150 , or 300 points . Points earned for shooting mystery ship varies . Players earn an extra life at either 1 @,@ 000 or 1 @,@ 500 points , and none thereafter . = = Development = = Space Invaders was created by Tomohiro Nishikado , who spent a year designing the game and developing the necessary hardware to produce it . The game 's inspiration is reported to have come from varying sources , including an adaptation of the mechanical game Space Monsters released by Taito in 1972 , and a dream about Japanese school children who are waiting for Santa Claus and are attacked by invading aliens . However , Nishikado has cited Atari 's arcade game Breakout as his inspiration . He aimed to create a shooting game that featured the same sense of achievement from completing stages and destroying targets , but with more complex graphics . Nishikado used a similar layout to that of Breakout , but altered the game mechanics . Rather than bounce a ball to attack static objects , players are given the ability to fire projectiles at their own discretion to attack moving enemies . Early enemy designs included tanks , combat planes , and battleships . Nishikado , however , was not satisfied with the enemy movements ; technical limitations made it difficult to simulate flying . Humans would have been easier to simulate , but Nishikado considered shooting them immoral . After seeing a magazine feature about Star Wars , he thought of using a space theme . Nishikado drew inspiration for the aliens from H. G. Wells ' The War of the Worlds — he had watched the 1953 film adaptation as a child — and created initial bitmap images after the octopus @-@ like aliens . Other alien designs were modeled after squids and crabs . The game was originally titled Space Monsters , inspired by a popular song in Japan at the time ( " Monster " ) , but was changed to Space Invaders by Nishikado 's superiors . = = = Hardware = = = Because microcomputers in Japan were not powerful enough at the time to perform the complex tasks involved in designing and programming Space Invaders , Nishikado had to design his own custom hardware and development tools for the game . He created the arcade board using new microprocessors from the United States . The game uses an Intel 8080 central processing unit , and features raster graphics on a CRT monitor and monaural sound hosted by a combination of analogue circuitry and a Texas Instruments SN76477 sound chip . Despite the specially developed hardware , Nishikado was unable to program the game as he wanted — the Control Program board was not powerful enough to display the graphics in color or move the enemies faster — and he considered the development of the hardware the most difficult part of the whole process . While programming the game , Nishikado discovered that the processor was able to render the alien graphics faster the fewer were on screen . Rather than design the game to compensate for the speed increase , he decided to keep it as a challenging gameplay mechanism . Space Invaders was first released in a cocktail @-@ table format with black and white graphics , while the Western release by Midway was in an upright cabinet format . The upright cabinet uses strips of orange and green cellophane over the screen to simulate color graphics . The graphics are reflected onto a painted backdrop of a moon against a starry background . Later Japanese releases used rainbow @-@ colored cellophane , such as T.T. Space Invaders in 1978 , followed by a version with a full color display . The cabinet artwork features large , humanoid monsters not present in the game . Nishikado attributes this to the artist basing the designs on the original title , Space Monsters , rather than referring to the in @-@ game graphics . = = = Music = = = Despite its simplicity , the music to Space Invaders was revolutionary in the gaming industry . Videogame scholar Andrew Schartmann identifies three aspects of the music that would have a significant impact on the development of game music : Whereas videogame music prior to Space Invaders was restricted to the extremities ( i.e. , a short introductory theme with game @-@ over counterpart ) , the alien @-@ inspired hit featured continuous music — the well @-@ known four @-@ note loop — throughout , uninterrupted by sound effects . " It was thus the first time that sound effects and music were superimposed to form a rich sonic landscape . Not only do players receive feedback related directly to their actions through sound effects ; they also receive stimulus in a more subtle , non @-@ interactive fashion through music . " The music interacts with on @-@ screen animation to influence the emotions of the player . " That seemingly pedestrian four @-@ note loop might stir us in the most primitive of ways , but that it stirs us at all is worthy of note . By demonstrating that game sound could be more than a simple tune to fill the silence , Space Invaders moved videogame music closer to the realm of art . " The music popularized the notion of variability — the idea that music can change in accordance with the ongoing narrative . The variable in Space Invaders ( tempo ) is admittedly simple , but its implications are not to be underestimated . " Over the years , analogous strategies of variation would be applied to pitch , rhythm , dynamics , form , and a host of other parameters , all with the goal of accommodating the nonlinear aspect of videogames . " At the deepest of conceptual levels , one would be hard @-@ pressed to find an arcade game as influential to the early history of videogame music as Space Invaders . Its role as a harbinger of the fundamental techniques that would come to shape the industry remains more or less unchallenged . And its blockbuster success ensured the adoption of those innovations by the industry at large . = = Impact and legacy = = After the first few months following its release in Japan , the game became very popular . Specialty arcades opened with nothing but Space Invaders cabinets , and by the end of 1978 , Taito had installed over 100 @,@ 000 machines and grossed over $ 600 million in Japan alone . Within two years by 1980 , Taito had sold over 300 @,@ 000 Space Invaders arcade machines in Japan , in addition to 60 @,@ 000 machines in the United States , where prices ranged from $ 2000 to $ 3000 for each machine , within one year . The arcade cabinets have since become collector 's items with the cocktail and cabaret versions being the rarest . By mid @-@ 1981 , more than four billion quarters , or $ 1 billion , had been grossed from Space Invaders machines , and it would continue to gross an average of $ 600 million a year through to 1982 , by which time it had grossed $ 2 billion in quarters ( equivalent to $ 7 @.@ 26 billion in 2016 ) , with a net profit of $ 450 million ( equivalent to $ 1 @.@ 63 billion in 2016 ) . This made it the best @-@ selling video game and highest @-@ grossing entertainment product of its time , with comparisons made to the then highest @-@ grossing film Star Wars , which had grossed $ 486 million in movie tickets ( costing $ 2 @.@ 25 each on average ) with a net profit of $ 175 million . Space Invaders had earned Taito profits of over $ 500 million . The 1980 Atari 2600 version was the first official licensing of an arcade game and became the first " killer app " for video game consoles by quadrupling the system 's sales . It sold over two million units in its first year on sale as a home console game , making it the first title to sell a million cartridges . Other official ports of the game were made for the Atari 8 @-@ bit computer line and Atari 5200 console . Taito released it for the NES in 1985 ( Japan only ) . Numerous unofficial clones were made as well , such as the popular computer games Super Invader ( 1979 ) and TI Invaders ( 1981 ) , which was the top @-@ selling computer game for the TI @-@ 99 / 4A through at least 1982 . An oft @-@ quoted urban legend states that there was a shortage of 100 @-@ yen coins — and subsequent production increase — in Japan attributed to the game , although in actuality , 100 @-@ yen coin production was lower in 1978 and 1979 than in previous or subsequent years . The claim also doesn 't hold up to logical scrutiny ; arcade operators would have emptied out their machines and taken the money to the bank , thus keeping the coins in circulation . Reports from those living in Japan at the time indicate " nothing out of the ordinary ... during the height of the Space Invaders invasion . " Game designer Shigeru Miyamoto considers Space Invaders to be the game that revolutionized the video game industry ; he was never interested in video games before seeing it . Hideo Kojima also described it as the first video game that impressed him and got him interested in video games . Several publications ascribed the expansion of the video game industry from a novelty into a global industry to the success of the game . Edge magazine attributed the shift of video games from bars and arcades to more mainstream locations like restaurants and department stores to Space Invaders . Its popularity was such that it was the first game where an arcade machine 's owner could make up for the cost of the machine in under one month , or in some places within one week . Technology journalist Jason Whittaker credited the game 's success to ending the video game crash of 1977 , which had earlier been caused by Pong clones flooding the market , and beginning the golden age of video arcade games . According to The Observer , the home console versions were popular and encouraged users to learn programming ; many who later became industry leaders . 1UP.com stated that Space Invaders showed that video games could compete against the major entertainment media at the time : movies , music , and television . IGN attributed the launch of the arcade phenomenon in North America in part to Space Invaders . Electronic Games credited the game 's success as the impetus behind video gaming becoming a rapidly growing hobby and as " the single most popular coin @-@ operated attraction of all time . " Game Informer considered it , along with Pac @-@ Man , one of the most popular arcade games that tapped into popular culture and generated excitement during the golden age of arcades . IGN listed it as one of the " Top 10 Most Influential Games " in 2007 , citing the source of inspiration to video game designers and the impact it had on the shooting genre . The Times ranked it No. 1 in its list of " The ten most influential video games ever " in 2007 . 1UP ranked it at No. 3 in its list of " The 60 Most Influential Games of All Time , " stating that , in contrast to earlier arcade games which " were attempts to simulate already @-@ existing things , " Space Invaders was " the first video game as a video game , instead of merely a playable electronic representation of something else . " In 2008 , Guinness World Records listed it as the top @-@ rated arcade game in technical , creative , and cultural impact . Entertainment Weekly named Space Invaders one of the top ten games for the Atari 2600 in 2013 . In 2015 , the World Video Game Hall of Fame selected Space Invaders as one of the finalists for its 2015 induction class . As one of the earliest shooting games , it set precedents and helped pave the way for future titles and for the shooting genre . Space Invaders popularized a more interactive style of gameplay with the enemies responding to the player controlled cannon 's movement , and was the first video game to popularize the concept of achieving a high score , being the first to save the player 's score . While earlier shooting games allowed the player to shoot at targets , Space Invaders was the first in which targets could fire back at the player . It was also the first game where players were given multiple lives , had to repel hordes of enemies , could take cover from enemy fire , and use destructible barriers , in addition to being the first game to use a continuous background soundtrack , with four simple diatonic descending bass notes repeating in a loop , which was dynamic and changed pace during stages , like a heartbeat sound that increases pace as enemies approached . It also moved the gaming industry away from Pong @-@ inspired sports games grounded in real @-@ world situations towards action games involving fantastical situations . Whittaker commented that Space Invaders helped action games become the most dominant genre on both arcades and consoles , through to contemporary times . Guinness World Records considered Space Invaders one of the most successful arcade shooting games by 2008 . In describing it as a " seminal arcade classic " , IGN listed it as the number eight " classic shoot ' em up " . Space Invaders set the template for the shoot ' em up genre . Its worldwide success created a demand for a wide variety of science fiction games , inspiring the development of arcade games , such as Atari 's Asteroids , Williams Electronics ' Defender , and Namco 's Galaxian and Galaga , which were modeled after Space Invaders 's gameplay and design . This influence extends to most shooting games released to the present day , including first @-@ person shooters such as Wolfenstein , Doom , Halo and Call of Duty . Space Invaders also had an influence on early computer dungeon crawl games such as Dungeons of Daggorath , which used similar heartbeat sounds to indicate player health . = = = Remakes and sequels = = = Space Invaders has been remade on numerous platforms and spawned many sequels . Re @-@ releases include ported and updated versions of the original arcade game . Ported versions generally feature different graphics and additional gameplay options — for example , moving defense bunkers , zigzag shots , invisible aliens , and two @-@ player cooperative gameplay . Ports on earlier systems like the Atari home consoles featured simplified graphics , while later systems such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and PlayStation featured updated graphics . Later titles include several modes of gameplay and integrate new elements into the original design . For example , Space Invaders Extreme , released on the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable , integrated musical elements into the standard gameplay . A spin @-@ off for WiiWare , Space Invaders Get Even , allows players to control the aliens instead of the laser cannon . In 1980 , Bally Midway released a pinball version of the game . However , few elements from the original game are included , and the aliens instead resemble the xenomorphs from the film Alien ; Bally Midway was later sued over the game 's resemblance to designs by H. R. Giger . Different ports have been met with mixed receptions ; the Atari 2600 version was very successful while the Nintendo Entertainment System version was poorly received . Taito has released several arcade sequels that built upon the basic design of the original . The first was Space Invaders Part II in 1979 ; it featured color graphics , an attract mode , and new gameplay elements , and added an intermission between gameplay . According to the Killer List of Video Games , this was the first video game to include an intermission . The game also allowed the player with the top score to sign their name on the high score table . This version was released in the United States as Deluxe Space Invaders ( also known as Space Invaders Deluxe ) , but featured a different graphical color scheme and a lunar @-@ city background . Another arcade sequel , titled Space Invaders II , was released exclusively in the United States . It was in a cocktail @-@ table format with very fast alien firing and a competitive two @-@ player mode . During the summer of 1985 , Return of the Invaders was released with updated color graphics , and more complex movements and attack patterns for the aliens . Subsequent arcade sequels included Super Space Invaders ' 91 , Space Invaders DX , and Space Invaders ' 95 . Each game introduced minor gameplay additions to the original design . Like the original game , several of the arcade sequels have become collector 's items , though some are considered rarer . In 2002 , Taito released Space Raiders , a third @-@ person shooter reminiscent of Space Invaders . The game and its related games have been included in video game compilation titles . Space Invaders Anniversary was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2 and included nine Space Invader variants . A similar title for the PlayStation Portable , Space Invaders Pocket , was released in 2005 . Space Invaders , Space Invaders Part II and Return of the Invaders are included in Taito Legends , a compilation of Taito 's classic arcade games released in 2005 on the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and PC . Super Space Invaders ' 91 , Space Invaders DX and Space Invaders ' 95 were included in Taito Legends 2 , a sequel compilation released in 2006 . = = = In popular culture = = = Many publications and websites use the pixelated alien graphic as an icon for video games in general , including video game magazine Electronic Gaming Monthly , technology website Ars Technica , and concert event Video Games Live . There have also been Space Invaders themed merchandising , including necklaces and puzzles . The trend continues to this day , with handmade sites like Etsy and Pinterest showcasing thousands of handmade items featuring Space Invaders characters . The game — and references to it — has appeared in numerous facets of popular culture . Soon after the game 's release , hundreds of favourable articles and stories about the emerging video game medium popularized by Space Invaders aired on television and were printed in newspapers and magazines . The Space Invaders Tournament , held by Atari in 1980 and won by Bill Heineman , was the first electronic sports event and attracted more than 10 @,@ 000 participants , establishing video gaming as a mainstream hobby . The Arcade Awards ceremony was created that same year to honour the best video games , with Space Invaders winning the first Game of the Year award . The impact of Space Invaders on the video game industry has been compared to that of The Beatles in the pop music industry . Considered " the first blockbuster video game , " Space Invaders became synonymous with video games worldwide for some time . Within a year of the game 's release , the Japanese PTA unsuccessfully attempted to ban the game for allegedly inspiring truancy . In North America , doctors identified a condition called the " Space Invaders elbow " as a complaint , while a physician in The New England Journal of Medicine named a similar ailment the " Space Invaders Wrist " . Space Invaders was also the first game to attract political controversy , when a 1981 Private Member 's Bill called the " Control of Space Invaders ( and other Electronic Games ) Bill " drafted by British Labour MP George Foulkes attempted to allow local councils to restrict the game , and those like it , by licensing for its " addictive properties " and for causing " deviancy " . Conservative MP Michael Brown defended the game as " innocent and harmless pleasure " which he himself had enjoyed that day , and criticized the bill as an example of " Socialist beliefs in restriction and control " . A motion to bring the bill before Parliament was defeated by 114 votes to 94 votes ; the bill itself was never considered by Parliament . = = = = Music = = = = Musicians drew inspiration for their music from Space Invaders . Video Games Live performed audio from the game as part of a special retro " Classic Arcade Medley " . The pioneering Japanese synthpop group Yellow Magic Orchestra reproduced Space Invaders sounds in its 1978 self @-@ titled album and its hit single " Computer Game " , the latter selling over 400 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . Other pop songs based on Space Invaders soon followed , including disco records such as " Disco Space Invaders " ( 1979 ) by Funny Stuff , and the hit songs " Space Invader " ( 1980 ) by The Pretenders , " Space Invaders " ( 1980 ) by Uncle Vic and the Australian hit " Space Invaders " ( 1979 ) by Player One ( known in the US as Playback ) , which in turn provided the bassline for Jesse Saunders ' " On and On " ( 1984 ) , the first Chicago house music track . Space Invaders is referenced in the lyrics to Rush 's 1981 hit song " Tom Sawyer , " and the game is singled out for special thanks in the liner notes to the band 's Permanent Waves album . The game was also sampled in I @-@ F 's " Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass " ( 1997 ) , the first electroclash record . In honor of the game 's 30th anniversary , Taito produced an album titled Space Invaders 2008 . The album is published by Avex Trax and features music inspired by the game . Taito 's store Taito Station also unveiled a Space Invaders themed music video . = = = = Television and film = = = = Multiple television series have aired episodes that either reference or parody the game and its elements ; for example , Danger Mouse , That ' 70s Show , Scrubs , Chuck , Robot Chicken. and The Amazing World of Gumball . Elements are prominently featured in the " Raiders of the Lost Arcade " segment of " Anthology of Interest II " , an episode of Futurama . Space Invaders appears in the film Pixels , and a film version of the game is in the works by Warner Bros with Akiva Goldsman produced . On February 13 , 2015 , Daniel Kunka was set to write the script for the film . Episode 111 of the second series of Lupin the Third features Lupin playing an ' invaders ' game . = = = = Books = = = = Various books have been published about Space Invaders , including Space Invaders : An addict ’ s guide to battle tactics , big scores and the best machines ( 1982 ) by Martin Amis ; Tomb Raiders and Space Invaders : Videogame forms and Contexts , by Geof King and Tanya Krzywinska ( 2006 ) , and Space Invaders ( 1980 ) by Mark Roeder and Julian Wolanski = = = = Other = = = = In 2006 , the game was one of several video game related media selected to represent Japan as part of a project compiled by Japan 's Agency for Cultural Affairs . In the same year , Space Invaders was included in the London Science Museum 's Game On exhibition meant to showcase the various aspects of video game history , development , and culture . The game is also a part of the Barbican Centre 's traveling Game On exhibition . At the Belluard Bollwerk International 2006 festival in Fribourg , Switzerland , Guillaume Reymond created a three @-@ minute video recreation of a game of Space Invaders as part of the " Gameover " project using humans as pixels . The GH ART exhibit at the 2008 Games Convention in Leipzig , Germany , included an art game , Invaders ! , based on Space Invaders 's gameplay . The creator later asked for the game to be removed from the exhibit following criticism of elements based on the September 11 attacks in the United States . There is a bridge in Cáceres , Spain , projected by engineers Pedro Plasencia and Hadrián Arias whose pavement design is based on this game . The laser cannon , some shoots and several figures can be seen on the deck . A French street artist , Invader , made a name for himself by creating mosaic artwork of Space Invader aliens around the world .
= Delaware State Route System = The Delaware State Route System consists of roads in the U.S. state of Delaware that are maintained by the Delaware Department of Transportation ( DelDOT ) . The system includes the portions of the Interstate Highway System and United States Numbered Highways system located in the state along with state routes and other roads maintained by DelDOT . All roads maintained by the state are assigned a maintenance road number ( reference number ) that is only marked on little white markers at intersections and on auxiliary plates below warning signs approaching intersections . These numbers are only unique in a specific county , some roads can be designated with multiple road numbers , and numbers do not necessarily correspond to the signed Interstate , U.S. , or state route numbers . DelDOT maintains a total of 5 @,@ 386 @.@ 14 miles ( 8 @,@ 668 @.@ 15 km ) of roads , comprising 89 percent of the roads within the state . Some large bridges in the state are maintained by other agencies including the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Delaware River and Bay Authority . Roads in the system include multilane freeways , multilane surface divided highways , and two @-@ lane undivided roads serving urban , suburban , and rural areas . Some of the roads maintained by DelDOT are toll roads , in which motorists must pay to use . The first roads in Delaware were Native American trails and unpaved roads laid out by colonial Swedish and English settlers . From this time , counties were responsible for roads . In the 19th century , private companies operated several turnpikes radiating from Wilmington . Thomas Coleman DuPont proposed a modern road in 1908 to run the north @-@ south length of the state ; this road evolved into the DuPont Highway , which was completed by the state in 1923 . The Delaware State Highway Department was formed on April 2 , 1917 to construct a state highway system in Delaware . Numbered routes came with the creation of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 ; state route numbers appeared 10 years later . In 1935 , the state took over the remaining county roads . In the middle part of the 20th century , several major roads were widened into divided highways . The creation of the Interstate Highway System in 1956 led to the construction of 40 miles ( 64 km ) of freeway in northern New Castle County , including the tolled Delaware Turnpike . The Delaware Route 1 ( DE 1 ) limited @-@ access toll road between Dover and Wilmington was fully completed in 2003 , and was the largest public works project in state history . = = Numbering = = = = = Interstate and U.S. Routes = = = The Interstate Highways and U.S. Routes in Delaware are numbered according to a national numbering pattern . Interstate Highways that run north – south have odd numbers , increasing from west to east , while those that run east – west have even numbers , increasing from south to north . Major north – south Interstates have numbers ending in 5 while major east – west Interstates have numbers ending in 0 . Three @-@ digit Interstates begin with odd numbers if they are a spur and an even number if they are a bypass or beltway and repeat numbers in different states . As such , the major north – south Interstate along the East Coast , Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) , passes through northern New Castle County . I @-@ 495 bypasses the section of I @-@ 95 that runs through the city of Wilmington . U.S. Routes that run north – south have odd numbers , increasing from east to west , while those that run east – west have even numbers , increasing from north to south . Major north – south U.S. Routes have numbers ending in 1 while major east – west U.S. Routes have numbers ending in 0 . Three @-@ digit U.S. Routes serve as branches of their parent route . As such , U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) runs north – south through the entire length of Delaware while US 40 , a major U.S. Route running from Utah to New Jersey , passes east – west through northern New Castle County . US 113 serves as a branch of US 13 in the southern part of the state . US 9 is an exception to the numbering pattern as it runs east – west across Sussex County , though the route runs north – south in New Jersey and New York . = = = State routes = = = State routes in Delaware are signed with the MUTCD default circular route marker , which consists of black numbers in a white circle on a rectangular black background . These routes are largely assigned in a pattern similar to the Interstate and U.S. routes . Odd @-@ numbered routes generally run north @-@ south and even @-@ numbered routes generally run east @-@ west . A grid pattern exists for several low @-@ numbered east @-@ west state routes that increases from north to south , starting with DE 2 in northern Delaware and continuing south to DE 30 in the southern part of the state . There is also a pattern for some low @-@ numbered north @-@ south routes beginning with DE 1 in the east and continuing to DE 11 in the west . Several routes in Delaware are numbered as continuations of Maryland and Pennsylvania state routes , without regard to the even / odd pattern . Examples include DE 52 , which is a southern continuation of PA 52 , and DE 273 , which is an eastern continuation of MD 273 . DE 48 was once connected to Route 48 in New Jersey by a ferry across the Delaware River . Most of the 3 @-@ digit state routes are or were continuations of routes from Maryland and Pennsylvania , with the exception of DE 141 and DE 202 . The lowest numbered state route is DE 1 , while the highest numbered route is DE 896 . Unlike some other states , Delaware does not prohibit duplication between route numbers of different systems . There are two examples of duplication between U.S. and state routes within Delaware . US 9 exists in Sussex County while DE 9 is located in Kent and New Castle counties . US 202 passes through the Wilmington area in northern New Castle County , with DE 202 heading south from an interchange with I @-@ 95 and US 202 along Concord Avenue into the city of Wilmington . DE 202 is signed along a former alignment of US 202 . = = = Maintenance road numbers = = = Every road that is maintained by DelDOT , including Interstate , U.S. , and state routes , is assigned a maintenance road number ( also known as a reference number ) . The maintenance road numbers are only unique in a specific county and some roads can be designated with multiple road numbers . For example , Bryants Corner Road in Kent County is designated as Road 205 , Road 103 , and Road 219 . Suffixed maintenance road numbers exist near their parent roads , often for a short alignment . For example , Woodland Ferry Road in Sussex County is designated Road 78 , while Old Sailor Road , a short road branching off from it near Laurel , is designated as Road 78A . The maintenance road numbers are signed with little white markers at intersections showing the two roads that intersect each other and on auxiliary plates below warning signs approaching intersections . Interstate , U.S. , and state routes have maintenance road numbers that often do not match their signed route numbers . For instance , DE 261 in New Castle County is designated as Road 203 . In Sussex County , several state routes largely have matching maintenance road numbers ; for example , the entire length of DE 24 is designated Road 24 . Some routes in Sussex County have maintenance road numbers that reflect former route designations ; an example is the section of US 9 between Laurel and Georgetown which is designated Road 28 , reflecting the former DE 28 designation along this stretch of road . = = Highway systems = = The Delaware State Route System includes Delaware 's portion of the Interstate Highway System and U.S. Highway System along with state routes . The system also includes special routes of the U.S. and state routes , such as alternate , business , and truck routes . These routes consist of a banner denoting the type of special route above the route marker . Alternate routes provide a second alignment of a route between two points . DE 10 Alternate provides an alternate routing to DE 10 between Willow Grove and Rising Sun by passing through Woodside while DE 10 passes through Camden . Business routes pass through the business area of a city while the main route bypasses it . DE 1 Business passes through the central portion of Milford while DE 1 bypasses the city to the east . Truck routes provide an alternate route for trucks around a certain portion of a route . DE 14 Truck provides a route for truck traffic that bypasses the section of DE 14 that passes through Harrington . Suffixed routes also exist for short alignments that branch off their parent routes , in which a letter suffix is added after the route number . DE 1 has three suffixed routes in the Rehoboth Beach area while DE 9A provides access to the Port of Wilmington from DE 9 . In addition to these systems are other state roads designated with a maintenance road number . DelDOT maintains a total of 5 @,@ 386 @.@ 14 miles ( 8 @,@ 668 @.@ 15 km ) of state roads within Delaware , which comprises 89 percent of all roadway mileage in the state . Some exceptions to DelDOT maintenance include the bridges over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal , which are maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , and the Delaware Memorial Bridge , which is maintained by the Delaware River and Bay Authority ( DRBA ) . A total of 338 @.@ 19 miles ( 544 @.@ 26 km ) of Delaware 's roadways are part of the National Highway System , a system of highways important to the United States 's economy , defense , and mobility . This system includes all the Interstate Highways in Delaware , other principal arterials which connect to intermodal transportation facilities , and the Strategic Highway Network which provides connections to major military facilities in the United States . The longest route overall in Delaware is US 13 at 103 @.@ 33 miles ( 166 @.@ 29 km ) , with DE 1 being the longest state route at 103 @.@ 02 miles ( 165 @.@ 79 km ) . At a length of 23 @.@ 43 miles ( 37 @.@ 71 km ) , I @-@ 95 is the longest of Delaware 's three Interstate Highways . The shortest route is DE 491 at 0 @.@ 36 miles ( 0 @.@ 58 km ) . The roads maintained by DelDOT include Interstate Highways , other freeways , arterial roads , collector roads , and local roads serving both urban and rural areas . Delaware has a total of 40 @.@ 61 miles ( 65 @.@ 36 km ) of freeway considered part of the Interstate Highway System . Non @-@ Interstate freeways in the state include the portion of DE 1 between Dover Air Force Base and Christiana , the section of DE 141 between south of Newport and Prices Corner , and the Puncheon Run Connector that links US 13 and DE 1 in Dover . Two toll roads exist in the state . A mainline toll plaza is located along the Delaware Turnpike portion of I @-@ 95 near the Maryland border in Newark . Tolls are also collected along the DE 1 freeway , with mainline toll plazas at Dover and Biddles Corner and ramp tolls at North Dover , South Smyrna , and Boyds Corner . Tolls along I @-@ 95 and DE 1 may be paid with cash or an electronic toll collection system known as E @-@ ZPass . The DRBA also collects tolls for the Delaware Memorial Bridge for motorists entering Delaware from New Jersey using cash or E @-@ ZPass . Highways and other transportation projects in Delaware are funded through both the Transportation Trust Fund and the Federal Highway Trust Fund . The Transportation Trust Fund receives revenue from tolls along I @-@ 95 and DE 1 , motor fuel taxes of 23 cents per gallon on gasoline and 22 cents per gallon on special fuels , motor vehicle document and registration fees , and DMV fees . In 2013 , revenues from the Transportation Trust Fund were $ 445 @.@ 4 million while revenue from the Federal Highway Trust Fund totaled $ 214 @.@ 5 million . The Delaware Byways system designates state roads that have scenic , historic , natural , cultural , recreational , or archaeological qualities . The system was created in 2000 and was originally known as the Delaware Scenic and Historic Highways Program . Six byways make up the system , including one National Scenic Byway . = = History = = = = = Early roads = = = The Native Americans who originally inhabited Delaware used waterways to travel , with land trails connecting different bodies of water . Between the arrival of the Swedish colonists to Delaware and the 20th century , roads in Delaware were maintained by individual counties . The early roads that existed following Swedish settlement were short and discontinuous and followed Native American trails and animal paths . During colonial times , most roads in the state remained unimproved . With the arrival of English settlers to Delaware , the King of England called for the construction of " King 's Highways " to provide for right @-@ of @-@ way and communication between people in the colony . These roads were simply a narrow clearing through brushes that was not paved . Several roads bearing the King 's Highway name connected Philadelphia to Dover and points south . Most of the colonial roads im Delaware ran east @-@ west , connecting coastal ports to inland areas . In the 18th century , the King 's Highway ran between Lewes and Wilmington via Dover . By the later part of that century , a post road ran from Horn Town , Virginia north across the Delmarva Peninsula towards Philadelphia . In Delaware , this road passed through Selbyville , Georgetown , Milford , Dover , and Wilmington . During the course of the 18th century , the road network in Delaware became more developed and provided links to waterways , which were still the primary mode of transportation at the time . In the 19th century , private turnpike companies constructed and improved a few of the more important roadways in the state . Turnpikes were chartered by the state and privately financed , with tolls collected at toll houses every few miles along the road . The first turnpike in Delaware was the Newport Gap Pike , which was built in 1808 and completed to Wilmington in 1811 . Many other turnpikes were constructed in northern New Castle County radiating from Wilmington and connected the industrial city to agricultural areas . The turnpikes were built as straight roads in order to reduce costs . Many of these roads were constructed with a macadam surface . During the course of the 19th century , new methods of transportation such as canals and railroads came about and there was less investment on roads . The revenues of the turnpike companies fell and roads became more of a local concern . = = = Development of state highways = = = At the turn of the 20th century , the automobile was introduced and a push came for better roads to be constructed . In 1903 , the state attempted to create a state highway system by passing a state aid law where both the state and county would finance improvements to roads . However , this law was repealed in 1905 due to public outcry . In 1908 , Thomas Coleman DuPont proposed a modern road that was to run the length of the state from Selbyville north to Wilmington as part of a philanthropic measure . This roadway was planned to improve travel and bring economic development to Kent and Sussex counties . The DuPont Highway was to be modeled after the great boulevards of Europe and was to have a 200 @-@ foot ( 61 m ) wide right @-@ of @-@ way consisting of a 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) wide roadway for automobiles flanked by dual trolley lines , 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) wide roadways for heavy vehicles , 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide unpaved roadways for horses , and sidewalks . Utilities were to be buried underground below the horse roadways . The highway was also to include agricultural experimental stations and monuments for future surveying . Trolley revenues would help pay for the construction of the roadway . After portions of the DuPont Highway were built , these portions were planned to be turned over to the state at no charge . The Coleman DuPont Road , Inc. was established in 1911 and construction of the DuPont Highway began . The DuPont Highway would end up being built as a two @-@ lane concrete road on a 60 @-@ foot ( 18 m ) alignment with a 32 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) wide roadway . The Delaware State Highway Department ( DSHD ) was created on April 2 , 1917 to construct and maintain a system of state highways across Delaware . As a result , the state took over construction of the DuPont Highway . The DuPont Highway was completed in 1923 when the final section near Odessa was finished . The DuPont Highway was a boon to southern Delaware , which had formerly been economically isolated from the large cities of the northeast . In conjunction with the rise of the automobile , the highway spurred the growth of the Delaware beaches by greatly improving access to the coast for tourists from northern Delaware and adjacent portions of the Northeast megalopolis . Southern Delaware also developed into a major truck farming region due to having much greater access to urban markets . No longer fully reliant on the railroads to transport their goods , farmers in Sussex and Kent counties could market their fruits , vegetables , and broiler chickens directly to consumers in the north . Also during this time , the State Aid Road Law ushered in a period of highway improvement in which the county would offer road bonds and the state would match . The DSHD would then improve the highway . Most of the highways improved by the DSHD were built as concrete roads , with sharp curves eliminated . The state also took over the last of the private turnpikes and converted them to free roads . In 1926 , the state began eliminating several railroad grade crossings and in 1927 the first all @-@ weather secondary roads were constructed , consisting of one concrete lane and one dirt lane in an effort to reduce costs . The first numbered routes in Delaware were announced in 1925 with the creation of the U.S. Highway System , in which US 13 , US 40 , and US 113 were planned to run through the state . These three U.S. Highways , along with US 122 , were designated through Delaware on November 11 , 1926 . In 1930 and again in 1932 , the DSHD recommended giving numbers to state roads to supplement the existing U.S. Highway System . By 1936 , Delaware began assigning numbers to state routes . The original state route marker was a square with " DEL " on top and the route number on bottom in a block font . By 1955 , the shield was modified to a square with " DELAWARE " on top and the route number on bottom in FHWA Series font . In 1964 , the route marker became a cutout circle with " DEL " on top and the route number on bottom . The current route marker was introduced in 1971 . In 1934 , the entire length of US 13 between Dover and Wilmington was widened into a divided highway , which at the time was the best superhighway and the longest stretch of divided highway in the world . During the course of the 1930s , several other state roads were constructed while others were widened into divided highways . In 1935 , the DSHD took over maintenance of all remaining county roads , tripling the mileage of the state highway system , and took over several city streets in Wilmington in 1936 . Progress on improving the state highway system slowed during World War II ; the only major project completed during that time was the construction of the high @-@ level St. Georges Bridge to replace a lift bridge destroyed by a ship in 1939 . Following the war , several highway improvement projects took place including widening more roads to divided highways . On August 16 , 1951 , the Delaware Memorial Bridge and its approach road opened to traffic , providing a fixed road link for US 40 across the Delaware River to New Jersey and replacing ferry service that previously existed . Following the completion of the bridge , traffic along US 13 and US 40 increased , with plans made for a new freeway to handle the increased traffic . In 1957 , US 13 was widened into a divided highway between Greenwood and Harrington , providing a divided highway running the north @-@ south length of the state . = = = Freeways = = = In 1956 , the Interstate Highway System was created , with under 40 miles ( 64 km ) of Interstate Highway planned in New Castle County . The first Interstate came in 1959 when the Delaware Memorial Bridge approach was upgraded to Interstate Highway standards and became part of I @-@ 295 . The portion of I @-@ 95 between the Maryland border near Newark and Newport and I @-@ 295 between Newport and the approach to the Delaware Memorial Bridge in Farnhurst was to be built as a free Interstate Highway using federal funds , but was built as the tolled Delaware Turnpike instead in order to speed up construction . On November 15 , 1963 , the turnpike opened to traffic . The Delaware Turnpike allowed motorists to travel from Washington , D.C. to Boston without having to stop at a traffic light . In 1968 , I @-@ 95 was completed between the Delaware Turnpike and the Pennsylvania border . The I @-@ 495 bypass to the east of Wilmington fully opened in 1977 . In the 1980s , plans were made for a limited @-@ access Relief Route of US 13 between Dover and the Wilmington area that would alleviate it of traffic heading to the Delaware Beaches in the summer . This Relief Route would become designated as part of DE 1 , a route that ran along the Atlantic Ocean in Sussex County and north to Milford . The DE 1 toll road between Dover Air Force Base and Christiana opened in stages between 1991 and 2003 . The total cost to build the DE 1 toll road was $ 900 million and it was the largest public works project in Delaware history . Since the 1950s , a freeway has been planned along the US 301 corridor between I @-@ 95 and the Maryland border southwest of Middletown in order to provide a connection from the Delaware Memorial Bridge towards the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Washington , D.C. area . The current proposal calls for US 301 to be built as a limited @-@ access toll road from the Maryland border southwest of Middletown northeast to DE 1 in St. Georges . Construction began in 2016 with completion of the highway planned for 2018 . = = = 21st century = = = DelDOT began a program to pave the last of the state @-@ maintained dirt roads within Delaware in the mid 1990s , which at the time totaled 100 miles ( 160 km ) . The last dirt road in the state to be paved was Spicer Road ( Road 240 ) near Ellendale in Sussex County in 2002 . Since 2000 , DelDOT has eliminated several concurrencies in the state in order to reduce motorist confusion . Among the changes made included truncating US 113 from Dover to Milford to eliminate an overlap with DE 1 , removing DE 20 from heading into Fenwick Island along DE 54 , and shortening the length of DE 2 through Newark to avoid several concurrencies . = = Work cited = =
= Mayfly = Mayflies also known as shadflies or fishflies in Canada , are aquatic insects belonging to the order Ephemeroptera . This order is part of an ancient group of insects termed the Palaeoptera , which also contains dragonflies and damselflies . Over 3 @,@ 000 species of mayfly are known worldwide , grouped into over 400 genera in 42 families . Mayflies are relatively primitive insects and exhibit a number of ancestral traits that were probably present in the first flying insects , such as long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen . They are aquatic insects whose immature stages ( called " naiads " or " nymphs " ) live in fresh water , where their presence indicates a clean , unpolluted environment . They are unique among insect orders in having a fully winged terrestrial adult stage , the subimago , which moults into a sexually mature adult , the imago . Mayflies " hatch " ( emerge as adults ) from spring to autumn , not necessarily in May , in enormous numbers . Some hatches attract tourists . Fly fishermen make use of mayfly hatches by choosing artificial fishing flies that resemble the species in question . One of the most famous English mayflies is Rhithrogena germanica , the fisherman 's " March brown mayfly " . The brief lives of mayfly adults have been noted by naturalists and encyclopaedists since Aristotle and Pliny the Elder in classical times . The German engraver Albrecht Dürer included a mayfly in his 1495 engraving The Holy Family with the Mayfly to suggest a link between heaven and earth . The English poet George Crabbe compared the brief life of a newspaper with that of a mayfly , both being called " Ephemera " , in 1785 . = = Description = = = = = Nymph = = = Immature mayflies are aquatic , and are known as nymphs or naiads . They have an elongated , cylindrical or somewhat flattened body that passes through a number of instars ( stages ) , moulting and increasing in size each time . When ready to emerge from the water , nymphs vary in length , depending on species , from 3 to 30 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 to 1 @.@ 18 in ) . The head has a tough outer covering of sclerotin , often with various hard ridges and projections ; it points either forwards or downwards , with the mouth at the front . There are two large compound eyes , three ocelli ( simple eyes ) and a pair of antennae of variable lengths , set between or in front of the eyes . The mouthparts are designed for chewing and consist of a flap @-@ like labrum , a pair of strong mandibles , a pair of maxillae , a membranous hypopharynx and a labium . The thorax consists of three segments , the hindmost two , the mesothorax and metathorax being fused . Each segment bears a pair of legs which usually terminate in a single claw . The legs are robust and often clad in bristles , hairs or spines . Wing pads develop on the mesothorax , and in some species , hind wing pads develop on the metathorax . The abdomen consists of ten segments , some of which may be obscured by a large pair of operculate gills , a thoracic shield ( expanded part of the prothorax ) or the developing wingpads . In most taxa up to seven pairs of gills arise from the top or sides of the abdomen , but in some species they are under the abdomen , and in a very few species the gills are instead located on the coxae of the legs , or the bases of the maxillae . The abdomen terminates in a pair of , or three , slender thread @-@ like projections . = = = Subimago = = = The final moult of the nymph is not to the full adult form , but to a winged stage called a subimago that physically resembles the adult , but which is usually sexually immature and duller in colour . The subimago often has partially cloudy wings fringed with minute hairs ; its eyes , legs and genitalia are not fully developed . Subimagos are generally poor fliers , and typically lack the colour patterns used to attract mates . After a period , usually lasting one or two days but in some species only a few minutes , the subimago moults to the full adult form , making mayflies the only insects where a winged form undergoes a further moult . = = = Imago = = = Adult mayflies , or imagos , are relatively primitive in structure , exhibiting traits that were probably present in the first flying insects . These include long tails and wings that do not fold flat over the abdomen . Mayflies are delicate @-@ looking insects with one or two pairs of membranous , triangular wings , which are extensively covered with veins . At rest , the wings are held upright , like those of a butterfly . The hindwings are much smaller than the forewings , and may be vestigial or absent . The second segment of the thorax , which bears the forewings , is enlarged to hold the main flight muscles . Adults have short , flexible antennae , large compound eyes , three ocelli and non @-@ functional mouthparts . In most species , the males ' eyes are large and the front legs unusually long , for use in locating and grasping females during the mid @-@ air mating . In the males of some families there are two large cylindrical " turban " eyes that face upwards in addition to the lateral eyes . They are capable of detecting ultraviolet light and are thought to be used during courtship to detect females flying above them . In some species , all the legs are functionless , apart from the front pair in males . The abdomen is long and roughly cylindrical , with ten segments and two or three long cerci ( tail @-@ like appendages ) at the tip . Uniquely among insects , mayflies possess paired genitalia , with the male having two aedeagi ( penis @-@ like organs ) and the female two gonopores ( sexual openings ) . = = Biology = = = = = Reproduction and life cycle = = = Mayflies are hemimetabolous ( they have " incomplete metamorphosis " ) . They are unique among insects in that they moult one more time after acquiring functional wings ; this last @-@ but @-@ one winged ( alate ) instar usually lives a very short time and is known as an imago , or to fly fishermen as a spinner . Mayflies at the imago stage are a favourite food of many fish , and many fishing flies are modelled to resemble them . The imago stage does not survive for long , rarely for more than 24 hours . In some species , it may last for just a few minutes , while the mayflies in the family Palingeniidae have sexually mature subimagos and no true adult form at all . Often , all the mayflies in a population mature at once ( a hatch ) , and for a day or two in the spring or autumn , mayflies are everywhere , dancing around each other in large groups , or resting on every available surface . In many species the emergence is synchronised with dawn or dusk , and light intensity seems to be an important cue for emergence , but other factors may also be involved . Baetis intercalaris , for example , usually emerges just after sunset in July and August , but in one year , a large hatch was observed at midday in June . The soft @-@ bodied subimagos are very attractive to predators . Synchronous emergence is probably an adaptive strategy that reduces the individual 's risk of being eaten . The lifespan of an adult mayfly is very short , varying with the species . The primary function of the adult is reproduction ; adults do not feed , and have only vestigial ( unusable ) mouthparts , while their digestive systems are filled with air . Dolania americana has the shortest lifespan of any mayfly : the adult females of the species live for less than five minutes . Male adults may patrol individually , but most congregate in swarms a few metres above water with clear open sky above it , and perform a nuptial ( courtship ) dance . Each insect has a characteristic up @-@ and @-@ down pattern of movement ; strong wingbeats propel it upwards and forwards with the tail sloping down ; when it stops moving its wings , it falls passively with the abdomen tilted upwards . Females fly into these swarms , and mating takes place in the air . A rising male clasps the thorax of a female from below using his front legs bent upwards , and inseminates her . Copulation may last just a few seconds , but occasionally a pair remains in tandem and flutters to the ground . Males may spend the night in vegetation and return to the nuptial dance the following day . Although they do not feed , some briefly touch the surface to drink a little water before flying off . Females typically lay between four hundred and three thousand eggs . The eggs are often dropped onto the surface of the water ; sometimes the female deposits them by dipping the tip of her abdomen into the water during flight , releasing a small batch of eggs each time , or deposits them in bulk while standing next to the water . In a few species , the female submerges and places the eggs among plants or in crevices underwater , but in general , they sink to the bottom . The incubation time is variable , depending at least in part on temperature , and may be anything from a few days to nearly a year . Eggs can go into a quiet dormant phase or diapause . The larval growth rate is also temperature @-@ dependent , as is the number of moults . At anywhere between ten and fifty , these post @-@ embryonic moults are more numerous in mayflies than in most other insect orders . The nymphal stage of mayflies may last from several months to several years , depending on species and environmental conditions . Many species breed in moving water , where there is a tendency for the eggs and nymphs to get washed downstream . To counteract this , females may fly upriver before depositing their eggs . For example , the female Tisza mayfly , the largest European species with a length of 10 cm ( 4 in ) , flies up to 3 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) upstream before depositing eggs on the water surface . These sink to the bottom and hatch after 45 days , the nymphs burrowing their way into the sediment where they spend two or three years before hatching into subimagos . When ready to emerge , several different strategies are used . In some species , the transformation of the nymph occurs underwater and the subimago swims to the surface and launches itself into the air . In other species , the nymph rises to the surface , bursts out of its skin , remains quiescent for a minute or two resting on the exuviae ( cast skin ) and then flies upwards , and in some , the nymph climbs out of the water before transforming . = = = Ecology = = = Nymphs live primarily in streams under rocks , in decaying vegetation , or in sediments . Few species live in lakes , but they are among the most prolific . For example , the emergence of one species of Hexagenia was recorded on Doppler weather radar by the shoreline of Lake Erie in 2003 . In the nymphs of most mayfly species , the paddle @-@ like gills do not function as respiratory surfaces because sufficient oxygen is absorbed through the integument , instead serving to create a respiratory current . However , in low @-@ oxygen environments such as the mud at the bottom of ponds in which Ephemera vulgata burrows , the filamentous gills act as true accessory respiratory organs and are used in gaseous exchange . In most species , the nymphs are herbivores or detritivores , feeding on algae , diatoms or detritus , but in a few species , they are predators of chironomid and other small insect larvae and nymphs . Nymphs of Povilla burrow into submerged wood and can be problem for boat owners in Asia . Some are able to shift from one feeding group to another as they grow , thus enabling them to utilise a variety of food resources . They process a great quantity of organic matter as nymphs and transfer a lot of phosphates and nitrates to terrestrial environments when they emerge from the water , thus helping to remove pollutants from aqueous systems . Along with caddisfly larvae and gastropod molluscs , the grazing of mayfly nymphs has a significant impact on the primary producers , the plants and algae , on the bed of streams and rivers . The nymphs are eaten by a wide range of predators and form an important part of the aquatic food chain . Fish are among the main predators , picking nymphs off the bottom or ingesting them in the water column , and feeding on emerging nymphs and adults on the water surface . Carnivorous stonefly , caddisfly , alderfly and dragonfly larvae feed on bottom @-@ dwelling mayfly nymphs , as do aquatic beetles , leeches , crayfish and amphibians . Besides the direct mortality caused by these predators , the behaviour of their potential prey is also affected , with the nymphs ' growth rate being slowed by the need to hide rather than feed . The nymphs are highly susceptible to pollution and can be useful in the biomonitoring of water bodies . Once they have emerged , large numbers are preyed on by birds , bats and by other insects . Mayfly nymphs may serve as hosts for parasites such as nematodes and trematodes . Some of these affect the nymphs ' behaviour in such a way that they become more likely to be predated . Other nematodes turn adult male mayflies into quasi @-@ females which haunt the edges of streams , enabling the parasites to break their way out into the aqueous environment they need to complete their life cycles . The nymphs can also serve as intermediate hosts for the horsehair worm Paragordius varius , which causes its definitive host , a grasshopper , to jump into water and drown . = = = = Effects on ecosystem functioning = = = = Mayflies are involved in both primary production and bioturbation . A study in laboratory simulated streams revealed that the Centroptilum genus of the mayfly increased the export of periphyton , thus indirectly affecting primary production positively , which is essential process for ecosystems . The mayfly can also reallocate and alter the nutrient availability in aquatic habitats through the process of bioturbation . By burrowing in the bottom of lakes and redistributing nutrients , mayflies indirectly regulate phytoplankton and epibenthic primary production . Once burrowing to the bottom of the lake , mayfly nymphs begin to billow their respiratory gills . This motion creates current that carries food particles through the burrow and allows the nymph to filter feed . Other mayfly nymphs possess elaborate filter feeding mechanisms like that of the genus Isonychia . The nymph have forelegs that contain long bristle @-@ like structures that have two rows of hairs . Interlocking hairs form the filter by which the insect traps food particles . The action of filter feeding has a small impact on water purification but an even larger impact on the convergence of small particulate matter into matter of a more complex form that goes on to benefit consumers later in the food chain . = = = Distribution = = = Mayflies are distributed all over the world in clean freshwater habitats , though absent from Antarctica . They tend to be absent from oceanic islands or represented by one or two species that have dispersed from nearby mainland . Female mayflies may be dispersed by wind , and eggs may be transferred by adhesion to the legs of waterbirds . The greatest generic diversity is found in the Neotropic ecozone , while the Holarctic has a smaller number of genera but a high degree of speciation . Some thirteen families are restricted to a single bioregion . The main families have some general habitat preferences : the Baetidae favour warm water ; the Heptageniidae live under stones and prefer fast @-@ flowing water ; and the relatively large Ephemeridae make burrows in sandy lake or river beds . = = Conservation = = The nymph is the dominant life history stage of the mayfly . Different insect species vary in their tolerance to water pollution , but in general , the larval stages of mayflies , stoneflies ( Plecoptera ) and caddis flies ( Trichoptera ) are susceptible to a number of pollutants including sewage , pesticides and industrial effluent . In general , mayflies are particularly sensitive to acidification , but tolerances vary , and certain species are exceptionally tolerant to heavy metal contamination and to low pH levels . Ephemerellidae are among the most tolerant groups and Siphlonuridae and Caenidae the least . The adverse effects on the insects of pollution may be either lethal or sub @-@ lethal , in the latter case resulting in altered enzyme function , poor growth , changed behaviour or lack of reproductive success . As important parts of the food chain , pollution can cause knock @-@ on effects to other organisms ; a dearth of herbivorous nymphs can cause overgrowth of algae , and a scarcity of predacious nymphs can result in an over @-@ abundance of their prey species . Fish that feed on mayfly nymphs that have bioaccumulated heavy metals are themselves at risk . Adult female mayflies find water by detecting the polarization of reflected light . They are easily fooled by other polished surfaces which can act as traps for swarming mayflies . The status of many species of mayflies is unknown because they are known from only the original collection data . Four North American species are believed to be extinct . Among these , Pentagenia robusta was originally collected from the Ohio River near Cincinnati , but this species has not been seen since its original collection in the 1800s . Ephemera compar is known from a single specimen , collected from the " foothills of Colorado " in 1873 , but despite intensive surveys of the Colorado mayflies reported in 1984 , it has not been rediscovered . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) red list of threatened species includes one mayfly : Tasmanophlebi lacuscoerulei , the large blue lake mayfly , which is a native of Australia and is listed as endangered because its alpine habitat is vulnerable to climate change . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = Over 3 @,@ 000 species of mayfly in 42 families and over 400 genera are known worldwide , including about 630 species in North America . Mayflies are an ancient group of winged ( pterygote ) insects . Putative fossil stem group representatives ( e.g. Syntonopteroidea like Lithoneura lameerrei ) are already known from the late Carboniferous . The largest mayfly of all times may have been Bojophlebia prokopi from the Upper Carboniferous of Moravia with a wing span of 45 cm ( 18 in ) . The name Ephemeroptera is from the Greek εφήμερος , ephemeros
= " short @-@ lived " ( literally " lasting a day " , cf . English " ephemeral " ) , and πτερόν , pteron = " wing " , referring to the brief lifespan of adults . The English common name is for the insect 's emergence in or around the month of May in the UK . The name shadfly is from the Atlantic fish the shad , which runs up American East Coast rivers at the same time as many mayflies emerge . From the Permian , numerous stem group representatives of mayflies are known , which are often lumped into a separate taxon Permoplectoptera ( e.g. including Protereisma permianum in the Protereismatidae , and Misthodotidae ) . The larvae of Permoplectoptera still had 9 pairs of abdominal gills , and the adults still had long hind wings . Maybe the fossil family Cretereismatidae from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil also belongs as the last offshoot to Permoplectoptera . The Crato outcrops otherwise yielded fossil specimens of modern mayfly families or the extinct ( but modern ) family Hexagenitidae . However , from the same locality the strange larvae and adults of the extinct family Mickoleitiidae ( order Coxoplectoptera ) have been described , which represents the fossil sister group of modern mayflies , even though they had very peculiar adaptations such as raptorial forelegs . The oldest mayfly inclusion in amber is Cretoneta zherichini ( Leptophlebiidae ) from the Lower Cretaceous of Siberia . In the much younger Baltic amber numerous inclusions of several modern families of mayflies have been found ( Ephemeridae , Potamanthidae , Leptophlebiidae , Ametropodidae , Siphlonuridae , Isonychiidae , Heptageniidae , and Ephemerellidae ) . The modern genus Neoephemera is represented in the fossil record by the Ypresian species N. antiqua from Washington State . Grimaldi and Engel , reviewing the phylogeny in 2005 , commented that many cladistic studies had been made with no stability in Ephemeroptera suborders and infraorders ; the traditional division into Schistonota and Pannota was wrong because Pannota is derived from the Schistonota . The phylogeny of the Ephemeroptera was first studied using molecular analysis by Ogden and Whiting in 2005 . They recovered the Baetidae as sister to the other clades . Mayfly phylogeny was further studied using morphological and molecular analyses by Ogden and others in 2009 . They found that the Asian genus Siphluriscus was sister to all other mayflies . Some existing lineages such as Ephemeroidea , and families such as Ameletopsidae , were found not to be monophyletic , through convergence among nymphal features . The following traditional classification is based on Peters and Campbell ( 1991 ) , in Insects of Australia . = = In human culture = = = = = In art and literature = = = The Ancient Greek naturalist and philosopher Aristotle wrote in his History of Animals that Bloodless and many footed animals , whether furnished with wings or feet , move with more than four points of motion ; as , for instance , the dayfly ( ephemeron ) moves with four feet and four wings : and , I may observe in passing , this creature is exceptional not only in regard to the duration of its existence , whence it receives its name , but also because though a quadruped it has wings also . The Ancient Roman encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder described the mayfly as the " hemerobius " in his Natural History : The River Bug on the Black Sea at midsummer brings down some thin membranes that look like berries out of which burst a four @-@ legged caterpillar in the manner of the creature mentioned above , but it does not live beyond one day , owing to which it is called the hemerobius . The Dutch Golden Age author Augerius Clutius ( Outgert Cluyt ) illustrated some mayflies in his 1634 De Hemerobio ( " On the Mayfly " ) , the earliest book written on the group . Maerten de Vos similarly illustrated a mayfly in his 1587 depiction of the fifth day of creation , amongst an assortment of fish and water birds . In 1495 Albrecht Dürer included a mayfly in his engraving The Holy Family with the Mayfly . The critics Larry Silver and Pamela H. Smith argue that the image provides " an explicit link between heaven and earth .. to suggest a cosmic resonance between sacred and profane , celestial and terrestrial , macrocosm and microcosm . " In his 1789 book The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne , Gilbert White described in the entry for " June 10th , 1771 " how Myriads of May @-@ flies appear for the first time on the Alresford stream . The air was crowded with them , and the surface of the water covered . Large trouts sucked them in as they lay struggling on the surface of the stream , unable to rise till their wings were dried ... Their motions are very peculiar , up and down for so many yards almost in a perpendicular line . The mayfly has come to symbolise the transitoriness and brevity of life . The English poet George Crabbe , known to have been interested in insects , compared the brief life of a newspaper with that of mayflies , both being known as " Ephemera " , things that live for a day : The theme of brief life is echoed in the artist Douglas Florian 's 1998 poem , " The Mayfly " . The American Poet Laureate Richard Wilbur 's 2005 poem " Mayflies " includes the lines " I saw from unseen pools a mist of flies , In their quadrillions rise , And animate a ragged patch of glow , With sudden glittering " . Another literary reference to mayflies is seen in The Epic of Gilgamesh , one of the earliest surviving great works of literature . The briefness of Gilgamesh 's life is compared to that of the adult mayfly . In Szeged , Hungary , mayflies are celebrated in two monuments , one by Pal Farkas , and another on the Belvárosi bridge , symbolizing freedom . = = = In fly fishing = = = Mayflies are the primary source of models for artificial flies , hooks tied with coloured materials such as threads and feathers , used in fly fishing . These are based on different life @-@ cycle stages of mayflies . For example , the flies known as " emergers " in North America are designed by fly fishermen to resemble subimago mayflies , and are intended to lure freshwater trout . In 1983 , Patrick McCafferty recorded that artificial flies had been based on 36 genera of North American mayfly , from a total of 63 western species and 103 eastern / central species . A large number of these species have common names among fly fishermen , who need to develop a substantial knowledge of mayfly " habitat , distribution , seasonality , morphology and behavior " in order to match precisely the look and movements of the insects that the local trout are expecting . Izaak Walton describes the use of mayflies for catching trout in his 1653 book The Compleat Angler ; for example , he names the " Green @-@ drake " for use as a natural fly , and " duns " ( mayfly subimagos ) as artificial flies . These include for example the " Great Dun " and the " Great Blue Dun " in February ; the " Whitish Dun " in March ; the " Whirling Dun " and the " Yellow Dun " in April ; the " Green @-@ drake " , the " Little Yellow May @-@ Fly " and the " Grey @-@ Drake " in May ; and the " Black @-@ Blue Dun " in July . Nymph or " wet fly " fishing was restored to popularity on the chalk streams of England by G.E.M. Skues with his 1910 book Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream . In the book , Skues discusses the use of duns to catch trout . The March brown is " probably the most famous of all British mayflies " , having been copied by anglers to catch trout for over 500 years . Some English public houses beside trout streams such as the River Test in Hampshire are named " The Mayfly " . = = = As a spectacle = = = The hatch of the giant mayfly Palingenia longicauda on the Tisza and Mureș Rivers in Hungary and Serbia , known as " Tisza blooming " , is a tourist attraction . The 2014 hatch of the large black @-@ brown mayfly Hexagenia bilineata on the Mississippi River in the US was imaged on weather radar ; the swarm flew up to 760 m ( 2500 feet ) above the ground near La Crosse , Wisconsin , creating a radar signature that resembled a " significant rain storm " , and the mass of dead insects covering roads , cars and buildings caused a " slimy mess " . = = = As food = = = Mayflies are consumed in several cultures and are estimated to contain the most raw protein content of any edible insect by dry weight . In Malawi , kungu , a paste of mayflies ( Caenis kungu ) and mosquito is made into a cake for eating . Adult mayflies are collected and eaten in many parts of China and Japan . Near Lake Victoria , Povilla mayflies are collected , dried and preserved for use in food preparations . = = = As a name for ships and aircraft = = = " Mayfly " was the crew 's nickname for His Majesty 's Airship No. 1 , an aerial scout airship built by Vickers but wrecked by strong winds in 1911 before her trial flights . Two vessels of the Royal Navy were named HMS Mayfly : a torpedo boat launched in January 1907 , and a Fly @-@ class river gunboat constructed in sections at Yarrow in 1915 . The Seddon Mayfly , which was constructed in 1908 , was an aircraft that was unsuccessful in early flight . The first aircraft designed by a woman , Lillian Bland , was titled the Bland Mayfly . = = = Other human uses = = = In pre @-@ 1950 France , " chute de manne " was obtained by pressing mayflies into cakes and using them as bird food and fishbait . From an economic standpoint , mayflies also provide fisheries with an excellent diet for fish . Mayflies could find uses in the biomedical , pharmaceutical , and cosmetic industries . Their exoskeleton contains chitin , which has applications in these industries . Mayfly larvae do not survive in polluted aquatic habitats and , thus , have been chosen as bioindicators , markers of water quality in ecological assessments . In marketing , Nike produced a line of running shoes in 2003 titled " Mayfly " . The shoes were designed with a wing venation pattern like the mayfly and were also said to have a finite lifetime . The telecommunication company Vodafone featured mayflies in a 2006 branding campaign , telling consumers to " make the most of now " .
= Integer sorting = In computer science , integer sorting is the algorithmic problem of sorting a collection of data values by numeric keys , each of which is an integer . Algorithms designed for integer sorting may also often be applied to sorting problems in which the keys are floating point numbers or text strings . The ability to perform integer arithmetic on the keys allows integer sorting algorithms to be faster than comparison sorting algorithms in many cases , depending on the details of which operations are allowed in the model of computing and how large the integers to be sorted are . Integer sorting algorithms including pigeonhole sort , counting sort , and radix sort are widely used and practical . Other integer sorting algorithms with smaller worst @-@ case time bounds are not believed to be practical for computer architectures with 64 or fewer bits per word . Many such algorithms are known , with performance depending on a combination of the number of items to be sorted , number of bits per key , and number of bits per word of the computer performing the sorting algorithm . = = General considerations = = = = = Models of computation = = = Time bounds for integer sorting algorithms typically depend on three parameters : the number n of data values to be sorted , the magnitude K of the largest possible key to be sorted , and the number w of bits that can be represented in a single machine word of the computer on which the algorithm is to be performed . Typically , it is assumed that w ≥ log2 ( max ( n , K ) ) ; that is , that machine words are large enough to represent an index into the sequence of input data , and also large enough to represent a single key . Integer sorting algorithms are usually designed to work in either the pointer machine or random access machine models of computing . The main difference between these two models is in how memory may be addressed . The random access machine allows any value that is stored in a register to be used as the address of memory read and write operations , with unit cost per operation . This ability allows certain complex operations on data to be implemented quickly using table lookups . In contrast , in the pointer machine model , read and write operations use addresses stored in pointers , and it is not allowed to perform arithmetic operations on these pointers . In both models , data values may be added , and bitwise Boolean operations and binary shift operations may typically also be performed on them , in unit time per operation . Different integer sorting algorithms make different assumptions , however , about whether integer multiplication is also allowed as a unit @-@ time operation . Other more specialized models of computation such as the parallel random access machine have also been considered . Andersson , Miltersen & Thorup ( 1999 ) showed that in some cases the multiplications or table lookups required by some integer sorting algorithms could be replaced by customized operations that would be more easily implemented in hardware but that are not typically available on general @-@ purpose computers . Thorup ( 2003 ) improved on this by showing how to replace these special operations by the bit field manipulation instructions already available on Pentium processors . = = = Sorting versus integer priority queues = = = A priority queue is a data structure for maintaining a collection of items with numerical priorities , having operations for finding and removing the item with the minimum priority value . Comparison @-@ based priority queues such as the binary heap take logarithmic time per update , but other structures such as the van Emde Boas tree or bucket queue may be faster for inputs whose priorities are small integers . These data structures can be used in the selection sort algorithm , which sorts a collection of elements by repeatedly finding and removing the smallest element from the collection , and returning the elements in the order they were found . A priority queue can be used to maintain the collection of elements in this algorithm , and the time for this algorithm on a collection of n elements can be bounded by the time to initialize the priority queue and then to perform n find and remove operations . For instance , using a binary heap as a priority queue in selection sort leads to the heap sort algorithm , a comparison sorting algorithm that takes O ( n log n ) time . Instead , using selection sort with a bucket queue gives a form of pigeonhole sort , and using van Emde Boas trees or other integer priority queues leads to other fast integer sorting algorithms . Instead of using an integer priority queue in a sorting algorithm , it is possible to go the other direction , and use integer sorting algorithms as subroutines within an integer priority queue data structure . Thorup ( 2007 ) used this idea to show that , if it is possible to perform integer sorting in time T ( n ) per key , then the same time bound applies to the time per insertion or deletion operation in a priority queue data structure . Thorup 's reduction is complicated and assumes the availability of either fast multiplication operations or table lookups , but he also provides an alternative priority queue using only addition and Boolean operations with time T ( n ) + T ( log n ) + T ( log log n ) + ... per operation , at most multiplying the time by an iterated logarithm . = = = Usability = = = The classical integer sorting algorithms of pigeonhole sort , counting sort , and radix sort are widely used and practical . Much of the subsequent research on integer sorting algorithms has focused less on practicality and more on theoretical improvements in their worst case analysis , and the algorithms that come from this line of research are not believed to be practical for current 64 @-@ bit computer architectures , although experiments have shown that some of these methods may be an improvement on radix sorting for data with 128 or more bits per key . Additionally , for large data sets , the near @-@ random memory access patterns of many integer sorting algorithms can handicap them compared to comparison sorting algorithms that have been designed with the memory hierarchy in mind . Integer sorting provides one of the six benchmarks in the DARPA High Productivity Computing Systems Discrete Mathematics benchmark suite , and one of eleven benchmarks in the NAS Parallel Benchmarks suite . = = Practical algorithms = = Pigeonhole sort or counting sort can both sort n data items having keys in the range from 0 to K − 1 in time O ( n + K ) . In pigeonhole sort ( often called bucket sort ) , pointers to the data items are distributed to a table of buckets , represented as collection data types such as linked lists , using the keys as indices into the table . Then , all of the buckets are concatenated together to form the output list . Counting sort uses a table of counters in place of a table of buckets , to determine the number of items with each key . Then , a prefix sum computation is used to determine the range of positions in the sorted output at which the values with each key should be placed . Finally , in a second pass over the input , each item is moved to its key 's position in the output array . Both algorithms involve only simple loops over the input data ( taking time O ( n ) ) and over the set of possible keys ( taking time O ( K ) ) , giving their O ( n + K ) overall time bound . Radix sort is a sorting algorithm that works for larger keys than pigeonhole sort or counting sort by performing multiple passes over the data . Each pass sorts the input using only part of the keys , by using a different sorting algorithm ( such as pigeonhole sort or counting sort ) that is suited only for small keys . To break the keys into parts , the radix sort algorithm computes the positional notation for each key , according to some chosen radix ; then , the part of the key used for the ith pass of the algorithm is the ith digit in the positional notation for the full key , starting from the least significant digit and progressing to the most significant . For this algorithm to work correctly , the sorting algorithm used in each pass over the data must be stable : items with equal digits should not change positions with each other . For greatest efficiency , the radix should be chosen to be near the number of data items , n . Additionally , using a power of two near n as the radix allows the keys for each pass to be computed quickly using only fast binary shift and mask operations . With these choices , and with pigeonhole sort or counting sort as the base algorithm , the radix sorting algorithm can sort n data items having keys in the range from 0 to K − 1 in time O ( n logn K ) . = = Theoretical algorithms = = Many integer sorting algorithms have been developed whose theoretical analysis shows them to behave better than comparison sorting , pigeonhole sorting , or radix sorting for large enough combinations of the parameters defining the number of items to be sorted , range of keys , and machine word size . Which algorithm has the best performance depends on the values of these parameters . However , despite their theoretical advantages , these algorithms are not an improvement for the typical ranges of these parameters that arise in practical sorting problems . = = = Algorithms for small keys = = = A Van Emde Boas tree may be used as a priority queue to sort a set of n keys , each in the range from 0 to K − 1 , in time O ( n log log K ) . This is a theoretical improvement over radix sorting when K is sufficiently large . However , in order to use a Van Emde Boas tree , one either needs a directly @-@ addressable memory of K words , or one needs to simulate it using a hash table , reducing the space to linear but making the algorithm be randomized . Another priority queue with similar performance ( including the need for randomization in the form of hash tables ) is the Y @-@ fast trie of Willard ( 1983 ) . A more sophisticated technique with a similar flavor and with better theoretical performance was developed by Kirkpatrick & Reisch ( 1984 ) . They observed that each pass of radix sort can be interpreted as a range reduction technique that , in linear time , reduces the maximum key size by a factor of n ; instead , their technique reduces the key size to the square root of its previous value ( halving the number of bits needed to represent a key ) , again in linear time . As in radix sort , they interpret the keys as two @-@ digit base @-@ b numbers for a base b that is approximately √ K. They then group the items to be sorted into buckets according to their high digits , in linear time , using either a large but uninitialized direct addressed memory or a hash table . Each bucket has a representative , the item in the bucket with the largest key ; they then sort the list of items using as keys the high digits for the representatives and the low digits for the non @-@ representatives . By grouping the items from this list into buckets again , each bucket may be placed into sorted order , and by extracting the representatives from the sorted list the buckets may be concatenated together into sorted order . Thus , in linear time , the sorting problem is reduced to another recursive sorting problem in which the keys are much smaller , the square root of their previous magnitude . Repeating this range reduction until the keys are small enough to bucket sort leads to an algorithm with running time O ( n log logn K ) . A complicated randomized algorithm of Han & Thorup ( 2002 ) allows these time bounds to be reduced even farther , to O ( n √ log log K ) . = = = Algorithms for large words = = = An integer sorting algorithm is said to be non @-@ conservative if it requires a word size w that is significantly larger than log max ( n , K ) . As an extreme instance , if w ≥ K , and all keys are distinct , then the set of keys may be sorted in linear time by representing it as a bitvector , with a 1 bit in position i when i is one of the input keys , and then repeatedly removing the least significant bit . The non @-@ conservative packed sorting algorithm of Albers & Hagerup ( 1997 ) uses a subroutine , based on Ken Batcher 's bitonic sorting network , for merging two sorted sequences of keys that are each short enough to be packed into a single machine word . The input to the packed sorting algorithm , a sequence of items stored one per word , is transformed into a packed form , a sequence of words each holding multiple items in sorted order , by using this subroutine repeatedly to double the number of items packed into each word . Once the sequence is in packed form , Albers and Hagerup use a form of merge sort to sort it ; when two sequences are being merged to form a single longer sequence , the same bitonic sorting subroutine can be used to repeatedly extract packed words consisting of the smallest remaining elements of the two sequences . This algorithm gains enough of a speedup from its packed representation to sort its input in linear time whenever it is possible for a single word to contain Ω ( log n log log n ) keys ; that is , when log K log n log log n ≤ cw for some constant c > 0 . = = = Algorithms for few items = = = Pigeonhole sort , counting sort , radix sort , and Van Emde Boas tree sorting all work best when the key size is small ; for large enough keys , they become slower than comparison sorting algorithms . However , when the key size or the word size is very large relative to the number of items ( or equivalently when the number of items is small ) , it may again become possible to sort quickly , using different algorithms that take advantage of the parallelism inherent in the ability to perform arithmetic operations on large words . An early result in this direction was provided by Ajtai , Fredman & Komlós ( 1984 ) using the cell probe model of computation ( an artificial model in which the complexity of an algorithm is measured only by the number of memory accesses it performs ) . Building on their work , Fredman & Willard ( 1994 ) described two data structures , the Q @-@ heap and the atomic heap , that are implementable on a random access machine . The Q @-@ heap is a bit @-@ parallel version of a binary trie , and allows both priority queue operations and successor and predecessor queries to be performed in constant time for sets of O ( ( log N ) 1 / 4 ) items , where N ≤ 2w is the size of the precomputed tables needed to implement the data structure . The atomic heap is a B @-@ tree in which each tree node is represented as a Q @-@ heap ; it allows constant time priority queue operations ( and therefore sorting ) for sets of ( log N ) O ( 1 ) items . Andersson et al . ( 1998 ) provide a randomized algorithm called signature sort that allows for linear time sorting of sets of up to 2O ( ( log w ) 1 / 2 − ε ) items at a time , for any constant ε > 0 . As in the algorithm of Kirkpatrick and Reisch , they perform range reduction using a representation of the keys as numbers in base b for a careful choice of b . Their range reduction algorithm replaces each digit by a signature , which is a hashed value with O ( log n ) bits such that different digit values have different signatures . If n is sufficiently small , the numbers formed by this replacement process will be significantly smaller than the original keys , allowing the non @-@ conservative packed sorting algorithm of Albers & Hagerup ( 1997 ) to sort the replaced numbers in linear time . From the sorted list of replaced numbers , it is possible to form a compressed trie of the keys in linear time , and the children of each node in the trie may be sorted recursively using only keys of size b , after which a tree traversal produces the sorted order of the items . = = = Trans @-@ dichotomous algorithms = = = Fredman & Willard ( 1993 ) introduced the transdichotomous model of analysis for integer sorting algorithms , in which nothing is assumed about the range of the integer keys and one must bound the algorithm 's performance by a function of the number of data values alone . Alternatively , in this model , the running time for an algorithm on a set of n items is assumed to be the worst case running time for any possible combination of values of K and w . The first algorithm of this type was Fredman and Willard 's fusion tree sorting algorithm , which runs in time O ( n log n / log log n ) ; this is an improvement over comparison sorting for any choice of K and w . An alternative version of their algorithm that includes the use of random numbers and integer division operations improves this to O ( n √ log n ) . Since their work , even better algorithms have been developed . For instance , by repeatedly applying the Kirkpatrick – Reisch range reduction technique until the keys are small enough to apply the Albers – Hagerup packed sorting algorithm , it is possible to sort in time O ( n log log n ) ; however , the range reduction part of this algorithm requires either a large memory ( proportional to √ K ) or randomization in the form of hash tables . Han & Thorup ( 2002 ) showed how to sort in randomized time O ( n √ log log n ) . Their technique involves using ideas related to signature sorting to partition the data into many small sublists , of a size small enough that signature sorting can sort each of them efficiently . It is also possible to use similar ideas to sort integers deterministically in time O ( n log log n ) and linear space . Using only simple arithmetic operations ( no multiplications or table lookups ) it is possible to sort in randomized expected time O ( n log log n ) or deterministically in time O ( n ( log log n ) 1 + ε ) for any constant ε > 0 .
= Maryland Route 331 = Maryland Route 331 ( MD 331 ) is a 28 @.@ 74 @-@ mile ( 46 @.@ 25 km ) state highway on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the United States . The route runs from Vienna in Dorchester County northwest to Easton in Talbot County , intersecting U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) at both ends . MD 331 is a two @-@ lane undivided road most of its length that passes mostly through agricultural areas . The road also passes through the communities of Hurlock and Preston along the way . It encounters several routes during its journey , including MD 14 near Rhodesdale and MD 16 in the Preston area , both of which the route forms concurrencies with . In addition , the route also intersects with MD 392 and MD 307 in Hurlock and with MD 318 near Preston . Most of present @-@ day MD 331 was designated as part of US 213 in 1926 when the U.S. Highway System was established . By 1940 , US 213 was moved to a new alignment that crossed the Choptank River at Cambridge on a bridge built in 1935 and MD 331 was designated to run from Vienna to Easton . Both ends of MD 331 have been shortened since , with the southernmost portion of MD 331 curtailed following the completion of the US 50 bypass of Vienna by the 1990s and the northern terminus of the route cut back to US 50 in 2004 when the state @-@ maintained portion of Dover Road to Dover Street in Easton was turned over to the city . = = Route description = = MD 331 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial within the town of Easton . = = = Dorchester County = = = MD 331 begins at an interchange with US 50 in Vienna , Dorchester County , a short distance west of the Nanticoke River . From this interchange , the route heads north on Rhodesdale Vienna Road , a two @-@ lane undivided road . It passes through wooded areas , with a set of power lines and an abandoned railroad line located along the east side of the road . MD 331 continues into farmland , with some rural residences alongside the road , before it approaches Reids Grove , where MD 819 ( Reids Grove Road ) loops to the west of MD 331 . Past Reids Grove , the route continues through a mix of woodland and farmland , still paralleling the power lines and the abandoned railroad . MD 331 reaches Rhodesdale , where it intersects MD 14 ( Rhodesdale Eldorado Road ) . At this intersection , the route makes a left turn to run concurrent with MD 14 along East New Market Rhodesdale Road , heading west through Rhodesdale . The road leaves Rhodesdale and heads into farmland . MD 331 splits from MD 14 by turning north on Shiloh Church Hurlock Road at an intersection . Along Shiloh Church Hurlock Road , MD 331 passes a few residences before heading through more farm fields . MD 331 enters Hurlock and heads into residential areas , with the name changing to Main Street at the Jackson Street intersection . It passes more residences before intersecting MD 392 ( Delaware Avenue ) . Past MD 392 , the road passes more homes before it heads into the downtown area of Hurlock , where it crosses the Maryland and Delaware Railroad 's Seaford Line and MD 307 ( Broad Street ) . Past this intersection , MD 331 heads northwest on Academy Street past numerous homes before the road leaves Hurlock . Upon leaving Hurlock , the road becomes Waddells Corner Road and it heads into farmland . The road turns to the west and continues through agricultural areas with intermittent residences . It comes to an intersection with MD 16 ( East New Market Ellwood Road ) , where MD 331 makes a right turn to head north along with MD 16 . MD 16 and MD 331 head north through a mix of woods and farms with some residences . The road continues through rural areas with an increasing number of residences as it approaches the Preston area . The road intersects the western terminus of MD 318 ( Preston Road ) near a car dealership . Past this intersection , MD 16 and MD 331 continue northwest on Preston Road . = = = Caroline and Talbot counties = = = The road crosses the Hunting Creek into Caroline County . Before entering Preston , MD 817 loops off to the west of MD 16 and MD 331 on Linchester Road . Past MD 817 , the road enters Preston , where it becomes Main Street , passing by residences and some businesses . The route intersects MD 324 ( Maple Avenue ) before reaching the center of town , where MD 16 splits from MD 331 by heading northeast on Harmony Road . Past this intersection , the route passes more residences before leaving Preston , where it becomes Dover Bridge Road . It heads north into rural areas of woods and farms with some residences along the road . The road turns to the northwest and intersects Tanyard Road . MD 331 turns west and continues to the residential community of Bethlehem , where it intersects MD 578 ( Bethlehem Road ) . Past Bethlehem , the road continues past many rural residences . MD 331 enters wetlands as it approaches the Choptank River , which it crosses into Talbot County on the Dover Bridge , a swing bridge . Upon entering Talbot County , the route becomes Dover Road and continues to the northwest through a mix of woodland and farmland . It turns to the west with the number of residences increasing as it approaches Easton . Upon reaching Easton , MD 331 heads into commercial and industrial areas . The route ends at the intersection with US 50 ( Ocean Gateway ) , where Dover Road continues west as a local road toward downtown Easton . = = History = = MD 331 from Rhodesdale to Easton was one of the original state roads marked for improvement in 1909 . In 1910 , the only paved sections of the highway were the approaches to Dover Bridge in both Talbot County and Caroline County . The state road was paved from Hurlock to Shiloh Church in 1912 , from Easton to Waddell 's Corner in 1913 and 1914 , from Waddell 's Corner to Hurlock in 1915 , and within Hurlock in 1916 . When the U.S. Highway System was organized in 1926 , the state road became part of US 213 . The first section of the Vienna – Rhodesdale highway was 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of pavement south from Rhodesdale that was completed by 1923 . The remainder of the highway was under construction by 1924 , with another 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) section of the road completed north from Vienna by 1927 . The gap between Vienna and Rhodesdale was filled in 1928 . When the Nanticoke River Bridge at Vienna was completed in 1931 , US 213 was rerouted between Mardela Springs and Rhodesdale to pass through Vienna . A new Dover Bridge , replacing a bridge built in the 19th century , was completed in 1932 . In 1939 , the original MD 331 and US 213 swapped routes ; US 213 also assumed MD 344 between Vienna and MD 16 at Mount Holly . MD 331 has seen little change since 1939 . MD 331 and MD 16 were realigned around Ellwood and Linchester around 1960 . MD 331 's southern terminus was truncated at its newly constructed interchange with US 50 in Vienna in 1991 shortly after US 50 bypassed Vienna . MD 331 's northern terminus has been rolled back twice in Easton . The state highway was rolled back from Washington Street to Park Street in 1983 . MD 331 was truncated at US 50 in 2004 . = = Junction list = = = = Auxiliary routes = = MD 331A is the designation for the 0 @.@ 08 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 13 km ) section of Linchester Road from MD 331 to MD 817A near Preston in Caroline County . MD 331B is the designation for the 0 @.@ 06 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 097 km ) section of Seaman Road from MD 331 near its intersection with MD 318 in Dorchester County to Langrell Road ( MD 817B ) on the Dorchester / Caroline County line near Preston . MD 331D is the designation for the 0 @.@ 21 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 34 km ) section of Payne Road from MD 331 to the terminus of County Route 201 southeast of Preston .
= Aloe vera = Aloe vera ( / ˈæloʊiː / or / ˈæloʊ / ) is a succulent plant species of the genus Aloe . It grows wild in tropical climates around the world and is cultivated for agricultural and medicinal uses . Aloe also is used for decorative purposes and grows successfully indoors as a potted plant . It is found in many consumer products . There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes . Studies finding positive evidence are frequently contradicted by other studies . = = Description = = Aloe vera is a stemless or very short @-@ stemmed succulent plant growing to 60 – 100 cm ( 24 – 39 in ) tall , spreading by offsets . The leaves are thick and fleshy , green to grey @-@ green , with some varieties showing white flecks on their upper and lower stem surfaces . The margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth . The flowers are produced in summer on a spike up to 90 cm ( 35 in ) tall , each flower being pendulous , with a yellow tubular corolla 2 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 2 in ) long . Like other Aloe species , Aloe vera forms arbuscular mycorrhiza , a symbiosis that allows the plant better access to mineral nutrients in soil . Aloe vera leaves contain phytochemicals under study for possible bioactivity , such as acetylated mannans , polymannans , anthraquinone C @-@ glycosides , anthrones , other anthraquinones , such as emodin , and various lectins . = = Taxonomy and etymology = = The species has a number of synonyms : A. barbadensis Mill . , Aloe indica Royle , Aloe perfoliata L. var. vera and A. vulgaris Lam . Common names include Chinese Aloe , Indian Aloe , True Aloe , Barbados Aloe , Burn Aloe , First Aid Plant . The species epithet vera means " true " or " genuine " . Some literature identifies the white @-@ spotted form of Aloe vera as Aloe vera var. chinensis ; however , the species varies widely with regard to leaf spots and it has been suggested that the spotted form of Aloe vera may be conspecific with A. massawana . The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Aloe perfoliata var. vera , and was described again in 1768 by Nicolaas Laurens Burman as Aloe vera in Flora Indica on 6 April and by Philip Miller as Aloe barbadensis some ten days after Burman in the Gardener 's Dictionary . Techniques based on DNA comparison suggest Aloe vera is relatively closely related to Aloe perryi , a species endemic to Yemen . Similar techniques , using chloroplast DNA sequence comparison and ISSR profiling have also suggested it is closely related to Aloe forbesii , Aloe inermis , Aloe scobinifolia , Aloe sinkatana , and Aloe striata . With the exception of the South African species A. striata , these Aloe species are native to Socotra ( Yemen ) , Somalia , and Sudan . The lack of obvious natural populations of the species has led some authors to suggest Aloe vera may be of hybrid origin . = = Distribution = = The natural range of A. vera is unclear , as the species has been widely cultivated throughout the world . Naturalised stands of the species occur in the southern half of the Arabian Peninsula , through North Africa ( Morocco , Mauritania , Egypt ) , as well as Sudan and neighbouring countries , along with the Canary , Cape Verde , and Madeira Islands . This distribution is somewhat similar to the one of Euphorbia balsamifera , Pistacia atlantica , and a few others , suggesting that a dry sclerophyll forest once covered large areas , but has been dramatically reduced due to desertification in the Sahara , leaving these few patches isolated . Several closely related ( or sometimes identical ) species can be found on the two extreme sides of the Sahara : dragon trees ( Dracaena ) and Aeonium being two of the most representative examples . The species was introduced to China and various parts of southern Europe in the 17th century . The species is widely naturalised elsewhere , occurring in temperate and tropical regions of Australia , Barbados , Belize , Curaçao , Nigeria , Paraguay , Mexico and the US states of Florida , Arizona and Texas . The actual species ' distribution has been suggested to be the result of human cultivation ( anthropogenic ) . = = Cultivation = = Aloe vera has been widely grown as an ornamental plant . The species is popular with modern gardeners as a putatively medicinal plant and for its interesting flowers , form , and succulence . This succulence enables the species to survive in areas of low natural rainfall , making it ideal for rockeries and other low water @-@ use gardens . The species is hardy in zones 8 – 11 , although it is intolerant of very heavy frost or snow . The species is relatively resistant to most insect pests , though spider mites , mealy bugs , scale insects , and aphid species may cause a decline in plant health . This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . In pots , the species requires well @-@ drained , sandy potting soil and bright , sunny conditions ; however , Aloe plants can burn under too much sun or shrivel when the pot does not drain water . The use of a good @-@ quality commercial propagation mix or packaged " cacti and succulent mix " is recommended , as they allow good drainage . Terra cotta pots are preferable as they are porous . Potted plants should be allowed to completely dry prior to rewatering . When potted , aloes become crowded with " pups " growing from the sides of the " mother plant " , they should be divided and repotted to allow room for further growth and help prevent pest infestations . During winter , Aloe vera may become dormant , during which little moisture is required . In areas that receive frost or snow , the species is best kept indoors or in heated glasshouses . There is large @-@ scale agricultural production of Aloe vera in Australia , Bangladesh , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , China , Mexico , India , Jamaica , Kenya , Tanzania and South Africa , along with the USA to supply the cosmetics industry . = = Uses = = = = = Research = = = There is little scientific evidence of the effectiveness or safety of Aloe vera extracts for either cosmetic or medicinal purposes . A research study finding positive evidence is frequently contradicted by other studies . Despite this , the cosmetic and alternative medicine industries regularly make claims regarding the soothing , moisturizing , and healing properties of aloe vera . Two 2009 reviews of clinical studies determined that all were too small and faulty to allow strong conclusions to be drawn , but concluded : " there is some preliminary evidence to suggest that oral administration of aloe vera might be effective in reducing blood glucose in diabetic patients and in lowering blood lipid levels in hyperlipidaemia . The topical application of aloe vera does not seem to prevent radiation @-@ induced skin damage . The evidence regarding wound healing is contradictory . More and better trial data are needed to define the clinical effectiveness of this popular herbal remedy more precisely . " One of the reviews found that Aloe has not been proven to offer protection for humans from sunburn . A 2007 review of aloe vera use in burns concluded , " cumulative evidence tends to support that aloe vera might be an effective intervention used in burn wound healing for ﬁrst- to second @-@ degree burns . Further , well @-@ designed trials with sufficient details of the contents of aloe vera products should be carried out to determine the effectiveness of aloe vera . " Topical application of aloe vera may also be effective for genital herpes and psoriasis . A 2014 Cochrane review found no strong evidence for the value of topical application of aloe vera to treat or prevent phlebitis caused by intravenous infusion . Aloe vera gel is used commercially as an ingredient in yogurts , beverages , and some desserts , although at certain doses , its toxic properties could be severe whether ingested or topically applied . The same is true for aloe latex , which was taken orally for conditions ranging from glaucoma to multiple sclerosis until the FDA required manufacturers to discontinue its use . = = = Dietary supplement = = = Aloin , a compound found in the exudate of some Aloe species , was the common ingredient in over @-@ the @-@ counter ( OTC ) laxative products in the United States until 2002 when the Food and Drug Administration banned it because the companies manufacturing it failed to provide the necessary safety data . Aloe vera has potential toxicity , with side effects occurring at some dose levels both when ingested or applied topically . Although toxicity may be less when aloin is removed by processing , Aloe vera that contains aloin in excess amounts may induce side effects . Aloe vera juice is marketed to support the health of the digestive system , but there is neither scientific evidence nor regulatory approval to support this claim . The extracts and quantities typically used for such purposes appear to be dose @-@ dependent for toxic effects . = = = Traditional medicine = = = Aloe vera is used in traditional medicine as a multipurpose skin treatment . In Ayurvedic medicine it is called kathalai , as are extracts from agave . Early records of Aloe vera use appear in the Ebers Papyrus from the 16th century BC , and in Dioscorides ' De Materia Medica and Pliny the Elder 's Natural History – both written in the mid @-@ first century AD . It is also written of in the Juliana Anicia Codex of 512 AD . The plant is used widely in the traditional herbal medicine of many countries . = = = Commodities = = = Aloe vera is used on facial tissues where it is promoted as a moisturiser and anti @-@ irritant to reduce chafing of the nose . Cosmetic companies commonly add sap or other derivatives from Aloe vera to products such as makeup , tissues , moisturizers , soaps , sunscreens , incense , shaving cream , or shampoos . A review of academic literature notes that its inclusion in many hygiene products is due to its " moisturizing emollient effect " . Other potential uses for extracts of Aloe vera include the dilution of semen for the artificial fertilization of sheep , as a fresh food preservative , or for water conservation in small farms . It has also been suggested that biofuels could be obtained from Aloe vera seeds . = = Toxicity = = Under the guidelines of California Proposition 65 , orally ingested non @-@ decolorized aloe vera leaf extract has been listed by the OEHHA , along with goldenseal , among " chemicals known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity " . Use of topical aloe vera is not associated with significant side effects . Oral ingestion of aloe vera , however , may cause abdominal cramps and diarrhea which in turn can decrease the absorption of drugs . IARC studies have found ingested non @-@ decolorized liquid aloe vera to be carcinogenic in animals , and state that it is a possible carcinogen in humans as well .
= Henry Alexander Stuart @-@ Menteth = Commander Henry Alexander Stuart @-@ Menteth DSC , usually shortened to Alex Stuart @-@ Menteth ( 26 August 1912 – 14 May 2000 ) was a British naval officer famous for his service in the Royal Navy , particularly during World War II where he assisted in the sinking of two U @-@ boats ; and helped capture Enigma code fragments which enabled Bletchley Park to decipher the code . He commanded six ships during his career . He married in 1952 , having two sons and a daughter , and seven grandchildren in turn . Stuart @-@ Menteth was born as one of four . He joined a navy cadet force in Devon , serving on several ships . After his promotion course , he served both abroad and in the United Kingdom . He joined HMS Hunter shortly before World War II , before in April 1940 his ship was torpedoed after a raid on a German held port . He was kept in a hospital by the Germans , and was listed at home as killed in action . When the British liberated the area , he was freed . On his next ship , HMS Somali , he helped capture Enigma code fragments which enabled Bletchley Park to decipher the code , again capturing code in 1941 , and in the same year was given his first command , HMS Berkeley . He was mentioned in despatches in 1942 , whilst working on HMS Aldenham after the ship sunk a U @-@ boat , and a Distinguished Service Cross for sinking another U @-@ boat . Stuart @-@ Menteth was entrusted to the Royal Australian Navy in 1949 , where he commanded two destroyers . He ran the Scottish Corps of Commissionaires for 20 years after his 1958 retirement . = = Early life = = Henry Alexander Stuart @-@ Menteth , often abbreviated to Alex Stuart @-@ Menteth , was born on 26 August 1912 in Merstham , Surrey . He was the son of Walter Stuart @-@ Menteth and Violet Stuart @-@ Menteth ( née Lafone ) , one of four : Walter Granville Stuart @-@ Menteth ( 1906 – 1970 ) , Frances Bevyl Stuart @-@ Menteth ( 1907 – 1957 ) , and Lucy Violet Stuart @-@ Menteth ( 1911 – ) . In 1926 , he became a cadet in Dartmouth , Devon . With the cadets , he served on the ships HMS Renown in the Atlantic , HMS Dragon in the West Indies and America , and on the shore establishment HMS President on his promotion course . = = Naval career = = Alex Stuart @-@ Menteth served on the destroyers HMS Whitehall in the Mediterranean in 1934 and 1935 , HMS Windsor in the home fleet in 1935 and 1936 , the minesweeper HMS Elgin in the reserve fleet in 1935 , and HMS Defender in 1935 serving in China . = = = World War II = = = On 28 August 1939 , shortly before the outbreak of World War II , Stuart @-@ Menteth joined the destroyer HMS Hunter . Hunter was in Captain Warburton @-@ Lee 's 2nd Flotilla , along with four other destroyers . On 10 April 1940 , in a snowstorm , the Flotilla attacked the port of Narvik , held by the Germans . Four German destroyers were sunk and seven damaged , notably sinking SS Rauenfels , an 8 @,@ 500 @-@ ton ship transporting ammunition . Hunter was set alight and torpedoed , leading to her sinking . As she sank , Stuart @-@ Menteth was trapped by a malfunctioning davit with a leg wound on the upper deck . A rating saved Stuart @-@ Menteth , and they were both picked up by German sailors . Stuart @-@ Menteth was taken to Narvik , at a civilian hospital . He remained in the town until its eventual liberation by the Allies . However , whilst he was in hospital , Stuart @-@ Menteth was listed as killed in action , and had an obituary in The Times as such , which he later read . After further hospitalisation in Britain from April to December 1940 , on 3 December Stuart @-@ Menteth became the first lieutenant of the Tribal @-@ class destroyer HMS Somali . She partook in Operation Claymore , an operation to disrupt supplies , to ferry commandoes to shore , and to capture German code . Somalia brought to a stop Krebs , a German trawler , by firing at her , forcing her to stop . A boarding party found cryptographic keys and rotor machines . This assisted Bletchley Park to decipher several Enigma codes . In May 1941 , Stuart @-@ Menteth again assisted the capture of Enigma material from the German ship München , enabling Bletchley Park to begin to decipher German Enigma codes . Several months later , he was given command of his first ship , HMS Berkeley , a Hunt @-@ class destroyer . Stuart @-@ Menteth joined HMS Aldenham in March 1942 , and helped sink the German submarine U @-@ 58 . He was mentioned in despatches on 2 June 1943 as " Lieutenant @-@ Commander Henry Alexander Stuart @-@ Menteth , Royal Navy " ; after commanding Aldenham in a disastrous mission in the Aegean Sea . In late 1943 , Stuart @-@ Menteth took command of HMS Dinosaur , and partook in training officers of landing craft . His last command in the war was HMS Havelock , with which he assisted in the sinking of U @-@ 242 , for which he was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross . = = = After war = = = After World War II on 13 February 1946 Stuart @-@ Menteth became first lieutenant on HMS Birmingham , followed by HMS Superb on 4 September 1946 , before being entrusted to the Royal Australian Navy in 1949 . There he commanded his last two ships , the destroyers HMS St. James and HMS Obdurate . He went on to work with Lord Mountbatten in Malta , and in 1958 he retired , moving to Scotland . He did , however , operate the Scottish Corps of Commissionaires for close to 20 years , and was chairman of the Edinburgh World Wildlife Fund for 10 years . = = Personal life = = Stuart @-@ Menteth met Penelope Giles in 1952 in Australia , the couple married , having a daughter and two sons : Andrew Alexander ( 1954 ) , Walter Henry ( 1957 ) , and Harriet Lucy ( 1959 ) ; and seven grandchildren . He died on 14 May 2000 in Edinburgh , Lothian .
= NextWorth = NextWorth is an electronics trade @-@ in and recycling service . Users of the service exchange used electronics for cash or discounts on newer models . NextWorth was founded by business students at Babson College in 2005 . It started as a commission @-@ based service to help businesses setup online auctions for their used items , then changed its business model to focus on electronics trade @-@ ins in 2006 . As of late 2012 , NextWorth was one of the best @-@ known and largest electronics trade @-@ in and recycling services in the United States , although it handles only a small percentage of total trade @-@ in traffic . = = History = = NextWorth was founded by David Chen , Andrew Walsh and Scott Richardson while they were students at Babson College . The company was selected for Babson College 's 2005 Business Hatcheries program , which provides free resources to student @-@ led startups . NextWorth Inc. began operations the following year . It was originally a service that helped businesses and non @-@ profits prepare luxury items for online auctions in exchange for a 20 @-@ 33 percent commission . In the spring of 2006 , NextWorth changed its business model and services to focus on electronics trade @-@ ins . In January 2007 , NextWorth raised $ 1 @.@ 5 million in its first round of funding . = = Services = = NextWorth purchases used electronics and resells about 80 @-@ 85 percent of them , while the remainder are sent to a network of partners for recycling . Many used iPhones are resold in countries where new ones are more expensive . Sellers can fill out an online form to describe the used products they want to sell , then get a quote through the website . After receiving the quote , sellers have thirty days to ship the product using a pre @-@ paid shipping label provided by NextWorth . The company wipes the device 's memory and inspects the item before sending the seller reimbursement in 3 @-@ 15 days depending on the payment method . If NextWorth appraises a product at a lower condition than the seller expected , they can get an explanation from NextWorth , challenge the quote , or reject it and get the product back . Sellers can also do trade @-@ ins in @-@ person and get reimbursed immediately at partnered retailers like Target . The Target trade @-@ in program began as a pilot project in 2009 , and expanded to 190 locations by 2010 and almost 1 @,@ 500 stores by 2011 . A similar partnership was in place with Circuit City before it went out of business in 2009 . A company spokesperson stated in 2009 that the company was also partnered with 15 smaller retailers for in @-@ person trade @-@ ins . = = Pricing = = NextWorth sets its prices through an algorithm developed by MBA students and a professor at Babson College . Sellers can obtain better prices by reselling their electronics directly through services like eBay or Craigslist , but services like NextWorth are more convenient and have predictable pricing . A CNET editor found most of the trade @-@ in prices at NextWorth to be " pretty fair " , though he was expecting higher prices for some items . Variations in price between trade @-@ in services and products depend on timing ( release of new models and market fluctuations ) , the model being sold , and the product 's condition . According to About.com , how fair the seller is in describing the condition of the product " will determine whether your experience with NextWorth is satisfying or not . " Some sellers get higher or lower prices than they were originally quoted , depending on how NextWorth 's assessment of the product 's condition compares to the seller 's description . NextWorth has experienced spikes in trade @-@ in activity from sellers when newer models are announced , such as when the iPad 2 was announced in March 2011 , and when the iPhone 5 was announced in September 2012 These announcements also caused the trade @-@ in price of older models to decrease , due to over @-@ supply. as well as after the holiday season .
= Silky shark = The silky shark ( Carcharhinus falciformis ) , also known by numerous names such as blackspot shark , grey whaler shark , olive shark , ridgeback shark , sickle shark , sickle @-@ shaped shark , and sickle silk shark , is a species of requiem shark , in the family Carcharhinidae , named for the smooth texture of its skin . It is one of the most abundant sharks in the pelagic zone , and can be found around the world in tropical waters . Highly mobile and migratory , this shark is most often found over the edge of the continental shelf down to 50 m ( 164 ft ) . The silky shark has a slender , streamlined body and typically grows to a length of 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) . It can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first dorsal fin with a curving rear margin , its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip , and its long , sickle @-@ shaped pectoral fins . It is a deep , metallic bronze @-@ gray above and white below . With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment , the silky shark is a swift , inquisitive , and persistent hunter . It feeds mainly on bony fishes and cephalopods , and has been known to drive them into compacted schools before launching open @-@ mouthed , slashing attacks . This species often trails schools of tuna , a favored prey . Its sense of hearing is extremely acute , allowing it to localize the low @-@ frequency noises generated by other feeding animals , and , by extension , sources of food . The silky shark is viviparous , meaning that the developing embryos are sustained by a placental connection to their mother . Significant geographical variation is seen in its life history details . Reproduction occurs year @-@ round except in the Gulf of Mexico , where it follows a seasonal cycle . Females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially . The newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf , growing substantially before moving into the open ocean . The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous , and it has behaved aggressively towards divers . However , attacks are rare , as few humans enter its oceanic habitat . Silky sharks are valued for their fins , and to a lesser extent their meat , hide , liver oil , and jaws . Because of their abundance , they form a major component of commercial and artisanal shark fisheries in many countries . Furthermore , their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as bycatch in tuna fisheries . Although slow @-@ reproducing like most other sharks , the wide distribution and large population size of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against these fishing pressures . However , data now suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world , which prompted the IUCN to reassess its conservation status from Least Concern to Near Threatened in 2007 . = = Taxonomy = = A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle under the name Carcharias ( Prionodon ) falciformis , in their 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen . Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the genus Carcharhinus . Because Müller and Henle 's type specimen was a 53 @-@ cm @-@ long female fetus from Cuba , adult silky sharks were historically not recognized as C. falciformis and were described as a separate species , Carcharhinus floridanus , by Henry Bigelow , William Schroeder , and Stewart Springer in 1943 . Jack Garrick , Richard Backus , and Robert Gibbs , Jr. synonymized C. floridanus with C. falciformis in 1964 . The specific epithet falciformis is Latin for " sickle @-@ shaped " , which refers to the outline of the dorsal and pectoral fins . The silky shark 's common name comes from the fine texture of its skin compared to other sharks , a product of its tiny , densely packed dermal denticles . It may also be referred to as blackspot shark ( usually used for C. sealei ) , grey reef shark ( usually used for C. amblyrhynchos ) , grey whaler shark , olive shark , reef shark , ridgeback shark , sickle shark , sickle silk shark , sickle @-@ shaped shark , silk shark , and silky whaler . = = Phylogeny and evolution = = Fossilized teeth belonging to the silky shark have been found in North Carolina : from the vicinity of two baleen whales , one in mud dating to the Pleistocene @-@ Holocene ( circa 12 @,@ 000 years ago ) and the other in Goose Creek Limestone dating to the Late Pliocene ( circa 3 @.@ 5 million years ago – Mya ) , as well as from the Pungo River , dating to the Miocene ( 23 – 5 @.@ 3 Mya ) . Fossil teeth have also been found in Pliocene strata at the Cava Serredi quarry in Tuscany , Italy . Carcharhinus elongatus , an earlier representative of its lineage with smooth @-@ edged teeth , is known from Oligocene ( 34 – 23 Mya ) deposits in the Old Church formation of Virginia , and the Ashley formation of South Carolina . A set of poorly described , Eocene ( 56 – 34 Mya ) teeth resembling those of this species are known from Egypt . Initial efforts to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the silky shark were inconclusive ; based on morphology , Jack Garrick in 1982 suggested the blackspot shark ( C. sealei ) as its closest relative . In 1988 , Leonard Compagno assigned it phenetically to an informal " transitional group " also containing the blacknose shark ( C. acronotus ) , the blacktip reef shark ( C. melanopterus ) , the nervous shark ( C. cautus ) , the copper shark ( C. brachyurus ) , and the night shark ( C. signatus ) . More recently , Gavin Naylor 's 1992 phylogenetic analysis , based on allozyme sequence data , found that the silky shark is part of a group containing large sharks with a ridge between the dorsal fins . One branch within this group contains the sandbar shark ( C. plumbeus ) and the bignose shark ( C. altimus ) , while the silky shark is the basal member of the other branch and the sister taxon to a clade containing the Caribbean reef shark ( C. perezi ) , Galapagos shark ( C. galapagensis ) , oceanic whitetip shark ( C. longimanus ) , dusky shark ( C. obscurus ) , and blue shark ( Prionace glauca ) . Mine Dosay @-@ Abkulut 's 2008 ribosomal DNA analysis , which included the silky , blue , and bignose sharks , confirmed the closeness of those three species . = = Distribution and habitat = = The silky shark has a cosmopolitan distribution in marine waters warmer than 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) . In the Atlantic Ocean , it is found from the U.S. state of Massachusetts to Spain in the north , and from southern Brazil to northern Angola in the south , including the Mediterranean Sea , Gulf of Mexico , and Caribbean Sea . It occurs throughout the Indian Ocean , as far south as Mozambique in the west and Western Australia in the east , including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf . In the Pacific Ocean , the northern extent of its range runs from southern China and Japan to southern Baja California and the Gulf of California , while the southern extent runs from Sydney , Australia , to northern New Zealand to northern Chile . Based on life history differences , four distinct populations of silky sharks have been identified in ocean basins worldwide : in the northwestern Atlantic , in the western and central Pacific , in the eastern Pacific , and in the Indian Ocean . Primarily an inhabitant of the open ocean , the silky shark is most common from the surface to a depth of 200 m ( 660 ft ) , but may dive to 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) or more . Tracking studies in the tropical eastern Pacific and northern Gulf of Mexico have found that cruising silky sharks spend 99 % of their time within 50 m ( 160 ft ) of the surface , and 80 – 85 % of their time in water with a temperature of 26 – 30 ° C ( 79 – 86 ° F ) ; the pattern was constant regardless of day or night . This species favors the edges of continental and insular shelves , often over deepwater reefs and around islands . Its range extends farther north and south along continental margins than in oceanic waters . On occasion , it may venture into coastal waters as shallow as 18 m ( 59 ft ) . Silky sharks are highly mobile and migratory , though the details of their movements are little @-@ known . Tagging data have recorded individual sharks moving up to 60 km ( 37 mi ) per day , and covering distances up to 1 @,@ 339 km ( 832 mi ) . Larger sharks generally move longer distances than smaller ones . In the Pacific Ocean and possibly elsewhere , it spends the summer at slightly higher latitudes , particularly during warmer El Niño years . In the northern Atlantic , most sharks follow the Gulf Stream northward along the U.S. East Coast . In the Gulf of Aden , it is most common in late spring and summer . = = Description = = Slim and streamlined , the silky shark has a fairly long , rounded snout with barely developed flaps of skin in front of the nostrils . The circular , medium @-@ sized eyes are equipped with nictitating membranes ( protective third eyelids ) . Short , shallow furrows are present at the corners of the mouth . Fourteen to 16 and 13 – 17 tooth rows are found on either side of the upper and lower jaws , respectively ( typically 15 for both ) . The upper teeth are triangular and strongly serrated , with a notch in the posterior edge ; they are erect at the center and become more oblique towards the sides . The lower teeth are narrow , erect , and smooth @-@ edged . The five pairs of gill slits are moderate in length . The dorsal and pectoral fins are distinctive and help to distinguish the silky shark from similar species . The first dorsal fin is relatively small , measuring less than a tenth as high as the shark is long , and originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins . It has a rounded apex , an " S " -shaped rear margin , and a free rear tip about half as long as the fin is tall . The second dorsal fin is tiny , smaller than the anal fin , with a drawn @-@ out free rear tip up to three times as long as the fin is tall . A narrow dorsal ridge runs between the dorsal fins . The pectoral fins are narrow and sickle @-@ shaped , and particularly long in adults . The anal fin originates slightly ahead of the second dorsal fin and has a deep notch in the posterior margin . The caudal fin is fairly high with a well @-@ developed lower lobe . The skin is densely covered by minute , overlapping dermal denticles . Each dermal denticle is diamond @-@ shaped and bears horizontal ridges leading to posterior marginal teeth , which increase in number as the shark grows . The back is metallic golden @-@ brown to dark gray and the belly is snowy white , which extends onto the flank as a faint lighter stripe . The fins ( except for the first dorsal ) darken at the tips ; this is more obvious in young sharks . The coloration quickly fades to a dull gray after death . One of the larger members of its genus , the silky shark commonly reaches a length of 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) , with a maximum recorded length and weight of 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) and 346 kg ( 763 lb ) , respectively . Females grow larger than males . = = Biology and ecology = = The silky shark is one of the three most common pelagic sharks along with the blue and oceanic whitetip sharks , and counts among the most numerous large oceanic animals in the world with a population of at least tens of millions . Compared to the other two species , it is less strictly pelagic with the greatest numbers found in offshore waters associated with land , where food is more readily obtained than farther out in the truly open ocean . The silky shark is an active , inquisitive , and aggressive predator , though it will defer to the slower but more powerful oceanic whitetip shark in competitive situations . When approaching something of interest , it may seem inattentive , sedately circling and sometimes swinging its head from side to side . However , it can respond with startling swiftness to any shift in its immediate surroundings . This shark is often found around floating objects such as logs or tethered naval buoys . Younger silky sharks are known to form large , loosely organized aggregations , possibly for mutual defense . During migrations , over a thousand individuals may gather . These groups are generally segregated by size , and in the Pacific perhaps also by sex . Silky sharks within a group have been observed to " tilt " , presenting their full lateral profile towards each other , as well as gape their jaws or puff out their gills . On occasion , sharks have also been seen suddenly charging straight up , veering away just before reaching the surface and gliding back down to deeper water . The significance of these behaviors is unknown . When confronted , the silky shark may perform a threat display , in which it arches its back , drops its tail and pectoral fins , and elevates its head . The shark then proceeds to swim in tight loops with a stiff , jerky motion , often turning broadside towards the perceived threat . Potential predators of the silky shark include larger sharks and killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) . Known parasites of this shark include the isopod Gnathia trimaculata , the copepod Kroeyerina cortezensis , and the tapeworms Dasyrhynchus variouncinatus and Phyllobothrium sp . Silky sharks frequently intermingle with schools of scalloped hammerheads ( Sphyrna lewini ) , and have been known to follow marine mammals . One account from the Red Sea describes 25 silky sharks following a large pod of bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops sp . ) , along with 25 grey reef sharks ( C. amblyrhynchos ) and a lone silvertip shark ( C. albimarginatus ) . Silky sharks are themselves accompanied by juvenile pilot fish ( Naucrates ductor ) , which " ride " the pressure wave ahead of the shark , as well as by jacks , which snatch scraps of food and rub against the shark 's skin to scrape off parasites . = = = Feeding = = = The silky shark is an opportunistic predator , feeding mainly on bony fishes from all levels of the water column , including tuna , mackerel , sardines , mullets , groupers , snappers , mackerel scads , sea chubs , sea catfish , eels , lanternfishes , filefishes , triggerfishes , and porcupinefishes . It may also take squid , paper nautilus , and swimming crabs , and fossil evidence indicates it scavenged on whale carcasses . Good feeding opportunities can draw silky sharks in large numbers ; one such feeding aggregation in the Pacific has been documented " herding " a school of small fishes into a compact mass ( a bait ball ) and trapping it against the surface , whereupon the sharks consumed the entire school . When attacking tightly packed fish , silky sharks charge through the ball and slash open @-@ mouthed , catching the prey fish at the corners of their jaws . Although multiple individuals may feed at once , each launches its attack independently . Studies conducted off the Florida coast and the Bahamas have shown that silky sharks are highly sensitive to sound , in particular low @-@ frequency ( 10 – 20 Hz ) , irregular pulses . Experiments in which these sounds were played underwater attracted sharks from hundreds of meters away . Silky sharks likely orient to these sounds because they are similar to the noise generated by feeding animals such as birds or dolphins , thus indicating promising sources of food . These studies have also demonstrated that a silky shark attracted by one sound will quickly withdraw if that sound abruptly changes in amplitude or character ; this change need not be a sound produced by a predator to evoke the reaction . Over repeated exposures , silky sharks habituate to the sound change and stop withdrawing , though it takes them much longer to do so compared to the bolder oceanic whitetip shark . The bite force of a 2 @-@ m @-@ long silky shark has been measured at 890 newtons ( 200 lbf ) . A well @-@ established association exists between this species and tuna : off Ghana , almost every tuna school has silky sharks trailing behind , and in the eastern Pacific , these sharks inflict such damage to tuna fishing gear and catches that fishery workers have given them the moniker " net @-@ eating sharks " . Silky sharks and bottlenose dolphins compete when both species target the same school of fish ; the amount eaten by the dolphins decreases relative to the number of sharks present . If a large number of sharks is present , they tend to remain inside the prey school , while the dolphins consign themselves to the periphery , possibly to avoid incidental injury from the sharks ' slashing attacks . Conversely , if a large enough group of dolphins gathers , they become able to chase the sharks away from the prey school . Regardless of which one dominates , the two predators do not engage in any overtly aggressive behavior against each other . = = = Life history = = = Like other members of its family , the silky shark is viviparous : once the developing embryo exhausts its supply of yolk , the depleted yolk sac is converted into a placental connection through which the mother delivers nourishment . Relative to other viviparous sharks , the placenta of the silky shark is less similar to the analogous mammalian structure in that no interdigitation exists between the tissues of the fetus and mother . Furthermore , the fetal red blood cells are much smaller than maternal blood cells , which is opposite the pattern seen in mammals . Adult females have a single functional ovary ( on the right side ) and two functional uteri , which are divided lengthwise into separate compartments for each embryo . Silky sharks in most parts of the world are thought to reproduce year @-@ round , whereas mating and birthing in the Gulf of Mexico take place in late spring or early summer ( May to August ) . However , in some cases , the presence of reproductive seasonality may have been obscured by biases in data collection . Females give birth after a gestation period of 12 months , either every year or every other year . The litter size ranges from one to 16 and increases with female size , with six to 12 being typical . The pups are born in reef nursery areas on the outer continental shelf , where ample food supplies and protection from large pelagic sharks occur . The risk of predation has selected for fast growth in young sharks , which add 25 – 30 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 – 11 @.@ 8 in ) to their length within their first year of life . After a few months ( or by the first winter in the Gulf of Mexico ) , the now @-@ subadult sharks migrate out from the nursery into the open ocean . The life history characteristics of the silky shark differ across its range ( see table ) . Northwestern Atlantic sharks tend to be larger than those in the western @-@ central Pacific at all ages , while eastern Pacific sharks tend to be smaller than sharks in other regions . Eastern Atlantic and Indian Ocean sharks seem to match or exceed the size of northwestern Atlantic sharks , but the figures are based on relatively few individuals and more data are needed . The overall growth rate of the silky shark is moderate compared to other shark species and similar for both sexes , though it varies significantly between individuals . One central Pacific study has found females growing much slower than males , but the results may have been skewed by missing data from large females . The highest reported growth rates are from sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico , and the lowest from sharks off northeastern Taiwan . Males and females reach sexual maturity at ages of 6 – 10 years and 7 – 12 + years , respectively . Sharks from more temperate waters may grow slower and mature later than those in warmer regions . The maximum lifespan is at least 22 years . = = Human interactions = = Given its formidable size and dentition , the silky shark is regarded as potentially dangerous to humans . However , it only rarely comes into contact with people due to its oceanic habits . Its natural curiosity and boldness may lead it to repeatedly and closely approach divers , and it can become dangerously excited in the presence of food . The silky shark tends to be more aggressive if encountered on a reef than in open water . Cases of individual sharks persistently harassing divers and even forcing them out of the water have been reported . As of May 2009 , the International Shark Attack File lists six attacks attributable to the silky shark , three of them unprovoked and none fatal . Large numbers of silky sharks are caught by commercial and artisanal multispecies shark fisheries operating off Mexico , Guatemala , El Salvador , Costa Rica , the United States , Ecuador , Spain , Portugal , Sri Lanka , the Maldives , Yemen , and Côte d 'Ivoire . Even greater numbers are caught incidentally by tuna longline and purse seine fisheries throughout its range , particularly those using fish aggregating devices . It is the most common shark caught as bycatch in the eastern Pacific and Gulf of Mexico tuna fisheries , and the second @-@ most common shark caught as bycatch ( next to the blue shark ) overall . The fins are valued as an ingredient in shark fin soup , with captured sharks often finned at sea and the rest of the body discarded . Fins from an estimated one @-@ half to one and a half million silky sharks are traded globally per year ; it is the second- or third @-@ most common species auctioned on the Hong Kong fin market , which represents over half the global trade . The meat ( sold fresh or dried and salted ) , skin , and liver oil may also be used , as well as the jaws : this species is the predominant source of dried shark jaw curios sold to tourists in the tropics . Some sport fishers catch silky sharks . = = = Conservation = = = As one of the most abundant and widely distributed sharks on Earth , the silky shark was once thought to be mostly immune to depletion despite heavy fishing mortality . In 1989 alone , some 900 @,@ 000 individuals were taken as bycatch in the southern and central Pacific tuna longline fishery , seemingly without effect on the total population . Fishery data on this shark are often confounded by under @-@ reporting , lack of species @-@ level separation , and problematic identification . Nevertheless , mounting evidence indicates the silky shark has , in fact , declined substantially worldwide , a consequence of its modest reproductive rate which is unable to sustain such high levels of exploitation . The total annual catch reported to the Food and Agricultural Organization fell steadily from 11 @,@ 680 tons in 2000 to 4 @,@ 358 tons in 2004 . Regional assessments have found similar trends , estimating declines of some 90 % in the central Pacific from the 1950s to the 1990s , 60 % off Costa Rica from 1991 to 2000 , 91 % in the Gulf of Mexico from the 1950s to the 1990s , and 85 % ( for all large requiem sharks ) in the northwestern Atlantic from 1986 to 2005 . The silky shark fishery off Sri Lanka reported a drop from a peak catch of 25 @,@ 400 tons in 1994 to only 1 @,@ 960 tons in 2006 , indicative of a local stock collapse . However , Japanese fisheries in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have recorded no change in catch rate between the 1970s and the 1990s , and the validity of the methodologies used to assess declines in the Gulf of Mexico and the northwestern Atlantic have come under much debate . In light of recent findings , in 2007 , the IUCN reassessed the silky shark from Least Concern to Near Threatened worldwide . Regionally , it is listed as Near Threatened in the southwestern Atlantic , Indian Ocean , and western central Pacific , and as Vulnerable in the eastern central and southeastern Pacific and the northwestern and western central Atlantic . The silky shark is listed on Annex I , Highly Migratory Species , of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , though this has yet to result in any management schemes . The species should benefit from bans on shark finning , which are being increasingly implemented by nations and supranational entities , including the United States , Australia , and the European Union . Organizations such as the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas and the Inter @-@ American Tropical Tuna Commission have also taken steps to improve fishery monitoring , with the ultimate goal of reducing shark bycatch . However , given the highly migratory nature of the silky shark and its association with tuna , no simple way is known to reduce bycatch without also affecting the economics of the fishery .
= Edward Scissorhands = Edward Scissorhands is a 1990 American romantic dark fantasy film directed by Tim Burton , produced by Denise Di Novi and Tim Burton , and written by Caroline Thompson from a story by Tim Burton and Caroline Thompson , starring Johnny Depp as an artificial man named Edward , an unfinished creation who has scissors for hands , who is taken in by a suburban family and falls in love with their teenage daughter Kim ; additional roles were portrayed by Winona Ryder , Dianne Wiest , Anthony Michael Hall , Kathy Baker , Vincent Price and Alan Arkin . Burton conceived Edward Scissorhands from his childhood upbringing in suburban Burbank , California . During pre @-@ production of Beetlejuice , Caroline Thompson was hired to adapt Burton 's story into a screenplay , and the film began development at 20th Century Fox , after Warner Bros. denied . Edward Scissorhands was then fast tracked after Burton 's critical and financial success with Batman . The majority of filming took place in Lakeland , Florida between March 10 and June 10 , 1990 . The film also marks the fourth collaboration between Burton and film score composer Danny Elfman . The leading role of Edward had been connected to several actors prior to Depp 's casting : a meeting between Burton and the preferred choice of the studio , Tom Cruise , was not fruitful , and Gary Oldman and Tom Hanks turned down the part . The character of The Inventor was devised specifically for Vincent Price , and would be his last major role . Edward 's scissor hands were created and designed by Stan Winston . Edward Scissorhands was released to positive feedback from critics , and was a financial success . The film received numerous nominations at the Academy Awards , British Academy Film Awards , Saturn Awards , as well as winning the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Both Burton and Elfman consider Edward Scissorhands their most personal and favorite work . = = Plot = = An elderly woman tells her granddaughter a bedtime story of where snow comes from , by telling her the story of a young man named Edward who has scissors for hands . As the creation of an old Inventor , Edward was a human @-@ like boy who was in the penultimate stage of work . The Inventor homeschooled Edward , but suffered a fatal heart attack and died just as he was about to fasten hands on Edward . Local Avon saleswoman Peg Boggs visits the decrepit Gothic mansion on the hill where Edward lives . She finds Edward alone – at first startled , but , upon realizing he means well and is virtually harmless , takes him to her home . Edward becomes friends with Peg 's young son Kevin and her husband Bill . He later falls in love with the Boggs ' beautiful teenage daughter Kim , despite her initial fear of him . Peg 's neighbors are impressed by Edward 's adept hedge @-@ trimming and hair @-@ cutting skills , though an eccentric religious fanatic named Esmeralda and Kim 's overbearing boyfriend Jim are fearful and contemptuous of him . Joyce , an ageing , unfaithful housewife in the Boggs ' neighborhood , has become fascinated with Edward and suggests that Edward open a hair @-@ cutting salon with her . While examining a proposed site , she attempts to seduce him in the back room , causing Edward to leave in a panic , and Joyce rumoring of him trying to rape her . Wanting money for a van , Jim takes advantage of Edward 's ability to pick locks to break into his parents ' house to steal from his wealthy but bullying father . The burglar alarm sounds and everyone except Edward flees after he is trapped by the automatic locks triggered by the alarm , despite Kim 's insistence that they return for him , as the police have him arrested . He is released when a psychological examination reveals that his isolation allowed him to live without a sense of reality and common sense . Upon questioning by Peg , Edward takes full blame for the robbery , and is scrutinized for his behavior , believed to have committed the robbery as earlier he was denied a bank loan for his hair salon . During Christmas , Edward is cast out by almost everyone except the Boggs family . When Edward returns home , he reveals that he knew it was Jim 's house and that he did it because she asked him to , much to Kim 's shock , which causes her to break up with Jim . While the family is setting up Christmas decorations , Edward creates a large angel ice sculpture ( modelled on Kim ) . The shavings create an effect of falling snow , which Kim dances under . Jim arrives and calls out to Edward , startling him , resulting in Edward accidentally cutting Kim 's hand . Jim accuses Edward of intentionally harming her and attacks him . Edward runs away , wandering the neighborhood in a rage , ruining one of his earlier hedge works , pokes a hole in the tire on someone 's car , and trims a bush in Esmeralda 's front yard into the shape of the devil . However , when a shaggy puppy comes near , Edward calms down , smiles at the dog and give it a trim . While Peg and Bill search for Edward , he returns and finds Kim alone in the Boggs ' house . She asks Edward to hold her , but he is afraid that he will hurt her again – she pulls his arms around her and they embrace . Jim returns to the Boggs ' house in a drunken rage to confront Kim , forcing his friend to drive his van while inebriated . Kevin is almost run over , but Edward pushes him out of the way , cutting Kevin 's arms and face , causing witnesses to think he is attacking him . Jim then attacks him furiously and Edward cuts Jim 's right arm . When the police arrive , Edward flees to the mansion as the neighbors pursue . Kim runs to the mansion , reuniting with Edward . Jim follows her and attacks them with a handgun , beating Edward severely , who refuses to fight until Jim strikes Kim across the face when she intervenes . Edward stabs Jim in the stomach , causing him to fall out of a window to his death . Kim confesses her love for Edward and they share a kiss before saying goodbye . Kim tells the townspeople that Edward and Jim fought each other to death and tells them that the roof caved in on Edward , showing them a discarded scissor @-@ hand from the Inventor 's lab . The neighbors return home with Joyce feeling guilty for framing Edward and causing the neighbors to hate him . The elderly woman finishes telling her granddaughter the story , revealing that she is Kim and saying that she never saw Edward again . She chose not to visit him because decades have passed and she wanted him to remember her the way she was in her youth . She believes that Edward is still alive , immortal because he is artificial , and because of the winter " snow " that Edward creates by carving ice sculptures that scatter shavings over the neighborhood , and remind her of dancing in the snow long ago . = = Cast = = Johnny Depp – Edward Scissorhands Winona Ryder – Kim Boggs Dianne Wiest – Peg Boggs Anthony Michael Hall – Jim Kathy Baker – Joyce Robert Oliveri – Kevin Boggs Conchata Ferrell – Helen Caroline Aaron – Marge Dick Anthony Williams – Officer Allen O @-@ Lan Jones – Esmeralda Vincent Price – The Inventor Alan Arkin – Bill Boggs = = Production = = = = = Development = = = The genesis of Edward Scissorhands came from a drawing by then @-@ teenaged director Tim Burton , which reflected his feelings of isolation and being unable to communicate to people around him in suburban Burbank . Burton stated that he was often alone and had trouble retaining friendships . " I get the feeling people just got this urge to want to leave me alone for some reason , I don 't know exactly why . " During pre @-@ production of Beetlejuice , Burton hired Caroline Thompson , then a young novelist , to write the Edward Scissorhands screenplay as a spec script . Burton was impressed with her short novel , First Born , which was " about an abortion that came back to life " . Burton felt First Born had the same psychological elements he wanted to showcase in Edward Scissorhands . " Every detail was so important to Tim because it was so personal " , Thompson remarked . She wrote Scissorhands as a " love poem " to Burton , calling him " the most articulate person I know , but couldn 't put a single sentence together " . Shortly after Thompson 's hiring , Burton began to develop Edward Scissorhands at Warner Bros. , with whom he worked on Pee @-@ wee 's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice . However , within a couple of months , Warner sold the film rights to 20th Century Fox . Fox agreed to finance Thompson 's screenplay while giving Burton complete creative control . At the time , the budget was projected to be around $ 8 – 9 million . When writing the storyline , Burton and Thompson were influenced by Universal Horror films , such as The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) , The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) , Frankenstein ( 1931 ) , and Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) , as well as King Kong ( 1933 ) and various fairy tales . Burton originally wanted to make Scissorhands as a musical , feeling " it seemed big and operatic to me " , but later dropped the idea . Following the enormous success of Batman , Burton arrived to the status of being an A @-@ list director . He had the opportunity to do any film he wanted , but rather than fast track Warner Bros. ' choices for Batman Returns or Beetlejuice Goes Hawaiian , Burton opted to make Edward Scissorhands for Fox . = = = Casting = = = Although Winona Ryder was the first cast member attached to the script , Dianne Wiest was the first to sign on . " Dianne , in particular , was wonderful " , Burton said . " She was the first actress to read the script , supported it completely and , because she is so respected , once she had given it her stamp of approval , others soon got interested " . When it came to casting the lead role of Edward , several actors were considered ; Fox was insistent on having Burton meet with Tom Cruise . " He certainly wasn 't my ideal , but I talked to him " , Burton remembered . " He was interesting , but I think it worked out for the best . A lot of questions came up " . Cruise asked for a " happier " ending . Gary Oldman and Tom Hanks turned down the part , the latter in favor of critical and commercial flop The Bonfire of the Vanities . Oldman found the story absurd , and declined without meeting with Burton . He said of the finished film , however : " Literally two minutes in , I went , ' Yeah , I get it ' . I just got it too late . " Jim Carrey was also considered for the role , while Thompson favored John Cusack . Elsewhere , William Hurt , Robert Downey Jr. and musician Michael Jackson expressed interest , although Burton neglected to converse with Jackson . Though Burton was unfamiliar with Johnny Depp 's then @-@ popular performance in 21 Jump Street , he had always been Burton 's first choice . At the time of his casting , Depp was wanting to break out of the teen idol status which his performance in 21 Jump Street had afforded him . When he was sent the script , Depp " wept like a newborn " and immediately found personal and emotional connections with the story . In preparation for the role , Depp watched many Charlie Chaplin films to study the idea of creating sympathy without dialogue . Fox studio executives were so worried about Edward 's image , that they tried to keep pictures of Depp in full costume under wraps until release of the film . Burton approached Ryder for the role of Kim Boggs based on their positive working experience in Beetlejuice . Drew Barrymore previously auditioned for the role . Crispin Glover auditioned for the role of Jim before Anthony Michael Hall was cast . Kathy Baker saw her part of Joyce , the neighbor who tries to seduce Edward , as a perfect chance to break into comedy . Alan Arkin says when he first read the script , he was " a bit baffled . Nothing really made sense to me until I saw the sets . Burton 's visual imagination is extraordinary " . The role of The Inventor was written specifically for Vincent Price , and would ultimately be his final feature film role . Burton commonly watched Price 's films as a child , and , after completing Vincent , the two became good friends . Robert Oliveri was cast as Kevin , Kim 's younger brother . Nick Carter from The Backstreet Boys was an uncredited casting as the blond boy playing on the Slip ' n Slide when Edward was riding in Peg 's car through suburbia . = = = Filming = = = Burbank , California was considered as a possible location for the suburban neighborhoods , but Burton believed the city had become too altered since his childhood so the Tampa Bay Area of Florida , including the town of Lutz and the Southgate Shopping Center of Lakeland was chosen for a three @-@ month shooting schedule . The production crew found , in the words of the production designer Bo Welch , " a kind of generic , plain @-@ wrap suburb , which we made even more characterless by painting all the houses in faded pastels , and reducing the window sizes to make it look a little more paranoid . " The key element to unify the look of the neighborhood was Welch 's decision to repaint each of the houses in one of four colors , which he described as " sea @-@ foam green , dirty flesh , butter , and dirty blue " . The facade of the Gothic mansion was built just outside Dade City . Filming Edward Scissorhands created hundreds of ( temporary ) jobs and injected over $ 4 million into the Tampa Bay economy . Production then moved to a Fox Studios sound stage in Century City , California , where interiors of the mansion were filmed . To create Edward 's scissor hands , Burton employed Stan Winston , who would later design the Penguin 's prosthetic makeup in Batman Returns . Depp 's wardrobe and prosthetic makeup took one hour and 45 minutes to apply . The giant hedge sculptures that Edward creates in the film were made by wrapping metal skeletons in chicken wire , then weaving in thousands of small plastic plant sprigs . Rick Heinrichs worked as one of the art directors . = = = Music = = = Edward Scissorhands is the fourth feature film collaboration between director Tim Burton and composer Danny Elfman . The orchestra consisted of 79 musicians . Elfman cites Scissorhands as epitomizing his most personal and favorite work . In addition to Elfman 's music , three Tom Jones songs also appear : " It 's Not Unusual " , " Delilah " and " With These Hands " . " It 's Not Unusual " would later be used in Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) , another film of Burton 's with music composed by Elfman . = = Themes = = Burton acknowledged that the main themes of Edward Scissorhands deal with self @-@ discovery and isolation . Edward is found living alone in the attic of a Gothic castle , a setting that is also used for main characters in Burton 's Batman and The Nightmare Before Christmas . Edward Scissorhands climaxes much like James Whale 's Frankenstein and Burton 's own Frankenweenie . A mob confronts the " evil creature " , in this case , Edward , at his castle . With Edward unable to consummate his love for Kim because of his appearance , the film can also be seen as being influenced by Beauty and the Beast . Edward Scissorhands is a fairy tale book @-@ ended by a prologue and an epilogue featuring Kim Boggs as an old woman telling her granddaughter the story , augmenting the German Expressionism and Gothic fiction archetypes . Burton explained that his depiction of suburbia is " not a bad place . It 's a weird place . I tried to walk the fine line of making it funny and strange without it being judgmental . It 's a place where there 's a lot of integrity . " Kim leaves her jock boyfriend ( Jim ) to be with Edward , an event that many have postulated as Burton 's revenge against jocks he encountered as a teenager in suburban Burbank , CA . Jim is subsequently killed , a scene that shocked a number of observers who felt the whole tone of the film had been radically altered . Burton referred to this scene as a " high school fantasy " . = = Release = = = = = Box office = = = Test screenings for the film were encouraging for 20th Century Fox . Joe Roth , then president of the company , considered marketing Edward Scissorhands on the scale of " an E.T.-sized blockbuster , " but Roth decided not to aggressively promote the film in that direction . " We have to let it find its place . We want to be careful not to hype the movie out of the universe , " he reasoned . Edward Scissorhands had its limited release in the United States on December 7 , 1990 . The wide release came on December 14 , and the film earned $ 6 @,@ 325 @,@ 249 in its opening weekend in 1 @,@ 372 theaters . Edward Scissorhands eventually grossed $ 56 @,@ 362 @,@ 352 in North America , and a further $ 29 @,@ 661 @,@ 653 outside North America , coming to a worldwide total of $ 86 @.@ 02 million . With a budget of $ 20 million , the film was declared to be a box office success . The New York Times wrote " the chemistry between Johnny Depp and Winona Ryder , who were both together in real life at the time ( 1989 – 1993 ) , gave the film teen idol potential , drawing younger audiences . " = = = Critical response = = = Edward Scissorhands received acclaim from critics and audiences . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that the film holds an 89 % approval rating , based on 56 reviews , with an average score of 7 @.@ 7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : " The first collaboration between Johnny Depp and Tim Burton , Edward Scissorhands is a magical modern fairy tale with gothic overtones and a sweet center . " Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 77 ( out of 100 ) based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics , considered to be " generally favorable " . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a " A- " grade . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised the piece by stating , " Burton 's richly entertaining update of the Frankenstein story is the year 's most comic , romantic and haunting film fantasy . " He continued by praising Depp 's performance stating , " Depp artfully expresses the fierce longing in gentle Edward ; it 's a terrific performance " and the " engulfing score " from Danny Elfman . Staff of Variety spoke highly of the film , " Director [ Burton ] takes a character as wildly unlikely as a boy whose arms end in pruning shears , and makes him the center of a delightful and delicate comic fable . " Marc Lee of The Daily Telegraph scored the film five out of five stars , writing , " Burton 's modern fairytale has an almost palpably personal feel : it is told gently , subtly and with infinite sympathy for an outsider who charms the locals but then inadvertently arouses their baser instincts . " whilst additionally adding praise to Depp 's performance , " [ Depp ] is sensational in the lead role , summoning anxiety , melancholy and innocence with heartbreaking conviction . And it 's all in the eyes : his dialogue is cut @-@ to @-@ the @-@ bone minimal . " Desson Thomson of The Washington Post wrote , " Depp is perfectly cast , Burton builds a surrealistically funny cul @-@ de @-@ sac world , and there are some very funny performances from grownups Dianne Wiest , Kathy Baker and Alan Arkin . " Rita Kempley of The Washington Post granted the film praise , " Enchantment on the cutting edge , a dark yet heartfelt portrait of the artist as a young mannequin . " She too praised Depp 's performance in stating , " ... nicely cast , brings the eloquence of the silent era to this part of few words , saying it all through bright black eyes and the tremulous care with which he holds his horror @-@ movie hands . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an " A- " rating and praised it in " The romanticism has a personal dimension – for Edward is , of course , Burton 's surreal portrait of himself as an artist : a wounded child converting his private darkness into outlandish pop visions . Like Edward , he finds the light . " He also commented very positively on character of Edward , " ... who is Burton 's purest achievement as a director so far . " Of Depp he wrote , " Depp may not be doing that much acting beneath his neo @-@ Kabuki makeup , but what he does is tremulous and affecting . " As well as Eflman 's score of the piece by saying it to be , " [ A ] lovely , storybook score highlights the pop romanticism of Burton 's conception . The romanticism has a personal dimension . " Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote , " Mr. Burton invests awe @-@ inspiring ingenuity into the process of reinventing something very small . " = = = Accolades = = = Stan Winston and Ve Neill were nominated the Academy Award for Best Makeup , but lost to John Caglione , Jr. and Doug Drexler for his work on Dick Tracy . Production designer Bo Welch won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design , while costume designer Colleen Atwood , and Winston and Neil also received nominations at the British Academy Film Awards . In addition , Winston was nominated for his visual effects work . Depp was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost to Gérard Depardieu of Green Card . Edward Scissorhands was able to win the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . Danny Elfman , Ryder , Dianne Wiest , Alan Arkin , and Atwood received individual nominations . Elfman was also given a Grammy Award nomination . = = = Legacy = = = Burton cites Edward Scissorhands as epitomizing his most personal work . The film is also Burton 's first collaboration with actor Johnny Depp and cinematographer Stefan Czapsky . In October 2008 , the Hallmark Channel purchased the television rights . Metal band Motionless in White have a song entitled " Scissorhands ( The Last Snow ) " , with its lyrics written about the film in homage to its legacy and impact on the gothic subculture . Scottish indie rock band The Twilight Sad named a mini @-@ album Here , It Never Snowed . Afterwards It Did after a line spoken in the final scene of the film . An extinct lobster @-@ like sea creature called Kootenichela deppi is named after Depp because of its scissor @-@ like claws . = = Stage adaptations = = A theatrical ballet adaptation by the British choreographer Matthew Bourne premiered at Sadler 's Wells Theatre in London in November 2005 . After an 11 @-@ week season , the production toured the UK , Asia and the United States . The British director Richard Crawford directed a stage adaptation of the Tim Burton film , which had its world premiere on June 25 , 2010 , at The Brooklyn Studio Lab and ended July 3 .
= Time Capsule ( Parks and Recreation ) = " Time Capsule " is the third episode of the third season of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation , and the 33rd overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 3 , 2011 . In the episode , Leslie tries to encourage civic pride through a time capsule , but it descends into chaos as Pawnee citizens argue over what to include . Meanwhile , Chris tries to help Andy win back April . Written and directed by series co @-@ creator and executive producer Michael Schur , " Time Capsule " was one of six episodes filmed early after second season to accommodate Amy Poehler 's pregnancy . Although always meant as the third episode of the season , it was the last of the six filmed because it had the highest amount of props that could conceal Poehler 's belly . Saturday Night Live star Will Forte guest starred as Kelly Larson , a Pawnee citizen who passionately argues for including the Twilight books in the time capsule . " Time Capsule " also included appearances by recurring guest stars Jama Williamson , Alison Becker , Darlene Hunt and Natalie Morales , who made her last in a string of performances as Tom 's girlfriend Lucy . According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was seen by 4 @.@ 95 million household viewers , a 17 percent decline from the previous episode , " Flu Season " . It received generally positive reviews . = = Plot = = Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) is organizing the making of a time capsule , meant to be opened 50 years in the future and filled with items that encapsulate the spirit of Pawnee . A citizen named Kelly Larson ( Will Forte ) comes to Leslie 's office and makes a passionate plea for the Twilight books to be included . When Leslie refuses because the books have no connection to Pawnee , Kelly handcuffs himself to a pipe in her office until she reconsiders . He is able to stay several days because he brought food , water and a pillow . During his stay , Kelly notices Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) appears sad , and correctly deduces Tom is having romantic issues ; Tom 's girlfriend Lucy ( Natalie Morales ) has dumped him because Tom cannot get over the fact that his ex @-@ wife , Wendy ( Jama Williamson ) , is dating Ron ( Nick Offerman ) . Kelly encourages Tom to read Twilight , to which he initially scoffs , but after reading them finds he loves the books . Lucy later visits Tom and tells him she still likes him , and if he ever gets past his Ron & Wendy @-@ jealousy problems he should call her . After Leslie notices the name " Liz Waverly " in one of Kelly 's Twilight books , Kelly admits she is his 12 @-@ year @-@ old daughter . He is divorced from her mother , and wants to put Twilight into the time capsule to impress her . Leslie now wants to include it , but Ben ( Adam Scott ) says if she makes one exception , everyone will want their own item in the capsule . Leslie decides to hold a public meeting so all citizens can make suggestions for capsule items . The meeting descends into chaos when the participants argue over what to include and make absurd suggestions , like human ashes and dead cats . Conservative activist Marcia Langman ( Darlene Hunt ) argues Twilight should not be included because it is too anti @-@ Christian , while a civil liberties organization member says that the book isn 't suitable because it is pro @-@ Christian . Leslie tries to compromise by making multiple time capsules , but she ultimately decides to stick to one capsule and include nothing except a video recording of the meeting , which she said represents Pawnee because it shows " a lot of people with a lot of opinions arguing passionately for what they believed in " . Ben , a visiting state auditor , says he thinks the residents of Pawnee are strange , but he is impressed by their passion . In the B story , Andy ( Chris Pratt ) still pines for April ( Aubrey Plaza ) , who remains angry at Andy and is now dating the handsome Eduardo ( Carlo Mendez ) . Chris ( Rob Lowe ) suggests Andy tap into the aspects of his personality April was attracted to in the first place . However , the only things he can think of are that he is nice and he is in a band . Andy decides to be nice to Eduardo , and the two realize they have similar musical tastes ( they both like the Dave Matthews Band ) and end up bonding over a guitar session . April becomes frustrated because she only dated Eduardo to make Andy jealous . She dumps Eduardo , which Chris interprets as a sign that his efforts are succeeding . Ann ( Rashida Jones ) , who was nervous about Andy and Chris spending time together , is relieved when Chris tells her that Andy had nothing but positive things to say about her . The episode ends with the Pawnee residents — including Kelly and his daughter — watching an outdoor screening of the Twilight film . = = Production = = " Time Capsule " was written and directed by Parks and Recreation co @-@ creator and executive producer Michael Schur . Like all six of the first third season episodes , it was written and filmed almost immediately after the second season ended as part of an early shooting schedule due to Amy Poehler 's pregnancy . However , although finished early in anticipation of a September 2010 release date , Parks was ultimately placed on hiatus until early 2011 , many months after production on " Time Capsule " was completed . " Time Capsule " was the last of these six episodes to be filmed , but as planned was shown third in the season . It was filmed last because the story presented the highest amount of props to place Poehler in front of objects that strategically concealed her pregnancy , most notably the time capsule itself . The episode featured comedian Will Forte in a guest appearance as Kelly Larson , a Pawnee citizen obsessed with Twilight . Forte was a cast member of NBC 's sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live , where he previously worked with performer Poehler and writer Schur . " Time Capsule " featured the last in a string of guest performances by Natalie Morales as Lucy , a romantic interest for the Tom Haverford character . Darlene Hunt made a guest appearance as Marcia Langman , a member of the conservative group , the Society for Family Stability Foundation . Hunt previously portrayed Langman in the second season premiere , " Pawnee Zoo " , where she tried to have Leslie fired for holding a same @-@ sex wedding for two male penguins . The episode also featured appearances by Jama Williamson and Alison Becker in their recurring roles as Tom 's ex @-@ wife Wendy and reporter Shauna Malwae @-@ Tweep , respectively . " Time Capsule " continued what Michael Schur described as one of the primary story arcs of the third season : Ben Wyatt gradually falling in love not only with Leslie Knope , but with the town of Pawnee itself . This is particularly illustrated by how impressed Ben is with the Pawnee citizens who make impassioned cases for what they want inside the Pawnee time capsule : although he still considers them weirdos , he respectfully calls them " weirdos who care " . During the cold open , while discussing the time capsule , Leslie describes several former Pawnee town slogans . After each slogan , the camera switches to a different cut of Leslie reading another . This method of comedic narrative is frequently used in Parks and Recreation , in which Poehler and the other actors improvise several different jokes and the editors slice them all together into one scene . = = Cultural references = = A great deal of the plot in " Time Capsule " revolves around the Twilight series of novels and films . The popular book series was written by Stephenie Meyer . At one point , while trying to persuade Leslie to include Twilight in the capsule , Kelly Larson begins telling the entire story of the Twilight series , including Meyer 's birth and life story and shot @-@ for @-@ shot descriptions of the film adaptations . The stories are told from the perspective of high school student and outsider Bella Swan , who is pursued romantically by a vampire named Edward Cullen and a werewolf named Jacob Black . Elements of the story are raised in various scenes of " Time Capsule " , including when Tom tries to ask Lucy why she broke up with him : " Is it because I 'm not cool enough , like the normal kids compared to the vampires ? Is it an Edward @-@ Bella @-@ Jacob type situation , where you like me but there 's someone else you like more ? " Leslie claims to favor Harry Potter , the popular fantasy series by author J.K. Rowling , over Twilight . Parks department employee Donna professes an unhealthy infatuation with Robert Pattinson , the actor who played Edward Cullen in the Twilight films . Among the town slogans Leslie described was " Pawnee : The Birthplace of Julia Roberts " , a reference to the Academy Award @-@ winning actress . Leslie subsequently explains Roberts is not from Pawnee and that she sued over the slogan , leading to a new slogan : " Pawnee : Home of the World Famous Julia Roberts Lawsuit " . During the public meeting , one resident proposes putting Crazy from the Heat , the autobiography of Van Halen lead vocalist David Lee Roth , into the time capsule . When Andy and Eduardo bond , they find they are both fans of Dave Matthews Band , an American jam band . After Lucy breaks up with Tom , he dismissingly claims she is crazy , which he claims is what the characters on the HBO comedy @-@ drama series Entourage always say whenever they break up with a woman . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast , " Time Capsule " was seen by an estimated 4 @.@ 95 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , with an overall 2 @.@ 9 rating / 4 share , and 2 @.@ 4 rating / 6 share among viewers between ages 18 and 49 . It marked a more than 17 percent decline compared to the previous episode , " Flu Season " , and an even further drop compared to the season premiere " Go Big or Go Home " , which was seen by 6 @.@ 19 million households . The night " Time Capsule " was broadcast , almost all of the comedy shows in NBC 's Thursday lineup lost viewership compared to the prior week : while 30 Rock remained flat , Perfect Couples was down 18 percent , Community dropped 9 percent , The Office was down 7 percent and Outsourced dropped 5 percent . = = = Reviews = = = " Time Capsule " received generally positive reviews . Alex Strachan of the Montreal Gazette called it a " near @-@ perfect episode " featuring brisk timing , laugh @-@ out @-@ loud jokes and heartwarming moments of civic unity . Strachan praised Michael Schur 's script for being " funny without being hurtful or vicious , heartwarming without being mawkish or sentimental " . New York magazine writer Steve Kandell said the fact that Will Forte 's character segued believably from a loon to a believable and sympathetic father was a sign of the script 's strength . Kandell said , " Could the character have been more over @-@ the @-@ top ? Sure . But in the long run , it ’ s not just funnier , but more dramatic , that he ’ s not . " Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly praised " Time Capsule " , which she said highlighted how the quirky setting of Pawnee itself contributed a major part to the show 's success . Busis said the town 's eccentricities were on great display during the public scenes , but did not feel forced or over @-@ the @-@ top . Barry Hertz of the National Post praised both the episode and Forte , whose eccentric performance he said fit in well with the rest of the show . Hertz said , " Every single element on this show is on fire right now , from Andy ’ s naive stupidity and infatuation with April to Ben ’ s continued surprise at what Pawnee has to offer . " Matt Fowler of IGN said this episode highlighted how the show excelts as portraying small town life in a comedic way without ridiculing small towns . Fowler said the Twilight jokes felt a bit stale , but he praised Aziz Ansari 's performances and moments highlighting the supporting characters , like jokes at the expense of character Jerry Gergich and Ben 's developing respect for Pawnee . Zap2it writer Rick Porter said the series , and " Time Capsule " in particular , accurately captures the details and flavors of the local governments and the public in small towns , even if they exaggerate them . Porter praised the pairing of Chris and Andy and said the two conflicting character personalities worked well together . HitFix writer Alan Sepinwall said he did not feel Will Forte 's character was well integrated with the rest of the cast and that he dragged down the first episode of the series . However , Sepinwall said once Forte removed himself from Leslie 's office , the episode had a " terrific second half " , and that the public hearing in particular displayed the strengths of the show . Joel Keller of TV Squad had the opposite view of Alan Sepinwall and felt Forte 's character was the most interesting part of the episode , whereas the second half felt " dragged down " and less funny . Keller wrote , " It just lasted a scene too long ; we get it , the people in Pawnee are loopy . " Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com said Parks and Recreation is " at its best when its illustrating small @-@ town life in America " and that the public hearing meetings did so brilliantly . Sundermann praised Rob Lowe 's performance and said the new additions of the Chris and Ben characters was " exactly what the show needed to push itself to another level of silliness " . The Atlantic writer Scott Meslow said Will Forte 's obsession with Twilight led to funny scenes , particularly an impromptu book club meeting with Tom and Donna , but said the character 's efforts to impress his daughter didn 't make much sense : " Is there a preteen on the planet who would be anything but mortified to find her middle school buzzing with gossip about her father 's Twilight @-@ based sit @-@ in ? " Steve Hesiler of The A.V. Club said the episode demonstrated how far the show has come because " it was only mid @-@ season two when Parks & Rec started producing episodes where Pawnee residents showed up two , three , or more at a time — and contributed to the larger town mythology . " Heisler also praised how the show could pair two seemingly random characters like Andy and Chris and make them so funny . Time magazine writer James Poniewozik called " Time Capsule " the weakest of the first seven third season episodes , but he said " that speaks more to the high quality of the rest " . Poniewozik said the episode demonstrated that , despite how bizarre the complaints of Pawnee residents are , " those concerns and arguments are what makes Pawnee Pawnee " . Some reviews were more negative . Matt Richenthal called " Time Capsule " mediocre at best , especially compared to the previous episode , " Flu Season " . He said the episode was too centered on the " one @-@ note joke " of Will Forte 's character , and that the jokes about Twilight felt dated . Richenthal wrote , " Parks and Recreation features too many hilarious characters to include such a gimmick . "
= Van Morrison = Sir George Ivan " Van " Morrison , OBE ( born 31 August 1945 ) is a Northern Irish singer , songwriter and musician . He has received six Grammy Awards , the 1994 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music , and has been inducted into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Songwriters Hall of Fame . In 2016 he was knighted for his musical achievements and his services to tourism and charitable causes in Northern Ireland . Known as " Van the Man " to his fans , Morrison started his professional career when , as a teenager in the late 1950s , he played a variety of instruments including guitar , harmonica , keyboards and saxophone for various Irish showbands covering the popular hits of the day . He rose to prominence in the mid @-@ 1960s as the lead singer of the Northern Irish R & B band Them , with whom he recorded the garage band classic " Gloria " . His solo career began under the pop @-@ hit oriented guidance of Bert Berns with the release of the hit single " Brown Eyed Girl " in 1967 . After Berns ' death , Warner Bros. Records bought out his contract and allowed him three sessions to record Astral Weeks ( 1968 ) . Even though this album would gradually garner high praise , it was initially a poor seller ; Moondance ( 1970 ) , however , established Morrison as a major artist , and he built on his reputation throughout the 1970s with a series of acclaimed albums and live performances . Morrison continues to record and tour , producing albums and live performances that sell well and are generally warmly received , sometimes collaborating with other artists , such as Georgie Fame and the Chieftains . In 2008 he performed Astral Weeks live for the first time since 1968 . Much of Morrison 's music is structured around the conventions of soul music and R & B , such as the popular singles " Brown Eyed Girl " , " Jackie Wilson Said ( I 'm in Heaven When You Smile ) " , " Domino " and " Wild Night " . An equal part of his catalogue consists of lengthy , loosely connected , spiritually @-@ inspired musical journeys that show the influence of Celtic tradition , jazz and stream @-@ of @-@ consciousness narrative , such as the album Astral Weeks and lesser @-@ known ones such as Veedon Fleece and Common One . The two strains together are sometimes referred to as " Celtic soul " . = = Life and career = = = = = Early life and musical roots : 1945 – 64 = = = George Ivan " Van " Morrison was born on 31 August 1945 , at 125 Hyndford Street , Bloomfield , Belfast , Northern Ireland , as the only child of George Morrison , a shipyard electrician , and Violet Stitt Morrison , who had been a singer and tap dancer in her youth . Morrison 's family roots descend from the Ulster Scots population that settled in Belfast . From 1950 to 1956 , Morrison , who began to be known as " Van " during this time , attended Elmgrove Primary School . His father had what was at the time one of the largest record collections in Ulster ( acquired during his time in Detroit , Michigan , in the early 1950s ) and the young Morrison grew up listening to artists such as Jelly Roll Morton , Ray Charles , Lead Belly , Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee , and Solomon Burke ; of whom he later said , " If it weren 't for guys like Ray and Solomon , I wouldn 't be where I am today . Those guys were the inspiration that got me going . If it wasn 't for that kind of music , I couldn 't do what I 'm doing now . " His father 's record collection exposed him to various musical genres , such as the blues of Muddy Waters ; the gospel of Mahalia Jackson ; the jazz of Charlie Parker ; the folk music of Woody Guthrie ; and country music from Hank Williams and Jimmie Rodgers , while the first record he ever bought was by blues musician Sonny Terry . When Lonnie Donegan had a hit with " Rock Island Line " , written by Huddie Ledbetter ( Lead Belly ) , Morrison felt he was familiar with and able to connect with skiffle music as he had been hearing Lead Belly before that . Morrison 's father bought him his first acoustic guitar when he was eleven , and he learned to play rudimentary chords from the song book The Carter Family Style , edited by Alan Lomax . A year later , when he was twelve years old , Morrison formed his first band , a skiffle group , " The Sputniks " , named after the recently launched Soviet satellite , Sputnik 1 . In 1958 , the band played at some of the local cinemas , and Morrison took the lead , contributing most of the singing and arranging . Other short @-@ lived groups followed – at fourteen , he formed Midnight Special , another modified skiffle band and played at a school concert . Then , when he heard Jimmy Giuffre playing saxophone on " The Train and The River " , he talked his father into buying him a saxophone , and took lessons in tenor sax and music reading . Now playing the saxophone , Morrison joined with various local bands , including one called Deanie Sands and the Javelins , with whom he played guitar and shared singing . The line @-@ up of the band was lead vocalist Deanie Sands , guitarist George Jones and drummer , vocalist Roy Kane . Later the four main musicians of the Javelins , with the addition of Wesley Black as pianist , became known as the Monarchs . Morrison attended Orangefield Boys Secondary School , leaving in July 1960 with no qualifications . As a member of a working @-@ class community , it was expected that he would get a regular full @-@ time job , so after several short apprenticeship positions , he settled into a job as a window cleaner — later alluded to in his songs " Cleaning Windows " and " Saint Dominic 's Preview " . However , he had been developing his musical interests from an early age and continued playing with the Monarchs part @-@ time . Young Morrison also played with the Harry Mack Showband , the Great Eight , with his older workplace friend , Geordie ( G. D. ) Sproule , whom he later named as one of his biggest influences . At age 17 , Morrison toured Europe for the first time with the Monarchs , now calling themselves the International Monarchs . This Irish showband , with Morrison playing saxophone , guitar and harp , in addition to back @-@ up duty on bass and drums , toured steamy clubs and US Army bases in Scotland , England and Germany , often playing five sets a night . While in Germany , the band recorded a single , " Boozoo Hully Gully " / " Twingy Baby " , under the name Georgie and the Monarchs . This was Morrison 's first recording , taking place in November 1963 at Ariola Studios in Cologne with Morrison on saxophone ; it made the lower reaches of the German charts . Upon returning to Belfast in November 1963 , the group disbanded , so Morrison connected with Geordie Sproule again and played with him in the Manhattan Showband along with guitarist Herbie Armstrong . When Armstrong auditioned to play with Brian Rossi and the Golden Eagles , later known as the Wheels , Morrison went along and was hired as a blues singer . = = = Them : 1964 – 66 = = = The roots of Them , the band that first broke Morrison on the international scene , came in April 1964 when he responded to an advert for musicians to play at a new R & B club at the Maritime Hotel – an old dance hall frequented by sailors . The new R & B club needed a band for its opening night ; however , Morrison had left the Golden Eagles ( the group with which he had been performing at the time ) , so he created a new band out of the Gamblers , an East Belfast group formed by Ronnie Millings , Billy Harrison , and Alan Henderson in 1962 . Eric Wrixon , still a schoolboy , was the piano player and keyboardist . Morrison played saxophone and harmonica and shared vocals with Billy Harrison . They followed Eric Wrixon 's suggestion for a new name , and the Gamblers morphed into Them , their name taken from the Fifties horror movie Them ! The band 's strong R & B performances at the Maritime attracted attention . Them performed without a routine and Morrison ad libbed , creating his songs live as he performed . While the band did covers , they also played some of Morrison 's early songs , such as " Could You Would You " , which he had written in Camden Town while touring with the Manhattan Showband . The debut of Morrison 's " Gloria " took place on stage here . Sometimes , depending on his mood , the song could last up to twenty minutes . Morrison has stated that " Them lived and died on the stage at the Maritime Hotel , " believing that the band did not manage to capture the spontaneity and energy of their live performances on their records . The statement also reflected the instability of the Them line @-@ up , with numerous members passing through the ranks after the definitive Maritime period . Morrison and Henderson would remain the only constants , and a less successful version of Them even soldiered on after Morrison 's departure . Dick Rowe of Decca Records became aware of the band 's performances , and signed Them to a standard two @-@ year contract . In that period , they released two albums and ten singles , with two more singles released after Morrison departed the band . They had three chart hits , " Baby , Please Don 't Go " ( 1964 ) , " Here Comes the Night " ( 1965 ) , and " Mystic Eyes " ( 1965 ) , but it was the B @-@ side of " Baby , Please Don 't Go " , the garage band classic " Gloria " , that went on to become a rock standard covered by Patti Smith , the Doors , the Shadows of Knight , Jimi Hendrix and many others . Building on the success of their singles in the United States , and riding on the back of the British Invasion , Them undertook a two @-@ month tour of America in May and June 1966 that included a residency from 30 May to 18 June at the Whisky a Go Go in Los Angeles . The Doors were the supporting act on the last week , and Morrison 's influence on the Doors singer , Jim Morrison , was noted by John Densmore in his book Riders On The Storm . Brian Hinton relates how " Jim Morrison learned quickly from his near namesake 's stagecraft , his apparent recklessness , his air of subdued menace , the way he would improvise poetry to a rock beat , even his habit of crouching down by the bass drum during instrumental breaks . " On the final night , the two Morrisons and the two bands jammed together on " Gloria " . Toward the end of the tour the band members became involved in a dispute with their manager , Decca Records ' Phil Solomon , over the revenues paid to them ; that , coupled with the expiry of their work visas , meant the band returned from America dejected . After two more concerts in Ireland , Them split up . Morrison concentrated on writing some of the songs that would appear on Astral Weeks , while the remnants of the band reformed in 1967 and relocated in America . = = = Start of solo career with Bang Records and " Brown Eyed Girl " : 1967 = = = Bert Berns , Them ’ s producer and composer of their 1965 hit , " Here Comes the Night " , persuaded Morrison to return to New York to record solo for his new label , Bang Records . Morrison flew over and signed a contract he had not fully studied . Then , during a two @-@ day recording session at A & R Studios starting 28 March 1967 , eight songs were recorded , originally intended to be used as four singles . Instead , these songs were released as the album Blowin ' Your Mind ! without Morrison being consulted . He said he only became aware of the album 's release when a friend mentioned on a phone call that he had just bought a copy of it . He later commented to Donal Corvin in a 1973 interview : " I wasn 't really happy with it . He picked the bands and tunes . I had a different concept of it . " However , from these early sessions emerged " Brown Eyed Girl " . Captured on the 22nd take on the first day , this song was released as a single in mid @-@ June 1967 , reaching number ten in the US charts in 1967 . " Brown Eyed Girl " became Morrison 's most played song and over the years it has remained a classic ; forty years later in 2007 , it was the fourth most requested song of DJs in the US . Following the death of Berns in 1967 , Morrison became involved in a contract dispute with Berns ' widow , Ilene Berns , that prevented him from performing on stage or recording in the New York area . The song " Big Time Operators " , released in 1993 , is thought to allude to his dealings with the New York music business during this time period . He then moved to Boston , Massachusetts , and was soon confronted with personal and financial problems ; he had " slipped into a malaise " and had trouble finding concert bookings . However , through the few gigs he could find , he regained his professional footing and started recording with Warner Bros. Records . The record company managed to buy out his contract with Bang Records . Morrison fulfilled a clause that bound him to submit thirty @-@ six original songs within a year to Web IV Music , Berns ' music publishing company , by recording thirty @-@ one songs in one session ; however , Ilene Berns thought the songs " nonsense music … about ringworms " and did not use them . The throwaway compositions would come to be known as the " revenge " songs . = = = Astral Weeks : 1968 = = = His first album for Warner Bros Records was Astral Weeks ( which he had already performed in several clubs around Boston ) , a mystical song cycle , often considered to be his best work and one of the best albums of all time . Morrison has said , " When Astral Weeks came out , I was starving , literally . " Released in 1968 , the album eventually achieved critical acclaim , but it originally received an indifferent response from the public . It was described by AllMusic 's William Ruhlmann as hypnotic , meditative , and as possessing a unique musical power . It has been compared to French Impressionism and mystical Celtic poetry . A 2004 Rolling Stone magazine review begins with the words : " This is music of such enigmatic beauty that thirty @-@ five years after its release , Astral Weeks still defies easy , admiring description . " Alan Light would later describe Astral Weeks as " like nothing he had done previously — and really , nothing anyone had done previously . Morrison sings of lost love , death , and nostalgia for childhood in the Celtic soul that would become his signature . " It has been placed on many lists of best albums of all time . In the 1995 Mojo list of 100 Best Albums , it was listed as number two and was number nineteen on the Rolling Stone magazine 's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003 . In December 2009 , it was voted the top Irish album of all time by a poll of leading Irish musicians conducted by Hot Press magazine . = = = From Moondance to Into the Music : 1970 – 79 = = = Morrison 's third solo album , Moondance , which was released in 1970 , became his first million selling album and reached number twenty @-@ nine on the Billboard charts . The style of Moondance stood in contrast to that of Astral Weeks . Whereas Astral Weeks had a sorrowful and vulnerable tone , Moondance restored a more optimistic and cheerful message to his music , which abandoned the previous record 's abstract folk compositions in favor of more formally composed songs and a lively rhythm and blues style he would expand on throughout his career . The title track , although not released in the US as a single until 1977 , received heavy play in FM radio formats . " Into the Mystic " has also gained a wide following over the years . " Come Running " , which reached the American Top 40 , rescued Morrison from what seemed then as Hot 100 obscurity . Moondance was both well received and favourably reviewed . Lester Bangs and Greil Marcus had a combined full page review in Rolling Stone , stating that Morrison now had " the striking imagination of a consciousness that is visionary in the strongest sense of the word . " " That was the type of band I dig , " Morrison said of the Moondance sessions . " Two horns and a rhythm section – they 're the type of bands that I like best . " He produced the album himself as he felt like nobody else knew what he wanted . Moondance was listed at number sixty @-@ five on the Rolling Stone magazine 's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . In March 2007 , Moondance was listed as number seventy @-@ two on the NARM Rock and Roll Hall of Fame list of the " Definitive 200 " . Over the next few years , he released a succession of albums , starting with a second one in 1970 . His Band and the Street Choir had a freer , more relaxed sound than Moondance , but not the perfection , in the opinion of critic Jon Landau , who felt like " a few more numbers with a gravity of ' Street Choir ' would have made this album as perfect as anyone could have stood . " It contained the hit single " Domino " , which charted at number nine in the Billboard Hot 100 . In 1971 , he released another well @-@ received album , Tupelo Honey . This album produced the hit single " Wild Night " that was later covered by John Mellencamp . The title song has a notably country @-@ soul feel about it and the album ended with another country tune , " Moonshine Whiskey " . Morrison said he originally intended to make an all country album . The recordings were as live as possible – after rehearsing the songs the musicians would go into the studio and play a whole set in one take . His co @-@ producer , Ted Templeman , described this recording process as the " scariest thing I 've ever seen . When he 's got something together , he wants to put it down right away with no overdubbing . " Released in 1972 , Saint Dominic 's Preview revealed Morrison 's break from the more accessible style of his previous three albums and moving back towards the more daring , adventurous , and meditative aspects of Astral Weeks . The combination of two styles of music demonstrated a versatility not previously found in his earlier albums . Two songs , " Jackie Wilson Said ( I 'm in Heaven When You Smile ) " and " Redwood Tree " , reached the Hot 100 singles chart . The songs " Listen to the Lion " and " Almost Independence Day " are each over ten minutes long and employ the type of poetic imagery not heard since Astral Weeks . It was his highest charting album in the US until his Top Ten debut on Billboard 200 in 2008 . He released his next album Hard Nose the Highway in 1973 receiving mixed , but mostly negative , reviews . The album contained the popular song " Warm Love " but otherwise has been largely dismissed critically . In a 1973 Rolling Stone review , it was described as : " psychologically complex , musically somewhat uneven and lyrically excellent . " During a three @-@ week vacation visit to Ireland in October 1973 , Morrison wrote seven of the songs that would make up his next album , Veedon Fleece . Though it attracted scant initial attention , its critical stature grew markedly over the years — with Veedon Fleece now often considered to be one of Morrison 's most impressive and poetic works . In a 2008 Rolling Stone review , Andy Greene writes that when released in late 1974 : " it was greeted by a collective shrug by the rock critical establishment " and concludes : " He 's released many wonderful albums since , but he 's never again hit the majestic heights of this one . " " You Don 't Pull No Punches , but You Don 't Push the River " , one of the album 's side closers , exemplifies the long , hypnotic , cryptic Morrison with its references to visionary poet William Blake and to the seemingly Grail @-@ like Veedon Fleece object . Morrison would not release a follow @-@ up album for another three years . After a decade without taking time off , he said in an interview , he needed to get away from music completely and ceased listening to it for several months . Also suffering from writer 's block , he seriously considered leaving the music business for good . Speculation that an extended jam session would be released either under the title Mechanical Bliss , or Naked in the Jungle , or Stiff Upper Lip , came to nothing , and Morrison 's next album was A Period of Transition in 1977 , a collaboration with Dr. John , who had appeared at The Last Waltz concert with Morrison in 1976 . The album received a mild critical reception and marked the beginning of a very prolific period of song making . Into the Music : " The album 's last four songs , " Angelou " , " And the Healing Has Begun " , and " It 's All in the Game / You Know What They 're Writing About " are a veritable tour @-@ de @-@ force with Morrison summoning every vocal trick at his disposal from " Angelou 's climactic shouts to the sexually @-@ charged , half @-@ mumbled monologue in " And the Healing Has Begun " to the barely audible whisper that is the album 's final sound . " ( Scott Thomas Review ' ) The following year , Morrison released Wavelength ; it became at that time the fastest @-@ selling album of his career and soon went gold . The title track became a modest hit , peaking at number forty @-@ two . Making use of 1970s synthesisers , it mimics the sounds of the shortwave radio stations that he listened to in his youth . The opening track , " Kingdom Hall " – the name given by Jehovah 's Witnesses to their places of worship – evoked Morrison 's childhood experiences of religion with his mother , and foretold the religious themes that would be more evident on his next album , Into the Music . Considered by AllMusic as " the definitive post @-@ classic @-@ era Morrison " , Into the Music , was released in the last year of the 1970s . Songs on this album for the first time alluded to the healing power of music , which would become an abiding interest of Morrison 's . " Bright Side of the Road " was a joyful , uplifting song that would appear on the soundtrack of the movie , Michael . = = = Common One to Avalon Sunset : 1980 – 89 = = = With his next album , the new decade found Morrison following his muse into uncharted territory and sometimes merciless reviews . In February 1980 , Morrison and a group of musicians travelled to Super Bear , a studio in the French Alps , to record ( on the site of a former abbey ) what is considered to be the most controversial album in his discography ; later " Morrison admitted that his original concept was even more esoteric than the final product . " The album , Common One , consisted of six songs ; the longest , " Summertime in England " , lasted fifteen and one @-@ half minutes and ended with the words , " Can you feel the silence ? " . NME magazine 's Paul Du Noyer called the album " colossally smug and cosmically dull ; an interminable , vacuous and drearily egotistical stab at spirituality : Into the muzak . " Greil Marcus , whose previous writings had been favourably inclined towards Morrison , critically remarked : " It 's Van acting the part of the ' mystic poet ' he thinks he 's supposed to be . " Morrison insisted that the album was never " meant to be a commercial album . " Biographer Clinton Heylin concludes : " He would not attempt anything so ambitious again . Henceforth every radical idea would be tempered by some notion of commerciality . " Later the critics would reassess the album more favourably with the success of " Summertime in England " . Lester Bangs wrote in 1982 , " Van was making holy music even though he thought he was , and us rock critics had made our usual mistake of paying too much attention to the lyrics . " Morrison 's next album , Beautiful Vision , released in 1982 , had him returning once again to the music of his Northern Irish roots . Well received by the critics and public , it produced a minor UK hit single , " Cleaning Windows " , that referenced one of Morrison 's first jobs after leaving school . Several other songs on the album , " Vanlose Stairway " , " She Gives Me Religion " , and the instrumental , " Scandinavia " show the presence of a new personal muse in his life : a Danish public relations agent , who would share Morrison 's spiritual interests and serve as a steadying influence on him throughout most of the 1980s . " Scandinavia " , with Morrison on piano , was nominated in the Best Rock Instrumental Performance category for the 25th Annual Grammy Awards . Much of the music Morrison released throughout the 1980s continued to focus on the themes of spirituality and faith . His 1983 album , Inarticulate Speech of the Heart was " a move towards creating music for meditation " with synthesisers , uilleann pipes and flute sounds and four of the tracks were instrumentals . The titling of the album and the presence of the instrumentals were noted to be indicative of Morrison 's long @-@ held belief that " it 's not the words one uses but the force of conviction behind those words that matters . " During this period of time , Morrison had studied Scientology and gave " Special Thanks " to L. Ron Hubbard on the album 's credits . A Sense of Wonder , Morrison 's 1985 album , pulled together the spiritual themes contained in his last four albums , which were defined in a Rolling Stone review as : " rebirth ( Into the Music ) , deep contemplation and meditation ( Common One ) ; ecstasy and humility ( Beautiful Vision ) ; and blissful , mantra like languor ( Inarticulate Speech of the Heart ) . " The single , " Tore Down a la Rimbaud " was a reference to Rimbaud and an earlier bout of writer 's block that Morrison had encountered in 1974 . In 1985 , Morrison also wrote the musical score for the movie , Lamb starring Liam Neeson . Morrison 's 1986 release , No Guru , No Method , No Teacher , was said to contain a " genuine holiness ... and musical freshness that needs to be set in context to understand . " Critical response was favourable with a Sounds reviewer calling the album " his most intriguingly involved since Astral Weeks " and " Morrison at his most mystical , magical best . " It contains the song , " In the Garden " that , according to Morrison , had a " definite meditation process which is a ' form ' of transcendental meditation as its basis . It 's not TM " . He entitled the album as a rebuttal to media attempts to place him in various creeds . In an interview in the Observer he told Anthony Denselow : There have been many lies put out about me and this finally states my position . I have never joined any organisation , nor plan to . I am not affiliated to any guru , don 't subscribe to any method and for those people who don 't know what a guru is , I don 't have a teacher either . After releasing the " No Guru " album , Morrison 's music appeared less gritty and more adult contemporary with the well @-@ received 1987 album , Poetic Champions Compose , considered to be one of his recording highlights of the 1980s . The romantic ballad from this album , " Someone Like You " , has been featured subsequently in the soundtracks of several movies , including 1995 's French Kiss , and in 2001 , both Someone Like You and Bridget Jones 's Diary . In 1988 , he released Irish Heartbeat , a collection of traditional Irish folk songs recorded with the Irish group the Chieftains , which reached number 18 in the UK album charts . The title song , " Irish Heartbeat " , was originally recorded on his 1983 album Inarticulate Speech of the Heart . The 1989 album , Avalon Sunset , which featured the hit duet with Cliff Richard " Whenever God Shines His Light " and the ballad " Have I Told You Lately " ( on which " earthly love transmutes into that for God " ( Hinton ) ) , reached 13 on the UK album chart . Although considered to be a deeply spiritual album , it also contained " Daring Night " , which " deals with full , blazing sex , whatever its churchy organ and gentle lilt suggest " ( Hinton ) . Morrison 's familiar themes of " God , woman , his childhood in Belfast and those enchanted moments when time stands still " were prominent in the songs . He can be heard calling out the change of tempo at the end of this song , repeating the numbers " 1 – 4 " to cue the chord changes ( the first and fourth chord in the key of the music ) . He often completed albums in two days , frequently releasing first takes . = = = The Best of Van Morrison to Back on Top : 1990 – 99 = = = The early to middle 1990s were commercially successful for Morrison with three albums reaching the top five of the UK charts , sold @-@ out concerts , and a more visible public profile ; but this period also marked a decline in the critical reception to his work . The decade began with the release of The Best of Van Morrison ; compiled by Morrison himself , the album was focused on his hit singles , and became a multi @-@ platinum success remaining a year and a half on the UK charts . AllMusic determined it to be " far and away the best selling album of his career . " After Enlightenment which included the hit singles " Real Real Gone " and the title cut in 1990 , an ambitious double album " Hymns to the Silence " was released the following year , his only double studio album . Another compilation album , The Best of Van Morrison Volume Two was released in January 1993 , followed by Too Long in Exile in June , another top five chart success . The 1994 live double album A Night in San Francisco received favourable reviews as well as commercial success by reaching number eight on the UK charts . 1995 's Days Like This also had large sales – though the critical reviews were not always favourable . This period also saw a number of side projects , including the live jazz performances of 1996 's How Long Has This Been Going On , from the same year Tell Me Something : The Songs of Mose Allison , and 2000 's The Skiffle Sessions – Live in Belfast 1998 , all of which found Morrison paying tribute to his early musical influences . In 1997 , Morrison released The Healing Game . The album received mixed reviews , with the lyrics being described as " tired " and " dull " , though critic Greil Marcus praised the musical complexity of the album by saying : " It carries the listener into a musical home so perfect and complete he or she might have forgotten that music could call up such a place , and then populate it with people , acts , wishes , fears . " The following year , Morrison finally released some of his previously unissued studio recordings in a two @-@ disc set , The Philosopher 's Stone . His next release , 1999 's Back on Top , achieved a modest success , being his highest charting album in the US since 1978 's Wavelength . = = = Recent years : 2000 – present = = = Van Morrison continued to record and tour in the 2000s , often performing two or three times a week . He formed his own independent label , Exile Productions Ltd , which enables him to maintain full production control of each album he records , which he then delivers as a finished product to the recording label that he chooses , for marketing and distribution . The album , Down the Road released in May 2002 , received a good critical reception and proved to be his highest charting album in the US since 1972 's Saint Dominic 's Preview . It had a nostalgic tone , with its fifteen tracks representing the various musical genres that Morrison had previously covered — including R & B , blues , country and folk ; one of the tracks was written as a tribute to his late father George , who had played a pivotal role in nurturing his early musical tastes . Morrison 's 2005 album , Magic Time , debuted at number twenty @-@ five on the US Billboard 200 charts upon its May release , some forty years after Morrison first entered the public 's eye as the frontman of Them . Rolling Stone listed it as number seventeen on The Top 50 Records of 2005 . Also in July 2005 , Morrison was named by Amazon as one of their top twenty @-@ five all @-@ time best @-@ selling artists and inducted into the Amazon.com Hall of Fame . Later in the year , Morrison also donated a previously unreleased studio track to a charity album , Hurricane Relief : Come Together Now , which raised money for relief efforts intended for Gulf Coast victims devastated by hurricanes , Katrina and Rita . Morrison composed the song , " Blue and Green " , featuring Foggy Lyttle on guitar . This song was released in 2007 on the album , The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3 and also as a single in the UK . Van Morrison was a headline act at the international Celtic music festival , The Hebridean Celtic Festival in Stornoway Outer Hebrides in the summer of 2005 . He released an album with a country music theme , entitled Pay the Devil , on 7 March 2006 and appeared at the Ryman Auditorium where the tickets sold out immediately after they went on sale . Pay the Devil debuted at number twenty @-@ six on the Billboard 200 and peaked at number seven on Top Country Albums . Amazon Best of 2006 Editor 's Picks in Country listed the country album at number ten in December 2006 . Still promoting the country album , Morrison 's performance as the headline act on the first night of the Austin City Limits Music Festival on 15 September 2006 was reviewed by Rolling Stone magazine as one of the top ten shows of the 2006 festival . In November 2006 , a limited edition album , Live at Austin City Limits Festival was issued by Exile Productions , Ltd . A later deluxe CD / DVD release of Pay the Devil , in the summer of 2006 contained tracks from the Ryman performance . In October 2006 , Morrison had released his first commercial DVD , Live at Montreux 1980 / 1974 with concerts taken from two separate appearances at the Montreux Jazz Festival . A new double CD compilation album The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3 was released in June 2007 containing thirty @-@ one tracks , some of which were previously unreleased . Morrison selected the tracks , which ranged from the 1993 album Too Long in Exile to the song " Stranded " from the 2005 album Magic Time . On 3 September 2007 , Morrison 's complete catalogue of albums from 1971 through 2002 were made available exclusively at the iTunes Store in Europe and Australia and during the first week of October 2007 , the albums became available at the US iTunes Store . Still on Top – The Greatest Hits , a thirty @-@ seven track double CD compilation album was released on 22 October 2007 in the UK on the Polydor label . On 29 October 2007 , the album charted at number two on the Official UK Top 75 Albums — his highest UK charting . The November release in the US and Canada contains twenty @-@ one selected tracks . The hits that were released on albums with the copyrights owned by Morrison as Exile Productions Ltd . — 1971 and later — had been remastered in 2007 . Keep It Simple , Morrison 's 33rd studio album of completely new material was released by Exile / Polydor Records on 17 March 2008 in the UK and released by Exile / Lost Highway Records in the US and Canada on 1 April 2008 . It comprised eleven self @-@ penned tracks . Morrison promoted the album with a short US tour including an appearance at the SXSW music conference , and a UK concert broadcast on BBC Radio 2 . In the first week of release Keep It Simple debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number ten , Morrison 's first Top Ten charting in the US . Morrison released his 34th studio album , Born to Sing : No Plan B on 2 October 2012 on Blue Note Records . The album was recorded in Belfast , Morrison 's birthplace and hometown . The first single from this album , " Open the Door ( To Your Heart ) " , was released on 24 August 2012 . A selection of Morrison 's lyrics , Lit Up Inside , was published by City Lights Books in the US and Faber & Faber in the UK the book was released on 2 October 2014 and an evening of words and music commenced at the Lyric Theatre , London on 17 November 2014 to mark its launch . Morrison himself selected his best and most iconic lyrics from a catalog of 50 years of writing Morrison 's 35th studio album , Duets : Re @-@ working the Catalogue was released on 24 March 2015 on the RCA record label . Morrison 's 70th birthday in 2015 was marked by celebrations in his hometown of Belfast , commencing with BBC Radio Ulster presenting programs including " Top 70 Van Tracks " between 26 and 28 August . As the headline act ending the Eastside Arts Festival , Morrison performed two 70th @-@ birthday concerts on Cyprus Avenue on his birthday 31 August . The first of the concerts was broadcast live on BBC Radio Ulster and a 60 @-@ minute BBC film of highlights from the concerts , entitled Up On Cyprus Avenue , was first shown on 4 September . Morrison will release Keep Me Singing , his 36th studio album on 30 September 2016 . " Too Late " , the first single , will also be released on that date . The songs are twelve originals and one cover song . The album will be his first release of originals since Born to Sing : No Plan B in 2012 . A short tour of the U.S. will follow with six dates in October 2016 . = = Live performances = = By 1972 , after being a performer for nearly ten years , Morrison began experiencing stage fright when performing for audiences of thousands , as opposed to the hundreds as he had experienced in his early career . He became anxious on stage and would have difficulty establishing eye contact with the audience . He once said in an interview about performing on stage , " I dig singing the songs but there are times when it 's pretty agonising for me to be out there . " After a brief break from music , he started appearing in clubs , regaining his ability to perform live , albeit with smaller audiences . The 1974 live double album , It 's Too Late to Stop Now has been noted to be one of the greatest recordings of a live concert and has appeared on lists of greatest live albums of all time . Biographer Johnny Rogan states that " Morrison was in the midst of what was arguably his greatest phase as a performer . " Performances on the album were from tapes made during a three @-@ month tour of the US and Europe in 1973 with the backing group the Caledonia Soul Orchestra . Soon after recording the album , Morrison restructured the Caledonia Soul Orchestra into a smaller unit , the Caledonia Soul Express . On Thanksgiving Day 1976 , Morrison performed at the farewell concert for the Band . It was his first live performance in several years , and he considered skipping his appearance until the last minute , even refusing to go on stage when they announced his name . His manager , Harvey Goldsmith , said he " literally kicked him out there . " Morrison was on good terms with the members of the Band as near @-@ neighbours in Woodstock , and they had the shared experience of stage fright . At the concert , he performed two songs . His first was a rendition of the classic Irish song " Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral " . His second song was " Caravan " , from his 1970 album Moondance . Greil Marcus , in attendance at the concert , wrote : " Van Morrison turned the show around ... singing to the rafters and ... burning holes in the floor . It was a triumph , and as the song ended Van began to kick his leg into the air out of sheer exuberance and he kicked his way right offstage like a Rockette . The crowd had given him a fine welcome and they cheered wildly when he left . " The filmed concert served as the basis for Martin Scorsese 's 1978 film , The Last Waltz . During his association with the Band , Morrison acquired the nicknames " Belfast Cowboy " and " Van the Man " . On the Band 's album Cahoots , as part of the duet " 4 % Pantomime " that Morrison sings with Richard Manuel ( and that he co @-@ wrote with Robbie Robertson ) , Manuel addresses him , " Oh , Belfast Cowboy " . When he leaves the stage after performing " Caravan " on The Last Waltz , Robertson calls out " Van the Man ! " On 21 July 1990 , Morrison joined many other guests for Roger Waters ' massive performance of The Wall – Live in Berlin with an estimated crowd of between three hundred thousand and half a million people and broadcast live on television . He sang " Comfortably Numb " with Roger Waters , and several members from The Band : Levon Helm , Garth Hudson and Rick Danko . At concert 's end , he and the other performers sang " The Tide Is Turning " . Morrison performed before an estimated audience of sixty to eighty thousand people when US President Bill Clinton visited Belfast , Northern Ireland on 30 November 1995 . His song " Days Like This " had become the official anthem for the Northern Irish peace movement . Van Morrison continued performing concerts in the 2000s throughout the year rather than touring . Playing few of his best @-@ known songs in concert , he has firmly resisted relegation to a nostalgia act . During a 2006 interview , he told Paul Sexton : I don 't really tour . This is another misconception . I stopped touring in the true sense of the word in the late 1970s , early 1980s , possibly . I just do gigs now . I average two gigs a week . Only in America do I do more , because you can 't really do a couple of gigs there , so I do more , 10 gigs or something there . On 7 and 8 November 2008 , at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles , California , Morrison performed the entire Astral Weeks album live for the first time . The Astral Weeks band featured guitarist Jay Berliner , who had played on the album that was released forty years previously in November 1968 . Also featured on piano was Roger Kellaway . A live album entitled Astral Weeks Live at the Hollywood Bowl resulted from these two performances . The new live album on CD was released on 24 February 2009 , followed by a DVD from the performances . The DVD , Astral Weeks Live at the Hollywood Bowl : The Concert Film was released via Amazon Exclusive on 19 May 2009 . In February and March 2009 , Morrison returned to the US for Astral Weeks Live concerts , interviews and TV appearances with concerts at Madison Square Garden and at the Beacon Theatre in New York City . He was interviewed by Don Imus on his Imus in the Morning radio show and put in guest appearances on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and Live with Regis and Kelly . Morrison continued with the Astral Weeks performances with two concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London in April and then returned to California in May 2009 performing the Astral Weeks songs at the Hearst Greek Theatre in Berkeley , the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles , California and appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . Morrison filmed the concerts at the Orpheum Theatre so that they could be viewed by Farrah Fawcett , confined to bed with cancer and thus unable to attend the concerts . In addition to It 's Too Late to Stop Now and Astral Weeks Live at the Hollywood Bowl , Morrison has released three other live albums : Live at the Grand Opera House Belfast in 1984 ; A Night in San Francisco in 1994 that Rolling Stone magazine felt stood out as : " the culmination of a career 's worth of soul searching that finds Morrison 's eyes turned toward heaven and his feet planted firmly on the ground " ; and The Skiffle Sessions – Live in Belfast 1998 recorded with Lonnie Donegan and Chris Barber and released in 2000 . Morrison was scheduled to perform at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 25th anniversary concert on 30 October 2009 , but cancelled . In an interview on 26 October , Morrison told his host Don Imus that he had planned to play " a couple of songs " with Eric Clapton ( who had cancelled on 22 October due to gallstone surgery ) , but that they would do something else together at " some other stage of the game " . Morrison performed for the Edmonton Folk Music Festival in Edmonton , Alberta , Canada on 4 August 2010 as the headline act for the fundraiser and scheduled as second day headliner at the Feis 2011 Festival in London 's Finsbury Park on 19 June 2011 . Morrison appeared in concert at Odyssey Arena in Belfast on 3 February and at the O2 in Dublin on 4 February 2012 . He appeared at the 46th Montreux Jazz Festival as a headliner on 7 July 2012 . In 2014 Morrison 's former high school Orangefield High School , formerly known as Orangefield Boys ' Secondary School closed its doors permanently . To mark the school 's closure Morrison performed in the school assembly hall for three nights of concerts from 22 – 24 August . The performance on the 22 August was exclusively for former teachers and pupils and the two remaining concerts were for members of the public The first night of the Nocturne Live concerts at Blenheim Palace , Oxfordshire , UK on 25 June 2015 , featured Morrison and Grammy Award @-@ winning American Jazz vocalist and songwriter Gregory Porter . = = Collaborations = = During the 1990s , Morrison developed a close association with two vocal talents at opposite ends of their careers : Georgie Fame ( with whom Morrison had already worked occasionally ) lent his voice and Hammond organ skills to Morrison 's band ; and Brian Kennedy 's vocals complemented the grizzled voice of Morrison , both in studio and live performances . The 1990s also saw an upsurge in collaborations by Morrison with other artists , a trend continuing into the new millennium . He recorded with Irish folk band the Chieftains on their 1995 album , The Long Black Veil . Morrison 's song , " Have I Told You Lately " would win a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals in 1996 . He also produced and was featured on several tracks with blues legend John Lee Hooker on Hooker 's 1997 album , Don 't Look Back . This album would win a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album in 1998 and the title track " Don 't Look Back " , a duet featuring Morrison and Hooker , would also win a Grammy Award for " Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals " in 1998 . The project capped a series of Morrison and Hooker collaborations that began in 1971 when they performed a duet on the title track of Hooker 's 1972 album Never Get Out of These Blues Alive . On this album , Hooker also recorded a cover of Morrison 's " T.B. Sheets " . Morrison additionally collaborated with Tom Jones on his 1999 album Reload , performing a duet on " Sometimes We Cry " , and he also sang vocals on a track entitled " The Last Laugh " on Mark Knopfler 's 2000 album , Sailing to Philadelphia . In 2004 , Morrison was one of the guests on Ray Charles ' album , Genius Loves Company , featuring the two artists performing Morrison 's " Crazy Love " . In 2000 , Morrison recorded a classic country music duet album You Win Again with Linda Gail Lewis . The album received a three star review from AllMusic who called it " a roots effort that never sounds studied " . = = Music = = = = = Vocals = = = Featuring his characteristic growl — a mix of folk , blues , soul , jazz , gospel , and Ulster Scots Celtic influences — Morrison is widely considered by many rock historians to be one of the most unusual and influential vocalists in the history of rock and roll . Critic Greil Marcus has gone so far as to say that " no white man sings like Van Morrison . " In his 2010 book , Marcus wrote , " As a physical fact , Morrison may have the richest and most expressive voice pop music has produced since Elvis Presley , and with a sense of himself as an artist that Elvis was always denied . " As Morrison began live performances of the 40 @-@ year @-@ old album Astral Weeks in 2008 , there were comparisons to his youthful voice of 1968 . His early voice was described as " flinty and tender , beseeching and plaintive " . Forty years later , the difference in his vocal range and power were noticeable but reviewers and critic 's comments were favourable : " Morrison 's voice has expanded to fill his frame ; a deeper , louder roar than the blue @-@ eyed soul voice of his youth – softer on the diction – but none the less impressively powerful . " Morrison also commented on the changes in his approach to singing : " The approach now is to sing from lower down [ the diaphragm ] so I do not ruin my voice . Before , I sang in the upper area of my throat , which tends to wreck the vocal cords over time . Singing from lower in the belly allows my resonance to carry far . I can stand four feet from a mic and be heard quite resonantly . " = = = Songwriting and lyrics = = = Morrison has written hundreds of songs during his career with a recurring theme reflecting a nostalgic yearning for the carefree days of his childhood in Belfast . Some of his song titles derive from familiar locations in his childhood , such as " Cyprus Avenue " ( a nearby street ) , " Orangefield " ( the boys school he attended ) , and " On Hyndford Street " ( where he was born ) . Also frequently present in Morrison 's best love songs is a blending of the sacred @-@ profane as evidenced in " Into the Mystic " and " So Quiet in Here " . Beginning with his 1979 album , Into the Music and the song " And the Healing Has Begun " , a frequent theme of his music and lyrics has been based on his belief in the healing power of music combined with a form of mystic Christianity . This theme has become one of the predominant qualities of his work . His lyrics show an influence of the visionary poets William Blake and W. B. Yeats and others such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth . Biographer Brian Hinton believes " like any great poet from Blake to Seamus Heaney he takes words back to their origins in magic ... Indeed , Morrison is returning poetry to its earliest roots – as in Homer or Old English epics like Beowulf or the Psalms or folk song – in all of which words and music combine to form a new reality . " Another biographer John Collis believes that Morrison 's style of jazz singing and repeating phrases preclude his lyrics from being regarded as poetry or as Collis asserts : " he is more likely to repeat a phrase like a mantra , or burst into scat singing . The words may often be prosaic , and so can hardly be poetry . " Morrison has described his songwriting method by remarking that : " I write from a different place . I do not even know what it is called or if it has a name . It just comes and I sculpt it , but it is also a lot of hard work doing the sculpting . " = = = Performance style = = = Critic Greil Marcus argues that given the truly distinctive breadth and complexity of Morrison 's work , it is almost impossible to cast his work among that of others : " Morrison remains a singer who can be compared to no other in the history of rock & roll , a singer who cannot be pinned down , dismissed , or fitted into anyone 's expectations . " Or in the words of Jay Cocks : " He extends himself only to express himself . Alone among rock 's great figures — and even in that company he is one of the greatest — Morrison is adamantly inward . And unique . Although he freely crosses musical boundaries — R & B , Celtic melodies , jazz , rave @-@ up rock , hymns , down @-@ and @-@ dirty blues — he can unfailingly be found in the same strange place : on his own wavelength . " His transcendental signature style first came into full expression with his 1968 classic , Astral Weeks and he was noted to have remained a " master of his transcendental craft " in 2009 while performing the Astral Weeks songs live . This musical art form was based on stream of consciousness songwriting and emotional vocalising of lyrics that have no basis in normal structure or symmetry . His live performances are dependent on building dynamics with spontaneity between himself and his band , whom he controls with hand gestures throughout , sometimes signalling impromptu solos from a selected band member . The music and vocals build towards a hypnotic and trance @-@ like state that depends on in @-@ the @-@ moment creativity . Scott Foundas with LA Weekly wrote " he seeks to transcend the apparent boundaries of any given song ; to achieve a total freedom of form ; to take himself , his band and the audience on a journey whose destination is anything but known . " Greil Marcus wrote an entire book devoted to examining the moments in Morrison 's music where he reaches this state of transcendence and explains : " But in his music the same sense of escape from ordinary limits – a reach for , or the achievement of , a kind of violent transcendence – can come from hesitations , repetitions of words or phrases , pauses , the way a musical change by another musician is turned by Morrison as a bandleader or seized on by him as a singer and changed into a sound that becomes an event in and of itself . In these moments , the self is left behind , and the sound , that " yarragh , " becomes the active agent : a musical person , with its own mind , its own body . " A book reviewer further described it as " This transcendent moment of music when the song and the singer are one thing not two , neither dependent on the other or separate from the other but melded to the other like one , like breath and life ... " Morrison has said he believes in the jazz improvisational technique of never performing a song the same way twice and except for the unique rendition of the Astral Weeks songs live , doesn 't perform a concert from a preconceived set list . Morrison has said he prefers to perform at smaller venues or symphony halls noted for their good acoustics . His ban against alcoholic beverages , which made entertainment news during 2008 , was an attempt to prevent the disruptive and distracting movement of audience members leaving their seats during the performances . In a 2009 interview , Morrison stated : " I do not consciously aim to take the listener anywhere . If anything , I aim to take myself there in my music . If the listener catches the wavelength of what I am saying or singing , or gets whatever point whatever line means to them , then I guess as a writer I may have done a day 's work . " = = = Genre = = = The music of Van Morrison has encompassed many genres since his early days as a blues and R & B singer in Belfast . Over the years he has recorded songs from a varying list of genres drawn from many influences and interests . As well as blues and R & B , his compositions and covers have moved between pop music , jazz , rock , folk , country , gospel , Irish folk and traditional , big band , skiffle , rock and roll , new age , classical and sometimes spoken word ( " Coney Island " ) and instrumentals . Morrison defines himself as a soul singer . Morrison 's music has been described by music journalist Alan Light as " Celtic soul " , or what biographer Brian Hinton referred to as a new alchemy called " Caledonian soul . " Another biographer , Ritchie Yorke quoted Morrison as believing that he has " the spirit of Caledonia in his soul and his music reflects it . " According to Yorke , Morrison claimed to have discovered " a certain quality of soul " when he first visited Scotland ( his Belfast ancestors were of Ulster Scots descent ) and Morrison has said he believes there is some connection between soul music and Caledonia . Yorke relates that Morrison " discovered several years after he first began composing music that some of his songs lent themselves to a unique major modal scale ( without sevenths ) which of course is the same scale as that used by bagpipe players and old Irish and Scottish folk music . " = = Caledonia = = The name " Caledonia " has played a prominent role in Morrison 's life and career . Biographer Ritchie Yorke had pointed out already by 1975 that Morrison has referred to Caledonia so many times in his career that he " seems to be obsessed with the word " . In his 2009 biography , Erik Hage found that " Morrison seemed deeply interested in his paternal Scottish roots during his early career , and later in the ancient countryside of England , hence his repeated use of the term Caledonia ( an ancient Roman name for Scotland / northern Britain ) " . As well as being his daughter Shana 's middle name , it is the name of his first production company , his studio , his publishing company , two of his backing groups , his parents ' record store in Fairfax , California in the 1970s , and he also recorded a cover of the song " Caldonia " ( with the name spelled " Caledonia " ) in 1974 . Morrison used " Caledonia " in what has been called a quintessential Van Morrison moment in the song , " Listen to the Lion " with the lyrics , " And we sail , and we sail , way up to Caledonia " . As late as 2008 , Morrison used " Caledonia " as a mantra in the live performance of the song , " Astral Weeks " recorded at the two Hollywood Bowl concerts . = = Influence = = Morrison 's influence can readily be heard in the music of a diverse array of major artists and according to The Rolling Stone 's Encyclopedia of Rock and Roll ( Simon & Schuster , 2001 ) , " his influence among rock singers / song writers is unrivaled by any living artist outside of that other prickly legend , Bob Dylan . Echoes of Morrison 's rugged literateness and his gruff , feverish emotive vocals can be heard in latter day icons ranging from Bruce Springsteen to Elvis Costello " . His influence includes U2 ( Bono was quoted saying " I am in awe of a musician like Van Morrison . I had to stop listening to Van Morrison records about six months before we made The Unforgettable Fire because I didn 't want his very original soul voice to overpower my own . " ) ; John Mellencamp ( " Wild Night " ) ; Jim Morrison ; Joan Armatrading ( the only musical influence she will acknowledge ) ; Nick Cave ; Rod Stewart ; Tom Petty ; Rickie Lee Jones ( recognises both Laura Nyro and Van Morrison as the main influences on her career ) ; Elton John ; Graham Parker ; Sinéad O 'Connor ; Phil Lynott of Thin Lizzy ; Bob Seger ( " I know Bruce Springsteen was very much affected by Van Morrison , and so was I. " from Creem interview ) ( " I 've Been Working " ) ; Kevin Rowland of Dexys Midnight Runners ( " Jackie Wilson Said " ) ; Jimi Hendrix ( " Gloria " ) ; Jeff Buckley ( " The Way Young Lovers Do " , " Sweet Thing " ) ; Nick Drake ; and numerous others , including the Counting Crows ( their " sha @-@ la @-@ la " sequence in Mr Jones , is a tribute to Morrison ) . Morrison 's influence reaches into the country music genre , with Hal Ketchum acknowledging , " He ( Van Morrison ) was a major influence in my life . " Morrison 's influence on the younger generation of singer @-@ songwriters is pervasive : including Irish singer Damien Rice , who has been described as on his way to becoming the " natural heir to Van Morrison " ; Ray Lamontagne ; James Morrison ; Paolo Nutini ; Eric Lindell David Gray and Ed Sheeran are also several of the younger artists influenced by Morrison . Glen Hansard of the Irish rock band the Frames ( who lists Van Morrison as being part of his holy trinity with Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen ) commonly covers his songs in concert . American rock band the Wallflowers have covered " Into the Mystic " . Canadian blues @-@ rock singer Colin James also covers the song frequently at his concerts . Actor and musician Robert Pattinson has said that Van Morrison was his " influence for doing music in the first place " . Morrison has shared the stage with Northern Irish singer @-@ songwriter Duke Special , who admits Morrison has been a big influence . Overall , Morrison has typically been supportive of other artists , often willingly sharing the stage with them during his concerts . On the live album , A Night in San Francisco , he had as his special guests , among others , his childhood idols : Jimmy Witherspoon , John Lee Hooker and Junior Wells . Although he often expresses his displeasure ( in interviews and songs ) with the music industry and the media in general , he has been instrumental in promoting the careers of many other musicians and singers , such as James Hunter , and fellow Belfast @-@ born brothers , Brian and Bap Kennedy . Morrison has also influenced the other arts : the German painter Johannes Heisig created a series of lithographs illustrating the book In the Garden – for Van Morrison , published by Städtische Galerie Sonneberg , Germany , in 1997 . = = Personal life = = Morrison lived in Belfast from birth until 1967 , when he moved to New York after signing with Bang Records . Facing deportation due to visa problems , he managed to stay in the US when his American girlfriend Janet ( Planet ) Rigsbee agreed to marry him . Once married , Morrison and his wife moved to Cambridge , Massachusetts , where he found work performing in local clubs . The couple had one daughter in 1970 , Shana Morrison , who has become a singer @-@ songwriter . Morrison and his family moved around America , living in Boston ; Woodstock , New York ; and a hilltop home in Fairfax , California . His wife appeared on the cover of the album Tupelo Honey . They divorced in 1973 . Morrison moved back to Europe in the late 1970s , first settling in London 's Notting Hill Gate area . Later , he moved to Bath , where he purchased the Wool Hall studio in January 1994 . He also has a home in the Irish seaside village of Dalkey near Dublin , where legal actions against two different neighbours concerning safety and privacy issues have been taken to court in 2001 and in 2010 . In the former case , Morrison pursued his action all the way to the Irish Supreme Court . In 2001 , nine months into a tour with Linda Gail Lewis promoting their collaboration You Win Again , Lewis left , later filing claims against Morrison for unfair dismissal and sexual discrimination . Both claims were later withdrawn , and Morrison 's solicitor was quoted that " ( Mr. Morrison 's ) pleased that these claims have finally been withdrawn . He accepted a full apology and comprehensive retraction which represents a complete vindication of his stance from the outset . Miss Lewis has given a full and categorical apology and retraction to Mr. Morrison . " Lewis ' legal representative Christine Thompson said both parties had agreed to the terms of the settlement . Morrison met Irish socialite Michelle Rocca in the summer of 1992 , and they often featured in the Dublin gossip columns , an unusual event for the reclusive Morrison . Rocca also appeared on one of his album covers , Days Like This . The couple married and have two children ; a daughter was born in February 2006 and a son in August 2007 . In December 2009 , Texas native and Morrison employee Gigi Lee gave birth to a son who she asserted was Morrison 's and whom she named after him . Lee announced the birth of the child on Morrison 's official website although Morrison has subsequently denied paternity . It was revealed in December 2011 that both had died : Lee from throat cancer in October 2011 and her son in January 2011 from complications of diabetes . = = Discography = = = = Recognition and legacy = = Morrison has received several major music awards in his career , including six Grammy Awards ( 1996 – 2007 ) ; inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( January 1993 ) , the Songwriters Hall of Fame ( June 2003 ) , and the Irish Music Hall of Fame ( September 1999 ) ; and a Brit Award ( February 1994 ) . In addition he has received civil awards : an OBE ( June 1996 ) and an Officier de l ’ Ordre des Arts et des Lettres ( 1996 ) . He has honorary doctorates from the University of Ulster ( 1992 ) and from Queen 's University Belfast ( July 2001 ) . The Hall of Fame inductions began in 1993 with the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ; Morrison becoming notable as the first living inductee not to attend his own ceremony , – Robbie Robertson from the Band accepted the award on his behalf . When Morrison became the initial musician inducted into the Irish Music Hall of Fame , Bob Geldof presented Morrison with the award . Morrison 's third induction was into the Songwriters Hall of Fame for " recognition of his unique position as one of the most important songwriters of the past century " . Ray Charles presented the award , following a performance during which the pair performed Morrison 's " Crazy Love " from the album , Moondance . Morrison 's BRIT Award was for his Outstanding Contribution to British Music . Former Beirut hostage , John McCarthy presented the award ; while testifying to the importance of Morrison 's song " Wonderful Remark " McCarthy called it " a song … which was very important to us . " Morrison received two civil awards in 1996 , firstly the Order of the British Empire for his service to music , secondly an award from the French government which made him an Officier de l ’ Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . Along with these state awards he has two honorary degrees in music ; an honorary doctorate in literature from the University of Ulster , and an honorary doctorate in music from Queen 's University in his hometown of Belfast . Other awards include an Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1995 , the BMI ICON award in October 2004 for Morrison 's " enduring influence on generations of music makers " , and an Oscar Wilde : Honouring Irish Writing in Film award in 2007 for his contribution to over fifty films , presented by Al Pacino , who compared Morrison to Oscar Wilde – both " visionaries who push boundaries " . He was voted the Best International Male Singer of 2007 at the inaugural International Awards in Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club , London . Morrison has also appeared in a number of " Greatest " lists , including the TIME magazine list of The All @-@ Time 100 Albums , which contained Astral Weeks and Moondance , and he appeared at number thirteen on the list of WXPN 's 885 All Time Greatest Artists . In 2000 , Morrison ranked twenty @-@ fifth on American cable music channel VH1 's list of its " 100 Greatest Artists of Rock and Roll " . In 2004 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked Van Morrison forty @-@ second on their list of " Greatest Artists of All Time " . Paste ranked him twentieth in their list of " 100 Greatest Living Songwriters " in 2006 . Q ranked him twenty @-@ second on their list of " 100 Greatest Singers " in April 2007 and he was voted twenty @-@ fourth on the November 2008 list of Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time . Three of Morrison 's songs appear in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll : " Brown Eyed Girl " , " Madame George " and " Moondance " . Morrison has been announced as of the 2010 honorees listed in the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In August 2013 , it was announced that Morrison would receive the Freedom of Belfast , the highest honour the city can bestow . On 15 November 2013 , Morrison became the 79th recipient of the award , presented at the Waterfront Hall for his career achievements . After receiving the award , he performed a free concert for residents who won tickets from a lottery system . In August 2014 , a " Van Morrison Trail " was established in East Belfast by Morrison in partnership with the Connswater Community Greenway . It is a self @-@ guided trail , which over the course of 3 @.@ 5 kilometers leads to eight places that were important to Morrison and inspirational to his music . On 2 September 2014 , Morrison was presented with the Legend award at the GQ Men of the Year ceremony at Royal Opera House in London . On 13 October 2014 , Morrison received his fifth BMI Million @-@ Air Award for 11 million radio plays of the song Brown Eyed Girl making it one of the Top 10 Songs of all time on US radio and television . Morrison has also received Million @-@ Air awards for Have I Told You Lately The Songwriter 's Hall of Fame announced on 8 April 2015 that Morrison would be the 2015 recipient of the Johnny Mercer Award on 18 June 2015 at their 46th Annual Induction and Awards Dinner in New York City . On 4 February 2016 he was knighted , by Prince Charles , for his musical achievements and his services to tourism and charitable causes in Northern Ireland .
= The Convict = " The Convict " is the ninth episode of the third season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's 37th overall . It first aired on November 30 , 2006 in the United States on NBC . The episode was the series ' only original script written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , who are the creators of the original British comedy series of the same name . It was directed by Jeffrey Blitz , his first such credit of the series . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton and Stamford branches of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) discovers that an employee named Martin Nash ( Wayne Wilderson ) , who came with the branches ' recent merger , was previously in prison . Michael becomes frustrated when Martin 's stories of prison sound better than working in the office . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) plays a prank on Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) by giving incorrect information to Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) on how to impress her . According to Nielsen Media Research , an estimated 9 @.@ 07 million viewers watched " The Convict " on its first broadcast , making it up to that point the largest audience of the season . Among adults aged 18 to 49 , it earned a 4 @.@ 4 / 11 ratings share , finishing in eighteenth place for the week among all the major networks . Television critics were largely positive towards the episode , particularly Carell 's " Prison Mike " sequence as well as Helms ' performance as Andy Bernard . = = Synopsis = = Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) learns that black employee Martin Nash ( Wayne Wilderson ) is a former criminal , and tells the entire office . During this time , in a misguided effort to avoid issues of stereotyping and racism Michael asks the employees to name a white person that they trust and he will name a black person he trusts even more . The name Jesus pops up and Michael replies with Apollo Creed . Meanwhile , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) encourages Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) to pursue Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) , and intentionally gives him information about her strong dislikes . Later , Andy strums " The Rainbow Connection " on his banjo while singing falsetto . Pam smiles politely and silently shares the joke with Jim . Martin tells the others he was incarcerated for insider trading , and that he enjoyed certain perks of prison , including outside time and art classes . Pam comments that prison sounds better than their current work situation . Attempting to convince his employees that the office is better than prison , Michael sends everyone to " outside time " in the bitter cold . He then calls a meeting in which he adopts the persona of " Prison Mike . " Martin comments that Michael 's performance did not remind him of his time in prison . This further infuriates Michael , who then locks all of the staff inside the conference room . In order to have his co @-@ workers released , Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) tells Michael the staff is simply teasing him . After letting the workers go , a relieved Michael relents , but Martin chooses to quit . = = Production = = " The Convict " was written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , the co @-@ creators of the British comedy series of the same name . It was their first original script for the American series , after years of creator and executive producer Greg Daniels imploring them to participate . Gervais and Merchant had refused previously because they believed that the American show should be written by Americans , and only changed their minds after watching the second season . Gervais first worried that he was too unfamiliar with office protocol in the United States , noting that he " knew everything about this place ( in England ) , the pitfalls , the dos and don 'ts . Whereas in America , I don 't know if I 'm getting it right or not . " Despite this , his script writing went " remarkably fast . I suppose that 's because we 'd been away from those characters for two or three years . It 's one of our favorite shows , the American Office . " Gervais and Merchant spent several days debating phrasing and language , leading them to a point where they felt they had " translated it pretty well " for American viewers . " The Convict " was the first Office episode to be directed by Jeffrey Blitz , who later won an Emmy Award for the fifth season episode " Stress Relief " . In a departure from series routine , Gervais and Merchant were not present on set for much of filming , though episode writers had typically been available in the past . Actress Kate Flannery found the episode " a lot of fun to shoot , " and observed that on the occasions Gervais was present , " it seems to me like he is looking at all of us with a sense of , ' I can 't believe that this exists because of me . ' That is just my interpretation , but he seems so humble , and kind of reverent . " One scene was meant to take place outdoors under cold temperatures , so the parking lot set was laden with fake snow and slush . Also present on set were two sets of twin babies , as the character of Hannah Smotridge @-@ Barr brings her son to the office . The third season DVD contains several scenes that were deleted from the final cut of the episode . These include Dwight and Andy verbally sparring in the kitchen , Dwight informing Michael that he believes Martin has murdered Meredith , Michael explaining that he created " Prison Mike " in an improvisation class , and Pam giving Andy wildly incorrect tips for hanging out with Jim . = = Reception = = " The Convict " was first broadcast on NBC in the United States on November 30 , 2006 , near the end of the fall sweeps period . According to Nielsen Media Research , it was watched by an estimated 9 @.@ 07 million viewers , the highest number of the series ' season up to that point . The episode earned a 4 @.@ 4 / 11 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49 , meaning that it was seen by 4 @.@ 4 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 11 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of broadcast . Among that demographic , The Office finished in eighteenth place for the week among all of the major networks . Eric Goldman of IGN rated " The Convict " 9 out of 10 , an indication of an " amazing " episode . He wrote that " while this wouldn 't qualify as one of the very best episodes of the series , the great news is , Gervais and Merchant did an excellent job , working very well within the same @-@ but @-@ different world the US version of the show has created , and delivering some of the biggest and best laughs of the season . " Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald however was more critical of the episode , explaining that " Carell is a fearless actor , but he can 't stop a train wreck . The B @-@ story is better , as Jim decides to prank Pam by coaching Andy on just the wrong way to woo the receptionist . The Office has been erratic all season , but even at its worst , it 's still the best comedy on television . " Writing for AOL TV , Michael Sciannamea thought " The Convict " seemed different from previous episodes , citing as evidence the scene of Michael and Martin discussing trustworthy black men ; Sciannamea attributed this to its guest writers : " I don 't think Gervais and Merchant went over the top ... it just seemed a little different than the others . " Also in his review , Sciannamea expressed his gradual enjoyment of Andy , " When I first saw him up in Stamford , I thought he was just the Connecticut version of Dwight . But now I think he adds greatly to the mix and is definitely one who is going to stir things up in Scranton . " Give Me My Remote 's Kath Skerry believed " the uncomfortable , unbearably awkward moments that the UK version perfected are definitely present throughout the episode . " She also praised Helms for " prov [ ing ] once again how perfectly he fits in on this show as he is absolutely hysterical . " Entertainment Weekly columnist Abby West was pleased with the Jim @-@ Karen storyline and called it " a nice , normal progression for two single people who are into each other . " She also praised Jim 's prank on Pam , especially viewing Helms ' performance " amazingly funny as this oblivious blowhard . " Referring to " Michael 's earnest determination not to assume that Martin was the ex @-@ con whom the Stamford office had hired , " West found the episode to be a satire of " white liberal guilt " . Reviewers were also positive towards the " Prison Mike " sequence , with West calling it " a dead @-@ on impersonation of a badass convict . " Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A- " .
= Deinocheirus = Deinocheirus ( / ˌdaɪnoʊˈkaɪərəs / DY @-@ no @-@ KY @-@ rəs ) is a genus of large ornithomimosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago . In 1965 , a pair of large arms , shoulder girdles , and a few other bones of a new dinosaur were first discovered in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia . In 1970 , this specimen became the holotype of the only species within the genus , Deinocheirus mirificus ; the genus name is Greek for " horrible hand " . No further remains were discovered for almost fifty years , and its nature remained a mystery . Two more complete specimens were described in 2014 , which shed light on many aspects of the animal . Parts of these new specimens had been looted from Mongolia some years before , but were repatriated in 2014 . Deinocheirus was an unusual ornithomimosaur , the largest of the clade at 11 m ( 36 ft ) long , and weighing 6 @.@ 36 t ( 14 @,@ 000 lb ) . Though it was a bulky animal , it had many hollow bones which saved weight . The arms were among the largest of any bipedal dinosaur at 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) long , with large , blunt claws on its three @-@ fingered hands . The legs were relatively short , and bore blunt claws . Its vertebrae had tall neural spines that formed a " sail " along its back . The tail ended in pygostyle @-@ like vertebrae , which indicate the presence of a fan of feathers . The skull was 1 @.@ 024 m ( 3 @.@ 36 ft ) long , with a wide bill and a deep lower jaw , similar to those of hadrosaurs . The classification of Deinocheirus was long uncertain , and it was initially placed in the theropod group carnosauria , but similarities with ornithomimosaurians were soon noted . After more complete remains were found , Deinocheirus was shown to be a primitive ornithomimosaurian , most closely related to the smaller genera Garudimimus and Beishanlong , together forming the family Deinocheiridae . Members of this group were not adapted for speed , unlike other ornithomimosaurs . Deinocheirus is thought to have been omnivorous ; its skull shape indicates a diet of plants , fish scales were found in association with one specimen and gastroliths were also present in the stomach region of the specimen . The large claws may have been used for digging and gathering plants . Bite marks on Deinocheirus bones have been attributed to the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus . = = Description = = Deinocheirus is the largest ornithomimosaurian ( ostrich dinosaur ) discovered ; the largest known specimen measured up to 11 m ( 36 ft ) long , with an estimated weight of 6 @.@ 36 t ( 14 @,@ 000 lb ) . The two other known specimens are smaller , the holotype being 94 % as big while the smallest , a subadult , only 74 % as big . When only the incomplete holotype arms were known , various sizes were extrapolated from them by different methods . A 2010 study estimated the hip height of Deinocheirus to be 3 @.@ 3 – 3 @.@ 6 m ( 11 – 12 ft ) . The weight had previously been estimated between 2 tonnes ( 4 @,@ 400 lb ) to 12 tonnes ( 26 @,@ 000 lb ) . Enormous sizes were also suggested by comparing the arms with those of tyrannosaurs , even though members of that group have very small arms in proportion to their body size . Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus possessed the longest forelimbs known for any bipedal dinosaurs . The holotype forelimbs measure 2 @.@ 4 m ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) long — the humerus ( upper arm bone ) is 93 @.@ 8 cm ( 36 @.@ 9 in ) , the ulna 68 @.@ 8 cm ( 27 @.@ 1 in ) , and the hand is 77 cm ( 30 in ) — including the 19 @.@ 6 cm ( 7 @.@ 7 in ) long recurved claws . Each scapulocoracoid of the shoulder girdle has a length of 1 @.@ 53 m ( 5 @.@ 0 ft ) . Each half of the paired ceratobranchialia measure 42 cm ( 17 in ) . The shoulder @-@ blade was long and narrow , and the deltopectoralis crest was pronounced and triangular . The upper arm ( humerus ) was relatively slender , and only slightly longer than the hand . The ulna and radius ( lower arm bones ) were elongate and not firmly connected to each other in a syndesmosis . The metacarpus was long compared to the fingers . The three fingers were about equal in length , the first being the stoutest and the second the longest . Various rough areas and impressions on the forelimbs indicate the presence of powerful muscles . Most articular surfaces of the arm bones were deeply furrowed , indicating that the animal had thick pads of cartilage between the joints . Though the arms of Deinocheirus were large , the ratio between them and the shoulder girdle was less than that of the smaller ornithomimosaur Ornithomimus . The arm bones of Deinocheirus were similar in proportions to those of the small theropod Compsognathus . The wishbone ( furcula ) , an element not known from any other ornithomimosaurs , was U @-@ shaped . The hindlimbs were relatively short , and the thigh bone ( femur ) was longer than the shin bone ( tibia ) , as is common for large animals . The metatarsus was short and not arctometatarsalian , as in most other theropods . The claw bones of the feet were blunt and broad @-@ tipped instead of tapered , unlike other theropods , but resembled the unguals of large ornithischian dinosaurs . The proportions of the toe bones resembled those of tyrannosaurs , due to the large weight they had to bear . Though Deinocheirus was a bulky animal , its dorsal ribs were tall and relatively straight , indicating that the body was narrow . The ten neck vertebrae were low and long , and progressively shorter backwards from the skull . This resulted in a more S @-@ curved neck than seen in other ornithomimosaurs , due to the larger skull . The neural spines of the twelve back vertebrae became increasingly longer from front to back , the last one being 8 @.@ 5 times the height of the centrum part . This is almost the same as the highest ratio in the neural spines of the theropod Spinosaurus . The neural spines had a system of interconnecting ligaments , which stiffened the vertebral column allowing it to support the abdomen while transmitting the stress to the hips and hindlimbs . Together , the neural spines formed a tall " sail " along the lower back , hips , and base of the tail , somewhat similar to that of Spinosaurus . All the vertebrae were highly pneumatised by invading air sacs , except for the atlas bone and the hindmost tail vertebrae , and were thereby connected to the respiratory system . The back vertebrae were as pneumatised as those of sauropod dinosaurs , and had an extensive system of depressions . These adaptations may be correlated with gigantism , as they reduce weight . The six vertebrae of the sacrum were also tall and pneumatised , and all but the first one were fused together at the top , their neural spines forming a neural plate . The ilium , the top hip bone , was also partially pneumatised close to the sacral vertebrae . Part of the pelvis was hypertrophied ( enlarged ) compared to other ornithomimosaurs , to support the weight of the animal with strong muscle attachments . The front hip bones tilted upwards in life . The tail of Deinocheirus ended in at least two fused vertebrae , which were described as similar to the pygostyle of oviraptorosaurian and therizinosauroid theropods . Ornithomimosaurs are known to have had pennaceous feathers , so this feature suggests that they might have had a fan of feathers at the tail end . The only known skull , belonging to the largest specimen , measures 1 @.@ 024 m ( 3 @.@ 36 ft ) from the premaxilla at the front to the back of the occipital condyle . The widest part of the skull behind the eyes is only 23 cm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) wide in comparison . The skull was similar to those of other ornithomimosaurs in being low and narrow , but differed in that the snout was more elongated . The skull bone walls were rather thin , about 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 in ) . It had a rounded , flattened beak , which would have been covered by keratin in life . The nostrils were turned upwards , and the nasal bone was a narrow strap that extended up above the eye sockets . The outer diameter of the sclerotic rings in the eyes was small , 8 @.@ 4 cm ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) , compared to the size of the skull . The lower temporal fenestrae , openings behind the eyes , were partially closed off by the jugal bones , similar to Gallimimus . The jaws were toothless and down @-@ turned , and the lower jaw was very massive and deep compared to the slender and low upper jaw . The relative size of the lower jaw was closer to that of tyrannosaurids than to other ornithomimosaurs . The snout was spatulate ( flared outwards to the sides ) and 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) wide , which is wider than the skull roof . This shape is similar to the snout of duck @-@ billed hadrosaurids . = = History of discovery = = The first known fossil remains of Deinocheirus were discovered by Polish palaeontologist Zofia Kielan @-@ Jaworowska on July 9 , 1965 , at the Altan Ula III site ( coordinates : 43 ° 33 @.@ 987 ′ N 100 ° 28 @.@ 959 ′ E ) in the Nemegt Basin of the Gobi Desert . She was part of a Polish group accompanied by Mongolian palaeontologist Rinchen Barsbold during the 1963 – 1965 Polish @-@ Mongolian palaeontological expeditions , which were organised by the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Mongolian Academy of Sciences . The crew spent July 9 – 11 excavating the specimen and loading it onto a vehicle . A 1968 report by Kielan @-@ Jaworowska and Naydin Dovchin , which summarised the accomplishments of the expeditions , announced that the remains represented a new family of theropod dinosaur . The specimen was discovered on a small hill in sandstone , and consists of a partial , disarticulated skeleton , most parts of which had probably eroded away at the time of discovery . The specimen consisted of both forelimbs , excluding the claws of the right hand , the complete shoulder girdle , centra of three dorsal vertebrae , five ribs , gastralia ( belly ribs ) , and two ceratobranchialia . The specimen was made the holotype of Deinocheirus mirificus , named by Halszka Osmólska and Ewa Roniewicz in 1970 . The generic name is derived from Greek deinos ( δεινός ) , meaning " horrible " , and cheir ( χείρ ) , meaning " hand " , due to the size and strong claws of the forelimbs . The specific name comes from Latin and means " unusual " or " peculiar " , chosen for the unusual structure of the forelimbs . The Polish @-@ Mongolian expeditions were notable for being led by women , among the first to name new dinosaurs . The original specimen number of the holotype was ZPal MgD @-@ I / 6 , but it has since been re @-@ catalogued as MPC @-@ D 100 / 18 . The paucity of known Deinocheirus remains inhibited a thorough understanding of the animal for almost half a century onwards , and the scientific literature often described it as among the most " enigmatic " , " mysterious " , and " bizarre " of dinosaurs . The holotype arms went on to become part of a traveling exhibit of Mongolian dinosaur fossils , touring various countries . In 2012 , Phil R. Bell , Philip J. Currie , and Yuong @-@ Nam Lee announced the discovery of additional elements of the holotype specimen , including fragments of gastralia , found by a Korean @-@ Mongolian team which re @-@ located the original quarry in 2008 . Bite marks on two gastralia were identified as belonging to Tarbosaurus , and it was proposed that this accounted for the scattered , disassociated state of the holotype specimen . In 2013 , the discovery of two new Deinocheirus specimens was announced before the annual Society of Vertebrate Paleontology ( SVP ) conference by Lee , Barsbold , Currie , and colleagues . Housed at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences , these two headless individuals were given the specimen numbers MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 and MPC @-@ D 100 / 128 . MPC @-@ D 100 / 128 , a subadult specimen , was found by scientists in the Altan Ula IV locality ( coordinates : 43 ° 36 @.@ 091 ′ N 100 ° 27 @.@ 066 ′ E ) of the Nemegt Formation during the Korea @-@ Mongolia International Dinosaur Expedition in 2006 , but had already been damaged by fossil poachers . The second specimen , MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 , was found by scientists in the Bugiin Tsav locality ( coordinates : 43 ° 54 @.@ 025 ′ N 99 ° 58 @.@ 359 ′ E ) in 2009 . It is slightly larger than the holotype , and it could be clearly identified as Deinocheirus by its left forelimb , and therefore helped identify the earlier collected specimen as Deinocheirus . The specimen had also been excavated by poachers , who had removed the skull , hands and feet , but left behind a single toe bone . It had probably been looted after 2002 , based on money left in the quarry . Currie stated in an interview that it was a policy of their team to investigate quarries after they had been looted and recover anything of significance , and that finding any new Deinocheirus fossils was cause for celebration , even without the poached parts . A virtual model of Deinocheirus revealed at the SVP presentation brought applause from the crowd of attending palaeontologists , and Scottish palaeontologist Stephen L. Brusatte stated he had never been as surprised by a SVP talk , though new fossils are routinely presented at the conference . After the new specimens were announced , it was rumoured that a looted skull had found its way to a European museum through the black market . The poached elements were spotted in a private European collection by the French fossil trader François Escuillé , who notified Belgian palaeontologist Pascal Godefroit about them in 2011 . They suspected the remains belonged to Deinocheirus , and contacted the Korean @-@ Mongolian team . Escuillé subsequently acquired the fossils and donated them to the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences . The recovered material consisted of a skull , a left hand , and feet , which had been collected in Mongolia , sold to a Japanese buyer , and resold to a German party . The team concluded that these elements belonged to specimen MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 , as the single leftover toe bone fit perfectly into the unprepared matrix of a poached foot , the bone and matrix matched in colour , and because the elements belonged to an individual of the same size , with no overlap in skeletal elements . On May 1 , 2014 , the fossils were repatriated to Mongolia by a delegation from the Belgian Museum , during a ceremony held at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences . The reunited skeleton was deposited at the Central Museum of Mongolian Dinosaurs in Ulaanbaatar , along with a Tarbosaurus skeleton which had also been brought back after being stolen . American palaeontologist Thomas R. Holtz stated in an interview that the new Deinocheirus remains looked like the " product of a secret love affair between a hadrosaur and Gallimimus " . Combined with the poached elements , both new specimens represent almost the entire skeleton of Deinocheirus , as MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 includes all material apart from the middle dorsal vertebrae , most caudal vertebrae , and the right forelimb ; MPC @-@ D 100 / 128 fills in most gaps of the other skeleton , with nearly all dorsal and caudal vertebrae , the ilium , a partial ischium , and most of the left hindlimb . In 2014 , the specimens were described in the Nature journal by Lee , Barsbold , Currie , Yoshitsugu Kobayashi , Hang @-@ Jae Lee Lee , Godefroit , Escuillié , and Tsogtbaatar Chinzorig . A similar series of events was reported earlier in 2014 with Spinosaurus , another sail @-@ backed theropod which had only been known from few remains since 1912 . Poached remains were reunited with specimens obtained by scientists , and Spinosaurus was shown to have been quite different from other spinosaurids . The two cases showed that the lifestyle and appearance of incompletely known extinct animals cannot always be safely inferred from close relatives . = = Classification = = When Deinocheirus was only known from the original forelimbs , its taxonomic relationship was difficult to determine , and several hypotheses were proposed . Osmólska and Roniewicz initially concluded that Deinocheirus did not belong in any already named theropod family , so they created a new , monotypic family Deinocheiridae , placed in the infraorder Carnosauria . This was due to the large size and thick @-@ walled limb bones , but they also found some similarities with Ornithomimus , and , to a lesser extent , Allosaurus . In 1971 , John Ostrom first proposed that Deinocheirus belonged with the Ornithomimosauria , while noting that it contained both ornithomimosaurian and non @-@ ornithomimosaurian characters . In 1976 , Rhinchen Barsbold named the order Deinocheirosauria , which was to include the supposedly related genera Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus . A relationship between Deinocheirus and the long @-@ armed therizinosaurs was supported by some later writers , but they are not considered to be closely related today . In 2004 , Peter Makovicky , Kobayashi and Currie pointed out that Deinocheirus was likely a primitive ornithomimosaurian , since it lacked some of the features typical of the Ornithomimidae family . Primitive traits include its recurved claws , the low humerus @-@ to @-@ scapula ratio , and the lack of a syndesmosis . A 2006 study by Kobayashi and Barsbold found Deinocheirus to be possibly the most primitive ornithomimosaur , but was unable to further resolve its affinities , due to the lack of skull and hindlimb elements . A cladistic analysis accompanying the 2014 description of the two much more complete specimens found that Deinocheirus formed a clade with Garudimimus and Beishanlong , which were therefore included in the Deinocheiridae . The resulting cladogram follows below : The 2014 study defined Deinocheiridae as a clade including all taxa with a more recent common ancestor with Deinocheirus mirificus than with Ornithomimus velox . The three members share various anatomical features in the limbs . The 2014 cladogram suggested that ornithomimosaurians diverged into two major lineages in the Early Cretaceous ; Deinocheiridae and Ornithomimidae . Unlike other ornithomimosaurians , deinocheirids were not built for running . The anatomical peculiarities of Deinocheirus when compared to other , much smaller ornithomimosaurs , can largely be explained by its much larger size and weight . Deinocheirids and the smaller ornithomimids did not have teeth , unlike more primitive ornithomimosaurs . = = Paleobiology = = The blunt and short claws of Deinocheirus are similar to those of the therizinosaur Alxasaurus , which indicates the long arms and claws were used for digging and gathering plants . The blunt claws of the feet could have helped the animal from sinking into substrate when wading . The robust hind limbs and hip region indicates the animal moved slowly . The large size of the animal may have helped it against predators such as Tarbosaurus , but in turn it lost the running ability of other ornithomimosaurs . The long neural spines and possible tail fan may have been used for display behaviour . Deinocheirus was likely diurnal ( active during the day ) , since the sclerotic rings of the eyes were relatively small in comparison with its skull length . The hand had good mobility relative to the lower arm , but was capable of only a limited flexing motion , unable to close in grasping . The brain of Deinocheirus was reconstructed through CT scans and presented at the 2014 Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology conference . The brain was globular and similar in shape to that of birds and troodontid theropods , the cerebrum was expanded in a way similar to most theropods , and the olfactory tracts were relatively large . The brain was proportionally small and compact , and its Reptile Encephalisation Quotient ( brain @-@ body ratio ) was estimated at 0 @.@ 69 , which is low for theropods , and similar to sauropods . Other ornithomimosaurs have proportionally large brains , and the small brain of Deinocheirus may reflect its social behaviour or diet . Its coordination and balance would not have been as important as for carnivorous theropods . A bone microstructure study presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists in 2015 showed that Deinocheirus probably had a high metabolic rate , and grew rapidly before reaching sexual maturity . = = = Diet = = = The distinct shape of the skull shows that Deinocheirus had a more specialised diet than other ornithomimosaurs . The beak was similar to that of ducks , which indicates it may have likewise foraged in water , or browsed near the ground like some sauropods and hadrosaurs . The attachment sites for the muscles that open and close the jaws were very small in comparison to the size of the skull , which indicates Deinocheirus had a weak bite force . The skull was likely adapted for cropping soft understorey or water vegetation . The depth of the lower jaw indicates the presence of a large tongue , which could have assisted the animal in sucking in food material obtained with the broad beak when foraging on the bottom of freshwater bodies . More than 1 @,@ 400 gastroliths ( stomach stones , 8 to 87mm in size ) were found among the ribs and gastralia of specimen MPC @-@ D100 / 127 . The ratio of gastrolith mass to total weight , 0 @.@ 0022 , supports the theory that these gastroliths helped the toothless animals in grinding their food . Features such as the presence of a beak and a U @-@ shaped , downturned jaw , are indicators of facultative ( optional ) herbivory among coelurosaurian theropods . In spite of these features , fish vertebrae and scales were also found among the gastroliths , which suggests that it was an omnivore . Ornithomimosaurs in general are thought to have fed on both plants and small animals . Various feeding behaviours were proposed before more complete remains of Deinocheirus were known , and it was early on envisioned as a predatory , allosaur @-@ like animal with giant arms . In their original description , Osmólska and Roniewicz found that the hands of Deinocheirus were unsuited for grasping , but could instead have been used to tear prey apart . In 1970 , the Russian paleontologist Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky compared the forelimbs of Deinocheirus to sloths , leading him to hypothesise that Deinocheirus was a specialised climbing dinosaur , that fed on plants and animals found in trees . In 1988 , Gregory S. Paul instead suggested that the claws were too blunt for predatory purposes , but would have been good defensive weapons . While attempting to determine the ecological niches for Deinocheirus and Therizinosaurus in 2010 , Phil Senter and James H. Robins suggested that Deinocheirus had the largest vertical feeding range due to its hip height , and specialised in eating high foliage . = = = Palaeopathology = = = Osmólska and Roniewicz reported that the holotype specimen has abnormal pits , grooves and tubercles on the first and second phalanx of the left second finger that may be the result of injuries to the joint between the two bones . The damage may have caused changes to the arrangement of ligaments of muscles . The two coracoids are also differently developed . A rib of specimen MPC @-@ D 100 / 127 shows a healed trauma which has remodelled the bone . In 2012 , bite marks on two gastralia of the holotype specimen were reported . The size and shape of the bite marks match the teeth of Tarbosaurus , the largest known predator from the Nemegt Formation . Various types of feeding traces were identified ; punctures , gouges , striae , fragmentary teeth , and combinations of the above marks . The bite marks probably represent feeding behaviour instead of aggression between the species , and the fact that bite marks were not found elsewhere on the body indicates the predator focused on internal organs . Tarbosaurus bite marks have also been identified on hadrosaur and sauropod fossils , but theropod bite marks on bones of other theropods are very rare in the fossil record . = = Palaeocology = = The three known Deinocheirus specimens were recovered from the Nemegt Formation in the Gobi Desert of southern Mongolia . This geologic formation has never been dated radiometrically , but the fauna present in the fossil record indicate it was probably deposited during the early Maastrichtian stage , at the end of the Late Cretaceous about 70 million years ago . The rock facies of the Nemegt Formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels , mudflats , and shallow lakes . Such large river channels and soil deposits are evidence of a far more humid climate than those found in the older Barun Goyot and Djadochta formations . However , caliche deposits indicate at least periodic droughts occurred . Sediment was deposited in the channels and floodplains of large rivers . Deinocheirus is thought to have been widely distributed within the Nemegt Formation , as the only three specimens found have been 50 km ( 31 mi ) apart . The river systems of the Nemegt Formation provided a suitable niche for Deinocheirus with its omnivorous habits . The environment was similar to the Okavango Delta of present @-@ day Botswana . Within this ecosystem , Deinocheirus would have eaten plants and small animals , including fish . It may have competed for trees with other large herbivorous dinosaurs such as the long @-@ necked theropod Therizinosaurus , various titanosaurian sauropods , and the smaller hadrosaurid Saurolophus . Deinocheirus may have competed with those herbivores for higher foliage such as trees , but was also able to feed on material that they could not . Along with Deinocheirus , the discoveries of Therizinosaurus and Gigantoraptor show that three groups of herbivorous theropods ( ornithomimosaurs , therizinosaurs and oviraptorosaurs ) , independently reached their maximum sizes in the late Cretaceous of Asia . The habitats in and around the Nemegt rivers where Deinocheirus lived provided a home for a wide array of organisms . Occasional mollusc fossils are found , as well as a variety of other aquatic animals like fish and turtles . Nemegt crocodylomorphs included several species of Shamosuchus . Mammal fossils are rare in the Nemegt Formation , but many birds have been found , including the enantiornithine Gurilynia , the hesperornithiform Judinornis , as well as Teviornis , a possible Anseriform . Herbivorous dinosaurs of the Nemegt Formation include ankylosaurids such as Tarchia , the pachycephalosaurian Prenocephale , large hadrosaurids such as Saurolophus and Barsboldia , and sauropods such as Nemegtosaurus , and Opisthocoelicaudia . Predatory theropods that may have lived alongside Deinocheirus include tyrannosauroids such as Tarbosaurus , Alioramus , and Bagaraatan , and troodontids such as Borogovia , Tochisaurus , and Saurornithoides . Theropod groups with both omnivorous and herbivorous members include therizinosaurs , such as Therizinosaurus , oviraptorosaurians , such as Elmisaurus , Nemegtomaia , and Rinchenia , and other ornithomimosaurians , such as Anserimimus and Gallimimus .
= Cow Clicker = Cow Clicker is an incremental social network game on Facebook developed by video game researcher Ian Bogost . The game serves as a deconstructive satire of social games . The goal of the game is to earn " clicks " by clicking on a sprite of a cow every six hours . The addition of friends ' cows to the player 's pasture allows the user to also receive " clicks " whenever the player 's cow is clicked . A premium currency known as " Mooney " allows the user to purchase different cow designs and skip the six @-@ hour interval between clicks . In the wake of a controversial speech by Zynga 's president at the Game Developers Choice Awards in 2010 , Bogost developed Cow Clicker for a presentation at a New York University seminar on social gaming in July 2010 . The game was created to demonstrate what Bogost felt were the most commonly abused mechanics of social games , such as the promotion of social interaction and monetization rather than the artistic aspects of the medium . As the game unexpectedly began to grow in popularity , Bogost also used Cow Clicker to parody other recent gaming trends , such as gamification , educational apps , and alternate reality games . Some critics praised Cow Clicker for its dissection of the common mechanics of social network games and viewed it as a commentary on how social games affect people . = = Gameplay = = The player is initially given a pasture with nine slots and a single plain cow , which the player may click once every six hours . Each time the cow is clicked , a point also known as a " click " is awarded ; if the player adds friends ' cows to their pasture , they also receive clicks added to their scores when the player clicks their own cow . As in other Facebook games , players are encouraged to post announcements to their news feed whenever they click their cow . A virtual currency known as " Mooney " can be bought with Facebook Credits ; it can be used to purchase special " premium " cow designs , and the ability to skip the six @-@ hour time limit that must be waited before the cow can be clicked again . = = History = = = = = Creation and development = = = At the 2010 Game Developers Conference , Zynga 's game FarmVille was awarded the " Best New Social / Online Game " at its Game Developers Choice Awards . Ian Bogost ( who was also in attendance ) was critical of Zynga 's success , as he felt that its business model was focused on convincing users to pay money to progress further in their " freemium " games rather than treating gaming as an artistic experience . He also believed Zynga 's vice president Bill Mooney was trying to attack " artistic " gaming during his acceptance speech for the award when he personally invited independent game developers to join his company . After the conference , Bogost coined the term " cow clickers " to describe games such as FarmVille which only involve performing tasks at certain intervals , since in these games , " you click on a cow , and that ’ s all you do . " Bogost compared the players of Zynga 's games to the rats in B. F. Skinner 's operant conditioning experiment , often receiving variable reinforcement rather than regular rewards . As one of the most vocal critics of Zynga 's practices and business model , Bogost made further appearances at various events and panels to discuss his views on social gaming . In July 2010 , Bogost was scheduled to make an appearance at a New York University seminar , " Social Games On Trial " , to discuss the controversial aspects of social network gaming . To clearly demonstrate what he felt were the most commonly abused mechanics of these games , Bogost quickly developed a Facebook game entitled Cow Clicker . The game was designed to be a satire of what Bogost personally believed were the only points of FarmVille : to encourage users to continue playing by inviting other users into the game , and to provide incentives for those who purchase virtual goods . = = = Updates = = = Unexpectedly to Bogost , Cow Clicker became a viral phenomenon , amassing over 50 @,@ 000 players by September 2010 . In response to its sudden popularity , he committed to improving the game with new features . Updates to the game added awards for reaching certain milestones ( such as the Golden Cowbell for 100 @,@ 000 clicks ) , the ability to earn Mooney by clicking on other users ' Cow Clicker news feed posts , and the chance to randomly gain or lose Mooney on every click . New cow designs were also introduced , such as an oil @-@ coated cow to commemorate the BP oil spill , and the " Stargrazer Cow " , which was only a mirror image of the original cow that cost around $ 20 's worth of Mooney . Although continually disturbed by its popularity , Bogost also used Cow Clicker to parody other recent gaming and social networking trends ; such as the addition of an API to allow websites to have their own clickable cows ( in a process he dubbed " Cowclickification " ) , the spin @-@ off game Cow Clicker Blitz ( co @-@ developed with PopCap Games co @-@ founder Jason Kapalka ) , " My First Cow Clicker " for iOS ( a parody of simplistic education apps ; designed to " train " children on cow clicking and add the resulting clicks to their parent 's total ) , and a " Cow Clicktivism " campaign where users could click on an emaciated cow to donate to Oxfam America — with a goal of donating an actual cow to a third world country . The cow , known as the " Cowclicktivist Cow " , could also be unlocked for the player 's pasture with a $ 110 donation . = = = " Cowpocalypse " event and conclusion = = = In 2011 , an alternate reality game known as the " Cow ClickARG " was held , where a series of clues from the " bovine gods " eventually revealed that a " Cowpocalypse " would occur on July 21 , 2011 ( exactly one year since the original release of the game ) . From then on , every click made by players would deduct thirty seconds from a countdown clock leading to the Cowpocalypse . However , players could extend the countdown clock by paying to supplicate with Facebook Credits : paying 10 credits would extend the countdown by a single hour , while 4 @,@ 000 would extend the countdown by an entire month . After $ 700 worth of extensions , the countdown clock expired on the evening of September 7 , 2011 . At this point , the game remained playable , but all the cows were replaced by blank spaces and said to have been raptured . Bogost intended the Cowpocalypse event to signal the " end " of the game to players ; when addressing a complaint by a fan who felt the game was no longer fun after the cow rapture , Bogost responded that " it wasn 't very fun before . " = = Reception = = Cow Clicker received critical attention soon after its release . One early commentator was Alexia Tsotsis of TechCrunch , who acknowledged the game 's intent as a commentary on the impact of social network games . In an interview , Bogost foresaw the transformation of the internet into a " compulsive virtual dystopia " through Zynga 's use of social gaming . Nick Yee of the Palo Alto Research Center compared the players of games which do not provide " meaningful opportunities for achievement , social interaction , and challenge " to rats in a Skinner box . Accordingly , he compared Cow Clicker to being inside an " incredibly clear Skinner box " — acknowledging how little effort the game took in order to keep users playing the game . Jason Tanz of Wired considered Cow Clicker as an example of the growth in the trend of gamification — where developers introduce elements influenced by games into their services without providing the normal " experience " a game traditionally incorporates . PopCap Games co @-@ founder Jason Kapalka praised Cow Clicker for being the type of " ironic , satirical , self @-@ referential " game that Facebook 's game ecosystem was lacking , as he felt there were too many commercially driven games on the social network . Playdom 's Scott Jon Siegel criticized the game for not going far enough in its satire , and putting too many highlights on the " absurd monetisation practices and meaningless clicking which social games are all too well known for . "
= Four Seasons Mall = Four Seasons Mall was an enclosed shopping mall in Plymouth , Minnesota , a suburb of the Twin Cities . Four Seasons Mall once comprised 117 @,@ 000 square feet ( 11 @,@ 000 m2 ) of retail space with approximately 26 storefronts . The mall opened in 1978 and the last tenant closed in the center on February 29 , 2012 . The site currently sits completely vacant and is considered a dead mall . Over the years , Four Seasons Mall was home to several regional chains , including various restaurants and small businesses . Although the mall currently still stands vacant in Plymouth , several redevelopment and demolition plans exist for the mall . Despite its closure , several events periodically take place at the mall , such as arts and crafts shows . = = History = = Opening in 1978 , Four Seasons Mall became a popular attraction for the residents of Plymouth , Minnesota . The mall was built atop 22 acres of land ; however , the land was surrounded by wetland and not zoned for a large scale shopping center . The shopping center was developed by the RMF Group , who had helped construct other shopping centers , like nearby Brookdale Center . Following the mall 's decline , Walmart expressed interest in the site for the construction of a new store . Contractors for Walmart studied the mall 's site and created " a variety of plans and guidelines for the site " . Surveyors found the land suitable for a 240 @,@ 000 square feet ( 22 @,@ 000 m2 ) Walmart Supercenter , but Plymouth city officials were displeased with the idea of a big @-@ box retailer opening in their community . Walmart later agreed on constructing a significantly smaller 87 @,@ 000 square feet ( 8 @,@ 100 m2 ) location , which was still rejected by the city . Throughout the 2000s and 2010s , several projects went underway to improve the city water available to the tenants of Four Seasons Mall . Nearby Northwood Lake was included in the projects ; as several channels between the lake and the mall had eroded . The channels affected in the projects provided water to nearly 285 acres of land in Plymouth . Several initiatives such as ponding , stream restoration , and flow restriction were considered to improve the quality of the water . In mid 2015 , all of the improvement projects were finalized following two years of channel work . = = Closure = = Despite regularly hosting several arts and crafts shows throughout the years , the mall 's vacancy rates steadily increased annually , which prompted the mall 's independent owners to place the facilities up for sale . On November 30 , 2010 , Walmart purchased the entire mall for $ 10 @.@ 6 million . Two years after Walmart 's purchase of the land , the mall 's final tenant , Marcello 's Pizza , was forced to close up their 28 year @-@ old location . Lisa Pieper , one of the owners of Marcello 's , stated that they " had no choice but to close " after Walmart refused to renew their tenant 's lease . Among the mall 's final tenants included Marcello 's , Curves International , and a family @-@ owned Asian restaurant . In January 2015 , the plans for construction of a Walmart Supercenter fell through when Walmart announced the shopping center 's resale . Plymouth city council member Ginny Black called Walmart 's decision " disappoint [ ing ] " and " overwhelming " . When the mall 's resale occurred in 2015 , the entire site was purchased by INH Properties . Various concepts and plans for the site 's redevelopment have been created by the City of Plymouth ; most of the plans created were inspired by lifestyle centers , with retail and residential space . However , residents of Plymouth are still " overwhelmingly opposed " to the deconstruction of Four Seasons Mall .
= Pseudoryzomys = Pseudoryzomys simplex , also known as the Brazilian false rice rat or false oryzomys , is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae from south @-@ central South America . It is found in lowland palm savanna and thorn scrub habitats . It is a medium @-@ sized species , weighing about 50 grams ( 1 @.@ 8 oz ) , with gray – brown fur , long and narrow hindfeet , and a tail that is about as long as the head and body . The IUCN has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern , although almost nothing is known of its diet or reproduction . The only species in the genus Pseudoryzomys , its closest living relatives are the large rats Holochilus and Lundomys , which are semiaquatic , spending much of their time in the water . The three genera share several characters , including specializations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle , such as the presence of membranes between the digits ( interdigital webbing ) , and a reduction in the complexity of the molar crowns , both of which are at incipient stages in Pseudoryzomys . Together , they form a unique assemblage within the oryzomyine tribe , a very diverse group including over one hundred species , mainly in South America . This tribe is part of the subfamily Sigmodontinae and family Cricetidae , which include many more species , mainly from Eurasia and the Americas . Pseudoryzomys simplex was independently described in 1887 on the basis of subfossil cave specimens from Brazil ( as Hesperomys simplex ) ; and in 1921 on the basis of a live specimen from Paraguay ( as Oryzomys wavrini ) . This was confirmed in 1991 that both names pertained to the same species . = = Taxonomy = = = = = Discovery and recognition = = = Pseudoryzomys simplex has had a complex taxonomic history . It was first described in 1887 by Danish zoologist Herluf Winge , who reviewed the materials Peter Wilhem Lund had collected in the caves of Lagoa Santa , Minas Gerais , Brazil . Winge described the species as Hesperomys simplex , and placed it in the same genus ( Hesperomys ) as the species now called Lundomys molitor and two species now placed in Calomys . Like most other species Winge proposed , H. simplex was mostly ignored in the systematic literature , but from 1952 it was used briefly , in the combination " Oecomys simplex " , for an Oecomys species from central Brazil . In his 1960 review of Oecomys , Field Museum mammalogist Philip Hershkovitz denied any affinities between simplex and Oecomys , noting that various features of the H. simplex skull illustrated by Winge instead suggested affinities to the phyllotine or sigmodont groups . In 1921 , renowned British mammalogist Oldfield Thomas described Oryzomys wavrini as a new species of Oryzomys from Paraguay . In the next decades , it was viewed as an aberrant species of Oryzomys ( then used in a much broader sense than now ) , but it was moved to a separate genus , named Pseudoryzomys , by Hershkovitz in 1959 , who noted that although it is similar to Oryzomys palustris in appearance , other features suggest it is more closely related to Phyllotis . Thus , he viewed the animal as a member of the phyllotine group of rodents , which includes Calomys and Phyllotis , not of the oryzomyine group , which includes Oryzomys , and his opinion was mostly accepted in the next few decades . Scientific knowledge of the rare Pseudoryzomys wavrini — only three specimens were known when Hershkovitz described the genus Pseudoryzomys in 1959 — increased in the following years , and in 1975 the Bolivian population was named as a separate subspecies , Pseudoryzomys wavrini reigi , because Bolivian animals are slightly larger and darker than those from Paraguay . In 1980 , Argentinean zoologist Elio Massoia suggested that Winge 's Hesperomys simplex and the living Pseudoryzomys wavrini are in fact the same species . In a 1991 study , American zoologists Voss and Myers confirmed this suggestion after re @-@ examining Winge 's material , finding no appreciable differences among specimens of H. simplex and P. wavrini . Since then , the species has been known as Pseudoryzomys simplex ( Winge , 1887 ) , because simplex is the oldest specific name for the animal ; Oryzomys wavrini Thomas , 1921 , and Pseudoryzomys wavrini reigi Pine and Wetzel , 1975 , are junior synonyms . Voss and Myers also re @-@ evaluated the relationships of Pseudoryzomys ; they considered it closer to oryzomyines than to phyllotines , but declined to formally place it in Oryzomyini in the absence of explicit phylogenetic justification for such a placement . = = = Oryzomyine relationships = = = When Voss and Carleton formally characterized Oryzomyini two years later , they did place Pseudoryzomys in the group , even though it lacks complete mesoloph ( id ) s . The mesoloph is an accessory crest on the upper molars and the mesolophid is the corresponding structure on the lower molars . Only a few other animals now considered oryzomyines lack complete mesoloph ( id ) s , but they are absent in various non @-@ oryzomyines , some of which had previously been regarded as close relatives of the oryzomyines that lack them . Oryzomyines with and without complete mesoloph ( id ) s share various other characters , however , including presence of mammae on the chest , absence of a gall bladder , and some characters of the skull , suggesting that they form one natural , monophyletic group . Oryzomyini is now one of several tribes recognized within the subfamily Sigmodontinae , which encompasses hundreds of species found across South America and into southern North America . Sigmodontinae itself is the largest subfamily of the family Cricetidae , other members of which include voles , lemmings , hamsters , and deermice , all mainly from Eurasia and North America . Several phylogenetic studies published during the 1990s and 2000s supported a close relationship between Pseudoryzomys and two other oryzomyines with reduced or absent mesoloph ( id ) s , Lundomys and Holochilus . The extinct genera Noronhomys and Carletonomys , described in 1999 and 2008 respectively , were also recognized as members of the group . In 2006 , a broad morphological and molecular phylogenetic study of Oryzomyini provided further support for the relationship between Holochilus , Lundomys , and Pseudoryzomys . Within this group , morphological data supported a closer relationship between Holochilus and Lundomys to the exclusion of Pseudoryzomys , but DNA sequence data favored a clustering between Holochilus and Pseudoryzomys to the exclusion of Lundomys ; among all oryzomyines , this was the only case where relationships which received strong support from morphological and DNA sequence data conflicted . Together , the three genera form part of a large group of oryzomyines ( " clade D " ) , which contains tens of other species . Several of those display some adaptations to life in the water , being partially aquatic , as do Pseudoryzomys and its relatives . Morphological data indicate that the genus Oryzomys is the closest relative of the group that includes Pseudoryzomys , but DNA sequence data from the nuclear IRBP gene did not support this relationship ; convergent adaptations towards a semiaquatic lifestyle may explain the morphological support for a relation between Oryzomys and the other three genera . = = Description = = Pseudoryzomys simplex is a nondescript , medium @-@ sized rat with long , soft fur . The upperparts are gray – brown and the underparts are buff ; the color changes gradually over the body . The small ears are covered with short hairs . The tail is as long as or slightly longer than the head and body and is dark above and light below . Despite the presence of short hairs , the scales on the tail are clearly visible . The hairs on the feet are pale . The hindfeet are long and narrow and have five toes , the first and fifth of which are short . Webbing is present between the second , third , and fourth toes , but the membranes are not as large as in Lundomys or Holochilus . The tufts of hair on the toes and several of the pads are reduced , other common characteristics of semiaquatic oryzomyines . The head @-@ body length is 94 to 140 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 7 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) , tail length 102 to 140 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) , hindfeet length 27 to 33 mm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) , ear length 13 to 19 mm ( 0 @.@ 5 to 0 @.@ 7 in ) and body mass 45 to 55 g ( 1 @.@ 6 to 1 @.@ 9 oz ) . The female has four pairs of teats , including one on the chest and three on the belly , and the gall bladder is absent , both important characters of Oryzomyini . As is characteristic of Sigmodontinae , Pseudoryzomys has a complex penis , with the baculum ( penis bone ) displaying large protuberances at the sides . In the cartilaginous part of the baculum , the central digit is smaller than those at the sides . = = = Skull = = = The skull , which is short at the front , shows some typical oryzomyine characters . The palate is long , extending past the molars and the maxillary bones . The alisphenoid strut , which in some sigmodontines separates two foramina ( openings ) in the skull , is absent . The squamosal bone lacks a suspensory process contacting the tegmen tympani , the roof the tympanic cavity . The front part is short . The nasal bones end bluntly close to the hindmost extent of the premaxillary bones . The narrow interorbital region , located between the eyes , converges towards the front and is flanked by low beads . The interparietal bone , located in the roof of the skull on the braincase , is nearly as wide as the frontals , but does not reach the squamosals . The incisive foramina , which perforate the palate between the incisors and the molars , are long and narrow , extending between the first molars . The back margins of the zygomatic plates , the flattened front portions of the zygomatic arches ( cheekbones ) , are located before the first molars . Like its close relatives Lundomys and Holochilus , Pseudoryzomys has spinous processes on its zygomatic plates . These genera also share relatively simple posterolateral palatal pits , perforations of the palate near the third molar . Unlike Holochilus and Lundomys , however , Pseudoryzomys has a flat palate , lacking a ridge on the middle that extends along the length of the palate . The parapterygoid fossae , which are located behind the third molars , are excavated beyond the level of the palate , but not as deeply as in Holochilus and Lundomys . The mastoid skull bone contains a conspicuous opening , as in most oryzomyines . The mandible ( lower jaw ) is short and deep . The mental foramen , an opening at the front of the mandible , just before the first molar , opens to the side . The capsular process of the lower incisor , a raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the incisor , is well developed . The two masseteric ridges , to which some of the chewing muscles are attached , are entirely separate , joining only at their front edges , which are located below the first molar . = = = Molars = = = As in all oryzomyines except Holochilus and its close relatives , the molars are brachyodont , low @-@ crowned , and bunodont , with the cusps extending higher than the central parts of the molars . They are characterized by strong cusps and absence or reduction of accessory crests . The cusps of the upper molars are opposite , but in the lower molars the labial ( outer ) cusps are slightly further to the front than the lingual ( inner ) ones . On the upper first molar , one accessory ridge , the anteroloph , is lacking , but another , the mesoloph , is present . Unlike in most other oryzomyines , however , which have mesolophs reaching the labial margin of the molar , the mesolophs of Pseudoryzomys are short and protrude only slightly from the middle of the molar . The corresponding structure in the lower molars , the mesolophid , is completely absent . The hindmost valley between cusps on the lower first molar , the posteroflexid , is severely reduced , foreshadowing its loss in Lundomys and Holochilus . A number of molar traits support Pseudoryzomys 's relationship with Holochilus and Lundomys , forming steps in the transition from the complex , low @-@ crowned generalized oryzomyine molar pattern to the simpler , high @-@ crowned pattern of Holochilus . As in all oryzomyines , the upper molars all have one root on the inner ( lingual ) side and two on the outer ( labial ) side ; in addition , the first upper molar in Pseudoryzomys and some other species has another labial root . The first lower molar has large roots at the front and back of the tooth and two smaller ones in between , at the labial and lingual side . The second and third lowers molars have two roots at the front , one labial and one lingual , and another at the back . = = = Postcranial skeleton = = = Pseudoryzomys has 19 or 20 thoracic ( chest ) and lumbar vertebrae , 13 of which bear ribs , as is characteristic of oryzomyines . The first ribs contact both the seventh cervical ( neck ) vertebra and the first thoracic vertebra , an important character of the Sigmodontinae . Unlike in most sigmodontines , including Holochilus and Lundomys , the fourth lumbar vertebra lacks the processes known as anapophyses . There are three or four sacral and about 29 caudal ( tail ) vertebrae . Between the second and third caudal vertebrae , separate bones called hemal arches are present . These display a spinous process at the back , as in both Holochilus and Lundomys . On the humerus , the upper arm bone , the entepicondylar foramen is absent , as in all members of the Sigmodontinae ; in some other cricetids , it perforates the far ( distal ) end of the humerus . = = = Karyotype = = = The karyotype generally includes 56 chromosomes with a total of 54 major arms ( 2n
= 56 , FN = 54 ) in specimens from both Bolivia and Brazil ; a poorly prepared Paraguayan specimen seems to have a similar karyotype . In this karyotype , all autosomes ( non @-@ sex chromosomes ) are acrocentric ( with one arm so short as to be almost invisible ) . However , in two specimens from the Brazilian states of Tocantins and São Paulo , one pair of autosomes contains both an acrocentric and a metacentric chromosome ( with two equally long arms ) , yielding an FN of 55 . One arm of the metacentric chromosome consists entirely of heterochromatin . Apparently , a whole heterochromatic arm was added to this chromosome ; cases of similar variation are known from the rodents Peromyscus , Clyomys , and Thaptomys . Both sex chromosomes are acrocentric , and X is larger than Y. In addition to heterochromatin near the centromere , the Y chromosome contains two large blocks of heterochromatin on its long arm . The karyotype is closely similar to that of Holochilus brasiliensis . = = Distribution , ecology , and variation = = Pseudoryzomys simplex is known from northeastern Argentina , probably south to about 30 ° S , northward through western Paraguay to eastern Bolivia and from there eastward through Brazil in the states of Mato Grosso , Goiás , Tocantins , Minas Gerais , São Paulo , Bahia , and far in the northeast , Alagoas and Pernambuco . Paraguayan animals are somewhat smaller than those from Bolivia and Brazil and those from Bolivia have darker fur than Paraguayan specimens , but these differences are not considered significant enough to recognize subspecies . Certain bats show a similar pattern of variation : they are smaller and paler in the Chaco region , which includes much of Paraguay . Two specimens from Paraguay , collected 600 kilometres ( 400 mi ) apart , differed by 1 @.@ 4 % in the sequence of the cytochrome b gene , but nothing is known about genetic variation in other parts of the range . The species has long been rare in collections ; in 1991 , Voss and Myers could use less than 50 specimens for their study of the species , including Lund 's fragmentary material from Lagoa Santa . A fragmentary lower jaw of " Pseudoryzomys aff . P. simplex " ( i.e. , an unnamed species close to Pseudoryzomys simplex ) is known from a cave deposit in Cueva Tixi , Buenos Aires Province , Argentina , outside the current distribution of the species . It is dated from the first millennium CE . The jaw 's morphology agrees with that of P. simplex , but the toothrow is relatively long ( 5 @.@ 78 mm ; 4 @.@ 61 to 5 @.@ 60 mm in three specimens of P. simplex ) and the first molar is relatively narrow ( 1 @.@ 28 mm ; 1 @.@ 30 to 1 @.@ 40 mm in five P. simplex ) . P. simplex inhabits open , usually humid tropical and subtropical lowlands . In Argentina , it is mainly a species of the eastern Chaco and in Brazil it is found in the Cerrado and Caatinga . Most specimens for which habitat data are known were caught on the ground in humid grassland , some in seasonally flooded areas ; an Argentinean specimen was captured in dense swamp vegetation . It is terrestrial and semiaquatic , living on the ground but also spending time in the water . Nothing is known about behavior or diet . P. simplex has frequently been found in pellets of the barn owl ( Tyto alba ) and also in those of the great horned owl ( Bubo virginianus ) . It is a preferred prey of the maned wolf ( Chrysocyon brachyurus ) . = = Conservation status = = The species is not known to be threatened and its conservation status is classified as least concern by the IUCN . It is a widely distributed species without substantial threats to its continued existence , but degradation of its habitat may endanger some populations . It was assessed as " potentially vulnerable " in Argentina .
= 56 ; FN = 54 @-@ 55 ( Rodentia , Sigmodontinae ) ( subscription required ) . Genetics and Molecular Biology 36 ( 2 ) : 201 – 206 . Musser , G.G. and Carleton , M.D. 2005 . Superfamily Muroidea . Pp . 894 – 1531 in Wilson , D.E. and Reeder , D.M. ( eds . ) . Mammal Species of the World : a taxonomic and geographic reference . 3rd ed . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2 vols . , 2142 pp . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8018 @-@ 8221 @-@ 0 Pardiñas , U.F.J. 1995 . Novedosos cricetidos ( Mammalia , Rodentia ) en el Holoceno de la Región Pampeana , Argentina . Ameghiniana 32 ( 2 ) : 197 – 203 ( in Spanish ) . Pardiñas , U.F.J. 2008 . A new genus of oryzomyine rodent ( Cricetidae : Sigmodontinae ) from the Pleistocene of Argentina ( subscription required ) . Journal of Mammalogy 89 ( 5 ) : 1270 – 1278 . Pardiñas , U.F.J. , Cirignoli , S. and Galliari , C.A. 2004 . Distribution of Pseudoryzomys simplex ( Rodentia : Cricetidae ) in Argentina . Mastozoología Neotropical 11 ( 1 ) : 105 – 108 . Percequillo , A. , Weksler , M. , Pardiñas , U. and D 'Elía , G. 2008 . Pseudoryzomys simplex . In IUCN . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2009 @.@ 2 . < www.iucnredlist.org > . Downloaded on November 9 , 2009 . Voss , R.S. and Carleton , M.D. 1993 . A new genus for Hesperomys molitor Winge and Holochilus magnus Hershkovitz ( Mammalia , Muridae ) with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships . American Museum Novitates 3085 : 1 – 39 . Voss , R.S. and Myers , P. 1991 . Pseudoryzomys simplex ( Rodentia : Muridae ) and the significance of Lund 's collections from the caves of Lagoa Santa , Brazil . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 206 : 414 – 432 . Weksler , M. 2006 . Phylogenetic relationships of oryzomyine rodents ( Muroidea : Sigmodontinae ) : separate and combined analyses of morphological and molecular data . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 296 : 1 – 149 . Wetzel , R.M. and Lovett , J.W. 1974 . A collection of animals from the Chaco of Paraguay . University of Connecticut Occasional Papers 2 ( 13 ) : 203 – 216 . Winge , H. 1887 . Jordfundne og nulevende Gnavere ( Rodentia ) fra Lagoa Santa , Minas Geraes , Brasilien . E Museo Lundii 1 ( 3 ) : 1 – 200 .
= Kõpu Lighthouse = Kõpu Lighthouse ( Estonian : Kõpu tuletorn ) is one of the best known symbols and tourist sights on the Estonian island of Hiiumaa . It is one of the oldest lighthouses in the world , having been in continuous use since its completion in 1531 . The lighthouse marks the Hiiu sandbank ( Estonian : Hiiu madal , Swedish : Neckmansgrund ) and warns ships away from the shoreline . Light from Kõpu Lighthouse can be used for navigation as far as 26 nautical miles ( 48 km ; 30 mi ) away , although in 1997 a radar lighthouse largely took over its role as navigation aid . Kõpu Lighthouse was previously known under its Swedish name , Upper Dagerort lighthouse . = = Design and location = = The lighthouse is built at the top of the highest hillock of Hiiumaa island , Tornimägi ( English : Tower Hill , 68 metres ( 223 ft ) ) . The height of the building itself is 36 metres ( 118 ft ) , and the light is 102 @.@ 6 metres ( 337 ft ) above sea level , making it the highest coastal light on the Baltic Sea . Kõpu Lighthouse has the shape of a square prism , with massive counterforts in the directions of principal divisions of the compass . The tower is laid solely of stone up to the height of 24 metres ( 79 ft ) . The outside layer of the walls is supported by lime mortar , with the body itself built without mortar . The body of the tower contains roughly 5 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 6 @,@ 500 cu yd ) of stone , with its total weight reaching 12 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 26 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 lb ) . Local limestone and glacial erratic stones were used as building material . Originally , the base of the tower was solid stone without any rooms ; the top of the lighthouse was reached using external wooden stairs , which were later replaced with iron ones . During reconstruction in the 1800s , a stairway was cut into the tower and has remained in use since . = = Construction and history = = = = = Construction of the original tower = = = The most important East – West shipping lane in the Baltic Sea passed the Hiiu sandbank . Already before the year 1490 the Hanseatic merchants were seeking permission to mark this peninsula with an outstanding landmark . Around 1490 they asked the bishop of Bishopric of Ösel @-@ Wiek to let them build a landmark on the Kõpu peninsula which was under the bishop ’ s control . This action had no real results . At a meeting of the Hanseatic League in Lübeck in 1499 , they applied once more to the bishop for permission to build a beacon . On 20 April 1500 Bishop Johannes III Orgas ( John Orgies ) agreed to allow a massive stone pillar without any openings . To cover the building costs , Tallinn city council had to establish a special lighthouse tax until the sum was complete . Building of the beacon was supposed to start in the summer of 1500 , but the building was stopped when Wolter von Plettenberg , master of the Livonian Order , started a war which lasted until 1503 . In the spring of 1504 , purchase and delivery of the building materials began , but in the autumn of the same year the plague broke out , stopping the work once more . Building work was discontinued and alderman Lambert Ottingk , the magistrate in charge of the building , died in Tallinn on 28 December 1505 . The account ledgers of Tallinn city council contain entries about the Kõpu lighthouse from 1507 to 1533 , showing money was spent on the beacon of Hiiumaa from 13 May 1514 until 12 October 1532 . The amounts show the majority of the work took place from 1514 to 1519 ; later there are only a couple of bigger expenditures on the beacon . A fire was first lit in the autumn of 1531 ; it was simply a bonfire on top of the tower . The 20 @-@ metre @-@ high ( 66 ft ) and 8 @-@ metre @-@ wide ( 26 ft ) tower was visible on a clear day up to 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) offshore . = = = Reconstruction and rebuilding = = = In August 1649 a wooden staircase was built to the outside wall of the tower and an open iron fire grate affixed to the top . Originally it was planned to burn coal in the lighthouse , but due to high transport costs of coal , wood was used instead . The fire consumed up to 1000 cords of firewood every year during the 180 @-@ day navigation period , a quantity so great that it led to deforestation of most of the Kõpu peninsula . A team of six was on guard every night , but storms extinguished the fire often . A rule passed in 1652 decreed that the fire must be strong and a fathom ( ~ 2 yards ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) ) high . Count Axel Julius De la Gardie bought the island of Hiiumaa from the King of Sweden for 38 @,@ 000 thalers and took over management of the Kõpu lighthouse in 1659 . He had its height extended to 35 @.@ 6 m ( 117 ft ) and the wooden stairs replaced with an iron staircase . The light , now visible from as far as 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , was lit one hour after the sun set and extinguished one hour before sunrise . The Russian Empire took over the administration of the lighthouse in 1805 . Major reconstruction of the tower began in 1810 . A stone staircase was cut to the southern counterfort plus a room large enough for a team of six men . Into the upper part they made two subsidiary rooms , one on top of the other , and another , the topmost room , 35 metres ( 115 ft ) from the ground , was for the lanterns . The lantern room housed twenty three oil lamps , using silver @-@ plated brass reflectors . The lamps burned hemp oil , requiring 3 @.@ 28 tonnes ( 7 @,@ 200 lb ) yearly . In 1845 , a crack in the upper part of the lighthouse called for extensive reconstruction , which saw part of the tower pulled down and rebuilt . The tower now gained its final height : 36 metres ( 118 ft ) . A wooden structure with lamp @-@ chimneys was built for the lantern and its optical devices . The lighthouse came under navy control , and the first maintenance rules were laid down . The fire was to be lit and extinguished in strict accordance to sunrise and sunset . In cloudy weather lighthouse keepers were to consult a calendar for the necessary data . At that time , the fire was kept burning nightly from 1 July to 1 May – 10 months of the year . As part of his naval reforms , Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaevich of Russia demanded modernization of the Kõpu lighthouse , in 1859 . In May 1860 , a novel gyratory device ( manufactured by Le Paute in Paris ) was installed . It rotated at a speed of one revolution per four minutes , using a clockwork pulley @-@ weight system . The device had one Carsel lamp with four concentric light sources and a Fresnel lens . The lamp consumed 0 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 1 @.@ 1 lb ) of rapeseed oil hourly , and the fuel pump was powered by the same clockwork mechanism . It was said to be visible up to 27 nautical miles ( 50 km ; 31 mi ) away . A team of seven serviced the lighthouse , with one required to be near the light at all times . The counterfort with the staircase was roofed with wooden boards and tin sheets in 1869 . A telegraph installation and rescue stations were established near the lighthouse in the same year ; the first @-@ established worked until 1898 when it was replaced by a telephone . = = = Twentieth century = = = A new light system was bought at the 1900 Paris World Fair , for three million gold rubles . The new apparatus ( including the light chamber ) was made by Sautter , Marlé & Co . It used a kerosene lamp with a gas mantle . A heavy cast iron system floated and rotated in a bath of mercury , which acted as a bearing . The bath contained roughly 500 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) of mercury . The poisonous mercury from the lighthouse was used for decades by children in the surrounding villages for playing . The light system was set in rotation by a suspended 400 kilograms ( 880 lb ) load ; it needed to be rewound every two hours . It was installed during repairs of 1901 . In 1939 , the lighthouse underwent major repairs for its anniversary . As part of those renovations , the tower was painted with high quality oil paint , which became the main contributor to the deterioration of the tower in subsequent decades – thick waterproof layers of paint did not allow the limestone to dry . The mortar began to deteriorate rapidly . The lighthouse was connected to the electricity grid in 1940 . German bombers targeted the lighthouse in August 1941 , though only the lantern structure and optical system were destroyed . After World War II , various optical systems were tested . Kohler generators were installed in 1949 along with the stationary electric light system . A new rotating light system ( EMV @-@ 3 ) was installed in 1963 , making the lighthouse fully automated . It was in use until 1982 , when an experimental EMV @-@ 930M system ( made in Ukraine ) was installed . The rotation mechanism of the optical system is a novel solution – there are no electric motors ; it uses a revolving magnetic field instead . The optics brought a six to eight hundredfold increase to the efficiency of the light radiated by a 1 kW quartz lamp . The same light system is still in use . Due to the progressing deterioration , the lighthouse underwent frequent repairs . Major repairs were in 1957 , 1970 , 1979 – 1981 and a major overhaul in 1982 . The walls crumbled partially during the 1980s . To stop the deterioration , a 15 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick reinforced concrete dress was built to support the foundation and walls ( 1989 – 1990 ) . Small air channels were left in the concrete . The top of the lighthouse was renovated in 2001 . = = Current status = = Kõpu Lighthouse only lost its important role as a primary navigation aid in 1997 , when a radar lighthouse took over its duties . Recreational craft and small fishing vessels continue to rely on Kõpu for navigating , as a backup to electronic navigation systems . The Estonian Maritime Administration still classifies it as an active aid to navigation . Its future is ensured by its status as a protected cultural memorial . Due to its enduring popularity and memorable shape , it is often used as a symbol of Hiiumaa . A major tourist attraction , the tower has been open for tourists since 1999 . Together with the nearby Ristna lighthouse , the Kõpu lighthouse was commemorated on a postage stamp in 2000 .
= Mario Power Tennis = Mario Power Tennis , known in Japan as Mario Tennis GC ( マリオテニスGC , Mario Tenisu Jī Shī ) , is a sports game developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo for the GameCube in 2004 . The game is the sequel to the Nintendo 64 title Mario Tennis , and is the fourth game in the Mario Tennis series . Power Tennis was released in Japan on October 28 , 2004 , in North America on November 8 , 2004 , and in Australia on February 25 , 2005 . The game was re @-@ released for the Wii in 2009 as part of the New Play Control ! collection of titles , featuring GameCube games with added Wii controls . As of 2012 , the title is available as part of the Nintendo Selects collection . Power Tennis incorporates multiple characters , themes , and locations from the Mario series . The game includes standard tennis matches , but contains variants that feature different scoring formats and objectives . Other variants include " Gimmick " courts , thematic areas with components and properties that directly affect gameplay . The game has 18 playable characters , each categorised by their style of play and each with a pair of unique moves known as " Power Shots " . Power Tennis was developed simultaneously with Mario Golf : Toadstool Tour , and the pair shared similar technology and concepts with each other during production . Such similarities include an emphasis on the Mario theme in characters and settings as well as alternative game modes such as " Ring Shot " . The GameCube version was positively received in general , attaining an aggregate score of 81 percent from GameRankings and 80 out of 100 from Metacritic . Critics praised the game 's depth and variety , but criticised the Power Shot animations , which could not be skipped . In 2010 , the game was included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die . = = Gameplay = = Mario Power Tennis includes variations of tennis matches consisting of characters , courts , and scenarios based on the Mario series . The range of courts includes the standard three types of tennis court , but consists predominantly of those themed upon games in the Mario series , known as " Gimmick " courts . As well as adopting the style aesthetically , these feature thematic elements that influence how the match will be played on that surface , such as the ghosts in the Luigi 's Mansion court , which hinder movement when the character comes into physical contact with them . Although standard tennis is available , variants of the sport can be played which adopt different rules and methods of victory . " Ring Shot " involves the player earning points by hitting the ball through rings of varying sizes , with the number of points dependent on the difficulty of the shot . The player acquires the points whenever a winning shot is made adhering to standard rules ; the match is won once the predetermined number of points is equaled or surpassed . A similar mode , " Item Battle " , involves the characters using items based on the Mario universe to interfere with each other 's game and gain an advantage . The central mode of the game is " Tournament Mode " , which comprises a set of events with accumulating difficulty . These set of events must be finished successfully to unlock playable characters . This mode can be completed either in " doubles " or " singles " , and is divided into Gimmick courts and standard courts . An alternative to these are " Special Games " , which involve the player trying to meet a tennis @-@ related objective on a Gimmick court . These Special Games come in multiple forms , incorporating themes from past Nintendo games , such as " Tic @-@ Tac @-@ Glow " , which requires the player to hit balls of water to liberate Shine Sprites trapped in dirt , a reference to Super Mario Sunshine . Power Tennis supports the option for four @-@ player multiplayer , which can be accessed during " Exhibition Mode " , the standard mode of play where the player can choose his or her opponents and the conditions of the match . Such options include the difficulty of the opponent , the court used , and the number of games and sets required to win the match . Power Tennis features 18 playable characters , all of whom derive from the Mario franchise . Many characters , such as Wario , had already appeared in the game 's predecessor and several other Mario spin @-@ offs , while this was the first appearance for Wiggler as a playable character . All of the characters are categorised into six groups that reflect their playing style : all @-@ around , technical , power , speed , defensive , and tricky . Inherent in each character is a set of two unique moves known as " Power Shots " . These powerful moves , which are accompanied with an animation each time they are triggered , incorporate the character 's specific qualities . They can only be triggered occasionally in the match , but will usually result in defending or scoring a point , depending on the type of shot chosen . Generic tennis moves , such as slices , dropshots , and lobs , can be applied at any time in the match . = = Development = = Power Tennis was developed by Camelot Software Planning , with a team of approximately 30 people , headed by brothers Hiroyuki and Shugo Takahashi . The game was first unveiled in a 2002 issue of the Japanese magazine Famitsu , and was later presented at the E3 conference of 2004 . Before release , the brothers discussed multiple developmental processes in an interview with Famitsu . Camelot had been working on a previous GameCube version of Mario Tennis , but discontinued the project and began again using ideas and technology from Mario Golf : Toadstool Tour , which was being developed simultaneously with the game . Shugo noted that the original would have been more serious and contained deeper gameplay , but with fewer " Mario @-@ esque " gimmicks . There was also a willingness not to update the graphics only without exploring advancements to concepts and gameplay , which Hiroyuki stated would be " unacceptable for a Mario game " . Due to the success of its predecessor , the brothers felt pressure to make a game that was original and would not appear too similar to its predecessor on first sight . Following release , IGN interviewed Hiroyuki regarding the development of the game . He revealed that Camelot had received co @-@ operation from Nintendo in relation to voice acting and animation , which Takahashi stated as " contributing quite a bit to the improvement of the game 's graphics " . Takahashi proceeded to explain why the role @-@ playing game elements that were present in Mario Tennis were excluded from Power Tennis , stating that he felt they were more suitable for the " deep single @-@ player experience " present in portable consoles . Regarding the themed courts in the game , he explained that the concepts were conceived during long brainstorming sessions , with courts selected that would both remind gamers of older Mario games and introduce new gamers to Mario games they may not have played . When questioned regarding difficulties in developing the game , Takahashi noted the effort used in making the opening sequences , developing the Special Games , and animations , which caused problems with meeting the schedule . Although there was speculation about online capabilities before release , Takahashi refrained from making the game online @-@ compatible due to fear of lagging problems , stating " I don 't think you can play a tennis game online under the current Internet environment and feel satisfied " . Nintendo collaborated with the Lawn Tennis Association in 2005 to promote Power Tennis in the United Kingdom . The promotion featured on @-@ site sampling and official Nintendo branding at various tennis events such as Wimbledon . The LTA 's ACE Magazine advertised Power Tennis and featured competitions offering the game as a prize . Nintendo also released an online questionnaire regarding players ' habits and preferences in relation to tennis as a part of their Who Are You ? campaign . Nintendo announced in 2008 that they would be re @-@ releasing the title as part of their New Play Control ! selection , which feature added Wii controls . The game can be controlled using the Wii Remote and optional Nunchuk attachment , allowing the player to trigger actions such as forehands and backhands by swinging the Remote like a tennis racket . It was released on January 15 , 2009 in Japan and on March 2009 in other countries . It was later re @-@ released in North America on June 10 , 2012 along with Pikmin 2 as Nintendo Selects titles . = = Reception = = The GameCube version of Mario Power Tennis enjoyed a generally positive reception , with reviewers complimenting the variety of play and multiple minigames available . GameSpy 's Raymond Padilla lauded the game 's use of characters and the player categories , stating " When you put it all together , you have a broad cast of characters , each of whom offers a different feel . " Despite this , the Gimmick courts were labeled by Matt Casamassina as a " distraction " and " annoyance " , although he acknowledged that some courts were better than others . Additionally , Nintendo World Report 's Michael Cole thought that most players would revert to standard courts " after being ' unfairly defeated ' by ghosts , paint , or some other trap . " Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell welcomed Power Tennis 's style , which he said emphasised gameplay over simulation and realism . When comparing the game to its predecessor , reviewers praised Power Tennis for its incorporation of the Mario franchise in the different scenarios and courts . The gameplay features introduced to the game received a mixed response . IGN noted that the Special Games varied in quality between different games , with Casamassina commenting that " they certainly don 't make or break the experience . " The game 's " Power Shots " was also met with an ambivalent reaction — the shot themselves were praised for adding strategy and character , although GameSpot 's Ryan Davis commented that " it would have been nice if you could just skip past the animations and keep the wild moves . " In general , the game 's multiplayer modes were more popular than single @-@ player , with the " predictable and basic " artificial intelligence contributing to a low difficulty level at times . GameSpy noted how the number of options and variables enhanced the multiplayer experience , and commented that " The game is very good on its own , but it excels when you bring friends into the mix . " The mechanics of the tennis gameplay were also popular , with reviewers lauding the game 's accessibility as well as its depth relating to the variety of shots available and how the position of the character affects the contact with the ball . Most critics praised Power Tennis 's presentation , with reviewers noting the game 's opening sequence especially . Nintendo World Report complimented the level of detail given to the themed locations and character animations , stating that it " [ puts ] even the Mario Kart series to shame . " IGN generally shared this view , although they criticised the background animations , commenting that " The crowds in particular are a repeating blob of the same sprites over and over " . On the other hand , the audio received a mediocre response , despite the comical voice acting . Power Tennis sold 139 @,@ 000 copies during its first week of release in Japan , and sold 377 @,@ 000 copies altogether in the country from release to December 31 , 2006 . Power Tennis had sold 296 @,@ 893 units in North America by January 31 , 2005 . The game was at fifth position in the Australian GameCube sales charts from October 16 to October 29 , 2005 . In spite of the mostly positive reception the GameCube version held , the reception for the Wii remake was mixed . It holds an average score of 65 / 100 and 68 @.@ 19 % at Metacritic and GameRankings respectively . While it has been praised for the original game 's graphics holding up to current Wii games , many editors have found fault in the controls . IGN editor Mark Bozon criticized its motion controls , describing them as imprecise , for ruining a " great game " . X @-@ Play editor Dana Vinson similarly disliked the controls , also describing the act of releasing GameCube titles for the Wii with motion controls as being lazy . GamePro editor Dave Rudden criticized the game for adding multiple moves into Wii Remote motions , commenting that it would have to be " twice as responsive " for it to work . Eurogamer editor Oli Welsh criticized both the inaccurate controls and limited improvements , stating that Wii Sports is a superior alternative . While GameDaily editor Robert Workman criticized the motion controls , he stated that everything else works . He also describes it as being mildly enjoyable with three other friends . In spite of the negative reception , the Wii version has had some positive reception . While Official Nintendo Magazine UK editor Tom East similarly bemoaned the motion controls , he felt that the multiplayer still held up , as it becomes balanced since the other players would have the same problems with the controls . 1UP.com editor Justin Haywald agreed , stating that while it made single player modes difficult , the game was meant to be played with friends . Game Informer editor Matt Helgeson , however , found the motion controls to be good , commenting that other developers should learn from Nintendo . In spite of this , fellow Game Informer editor Matthew Kato described the controls as being only so @-@ so . GameShark editor Danielle Riendeau , however , described the controls as excellent , though adding that it occasionally misreads her shots . In the first four days of the Wii version 's release in Japan , Mario Power Tennis sold 56 @,@ 000 copies . By January 3 , 2010 , it had sold 205 @,@ 070 copies in Japan .
= Mycena haematopus = Mycena haematopus , commonly known as the bleeding fairy helmet , the burgundydrop bonnet , or the bleeding Mycena , is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family , of the order Agaricales . It is widespread and common in Europe and North America , and has also been collected in Japan and Venezuela . It is saprotrophic — meaning that it obtains nutrients by consuming decomposing organic matter — and the fruit bodies appear in small groups or clusters on the decaying logs , trunks , and stumps of deciduous trees , particularly beech . The fungus , first described scientifically in 1799 , is classified in the section Lactipedes of the genus Mycena , along with other species that produce a milky or colored latex . The fruit bodies of M. haematopus have caps that are up to 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) wide , whitish gills , and a thin , fragile reddish @-@ brown stem with thick coarse hairs at the base . They are characterized by their reddish color , the scalloped cap edges , and the dark red latex they " bleed " when cut or broken . Both the fruit bodies and the mycelia are weakly bioluminescent . M. haematopus produces various alkaloid pigments unique to this species . The edibility of the fruit bodies is not known definitively . = = Taxonomy and naming = = The species was initially named Agaricus haematopus by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1799 , and later sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum . In the classification of Fries , only a few genera were named , and most agaric mushrooms were grouped in Agaricus , which was organized into a large number of tribes . Mycena haematopus gained its current name in 1871 when the German fungal taxonomist Paul Kummer raised many of Fries ' Agaricus tribes to the level of genus , including Mycena . In 1909 Franklin Sumner Earle placed the species in Galactopus , a genus that is no longer considered separate from Mycena . Mycena haematopus is placed in the section Lactipedes , a grouping of Mycenas characterized by the presence of a milky or colored latex in the stem and flesh of the cap . The specific epithet is derived from Ancient Greek roots meaning " blood " ( αἱματο- , haimato- ) and " foot " ( πους , pous ) . It is commonly known as the blood @-@ foot mushroom , the bleeding fairy helmet , the burgundydrop bonnet , or the bleeding Mycena . In 1914 , Jakob Emanuel Lange described the variety M. haematopus var. marginata , characterized by the reddish color on the edge of the gills ; Mycena specialist Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus considered the coloration of the gill edge too variable to have taxonomical significance . Mycena haematopus var. cuspidata was initially found in Colorado in 1976 , and described as a new variety by American mycologists Duane Mitchel and Alexander H. Smith two years later . The fruit bodies are characterized by a " beak " on the cap that often splits or collapses as the cap matures . It was treated as Mycena sanguinolenta var. cuspidata by Maas Geesteranus in 1988 . = = Description = = The fruit bodies of Mycena haematopus are the reproductive structures produced by cellular threads or hyphae which grow in rotting wood . The shape of the cap of the fruit body will vary depending on its maturity . Young caps , or " buttons " , are ovoid ( egg @-@ shaped ) to conical ; later they are campanulate ( bell @-@ shaped ) , and as the fruit body matures , the margins ( cap edge ) lift upward so that the cap becomes somewhat flat with an umbo ( a central nipple @-@ shaped bump ) . The fully grown cap can reach up to 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) in diameter . The surface of the cap initially appears dry and covered with what appears to be a very fine whitish powder , but it soon becomes polished and moist . Mature caps appear somewhat translucent , and develop radial grooves mirroring the position of the gills underneath . The color of the cap is reddish- or pinkish @-@ brown , often tinged with violet , and paler towards the edge . The margin is wavy like the edge of a scallop , and may appear ragged because of lingering remnants of the partial veil . The mushroom flesh can range from pale to the color of red wine ( vinaceous ) , and has no distinctive odor . It oozes a red latex when cut . The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem , meaning they are more or less directly attached to it . They are initially whitish or " grayish vinaceous " in color , and can develop reddish @-@ brown stains . Between 20 and 30 gills reach from the cap edge to the stem , resulting in a gill spacing that is described as " close to subdistant " — gaps are visible between adjacent gills . There are additional gills , called lamellulae , that do not extend directly from the margin to the stem ; these are arranged in two or three series ( tiers ) of equal length . The stem is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) tall and 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 04 to 0 @.@ 08 in ) thick , hollow and brittle , and a dark reddish @-@ brown color . In young fruit bodies , the upper part of the stem is densely covered with a pale cinnamon @-@ colored powder which wears off with age . The stem has a mass of coarse hairs at the base . Like the cap , the stem also bleeds a red latex when it is cut or broken . Mycena haematopus can be parasitized by Spinellus fusiger , another fungal species which gives the mushroom a strikingly hairy appearance . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spore print is white . The spores are elliptical , smooth , with dimensions of 8 – 11 by 5 – 7 µm . They are amyloid , meaning they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The spore @-@ bearing cells ( basidia ) are 4 @-@ spored . Sterile cells called cystidia are numerous on the edges on the gills ; they measure 33 – 60 µm ( sometimes up to 80 ) by 9 – 12 µm . Cystidia that are present on the stipe ( caulocystidia ) appear in clusters , and clublike to irregular in shape , measuring 20 – 55 by 3 @.@ 5 – 12 @.@ 5 µm . The gill tissue contains numerous lactifers , cells that produce the latex that is secreted when it is cut . The surface mycelium of M. haematopus is whitish and fluffy . Swelling at the terminal tips of hyphae ( diameter up to 12 µm ) is present , but not very abundant , and moniliform hyphae are very rare . Bioluminescence is present , but weak . Extracellular oxidase enzymes are present , consistent with its ecological role as a saprobe . = = = Edibility = = = Although some sources claim that M. haematopus is edible , it is " hardly worth collecting because of its small size . " Other sources consider the species inedible , or recommend avoiding consumption , " since most of them have not yet been tested for toxins . " The taste of the mushroom is mild to slightly bitter . = = = Similar species = = = Another Mycena that produces a reddish latex is Mycena sanguinolenta , the " terrestrial bleeding Mycena " . It may be distinguished from M. haematopus in several ways : it is smaller , with cap diameters between 0 @.@ 3 to 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) wide ; grows in groups rather than clusters ; is found on leaves , dead branches , moss beds and pine needle beds rather than decaying wood ; and the edges of its gills are consistently dark brownish @-@ red . Furthermore , range of cap color in M. sanguinolenta is different than in M. haematopus , varying from reddish @-@ to orange @-@ brown , and it lacks a band of partial veil remnants hanging from the margin . = = Ecology , distribution and habitat = = Mycena haematopus obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter ( saprobic ) and the fruit bodies can typically be found growing on stumps and well @-@ decayed logs , usually in groups that are joined together by a common base . The decomposition of woody debris on the forest floor is the result of the combined activity of a community of fungal species . In the sequential succession of mushrooms species , M. haematopus is a " late colonizer " fungus : its fruit bodies appear after the wood has first been decayed by white rot species . The initial stage of wood decay by white rot fungi involves the breakdown of " acid @-@ unhydrolyzable residue " and holocellulose ( a mixture of cellulose and hemicellulose ) . In North America , Mycena haematopus is known to be distributed from Alaska southward . According to Mycena specialist Alexander H. Smith , it is " the commonest and the most easily recognized one in the genus . " The species is common in Europe , and it has also been collected from Japan , and Mérida , Venezuela , as the variety M. haematopus var. marginata . In the Netherlands , M. haematopus is one of many mushrooms that can regularly be found fruiting on ancient timber wharves . The fruit bodies can be found year @-@ round in mild weather . = = Bioluminescence = = Both the mycelia and the fruit bodies of M. haematopus ( both young and mature specimens ) are reported to be bioluminescent . However , the luminescence is quite weak , and not visible to the dark @-@ adapted eye ; in one study , light emission was detectable only after 20 hours of exposure to X @-@ ray film . Although the biochemical basis of bioluminescence in M. haematopus has not been scientifically investigated , in general , bioluminescence is caused by the action of luciferases , enzymes that produce light by the oxidation of a luciferin ( a pigment ) . The biological purpose of bioluminescence in fungi is not definitively known , although several hypotheses have been suggested : it may help attract insects to help with spore dispersal , it may be a by @-@ product of other biochemical functions , or it may help deter heterotrophs that might consume the fungus . = = Natural products = = Several unique chemicals are produced by Mycena haematopus . The primary pigment is haematopodin B , which is so chemically sensitive ( breaking down upon exposure to air and light ) that its more stable breakdown product , haematopodin , was known before its eventual discovery and characterization in 2008 . A chemical synthesis for haematopodin was reported in 1996 . Haematopodins are the first pyrroloquinoline alkaloids discovered in fungi ; pyrroloquinolines combine the structures of pyrrole and quinoline , both heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds . Compounds of this type also occur in marine sponges and are attracting research interest due to various biological properties , such as cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines , and both antifungal and antimicrobial activities . Additional alkaloid compounds in M. haematopus include the red pigments mycenarubins D , E and F. Prior to the discovery of these compounds , pyrroloquinoline alkaloids were considered to be rare in terrestrial sources . = = = Books cited = = = Smith AH . ( 1947 ) . North American species of Mycena . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
= Appeal to Reason = Appeal to Reason is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against . After touring in support of their previous album , The Sufferer & the Witness , Rise Against began recording Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado . Recording and production were finished in June , and the album was released in North America on October 7 , 2008 . The album is the band 's first release with guitarist Zach Blair . The album has been certified Gold by the RIAA and platinum by the CRIA . Appeal to Reason was Rise Against 's highest charting album until the release of Endgame , debuting at number three on the Billboard 200 chart and selling 64 @,@ 700 copies in its first week of release . It received generally favorable reviews from critics . The album produced three singles : " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " , " Audience of One " , and " Savior " . Although commercially successful , Rise Against was greatly criticized by many long @-@ term fans for producing an album that is a dramatic departure compared to Rise Against 's previous fast @-@ paced works . Despite this , the album has sold over 600 @,@ 000 copies in the USA , with one of the songs going Platinum , and another going Gold ; it is their most successful album to date . = = Writing and recording = = In May 2007 , it was reported that Rise Against was planning to return to the studio after touring in support of their previous album , The Sufferer & the Witness , to begin work on their next album . The band headlined a North American tour supporting The Sufferer & the Witness throughout July and August 2007 , instead of attending that year 's Warped Tour . When asked in July about the band 's plans for a new album , guitarist Zach Blair told ThePunkSite.com that Rise Against would " start writing and recording the record " after touring and would be " writing for a few months " before returning to the studio . He also predicted a summer 2008 release date for the album . In an interview with bassist Joe Principe in August 2007 , he stated recording would likely begin around early 2008 , although he said " everything could change " , but that was " the plan right now " . The band continued to tour throughout the rest of 2007 , playing several shows in the Taste of Chaos tour and supporting its headliner , The Used . On January 7 , 2008 , Rise Against announced on their website that they had begun writing and demoing for their next album . When asked in May what the status of the album was , frontman Tim McIlrath told the Los Angeles modern rock radio station , KROQ , that the band was in the middle of the recording process . He also stated that the album would be recorded at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins , Colorado and produced by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore , who had produced The Sufferer & the Witness . Also in May 2008 , Rise Against posted a blog on their website , stating that they were back in the studio working on the album . It explained that they had " spent many weeks in Chicago throughout the end of winter writing new songs " in their " rehearsal space " . Asked later about the writing and recording process , McIlrath said , " We kind of blocked a month off over the winter and said , ' Let 's all get together , get the rehearsal space , and start putting some ideas together , ' which is what we did . And then , we also blocked off a week or two at the Blasting Room after we arrived in Fort Collins to just kind of jam stuff out , get some new ideas going . " In a June 2008 interview , Luisa Mateus of Gigwise.com asked McIlrath about the new album . He stated that it was " mostly finished " but that a name and release date were still undetermined . The only hint given on the musical style of the album was Mateus ' statement that the band said that they were " happy keeping their sound organic " . On July 14 , 2008 , it was reported on Punknews.org that the album would be titled Appeal to Reason . The name is taken from a leftist newspaper from 1897 . = = Musical style and themes = = Appeal to Reason is considered by critics to be one of Rise Against 's most accessible and melodic albums , both musically and lyrically . Jon Pareles of The New York Times felt that the band 's " righteousness grows more tuneful with every album " . John Hanson of Sputnikmusic said that the album is " ‘ appealing ’ to a larger audience than old fans will be comfortable with " . In an October 2008 interview with Tony Pascarella of AbsolutePunk.net , bassist Joe Principe said , " Appeal to Reason sounds like a Rise Against album but there 's still something new that we 're offering . I think we 've grown as songwriters and as a band , and it shows on the record . " According to Bill Stewart of PopMatters , " Appeal to Reason is a Rise Against album . If you possess more than a passing familiarity with the band , I wouldn ’ t even bother scrolling through the rest of this review , and I ’ d certainly avoid checking out the rating at the end of it — because that first sentence , for better or worse , says everything that needs to be said about this album . " The album includes one acoustic song , " Hero of War " , which is about an Iraq War Veteran looking back on his war experiences . It is described by Rolling Stone as an " ambivalent aggro @-@ folk track " . McIlrath said of the song , " I wanted to take the perspective of ' What is the war going to be looked back on as ? ' " In another interview McIlrath stated , " It was a way to document what 's going on , like other artists documented for their generation and for generations to come . " He went on to say , " There are not many songs ... talking about what 's going on during eight years of occupation in Iraq . That , combined with meeting active soldiers and retired soldiers at our shows and hearing those stories about what is going on on the ground amid all the bullshit , showed me the differences from what is really happening to what is happening in the news media . I just thought that this needed to go into a song . " Much of the rest of the album deals with political issues in the United States as well . Jeff Miers of The Buffalo News calls the album " a response to the oppressive vacuousness of the Bush years " . Dealing with specific tracks on the album , AllMusic states that Rise Against " rages against the moral decay rotting the core of the U.S. on the opening ' Collapse ( Post @-@ Amerika ) , ' just as they strike out against the slow dumbing down of America on ' Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) ' " . McIlrath said in an interview with The Red Alert , " All of our songs are ' that ' song that we won 't dilute . They always have been . I 've never written a song , until " Hero of War , " with a specific goal in mind . " When asked about how Appeal to Reason continues Rise Against 's tradition of making politically charged music , he said : " The reason I started this band , and the reason I still do it , is that I still open a paper and say , " Holy Shit ! Are you kidding me ? Is this really happening ? Are people voting for things like Proposition 8 ? Is this America ? Are we still in Iraq and in a place that people think a white versus a black president is a big deal ? " There is so much to address through music . There is plenty we need to learn from . " Nevertheless , the band has stated that their songs don 't only focus on politics . In one interview , Principe said , " The political side of this band is just that -- it 's a side . There are political lyrics . There are social awareness and there are lyrics about the environment . I think if people take the time to read the lyrics , they 'll know we 're not strictly force feeding you our politics . " In the liner notes of the album , it recommends the reading of A People 's History of the United States by Howard Zinn . It also recommends the documentaries Wal @-@ Mart : The High Cost of Low Price , The Ground Truth , The Future of Food , An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore , and Sicko by Michael Moore . = = Promotion and release = = Rise Against filmed the music video for Appeal to Reason 's first single , " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " with director Kevin Kerslake . The single and its music video were released digitally on August 25 . In December 2008 , it was reported that Rise Against would be shooting a music video for their second single , " Audience of One " , with director Brett Simon . The music video for " Audience of One " premiered on MySpace Music on January 15 , 2009 . The music video was filmed in Los Angeles in December and features the band performing in a miniature world on the White House lawn . The video for the song " Hero of War " was released on May 20 , 2009 , although the song itself was never released as an official single . Radio stations were sent copies of the album 's third single , " Savior " , on June 3 . Rise Against began a U.S. tour with Thrice , Alkaline Trio , and The Gaslight Anthem to promote the album on October 2 , 2008 , in Cleveland , Ohio . The band co @-@ headlined a 2009 tour with Rancid throughout the summer months . That was followed by a short tour of the UK in November , which was supported by the bands Thursday and Poison the Well . = = Reception and sales = = Appeal to Reason received generally favorable reviews from music critics . It attained a score of 65 out of 100 on Metacritic 's average of ten professional reviews . In his review giving the album an 82 % rating , Chris Fallon of AbsolutePunk.net said , " Appeal to Reason is essentially focused on one big thing : intelligence . There is no fluff here -- the band has put together a fast , smart and generally focused piece of work here . Rolling Stone magazine tells of the band 's further emergence into the mainstream with Appeal to Reason , " Rise Against may be nervous about leaving the underground behind , but with sharp songs like these , they 're ready for the rest of the world . " IGN gave the album an 8 @.@ 2 out of 10 and said , " Rise Against has taken all of its protest attitude and all of its social leanings and has given America another truly great album . Appeal To Reason is both a wake @-@ up call for the country and a song of hope for those who can see a clear path on the horizon . While the songs may not be as driven and hard as on albums past , they lack nothing in definition and power of the word . And when it comes down to it , Rise Against want you to know that there is power in the meaning . " In his Consumer Guide , however , Robert Christgau gave the album a " dud " rating ( ) , calling it " a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought . " Appeal to Reason is Rise Against 's second highest charting album to date . It peaked at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200 , selling 64 @,@ 700 copies in its first week of release . The singles released from Appeal to Reason also charted higher on the U.S. music charts than any of the band 's previous releases . " Re @-@ Education ( Through Labor ) " reached number 22 on Billboard 's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number three on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks ( now Alternative Songs ) chart , making it Rise Against 's highest charting single on a U.S. rock chart , until it was surpassed by " Savior " . " Audience of One " reached number four on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart . " Savior " peaked at number 3 on Billboard 's Rock Songs chart and at number 3 on the Alternative Songs ( formerly Hot Modern Rock Tracks ) chart , making it the highest @-@ charting single to date . " Savior " has also spent the longest of any Rise Against song on the U.S. Rock Charts , with over a year on both the Rock Songs and Alternative Songs charts . All three appeared on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . In December 2010 , the album had sold 482 @,@ 000 copies . = = Track listing = = All lyrics written by Tim McIlrath , all music composed by Tim McIlrath , Joe Principe , Brandon Barnes and Zach Blair . = = Personnel = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Adventure Time ( season 5 ) = The fifth season of American animated television series Adventure Time , created by Pendleton Ward , originally aired on Cartoon Network in the United States . The series is based on a short produced for Frederator 's Nicktoons Network animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . The season debuted on November 12 , 2012 and finished on March 17 , 2014 . The season follows the adventures of Finn , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen . The first episode of the fifth season was the two @-@ parter episode " Finn the Human " and " Jake the Dog " , both of which aired on November 12 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by 3 @.@ 435 million viewers ; this marked a dramatic increase from the previous season 's premiere and finale . The season ended with the " Billy 's Bucket List " , which was viewed by 2 @.@ 335 million viewers . The season has been met with largely positive critical reception . In June 2013 , the series was nominated for " Best Animated Series " at the 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards , although it did not win . Both " Simon & Marcy " and " Be More " were nominated for Primetime Emmy Awards for Short @-@ Format Animation at the 65th and 66th Primetime Emmy Awards respectively . Former character designer Andy Ristaino and series ' art director Nick Jennings both won Emmys for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " in 2013 and 2014 , respectively . This season comprised 52 episodes , making it twice the length of any of the show 's previous seasons . The episodes were storyboarded and written by Tom Herpich , Jesse Moynihan , Cole Sanchez , Rebecca Sugar , Steve Wolfhard , Skyler Page , Somvilay Xayaphone , Ako Castuera , Michael DeForge , Kent Osborne , David OReilly , Ward , Graham Falk , Thomas Wellmann , Luke Pearson , Seo Kim , and Ristaino . The season also featured OReilly and James Baxter as guest animators in the episodes " A Glitch is a Glitch " and " James Baxter the Horse " , respectively . Furthermore , this was the last year of Adventure Time to feature Sugar and Page ; they all left to create their own shows . It was also the final season to feature Ward as the showrunner . It was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . In addition , several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season have been released . The full season set was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on July 14 , 2015 . = = Development = = = = = Concept = = = The season follows the adventures of Finn the Human , a human boy , and his best friend Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen . Common storylines revolve around Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures , dealing with the antagonistic but misunderstood Ice King , and battling monsters in order to help others . Various other episodes deal with Finn and his romantic relationship with Flame Princess . = = = Production = = = On October 12 , 2012 , it was announced that Cartoon Network had officially renewed Adventure Time for a fifth season . The episode titles were released on November 2 , 2012 by Frederator Studios , while the show had just reached the end of its fourth season . Based on production numbers , " Finn the Human " was the first episode that underwent production , and it was also the first episode aired . The season contains 52 episodes , twice the normal number of episodes per season . Both Frederator and storyboard artist Jesse Moynihan explained that originally , a four @-@ part special was supposed to divide the season in half , but that the special was pushed off , and later cancelled . In production , the first half of the season was referred to as season 5 @.@ 1 , and the second half was referred to as 5 @.@ 2 . This season 's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons ' episodes . First , all of the episodes began as simple two @-@ to @-@ three @-@ page outline that contained the necessary plot information . These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists , who would then expand the rough outline into a full storyboard . The episodes ' design and coloring were done in Burbank , California . Animation was handled overseas in South Korea , either by Rough Draft Korea or by Saerom Animation . Although almost all of the episodes are hand @-@ animated , the fifteenth episode , " A Glitch Is a Glitch " , was created by guest animator David OReilly in his signature 3 @-@ D animation . According to Adam Muto , OReilly was brought on board after Ward expressed an interest in letting him helm an episode . Initially , the producers had wanted OReilly to appear in earlier seasons , but the network was hesitant to bring in guest directors . Eventually , the network relented , and he was finally approved to appear in the fifth season . British animator James Baxter guest animated the horse featured in the episode " James Baxter the Horse " . For the first half of the season , the writers room was largely composed of Ward , Kent Osborne , and Pat McHale . McHale eventually left the series to create Over the Garden Wall , and the newly promoted Muto and Jack Pendarvis were brought on board to pen story outlines . The season was storyboarded and written by Tom Herpich , Moynihan , Cole Sanchez , Sugar , Steve Wolfhard , Skyler Page , Somvilay Xayaphone , Castuera , Michael DeForge , Osborne , OReilly , Ward , Graham Falk , Thomas Wellmann , Luke Pearson , Seo Kim , and Ristaino . " Little Dude " was the first entry in the series to have been storyboarded by prop and character designer DeForge . He wrote on his official Tumblr that , " Cole and Adam Muto basically held my hand through the whole process , and were both incredibly patient with me . " Starting with " Love Games " , Ristaino was promoted from lead character designer to storyboard artist . Guest artist Falk , creator of the animated series Untalkative Bunny , storyboarded the episodes " Shh ! " and " Root Beer Guy " . The former was dedicated to Armen Mirzaian who was a storyboard artist for earlier episodes in the series . Mirzaian died in a car accident on February 21 , 2013 at the age of 35 . Regular storyboardist Castuera had to take off two storyboard rotations due to an art show , and so her partner , Moynihan , worked with German cartoonist Wellmann on " The Suitor " and " Wizards Only , Fools " ; the two worked on their storyboards via Skype and Google + Hangout . Pearson was paired with Xayaphone for both the episodes " Candy Streets " and " Frost & Fire " ; however , this pairing was only temporary , and Xayaphone boarded the rest of the season with Kim . This season was the last to feature Page and Sugar . Page left after completing " Davey " to create his own series Clarence . Sugar left the series after storyboarding the episode " Simon & Marcy " to focus her attention on her own Cartoon Network series , Steven Universe . The episode " All Your Fault " was the last regular episode of the season to feature a " directed by " credit . The subsequent episode , " Little Dude " , only credited Muto as " supervising director " and Nick Jennings as " art director " . Muto later explained that , " No one currently gets the ' directed by ' credit . " Both Muto and Nate Cash had , in previous episodes , been credited as creative directors , but according to Muto , the series decided to phase the title out in favor of " supervising director " . For the first half of the season , both Muto and Cash took turns holding the supervising director credit on different episodes . Starting with " Shh ! " , however , Elizabeth Ito , a former storyboard artist for the show in season one , returned to the series and was also credited as supervising director in place of Muto . " Bad Little Boy " , the season 's eleventh episode , however , still had a " directed by " credit . This is due to the fact that the episode was produced before " Little Dude " , but aired out of order . " A Glitch Is a Glitch " also featured a " directed by " credit , but this is due to the fact that the episode 's director , OReilly , was a guest animator and director for the series . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Ward revealed that he stepped down as series showrunner sometime during this season in favor of Muto . He explained that , as a naturally introverted person , he found it extremely exhausting having to deal with people every day . With that being said , Ward remained working on the series as a storyboard artist and storyline writer , and every single fifth season episode ( with the exception of " A Glitch is a Glitch " ) featured story input by Ward . = = Cast = = The voice actors include voice acting veterans John DiMaggio ( who portrays Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( who plays The Ice King ) , and Hynden Walch ( who voices Princess Bubblegum ) . In addition , Jeremy Shada portrays the voice of Finn the Human , and Olivia Olson portrays Marceline the Vampire Queen . Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters , including Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English , as well as Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother , Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks . Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess , Finn 's former romantic interest . The season 's first few episodes also feature The Lich , the series principal antagonist . The Lich is portrayed by Ron Perlman . The Adventure Time cast records their lines together in group recordings as opposed to different recording sessions with each voice actor . This is to record more natural sounding dialogue among the characters . Hynden Walch has described these group recordings as akin to " doing a play reading — a really , really out there play . " Several voices actors and actresses reprise their characters in this season . Emo Philips reprises his fourth season character Cuber in both " Five More Short Graybles " and " Another Five Short Graybles " . Both Justin Roiland and Andy Milonakis reprise their roles as the Earl of Lemongrab and N.E.P.T.R. , respectively in " Mystery Dungeon " . Roiland would voice both Earls of Lemongrab in the following episodes , " All Your Fault " , " Another Five More Short Graybles " , " Too Old " , and " Lemonhope " ; he would also voice the character Lemonhope in " Too Old " and the eponymous episode . " Bad Little Boy " featured Neil Patrick Harris returning as Prince Gumball , Madeleine Martin reprising the role of Fionna , and Roz Ryan reappearing as Cake . Keith David once again voices the Flame King in " Vault of Bones " , " Earth & Water " , and " The Red Throne " . Davey Johnson reappears as the goblin king Xergiok in " The Great Bird Man " ; he also voices the titular character in the episode " Davey " . " Davey " also features Randy Liedtke as a candy person named Randy . Steve Little , who plays the recurring role as Peppermint Butler , also reprises his role as Abracadaniel in " Wizards Only , Fools " and " Play Date " . Maurice LaMarche reprises his role as Grand Master Wizard in both " Wizards Only , Fools " and " Betty " . Musical parody artist " Weird Al " Yankovic reprises his role as Banana Man in " We Fixed a Truck " . Noah Nelson reprises his role as Kee @-@ Oth the demon in the two @-@ parter " Play Date " and " The Pit " , having first appeared in the third season episode " Dad 's Dungeon " . Osborne reprises his recurring role as Finn and Jake 's dad , Joshua , in the episode " The Pit " . Ron Lynch returns to the series in " Apple Wedding " , voicing Mr. Pig . Jeff Bennett reprises his role as Choose Goose in the episode " Blade of Grass " , and also voices an alternate @-@ universe version of the character named Choose Bruce in the episode " Finn the Human . " Miguel Ferrer reprises his role as Death , and Steve Agee returns as Ash in " Betty " . Both Lou Ferrigno , Andy Samberg , and Mark Hamill return in " Billy 's Bucket List " as Billy , Party Pat , and the Fear Feaster , respectively . The series also regularly employs guest voices for new characters . For instance , in the two @-@ parter " Finn the Human " and " Jake the Dog " , Ming @-@ Na Wen voiced Farmworld Finn 's mother ( as she did in the season four cliffhanger " The Lich " ) , Kumail Nanjiani appeared as Prismo , and Cloris Leachman plays the role of Farmworld Marceline . Additionally , in " Jake the Dog " and " Frost & Fire " , M. Emmet Walsh voices the Cosmic Owl . In " Up a Tree " , Jim Cummings voices the Porcupine , Lenny the Beaver , and the Owl ; and Marc Maron appears as the squirrel . Cummings would later reappear in the latter season episode " Candy Streets " playing a different character . In " Jake the Dad " , Kristen Schaal lends her voice to Jake Jr . ( she would reprise the role in the later episodes " One Last Job " and " Another Five Short Graybles " ) ; Choe Dong @-@ Hyun appears as T.V. and Kim Kil Whan ; and Sunny Sandler voices both Charlie and Viola . In " Little Dude " , Dana Snyder appears as the Ancient Sleeping Magi of Life Giving . With " Bad Little Boy " , Donald Glover debuted as Marshall Lee , Marceline 's male counterpart . In the episode " Puhoy " , Jonathan Frakes voices a grown @-@ up version of Finn , Mandy Siegfriend voices Roselinen , and Wallace Shawn voices an oracle . Levar Burton voices an anthropomorphic bubble in " BMO Lost " . Baxter plays the eponymous character in the " James Baxter the Horse " . Both Johnny Pemberton and James Adomian appear in the episode " The Suitor " , voicing Braco and the demon @-@ possessed Cinnamon Bun , respectively . Series storyboard artist Cole Sanchez voiced the Party God in " Shh ! " and " Party 's Over , Isla de Señorita " ; Riki Lindhome portrayed the female island in the latter episode . The character Tiffany , who had first appeared in a minor role in the first season episode " My Two Favorite People " , reappears in " One Last Job " . In the first season , he was voiced by Vincenzo Rauso . However , in " One Last Job " , he was voiced by Collin Dean . Comedian Melissa Villasenor appears as Ann the pharmacist in " Candy Streets " . Duncan Trussell appears as Ron James in " Wizards Only , Fools " and " Betty " . Dan Mintz appears as T.V. in " Jake Suit " . Aziz Ansari , Paul F. Tompkins , and Chuck McCann appear in " Be More " , as DMO , one of the SMOs , and Moe Giovanni , respectively . " Sky Witch " features Jill Talley , the wife of Kenny , voicing the eponymous sky witch , Maja . In " The Vault " , Isabelle Fuhrman voices Shoko and Paul Scheer voices the Bath Boy Gang Boss . In " Love Games " , Katie Crown voices Slime Princess 's sister Blargatha , and John Hodgman appears as Elder Plops . Marina Sirtis voices the character Samantha in the episode " The Pit " . In " James " , Andy Merrill appears as the titular character . In the episode " Root Beer Guy " , series ' outline writer Jack Pendarvis lends his voice to the character of the same name , and Anne Heche voices the character 's wife , Cherry Cream Soda . In addition , Make a Wish Foundation arranged for a 14 @-@ year @-@ old named Christopher to be the voice of a background character in " Root Beer Guy " . Andy Daly voices the King of Ooo in " Apple Wedding " . Rainn Wilson voices the titular character in " Rattleballs " . Roddy Piper plays the part of Don John in " The Red Throne " . Lena Dunham appears as Betty in the episode of the same name . Actor and musician Creed Bratton voices the character Phlannel Boxingday in " Lemonhope " . Series storyboard artist Ako Castuera voices Canyon in " Billy 's Bucket List " . Various other characters are voiced by Tom Kenny , Dee Bradley Baker , Maria Bamford , Little , and Kent Osborne . = = Reception and release = = = = = Ratings = = = The season debuted on November 12 , 2012 , with the two @-@ part episode " Finn the Human " / " Jake the Dog " . Together , both episodes were watched by 3 @.@ 435 million viewers . This marked a drastic increase of almost one million viewers when compared to the previous season premiere , as well as the previous season finale . The season opener was also the most @-@ watched episode of the season . Aside from the season opener , " Jake the Dad " , " Bad Little Boy " , and " Frost & Fire " were the only other episodes of the season to garner over 3 million viewers , and they were watched by 3 @.@ 19 , 3 @.@ 077 , and 3 @.@ 009 million viewers , respectively . On March 29 , 2013 , it was reported that the show averaged roughly 2 to 3 million viewers per episode . The season conlcuded with " Billy 's Bucket List " on March 17 , 2014 . The episode was viewed by 2 @.@ 335 million viewers , marking a slight decrease in viewers when compared to the season four finale " The Lich " which was viewed by 2 @.@ 589 million viewers . = = = Reviews and accolades = = = Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the beginning of the season for being " irreverent and narratively engaging " . He called it " the ideal testament to animation 's glorious pliability in an commercial arena otherwise defined by restrictions . " Kohn felt that the show 's exploration of " sad subtext " — such as the series ' mysterious Mushroom War and the relationship between Marceline and the Ice King — and the characters ' abilities to " deny the bad vibes their surrounding world invites " via " cheery songs and vibrant artwork " were some of the series strongest points . He was particularly pleased with the season opener , calling it an " interesting creative challenge " . Kohn later published an article explaining why " ' Adventure Time ' is the best Sci @-@ Fi show on TV right now " . He singled out " Simon & Marcy " , praising the way in which the episode " deepen [ ed ] the world [ of Ooo ] in all kinds of morbidly fascinating ways . " Furthermore , he compared the entry to Cormac McCarthy 's book The Road , specifically citing the similarities between the mutant creatures in the episode and the " demented people " in the latter . Kohn ultimately concluded that the series ' " willingness to contemplate [ the themes of the episode ] while sticking to its unique combination of silliness and haunting beauty routinely transforms the show into a wondrous genre experiment . " Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club wrote that the season was " experimental " in that the series ' writers and storyboard artists " continue to experiment with what they can do in 10 minutes " . He specifically cited the plots from the season openers , " All the Little People " , and " Shh ! " as examples , and applauded the fact that the series was willing to explore different styles of animation , such as in the installment " A Glitch is a Glitch " . Rich Goldstein of The Daily Beast argued that the emotional depth of the series increased during this season , highlighting " Simon & Marcy " as an example . Emily Guendelsberger of The A.V. Club later awarded the entire season an " A " , noting that " Adventure Time has somehow managed to stay on fire for its fifth season 's double @-@ wide 52 @-@ episode run . " Guendelsberger praised the show 's aforementioned creativity and experimentation , and also wrote that " the writing staff has also taken the less @-@ obvious X @-@ Files approach : expanding the length of the stories they 're able to tell by linking monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week episodes into longer arcs . " The A.V. Club later named the series the 27th best television series of 2014 , noting that , " The end of the super @-@ sized season five saw a string of conceptually ambitious episodes that blew the world of Ooo wide open , deepening the stories of Lemongrab , Lumpy Space Princess ' doomed romance , and Ice King 's past as Simon Petrikov . " The site selected " Lemonhope " as the stand @-@ out from the season 's end . All in all , each episode was also graded by The A.V. Club with a different letter grade ; the season received four " C " grade entries , twenty " B " grade installments , and twenty @-@ six " A " grade episodes . In June 2013 , the series was nominated for " Best Animated Series " at the 2013 Critics ' Choice Television Awards , although it lost to the FX series Archer . At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards , " Simon & Marcy " , was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Short @-@ format Animation , and former character designer Andy Ristaino won an Emmy for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " for his character designs in the episode " Puhoy " , making it the series ' first Emmy win . The episode " Be More " was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Short @-@ format Animation at the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2014 . On July 31 , 2014 , it was announced that series art director , Nick Jennings , had won an Emmy for " Outstanding Individual Achievement In Animation " for his work on the episode " Wizards Only , Fools " . = = = Home media = = = Warner Home Video released multiple DVD volumes , such as Jake the Dad , The Suitor , Princess Day , Finn the Human , Frost & Fire , and The Enchiridion which contain episodes from the fifth season . The complete season set was released on July 14 , 2015 . All DVD releases can be purchased on the Cartoon Network Shop , and the individual episodes can be downloaded from both the iTunes Store and Amazon.com. = = Episodes = = ^ † = Director ^ ‡ = Supervising director = = DVD release = =
= INS Shakti ( A57 ) = INS Shakti ( A57 ) is a Deepak @-@ class fleet tanker in service with the Indian Navy . She was built by Fincantieri , an Italian shipbuilding company based in Trieste . She is the second and final ship of her class . Shakti , along with her predecessor Deepak , is one of the largest ships of the Indian Navy . Construction of the vessel began in November 2009 and it was launched in October 2010 . She was handed over to India by September 2011 and was commissioned on 1 October 2011 . The construction of the vessel was completed in a record time of 27 months , after the contract worth € 159 @.@ 32 million was signed in April 2008 . INS Shakti can refuel four ships at a time , with a fuelling speed of 1 @,@ 500 tonnes per hour while her predecessors had a speed of 300 per hour . She is also equipped with state @-@ of @-@ the art electronics , medical facilities and storage spaces . According to Admiral Nirmal Verma , Shakti would significantly add to the Indian Navy 's ability to conduct and sustain operations distant from the coast . = = Design and description = = = = = General characteristics and propulsion = = = INS Shakti has a length of 175 m ( 574 ft ) overall , a beam of 25 m ( 82 ft ) and a draught of 9 @.@ 1 m ( 30 ft ) . The ships displaces about 27 @,@ 550 tonnes ( 27 @,@ 110 long tons ; 30 @,@ 370 short tons ) at full load . The complement is about 200 , including 20 officers . The ship is powered by two MAN diesel engines providing a total power of 19 @.@ 2 MW ( 25 @,@ 700 hp ) . This allows the ship to reach a maximum speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) and an endurance of 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . To help prevent accidental oil spills the ship features a double hull configuration , in compliance with MARPOL 73 / 78 . = = = Capacity = = = The Deepak @-@ class tanker can carry 17 @,@ 900 tonnes of cargo , including 15 @,@ 500 tonnes of liquid cargo ( water , ship and aircraft fuel ) and 500 tonnes of solid cargo ( victuals and ammunition ) . The modern cargo handling facility on board the ship enables transfer of heavy solid cargo via a 30 tonne capacity deck crane , and simultaneous fuelling of multiple ships at sea , and can refuel at the rate of 1 @,@ 500 tonnes per hour . Workshop facilities on the ship can support other ships of the fleet and it is capable of supporting heavy helicopters . = = = Self @-@ defence systems = = = The ship has self @-@ defence capability and is equipped with an indigenous anti @-@ missile defence chaff system . On @-@ board systems include fully automatic engine controls , power management and battle damage control systems . According to the navy , the ship was designed to operate as a command platform . The ship is fitted with four AK @-@ 630 Close @-@ in weapon systems , which can fire at a rate of 4 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 rounds a minute . = = Construction and service = = Fincantieri was awarded the contract to construct Shakti in April 2008 , at a cost of US $ 300 million . The Deepak @-@ class tankers were the first warships constructed for India by Fincantieri . The construction of the ship began in November 2009 at Fincantieri 's Sestri Ponente shipyard in Italy . The sea trials started in December 2010 . The ship was formally handed over to the Indian Navy on 23 September 2011 , in under two years . Admiral Nirmal Verma , the chief of the Naval Staff , commissioned the tanker at Visakhapatnam , the home of the Eastern Naval Command , saying that the ship enhanced the reach of the navy well beyond the limits of the Indian Ocean . INS Shakti is the third tanker of the same name of the navy . The first Shakti had a displacement of 3 @,@ 000 tonnes and was commissioned during World War II . She was in service with the Indian Navy from 29 January 1954 and decommissioned on 31 December 1967 ; whilst the second Shakti , a large ship built by a German yard , was commissioned on 21 February 1976 and decommissioned on 21 July 2007 , after more than 31 years of naval service . = = = 2012 = = = Malabar 2012 In April 2012 , Shakti took part in the Indian navy 's annual maritime exercise with the US Navy , Malabar 2012 , in the Bay of Bengal . During these exercises , the ship replenished USS Carl Vinson , flagship of the US Navy 's Carrier Strike Group 1 . South China Sea and the North @-@ West Pacific In May 2012 , Shakti , as part of a battle group of four ships , began a sustained operational deployment to the South China Sea and the North West Pacific Ocean . The other three ships were INS Rana , a Rajput @-@ class guided missile destroyer , INS Shivalik , a stealth frigate , and INS Karmuk , a Kora @-@ class corvette . This battle group was under the command of Rear Admiral P Ajit Kumar , Flag Officer Commanding , Eastern Naval Command . According to the Ministry of Defence , the two @-@ month deployment , far from India 's usual area of operations , along with naval exercises with a number of countries , aimed to demonstrate the Indian navy 's operational reach . During the deployment , the battle group participated in passage exercises with the navies of the countries visited . The ' Passage Exercises ' focussed on maritime security cooperation , which included humanitarian aid and disaster relief ( HADR ) operations and ' Visit , Board , Search and Seizure ' ( VBSS ) drills for anti @-@ piracy operations . These exercises aimed to increase naval inter @-@ operability , enabling the two navies to function with enhanced coordination during possible HADR operations . In addition , during the port visits , the Fleet Commander along with the Commanding Officers of the ships met high @-@ ranking officials of the navy , state administration , port management , coastal security organisation , police , and other stakeholders of maritime security in the countries visited , to share professional experiences and exchange best practices in areas of mutual interest . JIMEX 2012 The ship was deployed in the North West Pacific for JIMEX 2012 ( Japan @-@ India Maritime Exercise ) with the four ship group , and took part in India 's first bi @-@ lateral maritime exercise with Japan . The Japanese Maritime Self @-@ Defence Force ( JMSDF ) was represented by two destroyers , one maritime patrol aircraft and a helicopter . The four ships entered Tokyo on 5 June 2012 after visiting Singapore , Vietnam , Philippines and Republic of Korea . They stayed in Tokyo for three days . This visit coincided with the commemoration of 60 years of diplomatic relations between India and Japan . Vice Admiral Anil Chopra , Flag Officer Commanding @-@ in @-@ Chief Eastern Naval Command also visited Tokyo to witness the first JIMEX . South @-@ east Asia After the deployment in the North pacific , the battle group was deployed in the South China Sea . As part of India 's Look East policy , the ships visited the Shanghai port on 13 June 2012 , for a five @-@ day goodwill tour . INS Shakti served as the fuel and logistics tanker to the three destroyers . The ships left the port on 17 June 2012 . Before leaving the port , the ships conducted routine passage exercise with the People 's Liberation Army Navy . After the visits to Singapore , Vietnam , Philippines , Japan , South Korea and China , the ships visited Port Klang , Malaysia . This was the last port call of the battle group , after which it returned to the Eastern fleet of the Indian Navy , after being on a two @-@ month @-@ long deployment which started in May 2012 . = = = 2013 = = = TROPEX 2013 Shakti was part of a seven @-@ ship fleet which represented the Eastern Naval Command at Indian Navy 's annual TROPEX exercise , which concluded on 1 March 2013 . TROPEX 2013 was a month @-@ long theatre level exercise which was conducted off India 's west coast . The navy conducted manoeuvres , weapon firings and tactical evaluation . The other ships in the flotilla were the destroyer Rana , amphibious dock INS Jalashwa , corvettes INS Kulish , Karmuk and INS Sukanya , and it was led by INS Ranvijay under the command of Admiral Ajith Kumar P , Flag Officer Commanding Eastern Fleet . This flotilla made a port call at Kochi on 4 March 2013 , on route to its forward deployment . South China Sea and Western Pacific The ship was part of a four @-@ vessel fleet on a regular operational deployment to the South China Sea and the Western Pacific during May – June 2013 , which departed from India on 20 May 2013 . The fleet led by Rear Admiral Ajit Kumar consisted of stealth frigate INS Satpura , Rajput @-@ class destroyer INS Ranvijay , corvette INS Kirch and Shakti , and carried more than 800 crew members . Shakti , along with Ranvijay sailed from Port Blair , Andaman and Nicobar on 21 May and were joined by Satpura and Kirch , which arrived from Singapore after participating in a maritime exhibition and a bilateral naval exercise . The ships made a five @-@ day port call at Malaysia 's Port Klang on 25 May 2013 . The ships will conduct passage exercises and practice both conventional wartime drills and cooperative military action against unconventional sea threats with the Malaysian Navy . They will make further port calls at Da Nang in Vietnam and Manila in the Philippines . They are expected to return to India by June 2013 . The fleet would be deployed in the South China Sea and the Western Pacific from mid @-@ May to end June to reinforce military ties with ASEAN , in addition to showcasing India 's naval capabilities . = = = 2014 = = = Western Pacific : In July 2014 , an Indian Navy task force comprising INS Ranvijay , INS Shivalik , and Shakti visited the Russian Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok for Indra @-@ 2014 exercises . The Russian fleet consisted of guided @-@ missile cruiser Varyag , the flagship of the Pacific Fleet ; the destroyer Admiral Vinogradov , the Peresvet and several auxiliary ships , naval aircraft and helicopters . The exercise took place from 17 to 19 July in the Peter the Great Gulf in the Sea of Japan . The ships conducted tactical maneuvering drills , artillery and missile firing drills , as well as helicopter deck @-@ landing drills . After exercising with the Russian Navy , the task force moved to the Pacific Ocean to exercise with the Japanese and the US Navy during Malabar 2014 . Aircraft carrier USS George Washington and a nuclear submarine represented the US Navy , and the Japanese Maritime Self @-@ Defence Force was represented by two destroyers , Kurama and Ashigara , and US @-@ 2 amphibious warfare aircraft . The harbour phase of the drills was conducted in Sasebo , Japan . Bay of Bengal : Naval ships Ranjit , Shivalik , Shakti and INS Airavat were readied by the Eastern Command to transport personnel and relief material as part of the rescue and relief mission during Cyclone Hudhud . = = = 2015 = = = Shakti deployed with other ships of the Eastern fleet to the Andaman & Nicobar Command , to exercise in the Andaman Sea and then deployed overseas to exercise with other navies of the region from Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Cambodia , Thailand and Australia , as part of India 's Act East policy . This task force sailed under the command of Flag Officer Eastern Fleet Rear Admiral Ajendra Bahadur Singh , VSM , who commanded from INS Satpura . The other ships in the task force were INS Sahyadri , the then @-@ newly commissioned anti @-@ submarine warfare INS Kamorta , destroyers INS Ranvir and INS Ranvijay and missile corvette INS Khukri . The ships make port calls at Jakarta ( Indonesia ) , Freemantle ( Australia ) , Kuantan ( Malaysia ) , Sattahip ( Thailand ) and Sihanoukville ( Cambodia ) . They exercised for four days with RSS Supreme and submarine RSS Archer along with fighters , patrol aircraft and helicopters of the Singaporean Navy from 24 @-@ 27 May in Simbex 2015 .
= Andrea Doria @-@ class battleship = The Andrea Doria class ( usually called Caio Duilio class in Italian sources ) was a pair of dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Italian Navy ( Regia Marina ) during the early 1910s . The two ships — Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio — were completed during World War I. The class was an incremental improvement over the preceding Conte di Cavour class . Like the earlier ships , Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio were armed with a main battery of thirteen 305 @-@ millimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns . The two ships spent World War I based in southern Italy to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy bottled up in the Adriatic , but neither vessel saw any combat . After the war , they cruised the Mediterranean and were involved in several international incidents , including the Corfu Incident in 1923 . Both ships were placed in reserve a decade later and began a lengthy reconstruction in 1937 . The modifications included removing their center main battery turret and boring out the rest of the guns to 320 mm ( 12 @.@ 6 in ) , strengthening their armor protection , installing new boilers and steam turbines , and lengthening their hulls . The reconstruction work lasted until 1940 , by which time Italy was already engaged in World War II . The two ships were moored in Taranto on the night of 11 / 12 November 1940 when the British launched a carrier strike on the Italian fleet . In the resulting Battle of Taranto , Caio Duilio was hit by a torpedo and forced to beach to avoid sinking . Andrea Doria was undamaged in the raid ; repairs for Caio Duilio lasted until May 1941 . Both ships escorted convoys to North Africa in late 1941 , including Operation M42 , where Andrea Doria saw action at the inconclusive First Battle of Sirte on 17 December . Fuel shortages curtailed further activity in 1942 and 1943 , and both ships were interned at Malta following Italy 's surrender in September 1943 . Italy was permitted to retain both battleships after the war , and they alternated as fleet flagship until the early 1950s , when they were removed from active service . Both ships were scrapped after 1956 . = = Design and description = = The Andrea Doria @-@ class ships were designed by naval architect Vice Admiral ( Generale del Genio navale ) Giuseppe Valsecchi and were ordered in response to French plans to build the Bretagne @-@ class battleships . The design of the preceding Conte di Cavour @-@ class battleships was generally satisfactory and was adopted with some minor changes . These mostly concerned the reduction of the superstructure by shortening the forecastle deck , the consequent lowering of the amidships gun turret and the upgrading of the secondary armament to sixteen 152 @-@ millimeter ( 6 in ) guns in lieu of the eighteen 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) guns of the older ships . = = = General characteristics = = = The ships of the Andrea Doria class were 168 @.@ 9 meters ( 554 ft 2 in ) long at the waterline , and 176 meters ( 577 ft 5 in ) overall . They had a beam of 28 meters ( 91 ft 10 in ) , and a draft of 9 @.@ 4 meters ( 30 ft 10 in ) . They displaced 22 @,@ 956 long tons ( 23 @,@ 324 t ) at normal load , and 24 @,@ 729 long tons ( 25 @,@ 126 t ) at deep load . They were provided with a complete double bottom and their hulls were subdivided by 23 longitudinal and transverse bulkheads . The ships had two rudders , both on the centerline . They had a crew of 31 officers and 969 enlisted men . = = = Propulsion = = = The ships were fitted with three Parsons steam turbine sets , arranged in three engine rooms . The center engine room housed one set of turbines that drove the two inner propeller shafts . It was flanked by compartments on either side , each housing one turbine set powering the outer shafts . Steam for the turbines was provided by 20 Yarrow boilers , 8 of which burned oil and 12 of which burned coal sprayed with oil . Designed to reach a maximum speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) from 32 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 24 @,@ 000 kW ) , neither of the ships reached this goal on their sea trials , only achieving speeds of 21 to 21 @.@ 3 knots ( 38 @.@ 9 to 39 @.@ 4 km / h ; 24 @.@ 2 to 24 @.@ 5 mph ) . The ships could store a maximum of 1 @,@ 488 long tons ( 1 @,@ 512 t ) of coal and 886 long tons ( 900 t ) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 4 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 900 km ; 5 @,@ 500 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = As built , the ships ' main armament comprised thirteen 46 @-@ caliber 305 @-@ millimeter guns , designed by Armstrong Whitworth and Vickers , in five gun turrets . The turrets were all on the centerline , with a twin @-@ gun turret superfiring over a triple @-@ gun turret in fore and aft pairs , and a third triple turret amidships , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' Q ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . The turrets had an elevation capability of − 5 to + 20 degrees and the ships could carry 88 rounds for each gun . Sources disagree regarding these guns ' performance , but naval historian Giorgio Giorgerini says that they fired 452 @-@ kilogram ( 996 lb ) armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) projectiles at the rate of one round per minute and that they had a muzzle velocity of 840 m / s ( 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ) , which gave a maximum range of 24 @,@ 000 meters ( 26 @,@ 000 yd ) . The secondary armament on the two ships consisted of sixteen 45 @-@ caliber 152 @-@ millimeter ( 6 in ) guns , also designed by Armstrong Whitworth , mounted in casemates on the sides of the hull underneath the main guns . Their positions tended to be wet in heavy seas , especially the rear guns . These guns could depress to − 5 degrees and had a maximum elevation of + 20 degrees ; they had a rate of fire of six shots per minute . They could fire a 22 @.@ 1 @-@ kilogram ( 49 lb ) high @-@ explosive projectile with a muzzle velocity of 830 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ) to a maximum distance of 16 @,@ 000 meters ( 17 @,@ 000 yd ) . The ships carried 3 @,@ 440 rounds for them . For defense against torpedo boats , the ships carried nineteen 50 @-@ caliber 76 mm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) guns ; they could be mounted in 39 different positions , including on the turret roofs and upper decks . These guns had the same range of elevation as the secondary guns , and their rate of fire was higher at 10 rounds per minute . They fired a 6 @-@ kilogram ( 13 lb ) AP projectile with a muzzle velocity of 815 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 670 ft / s ) to a maximum distance of 9 @,@ 100 meters ( 10 @,@ 000 yd ) . The ships were also fitted with three submerged 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes , one on each broadside and the third in the stern . = = = Armor = = = The Andrea Doria @-@ class ships had a complete waterline armor belt with a maximum thickness of 250 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) that reduced to 130 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) towards the stern and 80 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) towards the bow . Above the main belt was a strake of armor 220 millimeters ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) thick that extended up to the lower edge of the main deck . Above this strake was a thinner one , 130 millimeters thick , that protected the casemates . The ships had two armored decks : the main deck was 24 mm ( 0 @.@ 94 in ) thick in two layers on the flat that increased to 40 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) on the slopes that connected it to the main belt . The second deck was 29 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 1 in ) thick , also in two layers . Fore and aft transverse bulkheads connected the belt to the decks . The frontal protection of the gun turrets was 280 millimeters ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness with 240 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) thick sides , and an 85 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 3 in ) roof and rear . Their barbettes had 230 @-@ millimeter ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) armor above the deck that reduced to 180 millimeters ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) between the forecastle and upper decks and 130 millimeters below the upper deck . The forward conning tower had walls 320 millimeters ( 12 @.@ 6 in ) thick ; those of the aft conning tower were 160 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) thick . = = Modifications and reconstruction = = During World War I , a pair of 50 @-@ caliber 76 @-@ millimeter guns on high @-@ angle mounts were fitted as anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns , one gun at the bow and the other on top of ' X ' turret . In 1925 the number of 50 @-@ caliber 76 @-@ millimeter guns was reduced to 13 , all mounted on the turret tops , and six new 40 @-@ caliber 76 @-@ millimeter guns were installed abreast the aft funnel . Two license @-@ built 2 @-@ pounder AA guns were also fitted . In 1926 the rangefinders were upgraded and a fixed aircraft catapult was mounted on the port side of the forecastle for a Macchi M.18 seaplane . By the early 1930s , the Regia Marina had begun design work on the new Littorio @-@ class battleships , but it recognized that they would not be complete for some time . As a stop @-@ gap measure in response to the new French Dunkerque @-@ class battleships , the navy decided to modernize its old battleships ; work on the two surviving Conte di Cavours began in 1933 and the two Andrea Dorias followed in 1937 . The work lasted until July 1940 for Duilio and October 1940 for Andrea Doria . The existing bow was dismantled and a new , longer , bow section was built , which increased their overall length by 10 @.@ 91 meters ( 35 ft 10 in ) to 186 @.@ 9 meters ( 613 ft 2 in ) ( on the Cavour @-@ class the new bow had been grafted over the existing one , instead ) . Their beam increased to 28 @.@ 03 meters ( 92 ft 0 in ) and their draft at deep load increased to 10 @.@ 3 meters ( 33 ft 10 in ) . The changes made during their reconstruction increased their displacement to 28 @,@ 882 long tons ( 29 @,@ 345 t ) for Andrea Doria and 29 @,@ 391 long tons ( 29 @,@ 863 t ) for Duilio at deep load . The ships ' crews increased to 70 officers and 1 @,@ 450 enlisted men . Two of the propeller shafts were removed and the existing turbines were replaced by two sets of Belluzzo geared steam turbines rated at 75 @,@ 000 shp ( 56 @,@ 000 kW ) . The boilers were replaced by eight superheated Yarrow boilers . On their sea trials the ships reached a speed of 26 @.@ 9 – 27 knots ( 49 @.@ 8 – 50 @.@ 0 km / h ; 31 @.@ 0 – 31 @.@ 1 mph ) , although their maximum speed was about 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) in service . The ships now carried 2 @,@ 530 long tons ( 2 @,@ 570 t ) of fuel oil , which provided them with a range of 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . The center turret and the torpedo tubes were removed and all of the existing secondary armament and AA guns were replaced by a dozen 135 @-@ millimeter ( 5 @.@ 3 in ) guns in four triple @-@ gun turrets and ten 90 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) AA guns in single turrets . In addition the ships were fitted with fifteen 54 @-@ caliber Breda 37 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) light AA guns in six twin @-@ gun and three single mounts and sixteen 20 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Breda Model 35 AA guns , also in twin mounts . The 305 @-@ millimeter guns were bored out to 320 millimeters ( 13 in ) and their turrets were modified to use electric power . They had a fixed loading angle of + 12 degrees , but there is uncertainty on their new maximum elevation , with some sources citing a maximum value of + 27 degrees , while others claim one of + 30 degrees . The 320 @-@ millimeter AP shells weighed 525 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 157 lb ) and had a maximum range of 28 @,@ 600 meters ( 31 @,@ 300 yd ) with a muzzle velocity of 830 m / s ( 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ) . In early 1942 the rearmost 20 @-@ millimeter mounts were replaced by twin 37 @-@ millimeter gun mounts and the 20 @-@ millimeter guns were moved to the roof of Turret ' B ' , while the RPC motors from the stabilized mounts of the 90 mm guns were removed The forward superstructure was rebuilt with a new forward conning tower , protected with 260 @-@ millimeter ( 10 @.@ 2 in ) thick armor . Atop the conning tower there was a fire @-@ control director fitted with three large rangefinders . The deck armor was increased during reconstruction to a total of 135 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 3 in ) . The armor protecting the secondary turrets was 120 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) thick . The existing underwater protection was replaced by the Pugliese system that consisted of a large cylinder surrounded by fuel oil or water that was intended to absorb the blast of a torpedo warhead . These modernizations have been criticized by some naval historians , given that not only these ships would eventually prove to be inferior to the British battleships they were meant to face ( namely the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class ) , since by the time the decision to proceed was taken a war between Italy and the United Kingdom seemed more likely , but also because the cost of the reconstruction would be not much less than the cost of building a brand new Littorio @-@ class battleship ; moreover , the reconstruction work caused bottlenecks in the providing of steel plates , that caused substantial delays in the construction of the modern battleships , which otherwise might have been completed at an earlier date . = = Ships = = = = Service history = = Both battleships were completed after Italy entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente , though neither saw action , since Italy 's principal naval opponent , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , largely remained in port for the duration of the war . Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , the Italian naval chief of staff , believed that Austro @-@ Hungarian submarines and minelayers could operate effectively in the narrow waters of the Adriatic . The threat from these underwater weapons to his capital ships was too serious for him to use the fleet in an active way . Instead , Revel decided to implement a blockade at the relatively safer southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet , while smaller vessels , such as the MAS torpedo boats , conducted raids on Austro @-@ Hungarian ships and installations . Meanwhile , Revel 's battleships would be preserved to confront the Austro @-@ Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement . Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio both cruised in the eastern Mediterranean after the war , and both were involved in postwar disputes over control of various cities . Caio Duilio was sent to provide a show of force during a dispute over control of İzmir in April 1919 and Andrea Doria assisted in the suppression of Gabriele D 'Annunzio 's seizure of Fiume in November 1920 . Caio Duilio cruised the Black Sea after the İzmir affair until she was replaced in 1920 by the battleship Giulio Cesare . Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio were present during the Corfu incident in 1923 as part of the naval demonstration protesting the murder of General Enrico Tellini and four other Italians . In January 1925 , Andrea Doria visited Lisbon , Portugal , to represent Italy during the celebration marking the 400th anniversary of the death of explorer Vasco da Gama . The two ships performed the normal routine of peacetime cruises and goodwill visits throughout the 1920s and early 1930s ; both were placed in reserve in 1933 . Both Andrea Doria and Caio Duilio went into drydock in the late 1930s for extensive modernizations ; this work lasted until October and April 1940 , respectively . By that time , Italy had entered World War II on the side of the Axis powers . The two ships joined the 5th Division based at Taranto . Caio Duilio participated in a patrol intended to catch the British battleship HMS Valiant and a convoy bound for Malta , but neither target was found . She and Andrea Doria were present during the British attack on Taranto on the night of 11 / 12 November 1940 . A force of twenty @-@ one Fairey Swordfish torpedo @-@ bombers , launched from HMS Illustrious , attacked the ships moored in the harbor . Andrea Doria was undamaged in the raid , but Caio Duilio was hit by a torpedo on her starboard side . She was grounded to prevent her from sinking in the harbor and temporary repairs were effected to allow her to travel to Genoa for permanent repairs , which began in January 1941 . In February , she was attacked by the British Force H ; several warships attempted to shell Caio Duilio while she was in dock , but they scored no hits . Repair work lasted until May 1941 , when she rejoined the fleet at Taranto . In the meantime , Andrea Doria participated in several operations intended to catch British convoys in the Mediterranean , including the Operation Excess convoys in January 1941 . By the end of the year , both battleships were tasked with escorting convoys from Italy to North Africa to support the Italian and German forces fighting there . These convoys included Operation M41 on 13 December and Operation M42 on 17 – 19 December . During the latter , Andrea Doria and Giulio Cesare engaged British cruisers and destroyers in the First Battle of Sirte on the first day of the operation . Neither the Italians nor the British pressed their attacks and the battle ended inconclusively . Caio Duilio was assigned to distant support for the operation , and was too far away to actively participate in the battle . Convoy escort work continued into early 1942 , but thereafter the fleet began to suffer from a severe shortage of fuel , which kept the ships in port for the next two years . Caio Duilio sailed away from Taranto on 14 February with a pair of light cruisers and seven destroyers in order to intercept the British convoy MW 9 , bounded from Alexandria to Malta , but the force could not locate the British ships , and so returned to port . After learning of Caio Duilio departure , however , British escorts scuttled the transport Rowallan Castle , previously disabled by German aircraft . Both ships were interned at Malta following Italy 's surrender on 3 September 1943 . They remained there until 1944 , when the Allies allowed them to return to Italian ports ; Andrea Doria went to Syracuse , Sicily , and Caio Duilio returned to Taranto before joining her sister at Syracuse . Italy was allowed to retain the two ships after the end of the war , and they alternated in the role of fleet flagship until 1953 , when they were both removed from service . Andrea Doria carried on as a gunnery training ship , but Caio Duilio was simply placed in reserve . Both battleships were stricken from the naval register in September 1956 and were subsequently broken up for scrap . = = See Also = = List of ships of the Second World War List of ship classes of the Second World War
= GDRT = GDRT ( also GDR , vocalized by historians as Gadarat ) was a King of the Kingdom of Aksum ( c . 200 ) , known for being the first king to involve Axum in the affairs of what is now Yemen . He is known primarily from inscriptions in South Arabia that mention him and his son BYGT ( also vocalized as " Beyga " or " Beygat " ) . GDRT is thought to be the same person as GDR , the name inscribed on a bronze wand or sceptre that was found in an area near Atsbi and Dar 'a / Addi @-@ Galamo in northern Ethiopia . GDRT has been equated with the anonymous king of the Monumentum Adulitanum , which would date his reign c . 200 – c . 230 . However , the two rulers are usually thought to be distinct . However the French scholar Christian Robin , studying the inscriptions at al @-@ Mis`al in Yemen , has shown that GDRT , and his successor `DBH , lived in the earlier half of the 3rd century . = = Aksumite inscription = = The inscriptions of GDR represent the oldest surviving royal inscriptions in the Ge 'ez alphabet . The oldest of these was found at Addi @-@ Galamo in the regions of Atsbi and Dar 'a in eastern Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia . The area is rich in pre @-@ Aksumite artifacts , and inscriptions of a pre @-@ Aksumite kingdom called Dʿmt have been found in the region . The inscription mentioning GDR is the only evidence of his existence from the western side of the Red Sea : gdr / ngśy / ʾksm / tbʿl / mzlt / lʾrg / wllmq The Addi Galamo inscription was written on a sceptre or " boomerang @-@ like object " ; the linguist A.J. Drewes therefore interprets mzlt as meaning a sceptre or royal emblem . The inscription 's meaning is uncertain , but if mzlt is taken to mean a sceptre , and ʾrg and lmq are taken to be place names ( or sanctuaries ) , then , according to Alexander Sima , the text could mean " GDR , king of Aksum gave ( this ) sceptre into the possession of ( the sanctuaries ) ʾRG and LMQ . " The South Arabian expert W.F. Albert Jamme , however , translates the inscription as " GDR king of Aksum occupied the passages of `RG and LMQ " , or " Gedara , King of Axum is humbled before the [ gods ] Arg and Almouqah , " ( i.e. Almaqah or Ilmuqah ) , assuming that the ʾ in Ilmuqah was assimilated . = = South Arabian involvement = = GDRT is first mentioned in South Arabian inscriptions as an ally of `Alhan Nahfan , king of Saba , in an inscription at Maḥram Bilqīs , at Ma 'rib in Yemen , the temple of the moon god Almaqah / Ilmuqah . According to Stuart Munro @-@ Hay , the inscription reads they agreed together that their war and their peace should be in unison , against anyone that might rise up against them , and that in safety and in security there should be allied together Salhen and Zararan and `Alhan and Gadarat . Alexander Sima translates the text slightly differently , specifying that it was GDRT who " sent a diplomatic mission to [ `Ahlan ] in order to form an alliance . " Both interpret " Zararan " or " Zrrn " as the name of the palace in Aksum at the time , parallel to " Sahlen , " the palace of Saba in Marib . This Sahlen @-@ Saba parallel , along with the Dhu @-@ Raydan @-@ Ḥimyar parallel , was often used by Aksumite kings in their inscriptions enumerating the territories under their control . A Ḥimyarite inscription confirms the Sabaean text , mentioning that Aksum , Saba ' , Ḥaḑramawt , and Qatabān were all allied against Ḥimyar . `Alhan Nafhan 's son Sha`ir Awtar or Sha`irum Awtar later abandoned the alliance with GDRT after he became king of Saba ' . However , during the first part of Sha`ir Awtar 's reign , the two powers seem to have joined in an alliance once again , this time against Ḥaḑramawt . Saba 's invasion of Ḥaḑramawt with Aksumite help culminated in the latter 's defeat and the occupation of its capital , Shabwah , in 225 . Sha`ir Awtar 's attack represented a major shift in policy as , before the attack , the king of Ḥaḑramawt , Il`azz Yalut , was married to his sister ; he had even helped suppress a revolt against Il`azz Yalut . Although Saba ' was previously allied with Aksum against Ḥimyar , both Ḥimyarite and Sabaean troops were used in the attack against Ḥaḑramawt . Immediately following the conquest of Hadramaut , Sha`ir Awtar allied with Ḥimyar against his former ally GDRT . A second Sabaean inscription from the sanctuary ' Awam in Marib during the reign of Sha`ir Awtar 's successor , Luha`atht Yarhum , describes events in the latter part of his predecessor 's reign . The inscription tells of a diplomatic mission sent by Sha`ir Awtar to GDRT , the results of which are unknown ; however , the text later goes on to describe a war between Saba ' and Aksum in the southern highlands of Yemen , implying that the negotiations were futile . Aksum lost a battle as a result of the Saba ' -Ḥimyar alliance , allowing the South Arabian forces to expel GDRT 's son BYGT and his forces from the Ḥimyarite capital Zafar , which had previously been held by Aksum after the Aksum @-@ Ḥaḑramawt @-@ Qatabān @-@ Saba ' alliance . Despite this loss , Aksum still held territory in South Arabia , as evidenced by inscriptions of Luha`atht Yarhum ( r. c . 230 ) , which detail at least one known clash with hbšt troops in Yemen after GDRT 's reign . Peace may have been established after GDRT 's death , but war and Aksumite involvement was renewed under his successors such as `DBH and GRMT , and the whole 3rd century was to be dominated by Ethio @-@ Yemeni conflicts . = = Legacy = = GDRT was most likely the first Aksumite king to be involved in South Arabian affairs , as well as the first known king to be mentioned in South Arabian inscriptions . His reign resulted in the control of much of western Yemen , such as the Tihāmah , Najrā , Ma`afir , Ẓafār ( until c . 230 ) , and parts of Hashid territory around Hamir in the northern highlands . Furthermore , GDRT 's military alliances and his conquests in Yemen and Saudi Arabia , the required formidable fleet for such feats , and the extension of Aksumite influence throughout Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia all reflect a new zenith in Aksumite power . His involvement would mark the beginning of centuries of Aksumite involvement in South Arabia , culminating with the full @-@ scale invasion of Yemen by King Kaleb in 520 ( or 525 ) , resulting in the establishment of an Aksumite province covering all of South Arabia . GDRT 's name may be preserved in Ethiopian tradition through the traditional king lists , as what seem to be variants of his name crop up in three of them . Gədur is listed as the third king in list C , Zegduru ( ze meaning ' of ' in Ge 'ez ) appears as the sixth in list E , and Zegdur appears as the third in list B , after the legendary Menelik I. Zegdur also is mentioned in at least one hagiography and short chronicle . The king lists were composed centuries after the fall of the Aksumite kingdom , however , and generally do not agree with archaeological records except when concerning famous kings .
= Por Debajo de la Mesa = " Por Debajo de la Mesa " ( " Underneath the Table " ) is a song written by Armando Manzanero and performed by Mexican recording artist Luis Miguel . Arranged by Bebu Silvetti , it was one of the two original compositions written for Miguel 's fifteenth studio album Romances . It was released as the lead single from the album on 15 July 1997 and it became his thirteenth number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States . The music video features Miguel performing at a fine @-@ dining restaurant in New York City . The track received a negative reaction from Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune who called it " lame " . It was nominated Pop Song of the Year at the 10th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards and Manzanero was awarded a Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) Latin Award for writing the song . Manzanero performed the record as a duet with several artists such as Tania Libertad and Susana Zabaleta . = = Background = = In 1991 Miguel released Romance , a collection of classic Latin ballads , the oldest of which dates back to the 1940s . The album was produced by Armando Manzanero and arranged by Bebu Silvetti , and was credited for revitalizing the bolero genre . It also made history as the first Spanish @-@ language album to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) in the United States . A follow @-@ up to Romance was released in 1994 under the title Segundo Romance ( Second Romance ) , which was produced by Miguel , Juan Carlos Calderón and Kiko Cibrian . Both albums received a platinum certification by the RIAA in the United States and also became successful in countries outside of Latin America and the United States , such as Finland and Saudi Arabia , selling over twelve million copies combined . In December 1996 Miguel held a press conference in Buenos Aires , Argentina , where he announced his desire to record a third Romance album and mentioned the possibility of working with Manzanero and Juan Gabriel . He also expressed an interest in singing in Italian and Portuguese , although the album 's songs are originally all in Spanish . Two months later Manzanero confirmed that he was working with Miguel on another bolero @-@ inspired ballads album , under the tentative title Tercer Romance ( " Third Romance " ) . Miguel 's record label confirmed that fourteen tracks would be included on the album under the title Romances . " Por Debajo de la Mesa " was written by Manzanero as one of the two original compositions for the album along with " Contigo ( Estar Contigo ) " . = = Promotion = = A music video for " Por Debajo de la Mesa " was filmed in New York City which features Miguel performing at the Rainbow Room with the video being shot in black @-@ and @-@ white . The song was included on his greatest hits album Mis Boleros Favoritos ( 2002 ) and Grandes Éxitos ( 2005 ) . A live version of the song was included on his album Vivo ( 2000 ) as part of the " Romances Medley " . = = Release and reception = = " Por Debajo de la Mesa " serviced to radio stations across Latin America on 5 July 11997 . In the United States , the song debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart on the week of 2 August 1997 . Six weeks later , it peaked at number one on the chart where and remained on the position for four weeks . " Por Debajo de la Mesa " ended 1997 as the eighth best @-@ performing Latin single of the year in the United States . The track also peaked at number one on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart where it spent five weeks on top of the chart and was the best @-@ performing Latin pop song of the year in the country . Despite giving Romances a positive review , Chicago Tribune editor Achy Obejas called " Por Debajo de la Mesa " a " lame " song and cited it as one of the songs where Miguel beginning is " to slip " on his ballad recordings . It received a nomination for Pop Song of the Year at the Lo Nuestro Awards of 1998 , losing to " Si Tu Supieras " by Alejandro Fernández . Manzanero was given a BMI Latin Award for composition of the song due to it being one of the best @-@ performing Latin songs of the year . At the inaugural Juventud Awards in 2004 , " Por Debajo de la Mesa " was nominated in the category for " La Más Pegajosa " ( " Catchiest Tune " ) , but lost to " El Za Za Za " by Liberación . = = Charts = = = = Other recordings = = Manzanero has sung " Por Debajo de la Mesa " as a duet Peruvian musician Tania Libertad on the duo 's studio album Manzanero y la Libertad ( 1998 ) and with Chano Domínguez and Carmen Paris on Manazero 's album Duetos 2 ( 2002 ) . He also performed the song in a concert with Argentine pianist Raúl di Blasio in 1999 which was included on the latter 's live album Bohemia , Vol.2 ( 2000 ) and also performed the song live with fellow Mexican singer Susana Zabaleta on their album De la A a la Z ( 2006 ) .
= Brendan Morrison = Brendan Morrison ( born August 15 , 1975 ) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre . He has previously played in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) for the New Jersey Devils , Vancouver Canucks , Anaheim Ducks , Dallas Stars , Washington Capitals , Calgary Flames and Chicago Blackhawks . Morrison was selected 39th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Devils after a season in the British Columbia Junior Hockey League ( BCJHL ) ; he had won rookie of the year honours for the Interior Conference as a member of the Penticton Panthers . Following his draft , he joined the college ice hockey ranks with the Michigan Wolverines of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) . During his four @-@ year collegiate career , he was named the NCAA Tournament MVP while leading the Wolverines to a national championship in 1996 and won the Hobey Baker Award as the NCAA 's player of the year in 1997 . Turning professional in 1997 – 98 , Morrison was named to the American Hockey League ( AHL ) All @-@ Rookie Team as a member of the Albany River Rats . He played his rookie season in the NHL the following season with the New Jersey Devils before being traded to the Vancouver Canucks in March 2000 . He played seven full seasons with the Canucks , which included a club @-@ record 534 consecutive regular season games played . As a member of the team 's " West Coast Express " line ( alongside Markus Näslund and Todd Bertuzzi ) , Morrison enjoyed the most successful years of his career , posting three consecutive 60 @-@ point seasons . During the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , he played one season with Linköpings HC of the Swedish Elite League . Beginning in 2008 , he played stints with the Anaheim Ducks , Dallas Stars and Washington Capitals before joining the Calgary Flames in 2010 . Internationally , Morrison has competed for Canada in three World Championships , winning gold in 2004 and silver in 2005 . = = Playing career = = = = = Amateur career ( 1992 – 97 ) = = = Morrison played one season with the Penticton Panthers of the British Columbia Junior Hockey League ( BCJHL ) in 1992 – 93 , recording 94 points ( 35 goals and 59 assists ) over 56 games . He ranked second in team scoring , behind Marcel Sakáč , and was awarded the Bruce Allison Memorial Trophy as the Interior Conference 's rookie of the year . In the off @-@ season , Morrison was selected by the New Jersey Devils 39th overall in the second round of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . Upon being drafted , he joined the Michigan Wolverines of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) . He had also been approached by the Denver Pioneers and the Maine Black Bears to join their school teams , but ultimately chose Michigan . Registering 48 points ( 20 goals and 28 assists ) over 38 games as a freshman , Morrison was named the CCHA Rookie of the Year for the 1993 – 94 season . He played on a line with fellow freshman Jason Botterill ; the two played together throughout their college career . In the 1994 playoffs , he helped the Wolverines to a CCHA championship . Playing in his sophomore year ( 1994 – 95 ) , Morrison improved to 76 points ( 23 goals and 43 assists ) over 39 games and received his first of three consecutive CCHA First Team All @-@ Star selections . With 72 points over 45 games in 1995 – 96 , Morrison received his first of back @-@ to @-@ back CCHA Player of the Year awards . He added 15 points in 7 post @-@ season games to capture his second CCHA championship with the Wolverines . Advancing to the 1996 NCAA Tournament , Michigan advanced to the final against the Colorado College Tigers . Morrison scored the championship @-@ winning goal 3 : 35 into overtime to win the game 3 – 2 . It was the Wolverines ' first national title in 32 years . Michigan 's championship @-@ winning team that year included five future NHL players — Morrison , Botterill , Blake Sloan , John Madden , Marty Turco and Bill Muckalt . In addition to receiving NCAA Tournament MVP honours , Morrison was named to the NCAA West Regional and NCAA All @-@ Tournament Teams . Morrison was named team captain in his senior year . He totalled college personal bests that season of 31 goals , 57 assists and 88 points over 43 games , culminating in a Hobey Baker Award as the NCAA 's most outstanding player ; Morrison had been a finalist for the award the previous two years . The Wolverines repeated as CCHA champions , but lost to the Boston University Terriers in the NCAA semifinal . Morrison completed his four @-@ year college career as the Wolverines ' all @-@ time points leader with 284 , surpassing Denny Felsner . His points total also ranked seventh all @-@ time among NCAA players . = = = New Jersey Devils ( 1997 – 2000 ) = = = Prior to the Devils ' training camp , Morrison was signed by the team to a multi @-@ year contract on September 9 , 1997 . He was seen as an unlikely candidate to secure a roster spot with the Devils ; ahead of Morrison on the depth chart were numerous centres , including Doug Gilmour , Bobby Holík and Petr Sýkora . As such , he played the majority of the 1997 – 98 season in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) with the Devils ' minor league affiliate , the Albany River Rats . He scored 35 goals and 84 points over 72 games in the AHL , ranking first in team scoring and eighth in the League overall . He finished second among League rookies in scoring , eight points behind Daniel Brière of the Springfield Falcons , and was named to the AHL All @-@ Rookie Team . His AHL season included a five @-@ goal game against the Hartford Wolfpack on April 1 , 1998 ; two of his goals came short handed into an empty net , as part of a 5 – 2 Albany win . The feat was one goal shy of the AHL 's single @-@ game record . Morrison also made his NHL debut during the 1997 – 98 season . He was called up to the Devils in December 1997 as a replacement for winger John MacLean , who had been informally suspended by General Manager Lou Lamoriello after requesting to be traded . Playing in his first NHL game on December 4 , 1997 , Morrison scored against goaltender Tom Barasso in a 4 – 0 win against the Pittsburgh Penguins . He received a second call @-@ up in April 1998 . Competing in 11 NHL games , he finished the season with five goals and four assists . The following season , he secured a full @-@ time roster spot with the Devils . With Doug Gilmour having left the team as a free agent in the 1998 off @-@ season , Morrison was expected to help fill the void at centre . His 46 points ( 13 goals and 33 assists ) over 76 games finished second among NHL rookies behind Milan Hejduk of the Colorado Avalanche . He ranked fifth in Calder Memorial Trophy voting as the League 's rookie of the year with one first @-@ place ballot ( the award was given to the Avalanche 's Chris Drury ) . Becoming a restricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Morrison was given a one @-@ year qualifying offer with a reported value of approximately US $ 500 @,@ 000 . With the Devils unwilling to increase their offer , he left in September 1999 for Třebíč , Czech Republic , where fellow Devils restricted free agent Patrik Eliáš was also holding out . While overseas , Morrison and Eliáš played for Czech teams SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč and HC Pardubice as they waited for contract negotiations to resume . Morrison was pointless in two games with Třebíč and recorded seven points in five games with Pardubice . On October 24 , 1999 , Morrison and Eliáš agreed to new contracts with the Devils . After recording 26 points over 44 games with the Devils , Morrison was traded to the Vancouver Canucks on March 14 , 2000 , alongside centre Denis Pederson , in exchange for winger Alexander Mogilny . Both Morrison and Pederson were struggling offensively and were unhappy with their roles on the team . = = = Vancouver Canucks ( 2000 – 08 ) = = = Morrison finished the 1999 – 2000 season with nine points in 12 games with the Canucks for a combined total of 35 points in 56 games . In the off @-@ season , he re @-@ signed with the Canucks . Playing in his first full season with the Canucks in 2000 – 01 , Morrison improved to 54 points ( 16 goals and 38 assists ) over 82 games . He helped the team reach the post @-@ season for the first time since 1996 , as Vancouver secured the eighth and final seed in the Western Conference . Facing the Colorado Avalanche in the first round , the Canucks were swept in four games . Morrison scored his first NHL playoff goal during the series and finished with three points in four games . The 2001 – 02 campaign marked the beginning of what was widely considered to be the most effective line combination in the NHL for several years . During a game on January 9 , 2002 , Morrison replaced Andrew Cassels as the centreman on the team 's first line with wingers Markus Näslund and Todd Bertuzzi . He went on to record his three best statistical seasons in the NHL while playing with the two wingers . The latter two finished second and third in NHL scoring in 2001 – 02 , while Morrison tallied 23 goals and 67 points over 82 games . Morrison 's playmaking ability complemented his wingers ' goal @-@ scoring prowess . Together , they were known for playing a fast and entertaining style ; as a result , Head Coach Marc Crawford implemented a highly @-@ offensive coaching strategy . The trio were dubbed the " West Coast Express , " named after Vancouver 's commuter rail service of the same name . Despite finishing as the NHL 's top @-@ scoring team , the Canucks entering the 2002 playoffs as the eighth seed in the West for the second consecutive season . Facing the Detroit Red Wings in the opening round , they were eliminated in six games . Morrison notched two assists during the series . After initially failing to come to terms on a new contract with the Canucks in the off @-@ season , Morrison filed for arbitration . He won his hearing and was awarded a two @-@ year , US $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract on August 3 , 2002 , more than doubling his previous year 's salary of US $ 775 @,@ 000 . The following season , Morrison recorded career @-@ highs with 25 goals 46 assists and 71 points in 82 games . He ranked 26th in NHL point @-@ scoring , while Näslund and Bertuzzi finished second and fifth , respectively . He helped the Canucks come within a point of the Northwest Division title , entering the 2003 playoffs as the fourth seed in the West . After eliminating the St. Louis Blues in the opening round , they were defeated by the Minnesota Wild in a seven @-@ game second round series . Morrison had a career @-@ high four goals , seven assists and 11 points over 14 post @-@ season games . In 2003 – 04 , Morrison registered 22 goals and 60 points over 82 games as all members of the Canucks ' top line experienced declines in offensive production . Bertuzzi was replaced on Morrison 's wing after he was suspended indefinitely by the NHL for sucker punching Steve Moore in a game against Colorado in March 2004 ; he was replaced on the Canucks ' top line by Matt Cooke . Nonetheless , the Canucks won their first @-@ ever Northwest Division title and went into the 2004 playoffs as the West 's third seed . Facing elimination in game six of the opening round against the Calgary Flames , Morrison scored there minutes into the contest 's third overtime session to force a seventh game . Having skated from the corner boards with the puck , Morrison stickhandled across the net and scored past Calgary goaltender Miikka Kiprusoff . The Canucks were then eliminated in Game 7 ; Morrison finished the playoff season with five points . Becoming a restricted free agent in the off @-@ season , he filed for salary arbitration against the Canucks for the second time in two years . Both sides managed to avoid their hearing by agreeing to a one @-@ year deal on July 27 , 2004 . In lieu of the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , Morrison went overseas to play in the Swedish Elite League , signing with Linköpings HC on September 15 , 2004 . With 44 points ( 16 goals and 29 assists ) over 45 games , he ranked second in team scoring ( behind Kristian Huselius ) and sixth in League scoring . After finishing with the second @-@ best regular season in the SEL , Linköping was eliminated in the first round by Södertälje SK . With NHL play set to resume the next season , Morrison re @-@ signed with the Canucks at US $ 9 @.@ 6 million over three years . He suffered a torn labrum in his hip in December 2005 , but chose to play through the injury . He finished the season with 19 goals and 56 points over 82 games in 2005 – 06 , as the Canucks failed to qualify for the playoffs . Head Coach Marc Crawford recalled that by the end of the season , the line of Morrison , Bertuzzi and Näslund had been surpassed as the top unit by Daniel and Henrik Sedin . In the off @-@ season , Morrison underwent surgery for his hip injury and missed two months of workout and conditioning while recovering . Also in the summer , Bertuzzi was traded to the Florida Panthers , marking the end of the West Coast Express line . Morrison 's hip continued to hinder his play in 2006 – 07 , contributing to a slow start early in the season . Later in the campaign , he set a Canucks record for consecutive regular season games played ( colloquially known as an " ironman streak " ) ; he had not missed a contest since arriving to the team from New Jersey . Playing against the Los Angeles Kings on February 22 , 2007 , he surpassed Trevor Linden 's old club record of 482 consecutive games played ( his overall streak was at 491 games , including eight contests played with the Devils prior to his trade ) . Three days later , he became the League 's active ironman when Avalanche defenceman Kārlis Skrastiņš was forced to miss a game with a knee injury . Skrastiņš had played in 495 consecutive games , while Morrison had 492 at the time . Offensively , Morrison finished the year with his sixth consecutive 50 @-@ point season in the NHL with 20 goals and 31 assists over 82 games . The Canucks returned to the post @-@ season and advanced to the second round , where they were eliminated by the Anaheim Ducks . Morrison recorded 4 points in 12 playoff games . Morrison began the 2007 – 08 season with a minor wrist injury suffered during a game during the pre @-@ season ; he chose to play through the injury for months . He extended his ironman streak to 542 games before opting for wrist surgery on December 12 , 2007 . The streak , which had begun on February 27 , 2000 with the Devils , was the 11th longest in NHL history , 404 games short of Doug Jarvis ' NHL record . Morrison was succeeded as the league 's active ironman by Flames defenceman Cory Sarich , who had played in 419 consecutive games at the time of Morrison 's injury . Morrison 's Canucks record of 534 consecutive games played was later surpassed by Henrik Sedin on December 26 , 2011 ( the game in which Sedin tied the record was played between the Canucks and Morrison 's Calgary Flames ) . After undergoing wrist surgery in December 2007 , Morrison returned to the Canucks lineup in February 2008 , having missed 38 games . The following month , Morrison tore the ACL in his right knee during a game on March 28 , forcing him to miss the remaining four contests of the regular season . He underwent knee surgery 10 days later . Limited to 39 games due to his injuries , Morrison recorded nine goals and 25 points in 2007 – 08 . The Canucks finished out of the playoffs for the second time in three seasons . Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Morrison ended his career with the Canucks ninth overall on the team 's all @-@ time scoring list with 393 points in 543 games . = = = Post @-@ Vancouver ( 2008 – 2012 ) = = = Morrison signed with the Anaheim Ducks to a one @-@ year , US $ 2 @.@ 75 million contract on July 7 , 2008 . He had received interest from as many as nine NHL teams , including the Canucks , who offered a one @-@ year , US $ 1 @.@ 9 million deal prior to Morrison 's free agency . Morrison scored his first goal as a Duck on November 7 in a 5 – 2 loss to the Dallas Stars . While it was hoped he could be a replacement for Andy McDonald as the team 's second @-@ line centre , Morrison struggled in his short tenure with the Ducks . He was relegated to the fourth line and made a healthy scratch at various points in the season . It was proposed by the media that he was not yet playing at full capacity on account of his off @-@ season knee surgery . With 22 points in 62 games , he was waived by the Ducks leading up to the NHL trade deadline on March 3 , 2009 . He was claimed the following day by the Dallas Stars . He scored his first goal with the Stars on March 12 , the game @-@ winner in a 3 – 2 contest against the Carolina Hurricanes . Morrison 's 2008 – 09 total of 31 points between the Ducks and Stars was the lowest output of his career ( not including the previous season 's injury @-@ shortened campaign and his 11 @-@ game 1997 – 98 season ) . In the off @-@ season , he was signed as an unrestricted free agent by the Washington Capitals to a one @-@ year , US $ 1 @.@ 5 million contract on July 10 , 2009 . He registered his first goal as a Capital in the team 's home opener , a 6 – 4 victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs , on October 3 , 2009 . In the final two months of the season , Morrison missed six games due to a leg injury . He finished the campaign with 42 points in 74 games with the Capitals , his highest total in three years . Returning in time for the 2010 playoffs , he registered one assists in five games as the top @-@ seeded Capitals were eliminated by the Montreal Canadiens in the first round . Becoming an unrestricted free agent for the third consecutive year in July 2010 , Morrison did not initially receive any offers . As a result , he accepted a tryout with the Vancouver Canucks and attended the team 's training camp in Penticton , British Columbia . At the conclusion of the pre @-@ season , the Canucks offered Morrison a two @-@ way contract , which he turned down . The following day , on October 4 , 2010 , Morrison was signed by the Calgary Flames to a one @-@ year , one @-@ way contract worth US $ 725 @,@ 000 . The Flames had signed Morrison in lieu of numerous injuries at the centre position on their roster . He scored his first goal as a Flame on October 16 in a 5 – 3 win against the Edmonton Oilers . After recording 43 points in 66 games , Morrison suffered a season @-@ ending injury in March 2011 . He hurt his left knee in a game against the Chicago Blackhawks when opposing defenceman Niklas Hjalmarsson pinned him against the end @-@ boards . At the time of the injury , Morrison was leading the Flames with a plus @-@ minus rating of + 13 while centring the team 's top line with Jarome Iginla and Alex Tanguay . On July 15 , 2011 , Morrison came to terms with the Flames on a one @-@ year deal worth US $ 1 @.@ 25 million . On January 27 , 2012 , Morrison was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for defenceman Brian Connelly . At season 's end , he has not played an NHL game since . = = International play = = Morrison debuted with the Canadian national team at the 2000 IIHF World Championship in Saint Petersburg . He was joined on the team by four other Canucks — Todd Bertuzzi , Adrian Aucoin , Ed Jovanovski and Peter Schaefer . Scoring a goal and three assists over seven games , he helped Canada reach the bronze medal game , where they were defeated 2 – 1 by Finland . Morrison ranked sixth in team point @-@ scoring and tied for first with Aucoin with a plus @-@ minus rating of + 7 . Four years later , Morrison was selected again to the Canadian team for the 2004 IIHF World Championship in Prague and Ostrava , Czech Republic . He was one of two Canucks players on the roster , alongside Matt Cooke . In the gold medal game , Morrison registered an assist , helping Canada to a 5 – 3 win over Sweden . With seven points in nine games , Morrison ranked third in team scoring , behind Dany Heatley and Daniel Brière . Morrison made his second consecutive tournament appearance at the 2005 IIHF World Championship in Vienna and Innsbruck , Austria . He was named to the team alongside Canucks teammate Ed Jovanovski . Due to the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , all NHL players were available to participate as there was no timing conflict with the Stanley Cup playoffs . Reaching the gold medal game for the second consecutive year , Canada was shut @-@ out by the Czech Republic , 3 – 0 . Morrison ranked third on the team in goal @-@ scoring with four ; he had no assists . Several months later , Morrison was invited to Canada 's Olympic Orientation Camp in August 2005 — a part of the selection process for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He was a late addition , replacing Mario Lemieux , who chose not to attend due to commitments with his club team , the Pittsburgh Penguins . Morrison was not chosen to the final roster . = = Personal life = = Morrison was born in Pitt Meadows , British Columbia , to Ron and Deborah Morrison . He has a sister named Jennifer . His parents had moved to Pitt Meadows from Windsor , Ontario , in the 1970s . Ron coached his son on minor hockey teams , before Morrison moved away from home at age 17 to play junior hockey in Penticton . Morrison and his wife Erin have one son , Brayden , and three daughters , Makenna , Kailyn and Taylor . During his career with the Vancouver Canucks , Morrison resided year @-@ round with his family in Coquitlam , British Columbia . He spent a year living with his family in Newport Beach , California , during his stint with the Anaheim Ducks . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = = = = = Junior = = = = = = College = = = = = = Professional = = = = = Records = = Michigan Wolverines ' all @-@ time points leader – 284 ( surpassed Denny Felsner ) = = Transactions = = June 26 , 1993 – Selected in the second round , 39th overall , of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils ; September 9 , 1997 – Signed a multi @-@ year contract with the New Jersey Devils ; October 24 , 1999 – Re @-@ signed by the New Jersey Devils to a one @-@ year contract ; March 14 , 2000 – Traded to the Vancouver Canucks with Denis Pederson in exchange for Alexander Mogilny ; September 2000 – Re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a two @-@ year , US $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract ; August 3 , 2002 – Won arbitration case ; re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a two @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract ; July 27 , 2004 – Re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a one @-@ year contract ; August 5 , 2005 – Re @-@ signed by the Vancouver Canucks to a three @-@ year , $ 9 @.@ 6 million contract ; July 7 , 2008 – Signed a one @-@ year , $ 2 @.@ 75 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Anaheim Ducks ; March 4 , 2009 – Placed on waivers by the Anaheim Ducks ; claimed by the Dallas Stars ; July 10 , 2009 – Signed a one @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 5 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Washington Capitals ; October 4 , 2010 – Signed a one @-@ year , $ 725 @,@ 000 contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames ; July 15 , 2011 – Re @-@ signed by the Calgary Flames to a one @-@ year contract , worth $ 1 @.@ 25 million ; January 27 , 2012 – Traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brian Connelly .
= Sand whiting = The sand whiting , Sillago ciliata , ( also known as the summer whiting , yellowfin whiting or blue @-@ nose whiting ) is a common species of coastal marine fish of the family Sillaginidae , the smelt @-@ whitings . It is a slender , slightly compressed fish that is very similar to other species of Sillago , with detailed spine , ray and lateral line scale counts needed to distinguish the species between its nearest relative Sillago analis . The sand whiting is distributed along the east coast of Australia from Cape York south to Tasmania , as well as Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean . The sand whiting commonly inhabits shallow sandy substrates in bays , estuaries and surf zones where it preys on polychaete worms , small crustaceans and bivalve molluscs . Reproduction in the species is variable over its range , generally spawning twice between September and April . Young fish inhabit shallow sand flats , both along the coast and well into the upper reaches of estuaries . First described in 1829 , the species has long been prized as a table fish and is commonly sought by both recreational and commercial fishermen in New South Wales and Queensland . The sand whiting fishery is most prolific in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales where the species is most abundant , often caught along other species of whiting in estuaries and from beaches . Due to its importance as a commercial fish , substantial research has been carried out on the species , especially feasibility studies involving the use of sand whiting in aquaculture . = = Taxonomy and naming = = The sand whiting belongs to the genus Sillago , a division of the smelt whiting family Sillaginidae containing 29 individual species . The Sillaginidae are in the suborder Percoidei , a division of the Perciformes . The species was first identified and named by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1829 after receiving a specimen that was listed as having been collected in the " Southern seas " . This holotype specimen was apparently taken near the coastline of Tasmania , Australia . Four junior synonyms were subsequently placed on the species , with Castelnau applying both S. insularis and S. terra @-@ reginae , Thiollière applying S. diadoi and Whitley S. ciliata diadoi to the species . All of these names are invalid under the ICZN nomenclature rules , which states that the first correct naming is the one to be used . Many of these synonyms were applied due to confusion over S. ciliata and the nearly identical , closely related species S. analis . The species was also misidentified as S. gracilis , a synonym of S. maculata , the trumpeter whiting ; and also S. bassensis , the southern school whiting . S. ciliata is most commonly called the ' sand whiting ' in reference to its preference for sandy substrates compared to some members of the genus which prefer muddy , silty , or grassy substrates . Other common names include the ' blue @-@ nose whiting ' in reference to the colour of the nose in fish of larger sizes , and ' summer whiting ' , a name often applied to S. analis as well . This name is applied to these species as they move from deeper offshore waters into shallow beach and estuarine waters in summer , where they become a target for recreational fishers . = = Description = = The sand whiting has a very similar profile to other members of the genus Sillago , with a slightly compressed , elongate body tapering toward the terminal mouth . The dorsal fin is in two parts , the first made of feeble spines and the second of soft rays headed by a single feeble spine , while the ventral profile is straight . The species is known to grow to a maximum size of 51 cm and around 1 @.@ 25 kg weight . The fin anatomy is highly useful for identification purposes , with the species having 11 spines in the first dorsal fin , with one spine and 16 or 18 soft rays on the second dorsal fin . The anal fin has two spines with 15 to 17 soft rays posterior to the spines . Lateral line scales and cheek scales are also distinctive , with sand whiting possessing 60 to 69 lateral line scales and cheek scales positioned in 3 @-@ 4 rows , all of which are ctenoid . The amount of vertebrae are also diagnostic , having 32 to 34 in total . The swim bladder has rudimentary tubules projecting anteriorly and a series laterally that diminish in size and become sawtooth @-@ like posteriorly . The posterior extension is a single , tapering projection that extends well into the caudal region . A duct like process extends from the ventral surface to the urogenital opening . Swim bladder morphology is useless when determining between S. ciliata and S. analis , as they are nearly identical . The body is a pale brown or silvery brown colour , transitioning to white below , with green , mauve and rosy reflections when the fish is first removed from the water . An indistinct silver @-@ yellow mid @-@ lateral band extends across some specimens . The spinous dorsal fin is olive green with faint darker blotches , the second dorsal fin also a pale olive with rows of dark brown to blackish spots . The anal and ventral fins are pale yellow , the pectorals are pale yellow to pale brown with a well defined dark blue @-@ black blotch at the base . The caudal fin is yellow to olive in colour with darker margins . Juveniles less than 90 mm may have darker blotches along their sides and backs . = = Distribution and habitat = = The sand whiting inhabits a range along the east coast of Australia from Cape York , Queensland , southward along the coast and the Great Barrier Reef to eastern Victoria and the east coast of Tasmania down to Southport . The species also inhabits a number of islands ; Lord Howe Island , New Caledonia , and Woodlark Island , Papua New Guinea . The species is most abundant in lower Queensland and New South Wales , where studies show it inhabits every estuary sampled throughout the course of a study , while in north Queensland , the species is very patchily distributed along the coast . The sand whiting is an inshore species , inhabiting exposed coastal areas such as beaches , sandbars and surf zones as well as quieter bays , estuaries and coastal lakes . Sand whiting enter estuaries , including intermittently open ones , and penetrate far upstream to the tidal limits of rivers and creeks where juveniles and adolescent fish may be abundant . The adults congregate around the mouths of estuaries , bars , and spits , in depths down to 5 m where they may constitute a large percentage of the icthyofauna of such regions . As implied by their name , they are often found exclusively over sandy substrates , with occasional appearances in Zostera seagrass beds . Individuals are occasionally taken in offshore waters to 40 m during winter . = = Biology = = = = = Behaviour = = = The sand whiting is a schooling species , whose movements are associated with a variety of factors including prey , lunar patterns and spawning movements ; although there appears to be little consistency in its movements in relation to these factors . Studies on the species over the period of a year have shown the species does not change its local distribution over the course of a day , generally being of the same abundance during both night and day . Seasonal abundance due to spawning is variable , with studies conducted in Moreton Bay , Queensland finding the species recruits heavily to shallow waters and increase numbers during winter months , while studies in the Noosa River estuary have shown no difference in numbers recruited over the course of a season . Like other sillaginids , they have the ability to ' burrow ' into the sand and remained hidden until a predator or seine net has passed by . = = = Diet = = = The sand whiting 's distinctive body shape and mouth placement is an adaptation to bottom feeding , which is the predominant method of feeding for all whiting species . All larger whiting feed by using their protrusile jaws and tube @-@ like mouths to suck up various types of prey from in , on or above the ocean substrate , as well as using their nose as a ' plough ' to dig through the substrate . There is a large body of evidence that shows whiting do not rely on visual cues when feeding , instead using a system based on the vibrations emitted by their prey . S. ciliata is a benthic carnivore that feeds predominantly on polychaetes and various crustaceans . Like other species of Sillago , the diet of the species is related to the size and age of the individual , with three distinct size classes identified in a study conducted in Botany Bay , NSW . The smallest fish of 0 – 10 mm take large amount of amphipods and few polychaetes , while fish between 11 and 20 cm consume mostly neried polychaetes and few amphipods . The largest fish over 21 cm take large amounts of bivalve molluscs and shrimps of the genus Callianassa . = = = Reproduction = = = As with many species of fish , the timing of spawning varies over the range of the species , with gonad development indicating that spawning in the southern New South Wales region occurs from December to April , while spawning in southern Queensland occurs from September to February . Spawning takes place twice a year , evident by the two classes of egg size found in the ovaries and by the two recruitment pulses observed each year as young fish enter their juvenile habitats . The spawning takes place at the mouths of estuaries or in surf zones , with the larvae occurring in fully marine waters . Juveniles reach 16 @.@ 5 cm in length after their first year of life , 26 @.@ 7 cm after their second year and 30 @.@ 5 cm after their third year . After the beginning of the spawning season young whiting of 10 mm and over can be observed swimming actively in small droves of from 10 to 20 on the sand flats and beaches to which they are recruited , moving up and down with the tide , swimming in very shallow water to depths of 1 m . Unlike closely related sillaginids , the juveniles usually prefer unprotected sand substrates , while other species tend to use seagrass and mangroves as protection . As they grow older they keep further from the shore . = = Relationship to humans = = The sand whiting is a highly prized table fish often rated equal to the King George whiting , making it a common target for both commercial and recreational fisheries . The flesh is white , tender and has a moist , low oil content composition , making it easily digestible . Investigations into the aquaculture of the species began in the 1980s , and has led to the development of farmed sand whiting . = = = Commercial fishery = = = Although the sand whiting ranges down to Victoria and Tasmania , the species is not common enough to make up a significant part of their fisheries , with other sillaginids such as school whiting and stout whiting making up the bulk of the catch . In New South Wales and Queensland , however , it is one of the most common species taken , especially in lower Queensland . The species is often not differentiated from golden @-@ lined whiting or trumpeter whiting , meaning fisheries statistics do not reflect the total catch for the species . In 2000 , 238 tonnes of whiting were taken in Queensland , a decrease from the past 4 years . The species is primarily taken in estuaries in New South Wales , and is also included under the general heading of ' school whiting ' when taken from beaches . Research showed that the average commercial harvest from individual estuaries was around 1 @-@ 2 tonnes per year , with an increase in most rivers during the 1970s and 80 's . The species is commonly taken by a number of fishing methods , with the most common being seine nets . Ring , fence , fyke netting and beam trawling are also used occasionally , but more often associated with sampling the entire population for research purposes . Research has focused on the effectiveness of different mesh sizes used to net the species in order to prevent juvenile individuals dying after becoming enmeshed . Associated research has also shown that those whiting that survive and are discarded tend to have much lower survival rates due to scale loss , which is a major issue , as many young fish are regularly taken in such nets and released by the fisherman after sustaining scale loss . These studies have led to a number of proposals and subsequent changes to net regulations . At market , sand whiting is medium priced fish , sold fresh or frozen ; whole and in fillet form . In abundance , sand whiting is moderately priced , with fillets being slightly more expensive . The recovery rate of fillets from whole fish is about 40 % . Sand whiting may be used as sashimi . = = = Recreational fishery = = = Sand whiting are commonly sought after by anglers due to their reputation as a food fish , and due to their relative accessibility , with large catches possible from many shore @-@ based locations . The catches of recreational fishermen may exceed the catches of professionals , with studies showing Queensland had over twice the amount of fish taken by anglers in 2000 . The species is commonly caught throughout its habitat , with sand flats , tidal gutters in estuaries and surf beaches commonly having producing good catches . Excessively shallow water , especially in proximity to Zostera beds may produce numerous undersized fish , and may be avoided if the young fish are too prevalent . Due to their preferred habitat , light lines with minimal weight added are employed to avoid spooking the fish , with a small running bean or ball sinker commonly rigged above a size 4 or 6 hook . Specialist whiting fishermen often use a red piece of tubing or beads to attract the whiting ; whether this works has yet to be proved , but anecdotal evidence shows the fishermen 's catches don 't suffer . Baits used resemble the species natural prey , with prawns , nippers , a variety of bivalves and beach worms most often used , with more successful catches obtained using live bait . In New South Wales , sand whiting have a minimum legal length of 27 cm to be taken and a daily personal bag limit of 20 applies , while in Queensland there is a minimum size of 23 cm and a combined bag limit of 30 for all whiting species . Sand whiting are used themselves as live bait for larger species such as mulloway , mangrove jack and large flathead , although anglers must still adhere to the minimum size limit . = = = Aquaculture = = = The aquaculture potential for sand whiting was first investigated in the late 1980s , with a number of reports detailing both successful trials and also a number of problems with such trials . A 1988 study showed that sand whiting were more likely to grow in captivity than other whiting species , but the mortality rate of over 50 % was unacceptable for use in an economic setting . A number of problems with diseases such as ulcerative dermatitis and the failure of the swim @-@ bladder to inflate properly were also documented , however many of these initial problems have been overcome , and some facilities are breeding around 2000 larvae with a 95 % survival rate . Some of these fingerlings are used to restock depleted estuaries , while others form the basis of commercial fish crops .
= Guitar Hero Mobile series = Guitar Hero Mobile is a series of rhythm video games in the Guitar Hero series , adapting the normal console @-@ based gameplay which uses a guitar @-@ shaped controller to match notes of popular rock music songs to work with the face buttons on advanced mobile phones , including BlackBerry devices and those supporting the Windows Mobile platform . The first three games in the series — Guitar Hero III Mobile , Guitar Hero III Backstage Pass , and Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile — were developed by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and published by Hands @-@ On Mobile , while a mobile version of Guitar Hero 5 was developed by Glu Mobile . The series has proven to be popular ; the Guitar Hero III Mobile game has been downloaded more than 2 million times , and over 250 @,@ 000 songs are played each day across the series . = = Development = = Originally , the Guitar Hero Mobile series was published by Hands @-@ On Mobile and developed by MachineWorks Northwest LLC . For the first game , Guitar Hero III Mobile , Hands @-@ On Mobile received licensing from Activision to port 51 songs , two characters , three venues , and four guitars to the mobile version . The game was originally released on Verizon Wireless , but made available on other cellphone carriers in February 2008 . The game was programmed by Robinson Technologies ( shortened to RTSoft ) in affiliation with MachineWorks Northwest LLC . The game graphics were developed in collaboration with RTSoft and MachineWorks Northwest LLC by Anthem Game Group . The audio was taken from the original audio files used by Activision for Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock . The audio files were reduced in file size , but remained multichannel ; for example , separate channels were used for the guitar track , background instruments and vocals , audience , etc . Each song was reduced in length to two minutes to maintain shorter , " bite @-@ sized " gameplay . To reduce the file size used by the phone , only two songs are stored at any time . Accessing other songs requires them to be downloaded via a cellphone network . A five button setup — like in console versions — was considered , but testing showed the game to be more entertaining with only three buttons . Rapid transitions and simultaneous button presses were included to add difficulty to the gameplay and compensate for the missing buttons . In June 2009 , it was announced that Glu Mobile would be developing versions of several Activision titles , including Guitar Hero 5 , Modern Warfare 2 , and Tony Hawk : Ride for release in the last quarter of 2009 . The mobile version of Guitar Hero 5 was developed for Android , BlackBerry , BREW , Java ME and Windows Mobile platforms . In a change from previous games in the series , players are given the option to download MP3 versions of songs via Internet data services instead of using the MIDI versions that come with the game . = = Gameplay = = Gameplay in Guitar Hero Mobile games was similar to its console counterparts , except instead of 5 frets , 3 frets are used , corresponding to each column of numbered keys on a cellphone 's keypad . The numbered keys used are " 1 " , " 4 " , and " 7 " for green notes , " 2 " , " 5 " , and " 8 " for red notes , and " 3 " , " 6 " , and " 9 " for yellow notes . Once the note ( s ) reach the bottom , the player must play the note ( s ) by pressing or holding down the number key ( s ) in order to score points ( similar to using the controller on the console versions instead of a guitar ) . Star Power is activated using the " * " ( star ) button on the keypad or the " OK " button in the center of the directional pad . Other features include online leader boards , file saves , and accomplishments achieved by meeting certain in @-@ game criteria . The game features only single player Career mode , working through fifteen songs sorted into three tiers similar to other Guitar Hero games , and Quickplay mode , allowing the player to play any unlocked song at any time . There are no multiplayer modes in the game . Guitar Hero III Backstage Pass adds in role @-@ playing video game elements to the core rhythm game ; players not only play gigs as with Guitar Hero III Mobile but also must manage their band from near @-@ poverty to stardom by creating marketing buzz about their band to virtual fans , manage their band , and plan out their performances at venues . Successfully completing these tasks helps the player to earn more money from their performances and to unlock new guitars and equipment that can be used by the band to further improve their performance . In alignment with the expansion of the console series to include drums and vocal parts in Guitar Hero World Tour , Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile adds in the option to play the drum track for all of the included songs in addition to lead guitar . While drums are played similarly to guitar , the game also includes the bass drum kick , marked as a horizontal line across the on @-@ screen fretboard , requiring the player to hit a button on the phone 's keypad below the row they are using for normal drum hits . The game , when played on advanced phones that recognize simultaneous keypresses , support the playing of chords on guitar or simultaneous drum hits . Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile also supports a two @-@ player competitive mode in a manner similar to the " boss battles " introduced in Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock ; a player may be able to collect power @-@ ups that can be triggered in the same manner as Star Power to affect their opponent 's ability to play for a brief period of time . No major gameplay additions were made for Guitar Hero 5 . = = Soundtrack = = = = = Guitar Hero III Mobile = = = Guitar Hero III Mobile features 15 playable songs from Guitar Hero II and Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock with additional expansion packs released every month . Song quality and format varies by phone type . However , only the first two minutes of each song are available to play . = = = = Main setlist = = = = As with Guitar Hero III for consoles , the mobile version presents songs separated into three tiers , each with four songs that must be completed before the fifth encore song can be performed . Successfully completing the encore allows the player to unlock the next tier of songs and play them in Quickplay mode . = = = = Monthly download packs = = = = Each month since January 2008 , a three @-@ song pack has been released as additional content for the game . Songs downloaded this way can be played in Career mode and / or Quickplay mode . = = = Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile = = = Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile includes 15 songs with the core game ; one or more new songs are released each month . = = = = Main setlist = = = = = = = = Monthly Download Packs = = = = = = = Guitar Hero 5 Mobile = = = Guitar Hero 5 Mobile includes 20 songs , stored as MIDI files in the game , though players can download MP3 @-@ quality versions via their mobile 's data network prior to playing . The songs are a subset of those from the Guitar Hero 5 setlist . = = Reception = = Guitar Hero III Mobile was well received upon its release . IGN considered it to be a " successful adaptation " of the Guitar Hero games to the cellphone keypad . They commented that while it may be tricky to download the songs for the game , requiring the user to be persistent during the download , the sound quality was excellent and the simplification down to three buttons from five makes the game " accessible to anybody with even a passing curiosity . " CNET praised the quality of the sound and animations , as well as the ease of play . Cell Play referred to the game as " the true mobile port of rock , " and praised the level of difficulty accomplished with the three button setup . They considered the shortened song length a negligible downside compared to the overall package . 1UP 's review criticized the compact layout that led to hand cramps , and that the limited space on the mobile version only allowed two songs to be stored at a time . 1UP also lamented the shorted versions of the songs given the outstanding audio quality achieved on the mobile platform ; their review summarized their experience as " As a literal interpretation of the Guitar Hero formula , there was apparently no room to alter the game to emphasize the strengths of the mobile platform . " Guitar Hero III Mobile won two awards at the Qualcomm 2008 BREW Developers Conference for " Best Game " and " People 's Choice Award " . The game has been downloaded by users 2 @.@ 5 million times , with both Verizon and Hands @-@ On Mobile claiming that over 250 @,@ 000 songs are played a day on the platform . Guitar Hero III : Backstage Pass was also praised for the addition of role @-@ playing elements and smaller minigames to bring the series in line with other mobile phone games . The mini @-@ games were said to help build up the anticipation of the performance element of the game , making these feel as necessary elements of the player 's band 's career progression . The game won the 2009 Webby Award for Best Mobile Gaming application . Guitar Hero World Tour Mobile has also received similar praise to its predecessors . Both CNet and IGN commented on the improvement in sound quality for both low- and high @-@ end phones , with songs being " instantly recognizable " on low @-@ phones , but noted that this quality came with the tradeoff of a larger memory footprint and slow downloads of songs through the cellular networks . However , Pocket Gamer UK noted that on the Java ME version , the songs are only slightly improved over that of a MIDI file . The addition of drums , which is said to effectively double amount of gameplay , and multiplayer to the mobile game was also well received . Guitar Hero 5 was seen by Pocket Gamer UK to be yet another iteration of the series on mobile platforms , though the game still stands on its own given the numerous other music @-@ based games for mobile phones . They praised the ability to use higher @-@ quality versions of the songs though still allowing those with limited data plans to enjoy the game with the MIDI versions .
= Clark State Forest = Clark State Forest , located just north of Henryville , Indiana in the United States , is Indiana 's oldest state forest , formed in 1903 as a forest research facility and a nursery and later expanded by the Works Progress Administration . Originally 2 @,@ 028 acres ( 8 km ² ) of total land area , it is now almost 24 @,@ 000 acres ( 100 km2 ) and is bisected by Interstate 65 . It features three trails used exclusively for hikers trails : two internal trails , and the 59 @-@ mile ( 95 km ) Knobstone Trail . There are nine horse trails , and five miles ( 8 km ) of mountain bike trails . Two nature preserves are also situated within the forest . The forest also contains a 100 @-@ yard ( 91 m ) outdoor gun range . = = History = = A concern around the turn of the 20th century was that many woodworking facilities in Indiana would be forced to close due to dwindling timber supplies . This wood was used by furniture makers and shipbuilders such as the Howard Shipyards . The timber industry was a major part of southern Indiana 's agricultural income , but thousands of acres had been deforested . In response to the problem , the state of Indiana decided to establish a series of state forests to ensure the continued existence of timber for woodworking facilities , and to allow Indiana to maintain its ability to export hardwood . The Indiana General Assembly in 1901 created the Indiana State Board of Forestry . In May 1903 , the Indiana state government purchased 2 @,@ 028 acres ( 8 @.@ 21 km2 ) of forest in the north of Clark County , noted for its knob features ( isolated conical hills ) , for use as Indiana 's first state forest , at a cost of US $ 16 @,@ 000 . Seedlings were planted at Clark State Forest , many of which were to be later moved to other parts of the state . This practice allowed more productive use of the land within the forest , and facilitated the teaching of the art of forestry . Charles C. Deam , a botanist who in 1909 became Indiana 's state forester , was in charge of making the state forest an experimental laboratory for 20th @-@ century forest care . Between the opening of the forest , and 1935 , over 150 different tree types were tested , many of which survive yet . During the Great Depression , the Works Progress Administration chose to make Clark State Forest a training center for the Civilian Conservation Corps , and also made it Indiana 's largest CCC cantonment in November 1933 . They created artificial lakes within Clark State Forest , and built many bridges , to aid in water conservation , provide beauty spots within the forest , and teach forestry skills to members of the Civilian Conservation Corps . The state forest 's proximity to the Jeffersonville Quartermaster Depot was key in the decision to focus so much attention on it . = = Features = = Having grown from its original 2 @,@ 028 acres ( 8 km2 ) , Clark State Forest now covers 24 @,@ 000 acres ( 97 km2 ) , with many roads and paths . The area also includes 100 miles ( 160 km ) miles of horse trails , ranging from " easy " ( for novice riders ) to " rugged " ( experienced riders only ) . The existence of these horse trails is one reason why nearby Charlestown State Park did not include them in its development plans . Hunting is allowed , except in those areas designated specifically for more popular recreational activities . Species of wildlife of interest to hunters include deer , foxes , ruffed grouse , squirrels , turkeys , raccoons and woodcocks . All the campsites are by design primitive , and the only other areas in the forest that are allowed for camping are 100 feet ( 30 m ) off the Knobstone Trail . Other recreational pursuits for visitors include hiking , biking , fishing and picnicking . All of these human activities are however of secondary importance to the primary function of the state forest , which is timber management . Both native and non @-@ native tree saplings are grown within the forest . Trees officially allowed to be sold for lumber within the state forest are between 70 and 100 years old . Often , the chosen trees are felled to provide an area for native deer to live in the open , and to give smaller animals a brush area for their subsistence . Included in some protected areas are the White Oak ( 160 acres or 0 @.@ 6 km2 ) and the Chestnut Oak / Virginia Pine ( 20 acres ) Nature Preserves . Other species of tree include black oak , black walnut , pignut hickory , sugar maples , and tulip trees . North of the Schlamm Lake is a fish hatchery . The lakes of Clark State Forest include : Bowen ( 7 acres or 2 @.@ 8 ha ) Franke ( 13 acres or 5 @.@ 3 ha ) Oak ( 2 @.@ 5 acres or 1 @.@ 0 ha ) Pine ( 2 acres or 0 @.@ 81 ha ) Schlamm ( 18 acres or 7 @.@ 3 ha ) Shaw ( 13 acres or 5 @.@ 3 ha ) Wilcox ( 5 acres or 2 @.@ 0 ha )
= Devil Pray = " Devil Pray " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Madonna for her thirteenth studio album , Rebel Heart ( 2015 ) . It was written and produced by Madonna , Avicii , DJ Dahi , and Michael Diamonds , with additional writing by Arash Pournouri , Carl Falk , Rami Yacoub , and Savan Kotecha . During the early stages of the album , Madonna was encouraged by her manager to work with Avicii and his team of songwriters . Together , they worked on seven songs and " Devil Pray " was composed after Madonna desired to talk about her experiences with drugs and quest for spirituality . Lyrically , the song deals with themes of drug addiction , sin , temptation , and the desire for salvation and the allure , and destructiveness , of drug @-@ fueled revelry . " Devil Pray " is a technopop song , which combines elements of country @-@ pop and folk , and has similarities with Madonna 's own single " Don 't Tell Me " , Avicii 's previous work and The Animals ' version of the traditional folk song " The House of the Rising Sun " . The song received high praise from critics for its musical elements , while also being highlighted for its self @-@ conscious lyrics . However , there were some criticism towards the list of drugs used in the chorus . Following its release as a pre @-@ ordered song from Rebel Heart , the song charted in many European territories , reaching the top @-@ 25 in Finland , Greece , Hungary and Lebanon . Madonna performed the song for the first time on the Italian TV show Che tempo che fa , wearing a black robe and various rosaries . = = Background and release = = Madonna and Avicii first met in 2012 when the singer appeared on the Ultra Music Festival to premiere a remix of her single " Girl Gone Wild " , produced by the DJ . Later , while developing her then upcoming album , Madonna 's manager Guy Oseary suggested the singer to work with Avicii 's songwriting team ; the singer accepted since she was a fan of Avicii 's work . On March 7 , 2014 , the singer posted a picture of herself on her Instagram account with the caption , " Doing some house work before heading to the studio with Avicii . " A week later , she posted photos with Avicii and his team of songwriters , claiming that they did " so many great songs " . In an interview with David Blaine for Interview , Madonna said of the song : It 's about how people take drugs to connect to God or to a higher level of consciousness . I keep saying , ' Plugging into the matrix ' . If you get high , you can do that , which is why a lot of people drop acid or do drugs , because they want to get closer to God . But there 's going to be a short circuit , and that 's the illusion of drugs , because they give you the illusion of getting closer to God , but ultimately they kill you . They destroy you . I mean , I tried everything once , but as soon as I was high , I spent my time drinking tons of water to get it out of my system . As soon as I was high , I was obsessed with flushing it out of me . I was like , ' OK , I 'm done now ' . In the same interview , she said the song was not written to anyone in particular and that she was merely sharing her experiences . Rolling Stone published an article in which Madonna advocated " intense personal exploration " over drug use . While being asked if " Devil Pray " could run the risk of being misunderstood as a song encouraging drugs , Madonna replied : " I 'm certainly not judging people who take drugs or saying ' don 't do drugs ' , however , I 'm saying you can do all of these things to connect to a higher level , but ultimately you 're going to be lost . People who are getting high are instinctively also trying to connect to a higher level of consciousness , but are doing it in a way that will not sustain them . " The demo version of " Devil Pray " leaked onto the Internet in December 2014 , alongside 12 other demos from the upcoming album . Following this Madonna released the album , titled Rebel Heart , for pre @-@ order on December 20 , 2014 . When ordered , the first six tracks were automatically downloaded , including " Devil Pray " . Madonna stated that the songs were meant to be " an early Christmas gift " and added that she would prefer her fans hear the completed versions of some of the songs instead of the incomplete tracks that were circulating . = = Recording and composition = = " Devil Pray " was written and produced by Madonna , Avicii , DJ Dahi and Michael Diamonds , with additional writing done by Savan Kotecha , Carl Falk , Rami Yacoub and Arash Pournouri . Avicii and Falk were also responsible for providing keyboards and programming , with Falk also providing guitars . Additional recording and mixing was done by Angie Teo , while Demacio " Demo " Castellon was the song 's engineer and mixer . " Devil Pray " has been described as " moody mid @-@ tempo semi @-@ acoustic pop " and technopop song about overcoming addiction , with a more " country @-@ tinged " and " folksy " style in comparison to other tracks on the album . Critics found similarities between the song and Madonna 's own single " Don 't Tell Me " ( 2000 ) for its " country @-@ pop elements " and the traditional folk song " The House of the Rising Sun " , due to its " bluesy @-@ vibe " . " Devil Pray " brings Madonna " as a devoted disciple , drawn to a darker kind of prayer " , as noted by The Quietus 's Amy Pettifer , and its story deals with sin , temptation and deliverance . The song starts with hand claps and guitar , " whose country edge is [ ... ] characteristic of Swedish producer Avicii 's own output " , claimed Pettifer . The chorus contains " an intoned , warning list of narcotic distractions " that " offer brief relief " , as she sings , " And we can do drugs , and we can smoke weed , and we can drink whiskey / Yeah , we can get high , and we can get stoned / And we can sniff glue , and we can do E , and we can drop acid . " During the second verse , Madonna " seems to understand her own spiritual plight when she sings [ ... ] , ' Mother Mary , can 't you [ help ] me ? / ' Cause I 've gone astray / All the angels that were around me / Have all flown away ' , " before warning , " Lucifer is near " . Later , she advises that although providing brief relief , the use of those drugs will not provide any positive effect on the user , warning , " Yeah , we can run and we can hide / But we won 't find the answers " and invite them to " get help " for making the " devil pray " . Then , a " pitched down " voice joins in a " plea for [ her ] soul to be saved " . As she sings , " Ooh , save my soul , save my soul , save my / Devil 's here to fool ya " , a " bed of throaty , orgasmic samples rises in the mix , " and " a hundred tiny Madonna @-@ voices in coital abyss . " = = Critical reception = = " Devil Pray " received mostly positive response from music critics . While noting that the song " reaches back smartly , not only to the hoe @-@ down pop of [ her single ] ' Don 't Tell Me ' , but to the subject matter , and bluesy gait of ' The House of the Rising Sun ' , " Jim Farber of New York Daily News praised " [ t ] he addition of a pulsing house beat [ that ] gives it yet another lure . " Bernard Zuel of Sydney Morning Herald also found similarities in " Devil Pray " with both songs , defining it as an " acoustic guitar @-@ with @-@ electro @-@ cowboy " song , whose melody " doesn 't attempt to hide its familiarity with ' House of the Rising Sun ' . " The Huffington Post 's Matthew Jacobs pointed out that Madonna evoked " the more traditional dance palate for which she is known . " Jamieson Cox of Time enthusiastically wrote that the song " could fit in neatly on the radio beside this year 's British house @-@ pop crossovers and Avicii 's own ' Hey Brother ' . " Kathy Iandoli of Idolator praised Avicii and Blood Diamonds for " becom [ ing ] a divine pair for [ ' Devil Pray ' ] where you can hear both of their styles woven into the beat . " Andy Gill of The Independent found that " Devil Pray " recalled " the career @-@ apex achievements of ' Like a Prayer ' , while Gavin Haynes of NME opined that the song is " reminiscent of Lady Gaga 's crazed 2013 dance tune ' Aura ' . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic picked it as one of Rebel Heart 's best songs , calling it " an expert evocation of her folktronica Y2K . " Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone agreed , noting that " Avicii helps Madonna revive the strums @-@ and @-@ beats vibe of 2000 's Music . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine went further , calling it " her best song in 15 years " . He continued praising " Devil Pray " for " reimagin [ ing ] The Animals as a folktronica band with witch @-@ house tendencies ... Her ruminations on salvation and the existential pitfalls of sniffing glue [ that ] rid [ es ] an unexpected low @-@ end groove . " Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club also saw the song as a highlight , describing it as a " gospel @-@ tinged , acoustic @-@ guitar irresistible plea for salvation and divine guidance in the face of temptations such as drugs . " Sasha Geffen of Consequence of Sound considered " Devil Pray " as one of Madonna 's best release in years and its chorus as " one of her strongest in decades " . She praised " Madonna 's voice [ which ] is pitch @-@ shifted into a ghostly echo — and unlike those ' Bitch ' beats , the production slides in perfectly . It 's one hell of a song about getting fucked up on every molecule imaginable , but it 's also heavy with the longing for self @-@ purification and direction . " The New York Times also shared this view , noting that the song " showcase [ s ] some of Madonna 's best singing in years . " Saeed Saeed of The National felt that the song was similar to The Animals ' version of " The House of the Rising Sun " and praised it for being a better country @-@ dance song than Madonna 's cover of Don McLean 's " American Pie " . However , there were some criticism directed at the list of drugs used in the chorus of " Devil Pray " . Chris Richards from The Washington Post criticized the fact that the " lyrics on Rebel Heart feel almost violently resistant to wisdom " , citing the menu of intoxicants used in the chorus and asking , " Which one will best help us forget that this is happening ? " Andrew Unterberger of Spin also wrote about the " laundry list of intoxicants " referenced in the song , noting that it " makes ' Devil Pray ' sound like a mid @-@ 80s PSA . " Jessica Hopper of Pitchfork Media went on to criticize the list for being " a strange , tender , comical thing , [ ... ] but ultimately , it 's a boring stadium @-@ throb lite @-@ EDM song about seeking sobriety and / or big @-@ G , God . It 's also a Madonna @-@ doing @-@ Madonna cliche [ sic ] , which is too often the downfall of Rebel Heart . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian was negative about " Devil Pray " ' s production , claiming that " [ it 's ] a pretty transparent attempt by Avicii to come up with something along the lines of his hit ' Wake Me Up ' . " = = Chart performance = = " Devil Pray " charted in many European territories after its release along with the other album 's five tracks , on December 20 , 2014 . The song reached the top @-@ ten in Greece and Hungary , peaking at numbers 9 and 10 , respectively , while in Finland , Lebanon and Sweden , " Devil Pray " managed to reach the top @-@ twenty , reaching numbers 16 , 18 and 14 . In Spain , the song reached number 50 and was the album 's lowest charting song , while in France , " Devil Pray " was the third highest charting song , after " Living for Love " and " Ghosttown " , the album 's first and second single respectively , and peaked at number 62 . = = Live performances = = On March 1 , 2015 , Madonna performed the song for the first time on Italian TV show , Che tempo che fa , along with " Ghosttown " , the album 's second single . An episode featuring her appearance was aired on March 8 . For the performance of " Devil Pray " , Madonna wore " an extravagant black robe and various rosaries . " A writer for Yahoo ! noticed that both performances were warmly received by the audience , while Lionel Nicaise appreciated that Madonna put more emphasis on the melodies and her vocals during the performance , rather than costumes and stage props . Bianca Grace of Idolator noted that the performance " will have you repenting your weekend sins , as the singer emotionally sings the tune . " " Devil Pray " is currently being performed during Madonna 's 2015 – 16 Rebel Heart Tour . Following the Last Supper @-@ themed mashup performance of " Holy Water " and " Vogue " , Madonna climbed down to the center stage to perform " Devil Pray " ; during the performance she straddled one of her male dancers , who was dressed as a priest , and engaged in a dance @-@ off with other dancers . Jordan Zivitz from the Montreal Gazette said that she found the performance to be " challenging " . Previous to this the song was also used for promotional videos related to the tour 's rehearsals and dancer interviews . = = Credits and personnel = = Management Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) / EMI Blackwood Music Inc . ( BMI ) / EMI Music Publishing Scandinavia AB ( STIM ) / Sony / ATV Songs LLC ( BMI ) Sony / ATV Scandinavia AB ( STIM ) / Team 2101 Songs ( ASCAP ) / Rami Productions AB ( ASCAP ) / Kobalt Songs Music Publishing Sony / ATV Sonata and Dahi Productions ( SESAC ) / Michael Tucker Music ( ASCAP ) c / o Kobalt Songs Music Publishing / These Are Songs of Pulse ( ASCAP ) / OWSLA Trax ( ASCAP ) Personnel Personnel adapted from Madonna official website . = = Charts = =
= Piers Gaveston , 1st Earl of Cornwall = Piers Gaveston , 1st Earl of Cornwall ( c . 1284 – 19 June 1312 ) was an English nobleman of Gascon origin , and the favourite of King Edward II of England . At a young age he made a good impression on King Edward I " Longshanks " , and was assigned to the household of the King 's son , Edward of Caernarfon . The prince 's partiality for Gaveston was so extravagant that Edward I sent the favourite into exile , but he was recalled a few months later , after the King 's death led to the prince 's accession as Edward II . Edward bestowed the Earldom of Cornwall on Gaveston , and arranged for him to marry his niece Margaret de Clare , sister of the powerful Earl of Gloucester . Gaveston 's exclusive access to the King provoked several members of the nobility , and in 1307 the King was again forced to send him into exile . During this absence he served as the King 's Lord Lieutenant of Ireland . Edward managed to negotiate a deal with the opposition , however , and Gaveston returned the next year . Upon his return his behaviour became even more offensive , and by the Ordinances of 1311 it was decided that Gaveston should be exiled for a third time , to suffer outlawry if he returned . When he did return in 1312 , he was hunted down and executed by a group of magnates led by Thomas of Lancaster and Guy de Beauchamp , Earl of Warwick . It was alleged by medieval chroniclers that Edward II and Piers Gaveston were lovers , a rumour that was reinforced by later portrayals in fiction , such as Christopher Marlowe 's late 16th @-@ century play Edward II . This assertion has received the support of some modern historians , while others have questioned it . According to Pierre Chaplais , the relationship between the two was that of an adoptive brotherhood , and Gaveston served as an unofficial deputy for a reluctant king . Other historians , like J. S. Hamilton , have pointed out that concern over the two men 's sexuality was not at the core of the nobility 's grievances , which rather centred on Gaveston 's exclusive access to royal patronage . = = Family background and early life = = Piers Gaveston 's father was Arnaud de Gabaston , a Gascon knight in the service of Gaston VII of Béarn . Gabaston had come into a substantial amount of land in Gascony through his marriage to Claramonde de Marsan , who was co @-@ heir with her brother of the great landowner Arnaud @-@ Guillaume de Marsan . Through the possessions of his wife , Gabaston also became a vassal of the King of England , in the King 's capacity of Duke of Aquitaine . His service to Edward I of England stretched over a long period of time , starting in the Welsh Wars of 1282 – 83 , in which he participated with a substantial contingent . Sometime before 4 February 1287 , Claramonde died , and for the rest of his life Gabaston struggled to retain his wife 's inheritance from rival claims by relatives and neighbours . Because of this , he became financially dependent on the English king , and was continuously in his service . He was used as a hostage by Edward twice : first in 1288 to Aragon , secondly in 1294 to the French king , when he managed to escape and flee to England in 1297 . After returning home , he was back in England in 1300 , where he served with Edward I in the Scottish Wars . He died at some point before 18 May 1302 . Little is known of Piers Gaveston 's early years ; even his year of birth is unknown . He and Prince Edward of Caernarfon ( born 25 April 1284 ) were said to be contemporaries ( coetanei ) , so it can be assumed that he was born in or around 1284 . Though one chronicle claims he accompanied his father to England in 1297 , the first reliable reference to him is from Gascony later that year , when he served in the company of Edward I. In 1300 he sailed to England with his father and his older brother , Arnaud @-@ Guillaume de Marsan . It was at this time that he became a member of the household of the young Prince Edward – the future Edward II . The King was apparently impressed by Gaveston 's conduct and martial skills , and wanted him to serve as a model for his son . In 1304 , the King awarded Gaveston the wardship of Roger Mortimer of Wigmore , after the death of Roger 's father , on the request of Edward , Prince of Wales . This put Gaveston in charge of Mortimer 's possessions during the latter 's minority , and served as proof of the King 's confidence in his son 's companion . As part of the circle around the prince , however , Gaveston also became entangled in conflicts between the King and his son . These difficulties first materialised in a dispute between treasurer Walter Langton and Prince Edward . The case enraged King Edward to the point where he banned his son from court , and banished several men from the prince 's household . Though the two were reconciled at a later point , the King still prevented Gaveston from rejoining the prince . This matter was settled before 26 May 1306 , however , the date when Gaveston was knighted , four days after the prince . Later that year Gaveston was once more in trouble , when he and twenty @-@ one other knights deserted a Scottish campaign to attend a tournament . An arrest order was sent out for the deserters , but , at the insistence of Queen Margaret , they were all pardoned in January 1307 . = = First exile and return = = Gaveston 's return to grace was only temporary . On 26 February 1307 , Edward I announced that the prince 's favourite had to leave the realm shortly after 30 April that year . This time it seems the punishment was not intended for Gaveston , though , but for the Prince of Wales . According to Walter of Guisborough , the prince appeared before the King to request that his own county of Ponthieu be given to Gaveston . Edward I , enraged , tore out handfuls of his son 's hair and threw him out of the royal chambers . Though Guisborough cannot necessarily be trusted on the details of the events , the story reflects the general exasperation the King felt with the prince 's favouritism towards Gaveston , and the lavish gifts bestowed on the favourite . This extravagance was clearly seen on Gaveston 's departure , when Prince Edward equipped him with horses , luxurious clothes , and £ 260 of money . Gaveston 's first exile was to be a short one . In early July 1307 , Edward I fell ill while once more campaigning in the north , and lay dying at Burgh by Sands near the Scottish border . According to one chronicle , he gathered some of his most trusted men around him , including Henry de Lacy , Earl of Lincoln ; Guy de Beauchamp , Earl of Warwick ; and Aymer de Valence , soon to be Earl of Pembroke . Edward entrusted the magnates with the care of his son , and instructed them particularly to prevent the return of Piers Gaveston from exile . Nevertheless , when the King died on 7 July , one of Edward II 's first acts as king was to recall his friend . Gaveston returned almost immediately , and the two were reunited by early August . = = Earl of Cornwall = = On 6 August 1307 , less than a month after succeeding , Edward II made Piers Gaveston Earl of Cornwall . According to contemporary narrative sources , this was a controversial decision . Gaveston came from relatively humble origins , and his rise to the highest level of the peerage was considered improper by the established nobility . Furthermore , the earldom of Cornwall had traditionally been reserved for members of the royal family , and Edward I had intended it for one of his two younger sons from his second marriage . The discontent reported by the chronicles may have been the result of hindsight , however ; there is no sign that the established nobility objected to the ennoblement of Gaveston at the time . The earldom gave Gaveston substantial landholdings over great parts of England , to the value of £ 4 @,@ 000 a year . These possessions consisted of most of Cornwall , as well as parts of Devonshire in the south @-@ west , land in Berkshire and Oxfordshire centred on the honour of Wallingford , most of the eastern part of Lincolnshire , and the honour of Knaresborough in Yorkshire , with the territories that belonged to it . In addition to this , Edward also secured a prestigious marriage between Gaveston and Margaret de Clare , sister of the powerful Earl of Gloucester . The possessions and family connection secured Gaveston a place among the highest levels of the English nobility . Even though the new king was initially met with goodwill from his subjects , it was not long before certain members of the nobility became disaffected with Gaveston and the special relationship he enjoyed with Edward . On 2 December 1307 , exactly one month after Gaveston 's marriage , the King organised a tournament in Gaveston 's honour at Wallingford Castle . Here Gaveston and his companions in arms handed a humiliating defeat to the earls of Warenne , Hereford , and Arundel . Gaveston won , according to various accounts of the events , either by bringing too many knights to the field , or simply by having a better contingent . From this point on Warenne – and possibly also the other two earls – became hostile to Gaveston . When Edward II left the country early in 1308 to marry the French king 's daughter Isabella , he appointed Gaveston regent in his place . This was a responsibility that would normally be given to a close family member of the reigning king . There is no sign that Gaveston exploited the regency for personal gains , but the other nobles were still offended by his arrogant behaviour . This behaviour continued at the coronation feast after the King 's return , during which the King largely ignored his new wife in favour of Gaveston . The collective grievances first found expression in the so @-@ called ' Boulogne agreement ' of January 1308 , in which the earls of Warenne , Hereford , Lincoln and Pembroke expressed concern about oppression of the people and attacks on the honour of the crown . Though not mentioned by name , Gaveston was the implied target of this document . Later that year , in the April parliament , the so @-@ called Declaration of 1308 demanded the renewed exile of Gaveston , again without explicitly mentioning the favourite by name . The King initially resisted , but had to give in to the demand once it became clear that the barons had the support of King Philip IV of France , who was offended by Edward 's treatment of his daughter . On 18 May , Edward consented to sending Gaveston into exile . = = Ireland and return = = Gaveston was not exiled immediately ; he did not have to leave the realm until 25 June , but faced excommunication by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Robert Winchelsey , should he return . Edward used the intervening period to provide for his favourite 's continued prosperity and political importance . As a compensation for the loss of the earldom of Cornwall , which was another condition of the exile , Gaveston was granted land worth 3 @,@ 000 marks annually in Gascony , and land amounting to the same value in England . Further to this , he was appointed the King 's Lieutenant of Ireland , so that a certain amount of honour could be maintained despite the humiliation of the exile . The appointment came the day after Richard de Burgh , Earl of Ulster , had been given the same position , indicating that it was an improvised measure . Gaveston 's appointment came with wider authority than Ulster 's , however , for he had full regal powers to appoint and dismiss any royal officers . Gaveston 's lieutenancy was primarily of a military nature ; by the early 14th century , Ireland had become a rebellious and unruly dominion for the English crown . In this capacity Gaveston had considerable success , killing or defeating several major insurgents . He fortified the town of Newcastle McKynegan and Castle Kevin , and rebuilt the road from Castle Kevin to Glendalough . This helped pacify the county at least as far as the Wicklow Mountains , west of Dublin . In the field of administration he made less of a mark . The most notable issue with which he was involved concerned a dispute over murage – a toll on the town walls – between the citizens of Dublin . As during the regency , though , there is no evidence that Gaveston exploited his position for his own advantage and he did nothing to alienate the local elite . Edward II began working towards a recall before Gaveston had even left . Through distribution of patronage and concessions to political demands , he won over several of the earls who had previously been of a hostile disposition . Lincoln , who was the leader of the baronial opposition due to his age and great wealth , was reconciled with Edward by late summer 1308 . Even Warwick , who had been the most unyielding of the King 's enemies , was gradually mollified . Significantly , though , Thomas , Earl of Lancaster , who had not been involved in the campaign to exile Gaveston , seems to have become disaffected at this time . Nevertheless , by 25 April 1309 , Pope Clement V was satisfied that the difficulties between the King and his magnates had been settled , and agreed to lift the interdict against Gaveston . At the parliament that met at Stamford in July , Edward had to agree to a series of political concessions . The so @-@ called Statute of Stamford was based on a similar document Edward I had consented to in 1300 , called the articuli super carta , which was in turn based on Magna Carta . Before the Stamford Parliament , however , on 27 June , Gaveston had returned to England . = = Ordinances and final exile = = On 5 August 1309 , Gaveston was reinstated with the earldom of Cornwall . It did not take long , however , for him to alienate the earls once more . The chronicles tell of how Gaveston gave mocking nicknames to other earls , calling Lincoln ' burst @-@ belly ' , Pembroke ' Joseph the Jew ' , Lancaster ' the fiddler ' and Warwick ' the black dog of Arden ' ( from the forest of Arden in Warwickshire ) . Gaveston also began to exploit his relationship with the King more ostentatiously , obtaining favours and appointments for his friends and servants . The political climate became so hateful that in February 1310 , a number of the earls refused to attend parliament as long as Gaveston was present . Gaveston was dismissed , and , when parliament convened , the disaffected barons presented a list of grievances they wanted addressed . On 16 March , the King was forced to appoint a group of men to ordain reforms of the royal household . This group of so @-@ called Lords Ordainers consisted of eight earls , seven bishops and six barons . Among the earls were supporters of the King , like Gloucester and John of Brittany , Earl of Richmond , as well as strong opponents , like Lancaster and Warwick . While the Ordainers were at work drafting their reform document , Edward decided to address one of the main causes behind the discontent : the Scottish situation . Edward II had , almost immediately after his accession , abandoned the relentless Scottish campaigns of his father . As a result , Robert the Bruce had been able to regain the initiative in the war , reconquer lost territory , and stage destructive raids into the north of England . To aggravate matters , Edward had continued to raise extortionate taxes , ostensibly for the war in Scotland , but without showing any result . If the King could produce victory against the Scots , this would go a long way towards undermining the work of the Ordainers . In June , the King summoned the magnates for a military campaign , but most of the Ordainers refused on the basis of the work they were performing . When the King departed for Scotland in September , only Gloucester , Warenne and Gaveston among the earls accompanied him . The campaign proved frustrating for Edward , when Bruce refused to engage in open battle , or even get involved in negotiations . In February , Gaveston was sent with an army north from Roxburgh to Perth , but he failed to track down the Scottish army . While the royal army was in the north , Edward received news from London that the Earl of Lincoln had died on 6 February 1311 . This meant that a moderating influence on the baronial party had been lost , at the same time as the antagonistic Earl of Lancaster – who was Lincoln 's son @-@ in @-@ law and heir – emerged as the leader of the Ordainers . With the Ordainers ready to present their programme of reform , Edward had to summon a parliament . In late July he appointed Gaveston Lieutenant of Scotland , and departed for London . Bruce still evaded the English successfully , in early August even staging a raid into northern England , and shortly after this Gaveston withdrew to Bamburgh Castle in Northumberland . When parliament met on 16 August , the King was presented with a set of proposed reforms of the royal household , as well as specific attacks on individuals , including a demand for the renewed exile of Piers Gaveston . Edward initially offered to agree to the reforms as long as Gaveston was allowed to stay , but the Ordainers refused . The King held out for as long as he could , but eventually had to agree to the Ordinances , which were published on 27 September . On 3 November , two days after the allotted deadline , Gaveston left England for the last time . = = Return and death = = It is not quite clear where Gaveston spent his time abroad ; the conditions of his exile banned him from staying in any of the lands of the English king . This precluded both Aquitaine and Ireland , where he had spent his previous exiles . There is some evidence that he might have gone to France initially , but considering the French king 's hostile attitude towards him , he is not likely to have stayed there long . Flanders is a much more likely candidate for Gaveston 's third and final exile . This time his absence was even shorter than the second time , lasting no more than two months . Returning around Christmas 1311 , he was reunited with the King early in 1312 , probably at Knaresborough on 13 January . The reason for his quick return might have been the birth of his child , a daughter named Joan , around this time . On 18 January , Edward declared the judgement against Gaveston unlawful , and restored all lands to him . The royal and baronial parties now both began preparations for war . In March , Gaveston settled at Scarborough , and began to fortify the castle . Around the same time , he was pronounced excommunicate by Archbishop Winchelsey at St Paul 's . At the same meeting the barons – under the leadership of Lancaster – divided up the realm to oppose the King . Pembroke and Warenne were given the responsibility of capturing Gaveston . On 4 May , the King and Gaveston were at Newcastle , and barely escaped a force led by Lancaster , Henry Percy and Robert Clifford . Gaveston then returned to Scarborough , while the King left for York . Scarborough was soon besieged by Pembroke , Warenne , Percy and Clifford , and on 19 May Gaveston surrendered to the besiegers . The terms of the surrender were that Pembroke , Warenne and Percy would take Gaveston to York , where the barons would negotiate with the king . If an agreement could not be reached by 1 August , Gaveston would be allowed to return to Scarborough . The three swore an oath to guarantee his safety . After an initial meeting with the King in York , Gaveston was left in the custody of Pembroke , who escorted him south for safekeeping . On 9 June , Pembroke left Gaveston at the rectory at Deddington in Oxfordshire , while he himself left to visit his wife . When Warwick found out about Gaveston 's whereabouts , he immediately rode out to capture him . The next morning he appeared at the rectory , where he took Gaveston captive and brought him back to his castle at Warwick . Pembroke , whose honour had been affronted , appealed for justice both to Gaveston 's brother @-@ in @-@ law Gloucester and to the University of Oxford , but to no avail . At Warwick , Gaveston was condemned to death for violating the terms of the Ordinances , before an assembly of barons , including Warwick , Lancaster , Hereford and Arundel . On 19 June , he was taken out on the road towards Kenilworth as far as Blacklow Hill , which was on the Earl of Lancaster 's land . Here , two Welshmen ran him through with a sword and beheaded him . = = Aftermath = = Gaveston 's body was simply left behind at the site of his execution . One chronicle tells of how four shoemakers brought it to Warwick , who refused to accept it , and ordered them to take it back outside his jurisdiction . Eventually , a group of Dominican friars brought it to Oxford . A proper burial could not be arranged while Gaveston was still excommunicate , and it was not until 2 January 1315 , after the King had secured a papal absolution for his favourite , that he could have his body buried in an elaborate ceremony at the Dominican foundation of King 's Langley Priory ; the tomb is now lost . In 1823 , a cross with inscription was erected at Blacklow Hill by local squire , Bertie Greathead , at the place believed to be the location of Gaveston 's execution . Edward also provided a generous endowment for Gaveston 's widow Margaret , who in 1317 married Hugh de Audley , later Earl of Gloucester . The King tried to find a suitable marriage for Piers ' and Margaret 's daughter Joan , but these arrangements came to nothing when Joan died in 1325 , at the age of thirteen . There is also some evidence that Gaveston might have fathered another , extra @-@ marital daughter ; one contemporary document refers to an " Amie filie Petri de Gaveston " . This Amie was a chamberlain of Edward III 's wife , Queen Philippa , and later married John Driby , a yeoman of the royal family . Edward 's initial reaction to the news of Gaveston 's execution was rage ; according to the Vita Edwardi he swore to avenge the act . Circumstances , however , prevented him from taking immediate action against the executioners . During the previous raid on Newcastle , the King and Gaveston had to flee quickly , leaving behind horses and jewels worth a great amount of money . At the same time , the barons ' extralegal action had alienated many of their former associates ; the Earl of Pembroke in particular became strongly tied to the King 's cause after the affront to his honour . Through the arbitration of the Earl of Gloucester and others , a settlement was finally reached on 14 October 1313 , whereby the barons were given a pardon and the horses and jewels were returned to the King . The following years were marked by a constant power struggle between Edward and Lancaster , centred on the maintenance of the Ordinances . The matter was not finally settled until 1322 , when Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge , and executed . = = Question of homosexuality = = It was hinted at by medieval chroniclers , and has been alleged by modern historians , that the relationship between Gaveston and Edward was homosexual . The Annales Paulini claims that Edward loved Gaveston " beyond measure " , while the Lanercost says the intimacy between them was " undue " . The Chronicle of Melsa states that Edward " particularly delighted in the vice of sodomy " , without making special reference to Gaveston . The portrayal of Gaveston as homosexual continued in fictional portrayals , such as Christopher Marlowe 's play Edward II from the early 1590s , and the 1924 adaptation of that work by Bertolt Brecht and Lion Feuchtwanger . Modern historians have been divided on the issue . T. F. Tout , writing in 1914 , rejected the idea . J. S. Hamilton , who wrote a biography of Gaveston in 1988 , on the other hand says that " there is no question that the king and his favourite were lovers . " Pierre Chaplais , writing a few years later , had more reservations . Chaplais cites the fact that Edward had four children with his wife – and even an extra @-@ marital son – as well as the relative silence of contemporary commentators on the topic . He also finds it hard to believe that Philip IV of France would have allowed the English king to marry his daughter Isabella if Edward was known to be homosexual . Mark Ormrod has pointed out the inherent anachronism of speaking of homosexuality in a medieval context . Instead Ormrod suggests the focus should be on the motivation behind the use of sexuality in contemporary attacks on the King and Gaveston . If the King and Gaveston were indeed lovers , the question remains of what effect this had on their respective careers and eventual downfalls . John Boswell , in his Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality , calls Gaveston Edward 's lover , and writes that there is little doubt " that [ Edward 's ] wife and the barons of England were violently hostile to Edward 's sexual proclivities , although he more than fulfilled his royal duties by fathering four children with Isabella . " Boswell argues that Edward and Gaveston fell victim to a new @-@ found concern about sexual morals among the secular powers of Europe , manifested shortly before in the trial of the Knights Templar in 1307 . This interpretation is disputed by Hamilton . " The favourite was murdered because of his control of patronage , " writes Hamilton , " not because of his access to the king 's bedchamber " . This same view is also expressed by Roy Martin Haines , in his 2003 biography of the King . = = Historical assessment = = Contemporary and near @-@ contemporary chroniclers were generally negative in their attitudes towards Gaveston , blaming the royal favourite for many of the problems of the reign . Gaveston was accused of such various crimes as draining the treasury , orchestrating the arrest of treasurer Walter Langton , and filling the court with foreigners . According to the Lanercost Chronicle , " There was not anyone who had a good word to say about the king or Piers . " Nevertheless , the chroniclers did not deny that he had certain good qualities . Irish chroniclers were appreciative both of his military and his administrative skills during his period in Ireland . Likewise , Geoffrey the Baker called him " graceful and agile in body , sharp witted , refined in manner , [ and ] sufficiently well versed in military matters . " Marlowe , however , focused exclusively on the negative aspects of Gaveston 's biography , portraying him – according to Hamilton – as " a sycophantic homosexual with a marked tendency towards avarice , nepotism , and especially overweening pride . " This was the impression that lived on in the popular imagination . The first modern historians to deal with the reign of Edward II – William Stubbs , Thomas Frederick Tout and James Conway Davies – added little to the understanding of Gaveston . While generally agreeing with the chronicles , they allotted him no importance within their own main field of interest , that of constitutional history . For later generations of historians , the focus shifted from constitutional to personal issues . From the 1970s onwards , the topic of study became the personal relations between magnates and the crown , and the distribution of patronage . It is to this school of thought that Hamilton 's biography belongs , in which he argues that it was Gaveston 's exclusive access to royal patronage that was the driving force behind the baronial animosity towards him . Chaplais , on the other hand , takes a different approach to the study of Gaveston and his place in the reign of Edward II . According to Chaplais , Edward was more or less indifferent to the practice of kingship , and essentially delegated the job to Gaveston . As an alternative to a homosexual relationship , Chaplais suggests that the bond that existed between the King and Gaveston was that of an adoptive brotherhood . This concept had a Biblical precedent in the traditionalist , platonic interpretation of the relationship between David and Jonathan , and also existed in the Middle Ages , as exemplified in The Song of Roland , the story of Roland and Olivier . In modern popular culture , Gaveston has been portrayed in a variety of ways . In Derek Jarman 's 1991 film , based on Marlow 's play , Edward and Gaveston are presented as victims of homophobia and prejudice . In the 1995 movie Braveheart , on the other hand , Gaveston ( thinly disguised as the character ' Phillip ' ) is again caricatured as arrogant and effeminate . There is also an Oxford University dining and drinking club called the Piers Gaveston Society .
= Linfield F.C. = Linfield Football Club is a semi @-@ professional football club based in Belfast , Northern Ireland . The club was founded in 1886 as Linfield Athletic Club , and in 1905 moved into the current home of Windsor Park , which is also the home of the Northern Ireland national team . The club plays in the NIFL Premiership – the highest level of the Northern Ireland Football League . Linfield 's main rival is Glentoran – the other half of Belfast 's Big Two . This rivalry traditionally includes a league derby played on Boxing Day each year , which usually attracts the largest league attendance of the season . Linfield 's average league attendance at home is approximately 2 @,@ 000 , the highest average in the division and roughly twice as large as the league 's overall average , which has remained relatively steady at 800 – 900 spectators per game since the current league format began in 2008 . The Blues are managed by former Northern Ireland international and record goalscorer David Healy , who was appointed in October 2015 to succeed Warren Feeney . Feeney resigned in order to become assistant manager ( and later the manager ) of Newport County . Historically , as the most dominant club in Northern Irish football , Linfield holds several domestic records and even two world records . The club was one of the eight founding members of the Irish League in 1890 , as well as the inaugural winners and one of only three clubs to have competed in every top division season , having never suffered relegation . Linfield has won a record 51 league championships to date – more than twice as many titles as any other Northern Irish club and the second @-@ highest tally of national top @-@ flight titles won by any club worldwide – behind the world record of 54 Scottish league titles won by Rangers . Linfield holds the world record for the most trophies won in a single season . In the 1921 – 22 season , Linfield became the first , and to date only club in the world to achieve the feat of winning seven titles in one season , and in the 1961 – 62 season they emulated the feat with a second seven @-@ trophy haul – the only recorded instances in the world of this feat being accomplished . In 2006 , the club also won all four available domestic trophies to achieve a quadruple , and has also won three domestic trebles along with a world record 23 domestic doubles . The club has lifted the Irish Cup a record 42 times , the League Cup a record nine times , and has been all @-@ Ireland champion ( excluding the 12 all @-@ Ireland league titles won prior to the partition of Ireland in 1921 ) on four occasions – 1962 , 1971 , 1980 and 2005 . The club has never won a European trophy , but did reach the quarter @-@ finals of the 1966 – 67 European Cup . = = History = = = = = Formation and early years ( 1886 – 1918 ) = = = The club was founded in March 1886 in an area of south Belfast known as Sandy Row by workers at the Ulster Spinning Company 's Linfield Mill . Originally known as Linfield Athletic Club , the team played on ground at the back of the mill known as the Meadow . However , success on the field meant that the club had to accommodate bigger crowds , so this brought about a move to Ulsterville Avenue in 1889 . In 1890 , Bob Milne signed for the club from the Gordon Highlanders . The Scot would soon become a key member of the team , helping the Blues to lift the Irish Cup at the young age of 20 . The club stayed at Ulsterville for five years before housing development on the ground in 1894 meant that the club had to move on once again . Between 1894 and 1897 , Linfield played all of their home games at opponents ' grounds until the president of the club , Robert Gibson – who had donated the Gibson Cup trophy to the Irish League for the championship – along with other club members eventually secured a ground lease at Myrtlefield in the Balmoral area of the city . However , this was another temporary home . The club stayed here until 1905 , when they moved into Windsor Park . The club 's first silverware at Windsor arrived in the 1906 – 07 season , with the club lifting both the league title and the County Antrim Shield . This would be the first of a trio of league titles , with the 1907 – 08 and 1908 – 09 league titles to follow . In 1910 , team captain Bob Milne left the club with a legacy as one of Linfield 's best ever players . He had amassed nine Irish Cups , eight league titles , and had earned 27 international caps for Ireland during his time at the club . Another Scot , Marshall McEwan , joined Linfield in 1911 at the age of 26 . He had previously played for Blackpool , Bolton Wanderers and Chelsea . McEwan is perhaps best remembered for his performance in the 1913 Irish Cup final , described by some fans as the best in years . McEwan retired in 1916 , but remained in Belfast and later opened several businesses . In 1915 , the Irish League was suspended as a result of World War I. In its place , a temporary unofficial league known as the Belfast & District League was set up and ran for four seasons until the return of the Irish League in 1919 . As this was an unofficial competition , any titles during this time are not counted as Irish League Championships . Linfield won this competition twice , in 1915 – 16 along with the Irish Cup , and in 1917 – 18 . = = = Two seven @-@ trophy seasons ( 1921 – 22 & 1961 – 62 ) = = = In the 1921 – 22 season , the club achieved a clean sweep of all the domestic competitions they entered – the Irish League , Irish Cup , County Antrim Shield , Alhambra Cup , Belfast Charity Cup , Gold Cup and the City Cup . The club followed this up the next season by winning a treble including the Irish League , Irish Cup and County Antrim Shield in 1922 – 23 . In 1927 , Joe Bambrick signed for the Blues , and would become one of the club 's all @-@ time top goal scorers . In the 1929 – 30 season , Bambrick scored a remarkable 94 goals – a record that surprisingly stood for only one season , until Glentoran 's Fred Roberts scored an incredible 96 goals during the following campaign to break Bambrick 's record . In 1930 , Bambrick scored six goals in one game for Ireland – a 7 – 0 win over Wales . The 1931 – 32 , 1933 – 34 and 1934 – 35 league titles followed for Linfield , before Bambrick left the club to join Chelsea in 1935 having scored 286 league goals in just 183 games for Linfield – a remarkable ratio of 1 @.@ 56 goals per game . The Irish League was once again suspended in 1940 as a result of the Second World War , with another temporary unofficial league set up which was called the Northern Regional League . Linfield won this league three times – in 1942 – 43 , 1944 – 45 and 1945 – 46 . This league ran for seven seasons until the return of the Irish League once again in 1947 . In 1957 , Jackie Milburn famously signed for the Blues as player @-@ manager from Newcastle United , and won the Ulster Footballer of the Year award for his performances during his first season at the club . Milburn 's presence dramatically increased average crowds at matches , with the Belfast Telegraph calling it the " signing of the century " . Milburn is famous for scoring Linfield 's first ever goals in European competition . In September 1959 , he scored both goals against IFK Göteborg in a 2 – 1 Linfield win at Windsor Park in the first leg of the 1959 – 60 European Cup preliminary round tie – the club 's European debut . Milburn was also the Irish league 's top goal scorer on two occasions before leaving the club in 1960 to join Yiewsley . In 1962 , forty years after Linfield 's remarkable seven @-@ trophy season , the club repeated the feat in the 1961 – 62 season under manager Isaac McDowell . They won another seven @-@ trophy haul including the Irish League , Irish Cup , County Antrim Shield , Gold Cup , City Cup and the Ulster Cup . They also won the North @-@ South Cup final that season , but it was actually the conclusion of the 1960 – 61 competition . Fixture congestion had meant that the final could not be played before the end of the previous season , so it was rescheduled to take place during the 1961 – 62 season . A commemorative event was held in April 2012 , celebrating the 90th and 50th anniversaries of the 1921 – 22 and 1961 – 62 seven @-@ trophy @-@ winning teams . = = = Roy Coyle 's 31 @-@ trophy haul ( 1975 – 1997 ) = = = Following a spell in England playing for Sheffield Wednesday and Grimsby Town , Roy Coyle joined the club as player @-@ manager , taking over the reigns from outgoing manager Billy Campbell . After a tough start to his managerial career at the club , Coyle went on to become the most successful Linfield manager in history , winning numerous trophies during his time at Windsor Park . His first season in charge was without silverware . In fact , having been Irish Cup runners @-@ up the previous season when Coleraine defeated the Blues 1 – 0 after two replays , Linfield suffered one of the biggest upsets in Northern Irish football history when B Division club Carrick Rangers defeated the Blues 2 – 1 in the 1975 – 76 Irish Cup final on 10 April 1976 . This giant @-@ killing act in which a junior club defeated a senior club in the Irish Cup final had only happened twice before in the cup 's history , and not since 1955 – 21 years earlier . The club stuck by Coyle however , and it was not long before he brought silverware to the club . His first honour arrived in the 1976 – 77 season in the form of the County Antrim Shield . However , the Blues suffered defeat in the Irish Cup final for the third consecutive season when they once again lost out against Coleraine – losing 4 – 1 . The 1977 – 78 season saw the club win an Irish League , Irish Cup and Ulster Cup treble . Runners @-@ up in the last three Irish Cup finals , this time they were not to be denied . A 3 – 1 victory over Ballymena United secured the club 's third trophy of the season . Coyle retired from playing duties in 1980 , but continued as manager . In 1982 , future manager David Jeffrey joined the club following a stint in the Manchester United youth team and played for Coyle under many of his trophy successes , captaining the side for much of that time . One of Coyle 's biggest achievements as manager was leading the club to six consecutive league titles between 1981 – 82 and 1986 – 87 , equalling the record for the most consecutive titles which was set by Belfast Celtic in 1947 – 48 . 1986 was the year that Noel Bailie began what would turn out to be a 25 @-@ year career at the club . Although a defender for most of that time , Bailie began as a left midfielder . Coyle 's final trophy as Linfield manager was the Gold Cup in 1989 – 90 . During his 15 years at the club he had amassed 10 League titles , 3 Irish Cups , 7 Gold Cups , 4 Ulster Cups , 5 County Antrim Shields , the Irish League Cup , and the Tyler Cup – 31 major honours in total . Coyle left the club in April 1990 . Eric Bowyer was appointed as Coyle 's replacement , but it was a relatively unsuccessful reign that only lasted for two years until he was sacked in 1992 , with David Jeffrey also leaving the club that year to join Ards . Next into the managerial hot seat was Trevor Anderson , who brought more silverware to the club during his five years in charge between 1992 and 1997 , including 2 Irish League titles and 2 Irish Cups . After retiring as a player in 1996 following a one @-@ year spell at Larne , David Jeffrey returned to the club as Anderson 's assistant manager . This partnership lasted until Anderson resigned on the morning of 4 January 1997 . Anderson later became Director of Football at Newry Town . = = = The David Jeffrey years ( 1997 – 2014 ) = = = Jeffrey took charge of the team in a caretaker capacity for a league match against Portadown that afternoon , and remained as caretaker manager for the following match against Ballyclare Comrades in the Floodlit Cup on 7 January . He was officially appointed as manager on a permanent basis on 8 January 1997 . In his first full season in charge he led the club to three trophies – the League Cup , County Antrim Shield , and Floodlit Cup – and narrowly missed out on the league title to champions Cliftonville by four points . Jeffrey won his first league title as manager in the 1999 – 2000 season however , along with a third consecutive League Cup triumph . The Blues retained the league title the following season , and also won the Charity Shield and the County Antrim Shield . The 2001 – 02 season saw the club win a cup double , lifting both the Irish Cup and the League Cup . In 2005 , the inauguration of the Setanta Cup meant the return of an all @-@ Ireland cup competition for the first time since 1980 . The Blues qualified as league champions , but started the competition poorly – losing 2 – 1 away to Longford Town . However , they recovered to eventually reach the final against Shelbourne , and although the Blues were major underdogs going into the match against professional League of Ireland opposition , they overcame the odds to become inaugural winners of the competition by defeating Shelbourne 2 – 0 . Incidentally , Linfield were in fact the reigning all @-@ Ireland champions at the time , having won the final staging of the Tyler Cup in 1980 before the competition was discontinued . The 2005 – 06 season was the most successful of Jeffrey 's tenure , with the Blues achieving a clean sweep of all four domestic competitions ; the Irish Premier League , Irish Cup , Irish League Cup , and County Antrim Shield . However , they did fail to retain the Setanta Cup as defending champions when they were narrowly beaten 1 – 0 at Windsor Park in the semi @-@ finals by eventual winners , Drogheda United . In April 2010 , former captain Noel Bailie made his 1,000th appearance for the club when he played in a 0 – 0 draw against Crusaders in the league . A few days later , Linfield won their 49th league title after a 1 – 0 home win against Cliftonville . The following year , a landmark 50th league title arrived during the club 's 125th anniversary year . Bailie retired from football in April 2011 at the age of 40 , after making 1 @,@ 013 appearances for the club in all competitions since making his debut against Ballymena United in March 1989 . Linfield subsequently retired the number 11 shirt in his honour . In the 2011 – 12 season , Linfield won a league and cup double for the third consecutive season and the sixth time in seven seasons – a record 51st league title , 42nd Irish Cup win , and 23rd double overall . The 2012 – 13 season was undoubtedly a low ebb for the club under Jeffrey 's reign . The Blues were off the pace for most of the league campaign – their season encapsulated in a 3 – 1 home defeat by newly promoted Ballinamallard United in October 2012 . Cliftonville were the eventual champions , securing their fourth league title after defeating Linfield 3 – 2 at Solitude on 13 April 2013 . Crusaders secured the runners @-@ up place , leaving the Blues in third place – a distant 29 points behind the champions . The club went out of the 2013 Setanta Sports Cup after a heavy aggregate defeat in the quarter @-@ finals , went out of the League Cup at the semi @-@ final stage , and exited the Irish Cup in the fifth round after a replay . The club 's first Irish Cup defeat in four years was also the first time in 16 years they had lost their opening tie of the competition . When the 2014 Setanta Sports Cup was confirmed in December 2013 , the club opted not to enter the competition , citing inconvenient fixture scheduling , reduced prize money , and the difficulty faced by Linfield supporters attending away games as the reasons behind their withdrawal . However , the club did not rule out future participation . League champions Cliftonville also withdrew from the competition for similar reasons , with the next two highest placed sides from the previous season 's league table ( Ballinamallard United and Coleraine ) being drafted in as replacements . In February 2014 , Jeffrey announced that he would be stepping down at the end of the 2013 – 14 season , bringing an end to his trophy @-@ laden reign after 17 years . In March 2014 , the Blues lifted the County Antrim Shield for a record 43rd time by defeating Crusaders 4 – 1 on penalties following a 0 – 0 draw after extra time in the final . This was a significant milestone for Jeffrey – his 31st and last trophy as Linfield manager , equalling Roy Coyle 's record . Jeffrey still had the opportunity to win a record @-@ breaking 32nd trophy as manager in the form of the 2013 – 14 league title . However , despite topping the league table for much of the season , the Blues had to settle for the runners @-@ up spot , six points behind champions Cliftonville . Jeffrey 's reign came to a winning end with a 5 – 2 victory over Glenavon on the final day of the 2013 – 14 league season . = = = Feeney & Healy ( 2014 – present ) = = = Former Northern Ireland international Warren Feeney succeeded Jeffrey as Linfield manager . Feeney had been player @-@ assistant manager at English Conference Premier side Salisbury City at the time of his appointment . His cousin , Lee Feeney , played for Linfield in two different spells between 1997 – 1999 and 2002 – 2003 . Former Blackburn Rovers player , Andy Todd , was appointed as Feeney 's assistant . Feeney 's only full season in charge of the club ended without silverware . The Blues challenged for the league title for most of the season , but ultimately had to settle for the runners @-@ up spot for the second successive season , behind champions Crusaders . One positive for the season was the team 's record in the four " Big Two " league derbies against Glentoran , of which the Blues won three and drew the other . The lowest point of the season for the team was undoubtedly a shock 1 – 0 loss against second @-@ tier side Ballyclare Comrades in the second round of the 2014 – 15 League Cup , while their 2014 – 15 Irish Cup campaign ended when they were eliminated in the quarter @-@ finals after losing 3 – 2 to eventual runners @-@ up Portadown . In May 2015 , the Blues were invited to compete in the Setanta Sports Cup scheduled to take place in June 2015 . The club declined once again , with inconvenient fixture scheduling still remaining a concern . The competition was ultimately cancelled , when suitable fixture dates could not be agreed upon . With the Blues top of the table after 10 games of the 2015 – 16 NIFL Premiership season , Feeney 's reign came to an end in October 2015 , when he resigned to become assistant manager ( and subsequently the manager ) of English Football League Two side Newport County . Former Northern Ireland striker and the country 's all @-@ time record international goalscorer David Healy was appointed as Feeney 's successor , with Andy Todd staying on as Healy 's assistant manager . However , in January 2016 Todd also departed the club to join Newport County and reunite with Warren Feeney , who had subsequently been promoted to County 's manager following the departure of John Sheridan . Todd once again became Feeney 's assistant manager . = = Stadium = = Since 1905 , Windsor Park in south Belfast has been Linfield 's home ground . In the initial years after the club was formed in 1886 , Linfield had to change grounds several times for various reasons such as housing development . The numerous ground changes and the club 's desire to have a permanent home with which to build an identity resulted in the purchase of a piece of land known as the ' bog meadows ' just off lower Windsor Avenue on 1 October 1904 . Later known as Windsor Park , this became the club 's permanent home as well as the venue for international matches . The first game at Windsor took place on 29 August 1905 , with Linfield playing out a 0 – 0 draw against Distillery in a friendly match arranged to officially commemorate the opening of the stadium . The first competitive game played at the stadium took place just a few days later on 2 September 1905 , and ended with a 1 – 0 win for Linfield over Glentoran – the other half of Belfast 's Big Two – though Belfast Celtic were Linfield 's main rivals at the time . Windsor Park is the largest Association football stadium in Northern Ireland , with Glentoran 's ground , the Oval , being the next largest . The governing body of Northern Irish football , the Irish Football Association , leases the ground for use by the Northern Ireland national football team . The club currently receives 15 % of Northern Ireland international gate receipts as rent . This is controversial as rival Irish League clubs see this as giving Linfield an unfair advantage by allowing them to offer more attractive wages and have a larger squad than all of the other clubs . In 2010 , UEFA provided € 500 @,@ 000 towards substantial refurbishment of the stadium , to increase capacity and improve safety . In 2011 , the Northern Ireland Executive allocated £ 138 million for a major programme of stadium redevelopment throughout Northern Ireland , with £ 28 million allocated to the redevelopment of Windsor Park . In June 2012 , further details of the stadium 's redevelopment were released . The plan was to redevelop Windsor Park into an 18 @,@ 000 all @-@ seater stadium with a series of phased works originally intended to begin in the middle of 2013 . The redevelopment would include the demolition of the existing East and South Stand structures , to be replaced by new purpose built stands that would partially enclose the stadium ; complete renovation of the existing North and West Stands ; and construction of both new conferencing facilities and a new headquarters facility for the IFA . In February 2013 , planning permission for the redevelopment was granted . The cost of the project was estimated to be around £ 29 @.@ 2 million , of which £ 25 @.@ 2 million would come from government funding . It was initially planned for the work to begin in September 2013 . Two months later however , Crusaders began legal proceedings against the redevelopment . The club called for the process to be judicially reviewed , believing it to be against European Union competition laws and also a form of State aid towards Linfield . When Crusaders played Linfield at Windsor Park at the end of April , their club officials were allegedly informed that they would not be welcome in the directors box or the boardroom during the game – an apparent reaction to Crusaders ' legal challenge of the stadium redevelopment . In a hearing that took place on 22 May 2013 , Crusaders ' request was granted . It was ruled that it was a possibility for the redevelopment to be classed as state aid towards Linfield . The aspect of the challenge concerning competition law however , was dismissed . In July 2013 , Crusaders agreed to a possible settlement brought forward by the judicial review . The details of the settlement were not made public , but Crusaders said that it had the " potential to benefit the entirety of the football family " . In September 2013 , sports minister Carál Ní Chuilín said that she was still committed to making sure the redevelopment went ahead as scheduled , after previously stating that she would not sign off on the funding until the IFA resolved " governance issues " surrounding David Martin 's return to the role of deputy president . In December 2013 , three months after the work was originally scheduled to begin , the redevelopment was finally given the green light . The sports minister signed off on £ 31 million to complete the project . The redevelopment finally got under way on 6 May 2014 after the 2013 – 14 domestic season had finished , eight months later than originally planned . The work is due to be completed in 2015 . On 31 March 2015 , the West Stand of the stadium was sealed off after cracks in the structure were discovered . Construction work related to the stadium redevelopment had been ongoing behind the stand in the weeks prior to the damage , but it was not known if that was directly related . Originally planned for refurbishment as part of the redevelopment , it was later decided that the West Stand would be demolished and eventually replaced . = = Supporters and rivalry = = = = = Big Two rivalry = = = Linfield 's main rivals are Glentoran from east Belfast – a rivalry which is commonly known as Belfast 's Big Two . However , this term did not always refer to Linfield and Glentoran . Up until 1949 , the Big Two consisted of Linfield and Belfast Celtic , as they had traditionally been the two most successful clubs in Northern Irish football to that point . However , after Belfast Celtic withdrew from the league in 1949 , Glentoran gradually established themselves as Linfield 's biggest rivals . The earliest recorded match between the two clubs was played on 1 October 1887 – just over a year after Linfield 's formation . A friendly match played at King 's Field , Westbourne in Ballymacarrett was won 3 – 1 by Linfield ( then known as Linfield Athletic ) . In 1890 , the two teams played each other competitively for the first time , during the inaugural Irish League season . Linfield won 7 – 0 at Musgrave Park on 18 October , and 6 – 0 at Ulsterville Avenue on 21 March 1891 . The first meeting at the Oval took place on 8 October 1892 , and the first meeting at Windsor Park took place 13 years later on 2 September 1905 . At the height of the second World War in 1941 , the Oval – including terraces , offices , kits and club records – was destroyed in a bombing raid on the nearby Harland & Wolff Shipyard . Glentoran approached Distillery to play at Grosvenor Park , which they did until the Oval was rebuilt with help from other clubs , most notably Cliftonville . During this time , Glentoran considered resigning from senior football to become a junior club , but after borrowing kits from Distillery and Crusaders they continued to compete at Grosvenor until 1949 . Out of 14 league games at Grosvenor Park however , they were only victorious over Linfield on one occasion . Traditionally , the two clubs play each other in the league on Boxing Day every year , with the match usually attracting the biggest league attendance of the season . However , in 2009 the match was removed from the fixture list by the Irish Football Association due to crowd trouble at Windsor Park . The match returned in 2011 , and usually alternates venues between the Oval and Windsor Park each year . = = = Trophy dominance = = = Linfield and Glentoran have been the two most successful clubs in Northern Irish football to date , regularly being the two main contenders for honours . They have won more league titles , Irish Cups , and League Cups than any other clubs . Linfield hold the record for the most League titles ( 51 ) , Irish Cups ( 42 ) and League Cups ( nine ) . In comparison , Glentoran have won 23 league titles , 22 Irish Cups and seven League Cups . Almost half ( 47 @.@ 4 % ) of the 135 Irish Cup competitions to date have been won by one of the two clubs , with at least one of the clubs reaching the final on 88 occasions ( 65 @.@ 2 % of all finals ) , winning the cup a combined 64 times . Of those 88 finals , the two clubs have met in 15 of them – making it the most common final . Linfield have won eight of the head @-@ to @-@ head final meetings compared to Glentoran 's seven wins , with the most recent meeting between the two clubs in the final occurring in 2006 , when Linfield won 2 – 1 to lift the Cup for the 37th time . Approximately two @-@ thirds of all Irish League titles have been won by one of the Big Two . Of the 114 completed league seasons , the title has been won by either club on 74 occasions ( 64 @.@ 9 % of them ) . The duo also make up two of the three clubs that have appeared in every season of the Irish League since its inception in 1890 ; the other club being Cliftonville . As of April 2016 , the two clubs have met a total of 262 times in the Irish League – excluding unofficial wartime results between 1915 – 1919 ( first World War ) and 1940 – 1947 ( second World War ) . Linfield have won 118 of the meetings , with 72 Glentoran victories and 72 drawn matches . Linfield 's record victory over their rivals is 8 – 0 . This occurred on 21 November 1891 , during the 1891 – 92 Irish League season . Linfield 's record post @-@ war win over Glentoran in all competitions is by a six @-@ goal margin – a 7 – 1 win over the Glens at Grosvenor Park in the 1961 – 62 North @-@ South Cup , and a 6 – 0 victory at Windsor Park in the 2006 Setanta Sports Cup group stage . Since 2009 , the intensity of the rivalry has waned as the duo 's domination of the domestic game has decreased . This is partly due to the resurgence of North Belfast derby clubs , Cliftonville and Crusaders . In 2013 , Cliftonville became the first club other than Linfield or Glentoran to lift the league title since Portadown did so in 2002 . In 2014 , Cliftonville went on to retain the title for the first time in the club 's history , with Crusaders then winning the 2014 – 15 title in convincing fashion , finishing 10 points ahead of runners @-@ up Linfield . During this time , Glentoran lifted the Irish Cup in 2013 and again in 2015 , but their overall fortunes on the field have taken a relative downturn . The club has won only three league titles since the turn of the 21st century ; in 2002 – 03 , 2004 – 05 and 2008 – 09 . Since then , they have twice finished as low as sixth place ; in 2011 – 12 and 2014 – 15 . The last season in which the two clubs finished as champions and runners @-@ up in either order was 2008 – 09 , and they have not met in a major domestic cup final since 2006 , when they contested both the Irish Cup and the League Cup finals . = = = Sectarianism and violence = = = Linfield are generally regarded as a ' Protestant club ' and draw the vast majority of their support from one side of the community . However , the squad itself is one of the most diverse in the Irish League . The club has also been regarded as sectarian in the past , both in respect of its alleged employment policy and of the behaviour of its fans . This sectarian reputation is partly the result of the actions of fans who have a history of occasional anti @-@ Catholic behaviour ranging from sectarian chanting on the terraces to outright violence . Part of the problem has been attributed to Windsor Park 's location in a part of Belfast that is predominantly Protestant . A relatively small number of local Catholics played for the club during the Troubles , which led to an accusation that the club held a historical policy of not signing Catholic players . However , the existence of such a policy has been disputed : Sectarian tensions have long been a cause of conflict at football matches in Northern Ireland , and crowd trouble occasionally marred games involving Linfield throughout the twentieth century . In 1948 , Belfast Celtic withdrew from the Irish League after years of sectarian crowd problems culminated in a Boxing Day match against Linfield at Windsor Park which ended in a pitch invasion and riot in which Belfast Celtic 's Protestant centre forward , Jimmy Jones , suffered a broken leg . In the 1979 – 80 European Cup , Linfield were drawn to face Dundalk from the Republic of Ireland . In the first leg , which was played in Dundalk and ended in a 1 – 1 draw , crowd disturbance prompted UEFA to switch the second leg to the Haarlem Stadion , Netherlands . Linfield were held almost entirely accountable for the events , and were forced to pay Dundalk 's costs to travel to the Netherlands as well as an additional £ 5 @,@ 000 for damage sustained to Oriel Park . Dundalk were fined £ 870 for providing insufficient security at the match . Dundalk eventually won the match 2 – 0 to progress 3 – 1 on aggregate . In the 1987 – 88 campaign , Linfield 's home game against Lillestrøm was marred by missile throwing , resulting in UEFA sanctions which meant that the club had to play their next two home games in European competitions at Welsh club Wrexham in 1988 – 89 and 1989 – 90 . A 1997 match against Coleraine was abandoned when Linfield fans hurled bottles onto the pitch after two Linfield players were sent off . In May 2005 there were disturbances in Dublin at the Setanta Cup final between Linfield and Shelbourne . In the same month , Linfield fans were banned from travelling to the Oval for a match against Glentoran , allegedly as a result of disturbances involving both sets of fans the previous month . However , Glentoran denied this was the reason behind the ban , citing health and safety regulations that forced them to close the away stand . In 2008 , three Linfield fans were charged in a Dublin court with public order offences at a Setanta Cup match against St Patrick 's Athletic , but were released . In November of the same year , Linfield player Conor Hagan was struck by a rocket that was fired from Cliftonville supporters in the crowd following Linfield 's 2 – 1 defeat , and the following month riot police were called into Glentoran supporters in the Boxing Day match after Linfield had taken a 2 – 0 lead . The management of Linfield has attempted to reverse the stigma of negative press attached to the club . The club has moved forward in co @-@ operation with the Irish Football Association , which has launched a campaign called " Give sectarianism the boot . " It assisted a local Camogie team who needed space to train in 2005 , and also built links with the Gaelic Athletic Association which has traditionally had little support from the Protestant community in Northern Ireland . In 2006 FIFA President Sepp Blatter commended Linfield for their anti @-@ racism . A play dealing with the conflict between Linfield and Belfast Celtic , Lish and Gerry at the Shrine , was staged by the IFA at Windsor Park in October 2010 , with the co @-@ operation of the Linfield management . Since 2008 , the number of incidents has decreased . However , in February 2014 , Linfield were fined £ 3 @,@ 000 and Cliftonville were fined £ 3 @,@ 250 by the IFA following sectarian chanting from sections of both sets of supporters during a County Antrim Shield semi @-@ final at Windsor Park in October 2013 . Cliftonville 's fine of an extra £ 250 came as a result of their fans causing an explosion during the game . Both clubs criticised the decision , and expressed their intent to appeal against the fines . In April 2014 , the punishments were rescinded on appeal . There was also crowd trouble at a league fixture between the clubs at Windsor Park in March 2014 , with reports of missiles being thrown after the game . The Northern Ireland Football League condemned the actions of a " small minority " of supporters . In May 2014 , Linfield were fined £ 1 @,@ 200 by the Irish Football Association over the singing of sectarian songs by supporters , ruling that Linfield fans had been guilty of breaching the code of conduct during a league game at Coleraine . = = Players = = = = = First @-@ team squad = = = As of 5 February 2016 Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . Insert non @-@ formatted text here = = = Players out on loan = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Retired numbers = = = Numbers retired in June 2011 . 11 – In honour of Noel Bailie ( 1986 – 2011 ) 13 – Unlucky number = = Managers = = Below is a list of all the managers Linfield have appointed during the club 's history . In the early years after the club was formed in 1886 , the team was selected by club committee , a standard practice by football clubs at the time . Since then , 25 different men have held the position of Linfield first team coach / manager . However , only six have been appointed in the 40 years since Billy Campbell 's departure in 1975 . David Jeffrey holds the record for the longest reign as manager , having been in charge for 17 years and 16 weeks between 4 January 1997 and 26 April 2014 . Jeffrey and Coyle jointly hold the record for the most trophies won as manager , each having led the club to 31 trophies – a combined 62 major honours between them . Former Northern Ireland international Warren Feeney is the club 's last manager , having been appointed in May 2014 . He resigned in October 2015 to become assistant manager of Newport County . = = Club officials = = As of 17 March 2016 = = First @-@ team honours = = = = = Active competitions = = = = = = = Domestic = = = = Irish League Championship : 51 1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1894 – 95 , 1897 – 98 , 1901 – 02 , 1903 – 04 , 1906 – 07 , 1907 – 08 , 1908 – 09 , 1910 – 11 , 1913 – 14 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1929 – 30 , 1931 – 32 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1948 – 49 , 1949 – 50 , 1953 – 54 , 1954 – 55 , 1955 – 56 , 1958 – 59 , 1960 – 61 , 1961 – 62 , 1965 – 66 , 1968 – 69 , 1970 – 71 , 1974 – 75 , 1977 – 78 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1985 – 86 , 1986 – 87 , 1988 – 89 , 1992 – 93 , 1993 – 94 , 1999 – 00 , 2000 – 01 , 2003 – 04 , 2005 – 06 , 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 08 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12 Irish Cup : 42 1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1894 – 95 , 1897 – 98 , 1898 – 99 , 1901 – 02 , 1903 – 04 , 1911 – 12 , 1912 – 13 , 1914 – 15 , 1915 – 16 , 1918 – 19 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1929 – 30 , 1930 – 31 , 1933 – 34 , 1935 – 36 , 1938 – 39 , 1941 – 42 , 1944 – 45 , 1945 – 46 , 1947 – 48 , 1949 – 50 , 1952 – 53 , 1959 – 60 , 1961 – 62 , 1962 – 63 , 1969 – 70 , 1977 – 78 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1993 – 94 , 1994 – 95 , 2001 – 02 , 2005 – 06 , 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 08 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12 Irish League Cup : 9 1986 – 87 , 1991 – 92 , 1993 – 94 , 1997 – 98 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 00 , 2001 – 02 , 2005 – 06 , 2007 – 08 Charity Shield : 3 1993 ( shared ) , 1994 , 2000 County Antrim Shield : 42 1898 – 99 , 1903 – 04 , 1905 – 06 , 1906 – 07 , 1907 – 08 , 1912 – 13 , 1913 – 14 , 1916 – 17 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1927 – 28 , 1928 – 29 , 1929 – 30 , 1931 – 32 , 1932 – 33 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1937 – 38 , 1941 – 42 , 1946 – 47 , 1952 – 53 , 1954 – 55 , 1957 – 58 , 1958 – 59 , 1960 – 61 , 1961 – 62 , 1962 – 63 , 1965 – 66 , 1966 – 67 , 1972 – 73 , 1976 – 77 , 1980 – 81 , 1981 – 82 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1994 – 95 , 1997 – 98 , 2000 – 01 , 2003 – 04 , 2004 – 05 , 2005 – 06 , 2013 – 14 = = = = All @-@ Ireland = = = = Setanta Cup : 1 2005 = = = Defunct competitions = = = = = = = Domestic = = = = Gold Cup : 33 1915 – 16 , 1917 – 18 , 1918 – 19 , 1920 – 21 , 1921 – 22 , 1923 – 24 , 1926 – 27 , 1927 – 28 , 1928 – 29 , 1930 – 31 , 1935 – 36 , 1936 – 37 , 1948 – 49 , 1949 – 50 , 1950 – 51 , 1955 – 56 , 1957 – 58 , 1959 – 60 , 1961 – 62 , 1963 – 64 , 1965 – 66 , 1967 – 68 , 1968 – 69 , 1970 – 71 , 1971 – 72 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1987 – 88 , 1988 – 89 , 1989 – 90 , 1996 – 97 City Cup : 24 1894 – 95 , 1895 – 96 , 1897 – 98 , 1899 – 00 , 1900 – 01 , 1901 – 02 , 1902 – 03 , 1903 – 04 , 1907 – 08 , 1909 – 10 , 1919 – 20 , 1921 – 22 , 1926 – 27 , 1928 – 29 , 1935 – 36 , 1937 – 38 , 1949 – 50 , 1951 – 52 , 1957 – 58 , 1958 – 59 , 1961 – 62 , 1963 – 64 , 1967 – 68 , 1973 – 74 Ulster Cup : 15 1948 – 49 , 1955 – 56 , 1956 – 57 , 1959 – 60 , 1961 – 62 , 1964 – 65 , 1967 – 68 , 1970 – 71 , 1971 – 72 , 1974 – 75 , 1977 – 78 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1984 – 85 , 1992 – 93 Floodlit Cup : 2 1993 – 94 , 1997 – 98 Top Four Cup : 2 1966 – 67 , 1967 – 68 Belfast Charity Cup : 21 1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1893 – 94 , 1894 – 95 , 1898 – 99 , 1902 – 03 , 1904 – 05 , 1912 – 13 , 1913 – 14 , 1914 – 15 , 1916 – 17 , 1917 – 18 , 1918 – 19 , 1921 – 22 , 1926 – 27 , 1927 – 28 , 1929 – 30 , 1932 – 33 , 1933 – 34 , 1934 – 35 , 1935 – 36 , 1937 – 38 Alhambra Cup : 1 1921 – 22 Jubilee Cup : 1 1935 – 36 Belfast & District League : 2 1915 – 16 , 1917 – 18 Northern Regional league : 3 1942 – 43 , 1944 – 45 , 1945 – 46 Substitute Gold Cup : 2 1942 – 43 , 1944 – 45 Manchester Charity Cup : 2 1945 – 46 , 1946 – 47 = = = = All @-@ Ireland = = = = North @-@ South Cup : 1 1961 – 62 Blaxnit Cup : 1 1970 – 71 Tyler Cup : 1 1980 – 81 = = = Doubles and Trebles = = = The club has achieved the double of winning the League title and the national cup in the same season on 23 occasions – more than any other club in the world . The club has also achieved the domestic treble of the League , national cup and League Cup in the same season on three occasions , and a domestic quadruple of those three trophies plus the regional County Antrim Shield in the same season once – in 2005 – 06 . Most notably absent from the list are the seven @-@ trophy hauls in the 1921 – 22 and 1961 – 62 seasons – achieved prior to the inauguration of the League Cup in 1987 . Doubles : League and Irish Cup : 23 1890 – 91 , 1891 – 92 , 1892 – 93 , 1894 – 95 , 1897 – 98 , 1901 – 02 , 1903 – 04 , 1921 – 22 , 1922 – 23 , 1929 – 30 , 1933 – 34 , 1949 – 50 , 1961 – 62 , 1977 – 78 , 1979 – 80 , 1981 – 82 , 1993 – 943 , 2005 – 064 , 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 083 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2011 – 12 League and League Cup : 51986 – 87 , 1993 – 943 , 1999 – 00 , 2005 – 064 , 2007 – 083 Trebles : League , Irish Cup and League Cup : 31993 – 94 , 2005 – 064 , 2007 – 08 3As part of a domestic treble.4Part of a domestic quadruple including the County Antrim Shield . = = Reserve honours = = Honours won by Linfield Swifts Irish League B Division : 3 1951 – 52 , 1952 – 53 , 1975 – 76 B Division Section 2 / Reserve League : 18 1977 – 78 , 1978 – 79 , 1979 – 80 , 1982 – 83 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1987 – 88 , 1988 – 89 , 1990 – 91 , 1991 – 92 , 1998 – 99 , 1999 – 00 , 2003 – 04 , 2004 – 05 , 2008 – 09 , 2009 – 10 , 2010 – 11 , 2014 – 15 Irish Intermediate Cup : 11 1896 – 97 , 1898 – 99 , 1900 – 01 , 1928 – 29 , 1945 – 46 , 1948 – 49 , 1955 – 56 , 1956 – 57 , 1971 – 72 , 2001 – 02 , 2003 – 04 Steel & Sons Cup : 9 1895 – 96 , 1898 – 99 , 1915 – 16 , 1939 – 40 , 1946 – 47 , 1948 – 49 , 1972 – 73 , 1983 – 84 , 1997 – 98 George Wilson Cup : 9 1953 – 54 , 1961 – 62 , 1976 – 77 , 1980 – 81 , 1983 – 84 , 1984 – 85 , 1988 – 89 , 1998 – 99 , 2010 – 11 County Antrim Shield : 1 1948 – 49 = = Junior honours = = Irish Junior Cup : 3 1890 – 91 † , 1893 – 94 ‡ , 1905 – 06ƒ County Antrim Junior Shield : 1 1904 – 05ƒ † Won by Linfield II ( reserve team ) ‡ Won by Linfield Swifts ( reserve team ) ƒ Won by Linfield Pirates ( reserve team ) = = Linfield in Europe = = As Northern Ireland 's most dominant club side , Linfield have been regular campaigners in European football . The club first participated in European competition in 1959 against Göteborg in the 1959 – 60 European Cup . In the first round of the 1961 – 62 European Cup , Linfield were drawn to face an East German team , Vorwärts . The away leg was played , which Linfield lost 3 – 0 . However , Vorwärts were denied visas for entry into the UK to play the second leg , and ( similarly to Glenavon the previous season ) travelling to play the game in a neutral country was not financially viable for Linfield . They were therefore forced to withdraw from the competition . Linfield 's most notable achievement in European competition is reaching the quarter @-@ finals of the 1966 – 67 European Cup . After beating Aris of Luxembourg and Vålerengen of Norway they faced CSKA Red Flag in the last eight . This resulted in a 2 – 2 draw at home and 1 – 0 defeat away . In the 1984 – 85 season , after overcoming Shamrock Rovers on away goals ( the first and so far only series of meetings between the two Irish superpowers outside all @-@ Ireland tournaments ) , Linfield faced eventual semi @-@ finalists Panathinaikos in the second round . After a 2 – 1 defeat away , Linfield drew 3 – 3 at Windsor Park in the return leg after racing into a 3 – 0 lead at half @-@ time . Panathinaikos staged a remarkable comeback in the second half to level the match and eliminate Linfield 5 – 4 on aggregate . The 1993 – 94 UEFA Champions League saw Linfield drawn with Dynamo Tbilisi of Georgia . After losing 3 – 2 on aggregate , they were reinstated when their opponents were expelled from the competition for alleged match fixing and paying the officials . Linfield faced Copenhagen in the first round proper . They won the first leg 3 – 0 , but lost the second leg 4 – 0 after extra time . This proved costly , as victory would have meant a financially lucrative tie against eventual champions A.C. Milan in the next round . The club then had to wait seven years to participate in the competition again , due to the format of the two European competitions being altered . The league 's relatively low ranking in the UEFA coefficient system has meant that the club has entered in the early qualifying rounds of either the UEFA Champions League or the UEFA Cup / Europa League , with the second qualifying round being the furthest the club has progressed in either competition . In the 2012 – 13 UEFA Champions League , the Blues entered the competition in the first qualifying round , and defeated B36 Tórshavn 4 – 3 on penalties to progress to the second qualifying round , after both legs ended as 0 – 0 draws . This was the first time since the 1984 – 85 season ( excluding their opponent 's expulsion in 1993 – 94 ) that the club had won a tie in the competition . However , they were defeated 3 – 0 on aggregate in the next round by AEL Limassol . The 2013 – 14 UEFA Europa League campaign started in record @-@ breaking fashion . In July 2013 , the club won 2 – 0 away from home against ÍF Fuglafjørður of the Faroe Islands in the first qualifying round . This was the Blues ' first win in Europe since 2005 , and their first away win in Europe since 1966 , when they defeated Vålerengen 4 – 1 during their run to the quarter @-@ finals of the 1966 – 67 European Cup . In the second leg at Windsor Park , the Blues won 3 – 0 to go through to the next round 5 – 0 on aggregate . This was the club 's largest aggregate victory in a European tie since defeating Aris Bonnevoie 9 – 4 on aggregate in the first round of the 1966 – 67 European Cup . It was also the first time that a Northern Irish club had won both legs of a European tie in any competition . They followed this up in the next round by winning away from home again . Despite being massive underdogs for the tie , a 1 – 0 victory away to Xanthi of Greece made it three consecutive victories in Europe , without conceding a goal in the process – another first for the club . However , in the second leg at home they went down 2 – 1 after extra time , which eliminated them on the away goals rule . The following season , Linfield 's first venture into Europe under new manager Warren Feeney was in the Faroe Islands against B36 Tórshavn in the 2014 – 15 UEFA Europa League first qualifying round , which was also Feeney 's first competitive game in charge of the club . Linfield came out 2 – 1 victors with goals coming from Jamie Mulgrew and Michael Carvill . The return leg was played at Glenavon 's ground , Mourneview Park , due to the redevelopment of Windsor Park . Linfield had to settle for a 1 – 1 draw , but that was enough to secure passage into the second qualifying round for the second successive season , where they were drawn to face AIK from Sweden . An 87th @-@ minute Andrew Waterworth goal in the home leg at Mourneview Park ensured a 1 – 0 win for Linfield in their 100th competitive European match since 1959 . = = = Summary = = = Key : PR – Preliminary round ; QR – Qualifying round ; 1QR / 2QR – First / Second qualifying round ; 1R / 2R – First / Second round ; QF – Quarter @-@ final Notes = = = Overall record = = = As of 24 July 2015 = = = UEFA club ranking = = = Current ranking As of the 2015 UEFA Club Rankings . Ranking since 2011 = = In popular culture = = The Northern Ireland comedy sketch show Dry Your Eyes featured a character called Derek , portrayed by Martin Reid , a fanatical fan of Linfield who is thrown into life @-@ threatening situations such as aircraft hijackings and bank robberies . The character remains placid until the situation causes him inconvenience at which point he confronts the terrorists , hijackers etc . , and while everyone else in the scene cowers in fear for their lives he responds to the demands of the villains with a catchphrase " Are ye by f * * * ! " and then verbally scares them into surrender , thus saving the situation .
= George Mouzalon = George Mouzalon ( Greek : Γεώργιος Μουζάλων , Geōrgios Mouzalōn ; ca . 1220 – 25 August 1258 ) was a high official of the Empire of Nicaea under Theodore II Laskaris ( r . 1254 – 1258 ) . Of humble origin , he became Theodore 's companion in childhood and was raised to high state office upon the latter 's assumption of power . This caused great resentment from the aristocracy , which had monopolized high offices and opposed Theodore 's policies . Shortly before Theodore 's death in 1258 , he was appointed regent of Theodore 's under @-@ age son John IV Laskaris ( r . 1258 – 1261 ) . He was assassinated only a few days later by soldiers , as the result of a conspiracy led by the nobles under the soon @-@ to @-@ be emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos ( r . 1259 – 1282 ) . = = Biography = = = = = Early life and service under Theodore II = = = The Mouzalon family is first attested in the 11th century , but produced few notable members until the mid @-@ 13th century , with the exception of Nicholas IV Mouzalon , Patriarch of Constantinople in 1147 – 1151 . George Mouzalon was born at Adramyttium on the Anatolian coast in circa 1220 . His family was considered as low @-@ born , but he and his brothers became the childhood friends of Theodore II , being raised with him in the palace as his paidopouloi ( παιδόπουλοι , " pages " ) . It is assumed that they were also educated along with Theodore , sharing his classes under the scholar Nikephoros Blemmydes . There were also at least two sisters , one of whom was later married to a member of the Hagiotheodorites family . When Theodore became emperor in November 1254 , he raised the Mouzalones to the highest state offices : George was made megas domestikos ( commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the army ) while two of his brothers , Andronikos and Theodore ( the eldest brother ) , were made protovestiarios ( grand chamberlain ) and protokynegos ( head huntsman ) respectively . According to the contemporary chroniclers , the emperor loved George " above all others " ; in some letters he calls him " son " and " brother " . During Theodore 's reign , George was the emperor 's senior minister and his most trusted advisor . Little is known , however , on his personal involvement in the governance of the state , except for his participation in the council convened to discuss the proper reaction to the invasion of Nicaea 's Macedonian holdings by the Bulgarians after Vatatzes 's death . George Mouzalon supported the majority opinion that Theodore himself should campaign against the invaders . During Theodore 's absence on campaign in 1255 , George was left behind as regent of the state . Upon his return , Theodore raised George further , naming him protosebastos and protovestiarios and instituting the new title of megas stratopedarches for him . Andronikos Mouzalon succeeded George as megas domestikos . It was an extremely high honour : the combined title " protosebastos and protovestiarios " was normally conferred only to close kinsmen of the emperor , while the offices of protovestiarios and megas domestikos had always until then been the preserve of aristocratic families . The elevation of the Mouzalones was not only a mark of personal affection or favour , but also in line with Theodore 's policies , which aimed to curb the influence and independence of the powerful nobility . The appointment of low @-@ born " new men " to such high posts , and Theodore 's often harsh and arbitrary treatment of the nobles , aroused the ire of the traditional aristocracy , and especially the capable and ambitious Michael Palaiologos . The aristocrats ' hostility was further intensified when the emperor gave his low @-@ born favourites noble brides : George Mouzalon wedded Theodora Kantakouzene , a niece of Michael Palaiologos , and Andronikos married a daughter of the former protovestiarios Alexios Raoul . After Mouzalon 's murder , Theodora would marry the protovestiarios John Raoul Petraliphas ( in 1261 ) . A staunch opponent of her uncle 's unionist religious policies , she was exiled and became a nun . After Michael 's death , she restored the monastery of Saint Andrew in Krisei , to where she transferred the relics of Patriarch Arsenios Autoreianos , and was a prominent member of the capital 's literary circles . = = = Appointment as regent and assassination = = = Shortly before Theodore II died on 16 August 1258 , he left George Mouzalon as regent and guardian of his 8 @-@ year @-@ old son John IV . Patriarch Arsenios may have shared guardianship of John : although the later historians Nikephoros Gregoras and Makarios Melissenos say the Patriarch was so named , the contemporary historians Pachymeres and Acropolites name only Mouzalon . This appointment further enraged the aristocracy , and Mouzalon 's position became extremely precarious . Mouzalon was also unpopular with the clergy because he was associated with Theodore 's high @-@ handed treatment of the Church , and with the people , who feared that he would try to usurp the throne . Most importantly , however , he faced the hostility of the army , in particular the Latin mercenaries , who had apparently been denied the usual stipends and donatives . In addition , they probably resented Theodore 's intention to raise a " national " army composed solely of Byzantine Greeks , and Mouzalon is recorded by Pachymeres to have taken measures . Palaiologos , who as megas konostaulos held command over the Latins , was in a good position to exploit these grievances . To prevent any action against his testament 's provisions for his son 's succession and the regency , Theodore on his deathbed demanded an oath to be taken by Senate , army , people and clergy , both those present at court and those absent elsewhere in the state . Immediately after his death , George Mouzalon , aware of his vulnerability and his complete lack of support , called an assembly of the leading nobles , officials , and military commanders . He offered to resign from his post in favour of any person that the assembly chose , but the dignitaries , led by Michael Palaiologos , dissuaded him and encouraged him to stay on and even accepted to take an oath of loyalty to him as well as to the young emperor . It was a sham , as a conspiracy by the leading aristocratic families was well under way to depose him , in which Palaiologos apparently played a covert but leading role . Only a few days after the death of Theodore II ( the sources disagree on the exact date , although 25 August is the widely accepted date ) , a memorial service was held at the Monastery of Sosandra in Magnesia , founded by John III Vatatzes ( r . 1221 – 1254 ) and serving as his and Theodore 's burial place . The entire court attended , while the army was encamped on the plain below the monastery . As soon as George Mouzalon , his brothers and his retinue arrived , the service began . Outside the church , however , soldiers had assembled , many of them Latin mercenaries , and they began to clamour and demand to see the young emperor . John IV went outside and raised his hand to quiet them ; the soldiers , however , allegedly mistook this as a signal . Joined by a large mob , they stormed the church aiming to kill the Mouzalon brothers . They were warned of what was going on , but George only sent his secretary Theophylact to investigate . He was mistaken for Mouzalon and killed by the crowd . The mob , however , realized its error ( the secretary was wearing black shoes , while the protovestiarios wore green ones ) and entered the church , the soldiers with swords in hand . As the people inside the church scattered , the Mouzalon brothers tried to hide : George hid under the altar , Andronikos behind a door , and Theodore in a corner by the emperor 's tomb . The mob , however , proceeded to search the church for them , and George was discovered by a Latin soldier named Karoulos ( " Charles " ) . Mouzalon was dragged from under the altar and , despite pleading to ransom his life , was executed . So great was the frenzy of the crowd that his corpse was repeatedly stabbed and hacked to pieces , so that the parts had to be gathered in a sack for burial afterwards . Andronikos and an unnamed brother @-@ in @-@ law too were slain , while Theodore 's fate is uncertain : some scholars believe he survived and is to be identified with Theodore Mouzalon , a chief minister to both Michael VIII and Andronikos II Palaiologos ( r . 1282 – 1328 ) . The Mouzalon family 's houses were then ransacked by the mob ; and when George Mouzalon 's wife fled to her uncle Michael Palaiologos and pleaded for her husband 's life , she was brusquely told to be quiet or she would share his fate . Palaiologos 's responsibility in the whole affair is further supported by the fact that none of the Mouzalones ' murderers were ever persecuted . Indeed , the mercenary Charles appears later as Palaiologos 's confidant . Mouzalon 's death was followed by a purge of Theodore II 's other prominent " new men " , the protostrator John Angelos and the protovestiarites Karyanites : Angelos was recalled by Palaiologos but died ( or committed suicide ) on the way , while Karyanites was imprisoned . Among Theodore II 's protégés , only George Akropolites survived , apparently because he at the time was a prisoner in Epirus ; eventually , he reached high office under Michael Palaiologos . Michael Palaiologos in the meantime consolidated his position , being named regent with the rank of megas doux . Soon he took the title of despotes , and in early 1259 , he was crowned emperor . Ostensibly still the guardian and co @-@ emperor of John VI , after the recapture of Constantinople in 1261 he sidelined and imprisoned John , being crowned sole emperor at the Hagia Sophia and founding the Palaiologan dynasty , the last ruling house of Byzantium . = = Treatment by historians = = Of the contemporary sources , the history of Akropolites is the most negative towards the Mouzalon brothers , whom he calls " loathsome little men , worthless specimens of humanity " and " false of tongue , nimble of foot , peerless at beating the floor in dance " . Although otherwise reliable , Akropolites 's account on this issue is suspect : on the one hand , he evidently tries to disassociate himself from Theodore II 's " new men " , to whom he too originally belonged , while on the other he is generally strongly biased in favour of Michael Palaiologos , whom he tries to exculpate from the assassination . Other historians of the time paint a more favourable picture . The account of the near @-@ contemporary Theodore Skoutariotes , which otherwise generally follows Akropolites closely , notably fails to repeat the latter 's negative comments , and even records that it was the assembled nobles who persuaded the Mouzalones to stay in the church during the riot on the day of their murder . George Pachymeres too , whose treatment of Theodore Laskaris 's reign and the Laskarid emperors in general is far more favourable than Akropolites 's , considers the Mouzalones to have been promoted on merit , condemns their murder , and names Palaiologos as directly responsible . The later historian Nikephoros Gregoras likewise avoids negative comments , as do most modern historians .
= Forth Valley Royal Hospital = Forth Valley Royal Hospital is a hospital located in Larbert , Scotland . With 860 inpatient beds , 25 wards , and 16 operating theatres , it was Scotland 's largest ever NHS construction project at the time but has been surpassed by the New Southern General hospital amongst others . Built at a cost of £ 300 million on the site of the old Royal Scottish National Hospital , it opened to its first patients in 2010 . It is operated by NHS Forth Valley . The hospital is the first in Scotland to have a Forestry Commission ranger on site , whose job is to encourage the use of the 70 @-@ acre ( 28 ha ) grounds formerly belonging to the Larbert House estate . It has Scotland 's first fully robotic pharmacy , in which robots dispense and label medicines . The hospital also employs robots to carry out tasks such as removing waste , delivering food to wards , and cleaning operating theatres . = = Background = = The Forth Valley Royal Hospital was designed by Equion , a subsidiary of Laing O 'Rourke , and Keppie Designs in cooperation with builders Laing O 'Rourke . After a consultation process in 2003 , involving 5 @,@ 600 local residents , it was decided that a new acute hospital should be built to replace the ageing facilities at Stirling Royal Infirmary and Falkirk Royal Infirmary , which were to become community hospitals . At the time of construction the hospital was Scotland 's largest ever NHS construction project , cost £ 300 million to build , most of which was provided by a private finance initiative arrangement ; it was built on the site of the old Royal Scottish National Hospital . Originally to be called Forth Valley Hospital , it was granted royal status by Queen Elizabeth II , becoming Forth Valley Royal Hospital . It was hoped the new hospital would be ready by 2009 , but medical services did not start to be transferred until August 2010 , when the first patients were admitted . The process was completed in June 2011 , and the queen officially opened the hospital on 6 July 2011 . = = Facilities = = Set in 70 acres ( 28 ha ) of woodland , the hospital has 860 inpatient beds spread over four floors , 25 wards and 16 operating theatres . The wards contain a mixture of single rooms or a maximum of four beds per ward section , and each bed has access to a personal television screen free of charge . The hospital contains the region 's only Accident and Emergency Department following the closure of the unit at Stirling Royal . The hospital provides services for the 300 @,@ 000 residents of the Forth Valley area , stretching from Killin in the north to Bo 'ness in the south . Those services include : For the use of staff , patients , and visitors the hospital has several catering establishments including Starbucks , a Marks & Spencer Simply Food shop and cafe , and a full restaurant open seven days a week . The hospital 's design was criticised for not providing space for the storage of medical files . It was expected that all files would be stored electronically within five years . In the meantime , the paper medical files were transferred to the site of the old Falkirk Royal Infirmary . An old X @-@ ray department at the hospital was decontaminated and converted into a storage department at a cost of £ 40 @,@ 000 , and a taxi company was contracted to move the records between sites . = = Radio Royal = = Radio Royal is the hospital 's in house radio station . It operates 24 hours a day seven days a week , staffed by a team of around 27 volunteers . Founded in 1976 , it originally broadcast from the old Royal Scottish National Hospital in Larbert . It was latterly based at Falkirk Royal Infirmary , before returning to Larbert on the opening of Forth Valley Royal . = = Grounds = = The hospital is set in the grounds of the Old Larbert House estate , which until 2002 housed the Royal Scottish National Hospital , a state mental hospital . The 70 acres of land contain a loch , walled garden and woodland areas . The grounds were transformed into a " green oasis " for the use of those using the hospital and the local community with the help of a £ 101 @,@ 000 grant from the Forestry Commission Scotland . Forth Valley Royal is the first hospital in Scotland to have a Forestry Commission ranger on site . The ranger 's job is to encourage use of the green space and promote healthy lifestyles . The hospital was fitted with large windows to give patients access to views of the surrounding countryside . On clear days the Forth Bridges and the Lomond and Ochil Hills can be seen . Tunnels were discovered during the hospital 's construction , thought to have been built to allow wealthy guests staying at Larbert House , built in 1822 , to walk to the nearby loch unobserved . = = Transport = = The hospital is accessible by public transport via bus services operating from the main local towns . A shuttle bus used to but no longer runs every 20 minutes from Larbert railway station , ( it was free for passengers with a train ticket ) ; the station is thus now a 25 @-@ minute walk away from Larbert train station . A large car park with 1 @,@ 500 spaces is provided , free with a maximum stay of four hours . Bicycle racks are provided for those cycling to the hospital . = = Robotics = = Forth Valley Royal was the first hospital in the UK to use a system of robotic porters . A fleet of 13 robotic vehicles operates within the hospital , supplied and maintained by services company Serco , part of its 30 @-@ year contract to provide cleaning , catering , portering and maintenance services . The robots have their own corridor system and lifts underneath the hospital , and navigate using guidance lasers . They can be called up to wards by staff using a portable computer , and are used for tasks such as removing waste , delivering food to wards , and cleaning operating theatres . To avoid any risk of cross @-@ contamination the fleet is divided into those robots performing " clean " tasks and those carrying out " dirty " tasks , each with their own network of corridors . The hospital also has Scotland 's first fully robotic pharmacy , where robots dispense and label medicines . It is estimated that in reducing the number of errors and requiring less staff time the system , which cost £ 400 @,@ 000 to install , has cut the hospital 's drug bill by £ 700 @,@ 000 . Instead of completing prescription forms , staff on the wards order drugs via computer terminals .
= George Herriman = George Joseph Herriman ( August 22 , 1880 – April 25 , 1944 ) was an American cartoonist best known for the comic strip Krazy Kat ( 1913 – 1944 ) . More influential than popular , Krazy Kat had an appreciative audience among those in the arts . Gilbert Seldes ' article " The Krazy Kat Who Walks by Himself " was the earliest example of a critic from the high arts giving serious attention to a comic strip . The Comics Journal placed the strip first on its list of the greatest comics of the 20th century . Herriman 's work has been a primary influence on cartoonists such as Will Eisner , Charles M. Schulz , Robert Crumb , Art Spiegelman , Bill Watterson , and Chris Ware . Herriman was born in New Orleans , Louisiana , to mulatto Creole parents , and grew up in Los Angeles . After he graduated from high school in 1897 , he worked in the newspaper industry as an illustrator and engraver . He moved on to cartooning and comic strips — a medium then in its infancy — and drew a variety of strips until he introduced his most famous character , Krazy Kat , in his strip The Dingbat Family in 1910 . A Krazy Kat daily strip began in 1913 , and from 1916 the strip also appeared on Sundays . It was noted for its poetic , dialect @-@ heavy dialogue ; its fantastic , shifting backgrounds ; and its bold , experimental page layouts . In the strip 's main motif , Ignatz Mouse pelted Krazy with bricks , which the naïve , androgynous Kat interpreted as symbols of love . As the strip progressed , a love triangle developed between Krazy , Ignatz , and Offisa Pupp . Herriman lived most of his life in Los Angeles , but made frequent trips to the Navajo deserts in the southwestern U.S. He was drawn to the landscapes of Monument Valley and the Enchanted Mesa , and made Coconino County the location of his Krazy Kat strips . His artwork made much use of Navajo and Mexican themes and motifs against shifting desert backgrounds . He was a prolific cartoonist who produced a large number of strips and illustrated Don Marquis 's books of poetry about Archy and Mehitabel , an alley cat and a cockroach . Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst was a proponent of Herriman and gave him a lifetime contract with King Features Syndicate , which guaranteed Herriman a comfortable living and an outlet for his work despite its lack of popularity . = = Personal history = = = = = Early life = = = George Joseph Herriman was born at 348 Villere Street in New Orleans on August 22 , 1880 . He came from a line of French @-@ speaking Louisiana Creole mulattoes who were considered free people of color , and were reportedly active in the early abolitionist movement . His paternal grandfather , George Herriman Sr. , owned a tailor shop on Royal Street in New Orleans . His maternal grandmother was born in Havana , Cuba . His parents were George Herriman , Jr . , born in New Orleans , and Clara Morel Herriman , born in Iberville . The family attended the St. Augustine Catholic Church in New Orleans ' Tremé neighborhood . When he was ten , Herriman and his family moved to Los Angeles , where he grew up south of downtown near Main Street and Washington Boulevard . His father worked there as a tailor and , for a time , as a baker . Herriman attended the Catholic boys ' school St. Vincent 's Academy . He worked as a barber and later as a baker with his father while in school , though he pined for the opportunity to make art . Soon after graduating in 1897 , he sold a sketch of the Hotel Petrolia in Santa Paula to the Los Angeles Herald . This landed him a $ 2 @-@ per @-@ week job there as an assistant in the engraving department , where he occasionally did drawings for advertisements and political cartoons . = = = Early career in New York ( 1900 – 1904 ) = = = When he was 20 , Herriman sneaked aboard a freight train bound for New York City , hoping his chances as an artist would be better there . He was unsuccessful at first , and survived by working as a barker and billboard painter at Coney Island , until one of the leading humor magazines of the day , Judge , accepted some of his cartoons . Between June 15 and October 26 , 1901 , eleven of his cartoons appeared in that magazine 's pages , in the heavily crosshatched style of the day . He often used sequential images in his cartoons , as in the emerging comic strip medium . On September 29 that year , his first real comic strips were published , one in the Pulitzer chain of newspapers on a non @-@ contractual , one @-@ shot basis and another on a continuing basis in the Philadelphia North American Syndicate 's first comic strip supplement . His first color comic strips appeared in the T. C. McClure Syndicate beginning October 20 . His success with these syndicated strips convinced Herriman to give up on magazine submissions . For the Pulitzer papers on February 16 , 1902 , he began his first strip that had a continuing character , Musical Mose . The strip featured an African @-@ American musician who impersonated other ethnicities , only to suffer the consequences when discovered by his audience . Professor Otto and his Auto , about a terrifyingly dangerous driver , followed in March , and Acrobatic Archie , a " kid strip " with a child protagonist , first appeared in April . With his future as a cartoonist seemingly assured , Herriman traveled back to Los Angeles to marry his childhood sweetheart and returned with her to New York . In the November 1902 issue of the literary magazine The Bookman Herriman wrote of his profession self @-@ deprecatingly , while poet La Touche Hancock , in an article in that issue titled " The American Comic and Caricature Art " , wrote , " Art and poetry is the characteristic of George Herriman . Were his drawings not so well known one would think he had mistaken his vocation . " Herriman 's work was increasing in popularity , and he occasionally had front @-@ page , full @-@ color strips for the Pulitzer supplements , such as Two Jolly Jackies about two unemployed sailors , which began in January 1903 . He began drawing the cowboy strip Lariat Pete in September for the McClure syndicate after Two Jolly Jackies was ended . In June , Herriman was employed by the New York World . There , he illustrated Roy McCardell 's commentaries on local events , beginning June 28 and running to the year 's end . Herriman still produced syndicate work , such as Major Ozone 's Fresh Air Crusade for the World Color Printing Company beginning January 2 , 1904 . Another of Herriman 's obsessive characters , the Major traveled the world in an unsuccessful search for the purest air and spouted poetic dialogue . Major Ozone was so popular that it soon was given the supplement 's front page . The same month , Herriman moved from the World to the New York Daily News , where he was given a larger quantity and variety of work , including cartoon reporting on sports and politics . In February and March , he had a short @-@ lived continuing character comic strip about domestic life called Home Sweet Home . That spring , he began illustrating a series of articles written by Walter Murphy called Bubblespikers . Rudolph Block hired Herriman for the Hearst papers with " a salary commensurate with his talents " , starting April 22 at the New York American , which ran no daily comic strips at the time . Herriman drew sports cartoons in an office alongside Frederick Burr Opper , James Swinnerton , and Tad Dorgan , who was popularly known as " Tad " and was considered a star at another Hearst paper , the New York Evening Journal . Tad and Herriman were often assigned to cover the same sporting events and became close friends . In 1924 , Tad called Herriman " one of the best sporting artists in the world " and regretted that Herriman no longer did that kind of work . Herriman continued with Hearst until June 1905 when he left the paper , possibly because of the new sports editor 's unsympathetic attitude to cartoonists . He returned to Los Angeles in the latter half of 1905 . = = = Return to California ( 1906 – 1910 ) = = = In California , Herriman continued to mail in work to the World Color Printing Company . He revived Major Ozone and produced Grandma 's Girl — Likewise Bud Smith , which he combined from two earlier strips , and a two @-@ tiered children 's strip , Rosy Posy — Mama 's Girl . He began to work with the Los Angeles Times on January 8 , 1906 , before returning to Hearst that summer . Accompanying a front @-@ page illustration in Hearst 's Los Angeles Examiner , Herriman was announced as " the Examiner 's cartoonist " on August 21 . His artwork began to appear on nearly every page , resulting in greatly increased sales for the newspaper . In October , he stopped working for World Color . Following the success of Bud Fisher 's daily strip A. Mutt , which debuted in late 1907 , Herriman began a similarly sports @-@ themed daily strip that December called Mr. Proones the Plumber . The strip was not as successful as Fisher 's , and it ceased to appear after December 26 . His next comic strip , Baron Mooch , starring the titular freeloader , debuted in the Examiner on October 12 , 1909 . Herriman began two more strips in November 1909 with the World Color Printing Company — Alexander the Cat and Daniel and Pansy , which both appeared in color . Daniel and Pansy was Herriman 's first strip to feature an all @-@ animal cast . This was followed in the Examiner on December 20 by the short @-@ lived Mary 's Home from College , a precursor to the " girl strips " such as Cliff Sterrett 's Polly and Her Pals and John Held Jr . ' s Merely Margie , and on December 23 by Gooseberry Sprig , about an aristocratic , cigar @-@ smoking duck who had previously and popularly appeared in Herriman 's sports cartoons . The bird @-@ populated fantasy was a precursor to Krazy Kat , and many of its characters reappeared in the later strip . = = = New York again , and Krazy Kat ( 1910 – 1922 ) = = = In 1910 , the sports editor of the New York Evening Journal called Herriman back to New York to cover for Tad Dorgan who was in San Francisco covering the " Fight of the Century " between Jack Johnson and Jim Jeffries . Six days after arriving in New York , Herriman began The Dingbat Family , starring E. Pluribus Dingbat and his family . Herriman used typed lettering on the strip on July 26 , 1910 , but quickly went back to hand @-@ lettering . On August 10 , 1910 , Herriman retitled the strip The Family Upstairs , " making it perhaps the first comic strip in which the title characters never appeared . " The original title return after the strip of November 15 , 1911 , when the Dingbats ' building was demolished to make room for a department store and they and their upstairs nemeses parted paths . Critics do not regard the strip highly , but it provided the vehicle for a fruitful situation : in the July 26 episode , a mouse threw a brick at the family cat — called " Kat " — which hit the cat on the head . The antics of this mouse and " Kat " continued to appear in the bottom portion of The Dingbat Family . Herriman said he did this " to fill up the waste space " . About a month after its first appearance , the " Kat " crept up on the sleeping mouse and kissed it loudly . The mouse awoke saying , " I dreamed an angel kissed me " , while the " Kat " crept away and said , " Sweet thing " . The gender of " Kat " was unclear from the start . Herriman experimented with a decision about the character 's gender , but it remained ambiguous and he would refer to " Kat " as " he " or " she " as he saw fit . Herriman incorporated unusual details into the mini @-@ strip 's backgrounds — cacti , pagodas , fanciful vegetation , or anything else that struck his fancy ; this became a signature of the later Krazy Kat strip . The cast grew and soon included the mainstay character Bull Pupp and characters from the Gooseberry Sprigg strip . The strip 's characters , relations and situations grew organically during its lifetime , encouraged by Herriman 's colleagues . The cat @-@ and @-@ mouse substrip was gaining in popularity ; instead of filling up space in the bottom of The Dingbat Family 's panels , it began to occupy a tier of panels of its own . In July 1912 , while Herriman had the Dingbats on vacation , Krazy Kat and Ignatz Mouse took over the strip , which was retitled Krazy Kat and I. Mouse for the duration . On October 28 , 1913 , Krazy Kat debuted as an independent strip on the daily comics page . During the first few years of publication , Krazy Kat 's humor changed from slapstick to a more vaudevillian kind . The shifting backgrounds became increasingly bizarre , presaging things to come . The strip expanded to a full @-@ page black @-@ and @-@ white Sunday strip on April 23 , 1916 . Herriman made full use of his imagination and used the whole page in the strip 's layout . The strips were unlike anything else on the comics page ; spontaneous , formally daring , yet impeccably composed . Herriman visited Monument Valley in Arizona and similar places in New Mexico and southern Utah , and incorporated the distinct forms of the desert landscape into his strips . The Enchanted Mesa of New Mexico first appeared in Krazy Kat in the summer of 1916 . Herriman may have visited after reading an article by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913 , but he may have gone earlier — the desert Coconino County , Arizona , that became the backdrop to Krazy Kat was first mentioned in a 1911 Dingbat Family strip , though the real Coconino County was located further southwest than Herriman 's fanciful version . The Dingbat Family finished in 1916 and was replaced by Baron Bean 's debut the next day . The strip 's title character , The Baron , was an impoverished English nobleman , a tramp inspired by Charles Dickens and Charlie Chaplin . He and his valet Grimes would plot ways to get by . Herriman later introduced the main characters ' wives , and after a run as a domestic strip , with occasional appearances of characters from Krazy Kat 's world , it ended in January 1919 . It was replaced the next day by Now Listen Mabel , which was about a young man courting a young woman ; he would be caught in a compromising situation , which he would try to explain away with " Now listen Mabel ... " The strip lasted until that December . Krazy Kat gained an appreciative audience in the world of the arts . The character debuted in film in 1916 . The first animated films starring a cat were produced by Hearst 's International Film Service , though without Herriman 's direct involvement . In 1922 , Adolph Bolm choreographed a jazz @-@ pantomime Krazy Kat ballet written by John Alden Carpenter . It was first performed in New York in 1922 by Ballet Intime , and Herriman illustrated the libretto and designed the costumes and scenario . While it was not a great success , the critics Deems Taylor , Stark Young and Henrietta Straus wrote favorably about it . The strip itself was the subject of an article by literary critic Gilbert Seldes called " Golla , Golla the Comic Strip 's Art " , which appeared in the May 1922 issue of Vanity Fair . Seldes expanded this article as part of his book on the popular arts , The Seven Lively Arts ( 1924 ) , in which Seldes argued against conservative tendencies that excluded artists in the popular arts , such as Herriman and Chaplin , from being considered alongside traditional artists . Krazy Kat was the subject of a chapter entitled " The Krazy Kat That Walks by Himself " , which is the most famous piece of writing about the strip and the earliest example of a critic from the world of high art giving legitimacy to the comic strip medium . Vanity Fair inducted Herriman into its Hall of Fame in the April 1923 issue . = = = California again , later career and death ( 1922 – 1944 ) = = = Hearst , an admirer of Krazy Kat , had given Herriman a lifetime contract with his company King Features Syndicate , which gave Herriman the security to live anywhere he wanted . In 1922 , he moved back to Hollywood , into a two @-@ story Spanish @-@ style home at 1617 North Sierra Bonita , from where he made frequent visits to the Arizona desert . Herriman developed ties with members of the film industry ; he knew Hal Roach Studio members Tom McNamara and " Beanie " Walker from their newspaper days . Walker , Herriman 's best friend , was the head writer on the Our Gang shorts . In the early 1920s , Herriman occasionally drew his strips at the Roach Studio . He met celebrities , including Will Rogers and Frank Capra , and presented them with hand @-@ colored drawings . He loved Charlie Chaplin 's films , and reviewed The Gold Rush in the magazine Motion Picture Classics in October 1925 . Autumn 1922 saw the first daily installment of Stumble Inn , the first non @-@ Krazy Kat strip Herriman had drawn since 1919 . A verbose strip whose Sundays were often overrun with prose , its lead characters were Uriah and Ida Stumble , who rented rooms to an assortment of strange characters . The daily strip was short @-@ lived , but the Sundays edition lasted three years . From August 1925 until September 1929 , King Features required that Herriman design the Krazy Kat Sundays so that they could be run either as a full Sunday page or as two four @-@ panel dailies . Herriman lamented intrusion on his page designs , and the artwork of the period took on a rushed look . He was made to focus on the strip 's characterization , and during this period , the Krazy — Ignatz — Offisa Pupp love triangle for which the strip is remembered became fully developed . Pupp pined for Krazy , Krazy loved Ignatz , and Ignatz hated Krazy and pelted the annoying " Kat " with a brick , and Pupp imprisoned Ignatz . Throughout the late 1920s , Herriman made frequent trips to Kayenta , Arizona , in Navajo country about 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Monument Valley . He also made winter trips to Mexico . The desert , Navajo artwork , and Mexican pottery and architecture became more prominent in Herriman 's strips , and he sometimes used Spanish vocabulary in the dialogue . Herriman did little work on these excursions , and it is likely that he drew his strips in hurried bursts when in Hollywood . Stumble Inn finished in late 1925 , and it was replaced with the domestic strip Us Husbands ( with Mistakes Will Happen as a " topper " strip ) , which ran until the end of that year . In 1928 , Herriman took over the strip Embarrassing Moments , which had begun in 1922 and had been drawn by several cartoonists . The strip eventually became Bernie Burns , in which embarrassing moments would happen to the title character . The strip appeared in few papers , and after it ended in 1932 , Herriman worked only on Krazy Kat , although he provided illustrations for Don Marquis ' popular Archy and Mehitabel , a series of books of poetry about a cat and a cockroach . In 1930 , Herriman sold his first Hollywood home to a friend and moved his family to 2217 Maravilla Drive , a Spanish @-@ style mansion atop a hill . It was adorned with paintings of Southwest and Native themes , and had a Mexican @-@ style garden paved with flagstones and decorated with painted pots and tropical plants . Herriman later bought the lot across the street and turned it into a public park . The 1930s were a period of tragedy for Herriman . On September 29 , 1931 , his wife Mabel died after an automobile accident , and in 1939 , his youngest daughter Bobbie died unexpectedly at 30 . After his wife 's death , Herriman never remarried and lived in Los Angeles with his cats and dogs . He developed a close relationship with cartoonist James Swinnerton 's first wife Louise , with whom he frequently exchanged letters . Herriman underwent a kidney operation in spring 1938 , and during his ten @-@ week convalescence King Features reran old Krazy Kat strips . Krazy Kat 's popularity fell considerably over the years , and by the 1930s it was running in only thirty @-@ five newspapers , while its contemporaries such as Bringing Up Father were reportedly running in up to a thousand . Herriman realized his $ 750 @-@ per @-@ week salary from Hearst 's King Features Syndicate was far more than the revenue the strip could be generating , but Hearst refused Herriman 's offer to take a pay cut . Hearst let it be known that Herriman was to continue the strip as long as he liked . From 1935 , Krazy Kat appeared in color , of which Herriman made bold use . He reduced the amount of hatchwork and used larger , more open panels . Herriman died in his sleep in his home near Hollywood on April 25 , 1944 , after a long illness . An incompletely inked penciling of a week 's worth of daily strips was found on his drawing board . On his death certificate , the cause of death was listed as " non @-@ alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver " , and despite his mixed @-@ race heritage , he was listed as " caucasian " . The New York Journal @-@ American ran a front @-@ page obituary . His funeral at Little Church of Flowers at Forest Lawn Memorial Park was attended by few . Cartoonist Harry Hershfield spoke at the funeral , saying , " If ever there was a saint on earth , it was George Herriman " . According to his request , his body was cremated and his remains were scattered over Monument Valley . On June 25 , 1944 , two months after Herriman 's death , the last of his completed Krazy Kat strips , a full @-@ page Sunday , was printed . At the time , Hearst usually engaged new cartoonists when the artists of popular strips quit or died , but he made an exception for Herriman , as he felt that no one could take his place . = = Personal life = = Herriman was described as self @-@ deprecatingly modest , and he disliked being photographed . The New York Journal @-@ American 's obituary described him as a devoted husband and father , of slight build , mild @-@ mannered and an anonymous contributor to charities . He was generous to his friends , and sold his first Hollywood house , which he had bought for $ 50 @,@ 000 , to a friend for $ 40 @,@ 000 . Though a private person , he was said to be an entertaining host to his friends . He would sometimes stay silent during social occasions and would often leave the room to wash dishes , which he said he enjoyed as it gave him the opportunity to think . His favorite game was poker , which he particularly enjoyed playing with his fellow cartoonists . Herriman had a great love of animals , and had a large number of dogs and cats ; he had five dogs and thirteen cats in 1934 . He usually kept to a vegetarian diet , except when it made him feel too weak , and he refused to ride horses . He so admired Henry Ford 's pacifist stance that he would only buy Ford automobiles . He purchased a new model annually . Herriman married his childhood sweetheart Mabel Lillian Bridge in Los Angeles on July 7 , 1902 . They had two daughters : Mabel ( May 10 , 1903 – November 13 , 1962 ) ; nicknamed " Toodles " , later " Toots " ) and Barbara ( 1909 – 1939 ; nicknamed " Bobbie " ) , who had epilepsy . His only grandchild Dinah ( nicknamed " Dee " ) was born to Bobbie and her husband , author @-@ scriptwriter Ernest Pascal . = = Race and identity = = Herriman was born to mixed @-@ race parents , and his birth certificate lists Herriman as " colored " . In the post- Plessy v. Ferguson U.S. , in which " separate but equal " racial segregation was enshrined , people of mixed race had to choose to identify themselves as either black or white . Herriman seems to have identified himself as white . According to comics academic Jeet Heer , his early work is " replete with black caricatures " , such as Musical Mose , in which the lead character , an African @-@ American musician , wishes his " color would fade " . Racial ambivalence crept into Krazy Kat , such as on two occasions where Krazy 's black fur was dyed white . Ignatz falls in love with the whitened Krazy , only to return to hatred and brick @-@ throwing when the truth is revealed . Similarly , in an oft @-@ repeated joke , Ignatz would accidentally become covered with coal dust and would be spurned by the normally love @-@ struck Krazy . In one such episode , a brick thrown by the blackened Ignatz hits Krazy , who declares , " A lil Eetiopium Mice , black like a month from midnights . Fuwi ! " Once Ignatz reverts to his white self , Krazy loves him again . Herriman 's ethnic heritage was unknown to his colleagues . Fellow cartoonist Tad Dorgan nicknamed him " the Greek " , a label which stuck and was taken up by his biographers and the press , who called him the son of a Greek baker . At other times , he was identified as French , Irish , and Turkish . He told a friend that he was Creole , and speculated that he may have " Negro blood " in him , as he had " kinky hair " . The friend said that Herriman wore a hat to hide his hair , which may have been an attempt to pass as white . Herriman said that he dreamed of being reborn a Navajo . On his death certificate , he was listed as " Caucasian " , and his daughter Mabel had his father 's birthplace listed as Paris and his mother 's as Alsace @-@ Lorraine . Sociologist Arthur Asa Berger made Herriman 's mixed @-@ race heritage known in 1971 . While researching for Herriman 's entry for the Dictionary of American Biography , Berger discovered the cartoonist 's race was listed as " colored " on his birth certificate obtained from the New Orleans Board of Health . The 1880 census for New Orleans listed his parents as " mulatto " . On reading this , African @-@ American poet Ishmael Reed dedicated his 1972 novel Mumbo Jumbo to " George Herriman , Afro @-@ American , who created Krazy Kat " . Herriman came to be identified as Black or Creole in comics literature , including his first book @-@ length biography , Krazy Kat : The Comic Art of George Herriman ( 1986 ) , while the " Greek " label stuck with some biographers , and was used by Bill Blackbeard in his introductions to the Krazy and Ignatz volumes in the early 2000s . Later research at the New Orleans Public Library by writer Brian Nelson showed that Herriman 's maternal grandmother was born in Havana , Cuba , that all his relatives were listed as " mulatto " on the 1890 census , and that Herriman may also have had Spanish or Native American ancestry . = = Reception and legacy = = Krazy Kat was popular with intellectuals , artists and critics , and in the 1920s Herriman 's modernist touches received praise . In 1921 , composer John Alden Carpenter , who had long been an admirer of Herriman 's work , approached him to collaborate on a Krazy Kat ballet . President Woodrow Wilson refused to miss any installment of Krazy Kat , and would take it into cabinet meetings . Writer E. B. White praised Herriman 's illustrations for Archy and Mehitabel . Cartoonist Edward Sorel wrote that Krazy Kat 's lack of popularity later in its run was largely due to Hearst 's editorial policies , in that the " lowbrow " readership at whom he aimed his papers was unlikely to appreciate Herriman 's style of work , though Hearst personally championed the strip . Following Herriman 's death , the strip was discontinued , unlike most popular strips which were continued by other cartoonists after their creators ' deaths . His stature was such that decades after his death , his work was displayed in art galleries . Critics found Herriman 's work difficult to classify and contextualize ; Seldes , E. E. Cummings , and writers Adam Gopnik and Robert Warshow were among critics who tempered their enthusiasm for the strip with qualifications about its perceived naïveté and its " lowbrow " origins on the comic strip page . The strip has had a lasting influence on a large number of cartoonists . Mutts creator Patrick McDonnell calls Krazy Kat one of his foremost influences , and is co @-@ author of Krazy Kat : The Comic Art of George Herriman ( 1986 ) . Will Eisner discovered Herriman 's comics when he was selling newspapers in the 1930s and called Krazy Kat " the big strong influence " on his own work . Art Spiegelman called Herriman one of his " conscious influences " . Herriman 's widespread influence on American underground comix , particularly his shape @-@ shifting , psychedelic backgrounds , lack of respect for convention and his irreverence , is evident in the work of Robert Crumb , Denis Kitchen , and Bobby London . Journalist Paul Krassner called Crumb " the illegitimate offspring of Krazy Kat " . Cartoonist Chris Ware was so taken with Herriman 's work he made a pilgrimage to Monument Valley to see the desert landscapes that inspired much of Herriman 's art . Krazy Kat was a primary influence on other cartoonists such as Charles M. Schulz of Peanuts , Bill Watterson of Calvin and Hobbes , and the Italian Massimo Mattioli . Walt Kelly paid homage to Herriman in some of his Pogo strips . Dr. Seuss expressed fondness for Krazy Kat , and children 's literature scholar Philip Nel has detected Herriman 's influence in Seuss 's works , especially in his zig @-@ zagging , Coconino County @-@ like backgrounds . Multimedia artist Öyvind Fahlström appropriated Krazy Kat in a series of works from 1963 to 1965 . Jay Cantor published a postmodern novel in 1987 called Krazy Kat : A Novel in Five Panels , in which the retired Krazy and Ignatz contemplate a comeback in a post @-@ atomic world . Since 1997 , the Small Press Expo has held the annual Ignatz Awards in honor of Herriman 's mouse from Krazy Kat . It recognizes talent in independent comics publishing . Krazy Kat was ranked first on The Comics Journal 's list of the greatest comics of the twentieth century . The Society of Illustrators inducted Herriman into its Hall of Fame in 2013 . = = Work = = = = = Style = = = Within the seeming strictures of the strip — the recurring characters , the Krazy – Ignatz – Offisa Pupp love triangle — Herriman improvised freely with the story , the shifting backgrounds , and the sex of the Krazy Kat 's title character . Among the multicultural influences Herriman mixed in his work were those of the Navajo and Mexican . He made creative use of language with a poetical sense , employing multilingual puns in a fanciful mix of dialects from different ethnic backgrounds . Herriman used metafictional techniques associated with postmodernism ; his characters were self @-@ aware , he frequently drew attention to himself and his drawings as drawings in his strips , and he emphasized the subjectivity of language and experience . Herriman drew with what cartoonist Edward Sorel called a " liberated , spontaneous @-@ looking style ... a cartoon counterpart of expressionism " . It was organic , and his pen strokes had a dynamic , thick @-@ and @-@ thin range which Sorel describes as instantly recognizable and difficult to imitate . The Krazy Kat Sunday pages showed Herriman experimenting most freely — each had a unique panel layout and logo , and the jumbled panels could be circles , irregular shapes , or borderless . In his last few years , Herriman 's arthritis led to an ever @-@ scratchier style of art ; he used a knife to scratch out whites from inked surfaces , giving the artwork the look of a woodcut . = = = Collections = = = Krazy Kat has been collected in a variety of formats over the years , though Herriman 's other strips have been less frequently reprinted . George Herriman 's Krazy Kat ( 1946 ) was the first Krazy Kat collection ; it featured an introduction by poet E. E. Cummings . Comics historian Bill Blackbeard began compiling a complete collection of Krazy Kat Sundays beginning in 1988 , but the publisher Eclipse Comics went bankrupt in 1992 , before the series was complete . Blackbeard 's thirteen @-@ volume Krazy and Ignatz series was published by Fantagraphics Books beginning in 2002 , and was designed by Chris Ware . In 2010 , Sunday Press Books released Krazy Kat : A Celebration of Sundays , which reprinted a selection of Krazy Kat Sundays and some of Herriman 's pre @-@ Krazy Kat work in a 14 @-@ by @-@ 17 @-@ inch ( 36 cm × 43 cm ) format , which approximated the original printed size of the strips . In 2012 , IDW began issuing a three @-@ volume Baron Bean reprinting , and Fantagraphics will release George Herriman 's Stumble Inn . Fantagraphics has also announced plans to collect the complete Krazy Kat dailies at an unspecified time . = = = List of comic strips = = = = = = = Books = = = = = = = = Journals and magazines = = = = = = = = Newspapers = = = = = = = = Web = = = =

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