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= 2009 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship =
The 2009 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Tournament was held from May 9 through May 25 , 2009 . This was the 39th annual Division I NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament . Sixteen NCAA Division I college men 's lacrosse teams met after having played their way through a regular season , and for some , a conference tournament , to play in the NCAA Tournament .
= = Overview = =
The first round of the tournament was played on May 9 and 10 at the home fields of the seeded teams . The quarterfinals were held on May 16 and 17th on neutral site fields at Hofstra University ( James M. Shuart Stadium ) and the United States Naval Academy ( Navy @-@ Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ) . The tournament culminated with the semifinals and final held on Memorial Day weekend at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts . The tournament was won by Syracuse University who defeated Cornell University , 10 – 9 , in overtime in front of 41 @,@ 935 fans .
= = Qualifying teams = =
The NCAA Division I Men ’ s Lacrosse Committee selected the participating teams for the championship tournament . The committee announced the qualifying teams and the seeding order on Sunday , May 3 , 2009 . Seven conferences received automatic bids for their top team . The remaining nine teams were selected by the committee as " at @-@ large " bids .
Five conferences held tournament championships , which also determined their NCAA bids . Siena earned an automatic bid by winning the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) championship for both their first conference title and first NCAA tournament appearance . Villanova earned an automatic bid by winning Colonial Athletic Association ( CAA ) championship and also made its NCAA tournament debut . Navy earned an automatic bid by winning its fifth Patriot League championship in six years . Both Notre Dame and UMBC repeated as conference champions by winning the Great Western Lacrosse League ( GWLL ) and America East Conference , respectively .
Two conferences awarded their bids based on regular season performance . UMass earned the Eastern College Athletic Conference ( ECAC ) championship and its automatic with a 6 – 1 conference record . The Ivy League awarded its automatic bid to Cornell . Princeton and Cornell possessed identical conference records and were named co @-@ champions . The head @-@ to @-@ head regular season game , which Cornell had won , acted as the tie @-@ breaking criterion .
The remaining nine berths were awarded to at @-@ large teams . Duke won the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) tournament for the third straight season , but the league does not receive an automatic bid because it does not have at least six members . Nevertheless , all four ACC teams received at @-@ large bids : Duke , Maryland , North Carolina , and Virginia . Additionally , the NCAA Selection Committee awarded at @-@ large bids to : independents Johns Hopkins and Syracuse , Brown and Princeton of the Ivy League , and Hofstra of the CAA .
= = Tournament bracket = =
* = Overtime
= = Game summaries = =
= = = First round = = =
The 1st round of the tournament , seven of the eight seeded teams advanced . Every past NCAA tournament had been won by seven of the eight teams that advanced to the quarterfinals , with Duke being the only one to have never won a national title , up to this tournament . For the first time , all four Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) teams advanced to the second round . It was just the second time in tournament history that four teams from the same conference advanced . The first instance occurred in 1990 with Brown , Harvard , Princeton , and Yale of the Ivy League .
The tournament began on Saturday , May 9 , when the Brown Bears traveled to face the eighth @-@ seeded Johns Hopkins Blue Jays at Homewood Field in Baltimore . The Blue Jays pulled away to three @-@ goal leads in the first and final quarters , but the Bears equalized both times . In the final ten seconds of regulation , Brown attackman Kyle Hollingsworth batted in a loose ball to even the score , 11 – 11 . In overtime , Hopkins won the faceoff and called a timeout , before Brian Christopher drove up the right side of the field and made a game @-@ winning top @-@ corner shot on the run . It was the third overtime goal by Christopher in Hopkins ' past four games .
UMBC then played at number @-@ six seed North Carolina . The UMBC Retrievers possessed the most efficient extra @-@ man offense ( EMO ) and the best @-@ rated midfield in the nation . Their roster , however , lacked depth , and the first @-@ string midfielders were forced to play in the 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) heat for almost the entire game . At halftime , the Retrievers led the Tar Heels , 8 – 6 . The lead changed hands several times in the third period , before North Carolina took control for the remainder of the game to win , 15 – 13 . Tar Heels attackman Billy Bitter , who attempted only nine shots , matched the school single @-@ game record with eight goals .
Hofstra played at fifth @-@ seeded Cornell , where the teams were even at halftime , 5 – 5 . The third period was the decisive quarter , and Cornell won three face @-@ offs and outscored Hofstra five @-@ to @-@ one . In Durham , third @-@ seeded Duke hosted Navy . At halftime , the Blue Devils led 10 – 0 and expanded the rout to 13 – 1 at the start of the final period . Duke advanced with a final score of 14 – 5 .
The second day of the tournament began with the Maryland Terrapins facing the seventh @-@ seeded Notre Dame Fighting Irish at home in South Bend , Indiana . The Fighting Irish entered the game in possession of a perfect 15 – 0 record , but still considered an unknown variable due to their schedule . The magazine Inside Lacrosse called the Terrapins a talented team that had underachieved during the regular season . The first @-@ ranked Notre Dame defense frustrated Maryland , but the Terps still managed to gain a 6 – 1 lead in the third quarter . Maryland 's defense effectively shut @-@ down Notre Dame and the leading Irish scorer Ryan Hoff was unable to make a single shot on goal . Maryland was the only unseeded team to advance to the quarterfinals .
Both schools making their inaugural NCAA tournament appearance suffered quick elimination . The Villanova Wildcats were trounced by the Virginia Cavaliers , 18 – 6 . The Cavaliers were led by Brian Carroll 's career @-@ high five goal performance . The Siena Saints were held scoreless for nearly 42 minutes in their loss to the Syracuse Orange , 11 – 4 . Onondaga Community College transfer Cody Jamieson , who had just been cleared academically , scored three goals in his first start for the Orange .
At Princeton University , the Tigers defeated the visiting UMass Minutemen , 10 – 7 . Princeton was led by Mark Kovler 's six @-@ point effort . The game was the final in the collegiate career of Minutemen goalkeeper Doc Schneider who led his team to the 2006 championship game as a freshman . His opposite number , Princeton 's Tyler Fiorito , became just the second freshman goalkeeper to start an NCAA tournament game for the Tigers .
= = = Quarterfinals = = =
The quarterfinals took place over the weekend of May 16 to 17 at two neutral sites . The first doubleheader was sponsored on Saturday by Hofstra University , followed by games held at the United States Naval Academy on Sunday . Despite overcast weather at both locations , it was the first time that each NCAA quarterfinals venue attracted in excess of 11 @,@ 000 spectators .
The second round opened at Hofstra 's James M. Shuart Stadium with the Maryland – Syracuse match @-@ up . Al Cavalieri filled in as the Orange goalkeeper for long @-@ time starter John Galloway who was sick with the flu . Syracuse scored three unanswered goals in the first quarter before Maryland goalie Brian Phipps suffered an ACL tear . Terrapins midfielder Grant Catalino narrowed the deficit to 5 – 3 before halftime on an extra @-@ man score . In the second half , Syracuse made defensive adjustments to shut down Maryland 's behind @-@ the @-@ goal attack , and the Orange tallied three times in the span of 2 : 10 to pull away in the third quarter . Syracuse won , 11 – 6 , and extended its postseason streak against Maryland to five .
Ivy League rivals Cornell and Princeton then had their 70th meeting , but first in the NCAA tournament . Earlier in the postseason , the Big Red defeated the Tigers to split the Ivy League championship . Three Princeton shots hit the post in the first half of the second quarter , and Cornell entered halftime with a 5 – 1 advantage . In the third quarter , Tigers attackman Tommy Davis ended their 27 : 58 scoring drought with a 15 @-@ yard shot . Princeton quickly tallied again with 28 seconds in the period . In the final quarter , the Big Red withstood two penalties to win , 6 – 4 .
The second day of the quarterfinals took place at Navy @-@ Marine Corps Memorial Stadium in Annapolis , Maryland . The first game featured top @-@ ranked Virginia and Johns Hopkins . The Cavaliers dominated the Blue Jays , 19 – 8 , in their worst postseason defeat in school history . Shamel Bratton of Virginia scored a career @-@ high five goals . The victory marked the 300th of head coach Dom Starsia 's career , and he became the third coach in Division I lacrosse history to win as many games . Virginia advanced to their fourth Final Four appearance in five seasons . With the quarterfinals elimination of both Maryland and Johns Hopkins , 2009 became only the third time since the NCAA tournament began that no team from the state participated in the Final Four .
The final game of the round featured intrastate rivals Duke and North Carolina in their third meeting of the season . In the first quarter , the Blue Devils jumped out to an early lead and survived a two @-@ man @-@ down penalty , but the Tar Heels scored four unanswered goals to briefly take the lead in the second quarter . Late in the final period , North Carolina rallied from a four @-@ point deficit to trail by one goal , 12 – 11 . As time expired , a shot by Sean Delaney missed high over the goal , and Duke defeated North Carolina for the third time of the year . The Blue Devils ' Zach Howell scored a career @-@ high three goals and Tewaaraton Trophy finalist Ned Crotty tallied twice and had six assists . The Duke defense held Carolina 's leading scorer , Billy Bitter , to just two assists .
= = = Semifinals = = =
= = = = Syracuse vs. Duke = = = =
Syracuse met Duke for the first game at Gillette Stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which was attended by 36 @,@ 594 fans , a decrease from the previous year 's 48 @,@ 224 . Nine Orange players scored in a rout of the Blue Devils , 17 – 7 , which demonstrated the depth of the Syracuse offense . It was the most goals allowed by Duke all season . Seniors Kenny Nims and Patrick Perritt led the Orange with four goals each . Freshman Tim Desko , son of head coach John Desko , and heralded transfer Cody Jamieson each tallied twice . The Orange dominated the faceoff circle and won 18 of 28 draws . To open the third quarter , senior Jake Moulton won the opening faceoff and scored nine seconds into the half . With the victory , the Orange advanced to the championship game for the seventh time since 1999 .
= = = = Cornell vs. Virginia = = = =
In the second game of the day , fifth @-@ seeded Cornell upset first @-@ ranked Virginia . The Big Red upset the Cavaliers decisively , 15 – 6 , and advanced to the championship game for the first time in over two decades . Cornell controlled the game from the start , and accounted for the game 's first three tallies and entered halftime with an 8 – 2 advantage . Big Red freshman Rob Pannell , junior Ryan Hurley , and senior Chris Finn each scored three times . The Cornell defense created 18 turnovers and stymied Virginia 's high @-@ powered attack . Commenting on the upset , Cornell head coach Jeff Tambroni said , " We knew we weren 't going to have a whole lot of believers out there . We needed to play hard first and believe second . "
= = = Championship = = =
= = = = Syracuse vs. Cornell = = = =
The final game was also held at Gillette Stadium and took place on Memorial Day , May 25 . Cornell controlled the tempo of the game for the first 56 minutes and frustrated Syracuse with a tough defense . Late in the fourth quarter , the Big Red led , 9 – 6 , before Syracuse 's Stephen Keogh and Cody Jamieson narrowed the deficit to one goal with 2 : 46 remaining . Keogh attempted another shot but missed , and Cornell took possession with 27 @.@ 6 seconds left to play . The Orange 's Kenny Nims then dislodged the ball from Matt Moyer , and Keogh recovered possession . He took a wild shot , which was caught by Syracuse 's Matt Abbott . As he was flattened by Cornell defenders , Abbott got off a pass to Nims , who had run from midfield to the very edge of the crease . Nims connected with his shot on goal to send the game into overtime . Cornell won the overtime faceoff , but Syracuse defenseman Sid Smith stripped Ryan Hurley to create a turnover . Dan Hardy feigned a shot before passing to Jamieson , positioned just beyond the crease , who scored the game @-@ winner .
= = Post @-@ tournament honors = =
After the championship , Cornell midfielder Max Seibald was honored with the Tewaaraton Trophy for the most outstanding Division I men 's lacrosse player . Syracuse attackman Kenny Nims was named the Most Outstanding Player of the tournament . The NCAA named its " All @-@ Tournament Team " following the championship game , which consisted of five players each from Syracuse and Cornell . The following individuals made up that team :
= = Record by conference = =
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= The Latchkey =
The Latchkey is a 1910 American silent short comedy produced by the Thanhouser Company . The premise of the plot focuses on two businessmen who are friends Will ( or Bill in some publications ) and John . Will gives John the key to his apartment so he had stay there while Will goes on vacation . The landlady of the house leases the apartment to two ladies . John decides to go to Will 's apartment and lets himself in with the key and finds the two girls asleep . They awake and take him for a burglar and threaten to kill him and John pleads for mercy instead of addressing the misunderstanding . John is later revealed to be her employer after he is caught opening a safe in the office the next morning . The film was released on August 26 , 1910 and was met with positive reviews by the trade publications . The film is presumed lost .
= = Plot = =
Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Bioscope from November 10 , 1910 . It states : " Will and John are prosperous young businessmen and close friends . Will has an apartment in the city , while John lives in the suburbs . When Will goes to the country on his vacation he leaves the latchkey of his apartment with his chum , telling him to make himself at home . The landlady in the house in which Will lives is seized with a bright idea that she can sublet his apartment during his absence . May and Belle , two pretty girls who are in business , decide to try their hand at housekeeping . They rent Will 's apartment and settle down in their new quarters . John decides to take advantage of his friend 's invitation and make use of his rooms . He lets himself in with the latchkey , and is amazed to find the two girls sound asleep . Believing him to be a burglar the girls threaten him with annihilation . John thinks the joke too good to spoil , so does not try to square himself , but pleads for mercy . May secures his promise that he will never ' burgle ' again , and allows him to escape . Unknown to John , May has been engaged by his partner as a typist , and when she enters the office the following morning and finds John opening the safe , she decides that once again her burglar has been caught red @-@ handed . She calls for help , and is greatly chagrined when her supposed burglar is introduced as her employer . Amid explanations , the ' burglar ' and the lady shake hands and become good friends . "
In both The Moving Picture World and The Moving Picture News the character of Will was named Bill , but it is not clear if this was intentional , a renaming or error .
= = Production = =
The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . There are no known credits for the cast , but Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane are two possible actors that were prominent players in 1910 . Credits may have included Anna Rosemond , one of two leading ladies of the Thanhouser company in this era . Frank H. Crane was a leading male actor of the company and also involved since the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company . Bowers states that most of the credits are fragmentary for 1910 Thanhouser productions . A surviving film still leaves open the possibility of identifying three actors .
= = Release and reception = =
The one reel comedy , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on August 26 , 1910 . The film likely saw a wide national release , advertisements in theaters are known in Indiana , North Carolina , and Pennsylvania . The New York Dramatic Mirror gave the most detailed review of the trade publications by summing up the scenario and approving of the plot and the good acting in the production . The reviewer concluded , " Not only are the leading roles well portrayed , but the minor parts are quite well done in the picture - the dismissed stenographer and the old landlady actually look and act their parts . There is a pleasing , symmetrical competence in the whole cast . " The production was reviewed positively by The Moving Picture World and concludes with the statement , " The story ends there without a suspicion of anybody falling in love with anybody else , a restraint which will be duly appreciated . " Bower 's notes that many Thanhouser plots conclude with the romance and the reviewer noted this change was a welcome one for this production . The previous film A Dainty Politician concluded with romance and the next release An Assisted Elopement took the romance element further with two sets of parents trying to get their children to marry each other .
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= Moto Racer Advance =
Moto Racer Advance is a motocross racing game developed by Adeline Software International , produced by Delphine Software International and published by Ubisoft for the Game Boy Advance . It was released in PAL regions on October 4 , 2002 and in North America on December 4 , 2002 . It is part of the Moto Racer series and was the last game to be developed by Adeline Software and also the last with any involvement from Delphine Software .
Moto Racer Advance features several different modes , but much of it centers on a " Progression " mode , which requires the player to compete in races in a variety of environments . Multiplayer is supported through the link cable . Moto Racer Advance garnered positive reception from critics , noting its graphical quality and overall presentation as two of the main reasons for its success . IGN 's Craig Harris called it one of the top racing games from 2002 . As of 2009 , Moto Racer Advance has received compilation scores of 86 / 100 and 83 % on Metacritic and GameRankings respectively .
= = Gameplay = =
The player controls a motorcyclist and must try to win races on various terrain and settings . Each motorcycle in the game handles differently with some performing better on paved roads and others working better on rougher terrain .
There are a number of different modes : Grand Prix ( GP ) , Motocross , and Traffic . GP takes place at a number of different locations across the world on paved tracks in places such as San Francisco and Russia . The paved tracks require the player to learn how to effectively use their brakes around corners . The GP courses contain small differences between them , giving more variety to the courses in the game . Motocross requires the player to drive on off @-@ road terrain and to master the act of " powersliding " on corners . The courses found in Motocross races are less hospitable and often take place in arid and unkept locales and with obstacles . Traffic mixes both GP and Motocross , having mixed pavement courses and traffic on roads that serve as obstacles .
There are three different methods of gameplay : Championship , Progression , and Single Race . The single race mode must be earned through playing the progression mode . Progression is the game 's " main mode " and places the player in a number of different tournaments and races in all three racing styles . It allows the player to earn hidden content , including new bikes which handle differently . The game contains link cable support for up to four players , provided that all four people own a copy of the game .
= = History = =
Moto Racer Advance was first displayed at the 2002 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) . IGN gave the game two awards for portable games after its E3 2002 coverage : " Best Graphics " and " Best Racing Game " . IGN praised the early version of the game for its high draw distance and smooth frame rate . The game was built from the ground up to be a racing game for the Game Boy Advance and to take advantage of the hardware offered by the system . IGN previewed the game six months before it was made available for retail and called the graphics the game 's highlight , while noting that tune @-@ ups in the physics engine were needed before release . The game manipulated 2D sprites and backgrounds to give the impression of 3D to the player . By keeping the core graphics engine simple , the game was able to contain elongated draw distances and a smooth frame rate . It was released on October 4 , 2002 in PAL regions , and on December 4 , 2002 in North America . Moto Racer Advance was the last game to be developed by Adeline Software .
Moto Racer Advance garnered positive reaction from critics for its graphics and gameplay ; it received 86 / 100 and 83 % ratings on review aggregate websites Metacritic and GameRankings , respectively . IGN 's Craig Harris praised the smooth graphics engine of the game , noting that the designers had succeeded in creating a satisfying racing game for the Game Boy Advance . He called it one of the top racing games from 2002 . The Sydney Morning Herald 's Dan Toose praised the game 's " smooth , minimalist graphics " , while GameSpy 's Steve Steinberg noted that the physics of the game felt " dead @-@ on " and enjoyed the overall presentation of the game . GamePro 's Vicious Sid was surprised by the game 's long draw distance , calling it a technical feat on the Game Boy Advance . The sound design from the game received a mixed response from critics . GameZone 's Code Cowboy stated that the Motocross bikes sounded " like gravel in a blender-- being chopped up " . IGN noted otherwise , saying that the sound stayed to the background and was mostly pleasant , while The Sydney Morning Herald praised the realistic sound the bikes created . The game received Editors ' Choice Awards from GameSpy , GamePro , and IGN .
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= Tina Turner =
Tina Turner ( born November 26 , 1939 ) , née Anna Mae Bullock , is a singer , dancer , actress and author , whose career has spanned more than half a century , earning her widespread recognition and numerous awards . Born and raised in the Southeastern United States , she is now a Swiss citizen .
She began her musical career in the mid @-@ 1950s as a featured singer with Ike Turner 's Kings of Rhythm , first recording in 1958 under the name " Little Ann . " Her introduction to the public as Tina Turner began in 1960 as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue . Success followed with a string of notable hits credited to the duo , including " A Fool in Love " , " River Deep – Mountain High " ( 1966 ) , " Proud Mary " ( 1971 ) and " Nutbush City Limits " ( 1973 ) , a song which she herself wrote . In her autobiography , I , Tina , she revealed several instances of severe domestic abuse against her by Ike Trevor Turner prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce . Raised as a Baptist , she encountered faith with Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism in 1971 , crediting the spiritual chant of Nam Myoho Renge Kyo , which Turner claims helped her to endure during difficult times .
After her divorce from Ike Turner , she rebuilt her career through live performances . In the early 1980s , she launched a major comeback with another string of hits , starting in 1983 with the single " Let 's Stay Together " followed by the 1984 release of her fifth solo album Private Dancer which became a worldwide success . " What 's Love Got to Do with It " , the lead single won three Grammy Awards including Record of the Year . Her solo success continued with the multi platinum albums Break Every Rule and Foreign Affair and with singles such as " We Don 't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) " , " The Best " and " GoldenEye " for the James Bond film of the same name . " What 's Love Got to Do with It " was later used as the title of a loosely based biographical film adapted from her autobiography . In addition to her musical career , Turner has also experienced success in films , including the role of Acid Queen in the 1975 rock musical Tommy , a starring role alongside Mel Gibson in the 1985 action film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome , and a cameo role in the 1993 film Last Action Hero .
One of the world 's best @-@ selling music artists of all time , she has also been referred to as The Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll . Turner has been termed the most successful female Rock ' n ' Roll artist , receiving eleven Grammy Awards , including eight competitive awards and three Grammy Hall of Fame awards . Turner has also sold more concert tickets than any other solo performer in history . Her combined album and single sales total approximately 100 million copies worldwide , making her one of the biggest selling females in music history . She is noted for her energetic stage presence , powerful vocals , and career longevity . In 2008 , Turner returned from semi @-@ retirement to embark on her Tina ! : 50th Anniversary Tour . Turner 's tour became one of the highest selling ticketed shows of 2008 – 09 . Rolling Stone ranked her no . 63 on their 100 greatest artists of all time . In 1991 , she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .
= = Early life = =
Turner was born Anna Mae Bullock on November 26 , 1939 , in Nutbush , an unincorporated area in Haywood County , Tennessee . Her parents were Zelma Priscilla ( née Currie ) and Floyd Richard Bullock . Anna Mae was born at Poindexter Farm on Highway 180 , where her father worked as an overseer of the sharecroppers . She is of African @-@ American descent , with approximately 33 % European and 1 % Native American ancestry . ( The latter was revealed when she appeared on the PBS documentary African American Lives 2 , and the host Henry Louis Gates shared the results of Turner 's ancestral tests . )
Anna Mae had an older sister , Ruby Aillene . As young children , Anna Mae and Aillene were separated when their parents relocated to Knoxville , Tennessee , to work at a defense facility during World War II . Anna went to stay with her strict , religious paternal grandparents , Alex and Roxanna Bullock , who were deacon and deaconess at the Woodlawn Missionary Baptist Church , which was located on Woodlawn Road off Highway 19 . After the war , the sisters reunited with their parents and moved with them to Knoxville . Two years later , the family returned to Nutbush to live in the Flagg Grove community , where Anna attended Flagg Grove Elementary School from first through eighth grade . In 1889 , her great @-@ great uncle had sold the land on which the school was built to the school trustees .
As a youngster , Anna Mae sang in the church choir at Nutbush 's Spring Hill Baptist Church . When she was 11 , her mother ran off without warning , seeking freedom from her abusive relationship with Floyd Bullock . Zelma relocated to St. Louis to live with Anna Mae 's great @-@ aunt . As a preteen , Anna Mae worked as a domestic worker for the Henderson family . When Anna Mae was 13 , her father married another woman and moved to Detroit . Anna Mae and her sister were sent to live with their grandmother Georgeanna in Brownsville , Tennessee . Anna Mae later stated in her memoir I , Tina that she felt her mother had not loved her , and that she " wasn 't wanted " , stating further that her mother had planned to leave her father when pregnant with Anna Mae . " She was a very young woman who didn 't want another kid " , Anna Mae wrote . Her relationship with her mother remained estranged until Bullock 's death in 1999 .
A self @-@ professed tomboy , Anna Mae joined both the cheerleading squad and the female basketball team at Carver High School in Brownsville , and " socialized every chance she got . " Her first boyfriend , while she was living in Brownsville , was Harry Taylor , who originally attended a rival school to hers . Taylor relocated to Anna 's school to be near her . The relationship ended after Anna Mae learned Harry had married another woman .
When Anna Mae was 16 , her grandmother died suddenly . After the funeral , Anna Mae went to live with her mother in St. Louis , where she was reunited with her sister . There , Anna Mae graduated from Sumner High School in 1958 . After her graduation , she worked as a nurse 's aide at Barnes @-@ Jewish Hospital and dreamed of becoming a nurse .
= = Ike & Tina Turner = =
= = = Origins = = =
Anna and her sister began to frequent nightclubs in the St. Louis and East St. Louis areas around this time . At Club Manhattan , a nightclub in the East St. Louis area , she first saw Ike Turner and his band , the Kings of Rhythm , perform . Anna was impressed by the band 's music and of Ike 's talent , claiming the bandleader 's music put her " into a trance . " Anna felt the urge to sing on stage with Ike 's band despite the fact that few women had ever sung with him . One night , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Anna was given a microphone by Kings of Rhythm drummer Gene Washington during an intermission . Upon hearing her sing , Ike asked her if she knew more songs , she was allowed to sing that night , becoming a guest vocalist from then on . Through this period , Ike taught her the points of voice control and performance . Her first studio recording was in 1958 , singing background , under the name " Little Ann " , on the Ike Turner song , " Box Top " , alongside singer Carlson Oliver .
In 1960 , Ike wrote an R & B song , " A Fool in Love " , originally for Kings of Rhythm vocalist Art Lassiter . Lassiter failed to show up to the recording studio and Anna eventually was allowed to sing the song after much pleading to Ike . Ike agreed to use her voice as a " dummy vocal " , with the intention of erasing her vocals and adding Lassiter 's at a later date . Although some felt that the demo with Anna 's voice was " high pitched " and " screechy " , the song received decent airtime in St. Louis . Local St. Louis deejay Dave Dixon convinced Ike to send the tape to Juggy Murray , president of R & B label , Sue Records . Upon hearing the song , Murray was impressed with Anna 's vocals , later stating that her vocals " sounded like screaming dirt ... it was a funky sound . " Murray bought the track and paid Ike a $ 25 @,@ 000 advance for recording and publishing rights . Murray also convinced Turner to make Anna " the star of the show . " It was at this point that Ike Turner renamed Anna Mae Bullock " Tina " , because the name rhymed with the television character Sheena . It has also been said that the renaming of Anna Mae Bullock was intended to keep her from running off and making a name for herself . Ike Turner felt that , if Anna Mae Bullock left him , he could replace her with another singer and have her perform as Tina .
= = = Early success = = =
" A Fool in Love " was released in July 1960 and became an immediate hit , peaking at number 2 on the Hot R & B Sides chart and number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 that October . Kurt Loder described the track as " the blackest record to ever creep into the white pop charts since Ray Charles ' gospel @-@ styled ' What 'd I Say ' that previous summer . " A second pop hit , " It 's Gonna Work Out Fine " ( 1961 ) , reached the top 20 and earned the duo a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock and Roll Performance . Notable singles released during the duo 's Sue Records period included the R & B hits , " I Idolize You " , " Poor Fool " and " Tra @-@ La @-@ La @-@ La . " In 1964 , Ike & Tina left Sue and signed with Kent Records , releasing the modest single , " I Can 't Believe What You Say . " The following year , they signed with Loma Records , a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Records and run by Bob Krasnow , who had become their manager shortly after they left Sue Records . Between 1964 and 1969 , Ike & Tina signed with more than ten labels .
The duo maintained a popularity through a rigorous touring schedule across the United States , gigging 90 days straight in dates around the country . During the days of the chitlin ' circuit , the Ike and Tina Turner Revue built a reputation that a writer for the History of Rock site cited as " one of the most hottest , most durable and potentially most explosive of all R & B ensembles " with its show rivaling that of the James Brown Show in terms of musical spectacle . The shows , organized by Ike Turner , provided them financial success . Due to their successful performances , the couple were able to perform in front of diverse crowds in the American South due to the money they made from performing in Southern clubs . Between 1963 and 1966 , the band toured constantly without the presence of a hit single . Tina 's own profile was raised after several solo appearances on shows such as American Bandstand and Shindig ! , while the entire Revue appeared on shows such as Hollywood A Go @-@ Go , The Andy Williams Show and , in late 1965 , in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show .
= = = Mainstream success = = =
In 1965 , Phil Spector caught an Ike & Tina performance in Los Angeles and sought to work with Tina . Working out a deal , Spector gave Ike a $ 20 @,@ 000 advance to keep out of the studio to which Ike agreed . With Spector , Tina produced the song " River Deep - Mountain High " , which was released in 1966 on Spector 's Philles label . Spector considered that record , with Tina 's maximum energy over a symphonic sound , to be his best work . It was successful overseas , particularly in the United Kingdom , where it eventually reached number 3 on the singles chart , but it failed to go any higher than # 88 in the United States . Crushed , Spector never signed another act to Philles and seldom produced again . But the impact of the record gave Ike and Tina an opening spot for The Rolling Stones ' UK tour later that fall , which the Revue later extended by performing all over Europe and Australia . Signing with Blue Thumb Records in 1968 , the Revue issued the blues @-@ heavy albums , Outta Season and The Hunter . Outta Season produced the Revue 's charted cover of Otis Redding 's " I 've Been Loving You Too Long " , while the latter earned Tina a Grammy nomination for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance for her rendition of the title track , originally recorded by Albert King . The success of the albums led to the Revue headlining at Las Vegas where their shows were attended by a variety of celebrities including David Bowie , Sly Stone , Janis Joplin , Cher , James Brown , Ray Charles , Elton John and Elvis Presley .
In 1969 , the Revue 's profile in their home country was raised after opening for the Rolling Stones on their US tour . In 1970 , they performed on The Ed Sullivan Show . The tour 's success resulted in the Revue signing with Liberty Records , where they released two albums , Come Together and Workin ' Together , released in 1970 and 1971 respectively . Come Together produced the duo 's first top 40 single with their cover of Sly and the Family Stone 's " I Want to Take You Higher . " Come Together marked a turning point in their careers in which they switched from their usual R & B repertoire to incorporate more rock tunes . In early 1971 , their cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival 's " Proud Mary " became their biggest hit , reaching number 4 on the Hot 100 and selling over a million copies , winning them a Grammy for Best R & B Performance by a Duo or Group . Later in 1971 , their live album , What You Hear Is What You Get , taken from a performance at Carnegie Hall , was their first to be certified gold . In 1972 , Ike Turner created the studio , Bolic Sounds , near their home in Inglewood . After Liberty was bought by United Artists Records , the duo was assigned to that label , releasing ten albums in a three @-@ year period . The duo 's final major hit single , " Nutbush City Limits " , was released in 1973 , reaching number 22 on the Hot 100 , and peaking at number 4 in the UK . In 1974 , Tina released her first solo album , Tina Turns the Country On ! , winning a Grammy nomination .
That year , Tina traveled to London to participate in the filming of the rock musical , Tommy , in which she played The Acid Queen , A drug addicted prostitute who tries to heal Tommy with illegal drugs and sang the song of the same name . Turner 's performance was critically acclaimed . Shortly after filming wrapped , Turner appeared with Ann @-@ Margret on her TV special in London . Returning to the United States , Turner continued her career with the Revue . Following the release of Tommy , another Turner solo album , Acid Queen , was released in 1975 .
= = = Decline of the duo = = =
By the mid @-@ 1970s , Ike Turner 's excessive cocaine habit had gotten out of hand . During this period , Tina adopted the Nichiren Buddhism faith and chanting Nam Myoho Renge Kyo to help her deal through a stressful marriage and career . Due to Ike Turner 's drug abuse , some shows were either canceled or postponed . In July 1976 , Ike Turner had plans to leave United Artists Records for a five @-@ year , $ 150 @,@ 000 deal with Cream Records . The deal was to be signed on July 6 . On July 2 , 1976 , Ike and Tina were en route from Los Angeles to Dallas where the Revue had a gig at the Dallas Statler Hilton . The couple engaged in a bloody fight during their ride to the hotel . Shortly after arriving to the hotel , Tina fled from the hotel and later hid at a friend 's house . On July 27 , Tina sued for divorce in the grounds of irreconcilable differences .
Tina later credited the Nichiren Buddhist faith and chanting Nam Myoho Renge Kyo with giving her the courage to strike out on her own . However , by walking out on Ike in the middle of a tour , she learned she was legally responsible to tour promoters for the canceled shows . After a year in court , their divorce was made final on March 29 , 1978 . In the divorce , she completely parted ways with him , retaining only her stage name and assuming responsibility for the debts incurred by the canceled tour as well as a significant Internal Revenue Service lien .
= = First solo performances = =
In 1977 , with finances given to her by United Artists executive Richard Stewart , Tina returned onstage , giving a round of shows in Las Vegas in a cabaret setting , influenced by the cabaret shows she witnessed while a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue . She took her cabaret act to smaller venues in the United States . Turner earned further income by appearing on shows such as The Hollywood Squares , Donny and Marie , The Sonny & Cher Show and The Brady Bunch Hour . Later in 1977 , Turner headlined her first solo concert tour , throughout Australia . In 1978 , United Artists released Turner 's third solo album , Rough , with distribution both in North America and Europe with EMI . That album , along with its followup , Love Explosion , which included a brief diversion to disco rhythms , failed to chart .
The albums completed her United Artists / EMI contracts and Turner left the labels . Continuing her performing career with her second headlining tour , Wild Lady of Rock ' n ' Roll , she continued to be a successful live act even without the premise of a hit record . Following an appearance on Olivia Newton @-@ John 's US TV special , Hollywood Nights , in 1979 , Turner sought contract with Newton @-@ John 's manager Roger Davies . Davies agreed to work with Turner as her manager after seeing her perform at the Venetian Ballroom in the Fairmont San Francisco hotel in February 1980 .
Davies advised Turner to drop her band and remodel her show into a grittier rock 'n'roll showcase . In 1981 , Davies booked Tina at The Ritz in New York City . Following the performance , Rod Stewart hired Turner to perform a duet version of his hit , " Hot Legs " , on Saturday Night Live , and later hired Turner to open for him on his U.S. tour . One show with Rod Stewart and Kim Carnes , on 19 December 1981 , at the L. A. Forum , Inglewood , was filmed . Afterwards , Turner opened three shows for The Rolling Stones . A recorded cover of The Temptations ' " Ball of Confusion " for the UK production team B.E.F. featuring Robert Cray , became a hit in European dance clubs in 1982 . Following performances with Chuck Berry and several short tours in the U.S. and Europe , Turner again performed at the Ritz in December of the year , which resulted in a singles deal with Capitol Records under the insistence of David Bowie .
= = Mainstream success = =
In November 1983 , Tina released her cover of Al Green 's " Let 's Stay Together " , with Capitol . The record became a hit , reaching several European charts , including a top 10 placement in the United Kingdom . The song peaked at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Turner 's first solo entry into the U.S. charts . It also peaked at the top 10 of the Hot Dance Club Songs and Hot Black Singles charts . The success of the song forced Capitol to rethink its contract with Turner , offering the singer a three album deal , demanding an album on short notice , which had Turner staging what Ebony magazine later called an " amazing comeback . " Recorded in two months in London , the album , Private Dancer , was released in June 1984 . That same month , Capitol issued the album 's second single , " What 's Love Got to Do with It . " It reached the top 10 within a month and in September had reached number 1 on the Hot 100 in the U.S. Featuring hit singles such as " Better Be Good to Me " and " Private Dancer " , the album peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200 , selling five million copies alone in the states and selling over twenty million copies worldwide , making it her most successful album . Turner 's comeback culminated in early 1985 when she won four Grammy Awards , including Record of the Year for " What 's Love Got to Do with It . " In February of that year , she embarked on her second world tour supporting the Private Dancer album , where she toured to huge crowds . One show , filmed at Birmingham , England 's NEC Arena , was later released on home video . During this time , she also contributed on vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song " We Are the World . "
Turner 's success continued when she travelled to Australia to star opposite Mel Gibson in the 1985 post @-@ apocalyptic film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome . The movie provided her with her first acting role in ten years — she portrayed the glamorous Aunty Entity , the ruler of Bartertown . Upon release , critical response to her performance was generally positive , and the film became a global success , making more than $ 36 million in the United States alone . Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film . She also recorded two songs for the film , " We Don 't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) " and " One of the Living " ; both became hits , with the latter winning Turner a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance . In July , Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger . Encouraged by a performance together during Tina 's filmed solo concert in England , singer Bryan Adams released their duet single together , " It 's Only Love " , later resulting in a Grammy nomination for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal .
= = = Subsequent releases = = =
Turner followed up Private Dancer with Break Every Rule in 1986 . Featuring " Typical Male " , " Two People " and " What You Get Is What You See " , the album sold over four million copies worldwide . Prior to the album 's release , Turner published her memoirs , I , Tina , which later became a bestseller , and received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Turner 's European Break Every Rule Tour , which culminated in March 1988 in Munich , Germany , contributed to record breaking sales and concert attendances . In January 1988 , Turner made history alongside Paul McCartney when she performed in front of the largest paying audience ( approximately 184 @,@ 000 ) to see a solo performer in Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , earning her a Guinness World Record . The success of Turner 's two live tours led to the recording of Tina Live in Europe which was released that April . Turner lay low following the end of her Break Every Rule Tour , emerging once again with Foreign Affair which included one of Turner 's signature songs , " The Best . " She later embarked on a European tour to promote the album . While Foreign Affair went gold in the United States , with its singles " The Best " and " Steamy Windows " becoming Top 40 hits there . It was hugely successful in Europe , where Turner had personally relocated .
In 1991 , Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Phil Spector later accepted on their behalf . That same year , the ex @-@ couple signed away their rights to have their lives dramatized in the semi @-@ autobiographical film What 's Love Got to Do with It , later released in 1993 and starring Angela Bassett as Tina and Laurence Fishburne as Ike , with the actors receiving Best Actress and Best Actor Academy Award nominations for their portrayals of the former husband @-@ and @-@ wife team . Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What 's Love Got to Do with It , re @-@ recording songs from her Revue days and recording several newer songs , including what turned out to be her last Top 10 U.S. hit , " I Don 't Wanna Fight . " Other than helping Bassett with her wardrobe and teaching her dance steps as well as providing songs for the soundtrack , and appearing as herself at the end of the film , she refused to be involved fully in the film , telling an interviewer , " Why would I want to see Ike Turner beat me up again ? I haven 't dwelled on it ; it 's all in the past where it belongs . " Following the film 's and soundtrack 's release , Turner embarked on her first US tour in seven years . Following the tour 's end , Turner moved to Switzerland and took a year off from the road at the end of the tour .
Turner returned in 1995 with the U2 composition , " GoldenEye " for the James Bond film of the same name . Its huge success in Europe and modest success in her native United States led Turner to record a new album , releasing the Wildest Dreams album in 1996 . Though the album itself was not as hugely successful in the United States , thanks to a world tour and a much played Hanes hosiery commercial , the album went gold in the United States . The album reached platinum success in Europe where Turner had hits with " Whatever You Want " , " Missing You " , which briefly charted in the U.S. , " Something Beautiful Remains " , and the sensual Barry White duet " In Your Wildest Dreams . " Following the tour 's end in 1997 , Turner took another break before re @-@ emerging again in 1999 appearing on the VH @-@ 1 special Divas Live ' 99 .
In 1998 the duet with Italian musician Eros Ramazzotti in " Cose della vita " became a European hit . Before celebrating her 60th birthday , Turner released the dance @-@ infused song , " When the Heartache Is Over " and its parent album , Twenty Four Seven the following month in Europe , releasing both the song and the album in North America in early 2000 . The success of " When the Heartache Is Over " and Turner 's tour supporting the album once again helped in the album going gold in the U.S. The Twenty Four Seven Tour became her most successful concert tour to date and became the highest @-@ grossing tour of 2000 according to Pollstar grossing over $ 100 million . Later , Guinness World Records announced that Turner had sold more concert tickets than any other solo concert performer in music history . Afterwards Turner announced a semi @-@ retirement .
= = Recent years = =
In 2002 , Tennessee State Route 19 between Brownsville and Nutbush was named " Tina Turner Highway . " The following year , she recorded the duet " Great Spirits " with Phil Collins for the Disney film , Brother Bear . In 2004 , Tina made her first professional appearances following her semi @-@ retirement , releasing the compilation album , All the Best , which produced the single " Open Arms " , and sold more than a million copies in the US .
In December of the following year , Turner was recognized by the Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington , D.C. and was elected to join an elite group of entertainers . President George W. Bush commented on Turner 's " natural skill , the energy and sensuality " , and referred to her legs as " the most famous in show business . " Several artists paid tribute to her that night including Oprah Winfrey , Melissa Etheridge ( performing " River Deep - Mountain High " ) , Queen Latifah ( performing " What 's Love Got to Do with It " ) , Beyoncé ( performing " Proud Mary " ) , and Al Green ( performing " Let 's Stay Together " ) . Winfrey stated , " We don 't need another hero . We need more heroines like you , Tina . You make me proud to spell my name w @-@ o @-@ m @-@ a @-@ n , " In November , Turner released All the Best – Live Collection and it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . Turner participated in the soundtrack to All the Invisible Children , providing duet vocals to the song " Teach Me Again " , with singer Elisa , finding success in Italy where it peaked at the top spot .
In 2007 , Turner gave her first live performance in seven years , headlining a benefit concert for the Cauldwell 's Children Charity at London 's Natural History Museum . That year , Turner performed a rendition of Joni Mitchell 's " Edith and The Kingpin " on Herbie Hancock 's Mitchell tribute album , River : The Joni Letters . Turner 's original vocals for Carlos Santana 's " The Game of Love " were included in a Santana greatest hits compilation . Label demands led to Turner 's vocals being replaced at the last minute by Michelle Branch .
On December 12 , 2007 , Turner 's former husband Ike Turner died from a cocaine overdose . He had also been suffering from emphysema and cardiovascular disease . Reached for comment , Turner issued a brief statement through her spokesperson stating : " Tina hasn 't had any contact with Ike in more than 30 years . No further comment will be made . " Turner made her public comeback in February 2008 at the Grammy Awards where she performed alongside Beyoncé . In addition , she picked up a Grammy as a featured artist on River : The Joni Letters . In October 2008 , Turner embarked on her first tour in nearly ten years with the Tina ! : 50th Anniversary Tour . In support of the tour , Turner released another hits compilation . The tour became a huge success and culminated in the release of the live album / DVD , Tina Live . In 2009 , Turner participated in the singing project Beyond with fellow musicians Regula Curti , Selda Bagcan , and Dechen Shak Dagsay . Their first album Buddhist And Christian Prayers combined Buddhist chants and Christian choral music along with a spiritual message read by Turner . The album was released only in Germany and a handful of other countries . It peaked at number 7 in Switzerland .
In April 2010 , mainly due to an online campaign by fans of the Rangers Football Club , Turner 's 1989 hit , " The Best " , returned to the UK singles chart , peaking at number 9 on the chart . In 2011 , Beyond 's second album Children - With Children United In Prayer followed and charted again in Switzerland . Turner promoted the album by performing on TV shows in Germany and Switzerland in December that year . In May 2012 , Turner was spotted attending a fashion show in Beijing to support Giorgio Armani . Turner appeared on the cover of the German issue of Vogue magazine in April 2013 , becoming at the age of 73 the oldest person worldwide to feature on the cover of Vogue . On February 3 , 2014 , Parlophone Records released a new compilation titled Love Songs . Later in the year , Beyond 's third album Love Within ' was released with Turner contributing some gospel tracks .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Relationships and marriages = = =
= = = = Raymond Hill = = = =
After moving to St. Louis , Tina ( then called Anna Mae Bullock ) and her sister became acquainted with members of the Kings of Rhythm , and Anna Mae dated the band 's saxophonist Raymond Hill . After Anna Mae gave birth to their son Craig , the couple 's relationship became strained . Allegedly , after a fight between the two broke out , Ike and other Kings of Rhythm members confronted Hill and beat him up , with one member tackling him to the ground , instantly breaking his leg . The injury was so severe that Hill had to return to his hometown of Clarksdale , Mississippi . Ike later adopted Anna Mae and Hill 's son , adding his own last name legally .
= = = = Ike Turner = = = =
Tina and Ike 's early relationship was friendly and " like siblings . " In late 1958 , Tina moved into Ike 's home in East St. Louis . During that period , Ike began musically training Tina . At the beginning , the two had no mutual attraction ; Tina felt Ike was not the " ideal @-@ looking man " , while Ike viewed her as a sister and favored " curvaceous women . " Ike was still married to his common @-@ law wife , Lorraine Taylor , during this period .
Ike and Tina began a sexual relationship in 1959 , much to Tina 's chagrin . Ike also felt guilt over the relationship , stating later that having sex with Tina felt as if he were having sex with a sibling . In her book , Tina stated the couple married in Tijuana , in 1962 . She recalled the first time Ike physically abused her began after she told him she was considering leaving Ike 's group due to financial disputes and their own confusing relationship . Tina said Ike grabbed a shoe stretcher and hit her in the head with it . Afterwards , Tina said , Ike asked her to have sex with him . Tina wrote in her memoirs , I , Tina , that the incident was the first time Ike had " instilled fear " in her .
Ike 's accounts of his relationship with Tina , including the incidents of abuse , differed . In a 1985 interview with Spin magazine , Ike admitted , " Yeah I hit her , but I didn 't hit her more than the average guy beats his wife .... If she says I abused her , maybe I did . " He worded this slightly differently in his memoirs , Taking Back My Name ( 1999 ) , writing : " Sure , I 've slapped Tina .... There have been times when I punched her to the ground without thinking . But I have never beat her . "
Ike also claimed on more than one occasion that he and Tina weren 't even legally married . In the 1985 Spin article , Ike said , " As God is my judge , of all my wives , Tina is the only one I was never legally married to . " He explained in later years that Tina took his name in order to discourage a former lover from returning to her .
Ike said he had married at least 14 times , and five times before he allegedly married Tina . Tina admits she " never felt like [ she ] was married " to Ike . A musician associate of Ike 's later recounted that , except for a few arguments , he never witnessed Ike being abusive to Tina or anyone else in his close circle .
Before a show in Los Angeles , in 1968 , Tina tried to commit suicide by swallowing 50 Valiums , after a fight with Ike . After their July 1976 fight in Dallas , Tina filed for divorce . In the final divorce decree , Tina took responsibility for missed concert dates as well as an IRS lien , and requested to be allowed to retain use of her stage name as a means to find work as a performer . Following the divorce , Turner claimed she had corrective surgery on her nasal septum , which she says was injured by Ike 's frequent hitting . Turner dismissed popular notions that she was a " victim " of Ike Turner 's abuse , stating she " was in control every minute there " during the abusive marriage .
Friends and relatives of Ike 's said he never fully got over their divorce . Their son Ronald once alleged that Ike used to come to his house occasionally and snoop through his address book to locate Tina .
After divorcing Ike in 1978 , Tina abstained from relationships for a long time , as she set on bringing her career back on track .
= = = = Erwin Bach = = = =
While at a record label party in London in 1985 , Tina met German music executive Erwin Bach . Initially friends , Turner and Bach began dating the following year , and have remained together ever since . In July 2013 , after a 27 @-@ year romantic partnership , the couple married in a civil ceremony on the banks of Lake Zurich , in Küsnacht , northern Switzerland .
= = = Children = = =
Turner has two sons . Her first , Raymond Craig , born in 1958 when Turner was 18 , is the child of Kings of Rhythm saxophonist Raymond Hill . Her second , Ronald Turner , born in October 1960 , is Turner 's only child with Ike Turner .
After moving to Los Angeles in 1960 , Ike Turner 's estranged wife , Lorraine Turner , left her and Ike 's sons , Ike Jr . ( born 1958 ) and Michael ( born 1959 ) , to be raised by Ike and Tina . During Ike and Lorraine 's divorce trial , Ike sent the four boys to live with Tina at her home . In 1985 , Ike accused Tina of bad parenting , even alleging she had sent Michael to a mental hospital . Tina denied his claims , telling Australian magazine TV Week , " he gave me those children and not a penny to look after them with . "
= = = Religion = = =
Turner has sometimes referred to herself a Buddhist @-@ Baptist , alluding to her upbringing in the Baptist church and her later conversion to Buddhism . Throughout her childhood and early adulthood , Turner was Baptist . In a 2016 interview , Turner stated that " I consider myself a Buddhist . "
Turner was introduced to Nichiren Shoshu Buddhism in 1973 by a friend of Ike 's named Valerie Bishop . Turner wrote in her autobiography I , Tina that after Valerie taught her to recite the Buddhist chant Nam Myoho Renge Kyo , Tina observed that Ike , instead of hitting her for singing supposed wrong notes during recording sessions , would give her money to go shopping , something she regarded as a benefit of her newfound spiritual practice .
In an August 2011 interview with Shambhala Sun Buddhist magazine , Turner stated she adheres to the teachings and values of the Buddhist association Soka Gakkai International .
Turner has collaborated with Tibetan Buddhists and met with the 14th Dalai Lama , Tenzin Gyatso in Einsiedeln , Switzerland in 2005 , citing this as an inspiration for a spiritual music project she later co @-@ founded called Beyond . In a 2011 public interview with Shambala Sun , Turner indicated that she no longer follows the morning and evening Gongyo practice in a regimented schedule and hosts various types of Buddhist statues in her home altar located in the upper attic of one of her guesthouses in Switzerland .
In a March 2016 interview with Lion 's Roar magazine , Turner says she prays and chants each day , stating the following :
" Nam Myoho Renge Kyo is like a song . In the Soka Gakkai tradition we are taught how to sing it . It is a sound and a rhythm and it touches a place inside you . That place we try to reach is the subconscious mind . I believe that is the highest place . "
= = = Residences and citizenship = = =
Turner has been living in a lake house , Château Algonquin in Küsnacht , next to Zurich , since moving there in 1994 . She owned property in Cologne , London , and Los Angeles , and a villa on the French Riviera named Anna Fleur .
On January 25 , 2013 , it was announced that Turner had applied for Swiss citizenship , and that she would relinquish her U.S. citizenship . In April , she undertook a mandatory citizenship test which included advanced knowledge of the German language and of Swiss history . On April 22 , 2013 , she became a citizen of Switzerland and was issued a Swiss passport . Turner signed the paperwork to give up her American citizenship at the U.S. embassy in Bern on October 24 , 2013 .
= = Awards and accolades = =
In 2008 , Turner was listed at the 17th place on Rolling Stone 's list " The 100 Greatest Singers of All Time . "
Turner is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee .
Three of her recordings , " River Deep – Mountain High " ( 1999 ) , " Proud Mary " ( 2003 ) , and " What 's Love Got to Do with It " ( 2012 ) , are in the Grammy Hall of Fame .
Turner has won eight Grammy Awards .
Bryan Adams , who performed with her on the Private Dancer Tour , praised Turner 's live performances , saying : " I never saw Tina walk through a performance , she always put on a great show , and was gracious and grateful to her audience . "
When Turner became a recipient of the 2005 Kennedy Center Honors , her legs were noted specifically by President George W. Bush .
At age 73 , Turner became the oldest person to be featured on the front cover of Vogue , surpassing Meryl Streep , who covered American Vogue in 2012 , aged 62 .
Turner has her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the St. Louis Walk of Fame .
= = Discography = =
Tina Turns the Country On ! ( 1974 )
Acid Queen ( 1975 )
Rough ( 1978 )
Love Explosion ( 1979 )
Private Dancer ( 1984 )
Break Every Rule ( 1986 )
Foreign Affair ( 1989 )
What 's Love Got to Do With It ( 1993 )
Wildest Dreams ( 1996 )
Twenty Four Seven ( 1999 )
= = Tours = =
1977 : Australian Tour
1978 – 79 : The Wild Lady of Rock Tour
1982 : Nice ' n ' Rough Tour
1984 : 1984 World Tour
1985 : Private Dancer Tour
1987 – 88 : Break Every Rule World Tour
1990 : Foreign Affair : The Farewell Tour
1993 : What 's Love ? Tour
1996 – 97 : Wildest Dreams Tour
2000 : Twenty Four Seven Tour
2008 – 09 : Tina ! : 50th Anniversary Tour
= = Filmography = =
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= Fursuit =
Fursuits are animal costumes . Fursuits can be worn for personal enjoyment , work or charity .
The term " fursuit " is believed to have been coined in 1993 by Robert King and is usually used to describe custom @-@ made animal costumes owned and worn by cosplayers or members of the furry fandom . Unlike mascot suits , which are usually affiliated with a team or organization , fursuits represent a stand @-@ alone character .
Fursuiters may adopt another personality while in costume for the purpose of performance . Fursuits are typically sold online by commission or auction , but can also be sold at conventions .
= = Creation and construction = =
Most fursuits are created by specialized online businesses if they are not self @-@ made . Workmanship quality varies widely depending on the cost of the suit and skill of the maker . A fursuit may cost more than a thousand dollars .
Many suits include special padding or undersuits to give the character its desired shape ( this is especially present in larger characters or those of a particular gender ) .
Other suit variations include the partial suit , which only has a mask , gloves , a tail , and possibly feet , with regular clothing covering the rest of the body . Three @-@ quarter suits also include part of the body , like the torso or legs . This type of fursuit works well for characters who only wear a shirt without pants or just a pair of pants without a shirt . Quadsuits are designed with arm @-@ extending stilts so that the wearer can walk on all fours , for a more realistic appearance .
Fursuits can be expensive to clean .
= = Applications = =
Animal costumes have been part of human culture since prehistorical times . Some of the customs have continued such as the Kurentovanje festival in Ptuj Slovenia , where participants dress in costumes of sheep or rabbit fur with feathers and animal horns and part of a fertility rite .
Fursuits are worn to furry conventions and other events such as anime or gaming conventions . Fursuits may also be worn in public .
Some fursuit owners use their suits as temporary costumed characters to bring attention to an event or charity . A subset of fursuits more resemble creature suits and may be used in live action role @-@ playing games ( LARP ) or films .
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= Matt Striebel =
Matt Striebel ( born January 12 , 1979 ) is a high school lacrosse coach at Northampton High School and a professional lacrosse midfielder who plays professional field lacrosse in the Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) for the New York Lizards and formerly played professional box lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1998 through 2001 and the Princeton Tigers men 's soccer team from 1997 through 2000 .
During his time at Princeton , the team qualified for the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship all four years , reached the championship game three times , won the championship game twice and won four Ivy League championships . He was a two @-@ time honorable mention United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American and three @-@ time All @-@ Ivy League selection ( once first team , twice second team ) . He was also an All @-@ Ivy league performer in soccer and earned Princeton co @-@ athlete of the year ( all @-@ sport ) honors as a senior .
As a professional , he has earned three MLL championships , a league record eight MLL All @-@ Star recognitions and an MLL championship game MVP award . He is also a three @-@ time Team USA representative and two @-@ time World Lacrosse Championship gold medalist .
= = Background = =
Striebel is a native of Gill , Massachusetts . He first got involved in lacrosse at about the age of 12 or 13 when his sister brought home the Brine Lightning stick that he began to play with . Striebel attended The Hotchkiss School in Lakeville , Connecticut . Striebel first started playing lacrosse when he was a youth for Jeff Coulson , owner of Indoor Action Sports , in Greenfield , Massachusetts .
He also attended the Writers Workshop at The University of Iowa in Iowa City , Iowa , earning a Master of Fine Arts degree in 2007 . He had earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in English at Princeton .
= = College career = =
At Princeton he was a two @-@ time honorable mention USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 2000 and 2001 . He was a second team All @-@ Ivy League selection in 1999 and 2000 and a first team selection in 2001 . He was a 2001 USILA Scholar All @-@ American . During his four @-@ year career , Princeton went undefeated in Ivy League Conference play with consecutive 6 – 0 records . Princeton was invited to the 1999 tournament , was a finalist in the 2000 tournament and earned championships in both the 1998 and 2001 tournaments , bringing the schools consecutive tournament invitations streak to twelve . In Striebel 's 2001 senior season , the arrival of freshman Ryan Boyle necessitated that he move from attack to midfield . The move came the first practice after Princeton 's 14 – 8 loss to Syracuse . Striebel had previously been orchestrating the Princeton offense from behind the goal , but on March 25 , 2001 , head coach Bill Tierney made the switch . During the 1998 season when Princeton won the NCAA title , Striebel had been playing midfield . Princeton went undefeated for the rest of the 2001 season after the switch .
During the 2000 NCAA tournament , Striebel scored two goals in the quarterfinals 10 – 7 victory against Maryland , and he added another in the 13 – 7 championship game loss to Syracuse . Striebel was one of the leading scorers on the team that season , and he was the team leader in assists entering the final four weekend . In the quarterfinals of the 2001 NCAA championship tournament , Striebel had an assist in the 8 – 7 victory over Loyola . In the 12 – 11 semifinal victory over Towson State , Striebel had a goal and an assist . Striebel scored twice in the 2001 championship game and also added two assists . He was selected to the All @-@ tournament team .
Striebel was also an honorable mention All @-@ Ivy League soccer player in 2000 as well as a 2000 Academic All @-@ Ivy selection in soccer . As a junior , Striebel was a member of the 1999 Ivy League Champion Princeton Soccer team that earned an invitation to the 1999 NCAA Men 's Division I Soccer Championship . The team posted a 10 – 5 – 2 ( 5 – 1 – 1 Ivy League ) record .
As of 2010 , Striebel ranks eighth on the Princeton Lacrosse career assists list and eleventh on the Princeton soccer career assists list . As a senior , he was honored as one of the three athletes of the year on campus ( along with Dennis Norman and Scott Denbo )
= = Professional career = =
Striebel began his career in the league 's inaugural 2001 MLL season with the Bridgeport Barrage and stayed with the team as it remained in Bridgeport , Connecticut until the 2003 season . Then he moved with the franchise and played with the Philadelphia Barrage from 2004 through 2008 . In 2009 MLL season , he joined the Chicago Machine and then became a member of the Rochester Rattlers for the 2011 MLL season . Striebel and Boyle were reunited for five seasons in Philadelphia . Striebel has helped the Barrage to win three Steinfeld Cup championships in 2004 , 2006 , and 2007 . In the 2004 championship game , he scored what the Baltimore Sun described as the clinching goal in the 13 – 11 victory over the Boston Cannons . In the 2006 game , he had nine points ( four goals , including one two @-@ pointer and four assists ) . He was presented with the 2007 Steinfeld Cup Game Most Valuable Player Award . Striebel appeared in the 2005 & 2007 Major League Lacrosse All @-@ Star Games . In the 2006 All @-@ Star game he represented Team USA by scoring a goal and two assists . Striebel was an MLL All @-@ Pro selection in 2007 and 2008 . Striebel was an MLL All @-@ Star in 2011 . In 2012 , Striebel set the MLL record for most All @-@ Star games with eight ( consecutive ) .
Striebel served as an assistant coach for Princeton Men 's Lacrosse in 2005 . Striebel also spent time assisting the men 's lacrosse team at Iowa during his time there . As of 12 April 2012 , Striebel currently coaches the Varsity Boys Lacrosse team at Northampton High School in Northampton , MA which is just south of his hometown . He also played professionally in 2012 and 2013 .
In addition to his field lacrosse career , Striebel played one season in 2003 of box lacrosse with the Philadelphia Wings in the National Lacrosse League . Streibel was traded by the Wings to the New York Saints in February 2003 . He never appeared in a game for the Saints . Striebel has also played professional soccer for the Western Massachusetts Pioneers .
Striebel has represented Team USA in the World Lacrosse Championship in 2002 , 2006 , and 2010 . In the 2002 World Lacrosse Championship semifinal match against the Iroquois Nation , Striebel scored a goal in the 18 – 8 victory . Striebel also serves as a representative of Trilogy Lacrosse .
On November 11 , 2013 , Striebel was traded to the New York Lizards .
= = Statistics = =
= = = MLL = = =
= = = Princeton University = = =
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= Sembawang Hot Spring =
The Sembawang Hot Spring ( Chinese : 三巴旺溫泉 ; pinyin : sanbawang wenquan ) , located at Gambas Avenue between Woodlands Avenue 12 and Sembawang Road , is the only natural hot spring on the main island of Singapore . It lies in a wooded area about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) off the main road . The spring is believed by locals to have healing properties , and its water has been bottled commercially by Fraser and Neave , under the brand name of Seletaris . Since its discovery in 1909 , the spring , now on land belonging to a military air base , has gone through several changes of ownership and abortive redevelopment plans . The hot spring retains a rural rustic feel for nature visitors to unwind .
= = History = =
In 1909 , a Chinese merchant named Seah Eng Keong , the son of Chinese pioneer Seah Liang Seah , discovered hot springs in his pineapple estate in Sembawang . The three springs were channelled into one , so that the water would be conveniently concentrated in one area . A well was built along the spring , which became popular with the villagers , who frequently sought the waters for their supposed healing powers . The spring 's fame spread , resulting in the village becoming known as Kampong Ayer Panas , which means " Village of Hot Water " in Malay .
Soft drinks firm Fraser & Neave ( F & N ) acquired the site in 1922 , and set up a bottling plant at nearby Semangat Ayer to tap the mineral water , which they labelled Seletaris . During the Second World War , the spring 's flow was temporarily interrupted when a bomb fell near the well during a Japanese air raid over Singapore in 1942 . After the fall of Singapore , the Japanese military seized the place and converted it into recreational thermal baths ( onsen ) .
The hot spring was frequented by gamblers in 1960 , who took " good luck " baths before the start of horse races . That same year , the villagers urged the authorities to develop the area into a spa @-@ like onsen tourist resort . However , F & N shelved the suggestion after geologists could not to trace the source of the spring water . In 1967 , the proposal of the spa surfaced again , when F & N proposed plans for the development of a bathhouse , restaurants , a miniature golf course and even a nature reserve . However , the plans did not materialize , so the hot spring remained untouched and forgotten .
= = = Redevelopment = = =
In 1998 , the Ministry of Defence ( Mindef ) acquired the land containing the spring for the expansion of the nearby Sembawang Air Base , leaving F & N with less than 4 hectares ( 10 acres ) of land . Its water @-@ bottling plant survived until the early 1990s however . In January 2002 , locals ' interest to the hot spring , which had caught the attention of Singaporeans after the surrounding land had been cleared to begin the RSAF air base extension . Sembawang community leaders gathered signatures to petition Mindef , which was going to fence off the area , to preserve and develop the hot spring for the general public . Mindef gave the green light to the appeals and opened a small side gate pavement for the public to access the spring .
During that same year , a series of scalding cases , including an incident in which a senior citizen diabetic lost six toes to gangrene after soaking in the hot spring , prompted the Singapore General Hospital to warn that people with nerve disorders or diseases affecting blood circulation should be cautious to hot mineral springs . As a result of some negative rumors and hearsay , and the RSAF redevelopment , public interest began to wane and the number of visitors dwindled .
= = = Present day = = =
During its peak , up to 300 people visited the hot spring daily . On 1 March 2002 , it was closed for two months while upgrading and improvement works were carried out to the area around the spring , which had become sodden and muddy . Litter had also become a problem because of the increased numbers of visitors . The former dirt track leading to the spring was paved with cement , and lined with bougainvillea bushes and high fences to ensure the security of the air base . Drainage pipes were also installed . Mindef , which owns the land , allows public access between 7 am and 7 pm daily , free @-@ of @-@ charge . When the spring reopened on 1 May 2002 , more than 100 people visited the site despite the afternoon drizzle . At the same time , some new free @-@ hold condominiums were built in the surrounding area ; one of the developments , built by the property arm of F & N in 2001 , is called Seletaris after the company 's former mineral water .
In July 2005 , a Business Times reader proposed that the authorities should explore the possibility of tapping the geothermal heat that lies many miles under Sembawang — similar to the project in South Australia 's Cooper Basin — in order to aid Singapore 's reliance on oil and gas . The proposal was not acted upon .
As of 2014 , the well can still be seen locked inside a red @-@ brick enclosure with a steel gate , and its geothermal heat can be felt outside the building . Some plastic chairs , pails and mini @-@ tubs kindly donated by visitors are stored at the perimeter of the compound , which has a makeshift shed in one corner . A caretaker , paid by Mindef , takes care of the place to ensure its overall cleanliness , but there is no toilet on location . The hot spring is less frequented nowadays but remains rustic for rural and suburban families to discover and explore .
The potential redevelopment of Sembawang Hot Spring into a national park is currently being explored . The Ministry of Defence ( MINDEF ) said on 23 April 2016 that it is prepared to return the land occupied by the hot spring to the Singapore Land Authority . MINDEF hopes a public agency such as the National Parks Board ( NParks ) can take over to improve and maintain the place , while constructing amenities such as toilets and adding more greenery . The ministry added that putting the place under a public agency means the land need not be tendered out to the highest bidder and become commercialised .
Earlier on 16 April 2016 , a NParks senior director of Parks Development confirmed the statutory board was working with the Urban Redevelopment Authority , Singapore Land Authority and MINDEF on “ the feasibility of using the area as a park
= = Water properties = =
According to local geologists , the exact source of the spring remains unknown , but it is believed that its origin may be southwest of its actual location , possibly at Bukit Timah . Hot springs are formed when underground water comes into contact with hot rock masses . The resulting high pressure causes the water to seep upwards through cracks , forcing itself out of the ground as a spring .
A series of tests conducted by the PSB Corporation and SGS Testing & Control Services found the spring water contains 420 mg of chloride per litre , an amount which is substantially higher than the 35 to 100 mg in the water from Choa Chu Kang and Bedok waterworks . It was also found that the sulphide content is three times more than tap water and the spring water is also slightly alkaline due to the presence of minerals . Natural spring waters may have health benefits , similar to the hot springs of other countries near tectonic plates with volcanoes , in a search for cures for some skin conditions , as well as debilitating ailments like rheumatism and arthritis . Although local rheumatologists conceded that hydrotherapy is an accepted treatment that can be helpful for mild forms of rheumatism or muscle strain , they , along with dermatologists , remain skeptical of claims about the alternative healing of the natural spring water .
Hot hard water bubbles continuously in the well , releasing a slightly unpleasant sulphur mud @-@ like odour together with steam . The temperature of the spring water is measured by precision instrument to be constant 70 ° C ( 160 ° F ) . In an investigation carried out by the Nanyang Technological University in 1994 , the hot spring was found to have an estimated yield of approximately 150 litres ( 33 imp gal ; 40 US gal ) per minute at ground level through installed steel casings .
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= Detour ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Detour " is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by executive producer Frank Spotnitz and directed by Brett Dowler . The episode aired in the United States on November 23 , 1997 , on the Fox network . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Detour " received a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 2 , being watched by 22 @.@ 8 million viewers , and received mixed reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully , while traveling to a conference with two other FBI agents , stop at a roadblock and join a nearby investigation of attacks by an unidentified predator .
Executive producer Frank Spotnitz was inspired to write the episode after watching the 1972 American thriller film Deliverance . " Detour " took nineteen days to film , over eleven more than the norm for The X @-@ Files . Shooting was hampered by incessant rain . The episode 's villains were created through a mixture of elaborate " bark suits " and digital technology . In addition , the episode contained several cultural references .
= = Plot = =
Two men are surveying an area of the Apalachicola National Forest in Leon County , Florida when they are attacked and killed by unseen assailants with glowing red eyes . Later that day , Michael Asekoff and his son , Louis , are hunting for possums with their dog , Bo , in the same stretch of woods . Upon discovering a surveyor 's bloody jacket , the father orders his son to take the dog and run home . As the son and dog take off , two shots are heard .
Meanwhile , Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) are carpooling with FBI agents Michael Kinsley and Carla Stonecypher en route to a " team building " seminar . When they are stopped at a roadblock by local police , Mulder decides to investigate . As Mulder and Scully venture into the woods , they are informed by Officer Michele Fazekas that no conclusive evidence has been found to support Louis ' report of a shooting . Mulder sees this as a perfect opportunity to ditch the seminar . Later , Mulder explains to Scully that no species native to North America will attack a stronger member of its prey when there is a weaker target available .
At the Asekoff residence , Bo becomes upset and begins barking . Mrs. Asekoff lets him outside but when she attempts to retrieve him , the dog refuses to budge . She turns to go back inside but discovers that it has been bolted from the inside . Louis hears his mother 's screams and climbs out of bed , but a dark , shadowy figure with red eyes corners him . Louis barely escapes through the dog door where he runs into Mulder , informing him of the creature 's whereabouts in the house .
The next morning , Mulder shows Scully some tracks by the front door of the house that appear to be human . Based on the weight distribution , however , the assailant evidently travels on the balls of its feet rather than from heel to toe . Additionally , that the creature lured the mother out of the house in order to get to Louis suggests to Mulder that the creatures are paranormal in nature .
Jeff Glaser , a local technician armed with a FLIR device , joins Fazekas , Mulder , and Scully on a search for the creature . They soon spot two creatures on the FLIR which travel in separate directions , causing the four to split up . Fazekas is attacked and disappears . Mulder deduces from this that the creatures may be related to the Mothman of Point Pleasant , West Virginia . After a brief encounter with the creatures , Glaser takes off running and is swiftly killed by a creature . Mulder is grabbed by the other creature , though it releases him after Scully manages to wound it with her firearm .
The next morning , Scully falls through a hole into an underground chamber where the bodies of their missing companions are stored . Spotting a pair of red eyes , Scully realizes she does not have her firearm on her . Mulder drops his down to her as the bushes behind him begin to rustle . He jumps in the hole as Scully shoots the creature and kills it . As they examine the dead creature , they notice its almost human @-@ like features and wood @-@ like skin . Nearby , the words " Ad Noctum " , Latin for " into darkness " , are found carved into a tree trunk .
Mulder , Scully , Asekoff , and Fazekas are rescued , but there is no sign of Glaser or the other creature . Upon leaving the forest , Mulder states that the creature may , in fact , be an evolved version of the first Spanish conquistadors who had first settled in the forest 450 years before . Although Kinsley finds it ridiculous , Mulder believes that centuries of seclusion could be adequate for such drastic adaptations to happen . Afterwards , Mulder realizes that the creatures presume others ' presence in their territory as threatening and rushes to the hotel room where Scully is packing her things . After ascertaining that she is finished packing , he firmly urges her to vacate the room , which she does . The camera then pans under the bed where a pair of red eyes open .
= = Production = =
Executive producer Frank Spotnitz was inspired to write the episode after watching the 1972 American thriller film Deliverance . Spotnitz recounted , " the idea of being stranded in a hostile environment is very interesting to me and so is the idea of something moving the brush that you can 't see . " Series writer Vince Gilligan contributed to the " team builder " exercise bit . The ending was left intentionally ambiguous . Spotnitz explained , " it 's scarier if you think [ the monster ] could still be out there . "
Initially , scenes were filmed at the Seymour Demonstration Forest in North Vancouver . Although the typical shooting time for an episode of The X @-@ Files is eight days , " Detour " took nineteen days to film . Second unit director Brett Dowler later recounted that it " rained every day " . This put a strain on the cast and crew because almost every main shot needed was intended to be outdoors in the daylight . Because of the massive delays , changes were made : the actors ' schedules were rearranged and Kim Manners was brought in to assist Dowler in finishing the second unit of the episode . Filming later moved to a soundstage to avoid the incessant rain . Spotnitz later noted that " I thought I 'd come up with a very simple concept . Literally , one that was easy for the props people and all the other departments . "
Initially , it was decided that the antagonists of the episode would be dressed in elaborate " bark suits " so that they would blend into their surroundings . Special effects supervisors Toby Lindala created several elaborate suits made from faux bark . In the end , however , difficulties were so great that the show switched to digital effects . Visual effects supervisor Laurie Kallsen @-@ George was tasked with creating the glowing red eyes . Kallsen @-@ George digitized and blended various " eyeball images " — including shots of her family 's dog .
= = Cultural references = =
The plot and nature of the episode bears a striking resemblance to the film Predator ( 1987 ) , in which a creature that is able to perfectly camouflage itself , almost to the point of complete invisibility , stalks several humans in a dense jungle . While camping in the woods overnight , Scully sings " Joy to the World " by Three Dog Night while Mulder rests so that he can know she is awake and on guard . Originally , Scully was supposed to sing " I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry " , a 1949 country song by Hank Williams . However , series creator Chris Carter requested something more " off the wall " . Spotnitz , instead , chose " Joy to the World " and later said , " in retrospect , the song was perfect " . When talking , Mulder admits that the only time he has ever thought about " seriously dying " was at the Ice Capades .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Detour " premiered on the Fox network on November 23 , 1997 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 2 , with a 19 share , meaning that roughly 13 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 19 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 22 @.@ 8 million viewers .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Detour " received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Francis Dass of New Straits Times was positive toward the episode , calling it " imaginative " . IGN named it the seventh best standalone X @-@ Files episode of the entire series . The site called the sequence wherein " Scully holds a wounded Mulder and sings ' Jeremiah was a Bullfrog ' [ sic ] " the " best scene " of the episode and praised the depth of the characters ' relationship . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club gave the episode an A and called it a " solid " entry in the series . Handlen complimented the episode 's cold opening , structure , monster , and the relationship between Mulder and Scully ; writing that the " core relationship " between Mulder and Scully " was remarkably strong " . He also noted that their conversation in the woods was reminiscent of the third season episode " Quagmire " and was " sweet " . Jonathan Dunn , writing for What Culture , highlighted " Detour " for its cinematic appeal and included it in the " 5 Episodes [ of The X @-@ Files ] That Could Be Made Into Movies " list .
Other reviews were more mixed . John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a 7 out of 10 , and wrote " Overall , this episode is a somewhat light @-@ hearted departure from the mythology installments and out @-@ of @-@ continuity flights of fancy that would dominate the early fifth season . While the character @-@ driven moments are a highlight , the actual ' case ' is far from special , often digressing from its purpose as a trigger for the character work . In the end , it ’ s fairly average . " Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . She called the scene featuring Scully singing to Mulder " a failed attempt to create ' a special X @-@ Files moment ' " and noted that the sequence was " a poor substitute for meaningful dialogue " . Vitaris , however , did applaud the guest cast and called the creature 's effects " very creepy " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two stars out of five . The two noted that it replicated " Quagmire " too much for its own good and was " satisfied with the intention alone " . They reasoned that because " it 's so busy telling us how cute the interplay " between Mulder and Scully is , the episode " forgets to make it any good " . Shearman and Pearson also called the Spanish conquistador revelation " so utterly left field it feels self @-@ parodic . "
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= Flora of Scotland =
The flora of Scotland is an assemblage of native plant species including over 1 @,@ 600 vascular plants , more than 1 @,@ 500 lichens and nearly 1 @,@ 000 bryophytes . The total number of vascular species is low by world standard but lichens and bryophytes are abundant and the latter form a population of global importance . Various populations of rare fern exist , although the impact of 19th century collectors threatened the existence of several species . The flora is generally typical of the north west European part of the Palearctic ecozone and prominent features of the Scottish flora include boreal Caledonian forest ( much reduced from its natural extent ) , heather moorland and coastal machair . In addition to the native varieties of vascular plants there are numerous non @-@ native introductions , now believed to make up some 43 % of the species in the country .
There are a variety of important trees species and specimens ; a Grand Fir in Argyll is the tallest tree in the United Kingdom and the Fortingall Yew may be the oldest tree in Europe . The Arran Whitebeams , Shetland Mouse @-@ ear and Scottish Primrose are endemic flowering plants and there are a variety of endemic mosses and lichens . Conservation of the natural environment is well developed and various organisations play an important role in the stewardship of the country 's flora . Numerous references to the country 's flora appear in folklore , song and poetry .
= = Habitats = =
Scotland enjoys a diversity of temperate ecologies , incorporating both deciduous and coniferous woodlands , and moorland , montane , estuarine , freshwater , oceanic , and tundra landscapes . Approximately 14 % of Scotland is wooded , much of it forestry plantations , but prior to human clearing there would have been much larger areas of boreal Caledonian and broad @-@ leaved forest . Although much reduced , significant remnants of the native Scots Pine woodlands can be found in places . 17 % of Scotland is covered by heather moorland and peatland . Caithness and Sutherland have some of the largest and most intact areas of blanket bog in the world , supporting a distinctive wildlife community . 75 % of Scotland 's land is classed as agricultural ( including some moorland ) with urban areas accounting for around 3 % of the total . The number of islands with terrestrial vegetation is nearly 800 , about 600 of them lying off the west coast . Scotland has more than 90 % of the volume and 70 % of the total surface area of fresh water in the United Kingdom . There are more than 30 @,@ 000 freshwater lochs and 6 @,@ 600 river systems .
Below the tree line there are several zones of climax forest . Birch dominates to the west and north , Scots Pine with Birch and oak in the eastern Highlands and oak ( both Quercus robur and Q. petrea ) with Birch in the Central Lowlands and Borders . Much of the Scottish coastline consists of machair , a fertile dune pasture land formed as sea levels subsided after the last ice age . Machairs have received considerable ecological and conservational attention , chiefly because of their unique ecosystems .
= = Flowering plants and shrubs = =
The total number of vascular species is low by world standards , partly due to the effects of Pleistocene glaciations ( which eliminated all or nearly all species ) and the subsequent creation of the North Sea ( which created a barrier to re @-@ colonisation ) . Nonetheless , there are a variety of important species and assemblages . Heather moor containing Ling , Bell Heather , Cross @-@ leaved Heath , Bog Myrtle and fescues is generally abundant and contains various smaller flowering species such as Cloudberry and Alpine Ladies @-@ mantle . Cliffs and mountains host a diversity of arctic and alpine plants including Alpine Pearlwort , Mossy Cyphal , Mountain Avens and Fir Clubmoss . On the Hebridean islands of the west coast , there are plantago pastures , which grow well in locations exposed to sea spray and include Red Fescue , Sea Plantain and Sea Pink . The machair landscapes include rare species such as Irish Lady 's Tresses , Yellow Rattle and numerous orchids along with more common species such as Marram and Buttercup , Ragwort , Bird 's @-@ foot Trefoil and Ribwort Plantain . Scots Lovage , ( Ligusticum scoticum ) first recorded in 1684 by Robert Sibbald , and the Oyster Plant are common plants of the coasts .
= = = Aquatic species = = =
Bogbean and Water Lobelia are common plants of moorland pools and lochans . The Least ( Nuphar pumila ) , Yellow and White Water @-@ lilies are also widespread . Pipewort has generated some botanical controversy regarding its discovery , classification and distribution . It was found growing on Skye in the 18th century , although there was subsequent confusion as to both the discoverer and the correct scientific name – now agreed to be Eriocaulon aquaticum . The European range of this plant is confined to Scotland and western Ireland and it is one of only a small number of species which is common in North America , but very restricted in Europe . There are a few localised examples of the Rigid Hornwort ( Ceratophyllum demersum ) .
= = = Grasses and sedges = = =
Grasses and sedges are common everywhere except dune systems ( where marram grass may be locally abundant ) and stony mountain tops and plateaux . The total number of species is large , 84 have been recorded on the verges of a single road in West Lothian . Smooth Meadow @-@ grass and Broad @-@ leaved Meadow @-@ grass are widespread in damp lowland conditions , Wood Sedge ( Carex sylvatica ) in woodlands , and Oval Sedge and Early Hair @-@ grass on upland moors . In damp conditions Phragmites reeds and several species of Juncus are found abundantly including Jointed Rush , Soft Rush and Toad Rush , and less commonly the introduced species Slender Rush . Common Cottongrass is a familiar site on marshy land , but Saltmarsh Sedge ( Carex salina ) was only discovered for the first time in 2004 at the head of Loch Duich .
= = = Endemic species = = =
Shetland Mouse @-@ ear ( Cerastium nigrescens ) is an endemic plant found in Shetland . It was first recorded in 1837 by Shetland botanist Thomas Edmondston . Although reported from two other sites in the 19th century , it currently grows only on two serpentine hills on the island of Unst .
The Scottish Primrose ( Primula scotica ) , is endemic to the north coast including Caithness and Orkney . It is closely related to the Arctic species Primula stricta and Primula scandinavica .
Young 's Helleborine ( Epipactis youngiana ) is a rare endemic orchid principally found on bings created by the coal @-@ mining industry in the Central Lowlands and classified as endangered .
The St Kilda Dandelion ( Taraxacum pankhurstianum ) is a species of dandelion endemic to the island of Hirta , identified in 2012 .
= = = Rare species = = =
Some of Scotland 's flowering plant species have extremely restricted ranges in the country . These include Diapensia lapponica , found only on the slopes of Sgurr an Utha , Argyll and Mountain Bearberry , recorded at only a few mainland locations , and on Skye and Orkney . The pinewoods of Strathspey contain rare species such as Creeping Lady 's Tresses , Twinflower and the One @-@ flowered Wintergreen . Plans to protect the Intermediate Wintergreen , also found here , were introduced in 2008 . Other nationally rare species include Tufted Saxifrage , Alpine Catchfly , Sword @-@ leaved Helleborine , Norwegian Sandwort , Dark @-@ red Helleborine , Iceland Purslane , Small Cow @-@ wheat and Yellow Oxytropis .
= = = Invasive plants = = =
A number of non @-@ native , invasive species have been identified as a threat to native biodiversity , including Giant Hogweed , Japanese Knotweed and Rhododendron . In May 2008 it was announced that psyllid lice from Japan , which feed on the Knotweed , may be introduced to the UK to bring the plant under control . This would be the first time that an alien species has been used in Britain in this way . Scientists at the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux International do not believe the lice will cause any environmental damage . Over @-@ grazing caused by the large numbers of Red Deer and sheep has also resulted in the impoverishment of moorland and upland habitats and a loss of native woodland .
= = Deciduous trees = =
Only thirty @-@ one species of deciduous tree and shrub are native to Scotland , including 10 willows , four whitebeams and three birch and cherry species .
The Meikleour Beech hedges located in Perth and Kinross were planted in the autumn of 1745 by Jean Mercer and her husband , Robert Murray Nairne . This European Beech hedge , which is 530 metres ( 0 @.@ 3 miles ) in length , reaches 30 metres ( 100 ft ) in height and is noted in the Guinness World Records as the tallest and longest hedge on Earth .
The Arran Whitebeams are species unique to the Isle of Arran . The Arran Whitebeam ( Sorbus arranensis ) and the Cut @-@ leaved Whitebeam ( S. pseudofennica ) are amongst the most endangered tree species in the world if rarity is measured by numbers alone . Only 236 S. pseudofennica and 283 S. arranensis were recorded as mature trees in 1980 . The trees developed in a highly complex fashion involving the Rock Whitebeam ( S. rupicola ) , which is found on nearby Holy Isle but not Arran , interbreeding with the Rowan ( S. aucuparia ) to produce the new species . In 2007 it was announced that two specimens of a third new hybrid , the Catacol Whitebeam ( S. pseudomeinichii ) had been discovered by researchers on Arran . This tree is a cross between the native Rowan and S. pseudofennica .
Shakespeare makes reference to Birnam Wood being used as camouflage for Malcolm Canmore ’ s army before the battle at Dunsinane with MacBeth . There is an ancient tree , the Birnam Oak , standing a few hundred metres from the centre of Birnam . It may well have been part of Birnam Wood at the time of the battle 900 years ago , and remains part of the legend .
Research into the possible commercial use of Sea Buckthorn was undertaken by Moray College commencing in 2006 . The orange berries can be processed into jams , liquors and ointments and the hardy species grows well even on exposed west coasts .
= = Conifers = =
The Scots Pine and Common Juniper are the only coniferous trees definitely native to Scotland with Yew a possible contender .
The Fortingall Yew is an ancient tree in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire . Various estimates have put its age at between 2 @,@ 000 and 5 @,@ 000 years ; recent research into yew tree ages suggests that it is likely to be nearer the lower limit of 2 @,@ 000 years . This still makes it the oldest tree in Europe , although there is an older Norway Spruce root system in Sweden .
At 64 @.@ 3 metres ( 211 ft ) , a Grand Fir planted beside Loch Fyne , Argyll in the 1870s was named as the UK ’ s tallest tree in 2011 . The next four tallest trees in the UK are all found in Scotland . The Stronardron Douglas Fir which grows near Dunans Castle in Argyll is recorded as 63 @.@ 79 metres ( 209 @.@ 3 ft ) . Diana ’ s Grove Grand Fir at Blair Castle , which was measured at 62 @.@ 7 metres ( 206 ft ) is the next highest . Dùghall Mòr ( Scottish Gaelic : " big dark stranger " ) , another Douglas Fir located in Reelig Glen near Inverness , reaches just over 62 metres ( 203 ft ) in height and was considered to be the tallest tree in Britain until a survey undertaken by Sparsholt College in 2009 ( which named the Stronardron fir as the highest ) . This survey concluded that the Hermitage Douglas Fir near Dunkeld came next in height , standing at 61 @.@ 31 metres ( 201 ft ) .
= = Ferns = =
Bracken is very common in upland areas , Beech Fern in woods and other shaded locations and Scaly Male Fern in wooded or open areas . Wilsons Filmy @-@ fern is a common upland variety in the Highlands , along with the Tunbridge Filmy @-@ fern , Alpine Lady @-@ fern and the rarer stunted form Newman ’ s Lady @-@ fern ( A. distentifolium var. flexile ) which is endemic to Scotland . The Killarney Fern , once found on Arran was thought to be extinct in Scotland , but has been discovered on Skye in its gametophyte form .
Scotland 's populations of Alpine Woodsia and Oblong Woodsia are on the edge of their natural ranges . The UK distribution of the former is confined to Angus , Perthshire , Argyll and north Wales , and of the latter to Angus , the Moffat Hills , north Wales and two locations in England . The plants were first identified as separate species by John Bolton in 1785 and came under severe threat from Victorian fern collectors in the mid 19th century . Cystopteris dickieana , first discovered in a sea cave in Kincardineshire , is a rare fern in a UK context whose distribution is confined to Scotland , although recent research suggests that it may be a variant of C. fragilis rather than a species in its own right .
= = Non @-@ vascular plants = =
Scotland provides ideal growing conditions for many bryophyte species , due to the damp climate , absence of lengthy droughts and winters without protracted hard frosts . In addition , the country 's diverse geology , numerous exposed rocky crags and screes and deep , damp ravines coupled with a relatively pollution @-@ free atmosphere enables a diversity of species to exist . This unique assemblage is in marked contrast to the relative impoverishment of the native vascular plants . There are about 920 species of moss and liverwort in Scotland , with 87 % of UK and 60 % of European bryophytes represented . Scotland 's bryophyte flora is globally important and this small country may host as many as 5 % of the world ’ s species ( in 0 @.@ 05 % of the Earth 's land area , similar in size to South Carolina or Assam ) . The mountains of the North @-@ west Highlands host a unique bryophyte community called the " Northern Hepatic Mat " , which is dominated by a variety of rare liverworts , such as Pleurozia purpurea and Anastrophyllum alpinum .
Scotland has played an important part in the development of the understanding of bryology , with pioneers such as Archibald Menzies and Sir William Hooker commencing explorations at the end of the eighteenth century . Tetrodontium brownianum is named after Robert Brown who first discovered the plant growing at Roslin near Edinburgh and several other species such as Plagiochila atlantica and Anastrepta orcadensis were also first discovered in the country .
= = = Mosses = = =
Sphagnum , is common and harvested commercially for use in hanging baskets and wreaths , and for medical purposes . Glittering Wood @-@ moss , Woolly Hair @-@ moss ( Racomitrium lanuginosum ) and Bristly Haircap ( Polytrichum piliferum ) are amongst many other abundant natives . Endemic species include the Scottish Thread @-@ moss , Dixon ’ s Thread Moss and Scottish Beard @-@ moss . In the Cairngorms there are small stands of Snow Brook @-@ moss and Alpine Thyme @-@ moss , and an abundance of Icy Rock @-@ moss , the latter 's UK population being found only here and at one site in England . The west coast is rich in oceanic mosses such as Cyclodictyon laetevirens and the Ben Lawers range also provides habitats for various rare species such as Tongue @-@ leaved Gland Moss . Perthshire Beard @-@ moss is a European endemic , occurring at only four European sites outside Scotland and it is classified as " Critically Endangered " .
= = = Liverworts and hornworts = = =
There are numerous common liverworts such as Conocephalum conicum and Marchantia polymorpha . Autumn Flapwort ( Jamesoniella autumnali ) , a nationally scarce species most commonly found in the sessile oak woods of western Scotland , was discovered at a site on Ben Lomond in 2008 . The species is named after the Scottish botanist , William Jameson . Northern prongwort is an endemic liverwort found only in the Beinn Eighe nature reserve . The high Cairngorms provide sites for a variety of other unusual liverworts including Marsupella arctica , the European distribution of which is confined to two sites here and Svalbard .
Hornworts are scarce in Scotland , Carolina Hornwort ( Phaeoceros carolinianus ) for example , having been found only in Lauderdale .
= = Lichens = =
Lichens are abundant , with 37 % of European species represented in just 0 @.@ 75 % of the European land area . Most rock surfaces , except those in very exposed places , or that are kept constantly wet by sea or fresh water , become grown with lichens . Reindeer Moss ( Cladonia rangiferina ) is a common species . The trunks and branches of large trees are an important lichen habitat , Tree Lungwort being particularly conspicuous . In the past lichens were widely used for dyeing clothing .
Graphis alboscripta and Halecania rhypodiza are endemic species . The former is found in the hazel woodlands of the west coast and the latter at only two sites in the Highlands . The British ranges of 35 species are confined to the Cairngorm Mountains . These include Alectoria ochroleuca , Rinodian parasitica and Cladonia trassii . Other nationally rare species found here are Jamesiella scotica , Cladonia botrytes and Ramalina polymorpha .
= = Conservation = =
Conservation of the natural environment is well developed in the United Kingdom . There are various public sector organisations with an important role in the stewardship of the country 's flora . Scottish Natural Heritage is the statutory body responsible for natural heritage management in Scotland . One of their duties is to establish National Nature Reserves . Until 2004 there were 73 , but a review carried out in that year resulted in a significant number of sites losing their NNR status , and as of 2006 there are 55 . The Forestry Commission in Scotland serves as the forestry department of the Scottish Government and is one of the country 's largest landowners . The Joint Nature Conservation Committee is the statutory adviser to Government on UK and international nature conservation .
The country has two national parks . Cairngorms National Park includes the largest area of arctic mountain landscape in the UK . Sites designated as of importance to natural heritage take up 39 % of the land area , two thirds of which are of Europe @-@ wide importance . Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park includes Britain 's largest body of freshwater , the mountains of Breadalbane and the sea lochs of Argyll .
There are also numerous charitable and voluntary organisations with an important role to play , of which the more prominent include the following . The National Trust for Scotland is the conservation charity that protects and promotes Scotland 's natural and cultural heritage . With over 270 @,@ 000 members it is the largest conservation charity in Scotland . The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds promotes conservation of birds and other wildlife through the protection and re @-@ creation of habitats . The John Muir Trust is a charity whose main role is as a guardian of wild land and wildlife , through the ownership of land and the promotion of education and conservation . The trust owns and manages estates in various locations , including Knoydart , Assynt , and on the isle of Skye . Trees for Life is a charity that aims to restore a " wild forest " in the Northwest Highlands and Grampian Mountains .
Under the auspices of the European Unions Habitats Directive , as at 31 March 2003 a total of 230 sites in Scotland covering an area of 8 @,@ 748 @.@ 08 km2 ( 3 @,@ 377 @.@ 65 sq mi ) had been submitted by the UK government to the European Commission as candidate Special Areas of Conservation ( cSAC ) .
The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 prohibits the uprooting of plants without a landowner 's permission and the collection of any part of the most threatened species , which are listed in Schedule 8 . In 2012 the Scottish Government published a " Code of Practice on Non @-@ Native Species " to help people understand their responsibilities and provide guidance as to which public body has responsibility for the various habitats involved .
= = Flora in Scottish culture = =
Plants feature heavily in Gaelic and Scottish folklore , song and poetry .
The thistle has been one of the national emblem of the Scots nation since the reign of Alexander III ( 1249 – 1286 ) and was used on silver coins issued by James III in 1470 . Today , it forms part of the emblem of the Scottish Rugby Union . As legend has it , an invading army had attempted to sneak up at night on the Scots . One , perhaps barefooted , unwelcome foreign soldier stumbled upon a Scots Thistle , and cried out in pain , thus alerting Scots to their presence . Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the Battle of Largs , which marked the beginning of the departure of the Viking monarch Haakon IV of Norway , who had harried the coast for some years . Spiky plants such as brambles appear to have been used around forts since time immemorial , so the story , whether it factually relates to the Haakon episode or not , likely is the culmination of more than one such event over time . In some variants , it is invading English which stumble on a thistle , but the story predates this time .
Numerous plants are referred to in Scottish song and verse . These include Robert Burns A Red , Red Rose , Hugh MacDiarmid 's A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle , Sorley MacLean 's Hallaig , Harry Lauder 's I Love A Lassie and in the 21st century , Runrig 's And The Accordions Played . The last two lyrics include a reference to the bluebell . The " Scottish Bluebell " is Campanula rotundifolia , ( known elsewhere as the " Harebell " ) rather than Hyacinthoides non @-@ scripta , the " Common Bluebell " .
Trees held an important place in Gaelic culture from the earliest times . Particularly large trees were venerated , and the most valuable such as oak , Common Hazel and Apple were classed as " nobles " . The less important Common Alder , Common Hawthorn and Gean were classed as " commoners " , and there were " lower orders " and " slaves " such as Eurasian Aspen and Juniper . The alphabet was learned as a mnemonic using tree names . Rowan was regularly planted close to Highland houses as a protection from witchcraft .
Various plants are said to have apotropaic qualities , notably Mountain Ash . Henbane ( Hyoscyamus niger ) may have been used as a hallucinogen as long ago as the Neolithic period . This tradition has recently been taken up once again by New Agers .
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= Grasshopper =
Grasshoppers are insects of the order Orthoptera , suborder Caelifera . They are sometimes referred to as short @-@ horned grasshoppers to distinguish them from the katydids ( bush crickets ) which have much longer antennae . They are typically ground @-@ dwelling insects with powerful hind legs which enable them to escape from threats by leaping vigorously . They are hemimetabolous insects ( do not undergo complete metamorphosis ) which hatch from an egg into a nymph or " hopper " which undergoes five moults , becoming more similar to the adult insect at each developmental stage . At high population densities and under certain environmental conditions , some grasshopper species can change colour and behaviour and form swarms . Under these circumstances they are known as locusts .
Grasshoppers are plant @-@ eaters , sometimes becoming serious pests of cereals , vegetables and pasture , especially when they swarm in their millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas . They protect themselves from predators by camouflage ; when detected , many species attempt to startle the predator with a brilliantly @-@ coloured wing @-@ flash while jumping and ( if adult ) launching themselves into the air , usually flying for only a short distance . Other species such as the rainbow grasshopper have warning coloration which deters predators . Grasshoppers are affected by parasites and various diseases , and many predatory creatures feed on both nymphs and adults . The eggs are the subject of attack by parasitoids and predators .
Grasshoppers have had a long relationship with humans . Swarms of locusts have had dramatic effects that have changed the course of history , and even in smaller numbers grasshoppers can be serious pests . They are eaten as food and also feature in art , symbolism and literature .
= = Characteristics = =
Grasshoppers have the typical insect body plan of head , thorax and abdomen . The head is held vertically , at an angle to the body with the mouth at the bottom . It bears a large pair of compound eyes which give all @-@ round vision , three simple eyes which can detect light and dark and a pair of thread @-@ like antennae which are sensitive to touch and smell . The downward @-@ directed mouthparts are modified for chewing and there are two sensory palps in front of the jaws .
The thorax and abdomen are segmented and have a rigid cuticle made up of overlapping plates composed of chitin . The three fused thoracic segments bear three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings . The forewings , known as tegmina , are narrow and leathery while the hind wings are large and membranous , the veins providing strength . The legs are terminated by claws for gripping . The hind leg is particularly powerful ; the femur is robust and has several ridges where different surfaces join and the inner ridges bear stridulatory pegs in some species . The posterior edge of the tibia bears a double row of spines and there are a pair of articulated spurs near its lower end . The interior of the thorax houses the muscles that control the limbs .
The abdomen has eleven segments , the first of which is fused to the thorax and contains the auditory organ and tympanum . Segments two to eight are ring @-@ shaped and joined by flexible membranes . Segments nine to eleven are reduced ; segment nine bears a pair of cerci and segments ten and eleven house the reproductive organs . Female grasshoppers are normally larger than males , with short ovipositors . The name " Caelifera " comes from the Latin and means chisel @-@ bearing , referring to the sharp ovipositor .
Those species that make easily heard noises usually do so by rubbing a row of pegs on the hind femurs against the edges of the forewings ( stridulation ) . These sounds are produced mainly by males to attract females , though in some species the females also stridulate .
Grasshoppers are easily confused with the other sub @-@ order of Orthoptera , Ensifera ( crickets ) , but differ in many aspects , such as the number of segments in their antennae and structure of the ovipositor , as well as the location of the tympana and modes of sound production . Ensiferans have antennae that can be much longer than the body and have at least 20 – 24 segments , while caeliferans have fewer segments in their shorter , stouter antennae .
= = Phylogeny and evolution = =
The phylogeny of the Caelifera based on mitochondrial RNA of 32 taxa in six out of seven superfamilies is shown as a cladogram . The Ensifera , Caelifera and all the superfamilies of grasshoppers except Pamphagoidea appear to be monophyletic .
In evolutionary terms , the split between the Caelifera and the Ensifera is no more recent than the Permo @-@ Triassic boundary ; the earliest insects that are certainly Caeliferans are in the extinct families Locustopseidae and Locustavidae from the early Triassic . The group diversified during the Triassic and have remained important plant @-@ eaters from that time to now . The first modern families such as the Eumastacidae , Tetrigidae and Tridactylidae appeared in the Cretaceous , though some insects that might belong to the last two of these groups are found in the early Jurassic . Morphological classification is difficult because many taxa have converged towards a common habitat type ; recent taxonomists have concentrated on the internal genitalia , especially those of the male . This information is not available from fossil specimens , and the palaentological taxonomy is founded principally on the venation of the hindwings .
= = Diversity and range = =
The Caelifera includes some 2 @,@ 400 valid genera and about 11 @,@ 000 species . Many undescribed species probably exist , especially in tropical wet forests . The Caelifera have a predominantly tropical distribution with fewer species known from temperate zones , but most of the superfamilies have representatives worldwide . They are almost exclusively herbivorous and are probably the oldest living group of chewing herbivorous insects .
= = Biology = =
= = = Diet and digestion = = =
Most grasshoppers are polyphagous , eating vegetation from multiple plant sources , but some are omnivorous and also eat animal tissue and animal faeces . In general their preference is for grasses , including many cereals grown as crops . The mandibles chew the food slightly and salivary glands in the buccal cavity chemically begin to digest the carbohydrates present in it . The food is then passed via the oesophagus to the crop where it is stored temporarily and chemical digestion continues . Next it moves to the gizzard which has muscular walls and tooth @-@ like plates which grind the food . From here , food enters the stomach , where six hepatic caeca add further enzymes and digestion is completed . At the junction between mid and hind @-@ gut , several fine tubes known as malpighian tubules add the excretory products ( uric acid , urea and amino acids ) to the contents of the gut . Absorption of nutrients takes place in the ileum and any undigested residue is passed on to the colon . Here water is absorbed and the residue becomes solid . After storage in the rectum , the faeces are expelled as small dry pellets .
= = = Sensory organs = = =
Grasshoppers have a typical insect nervous system , and have an extensive set of external sense organs . On the side of the head are a pair of large compound eyes which give a broad field of vision and can detect movement , shape , colour and distance . There are also three simple eyes ( ocelli ) on the forehead which can detect light intensity , a pair of antennae containing olfactory ( smell ) and touch receptors , and mouthparts containing gustatory ( taste ) receptors . At the front end of the abdomen there is a pair of tympanal organs for sound reception . There are numerous fine hairs covering the whole body that act as mechanoreceptors ( touch and wind sensors ) , and these are most dense on the antennae , the palps ( part of the mouth ) , and on the cerci at the tip of the abdomen . There are special receptors ( campaniform sensillae ) embedded in the cuticle of the legs that sense pressure and cuticle distortion . There are internal " chordotonal " sense organs specialized to detect position and movement about the joints of the exoskeleton . The receptors convey information to the central nervous system through sensory neurons , and most of these have their cell bodies located in the periphery near the receptor site itself .
= = = Circulation and respiration = = =
Like other insects , grasshoppers have an open circulatory system and their body cavities are filled with haemolymph . A heart @-@ like structure pumps the fluid to the head from where it percolates past the tissues and organs on its way back to the abdomen . It circulates nutrients throughout the body and carries metabolic wastes to be excreted into the gut . The haemolymph and the circulatory system are not involved in gaseous exchange . Respiration is performed using tracheae , air @-@ filled tubes , which open at the surfaces of the thorax and abdomen through pairs of valved spiracles . Larger insects may need to actively ventilate their bodies by opening some spiracles while others remain closed , using abdominal muscles to expand and contract the body and pump air through the system .
= = = Jumping = = =
A large grasshopper such as a locust can jump about a metre ( twenty body lengths ) without using its wings ; the acceleration peaks at about 20 g . Grasshoppers jump by extending their large back legs and pushing against the substrate ( the ground , a twig , a blade of grass or whatever else they are standing on ) ; the reaction force propels them into the air . They jump for several reasons ; to escape from a predator , to launch themselves for flight , or simply to move from place to place . For the escape jump in particular there is strong selective pressure to maximize take @-@ off velocity , since this determines the range . This means that the legs must thrust against the ground with both high force and a high velocity of movement . However , a fundamental property of muscle is that it cannot contract with both high force and high velocity , which seems like a problem . Grasshoppers overcome this apparent contradiction by using a catapult mechanism to amplify the mechanical power produced by their muscles .
The jump is a three @-@ stage process . First , the grasshopper fully flexes the lower part of the leg ( tibia ) against the upper part ( femur ) by activating the flexor tibiae muscle ( the back legs of the immature grasshopper in the top photograph are in this preparatory position ) . Second , there is a period of co @-@ contraction in which force builds up in the large , pennate extensor tibiae muscle , but the tibia is kept flexed by the simultaneous contraction of the flexor tibiae muscle . The extensor muscle is much stronger than the flexor muscle , but the latter is aided by specializations in the joint that give it a large effective mechanical advantage over the former when the tibia is fully flexed . Co @-@ contraction can last for up to half a second , and during this period the extensor muscle shortens and stores elastic strain energy by distorting stiff cuticular structures in the leg . The extensor muscle contraction is quite slow ( almost isometric ) , which allows it to develop high force ( up to 14 N in the desert locust ) , but because it is slow only low power is needed . The third stage of the jump is the trigger relaxation of the flexor muscle , which releases the tibia from the flexed position . The subsequent rapid tibial extension is driven mainly by the relaxation of the elastic structures , rather than by further shortening of the extensor muscle . In this way the stiff cuticle acts like the elastic of a catapult , or the bow of a bow @-@ and @-@ arrow . Energy is put into the store at low power by slow but strong muscle contraction , and retrieved from the store at high power by rapid relaxation of the mechanical elastic structures .
= = = Lifecycle and reproduction = = =
Grasshoppers lay their eggs in pods in the ground near food plants , generally in the summer . The eggs in the pod are glued together with a froth in some species . After a few weeks of development , the eggs of most species go into diapause , and pass the winter in this state ; in a few species the eggs hatch in the same summer they were laid . Diapause is broken by a sufficiently low ground temperature ; development resumes as soon as the ground warms above a threshold temperature . The embryos in a pod generally all hatch out within a few minutes of each other . They soon shed their membranes and their exoskeletons harden . These first instar nymphs can then jump away from predators .
Grasshoppers have incomplete metamorphosis : they repeatedly moult ( undergo ecdysis ) , becoming larger and more like an adult , with for instance larger wing @-@ buds , in each instar . The number of instars varies between species . At the final moult , the wings are inflated and become fully functional . The migratory grasshopper , Melanoplus sanguinipes , spends about 25 – 30 days as a nymph depending on sex and temperature , and about 51 days as an adult .
Males stridulate , rapidly rasping the hind femur against the forewing to create a churring sound , to attract mates . Females select suitable egg @-@ laying sites , such as bare soil or near the roots of food plants according to species . Males often gather around an ovipositing female ; in some species she is mated as soon as she takes her ovipositor out of the ground . After laying the eggs , the female covers the hole with soil and litter .
= = Predators , parasites and pathogens = =
Grasshoppers have a wide range of predators at different stages of their life @-@ cycle . Eggs are eaten by bee @-@ flies , ground beetles and blister beetles . Hoppers and adults are taken by predators including other insects such as ants , robber flies and sphecid wasps ; spiders ; many birds ; and small mammals .
Parasitoids include blowflies , fleshflies , and tachinid flies . External parasites include mites . It has been found that female grasshoppers parasitised by mites produce fewer eggs and thus have fewer offspring . This is probably because the individuals concerned allocate resources in response to the parasitism which are then not available for reproduction .
Spinochordodes tellinii and Paragordius tricuspidatus are parasitic worms that infect grasshoppers and alter the behaviour of their hosts . The grasshopper is persuaded to leap into a nearby body of water where it drowns , thus enabling the parasite to continue with the next stage of its life cycle which takes place in water . The grasshopper nematode ( Mermis nigrescens ) is a long slender worm that infests grasshoppers , living in the insect 's hemocoel . Adult worms lay eggs on plants and the host gets infected when it eats the foliage .
Grasshoppers are affected by diseases caused by bacteria , viruses , fungi and protozoa . The bacteria Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have both been implicated in causing disease in grasshoppers , as has the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana . This widespread fungus has been used to control various pest insects around the world , but although it infects grasshoppers , basking in the sun has the result of raising the insect 's temperature above a threshold tolerated by the fungus , and the infection is not lethal . The fungal pathogen Entomophaga grylli is able to influence the behaviour of its grasshopper host , causing it to climb to the top of a plant and cling to the stem as it dies . This ensures wide dispersal of the fungal spores liberated from the corpse .
The fungal pathogen Metarhizium acridum is found in Africa , Australia and Brazil where it has caused epizootics in grasshoppers . It is being investigated for possible use as a microbial insecticide for locust control . The microsporidian fungus Nosema locustae , once considered to be a protozoan , can be lethal to grasshoppers . It has to be consumed by mouth and is the basis for a bait @-@ based commercial microbial pesticide . Various other microsporidians and protozoans are found in the gut .
= = = Anti @-@ predator defences = = =
Grasshoppers exemplify a range of anti @-@ predator adaptations , enabling them to avoid detection , to escape if detected , and in some cases to avoid being eaten if captured . Grasshoppers are often camouflaged to avoid detection by predators that hunt by sight . Their colouration usually resembles the background , whether green for leafy vegetation , sandy for open areas or grey for rocks . Some species can change their colouration to suit their surroundings .
Several species such as the hooded leaf grasshopper Phyllochoreia ramakrishnai ( Eumastacoidea ) are detailed mimics of leaves . Grasshoppers often have deimatic patterns on their wings , giving a sudden flash of bright colours that may startle predators long enough to give time to escape in a combination of jump and flight .
Some species are genuinely aposematic , having both bright warning coloration and sufficient toxicity to dissuade predators . Dictyophorus productus ( Pyrgomorphidae ) is a " heavy , bloated , sluggish insect " that makes no attempt to hide ; it has a bright red abdomen . A Cercopithecus monkey that ate other grasshoppers refused to eat the species . Another species , the rainbow or painted grasshopper of Arizona , Dactylotum bicolor ( Acridoidea ) , has been shown by experiment with a natural predator , the little striped whiptail lizard , to be aposematic .
= = Relationship with humans = =
= = = In art = = =
Grasshoppers are occasionally depicted in artworks , such as the Dutch Golden Age painter Balthasar van der Ast 's still life oil painting , Flowers in a Vase with Shells and Insects , c . 1630 , now in the National Gallery , London , though the insect may be a bush @-@ cricket .
Another orthopteran is found in Rachel Ruysch 's still life Flowers in a Vase , c . 1685 . The seemingly static scene is animated by a " grasshopper on the table that looks about ready to spring " , according to the gallery curator Betsy Wieseman , with other invertebrates including a spider , an ant , and two caterpillars .
= = = Symbolism = = =
Grasshoppers are sometimes used as symbols , as in Sir Thomas Gresham 's gilded grasshopper in Lombard Street , London , dating from 1563 ; the building was for a while the headquarters of the Guardian Royal Exchange , but the company declined to use the symbol for fear of confusion with the locust .
When grasshoppers appear in dreams , these have been interpreted as symbols of " Freedom , independence , spiritual enlightenment , inability to settle down or commit to decision " . Locusts are taken literally to mean devastation of crops in the case of farmers ; figuratively as " wicked men and women " for non @-@ farmers ; and " Extravagance , misfortune , & ephemeral happiness " by " gypsies " .
= = = As food = = =
In some countries , grasshoppers are used as food . In southern Mexico , grasshoppers , known as chapulines , are eaten in a variety of dishes , such as in tortillas with chilli sauce . Grasshoppers are served on skewers in some Chinese food markets , like the Donghuamen Night Market . Fried grasshoppers ( walang goreng ) are eaten in the Gunung Kidul area of Yogjakarta , Java in Indonesia . In the Arab world , grasshoppers are boiled , salted , and sun @-@ dried , and eaten as snacks . In Native America , the Ohlone people burned grassland to herd grasshoppers into pits where they could be collected as food .
It is recorded in the Bible that John the Baptist ate locusts and wild honey ( Greek : ἀκρίδες καὶ μέλι ἄγριον , akrides kai meli agrion ) while living in the wilderness ; attempts have been made to explain the locusts as suitably ascetic vegetarian food such as carob beans , but the plain meaning of ἀκρίδες is the insects .
= = = As pests = = =
Grasshoppers eat large quantities of foliage both as adults and during their development , and can be serious pests of arid land and prairies . Pasture , grain , forage , vegetable and other crops can be affected . Grasshoppers often bask in the sun , and thrive in warm sunny conditions , so drought stimulates an increase in grasshopper populations . A single season of drought is not normally sufficient to stimulate a massive population increase , but several successive dry seasons can do so , especially if the intervening winters are mild so that large numbers of nymphs survive . Although sunny weather stimulates growth , there needs to be an adequate food supply for the increasing grasshopper population . This means that although precipitation is needed to stimulate plant growth , prolonged periods of cloudy weather will slow nymphal development .
Grasshoppers can best be prevented from becoming pests by manipulating their environment . Shade provided by trees will discourage them and they may be prevented from moving onto developing crops by removing coarse vegetation from fallow land and field margins and discouraging luxurious growth beside ditches and on roadside verges . With increasing numbers of grasshoppers , predator numbers may increase , but this seldom happens sufficiently rapidly to have much effect on populations . Biological control is being investigated but with little success . On a small scale , neem products can be effective as a feeding deterrent and as a disruptor of nymphal development . Insecticides can be used , but adult grasshoppers are difficult to kill , and as they move into fields from surrounding rank growth , crops may soon become reinfested .
Grasshoppers , like the Chinese rice grasshopper , are a pest in rice paddies . Ploughing exposes the eggs on the surface of the field , to be destroyed by sunshine or eaten by natural enemies . Some eggs may be buried too deeply in the soil for hatching to take place .
= = = Locusts = = =
Locusts are the swarming phase of certain species of short @-@ horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae . It has been shown that swarming behaviour is a response to overcrowding . Increased tactile stimulation of the hind legs causes an increase in levels of serotonin . This causes the grasshopper to change colour , feed more and breed faster . The transformation of a solitary individual into a swarming one is induced by several contacts per minute over a short period .
Following this transformation , under suitable conditions dense nomadic bands of flightless nymphs can occur , producing pheromones which attract them to each other . With several generations in a year , the locust population can build up from localised groups into vast accumulations of flying insects known as plagues , devouring all the vegetation they encounter . The largest recorded locust swarm was one of the now @-@ extinct Rocky Mountain locust in 1875 , which was 1 @,@ 800 miles ( 2 @,@ 900 km ) long and 110 miles ( 180 km ) wide .
An adult desert locust can eat about 2 g ( 0 @.@ 1 oz ) each day so the billions of insects in a large swarm can be very destructive , stripping all the foliage from plants in an affected area and also consuming stems , flowers , fruits , seeds and bark . Locust plagues can have devastating effects on human populations , causing famines and population upheavals . They are mentioned in both the Koran and the Bible and have been held responsible for cholera epidemics , resulting from the corpses of locusts drowned in the Mediterranean Sea and decomposing on beaches .
The FAO and other organisations monitor locust activity around the world . Timely application of pesticides can prevent nomadic bands of hoppers joining together and proliferating before dense swarms of adults are built up . Besides conventional control using contact insecticides , biological pest control using the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium acridum which specifically infects grasshoppers has been used with some success .
= = = In literature = = =
The Egyptian word for locust or grasshopper was written snḥm in the consonantal hieroglyphic writing system . The pharaoh Ramesses II compared the armies of the Hittites to locusts : " They covered the mountains and valleys and were like locusts in their multitude . "
One of Aesop 's Fables , later retold by La Fontaine , is the tale of The Ant and the Grasshopper . The ant works hard all summer , while the grasshopper plays . In winter , the ant is ready but the grasshopper starves . Somerset Maugham 's short story " The Ant and the Grasshopper " explores the fable 's symbolism via complex framing . The Canadian philosopher Bernard Suits retells the story with the grasshopper as " the exemplification of the life most worth living . " Other human weaknesses besides improvidence have become identified with the grasshopper 's behaviour . So an unfaithful woman ( hopping from man to man ) is " a grasshopper " in " Poprygunya " , an 1892 short story by Anton Chekhov , and in Jerry Paris 's 1969 film The Grasshopper .
The 1957 film Beginning of the End portrayed giant grasshoppers attacking Chicago . In the 1998 film A Bug 's Life , the heroes are the members of an ant colony , and the lead villain and his henchmen are grasshoppers .
= = = In aviation = = =
The name " Grasshopper " was used for light aircraft such as the Aeronca L @-@ 3 and Piper L @-@ 4 used for reconnaissance and other support duties in World War II .
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= Ikuhiko Hata =
Ikuhiko Hata ( 秦 郁彦 , Hata Ikuhiko , born 12 December 1932 ) is a Japanese historian . He acquired his PhD at the University of Tokyo and has taught history at several universities . He is the author of a number of influential and well @-@ received scholarly works , particularly on topics related to Japan 's role in the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War and World War II .
Hata is variously regarded as being a " conservative " historian or a " centrist " . He has written extensively on such controversial subjects as the Nanking Massacre and the comfort women . Fellow historian Edward Drea has called him " the doyen of Japanese military historians " .
= = Education and career = =
Ikuhiko Hata was born on 12 December 1932 in the city of Hōfu in Yamaguchi Prefecture . He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1956 and received his PhD there in 1974 . He worked as chief historian of the Japanese Ministry of Finance between 1956 and 1976 and during this period from 1963 to 1965 he was also a research assistant at Harvard University . After resigning his post at the Finance Ministry Hata served as a visiting professor at Princeton University from 1977 to 1978 and then was a history professor at Takushoku University from 1980 to 1993 , at Chiba University from 1994 to 1997 , and at Nihon University from 1997 to 2002 .
= = Scholarship = =
Hata has been described by numerous historians as an important scholar on the history of modern Japan . Historian Edward Drea has called him " the doyen of Japanese military historians " , and has written that Hata 's " published works are models of scholarship , research , accuracy , and judicious interpretation " , and Joshua A. Fogel , a historian of China at York University , concurs that Hata " is an eminent scholar who has for over forty years been writing numerous excellent studies of Japan at war . " Masahiro Yamamoto called him " a leading Japanese scholar in the field of Japan 's modern history " .
Hata 's first published history book was Nicchū Sensōshi ( " A History of the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War " ) , released in 1961 , which he began researching while completing his bachelor 's degree at the University of Tokyo . The work was well @-@ received , described by Chalmers Johnson as " the most thorough study of Japanese policies in China during the 1930s " and by James T.C. Liu as " a welcome and pioneering contribution " . Fifty years after its publication Edward Drea and Tobe Ryoichi called it " a classic account " of the war . Hata 's second book , the 1962 work Gun fashizumu undō shi ( " A History of the Military Fascist Movement " ) , was promoted by the historian Shuhei Domon as " a first @-@ rate narrative interpretation based on extensive use of documentary evidence . "
The Japan Association of International Relations selected Hata for a part of what historian James William Morley described as a team of " young , objective diplomatic and military historians " to be given unprecedented access to primary source records to write the history of the origins of World War II in Asia . The result was Taiheiyō sensō e no michi ( " The Road to the Pacific War " ) , published between 1962 and 1963 and then translated into English in the 1970s and 1980s . Hata contributed three essays to the series . Roger Dingman described the first , " The Japanese @-@ Soviet Confrontation , 1935 – 1939 " , as " a wealth of new data " , and praised the second , " The Army 's Move into Northern Indochina " , for demonstrating " brilliantly how peaceful passage through northern Indochina became forceful occupation " . Mark Peattie wrote that Hata 's third essay , " The Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937 " , was " the best overview we now have in English " of the event , and Hata would later expand it into a full @-@ length book which Edward Drea and Tobe Ryoichi called " the single best source on the incident " .
Starting in 1968 Hata headed a team of scholars with a task from the Ministry of Education to analyze all available sources and documents on the workings of the wartime and prewar armed forces of Japan . The fruit of their research was Nihon Rikukaigun no Seido , Soshiki , Jinji ( " Institutions , Organization , and Personnel of the Japanese Army and Navy " ) , released in 1971 , which Mark Peattie called " the authoritative reference work in the field " . Soon after Hata was tasked with coordinating another collaborative research project , this one for the Finance Ministry , on the subject of the occupation of Japan by the United States after World War II . John W. Dower , Sadao Asada , and Roger Dingman credited Hata for the key role he played in producing the multivolume project , which began to be published in 1975 , and deemed it the best work of scholarship on the occupation produced until that point .
In 1993 Hata wrote a two @-@ volume work on controversial incidents in modern Japanese history , entitled Shōwashi no nazo wo ou ( " Chasing the Riddles of Showa History " ) , which was awarded the Kikuchi Kan Prize .
Hata co @-@ wrote two books with Yasuho Izawa on Japanese fighter aces of World War II , both of which were described by historians as the definitive treatments of the subject .
A work Hata had written in 1984 , Hirohito Tennō Itsutsu no Ketsudan ( " Emperor Hirohito 's Five Decisions " ) , attracted the attention of Marius Jansen , who arranged to have it translated into English as Hirohito : The Showa Emperor in War and Peace . According to Edward Drea , on the question of " whether the emperor was really Japan 's ruler and power @-@ holder or merely a puppet and robot ... [ Hata ] concludes that the answer to this complex question lies somewhere in between , although Hata credits Hirohito with considerable political savvy . " Apart from Drea the book also garnered highly positive reviews from Stephen S. Large and Hugh Cortazzi .
= = = Nankin Jiken and Nanking Massacre death toll estimates = = =
Hata 's major contribution to Nanking Massacre studies is his book Nankin jiken ( " The Nanking Incident " ) , published in 1986 , which is a detailed study of the event based on Japanese , Chinese , and English sources that was later noted by historians such as Daqing Yang to be one of the few impartial works of scholarship written on the massacre during the period . The book is known for its relatively low estimate of the death toll , which Hata put at about 40 @,@ 000 partly because , unlike most historians of the time , he excluded Chinese soldiers killed in action from his definition of the massacre . Hata 's book is acknowledged as the first to discuss what might have caused the massacre , whereas previous books had focused only on the event itself . Hata argued that the Japanese Army 's lack of military police and facilities to detain POWs , its ignorance of international laws , its excessive mopping @-@ up operations , and the Chinese General Tang Shengzhi 's decision to flee the city without formally surrendering were among the factors which led to the slaughter .
Some contemporary researchers including the historian Tomio Hora and the journalist Katsuichi Honda expressed strong disagreement with Hata 's death toll estimate , though both expressed admiration for Hata 's scholarship and sincerity . Hata is today recognized as the major scholar of the so @-@ called " centrist " school of thought on the Nanking Massacre , which in terms of the death toll believes that tens of thousands were killed and thus stands between the " great massacre " school which believes that hundreds of thousands were killed , and the " illusion " school of Nanking Massacre deniers . By contrast , Takuji Kimura has criticized Hata as a " minimizer " of the atrocity , while still acknowledging that his book on the massacre was " an excellent study " and Herbert Bix has described him as " the most notorious " of the " partial deniers " of the Nanking Massacre . However , historians Haruo Tohmatsu and HP Willmott have stated that Hata 's estimate for the death toll is regarded in Japan as being " the most academically reliable estimate " .
Hata 's Nankin jiken has continued to receive plaudits from some scholars . In 2000 Marius Jansen endorsed it as " the most reasonable of many Japanese studies " on the massacre and in 2001 prominent Nanking Massacre scholar Yutaka Yoshida deemed it one of the top five books he recommends that people read on the Nanking Massacre , despite disagreeing with its death toll estimate . In 2003 Joshua Fogel called the book " still an authority in the field " , and Ritsumeikan University professor David Askew designated it " the best introductory work on the Nanjing Incident in any language " . By 1999 the book was in its nineteenth printing .
In November 1997 at a conference in Princeton University Hata was confronted by Iris Chang , author of the book The Rape of Nanking , who asked him why he doubted the testimony of Japanese POWs who had stated that hundreds of thousands of Chinese were killed in the atrocity . When Hata replied that torture and coercion of Japanese POWs made their testimony unreliable Chang walked out and the audience became unruly , shouting Hata down and yelling insults at him . The moderator Perry Link barely kept the situation under control . In the wake of this incident , similar disruptions by Chinese students who disagreed with his death toll estimate prevented Hata from speaking at a number of universities that he visited . Bob Wakabayashi of York University argues that Hata became more strident in his tone following these attacks , once calling it the " Nanking industry " in comparison with Norman Finkelstein 's " Holocaust industry " . In the 1980s Hata had stated that the death toll was 38 @,@ 000 to 42 @,@ 000 while holding out the possibility that it might have been as high as 60 @,@ 000 , but when he wrote the second edition of Nankin Jiken in 2007 he indicated that 42 @,@ 000 massacred was the maximum possible and that the true number might have been lower .
= = = Research on comfort women = = =
Ikuhiko Hata is a leading historian on the subject of the comfort women who served alongside the Japanese Army in the 1930s and 1940s and is credited with being the first individual to expose as fraudulent the testimony of Seiji Yoshida , who claimed to have kidnapped Korean women for the Japanese military . Hata , who argues that the comfort women were not sex slaves but largely willing prostitutes with minority of them being sold by their parents and more crucially , no direct involvement by Japanese military except few incidents in South East Asia , summed up his views on the issue with ,
" There were at most 20 @,@ 000 comfort women . None of them were forcibly recruited . Forty percent of them were from Japan , the most heavily represented nation . Many were sold to brokers by their parents . Some responded willingly to brokers ' offers ; others were deceived . I would add that , on the average , living conditions in the comfort stations were practically identical to those in brothels set up for American troops during the Vietnam War . "
Historian Chunghee Sarah Soh notes that Hata had put the total number of comfort women at 90 @,@ 000 in 1993 but he later revised the number downward because of " his political alignment with the conservative anti @-@ redress camp in Japan that emerged in the latter half of the 1990s " .
Hata would expand his research into the 1999 book Ianfu to senjō no sei ( " Comfort women and sex on the battlefield " ) , described by Sarah Soh as " a 444 @-@ page treatise on the comfort women issue " . Ianfu to senjō no sei was noted for its extensive compilation of information , being praised by historian Haruo Tohmatsu as " probably the most well documented study on the question " and by Mainichi Shimbun reporter Takao Yamada as " an encyclopedia @-@ like collection of facts on comfort women " . In The International History Review , A. Hamish Ion stated that with this work Hata has succeeded in creating " a measured evaluation in the face of sensational and supposedly ill @-@ researched studies by George Hicks and others . " The book was also favorably reviewed by political scientist Itaru Shimazu and the journalist Takaaki Ishii . By contrast , historian Hirofumi Hayashi criticized the work for faulty use of documents , such as where Hata cites a document listing 650 comfort women allocated in five prefectures , when in fact the document said 400 comfort women .
Hata , who supports the retraction of the Kono Statement on comfort women , was the only historian appointed to the committee established by the government of Shinzo Abe to re @-@ examine the statement . In 2015 Hata led of group of Japanese historians in requesting that the publisher McGraw @-@ Hill make corrections to what they believed were erroneous descriptions of the comfort women in a world history textbook published in the United States .
= = Ideological leanings = =
Hata 's general ideological leanings have been described in a variety of manners . Some sources have referred to him as being a right @-@ leaning scholar , such as Thomas U. Berger who has called him , " a highly respected conservative Japanese historian " . Others , however , find characterizing Hata in these terms to be inaccurate , such as military historian Masahiro Yamamoto who notes that in the historical debate on the Nanking Massacre Hata was a centrist who actually leaned closer to the " traditionalist " scholars than the conservative " revisionists " . Takao Yamada likewise points out that Hata has criticized all sides in historical controversies and he argues that Hata can be better described as a " positivist " .
Hata is known as a strong opponent of the attempts by some Japanese nationalists to revise Japan 's wartime history in a way that he deems ideologically biased . Hata , whom the Wall Street Journal described as an advocate of the " we @-@ did @-@ wrong view " of Japanese history , has expressed grave concern about the advent of new historical revisionists seeking to apologize for Japan 's wartime aggressions and absolve former Prime Minister Hideki Tojo . In 1995 Hata stepped down from a government commission on the construction of a new war museum near Yasukuni Shrine in fear that the project would be used to glorify Japan 's wartime actions . He favors the de @-@ enshrinement of war criminals from Yasukuni Shrine and is also a critic of Yūshūkan , a museum near the shrine , for its nationalist @-@ inspired portrayal of Japanese history . While he has been strongly critical of efforts by Japanese nationalist groups to alter history textbooks , Hata also agreed to testify for the Ministry of Education against left @-@ wing historian Saburo Ienaga who believed that his textbook was being censored by the Japanese government . Hata has supported the work of the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform , despite noting that the textbook which the Society had authored " was colored more strongly by nationalism than others " .
In 2007 Hata was vocal in his denunciation of an essay written by Toshio Tamogami , a former general in the Japanese Air Self @-@ Defense Force , which sought to justify Japanese imperialism . Hata found Tamogami 's essay to be " of extremely low quality " and full of " old conspiracy theories " . Because of his scholarship on the Nanking Massacre Hata has been attacked by Nanking Massacre deniers such as Masaaki Tanaka , who said that Hata was infected with " IMTFE syndrome " , and Shōichi Watanabe .
In 1990 Hata argued that the recently released monologue of Emperor Hirohito , the former Emperor 's recollection of wartime Japan which he recorded shortly after World War II , had likely been created to prove to the United States that he was not involved in war crimes and consequently Hata theorized that an English language translation must have also been drawn up at the same time , a theory which was mocked by right @-@ wing scholars who felt the monologue was created as a simple historical record without ulterior motives . In 1997 the English language draft was discovered .
= = Personal life = =
Hata has been married to Kazuko Matsumura since 9 September 1973 and has one daughter , Mineko . He lives in Meguro in Tokyo , Japan .
= = Awards = =
1993 - Kikuchi Kan Prize
2014 - Mainichi Publishing Cultural Awards
= = Works in English = =
= = = Books = = =
Reality and Illusion : The Hidden Crisis between Japan and the USSR 1932 – 1934 . New York : Columbia University Press , 1967 .
With Yasuho Izawa . Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press , 1989 .
With Yasuho Izawa and Christopher Shores . Japanese Army Air Force Fighter Units and Their Aces 1931 @-@ 1945 . London : Grub Street , 2002 .
Hirohito : The Showa Emperor in War and Peace . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 2007 .
= = = Chapters of books = = =
" Japanese Historical Writing on the Origins of the Pacific War " ( in Papers on Modern Japan . Canberra : Australian National University Press , 1968 . )
" The Battle of Midway " ( in Purnell 's History of the 20th Century Volume Seven . New York : Purnell , 1971 . )
" The Japanese @-@ Soviet Confrontation , 1935 @-@ 1939 " ( in Deterrent Diplomacy : Japan , Germany , and the USSR 1935 @-@ 1940 . New York : Columbia University Press , 1976 . )
" The Army 's Move into Northern Indochina " ( in The Fateful Choice : Japan 's Advance into Southeast Asia , 1939 – 1941 . New York : Columbia University Press , 1980 . )
" The Occupation of Japan , 1945 – 1952 " ( in The American Military and the Far East : Proceedings of the Ninth Military History Symposium . Washington DC : Government Printing Office , 1980 . )
" From Mukden to Pearl Harbor " ( in Japan Examined : Perspectives on Modern Japanese History . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1983 . )
" The Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937 " ( in The China Quagmire . New York : Columbia University Press , 1983 . )
" Continental Expansion 1905 – 1941 " ( in The Cambridge History of Japan Volume Six . London : Cambridge University Press , 1988 . )
" The Road to the Pacific War " ( in Pearl Harbor Reexamined . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1990 . )
" Admiral Yamamoto 's Surprise Attack and the Japanese Navy 's War Strategy " ( in From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima . London : Macmillan , 1994 . )
" From Consideration to Contempt : The Changing Nature of Japanese Military and Popular Perceptions of Prisoners of War Through the Ages " ( in Prisoners of War and Their Captors in World War II . Oxford : Berg , 1996 . )
" The Flawed UN Report on Comfort Women " ( in Women and Women 's Issues in Post World War II Japan . New York : Garland , 1998 . )
" Nanjing , construction of a ' great massacre ' " ( in An Overview of the Nanjing Debate . Tokyo : Japan Echo , 2008 . )
" Nanking atrocities , fact and fable " ( in An Overview of the Nanjing Debate . Tokyo : Japan Echo , 2008 . )
= = = Articles = = =
" A Japanese View of the Pacific War " , Orient / West , July 1962 .
" Japan Under the Occupation " , The Japan Interpreter , Winter 1976 .
" The Postwar Period in Retrospect " , Japan Echo , 1984 .
" When Ideologues Rewrite History " , Japan Echo , Winter 1986 .
" Going to War : Who Delayed the Final Note ? " , Journal of American @-@ East Asian Relations , Fall 1994 .
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= Wonderland ( Faryl Smith album ) =
Wonderland is the second studio album by teenage mezzo @-@ soprano Faryl Smith , released by Decca Records on 30 November 2009 . Smith became famous after her participation in Britain 's Got Talent in 2008 , and subsequently , aged 13 , signed with Universal Classics and Jazz , releasing her debut album , Faryl . Released only a few months afterwards , Wonderland contains a mix of classical and non @-@ classical songs , which were chosen by both Smith and her record label . A concept album , it is based on Alice in Wonderland , and features a digitally produced " duet " with Luciano Pavarotti , who died in 2007 , as well as a song set to " Winter " , from Vivaldi 's Four Seasons . As with Faryl , Wonderland was produced by Jon Cohen .
Smith promoted the album with appearances on television and radio . For the most part , critics responded positively to the album , with praise for Smith 's vocals , the song choice and the musical arrangement , but criticism for " the lack of emotional weight " . Further , critics observed that Smith 's voice had improved since her appearance on Britain 's Got Talent . Despite this , Wonderland appeared in the UK Albums Chart for only one week , peaking at 54 , proving less successful than Faryl . Smith later rerecorded " The Prayer " , her cover of which was originally released on Wonderland , with 22 other classical artists , with proceeds going to charity .
= = Background = =
Smith , aged 13 at the time , signed a record @-@ breaking multi @-@ album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz in December 2008 , six months after finishing outside the top three in the Britain 's Got Talent series two final . Her debut album , Faryl , was released in March 2009 . Smith later described the album as " an introduction to me and an introduction for me to recording " , and said that she " wanted to follow up [ Faryl ] as quickly as possible with another record , something richer and varied " . In July , it was announced that work had begun on her second album , with hopes to release it later in the year . Smith said in an interview that " We 're starting to look at what songs will be on the second album ... I 'm not really choosing the songs myself , I 'm leaving that up to the people at the record label . I 'm really happy that they want me to do another album so soon – I didn 't think I would be working on one so quickly after the first one was released ... I 'm just excited to get under way with it . "
= = Recording and release = =
Wonderland was revealed as the album 's name in September , and a preliminary release date of 30 November was forwarded . Recording took place at Sarm Studios in Notting Hill , London , and completed in early October . Smith recorded her vocals during her school holidays . Initially , Smith was asked by her label for a track listing , but said that she " didn 't know what songs would be wrong or right for an album " . Instead , she and Decca both created their own lists , and the final track list was compiled from the two . The result included a variety of songs ; Smith said she was pleased with the mix , citing " classical numbers " like " The Prayer " , in contrast to " a more unexpected song " , " Close to You " . The track " O Holy Night " features a " duet " with Luciano Pavarotti , who died in 2007 ; Pavarotti 's vocals were digitally added to Smith 's recording to produce the song , resulting in the pair sounding " as if they 're really there together " . The title track , " Wonderland " , is set to " Winter " , from Vivaldi 's Four Seasons , and the lead track , " Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence ( Somewhere Far Away ) " is an adaptation of a piece by Ryuichi Sakamoto , originally from Merry Christmas , Mr. Lawrence . Smith 's favourite tracks on the album are " O Holy Night " and " The Prayer " .
The album was produced by Jon Cohen , who also produced Faryl and has previously worked with artists including the Opera Babes and Vanessa @-@ Mae . Cohen said that Smith has " matured as an artist since the first album " and that he had " no doubt that once again , people will be astonished and moved by her performances " . Smith 's father , Tony , said that the bosses at universal were hoping for the album to be more commercially successful than Faryl , but noted that the market around Christmas time is tough , due to the high volume of releases . Brian Roberts , writing for the Daily Mirror , claimed that Wonderland was " tipped to go head to head " for the number one classical album position with releases from Il Divo and Rhydian Roberts .
Wonderland is a concept album loosely based on Lewis Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland . The album took the title from the book , and was created with the intention of taking listeners on a journey , as well as showcasing Smith 's voice . She said that " that 's something I like to hear in music . Whether I listen to Beyonce [ sic ] or Vivaldi , music is supposed to transport you away , escape from the everyday . " Smith said that she sometimes felt like Alice chasing White Rabbit , and , for this reason , " Wonderland " was a suitable title track for the album .
= = Promotion = =
Wonderland was released for the Christmas market , and was labelled as a potential Christmas number one . Smith embarked on a promotional tour , beginning at the end of October , with magazine , television and radio appearances . Appearances included Ready Steady Cook , Blue Peter , the BBC News Channel , Sky News Sunrise , The Alan Titchmarsh Show and The Paul O 'Grady Show . Speaking about the album 's promotion , Smith said " [ i ] t is always a struggle when a second album comes out because you never know how it is going to do but fingers crossed people will enjoy it . I am very proud of it . ... I am excited about going on all the shows too – especially Ready Steady Cook because I can 't cook and I think it will be fun . "
= = Reception and performance = =
Critics responded positively to the album . Paul Callan , reviewing the album for the Daily Express , described Wonderland as " a joy " ; he compared it to other Christmas albums , saying that " [ t ] oo many are tired , much @-@ repeated carol selections . " He described Smith 's " control , tone and warmth " as " very moving " . Overall , he gave the album 4 out of 5 . A reviewer writing for The Sun described the album as a " lush collection " of songs , and said that Smith 's " voice is now stronger , richer and even more musical " . Andy Gill , reviewing Wonderland for The Independent , gave a more mixed review . He said that the influence of Alice in Wonderland was often hard to perceive , and said that Cohen and Smith had " sweetened the classical elements " . He praised the arrangements of " Adiemus " , " Barcarolle " , " Merry Christmas , Mr Lawrence " and " Blow the Wind Southerly " , but noted that " on " Close to You " and other tracks , " the lack of emotional weight is telling . " Overall , Gill gave Wonderland 3 out of 5 .
Local paper the Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph reported that Wonderland was selling well ; on Amazon.co.uk 's charts , it appeared at number one on the symphonies chart , 13 on easy listening and 95 overall . A spokesman for the local HMV store was quoted as saying " Sales of the new Faryl album have got off to a storming start – she is proving hugely popular at HMV . ... We 're actually selling as many copies of Faryl 's new album as we are Susan Boyle right now . " However , the album entered the top 75 of the UK Albums Chart for only one week , peaking at 54 . It appeared on the Arts & Book Review ( Independent Print ) classical albums chart for two weeks , peaking at number 6 . The album proved less successful than Smith 's debut , and , subsequent to its release , Smith 's contract with Universal ended .
Having originally released her version of " The Prayer " on Wonderland , Smith and 22 other classical musicians from the UK recorded a version of the song for charity in the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The proceeds of the single , which was released on 14 March 2010 , went to the Disasters Emergency Committee . Smith said " It 's a real honour to be a part of something that is being done for the first time , and I hope that all music lovers get involved and help raise money for the campaign . I really hope that we can make a difference together to help the horrible situation that Haiti is in at the moment . " The group , dubbed " Classical Band Aid " , recorded the track at Metropolis Studios and were backed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra . Each vocalist in the group performed their own solo lines , and the entire group came together for the finale . " The Prayer " was the first ever classical charity single ; Smith noted that " Pop singers do things like this a lot but it 's unusual for classical singers to get involved so I 've been really excited . "
= = Credits = =
= = = Music = = =
= = = Administration and production = = =
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
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= Orval Grove =
Orval Leroy Grove ( August 29 , 1919 – April 20 , 1992 ) was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for ten seasons in the American League with the Chicago White Sox . In 207 career games , Grove pitched 1 @,@ 176 innings and posted a win – loss record of 63 – 73 , with 66 complete games , 11 shutouts , and a 3 @.@ 78 earned run average ( ERA ) .
The only freshman on the Proviso High School varsity baseball team , Grove 's pitching ability attracted the attention of the White Sox . After signing with the team in 1937 , Grove moved between the major leagues and minor leagues for a few seasons until 1943 , when he found a solid place in the White Sox 's pitching rotation . Grove had a career @-@ year in 1943 , finishing the season with career @-@ bests in ERA , wins , and complete games ; in 1944 , he made his only All @-@ Star appearance .
Grove spent four more full seasons with the White Sox , and after pitching one game in 1949 , was sent to the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League . After playing four seasons with them , he formally retired from professional baseball . After retirement , he worked with his uncle in a trucking business in Chicago while continuing to pitch at the semi @-@ pro level . In 1992 , Grove died at the age of 72 .
= = Early life = =
Grove was born in West Mineral , Kansas , on August 29 , 1919 , and was raised in Maywood , Illinois . By eighth grade , Grove developed a fondness for baseball and began pitching for the Proviso East High School baseball team . He became the first freshman member of the varsity team in school history . During a high school pitching career of three years , Grove lost only two games and pitched a no @-@ hitter and two one @-@ hitters . Over the summer of 1937 , Grove attracted the attention of Chicago White Sox talent scout Doug Minor , who requested that he " come and workout with the Sox . " Later that year , Grove was signed by the White Sox for $ 2 @,@ 500 and began his minor league career , foregoing his senior season of high school .
= = Minor league career = =
Grove began his career with the Dallas Steers of the Texas League at the start of the 1938 season . He played with the Steers until management began to replace young players with veterans due to the team 's struggling form and moved Grove to the Longview Cannibals . As his first minor league season drew to a close , Grove planned on returning to Proviso High School to complete his education . At the end of the season , the St. Paul Saints purchased Grove 's contract to replenish their pitching staff .
After the 1939 season had begun , Grove became part of the Oklahoma City Indians of the Texas League ; St. Paul did not see much potential in him . Grove played well enough over the course of the season to receive votes for Most Valuable Player , which ultimately went to Nick Cullop . In 1939 , Grove had a peculiar game while pitching against the Tulsa Oilers . Playing in a night game with virtually no light due to storms , Grove did not allow a hit during his time on the mound , but earned the loss because he walked three men in a row , which allowed a run to score . As the 1940 season began , Grove became a part of the White Sox roster and began his Major League career .
= = Transition to the majors = =
During spring training in 1940 , Hall of Fame pitcher Ted Lyons said that Grove would have a great career , stating , " They 'll never drive that sinker very far . " Grove was an official part of the 40 @-@ man roster as the 1940 season began ( teams started rather than ended the season with 40 men at this time ) , but had not made an appearance after a month on the roster . The White Sox planned to use three rookie pitchers , including Grove , during the final week of May , as they had three doubleheaders that week . Grove made his Major League debut on May 28 , 1940 . He pitched in two more games for the White Sox that season before being sent back to Oklahoma City . Grove finished 1940 with six innings of major league work over three games , allowing two earned runs . The highlight of Grove 's 1940 season came on August 11 against the Oilers ; he pitched a complete game that lasted 12 innings , winning 1 – 0 against Hall of Famer Dizzy Dean . Grove finished the minor league season with nine wins and eight losses , but the team saw issues with his control , and as a result he spent most of the next season in the minor leagues .
In 1941 , Grove played two games for the White Sox , pitching seven innings and allowing eight runs during the two outings . He spent the start of the 1941 season at Oklahoma City , though on May 19 he was sent to the Shreveport Sports of the Texas League , where he spent the rest of the season . Grove concluded the year at Oklahoma City with a 17 – 7 record , an improvement over the previous season . However , Grove received a knee injury late in the season , which he did not think much of at the time . In October , Grove injured his other knee when he was involved in an automobile accident in Missouri .
The following season , Grove was provided an opportunity to be a starting pitcher for the White Sox . Over the course of the season , he started eight games and played in four more en route to a 4 – 6 record and a 5 @.@ 16 ERA . In the middle of July , Dr. Philip Kruescher discovered that Grove had torn cartilage in his left knee , a result of the same injury which caused him problems for most of the season and the previous off @-@ season . Grove was scheduled for knee surgery , which necessitated two months of recovery , effectively ending his season . Issues with his knee drew concern both during and after the season . Dr. Kruescher stated that Grove had a " 1 in 100 " chance of playing again , but the surgery was a success , and by season 's end Grove was able to test the knee and do light workouts . Complications arose shortly thereafter as an abscess developed on the back of his knee , prompting another operation in December to correct the problem .
= = Prime years = =
As the 1943 season began , the White Sox held strong doubts about Grove 's status as a pitcher . They were so doubtful of his recovery from knee surgery that Grove was signed to a $ 1 contract until he could prove that his playing ability was back on par with the abilities of the other White Sox pitchers . After Grove proved himself in spring training , manager Jimmy Dykes gave him his first major test of the season against the New York Yankees in relief of Eddie Smith . He won the game in extra innings , and was placed in the starting rotation . In 1943 , Grove had to deal with issues related to World War II and the selective service . He was originally classified as 3 @-@ A , meaning that registration was deferred due to hardship to dependents , but was ordered to take the selective service screening examination in Cleveland in mid @-@ May . After the examination , Grove was classified as 4 @-@ F , making him ineligible for military service , which meant that he could continue his baseball career .
Grove took advantage of his place in Chicago 's starting rotation by winning nine consecutive decisions to start his season and by not losing a game until a contest against the Yankees , which he lost as the result of a balk . At the time , Grove became the second member of the White Sox to win nine consecutive decisions to start a season . The first pitcher to win nine straight games for the team was Lefty Williams in 1917 , and the only one to do it since Grove was LaMarr Hoyt in 1982 . On July 8 , 1943 , Grove nearly became one of the few pitchers in baseball history to pitch a no @-@ hitter . In a game against the Yankees , he was one out away from pitching a no @-@ hitter when Joe Gordon came up to bat . Gordon hit a double to left field that was fair by inches , ending Grove 's closest bid for a Major League no @-@ hitter . Grove finished the season with career bests in ERA ( 2 @.@ 75 ) , wins ( 15 ) , and complete games ( 18 ) . He led the White Sox that season in ERA , wins , innings pitched , complete games , and strikeouts ; at the time , Grove was the youngest pitcher on the team 's staff . Grove 's personal life improved along with his career . On January 8 , 1944 , he married Catherine Sloan , having met her at a party thrown for the White Sox by her father , Francis Sloan , a year and a half earlier .
Grove started the 1944 season with an interesting honor : he was assigned to the 4 @-@ F All @-@ Star team , a group of 25 major league players who were the best of those exempt from military service . Grove was given the job of being the Opening Day starting pitcher for the White Sox . He pitched the first game of the season against the Cleveland Indians and their starting pitcher , Al Smith , on April 19 , 1944 , and won 3 – 1 . Grove also managed to shut out the Yankees on May 18 ; it was the first time the Yankees had not scored a run in 1944 . By mid @-@ season , Grove had seven wins , six losses , five complete games , and a 3 @.@ 40 ERA . Because of these statistics , he was selected to the American League All @-@ Star team , his first and only career appearance . Five American League pitchers pitched in the All @-@ Star Game on July 11 , although Grove was one of the four on the roster who did not ; therefore , his lone All @-@ Star appearance was indeed only an appearance . During the second half of the season , Grove performed well at Comiskey Park , but struggled on the road , at one point losing five straight games despite good run support from the White Sox . Grove finished the season with 14 wins , 15 losses , an ERA of 3 @.@ 72 , two shutouts , and a career best of nearly 235 innings pitched .
There was a sense of closure for Grove before the beginning of the 1945 season , as he was awarded $ 310 ( $ 4 @,@ 075 today ) in damages for the auto accident in 1941 . He held out for a new contract in the off @-@ season , and finally signed with the White Sox a couple weeks before the beginning of the season after becoming the last remaining holdout . Grove was the workhorse of the White Sox , leading the team in games pitched ( 33 ) and started ( 30 ) , while remaining the youngest pitcher on the roster . He finished the season with 217 pitched innings , a career best four shutouts , a 14 – 12 record , and a 3 @.@ 44 ERA .
The 1946 season saw Grove persist as a stable part of the White Sox pitching rotation . He pitched in 33 games during the season , second to closer Earl Caldwell , and started in 26 , second to Ed Lopat 's 29 . His best outing of the season occurred on August 3 against the Washington Senators . Grove pitched a complete game and threw to the minimum 27 batters , allowing three hits and a walk , all of which were negated by double plays . He finished the season with more losses than wins because he was eager to succeed and was trying too hard , and because of this the coaching staff planned to make Grove into " as good a pitcher most of the time as he is some of the time " . At the end of the 1946 season , Grove had eight wins and 13 losses , a 3 @.@ 02 ERA , 10 complete games , and a league @-@ leading 10 wild pitches .
= = Later career = =
During the off @-@ season , while preparations were underway for the 1947 season , Grove was the subject of trade discussions . Most notably , White Sox manager Ted Lyons and Cleveland Indians president Bill Veeck discussed trading him for Indians pitcher Steve Gromek , but the deal was nixed when they could not come to an agreement . As the season began , Grove remained part of the rotation , which was led by Lopat and included Joe Haynes and Frank Papish . While Grove started off the season well , he struggled through the middle of the year , going from May 18 to August 2 without winning a game . As a result , he was benched , and finished the season with 19 starts in 25 pitching appearances . For the first time , Grove finished a full season with an ERA above 4 @.@ 00 . He ended the season with six wins , eight losses , a 4 @.@ 44 ERA , and six complete games . Grove spent the off @-@ season working in the men 's furnishings department of Henry C. Lytton 's department store in Chicago .
In the 1948 season , the White Sox faced difficult decisions regarding their pitching staff and starting rotation . In the midst of Caldwell 's departure and Papish 's absence for most of the preseason , Grove remained a starter heading into the season , having pitched decently during spring training . In his final exhibition matchup of the season against Johnny Schmitz , Grove pitched the full nine innings and the White Sox defeated the Chicago Cubs 1 – 0 , making Grove the only White Sox pitcher to throw a complete game during the preseason . By the end of May , Grove was the lone White Sox pitcher with a complete game through the first several weeks of the season . However , Grove eventually lost his starting job , and by the end of the season , he had two wins , 10 losses , a 6 @.@ 16 ERA , and had started 11 games out of 32 total pitching appearances .
As the 1949 season began , Grove was again the subject of trade rumors . The Detroit Tigers agreed to trade an outfielder , presumably Don Lund or Jimmy Outlaw , in exchange for Grove , although the Tigers denied the existence of such a deal , stating " We need pitching , but I don 't think Grove would help us . " Grove pitched one game during the season on April 27 , 1949 , allowing four runs in two @-@ thirds of an inning . In his one appearance against the Indians , he hit Lou Boudreau with a pitch , which prompted concern until X @-@ rays revealed Boudreau 's left elbow was only bruised .
Shortly afterward , Grove was demoted to the Sacramento Solons of the Pacific Coast League , having pitched his final major league game . During his inaugural season at Sacramento , he was part of a pitching quartet that included Ken Holcombe , Bob Gillespie , and Frank Dasso , and was declared by Sporting News sportswriter John B. Old as " the best any Coast League club ever had . " Over the course of the next three seasons , Grove continued to pitch for the Solons . He was one of the workhorses of the 1950 squad , finishing the season with 17 victories .
His contract with the Solons promised him part of the purchase price if he was sold to the majors . When this did not occur , he considered quitting baseball and devoting himself full @-@ time to his uncle 's trucking business . However , Grove continued to play , and pitched 159 innings in 1951 , compiling an 8 – 9 record . There was talk of his retiring in the off @-@ season ; however , Grove ended up playing part of the 1952 season , making his season debut on June 10 and playing for the rest of the season . After the season ended , Grove was traded to the Portland Beavers , and refused to report , choosing instead to pitch at the semi @-@ pro level . Grove stated , " I 'm now pitching for Earl Smith Motors Pontiac sales service " , signaling the end of his professional baseball career .
= = Later life = =
After his retirement from baseball , Grove continued to work with his uncle . His legacy lived on in his nephew , Wayne Grove . While playing for the Bellwood Lions of the Chicago Little League , Wayne pitched a no @-@ hitter and struck out 15 , and narrowly missed a perfect game when a runner got on base with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning . Despite an unimpressive Major League career , Grove earned a few votes for induction into the Hall of Fame , receiving five votes in the 1958 balloting ( 1 @.@ 9 % of the required votes needed ) and seven in the 1960 balloting ( 2 @.@ 6 % of the required votes needed ) .
Grove had four children and four grandchildren , and later was the co @-@ owner of a car wash in Sacramento , California for 20 years . He became close friends with Joe Gordon , the player who broke up Grove 's no @-@ hitter , after moving to Sacramento . Grove died in Carmichael , California on April 20 , 1992 , and is buried alongside his wife , Catherine .
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= 1994 – 95 South Pacific cyclone season =
The 1994 – 95 South Pacific cyclone season was one of the least active South Pacific tropical cyclone season 's on record , with only three tropical cyclones officially occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160 ° E and 120 ° W. The season ran from November 1 , 1994 until April 30 , 1995 with the first disturbance of the season developing on November 12 and the last disturbance dissipating on March 17 . The most intense tropical cyclone during the season was Tropical Cyclone William , which affected the Cook Islands . After the season the name William was retired , from the tropical cyclone naming lists .
During the season , tropical cyclones were officially monitored by the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers ( TCWC ) in Nadi , Fiji , Wellington , New Zealand and Brisbane , Australia . Throughout the season the United States Navy also monitored the basin and issued unofficial warnings , through its Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) and Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center ( NPMOC ) . Tropical cyclones that were located between the Equator and 25S were monitored by TCWC Nadi while any that were located to the south of 25S were monitored by TCWC Wellington . During the season the JTWC issued warnings on any tropical cyclone that was located between 160 ° E and 180 ° while the NPMOC issued warnings for tropical cyclones forming between 180 ° and the American coast . TCWC Nadi , Wellington and Brisbane all used the Australian Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale , and measured windspeeds over a 10 @-@ minute period , while the JTWC and the NPMOC measured sustained windspeeds over a 1 @-@ minute period .
= = Seasonal summary = =
The season was one of the most inactive tropical cyclone seasons on record , with only two tropical cyclones officially occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160 ° E and 120 ° W. The first tropical depression of the season developed out of an area of convection on November 12 to the northeast of Vanuatu , before it was named Vania on November 14 after it had become a category one tropical cyclone . The cyclone went on to end a long dry spell in Vanuatu , before it last noted on November 19 to the west of Port Vila , Vanuatu . The basin remained quiet until December 13 , when Tropical Depression 04P developed to the east of the Solomon Islands , before going on to affect Fiji and Tonga . During the final days of 1994 , Tropical Cyclone William developed to the northeast of American Samoa . Throughout its lifetime , William moved southeast and affected parts of French Polynesia and the Cook Islands before becoming extratropical on January 3 . After William left the basin on January 5 , the basin remained quiet until March 16 , when Tropical Depression 18P developed near Fiji , before dissipating during the next day . After the season had ended the name William was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists , while in June 1995 , the World Meteorological Organization made TCWC Nadi a Regional Specialized Meteorological Center .
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Cyclone Vania = = =
On November 12 , TCWC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed within a persistent area of convection , that was located about 795 kilometres ( 495 mi ) to the northeast of Port Vila , Vanuatu . Over the next couple of days the depression gradually developed further as it started to move towards the southwest , before the JTWC started to issue warnings on it during November 13 and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 01P after it had become equivalent to a tropical storm . Early on November 14 , as the system passed near the Solomon Island of Tikopia , TCWC Nadi reported that the system had become a category one tropical cyclone on the Australian scale , and named it as Vania . During that day as it continued to move towards the south — southwest and intensify , it started to affect Vanautu with storm force windspeeds and heavy rain which helped break a long dry spell in Vanuatu .
Early on November 15 , TCWC Nadi reported that Vania had become a category two tropical cyclone with peak 10 @-@ minute sustained windspeeds of between 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) , while the JTWC reported peak 1 @-@ minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) which made it equivalent to a tropical storm . Later that day Vania passed near or over several of the Vanuatuan islands as it continued to move towards the south — southwest , and started to weaken as it encountered a higher amount of vertical windshear . During the following day , TCWC Nadi reported that Vania had weakened into a category one tropical cyclone as the systems low level circulation stalled , before it turned and started to move westwards while located to the north of New Caledonia . During November 17 , as the system had become sheared the JTWC issued their final advisory on Vania , before the systems remnant low level circulation was last noted by TCWC Nadi and the JTWC during November 19 , while it was located about 100 km ( 60 mi ) to the west of Port Vila , Vanuatu . Only minor damage to crops and bush houses was reported to have occurred in the archipelago while no deaths were reported . As a result of Vania affecting parts of Vanuatu during November 15 , voting in provincial elections had to be extended by 24 hours .
= = = Tropical Depression 04P = = =
On December 13 , the US Navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather that was located about 720 km ( 480 mi ) , to the east of Honiara in the Solomon Islands . During that day , TCWC Nadi started to monitor the system as a tropical depression as the system moved southeast towards Fiji . Over the next couple of days , the depression continued to move southeast towards Fiji and gradually developed further . On December 15 , the NPMOC initiated advisories on the depression and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 04P , while it was located about 110 km ( 70 mi ) to the northeast of Labasa , Fiji . Later that day , the NPMOC reported that the system had become a tropical storm and reached its peak 1 @-@ minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , as it affected several Fijian islands including Vanua Levu and Thikombia . During December 16 , the cyclone continued to move towards the southeast and started to affect Tonga before the NPMOC issued their final warning on the system as it had weakened into a tropical depression . During the next day , the depression moved into TCWC Wellingtons area of responsibility and was subsequently declared extratropical .
= = = Tropical Cyclone William = = =
On December 30 , TCWC Nadi reported that a tropical depression had developed about 860 km ( 535 mi ) , to the northeast of Pago Pago in American Samoa . Over the next couple of days the system moved towards the south @-@ southeast and gradually developed further , before the NPMOC designated the depression as Tropical Cyclone 05P . During January 1 , TCWC Nadi reported that the depression had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone and named it William as it passed near the Cook Island of Autitaki . During the next day William subsequently slowly accelerated as it passed near too or over several other Cook Islands and intensified into a category 2 tropical cyclone . Early on January 3 , TCWC Nadi reported that the system had reached its peak 10 @-@ minute wind speeds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) as it passed near or over the French Polynesian islands of Maria and Rimatara .
At around the same time the NPMOC reported that William , had reached its peak 1 @-@ minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . The system subsequently degenerated into an extratropical cyclone as it left the tropics later that day . The remnants of Tropical Cyclone William were tracked by TCWC Wellington until January 5 , as they moved south @-@ eastwards and moved out of the South Pacific basin . Throughout the Southern Cook Islands caused around US $ 2 @.@ 5 million worth of damage to crops , buildings and coconut trees and destroyed a causeway to a tourist resort on Aitutaki . William injured two people and destroyed over 150 houses in French Polynesia , where local leaders accused Météo @-@ France off underestimating Williams intensity .
= = = Tropical Depression 18P = = =
On March 15 , the US Navy started to monitor an area of disturbed weather , that had developed about 245 km ( 150 mi ) to the northeast of Nadi , Fiji . During that day the depression moved towards the southeast and gradually developed further while moving around the south coast of Viti Levu . During the next day , the NPMOC initiated advisories on the area of disturbed weather and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 18P , with 1 @-@ minute sustained windspeeds of 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) . During the following day as the depression did not intensify any further as it continued to move towards the southeast . The NPMOC then issued their final advisory on the system later that day , as the depression dissipated about 960 km ( 600 mi ) to the southeast of Nuku 'alofa , Tonga .
= = Season effects = =
This table lists all the storms that developed in the South Pacific basin during the 1994 – 95 season . It includes their intensity on the Australian Tropical cyclone intensity scale , duration , name , areas affected , deaths , and damages . For most storms the data is taken from TCWC Nadi and Wellington 's archives , however data for 04P and 18P have been taken from the JTWC archives as opposed to TCWC Nadi and Wellington 's , and thus the winds are over 1 @-@ minute as opposed to 10 @-@ minutes .
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= Taylor series =
In mathematics , a Taylor series is a representation of a function as an infinite sum of terms that are calculated from the values of the function 's derivatives at a single point .
The concept of a Taylor series was formulated by the Scottish mathematician James Gregory and formally introduced by the English mathematician Brook Taylor in 1715 . If the Taylor series is centered at zero , then that series is also called a Maclaurin series , named after the Scottish mathematician Colin Maclaurin , who made extensive use of this special case of Taylor series in the 18th century .
A function can be approximated by using a finite number of terms of its Taylor series . Taylor 's theorem gives quantitative estimates on the error introduced by the use of such an approximation . The polynomial formed by taking some initial terms of the Taylor series is called a Taylor polynomial . The Taylor series of a function is the limit of that function 's Taylor polynomials as the degree increases , provided that the limit exists . A function may not be equal to its Taylor series , even if its Taylor series converges at every point . A function that is equal to its Taylor series in an open interval ( or a disc in the complex plane ) is known as an analytic function in that interval .
= = Definition = =
The Taylor series of a real or complex @-@ valued function <formula> that is infinitely differentiable at a real or complex number <formula> is the power series
<formula>
which can be written in the more compact sigma notation as
<formula>
where <formula> denotes the factorial of n and <formula> denotes the nth derivative of <formula> evaluated at the point a . The derivative of order zero of <formula> is defined to be <formula> itself and <formula> and <formula> are both defined to be 1 . When a = 0 , the series is also called a Maclaurin series .
= = Examples = =
The Maclaurin series for any polynomial is the polynomial itself .
The Maclaurin series for ( 1 − x ) − 1 is the geometric series
<formula>
so the Taylor series for x − 1 at a
= 1 is
<formula>
By integrating the above Maclaurin series , we find the Maclaurin series for log ( 1 − x ) , where log denotes the natural logarithm :
<formula>
and the corresponding Taylor series for log ( x ) at a =
1 is
<formula>
and more generally , the corresponding Taylor series for log ( x ) at some a
= x0 is :
<formula>
The Taylor series for the exponential function ex at a =
0 is
<formula>
The above expansion holds because the derivative of ex with respect to x is also ex and e0 equals 1 . This leaves the terms ( x − 0 ) n in the numerator and n ! in the denominator for each term in the infinite sum .
= = History = =
The Greek philosopher Zeno considered the problem of summing an infinite series to achieve a finite result , but rejected it as an impossibility : the result was Zeno 's paradox . Later , Aristotle proposed a philosophical resolution of the paradox , but the mathematical content was apparently unresolved until taken up by Archimedes , as it had been prior to Aristotle by the Presocratic Atomist Democritus . It was through Archimedes 's method of exhaustion that an infinite number of progressive subdivisions could be performed to achieve a finite result . Liu Hui independently employed a similar method a few centuries later .
In the 14th century , the earliest examples of the use of Taylor series and closely related methods were given by Madhava of Sangamagrama . Though no record of his work survives , writings of later Indian mathematicians suggest that he found a number of special cases of the Taylor series , including those for the trigonometric functions of sine , cosine , tangent , and arctangent . The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics further expanded his works with various series expansions and rational approximations until the 16th century .
In the 17th century , James Gregory also worked in this area and published several Maclaurin series . It was not until 1715 however that a general method for constructing these series for all functions for which they exist was finally provided by Brook Taylor , after whom the series are now named .
The Maclaurin series was named after Colin Maclaurin , a professor in Edinburgh , who published the special case of the Taylor result in the 18th century .
= = Analytic functions = =
If f ( x ) is given by a convergent power series in an open disc ( or interval in the real line ) centered at b in the complex plane , it is said to be analytic in this disc . Thus for x in this disc , f is given by a convergent power series
<formula>
Differentiating by x the above formula n times , then setting x = b gives :
<formula>
and so the power series expansion agrees with the Taylor series . Thus a function is analytic in an open disc centered at b if and only if its Taylor series converges to the value of the function at each point of the disc .
If f ( x ) is equal to its Taylor series for all x in the complex plane , it is called entire . The polynomials , exponential function ex , and the trigonometric functions sine and cosine , are examples of entire functions . Examples of functions that are not entire include the square root , the logarithm , the trigonometric function tangent , and its inverse , arctan . For these functions the Taylor series do not converge if x is far from b . That is , the Taylor series diverges at x if the distance between x and b is larger than the radius of convergence . The Taylor series can be used to calculate the value of an entire function at every point , if the value of the function , and of all of its derivatives , are known at a single point .
Uses of the Taylor series for analytic functions include :
The partial sums ( the Taylor polynomials ) of the series can be used as approximations of the entire function . These approximations are good if sufficiently many terms are included .
Differentiation and integration of power series can be performed term by term and is hence particularly easy .
An analytic function is uniquely extended to a holomorphic function on an open disk in the complex plane . This makes the machinery of complex analysis available .
The ( truncated ) series can be used to compute function values numerically , ( often by recasting the polynomial into the Chebyshev form and evaluating it with the Clenshaw algorithm ) .
Algebraic operations can be done readily on the power series representation ; for instance , Euler 's formula follows from Taylor series expansions for trigonometric and exponential functions . This result is of fundamental importance in such fields as harmonic analysis .
Approximations using the first few terms of a Taylor series can make otherwise unsolvable problems possible for a restricted domain ; this approach is often used in physics .
= = Approximation and convergence = =
Pictured on the right is an accurate approximation of sin ( x ) around the point x
= 0 . The pink curve is a polynomial of degree seven :
<formula>
The error in this approximation is no more than | x | 9 / 9 ! . In particular , for − 1 < x < 1 , the error is less than 0 @.@ 000003 .
In contrast , also shown is a picture of the natural logarithm function log ( 1 + x ) and some of its Taylor polynomials around a =
0 . These approximations converge to the function only in the region − 1 < x ≤ 1 ; outside of this region the higher @-@ degree Taylor polynomials are worse approximations for the function . This is similar to Runge 's phenomenon .
The error incurred in approximating a function by its nth @-@ degree Taylor polynomial is called the remainder or residual and is denoted by the function Rn ( x ) . Taylor 's theorem can be used to obtain a bound on the size of the remainder .
In general , Taylor series need not be convergent at all . And in fact the set of functions with a convergent Taylor series is a meager set in the Fréchet space of smooth functions . And even if the Taylor series of a function f does converge , its limit need not in general be equal to the value of the function f ( x ) . For example , the function
<formula>
is infinitely differentiable at x |
= 0 , and has all derivatives zero there . Consequently , the Taylor series of f ( x ) about x =
0 is identically zero . However , f ( x ) is not the zero function , so does not equal its Taylor series around the origin . Thus , f ( x ) is an example of a non @-@ analytic smooth function .
In real analysis , this example shows that there are infinitely differentiable functions f ( x ) whose Taylor series are not equal to f ( x ) even if they converge . By contrast , the holomorphic functions studied in complex analysis always possess a convergent Taylor series , and even the Taylor series of meromorphic functions , which might have singularities , never converge to a value different from the function itself . The complex function e − z − 2 , however , does not approach 0 when z approaches 0 along the imaginary axis , so it is not continuous in the complex plane and its Taylor series is undefined at 0 .
More generally , every sequence of real or complex numbers can appear as coefficients in the Taylor series of an infinitely differentiable function defined on the real line , a consequence of Borel 's lemma . As a result , the radius of convergence of a Taylor series can be zero . There are even infinitely differentiable functions defined on the real line whose Taylor series have a radius of convergence 0 everywhere .
Some functions cannot be written as Taylor series because they have a singularity ; in these cases , one can often still achieve a series expansion if one allows also negative powers of the variable x ; see Laurent series . For example , f ( x ) = e − x − 2 can be written as a Laurent series .
= = = Generalization = = =
There is , however , a generalization of the Taylor series that does converge to the value of the function itself for any bounded continuous function on ( 0 , ∞ ) , using the calculus of finite differences . Specifically , one has the following theorem , due to Einar Hille , that for any t > 0 @,@
<formula>
Here Δnh is the n @-@ th finite difference operator with step size h . The series is precisely the Taylor series , except that divided differences appear in place of differentiation : the series is formally similar to the Newton series . When the function f is analytic at a , the terms in the series converge to the terms of the Taylor series , and in this sense generalizes the usual Taylor series .
In general , for any infinite sequence ai , the following power series identity holds :
<formula>
So in particular ,
<formula>
The series on the right is the expectation value of f ( a + X ) , where X is a Poisson distributed random variable that takes the value jh with probability e − t / h ( t / h ) j / j ! . Hence ,
<formula>
The law of large numbers implies that the identity holds .
= = List of Maclaurin series of some common functions = =
See also List of mathematical series
Several important Maclaurin series expansions follow . All these expansions are valid for complex arguments x .
Exponential function :
<formula>
Natural logarithm :
<formula>
<formula>
Geometric series and its derivatives ( see article for variants ) :
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
Binomial series ( includes the square root for α |
= 1 / 2 and the infinite geometric series for α =
− 1 ) :
<formula>
with generalized binomial coefficients
<formula>
For instance , with the first several terms written out explicitly for the common square root cases , is :
<formula>
<formula>
Trigonometric functions :
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
Hyperbolic functions :
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
<formula>
The numbers Bk appearing in the summation expansions of tan ( x ) and tanh ( x ) are the Bernoulli numbers . The Ek in the expansion of sec ( x ) are Euler numbers .
= = Calculation of Taylor series = =
Several methods exist for the calculation of Taylor series of a large number of functions . One can attempt to use the definition of the Taylor series , though this often requires generalizing the form of the coefficients according to a readily apparent pattern . Alternatively , one can use manipulations such as substitution , multiplication or division , addition or subtraction of standard Taylor series to construct the Taylor series of a function , by virtue of Taylor series being power series . In some cases , one can also derive the Taylor series by repeatedly applying integration by parts . Particularly convenient is the use of computer algebra systems to calculate Taylor series .
= = = First example = = =
In order to compute the 7th degree Maclaurin polynomial for the function
<formula> ,
one may first rewrite the function as
<formula> .
The Taylor series for the natural logarithm is ( using the big O notation )
<formula>
and for the cosine function
<formula> .
The latter series expansion has a zero constant term , which enables us to substitute the second series into the first one and to easily omit terms of higher order than the 7th degree by using the big O notation :
<formula>
Since the cosine is an even function , the coefficients for all the odd powers x , x3 , x5 , x7 , ... have to be zero .
= = = Second example = = =
Suppose we want the Taylor series at 0 of the function
<formula>
We have for the exponential function
<formula>
and , as in the first example ,
<formula>
Assume the power series is
<formula>
Then multiplication with the denominator and substitution of the series of the cosine yields
<formula>
Collecting the terms up to fourth order yields
<formula>
Comparing coefficients with the above series of the exponential function yields the desired Taylor series
<formula>
= = = Third example = = =
Here we employ a method called " Indirect Expansion " to expand the given function . This method uses the known Taylor expansion of the exponential function . In order to expand
<formula>
as a Taylor series in x , we use the known Taylor series of function ex :
<formula>
Thus ,
<formula>
= = Taylor series as definitions = =
Classically , algebraic functions are defined by an algebraic equation , and transcendental functions ( including those discussed above ) are defined by some property that holds for them , such as a differential equation . For example , the exponential function is the function which is equal to its own derivative everywhere , and assumes the value 1 at the origin . However , one may equally well define an analytic function by its Taylor series .
Taylor series are used to define functions and " operators " in diverse areas of mathematics . In particular , this is true in areas where the classical definitions of functions break down . For example , using Taylor series , one may define analytical functions of matrices and operators , such as the matrix exponential or matrix logarithm .
In other areas , such as formal analysis , it is more convenient to work directly with the power series themselves . Thus one may define a solution of a differential equation as a power series which , one hopes to prove , is the Taylor series of the desired solution .
= = Taylor series in several variables = =
The Taylor series may also be generalized to functions of more than one variable with
<formula>
For example , for a function that depends on two variables , x and y , the Taylor series to second order about the point ( a , b ) is
<formula>
where the subscripts denote the respective partial derivatives .
A second @-@ order Taylor series expansion of a scalar @-@ valued function of more than one variable can be written compactly as
<formula>
where <formula> is the gradient of <formula> evaluated at <formula> and <formula> is the Hessian matrix . Applying the multi @-@ index notation the Taylor series for several variables becomes
<formula>
which is to be understood as a still more abbreviated multi @-@ index version of the first equation of this paragraph , again in full analogy to the single variable case .
= = = Example = = =
Compute a second @-@ order Taylor series expansion around point ( a , b ) = ( 0 , 0 ) of a function
<formula>
Firstly , we compute all partial derivatives we need
<formula>
Now we evaluate these derivatives at the origin :
<formula>
The Taylor series is
<formula>
which in this case becomes
<formula>
Since log ( 1 + y ) is analytic in | y | < 1 , we have
<formula>
= = Comparison with Fourier series = =
The trigonometric Fourier series enables one to express a periodic function ( or a function defined on a closed interval [ a , b ] ) as an infinite sum of trigonometric functions ( sines and cosines ) . In this sense , the Fourier series is analogous to Taylor series , since the latter allows one to express a function as an infinite sum of powers . Nevertheless , the two series differ from each other in several relevant issues :
Obviously the finite truncations of the Taylor series of f ( x ) about the point x = a are all exactly equal to f at a . In contrast , the Fourier series is computed by integrating over an entire interval , so there is generally no such point where all the finite truncations of the series are exact .
Indeed , the computation of Taylor series requires the knowledge of the function on an arbitrary small neighbourhood of a point , whereas the computation of the Fourier series requires knowing the function on its whole domain interval . In a certain sense one could say that the Taylor series is " local " and the Fourier series is " global . "
The Taylor series is defined for a function which has infinitely many derivatives at a single point , whereas the Fourier series is defined for any integrable function . In particular , the function could be nowhere differentiable . ( For example , f ( x ) could be a Weierstrass function . )
The convergence of both series has very different properties . Even if the Taylor series has positive convergence radius , the resulting series may not coincide with the function ; but if the function is analytic then the series converges pointwise to the function , and uniformly on every compact subset of the convergence interval . Concerning the Fourier series , if the function is square @-@ integrable then the series converges in quadratic mean , but additional requirements are needed to ensure the pointwise or uniform convergence ( for instance , if the function is periodic and of class C1 then the convergence is uniform ) .
Finally , in practice one wants to approximate the function with a finite number of terms , let 's say with a Taylor polynomial or a partial sum of the trigonometric series , respectively . In the case of the Taylor series the error is very small in a neighbourhood of the point where it is computed , while it may be very large at a distant point . In the case of the Fourier series the error is distributed along the domain of the function .
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= The Chariot ( band ) =
The Chariot was an American metalcore band from Douglasville , Georgia , that existed from 2003 to 2013 . The last lineup consisted of drummer David Kennedy , vocalist and bandleader Josh Scogin , and guitarists Brandon Henderson and Stephen Harrison . The band experienced frequent lineup changes since its inception , with Scogin being the only original member . The band played an abrasive style of hardcore that does not adhere to typical stylings such as melodic / abrasive dynamics and harmonic vocals . They built a reputation around their powerful live performances , with Scogin 's lyrics covering topics like materialism , personal struggle , current events , politics , and Christian themes . Their music was critically acclaimed as something " that will melt your face and leave you wanting more . "
The band was formed by Scogin shortly after he left his position of vocalist in Norma Jean . In 2004 , a record deal was signed with Solid State Records and a debut album was released , titled Everything Is Alive , Everything Is Breathing , Nothing Is Dead , and Nothing Is Bleeding . The band toured constantly after that . The Chariot released the Unsung EP in 2005 , which was then followed by three successful studio albums : The Fiancée in 2007 , Wars and Rumors of Wars in 2009 , and Long Live in 2010 . The band entered the studio in May 2012 to record their fifth full @-@ length album titled One Wing which was released August 28 , 2012 . The Chariot disbanded following a farewell tour in late 2013 .
= = Biography = =
= = = 2003 – 2004 : Formation and debut album = = =
The Chariot was formed by Josh Scogin almost immediately after leaving his previous band Norma Jean , a metalcore group based in Douglasville , Georgia . He recorded one album with them titled Bless the Martyr and Kiss the Child in 2002 . Later that year , following Norma Jean 's set at Furnace Fest , Scogin shocked the audience and his unaware bandmates by announcing his departure . Scogin stated that his departure was not the result of internal conflict , but a personal choice . The event generated a public outcry from fans in hardcore circles . Scogin returned to Douglasville in 2003 and started the Chariot with other musicians in the area ; the first lineup included guitarists Keller Harbin and Tony " Taco " Medina , bassist Joshua Beiser , and drummer Jeff Carter . The band 's name was inspired by the Biblical story of Elijah and the chariot of fire .
In 2004 , a record contract was signed with Solid State Records , a metal subdivision of Tooth & Nail Records and their first recorded song titled " It Is Usually the Boys Who Cry Wolf That Grow up to Be the Men Who Cry Sanctuary " was released on the compilation " This Is Solid State , Volume 5 " . This song was later re @-@ recorded as " Yellow Dress , Locked Knees " on their debut . The band traveled to Atlanta , Georgia and worked on their debut album with Matt Goldman . The entire album was recorded live . The album was released in November and titled Everything Is Alive , Everything Is Breathing , Nothing Is Dead , and Nothing Is Bleeding , a parody of albums that featured morbid names . The album debuted at No. 23 on Top Heatseekers , and received favorable reviews from critics . Touring followed with As Cities Burn , He Is Legend , Far @-@ less and Showbread on the Young Bloods Tour in Winter .
= = = 2005 – 2008 : The Fiancée = = =
Medina and Carter left the band soon after ; they were replaced by Brian Khounvichit and Mark Nicks respectively . Carter went on to form the progressive death metal band , Deus Invictus . Nicks was later replaced by drummer Jake Ryan . In September 2005 , The Chariot began a 27 @-@ city tour at Poughkeepsie , New York with High on Fire , Every Time I Die , and The Red Chord . An EP , titled Unsung , was released at the beginning of December . It featured two new tracks and four re @-@ recordings from their debut and was well received among critics . The band played shows with labelmates As Cities Burn , mewithoutYou , and Underoath later that month . Touring continued through 2006 as the band shared a national tour with P.O.D. in spring and garnered a spot in the Sounds of the Underground Tour with As I Lay Dying that summer . In June 2006 , Beiser and Harbin stepped down and were replaced by bassist Dan Eaton and guitarist Jon Terry respectively . The two men had been longtime friends of the band .
The Chariot embarked on the Youngbloods II Tour in fall with Solid State labelmates August Burns Red , Destroy The Runner , and Inhale Exhale . In January 2007 , the band toured through Europe with Becoming the Archetype , and Shaped by Fate . By this time , yet another bass player had been recruited — Jon " KC Wolf " Kindler . In April of the same year , after delays relating to lineup changes , their second album , The Fiancée , was released . The record was produced by Matt Goldman . The writing and recording process had been driven by time constraints . " It was actually a very easy record to write , " said Scogin , " It came more naturally to us . " However , Scogin waited until the music was written before writing lyrics , an exercise he vowed never to attempt again . Hayley Williams of Paramore made a guest performance on the track " Then Came To Kill " as did Aaron Weiss of mewithoutYou when he played the harmonica on " Forgive Me Nashville " ; Scogin had been friends with both artists for many years . The Fiancée broke the Billboard 200 — it debuted at No. 169 , selling 6 @,@ 800 copies — and was well received in the Christian and secular markets . The group played a release tour with Misery Signals , I Am Ghost , and I Hate Sally , and then made a short run on the Warped Tour in summer . Another leg of The Fiancée Tour extended into spring 2008 with LoveHateHero , Alesana , Our Last Night , and Sky Eats Airplane . The lineup underwent another drastic change in mid @-@ 2008 , as Jake Ryan , Dan Eaton and Jon Terry all decided to step down . Ryan and Eaton went on to form the indie pop band Queens Club and were signed to Tooth & Nail Records .
= = = 2009 – 2010 : Wars and Rumors of Wars = = =
The group 's third album , titled Wars and Rumors of Wars , was released in May 2009 . The lineup changed once again , leaving Scogin as the only member to appear on their first two releases . The album title was inspired by Matthew 24 : 6 , which contains the passage " You will be hearing of wars and rumors of wars ... " Scogin explained that the album title referred to internal conflict that people experience , not literal war . The band hand @-@ made the artwork and liner notes for the first 25 @,@ 000 copies of the album . Wars and Rumors of War debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 , their highest to date . Critical reception was very positive about the release . The Chariot performed on the Scream the Prayer Tour with Haste the Day , Sleeping Giant , Oh , Sleeper , and Project 86 that summer . Beginning late November , The Chariot and a group of hand picked artists , including Horse the Band supported Norma Jean who headlined the nationwide Explosions 2009 Tour .
= = = 2010 : Long Live = = =
The Chariot released their fourth studio album Long Live through Good Fight on November 22 , 2010 . The album was produced with Matt Goldman . They began touring with Haste the Day in February 2011 for Haste the Day 's Farewell Tour , along with A Plea for Purging and MyChildren MyBride .
= = = 2012 – 2013 : One Wing and final tour = = =
The band announced via Twitter that they were entering the studio in May to record their next album . The album is called One Wing , and was released August 28 , 2012 . In June 2012 , longtime bassist Jon ( KC Wolf ) Kindler left the band to return to college . The band opted not to replace Kindler , continuing as a four @-@ piece . The bass on One Wing has been recorded by both Henderson and Harrison . A track from the album , " In , " premiered on Alternative Press on August 16 .
The Chariot had their final tour in October / November 2013 with Glass Cloud , Rebuker , Birds in Row and To the Wind .
Josh moved on to form the band ' 68 .
= = Musical style and influences = =
The band 's music is characterized by a metal sound , and the screamed vocals of frontman Josh Scogin . Journalists have frequently referred to the music as " chaotic " ; Allmusic writer Alex Henderson described it as a " dense , clobbering sledgehammer " , while Brian Shultz of Alternative Press called it " manically pounding , distortion @-@ soaked exercises of catharsis " . The Chariot has often been labeled a metalcore band . However , the music generally defies genre standards like melodic / abrasive dynamics and harmonizing vocals ; it wouldn 't leave room for the " nonstop firestorm of exploding drums , heaving guitars , and visceral shrieking , " as Allmusic writer Corey Apar put it . The band utilizes time changes and start @-@ stop shifts , and typically write very short songs . Some journalists believe the music is challenging and an acquired taste . In interviews , Josh Scogin has described the band as “ heavy punk rock ” , doing away with genres and subgenres , and has also debunked many of these labels . “ Sometimes people refer to us as mathcore , which I think is a very incorrect statement , because I feel like that ’ s a very pre @-@ calculated , ‘ this is weird because this time signature doesn ’ t go with this time … ’ . It ’ s very planned out . We ’ re not that smart . ”
Live performances are very important to the band . " We love playing live , " said Scogin , " That 's what this band are all about : playing live shows . " This mentality leaked into their recording process : the band 's first album was recorded entirely live in one take . Their next two efforts followed more traditional recording sensibilities : " We may go in and [ fix ] this one part , " explained Scogin , " but [ ... ] there 's lots of stuff we probably should have tightened up . [ Laughs . ] But that [ keeps ] it feeling like a real record . " Despite their attentiveness to the recording process , Scogin has maintained that their focal point is live performances , " ... recording records , that 's all circled around hopefully bringing more kids to the live show so we can perform for them . " The band 's shows have built up a reputation ; MTV called them " the thing of metalcore legend " . When tasked to describe their set on the Scream the Prayer Tour in HM Magazine , Corey Erb wrote :
Artists who possessed strong showmanship skills have largely influenced Scogin ; some of these artists include James Brown , Frank Sinatra , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Elvis Presley . He is also fond of Arcade Fire , The Beatles , Björk , Interpol , and The Killers . In an interview , Scogin expressed a desire to have seen At The Drive @-@ In and Nirvana before they disbanded .
Scogin 's introspective lyrics have covered topics like materialism , death , and the Nashville Christian music industry . The lyrics for Wars and Rumors of Wars were formed after a family loss : " ... only a year ago my father passed away . And I hate to say this , because it sounds like such a band @-@ dude thing to say , but the lyrics are a lot darker than any other record just because of how personal they are for me . " Scogin usually refers to his lyrics as poems and has maintained that " a song is never finished but abandoned . " " ... as an artist you can forever be changing a song or making a song ' better ' or whatever but the moment that you stop recording and send it off to be mastered you have not ' finished ' the song … you have only abandoned the song and that is how it will stay forever . " His lyrics sometimes espouse Christian themes and beliefs , albeit subtly . For example , the track " Yellow Dress : Locked Knees " from Everything ... contains the Spanish lyrics " Jesus , yo quiero que este mundo te conozca . " ; when translated , it says " Jesus , I want this world to know You . " The song " And Shot Each Other " from The Fiancée fades out into a Sacred Harp choir singing the song ' Child of Grace ' , which features the lyrics " How happy is a child of grace , who feels his sins forgiven / This world , he cries , is not my place / I seek a place in Heaven . "
The Chariot is frequently called a Christian band , which Scogin agreed with in a 2005 interview : " We are Christians in a band therefore we are a Christian band . We are not ashamed of our beliefs but we don ’ t force feed people what we believe either . " In 2006 , he reaffirmed his previous statements and further opined , " When I was growing up , if I liked [ a band ] , I listened to it — and I went to the shows . If I didn 't , I didn 't . It wasn 't like , ' Oh , they don 't believe the same thing I do , ' [ ... ] People care too much about the fashion of it all . To me , a band 's either good or they ain 't , and that 's the only thing that should matter . "
= = Members = =
Final Lineup
Past members
Timeline
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
2004 : Everything Is Alive , Everything Is Breathing , Nothing Is Dead , and Nothing Is Bleeding
2007 : The Fiancée
2009 : Wars and Rumors of Wars
2010 : Long Live
2012 : One Wing
EPs
2005 : Unsung EP
Compilations
2011 : Before There Was
Singles
2011 : " Music of a Grateful Heart "
Appearances
2007 : Forgive Me Nashville - This is Solid State Vol.6
2010 : The Fox and The Wolf - Bring Me The Horizon
= = Videography = =
This is the list of The Chariot music videos . Among them are official videoclips and live videos .
= = Filmography = =
2004 : Ladies and Gentlemen ... The Chariot
2007 : One More Song
2014 : Farewell Documentary
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= Killer7 =
Killer7 ( キラー7 , Kirā Sebun , stylized as killer7 ) is a 2005 action @-@ adventure video game for the Nintendo GameCube and PlayStation 2 , developed by Grasshopper Manufacture and published by Capcom . The game was written and directed by Goichi Suda , also known by the nickname Suda51 , and produced by Hiroyuki Kobayashi .
The game follows an elite group of assassins called the " killer7 " . The assassins , physical manifestations of a man named Harman Smith , perform hits on behalf of the United States government . Through these missions , the killer7 uncover a deeper conspiracy regarding the role of Japan in US politics and secrets about the nature of their organization . Killer7 features first @-@ person shooter elements and a unique on rails control scheme , but the core adventure @-@ style gameplay has been compared to Myst and Snatcher .
Killer7 was Suda51 's first game released outside Japan . It received polarized reviews due to its unconventional control scheme and complex noir plot . The game 's score , visual style and thought @-@ provoking story received wide praise from most critics that considered as the best aspects of the game and lead to several accolades and nominations . While some reviewers appreciated the stripped @-@ down controls and stylized arthouse approach , others panned it as confusing and restricting . Despite these setbacks , Killer7 's cult appeal led to remakes of Suda51 's older works and the successful launch of No More Heroes .
= = Gameplay = =
The player controls the on @-@ screen character , a member of the killer7 group , from a third @-@ person view using the gamepad . The gameplay consists of elements of first @-@ person shooter and action @-@ adventure game with restricted movement ( i.e. " on rails " ) — rather than allow free motion , the game limits the on @-@ screen character to predetermined paths through the environment . The on @-@ screen character moves forward by holding a button and reverses direction with another button press . At intersections , the player may choose which path to take . Progress is made by navigating the environment and solving puzzles . Some puzzles require the talents of a specific killer7 member . The player may switch between available members via a menu in the pause screen at any time . Other puzzles require magical rings or other items collected throughout the game .
Combat in Killer7 occurs when the player encounters enemies called " Heaven Smiles " . Smiles announce their presence with a laughing sound effect and are initially invisible . The player must switch to a first @-@ person viewpoint and scan the surroundings to reveal Smiles . While in first @-@ person view , movement is disabled and the analog stick aims the character 's gun . Targeting specific body parts will disable them ; for example , shooting off a leg will cause a Smile to fall to the ground and crawl toward the player . The player may aim for a " critical point " that instantly destroys the Smile . Smiles that get too close will explode and injure the character . If a character dies , players can use Garcian Smith to retrieve the fallen character 's head and bring them back to life ; if Garcian dies , then the game ends .
Defeated Smiles yield " thick blood " and " thin blood " . Thick blood functions similarly to experience points , and players gain more by shooting Smiles ' critical points . The player may redeem thick blood for " serum " while in " Harman 's Room " , checkpoints that appear throughout the game . Serum is used to improve the attributes of the characters such as " power " and " speed " . This also unlocks special abilities for the characters . Players may save their game to a memory card in designated Harman 's Rooms . Thin blood is used to recover the characters ' stamina and fuel special abilities .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
Killer7 takes place in an alternate version of Earth in the early 21st century . After a treaty ends all international conflict , the world powers destroy all nuclear weapons by firing them into the upper atmosphere and intercepting them with other missiles . This event becomes known as " Fireworks " and symbolizes world peace to the general populace . In an effort to combat terrorism , pandemic disease , and cyberterrorism , the International Ethics Committee ( IEC ) shuts down all air travel and public use of the Internet . Air transportation is replaced by a system of intercontinental expressways . However , a new terrorist group called " Heaven Smile " appears , targeting the United Nations ( UN ) and IEC . The members of Heaven Smile are humans who have been infected with a virus that evokes a desire to kill . Factory @-@ produced Smiles are given a " bomb @-@ organ " that allows them to explode at will , their principal means of attack .
In this Earth , Japanese politics are dominated by two parties : the UN Party and the Liberal Party . The UN Party is more powerful and moves to end the Asian Security Treaty and sever ties with the United States ( US ) . The UN Party seized control of the Japanese government through the wisdom of the " Yakumo Cabinet Policy " , a secret document which details how to run the " ideal nation " . It was written by the Union 7 , young members of the Liberal Party who went on to found the UN Party . The US government is also eager to sever relations with Japan , seeing the country as a hindrance and of little economic value . The interaction between Japan and the US is a central source of conflict in Killer7 .
= = = Characters = = =
The player controls the members of a group of assassins called the " killer7 " . The group is led by an elderly man in a wheelchair named Harman Smith , who exhibits " Multifoliate Personae Phenomenon " . This condition allows him to physically transform into one of his seven assassin personae : African American Garcian Smith , aggressive Irish American Dan Smith , barefoot Japanese American female KAEDE Smith , albino Briton Kevin Smith , Puerto Rican Coyote Smith , young Chinese American Con Smith , and Mexican American luchador MASK de Smith . These people were gifted killers in life and Harman absorbed their souls through his condition after their deaths . The killer7 were temporarily incapacitated in an incident 50 years ago , in which the members of the group were systematically tracked and killed while performing a job at the Union Hotel in Pennsylvania . Garcian , whose power is to revive fallen personae , became the dominant personality as a result . In this capacity , he receives orders from the frail Harman when his consciousness is " awake " and accepts jobs from Christopher Mills , who hires the killer7 on behalf of the US government . Multifoliate Personae Phenomenon also causes Harman and his personae to see " remnant psyches " — ghosts of their past victims . Iwazaru , a man in a bondage suit , and Travis Bell , the killer7 's first target , are the main remnant psyches who aid them throughout the game . The primary antagonist is an old friend of Harman 's named Kun Lan . He has the " Hand of God " , a supernatural power that produces the Heaven Smile virus .
= = = Story = = =
The game opens with a conversation between Garcian Smith and Christopher Mills about a new job for the killer7 . The assassins battle their way to the top of a building which has become infested with Heaven Smiles . Harman confronts the source of the Smiles , an angel @-@ like figure , but she is merely Kun Lan 's puppet . Harman and Kun Lan discuss the current state of the world before the mission ends . In the subsequent missions , the killer7 target a number of individuals on behalf of the US government or for personal reasons . They kill Andrei Ulmeyda , a Texan postal worker who established a successful company based on the Yakumo , when he becomes infected with the Heaven Smile virus . Dan Smith confronts Curtis Blackburn , his former mentor and murderer , when Mills informs the group that Blackburn is running an organ trafficking business that targets young girls . Their penultimate mission pits them against the " Handsome Men " , a group of sentai rangers who assassinate a US politician .
The central plot arc concerns the true nature of US – Japan relations . To distance itself from Japan , the US fires a volley of two hundred intercontinental ballistic missiles at Japan and contracts the killer7 to eliminate Toru Fukushima , the head of the UN Party . However , an assassin posing as Fukushima 's secretary kills him first in an attempt to reclaim the Yakumo document for the Liberal Party , believing its wisdom would help the party to regain political power . Shortly thereafter , Kenjiro Matsuoka ( nicknamed " Matsuken " ) kills two senior members of the UN Party to become its new leader , under the influence of Kun Lan . In the end , the killer7 defeat the two UN Party members who had been reanimated by Kun Lan as Japan is destroyed by the missiles .
In their final mission , the killer7 seek Matsuken , who leads the 10 million UN Party members who live in the US . The government fears that if they converge on a single state , they could win a seat in the United States Senate . Garcian travels to Coburn Elementary School near Seattle , Washington and discovers tapes that reveal the school as a front for the UN Party to train children as assassins . The tapes focus on Emir Parkreiner , a gifted killer trained at the school . Garcian encounters Matsuken , who claims that Japan has used Coburn to control the course of US politics since its founding in 1780 . The assassins battle a group of invincible Smiles and all but Garcian are incapacitated . Garcian travels to the Union Hotel where he witnesses visions of the other members being killed in their rooms . At the top , he discovers that his true identity is Emir Parkreiner , the one who killed the killer7 at the Union Hotel over 50 years ago . Following that incident , Harman absorbed Emir as a persona and Emir 's memories were lost .
Three years later , Garcian arrives at Battleship Island in Japan to destroy the last Heaven Smile . He meets with Matsuken , who presents Garcian with a choice : let him live , which allows Japan to mount an assault on the US ; or kill him , which lets the US discover Japan 's role in rigging American elections — US forces destroy Japan 's last stronghold , Battleship Island , in retaliation and wipe Japan off the map . Regardless of the player 's choice , Garcian finds that the last Heaven Smile is Iwazaru , whose real identity is Kun Lan , and kills him . However , Harman and Kun Lan are revealed to be immortal beings , representing a dialectic struggle between opposites , which persists a century in the future in Shanghai as they continue their eternal battle .
= = Development = =
Development for Killer7 began in mid @-@ 2002 as part of the Capcom Five , a set of games overseen by Shinji Mikami and intended to be exclusive to the Nintendo GameCube . Capcom produced the games to bring new intellectual property to the video game industry , which the company viewed as stagnant . Killer7 's gameplay mechanics were finalized late in development because most resources went to story and visual work . Director Suda51 wrote the scenario based on a plot he conceived together with Mikami , and later decided on the unconventional control scheme as a deconstruction of how gamers play and to " create new expression " . Complex controls and combos were omitted to present a system that fosters easy progression for the player . Producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi described the controls as " intuitive " and stated that the team wanted players to " think when they are playing " so they can enjoy the mystery in the story . The long development process culminated in several delays , the last of which was due to an artistic desire to release the game on July 7 ( 7 / 7 ) .
Suda51 drew influence from film noir , particularly the theme of multiple personality disorder , and called Killer7 a " hardboiled action @-@ adventure " . Hiro Sugiyama , Peter Saville , and American comic book artists , such as Adrian Tomine , inspired the artistic design and aesthetic . Suda51 noted the inclusion of cel animation in Western and Japanese anime styles was meant to legitimize video games as an art form by competing with traditional art forms in their stage . Kobayashi commented that Killer7 is " styled more as an interactive story than a traditional game . " Suda also drew from yakuza film Battles Without Honor and Humanity : Hiroshima Deathmatch . His experience as an undertaker had a powerful effect on the portrayal of death in his games . The game reflects his interest in professional wrestling ; Suda51 included a luchador character , MASK de Smith , and conducted interviews and attended promotional events while wearing a lucha libre mask . Reflecting on his work , Suda51 considers Killer7 his proudest achievement .
= = Reception = =
Killer7 received divisive reviews and sparked debates about depictions of sex and violence in video games and the status of video games as art . James Mielke of 1UP.com likened the game 's high @-@ contrast art style to noir and neo @-@ noir film such as Se7en . He found that despite poor pacing and stilted gameplay , the " quirky scripting and edgy plot " were strong draws , and called Killer7 one of " most artfully designed footnotes in gaming history " . Edge magazine 's reviewers echoed this sentiment and predicted that the game would " [ pave the way ] for future creative leeway " , crediting the director with an unwavering artistic vision . Eurogamer 's Kristan Reed was keenly aware of the game 's limited appeal , calling it " a concept game , an arthouse game , a simple game , an often beautiful game , but most certainly never an everyman 's game " . Yahtzee Croshaw of The Escapist commends the game for " showing exactly what can be done when you flaunt all established convention and just start exploring what can really be done with gaming as an art form " .
Virtually all aspects of the game had their proponents and detractors . Greg Kasavin of GameSpot praised the unity of " great @-@ looking camera work with simple controls " and compared its " thought @-@ provoking " storyline to Metal Gear Solid , while a GamePro reviewer criticized those features , calling the controls limited , the cel @-@ shading dull , and the story incoherent . Kasavin complimented the game 's eclectic soundtrack , excellent voice acting , and distinctive sound effects , while the GamePro reviewer panned them as minimalist and irritating . IGN 's Matt Casamassina likened the control scheme to " old @-@ school adventure games like Myst and Snatcher " and commended Suda51 for making a " cult hit " , " erupting with style , mood and undiluted craziness " . Casamassina was also impressed by the quality of the anime @-@ style cutscenes featured in the latter half of the game .
The IGN , GameSpot , and GameSpy reviews noted the GameCube version features superior graphics , substantially faster loading times , and more responsive controls than the PlayStation 2 version , resulting in lower scores for the latter . Nevertheless , IGN called it the 94th best PlayStation 2 game . Nintendo Power claimed that Killer7 is a " highly rewarding " experience for dedicated gamers . Nintendo World Report writer Karl Castaneda also remarked that , despite repetitive gameplay , it was " still fun " . Charles Herold of The New York Times was less forgiving and commented that the lack of new features beyond the first hour made the remaining experience boring and annoying .
Despite its mixed reception , a number of video game publications recognized Killer7 's unconventional gameplay and innovative style . At GameSpot 's " Best and Worst of 2005 " awards , the game was nominated for Best Story , Best GameCube Game , Most Outrageous Game , Most Gratuitous Use of F------ Swearing , and won Best New Character ( Harman Smith ) and Most Innovative Game . IGN GameCube similarly nominated it for Game of the Year , Most Innovative Design , and Best Artistic Design and awarded it Best Adventure Game , Best Story , and Best Game No One Played . IGN later named Killer7 the 20th best GameCube game of all time . The game had a large presence at the 2005 Nintendo Power Awards , winning Best New Character ( Harman Smith ) .
In August 2005 , Jack Thompson , an activist who campaigns against video games , demanded that the Entertainment Software Rating Board ( ESRB ) change its rating for Killer7 from " M " ( for Mature , ages 17 and up ) to " AO " ( for Adults Only , ages 18 and up ) . He cited Casamassina 's review of the game at IGN , claiming that " full @-@ blown sex sequences " present in the game would be harmful to minors . Casamassina rebutted that the scene in question involved two fully clothed adults and that a similar scene in a film would garner " only a PG @-@ 13 or , worst , R @-@ rating " .
= = Legacy and related media = =
Reviewers quickly identified Killer7 as a cult game with limited appeal . IGN lamented that its experimental style was not conducive to high sales , naming it GameCube 's Best Game No One Played in their 2005 awards . IGN 's Casamassina later placed it fourth in his Top 10 Tuesday : Underrated and Underappreciated Games feature . Despite modest sales , Killer7 's cult success prompted the development of remakes of Suda51 's older Japan @-@ only games , The Silver Case and Flower , Sun , and Rain . In 2007 , Grasshopper Manufacture released Suda51 's No More Heroes to critical and commercial success . In addition to an original soundtrack and comic book adaptation , Capcom published Hand in killer7 , a companion book that explains the plot in more depth . Kinetic Underground , the company that handled the comic book , also released a number of figurines depicting characters from the game .
= = = Music = = =
Killer7 Original Sound Track was released on June 20 , 2005 by Sony Music Entertainment . It features 55 compositions by Masafumi Takada and 6 by Jun Fukuda across two discs . Takada put a large emphasis on ambient music due to the genre 's ability to draw in the player . He called his soundtrack a " translation of the text " of the game and sought to retell the story through music . Carolyn Gudmundson of GamesRadar praised the soundtrack 's varied style , a " moody , atmosphereric base punctuated with spikes of manic energy " . She singled out " Rave On " , a track heard before mini @-@ boss battles , as an excellent example of the latter . GameSpy 's Phil Theobald had similar compliments for " Rave On " and other more subdued pieces that slowly " work [ their ] way into your mind " .
Tracklist
= = = Comic book = = =
In 2006 , Devil 's Due Publishing released a comic book adaptation of Killer7 , written and drawn by Kinetic Underground staff . The planned 12 @-@ issue limited series was cancelled after four issues . Players who preordered Killer7 through EB Games received a special " Issue # 0 " as a bonus , and " Issue # ½ " was available at the 2005 San Diego Comic @-@ Con. Writer Arvid Nelson described the story as a " mutant cross @-@ breeding of John Woo and Quentin Tarantino " , and Devil 's Due President Josh Blaylock commented that Killer7 's style was perfect for the comic book medium . In adapting the game , Nelson admitted that the plot was streamlined to maintain a comprehensible story , but noted that the " video game doesn 't spoon @-@ feed you information ... That 's how the comic 's going to be , too " .
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= Cold Comfort ( Inside No. 9 ) =
" Cold Comfort " is the fourth episode of the second series of the British dark comedy anthology television programme Inside No. 9 . The episode , which was written and directed by Steve Pemberton and Reece Shearsmith , was first broadcast on 16 April 2015 on BBC Two . Most of " Cold Comfort " is composed of a stream from a fixed camera on the desk of Andy , the protagonist , with smaller pictures on the side of the screen , in the style of a CCTV feed . " Cold Comfort " was filmed over two and a half days in Twickenham , and was , like " A Quiet Night In " from Inside No. 9 's first series , highly experimental . It was Pemberton and Shearsmith 's directorial debut .
The episode starred Pemberton , Shearsmith , Jane Horrocks , Nikki Amuka @-@ Bird and Tony Way as volunteers at Crisis Support Line , a crisis hotline . The story follows Andy ( Pemberton ) , who is starting at the call centre . After taking a particularly disturbing call from Chloe , a suicidal teenage girl , Andy begins to struggle , but he is offered support by his supervisor George ( Shearsmith ) , the gossipy Liz ( Horrocks ) and the officious Joanne ( Amuka @-@ Bird ) . Andy is later joined by Michael ( Way ) . Vilma Hollingbery , Vicky Hall and members of the comedy group Gein 's Family Giftshop ( Edward Easton , Kath Hughes and James Meehan ) voiced various callers , with the Gein 's Family Giftshop comedians also appearing as on @-@ screen extras , playing unnamed call centre volunteers .
The television critics Andrew Billen and David Chater ( both writing for The Times ) and John Robinson ( writing for The Guardian ) characterised " Cold Comfort " as somewhat weaker than other episodes of the series , but other critics , including Patrick Mulkern ( writing for Radio Times ) , the comedy critic Bruce Dessau and writers for The Sunday Times were complimentary . Commentators praised the format , the writing and the performances , especially Horrocks 's , but offered differing views about the episode 's conclusion , plot and atmosphere .
= = Production = =
The second series of Inside No. 9 written in 2014 , and then filmed from the end of 2014 into early 2015 . The idea for " Cold Comfort " began with the call centre , with Pemberton having kept a newspaper article on the subject from 2005 as a potential inspiration . Once the writers had the idea for the setting , they allowed the story to grow out of this . The pair visited a large number of locations — including a number of colleges — before settling on the one used , which was in Twickenham , rejecting many because they did not look enough like offices . They had three days at the location , but completed filming in two and a half .
= = = Casting = = =
" Cold Comfort " stars Pemberton as Andy , a new volunteer , and Shearsmith as George , Andy 's supervisor . According to Shearsmith , he and Pemberton do not typically write Inside No. 9 scripts with particular actors in mind for roles , and nor do they typically write roles specifically for themselves . They were unsure , for a long time , on which characters they should take , initially considering having Shearsmith play Andy and Pemberton play George . Shearsmith said that this felt like the more " obvious " option , but the characters were switched as they " thought it would be slightly more unusual " to have it that way around .
As each episode of Inside No. 9 features new characters , the writers were able to attract actors who might have been unwilling to commit to an entire series . Jane Horrocks , Nikki Amuka @-@ Bird and Tony Way star respectively as Liz , Joanne and Michael , other volunteers at the call centre . The characters of Liz and Joanne have strongly differing approaches to their roles as volunteers , with Joanne focussing on detachment and Liz on involvement . Both approaches , for Pemberton , have advantages and disadvantages . Jane 's desk is adorned with various trinkets , including ornaments and pictures . These were Horrocks 's idea , and , for Pemberton and Shearsmith , served to make viewers suspicious of her from the start . Horrocks was chosen because she would be able to add humour while still keeping to the tight timings necessary for the episode ; many of her lines were improvised . The character of Michael begins to work at the centre during the episode . Pemberton and Shearsmith considered having it mentioned that he had been sent by " Pauline from Wood Green " , a reference to the stage version of The League of Gentlemen 's Pauline , who had been based at Wood Green . However , this was not included in the final episode .
Edward Easton , Vilma Hollingbery , Kath Hughes , James Meehan and Vicky Hall provide the voices of various people who call in to the centre . Some of the voice actors were drawn from the comedy group Gein 's Family Giftshop , the performing members of which are Hughes , Easton and Meehan . After watching a Gein 's Family Giftshop performance , Pemberton and Shearsmith had invited the members to star in Inside No. 9 . The comedians then suggested that they also appear on @-@ screen as extras , playing unnamed call centre volunteers . Hollingberry , who voiced " Ivy " , an old woman caller , had previously starred in Pemberton and Shearsmith 's Psychoville as Mrs Wren / Mrs Ladybirdface . She was one of the few actors whom Pemberton and Shearsmith used in both series .
= = = Direction = = =
Pemberton and Shearsmith , in addition to writing and starring in " Cold Comfort " , directed the episode . This episode — one of two in the second series that they jointly directed — was their directorial debut . The pair did not know , while writing for the series , which episodes they would be directing , meaning that their writing was unlikely to be influenced by the knowledge . Pemberton and Shearsmith had always intended to try directing , and the second series of Inside No. 9 offered them the opportunity . David Kerr , who had directed all of the episodes in the first series , was unable to return for the second . Guillem Morales and Dan Zeff each took on directorial duties for two episodes , while Pemberton and Shearsmith decided to direct the remaining two .
Shearsmith said in an interview that the pair had considered directing episodes in which they did not appear much , but scheduling concerns left them with " Cold Comfort " and " Nana 's Party " ; episodes which feature the writers quite heavily . By contrast , Pemberton said that he and Shearsmith , knowing that they were going to be directing two episodes , deliberately chose " Cold Comfort " because the fixed cameras made filming a lot simpler , though Shearsmith said that the filming was more complex than they initially anticipated . For Horrocks , it was " lovely to be directed " by Pemberton and Shearsmith , as she " really [ liked ] their choices and ... [ loves ] their work " . Shearsmith said that he found directing the episode " exhausting " ; he found little time to rest during filming , as if he was not directly involved in filming , he was involved in making directorial decisions .
= = = Picture and sound = = =
The episode progresses mostly through footage streamed from a fixed camera in booth nine of the call centre setting . Streams from other cameras are displayed on the side of the screen , in the style of a CCTV feed . The idea was inspired by a clip of a serial killer 's interview with the CIA which Shearsmith had seen online ; this , too , had a main feed with three smaller feeds giving different views of the scene . The writers felt that the multiple screens both served a narrative function and raised the tension . For much of the episode , viewers simply watch characters taking calls . Exras are seen moving back and forth in the smaller screens , with Pemberton having initially been keen for things to be happening away from the main feed . However , he was somewhat frustrated with the result , with the same extra moving on numerous occasions throughout the episode . Shearsmith felt that a whole series filmed in the same manner " would be a bit wearing on the eye " , but that the style could be used for a single episode .
The format presented certain technical difficulties . The episode was filmed in very long takes — some as long as five or six minutes — without any cuts . This meant that the actors could not make any errors , but the result was " something you don 't normally see " . Pemberton said that the episode would " either be brilliantly tense or incredibly boring " . Timing during filming had to be precise , though scenes could be cut earlier or start later than was anticipated . For example , an earlier introduction of Joanne was cut in the final episode . Other unused versions of scenes included a more violent version of George 's attack on Liz and a version of the final scene with a gunshot . The gunshot was removed on the recommendation of Jon Plowman , Inside No. 9 's executive producer , which led to some debate ; Shearsmith , for example , preferred the original version .
Alex Thompson , the episode 's sound recordist , arranged the phones so that the actors could speak to each other in real @-@ time . Pemberton and Shearsmith wanted this so that the voices would not have to be recorded in a studio later and added in ADR . The voice of " Chloe " — the identify of whom is key to the story — presented a particular technical challenge , as the writers wanted to ensure that her identity was not revealed the first time her voice is heard . First , the production team recorded Shearsmith playing George @-@ as @-@ Chloe , and then a number of actresses recorded their versions of Shearsmith playing George @-@ as @-@ Chloe . Of these , one — Hall — was chosen to lend her voice to Chloe . Shearsmith then re @-@ recorded his voice , imitating Hall 's version of George @-@ as @-@ Chloe . Hall and Shearsmith 's respective performances of George @-@ as @-@ Chloe could then be merged together for the final episode . The first time viewers hear " Chloe " , her voice is mostly Hall 's ; as the episode progresses , more of Shearsmith 's voice is audible . For Shearsmith , this did not represent the production team cheating the viewers , as viewers ' experiences are filtered through Andy 's experiences . The first time viewers hear Chloe , they — like Andy — experience her as a teenage girl . As most of the episode was filmed in real @-@ time , George is visible making calls as Chloe , meaning that he hides in plain sight . Footage of Shearsmith playing George @-@ as @-@ Chloe in George 's office — used in the final episode — was filmed separately to the rest of the episode , as a camera set @-@ up in George 's office would have been visible on one of the main cameras .
Pemberton compared " Cold Comfort " to " A Quiet Night In " , the second episode of the first series of Inside No. 9 , a sentiment echoed by some critics . Both episodes were highly experimental — " A Quiet Night In " being mostly silent and " Cold Comfort " being filmed mostly from a fixed camera — something which the writers felt suits anthology format . On the other hand , according to Pemberton , as " Cold Comfort " is " static and all about listening " , it is , in a sense , the " polar opposite " of " A Quiet Night In " . Though all episodes in the series were very different in tone , Pemberton felt that " Cold Comfort " was " the most extreme experiment " .
= = Plot = =
Andy starts to volunteer at the Comfort Support Line ( CSL ) , a crisis hotline , after the death of his sister . His supervisor George takes him through the procedure for calls , and Andy chats to the more experienced Liz . He finds his first few calls difficult , and Joanne , a volunteer who shares a mutual distaste with Liz , advises him not to get emotionally invested in the callers . Andy takes a call from Chloe , a 16 @-@ year @-@ old girl with problems at home . Chloe says that she has taken a drug overdose , and Andy sings " Shine " by Take That to her , but , when he finishes , Chloe is no longer on the line . He immediately takes a call from an elderly woman distraught that her cat has died , but responds insensitively , and hangs up .
The following day , George thinks Liz is breaking the rules by taking a personal call ; he gets angry and wrestles the handset from her . Later , Andy is upset that he listened to Chloe in her final moments , and Liz , who has made a complaint about George 's conduct , tells him that she took a call from an ex @-@ soldier , in tears because his mother committed suicide following the death of her cat . Andy realises that the man 's mother is the caller from the previous night . George advises that Andy will not face any repercussions , and asks Andy to help Michael , new to the centre , with his first call . Chloe calls in and speaks to Michael , again claiming that she has taken an overdose . Andy snatches the phone and shouts at Chloe , hanging up on her .
Following her argument with George , Liz is asked to leave CSL , and a small party is held in the workspace . During the party , Chloe calls the helpline again , asking to speak to Andy . Andy tells Chloe that her hoax call caused an old woman 's death , but Chloe says that this was Andy 's fault . She repeats what Andy had said to the old woman about her cat . Andy stays late in his cubicle and goes to George 's office , realising that " Chloe " must be someone who works at CSL . He accuses Joanne , who has just arrived , but she says she came back for her bag . He plans to get evidence from the CCTV footage and contact the police . Looking through CCTV footage , he and Joanne discover that it is George who made the calls . Unbeknownst to them , George is approaching the office ; he hastily leaves when he sees Andy and Joanne inside .
George does not arrive for work the next day . Joanne shows in a new volunteer , Glen , who is replacing Liz . Having found out that George has made similar calls to CSL for years , Andy plans to go to the police . Andy answers the phone , and it is George . In Chloe 's voice , George says that he just wanted someone to listen to him , then warns that he has told the dead woman 's son where Andy works . In the background , Glen stands , and points a gun at Andy 's head .
= = Reception = =
Critics responded positively to " Cold Comfort " , though several characterised it as weaker than previous episodes in the series . David Chater , writing in The Times , described " Cold Comfort " as " a breather " after the " small masterpieces " of " The Trial of Elizabeth Gadge " and " The 12 Days of Christine " . He said that " Cold Comfort " offers " a promising set @-@ up , but ... doesn 't unfold with the same simple , logical elegance as others in the series " . Andrew Billen , also writing for The Times , gave the episode three out of five stars , considering it weaker than is typical for Inside No. 9 . John Robinson , who reviewed the episode for The Guardian , felt that though " the episode has the tools to ratchet up the suspense " , it " lacks both the plausibility and element of surprise that characterise the best of this series " .
Patrick Mulkern , on the other hand , who was writing for the Radio Times , described " Cold Comfort " as " warped brilliance " . He said that " any real helpline volunteers watching this episode may well wince , but it remains gripping throughout " . Reviewers in The Sunday Times called the episode " another corker " , and the freelance journalist Dan Owen called the episode " easily the funniest " since " La Couchette " , awarding it three out of four stars . He characterised it as mostly successful in its aims , and summarised it as a " memorable " and " well @-@ executed " comedy @-@ drama .
Robinson felt that the writers had " dial [ ed ] back the celebrity guests " for the episode , while Phoebe @-@ Jane Boyd , writing for the entertainment website Den of Geek , said that the episode " had another set of fantastic guest stars " . The comedy critic Bruce Dessau praised the performances in the episode ; Billen said that Horrocks 's performance was " particularly good " , and critics in The Sunday Times said that Horrocks was " on fine form " . Commentators also commended the episode 's writing , though Owen felt that the plot took a while to " get going " .
The television critic Julia Raeside discussed the unusual style of " Cold Comfort " , saying that " You could argue [ that the writers ] are at the stage in their careers where they don 't need to experiment . No one else makes television like them and yet still they push themselves . " For Clare Murphy , writing in the Daily Mirror , the episode " makes great use of CCTV split @-@ screen footage " . Dessau said that the set @-@ up gave the episode " its haunting flavour " . Viewers do not just see Andy , but also streams from other cameras , which , for Dessau , " makes the viewer both intrigued and anxious " . Boyd , too , claimed that the episode played on the " inherent creepiness " of CCTV footage . She said that the split @-@ screen set @-@ up increased the tension , and that the " gimmick is a good one " ; though it could " have worked well as a pleasing novelty on its own , [ it ] also makes this ' whodunit ' / ' who 's doing it ' a refreshingly inventive take on the genre " .
Critics writing for The Sunday Times said that set @-@ up " proves very effective for the denouement " , which Mulkern described as " a creepy pay @-@ off " . Chris Bennion of The Independent said that the ending was testament to the fact that the writers " know how to play their audience like a fiddle " . Billen was less impressed , saying that " the ultimate twist in the tale was crude , and the insight that those who offer help need it most just a little banal - by this series ' standards , at least " . Owen , similarly , found the motives of " Chloe " unconvincing , and considered " the surprisingly nihilistic final shot perhaps not fully earned or plausible " , but confessed that the episode was able to " outmanoeuvre [ sic ] " him , as he did not foresee the ending .
= = = Cited sources = = =
Pemberton , Steve ; Shearsmith , Reece ( 2015 ) . Cold Comfort ( episode commentary ) . Steve & Reece IN9 ( via SoundCloud ) . Retrieved 20 March 2016 .
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= Barbeyella minutissima =
Barbeyella minutissima is a slime mould species of the order Echinosteliales , and the only species of the genus Barbeyella . First described in 1914 from the Jura mountains , its habitat is restricted to montane spruce and spruce @-@ fir forests of the Northern Hemisphere , where it has been recorded from Asia , Europe , and North America . It typically colonises slimy , algae @-@ covered logs that have lost their bark and have been partially to completely covered by liverworts . The sporangia are roughly spherical , up to 0 @.@ 2 mm in diameter , and supported by a thin stalk up to 0 @.@ 7 mm tall . After the spores have developed , the walls of the sporangia split open into lobes . The species is one of the smallest members of the Myxogastria and is considered rare .
= = Taxonomy and classification = =
The species was first described in 1914 by Charles Meylan on the basis of a collection made at an altitude of 1 @,@ 400 metres ( 4 @,@ 600 ft ) from the Swiss Jura in September the year before . Meylan thought the species warranted a new genus based on the unique mode of dehiscence and the makeup of the capillitium . The genus was named for the Swiss botanist William Barbey ( 1842 – 1914 ) . It and the genus Clastoderma together make up the family Clastodermataceae . Studies of the ultrastructure of the sporocarps suggests that Barbeyella occupies a systematic position intermediate between Echinosteliales and the Stemonitales .
= = Characteristics = =
The protoplasmodium , a microscopic , undifferentiated granular mass with a slime sheath , is transparent and colourless . A single sporangiophore ( the fruiting structure ) is produced from the semispherical protoplasmodium , which is approximately one and a half times the diameter of mature sporangia . It acquires dark spots as it matures and the centre of the protoplasm later becomes dark . Then , the transparent and milk @-@ white protoplasmodium climbs along the stem to the top , where first the capillitium and peridium and finally the spores are produced . At room temperature , this process lasts roughly one day .
The long @-@ stemmed , blackish @-@ brown or blackish @-@ purple , barely translucent sporangia of Barbeyella are spherical , 0 @.@ 15 to 0 @.@ 2 mm in diameter and together with the stem measure 0 @.@ 3 to 0 @.@ 7 mm long . They are usually scattered on the substrate , but also often grouped in loose , large colonies . The hypothallus ( the tissue upon which the sporangiophore rests ) has a diameter of at least 0 @.@ 7 mm . Although not visible on mosses , it has a reddish @-@ brown color when growing on wood . The brownish @-@ black stem is up to 0 @.@ 1 mm thick , thinning to 5 µm towards the top and is filled with protoplasmatic scrap material . The columella – arising from the stem tip – matures at the upper end at roughly half the height of the sporangiophore into 7 to 13 simple or occasionally bifurcated , 1 to 4 µm large , dark @-@ brown capillitium strands . Usually individual , occasionally in pairs , these are firmly fused with the lobed segments of the peridium , which are round in cross @-@ section . When the spores mature , the sporangium splits and empties into the peridium towards the base . This prevents the lobes of the peridium from detaching and provides spore dispersal over a longer period , similar to a dehiscing capsule . The sporangia are filled towards the top with plasmatic granules , which diminish increasingly towards the base . Depending on the size of the plasmatic granules , the sporangia appear papillate or smooth .
The mass of spores is blackish brown , or brown if viewed under polarised light . The surface texture ranges from almost smooth to warty , and the spores measure 7 – 9 µm in diameter . Material collected from Oregon , however , varies from European material in several ways : the fruit body is brown ; the branching of the capillitium from the columella differs ( having primary and secondary branches instead of radiating branches from an expanded tip ) ; the spore mass is tan , and individual spores measure 10 – 12 µm .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Barbeyella minutissima is considered rare . Its habitat corresponds to the mountainous spruce @-@ fir forests of the Northern Hemisphere . It is largely restricted to altitudes between 500 and 2 @,@ 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 and 8 @,@ 200 ft ) , occasionally appearing as low as sea level and as high as 3 @,@ 500 metres ( 11 @,@ 500 ft ) . It has been found in Europe ( Finland , Germany , Switzerland , Poland , Romania , Latvia , and Russia ) , in west and east North America ( Washington , Oregon , California , and Mexico ; North and South Carolina and Virginia ) , in the Indian Himalayas as well as in Japan . It is relatively common in fir forests on high @-@ altitude Mexican volcanoes , suggesting that air @-@ borne spore dispersal is effective .
= = Ecology = =
The species grows only on slightly to heavily rotten and barkless deadwood in coniferous forests in cool , moist areas . The wood is about 40 to 100 % overgrown with Marchantiophyta , especially of the genera Nowellia or Cephalozia . B. minutissima has been found growing on the liverwort Lepidozia reptans , although Nowellia curvifolia is the main indicator for the slime mould . In addition to liverworts , Barbeyella is found socialised with monocellular algae . It is assumed that the protoplasmodium phagocytises either the algae or the bacteria on their surface . Other Myxogastria species are often found together with Barbeyella , especially Lepidoderma tigrinum , Lamproderma columbinum and Colloderma oculatum . Aphanocladium album is a myxomyceticolous fungus ( i.e. , living on or within the fruit bodies of myxomycetes ) that has been reported growing on specimens of B. minutissima collected from North Carolina .
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= Hollywood A.D. =
" Hollywood A.D. " is the nineteenth episode of the seventh season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on April 30 , 2000 . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Hollywood A.D. " earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 7 , being watched by 12 @.@ 88 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode was met with largely positive reviews , with many critics approving of the episode 's humorous nature .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Wayne Federman , an entrepreneurial Hollywood producer and college friend of Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) picks up the idea for a film based on the X @-@ Files , however Mulder and Scully find that the level of realism in their fictional portrayal is somewhat questionable . Meanwhile , during the filming of the movie , Mulder and Scully research the mysterious " Lazarus Bowl " , an artifact that supposedly has the words Jesus Christ spoke when he raised Lazarus from the dead .
" Hollywood A.D. " was written and directed by series star David Duchovny , his second writing and directing credit after the sixth season episode " The Unnatural . " The episode — written with a " self @-@ referential " tone — features a myriad of guest stars , including , most notably , Garry Shandling and Téa Leoni , who portray Mulder and Scully , respectively , in the episode 's fictional movie . The episode itself contains several in @-@ jokes and references deliberately placed by Duchovny .
= = Plot = =
Walter Skinner 's old college friend , Hollywood producer Wayne Federman , is involved in a film project about the FBI . During Federman 's research phase , Skinner gives him access to Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , who are investigating the attempted murder of Cardinal O 'Fallon . Federman tags along and constantly interrupts the agents . While searching the catacombs of O 'Fallon 's church , Mulder finds the remains of Micah Hoffman , a missing 1960s counter @-@ culturalist . Searching Hoffman 's apartment , they find bombs and counterfeiting tools , as well as forged gospel of Mary Magdalene . Mulder and Federman return to the church and search the catacombs , finding several skeletons and pieces of the forged gospel . Federman wanders off and stumbles upon animated bones , who attempt to assemble a shattered piece of pottery . He panics and leaves the scene .
Mulder and Scully examine the pottery . Scully tells Mulder the story of " The Lazarus Bowl " , in which the aunt of Lazarus had been making a clay bowl when Jesus Christ resurrected him . The words of Christ were then recorded in the grooves of the bowl , much like a phonograph record . Mulder brings the relic to Chuck Burks , who , after performing a sonic analysis , discovers voices in Aramaic ; in one portion part of the audio , one man commands another to rise from the dead . The other contains lyrics from " I am the Walrus " by The Beatles .
Mulder visits O 'Fallon , who admits he bought the forged gospel from Hoffman , but believed it was real . Meanwhile , during Hoffman 's autopsy , Scully experiences a vision wherein he comes back to life on the operating table and begins talking . Later , at the church , Scully sees a vision of Hoffman in Jesus ' place on a large crucifix . Mulder arrests O 'Fallon for Hoffman 's murder , but Micah Hoffman walks in , unscathed . He tells the agent that while he initially created the forgeries to make money , he came to believe he was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ , and bombed the church to get rid of the " blasphemous " forgeries . Skinner suspends Scully and Mulder for four weeks because of the mix @-@ up . Sixteen months later , O 'Fallon kills Micah Hoffman in a murder @-@ suicide . As such , the X @-@ File is never truly solved .
During their suspension , Mulder and Scully venture to Hollywood to view the production of Federman 's film . It is revealed that Federman 's movie will be called The Lazarus Bowl , and Garry Shandling will play Mulder and Téa Leoni will play Scully . After filming is done , Mulder and Scully attend a screening of the film with Skinner , but are thoroughly disgusted at how their case , and they , are portrayed on the big screen . Mulder and Scully leave the set holding hands , presumably on their way to dinner with the FBI credit card Skinner gave them after watching the movie , hinting at the continued romantic relationship between Mulder and Scully that has been suggested in the last few episodes . As the agents leave , the dead who were resting underneath the film set are revived and begin to dance passionately , reinforcing a theory Mulder made earlier in the episode .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and filming = = =
" Hollywood A.D. " was written and directed by series star David Duchovny . The episode was written after Duchovny received positive feedback on his last creation , season six 's " The Unnatural " . Duchovny originally approached executive producer Frank Spotnitz about the possibility of writing another episode . Spotnitz gave him the go @-@ ahead and was soon given a rough copy of the script . Series creator Chris Carter was very happy with the story , calling it " a smart , [ ... ] , quirky , and intelligent idea " and he later described it as " outside the norm , even for The X @-@ Files . " Once the script was approved , Duchovny took on an active role in preparing for the episode .
There was a considerable amount of stunt work and choreographing done for " Hollywood A.D. " Two stunt doubles were hired for the scene where Shandling tackles Leoni and they tumble down a hill into an open casket . Some of the stunt men were even cast in non @-@ stunt related jobs . Several were " transformed " into zombies , a process which took five hours . The zombie dance sequence at the end of the episode took two days to film . The first day was shot during active production and the second was scheduled for the blue screen work that was required .
= = = Casting = = =
Duchovny cast several of The X @-@ Files ' technical crew members in the episode . Tina M. Amedrui , the show 's actual craft services woman , portrayed Tina , the craft service woman for Wayne Federman 's movie . Bill Roe , the show 's photography director , was cast as the vegetarian zombie . Assistant director Barry K. Thomas was cast as one of the men on the movie set , Paul Rabwin was cast as a producer , and special effects coordinator Bill Millar was cast as the movie 's director . Duchovny also cast his brother , Daniel , as the assistant director . Several of the family members and friends cast by Duchovny were able to apply for their Screen Actor 's Guild card and were able to apply for a health insurance plan .
Téa Leoni , who portrayed a fictionalized version of herself portraying Scully in the production , was married to David Duchovny when this episode was filmed , a decision casting director Rick Millikan considered " clever . " Duchovny also cast his friend and fellow actor Garry Shandling as a fictionalized version of himself portraying Mulder . Shandling had originally been sought out to play the part of Morris Fletcher in the sixth season episode " Dreamland . " The joke about Garry Shandling having a crush on Mulder came from a recurring joke from the TV show The Larry Sanders Show , starring Shandling . In the recurring joke , David Duchovny has a homosexual interest in Shandling 's character .
The joke about Mulder wanting Richard Gere to appear in the movie stemmed from the fact that Duchovny 's acting was often compared to Gere 's . Duchovny decided to turn the idea into a joke , saying , " we used to always have the joke on set that when they do the movie it 's going to be Richard Gere and Jodie Foster [ playing Mulder and Scully ] . So I originally wrote the teaser for Richard Gere and Jodie Foster and I just started to think about it and you know , it 's so much funnier with Garry and Téa . " The episode featured several uncredited celebrity cameos . During the premiere of the movie , Duchovny 's Return to Me costars Minnie Driver and David Alan Grier appear as members of the audience . In addition , Chris Carter , the show 's creator , made a cameo during the theater scene . The appearance was his second in the series .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Hollywood A.D. " first aired in the United States on April 30 , 2000 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 7 , with a 12 share , meaning that roughly 7 @.@ 7 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 12 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 12 @.@ 88 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on May 7 , 2000 and received 0 @.@ 80 million viewers , making it the second most watched episode that week . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " Garry Shandling as Agent Mulder ? Téa Leoni as Agent Scully ? "
Critical reception to " Hollywood A.D. " was mostly positive . The Montreal Gazette named the episode the sixth best stand @-@ alone X @-@ Files episode , writing that " Despite taxing our stomach for self @-@ reflexive comedy , this David Duchovny scripted and directed episode manages to deliver some of the greatest laughs of the series . " Rob Bricken from Topless Robot named " Hollywood A.D. " the seventh funniest X @-@ Files episode . Jessica Morgan from Television Without Pity gave the episode a B , slightly criticizing the dancing zombies at the end of the episode . Sarah Kendzior from 11th Hour Magazine wrote that , " My favorite [ episode ] this year may well be ' Hollywood A.D. ' , an ambitious , often ingenious and occasionally flawed sophomore effort concerning the entertainment industry , religion , and pretty much everything in between . " Rich Rosell from DigitallyObsessed.com awarded the episode 5 out of 5 stars and wrote that " [ the ] scene from the ' movie ' where Shandling / Mulder faces off against The Cigarette Smoking Pontiff , and his army of sniper zombies , is classic stuff , and earns ' Hollywood A.D. ' high marks . " Kenneth Silber from Space.com , while criticizing the episode for reveling in parody , noted that the episode was entertaining , writing , " ' Hollywood A.D. ' is a parody and , as such , will be unsatisfying to the many X @-@ Files viewers , including this long @-@ suffering reviewer , who 'd like to see the series culminate in a dramatic , multi @-@ episode denouement of its ' mythology arc ' . Nonetheless , this episode has merit as a witty and imaginative parody . "
Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations , gave the episode a relatively positive review . He wrote , " ' Hollywood A.D. ' was Duchovny 's nudge @-@ nudge , wink @-@ wink writing @-@ directing effort for this season . [ ... ] Duchovny did not fail to deliver an episode that truly reflected his own wit and intelligence . All the while remaining true to the spirit of the show that made him famous . " Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " B + " , and wrote that it " is muddled and frequently so in love with just being weird for weird ’ s sake that everybody forgets we need at least a little justification to pull everything together in the end . " He also called it " a hard episode not to love , frankly . " Handlen felt that the humor and sweetness helped to make the episode a success . He also wrote that Mulder and Scully 's dynamic worked towards the episode 's favor .
= = In popular culture = =
On the " Killer Cable Snaps " episode of the popular science television series MythBusters , which aired on October 11 , 2006 , the possibility that audio could be transcribed onto pottery was tested . Clips from " Hollywood A.D. " were shown during the segment .
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= Maryland Route 322 =
Maryland Route 322 ( MD 322 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland . Known as Easton Parkway , the highway runs 5 @.@ 12 miles ( 8 @.@ 24 km ) on the west side of Easton between two junctions with U.S. Route 50 ( US 50 ) . MD 322 serves as a bypass of downtown Easton for traffic between US 50 and highways to western Talbot County , including MD 33 toward Saint Michaels and MD 333 toward Oxford . Easton Parkway was constructed in the mid to late 1960s . The state highway was originally designated as part of MD 33 ; MD 322 became the sole designation on the bypass in 1978 .
= = Route description = =
MD 322 begins at a directional intersection with US 50 ( Ocean Gateway ) south of Easton ; there is no direct access from southbound MD 322 to westbound US 50 . MD 322 heads north as a four @-@ lane divided highway to MD 565 ( Washington Street ) . Beyond this intersection , the state highway reduces to two lanes , curves to the northwest , and crosses Paper Mill Pond . MD 332 parallels the pond through the highway 's intersection with MD 333 , which heads southwest as Oxford Road and northeast as Peach Blossom Road . After the pond turns west , the state highway intersects Port Street , which heads east toward downtown Easton as MD 334 and west as a county highway into the Easton Point industrial area .
MD 322 temporarily expands to a four @-@ lane undivided highway at its intersection with MD 33 , which heads east as Bay Street toward downtown Easton and west as St. Michaels Road . The MD 322 – MD 33 intersection lies on a crossing of Tanyard Creek just east of its confluence with an unnamed creek to form the North Fork of the Tred Avon River . MD 322 continues northeast past several shopping centers and industrial parks between MD 33 and Glebe Road . Near its northern terminus , the state highway meets the northern end of Washington Street and Airpark Drive , which immediately has an intersection with MD 662 ( Centreville Road ) before entering an industrial park adjacent to Easton Airport . MD 322 reaches its northern terminus at a directional intersection with US 50 .
MD 322 is a part of the National Highway System as a principal arterial for its entire length .
= = History = =
Easton Parkway was constructed as a way for traffic from Oxford and Saint Michaels to access points north and south via US 50 without having to travel through downtown Easton . The first section of the state highway was completed in 1965 from the present intersection with MD 33 north to US 50 . MD 33 was removed from Bay Street and Washington Street north of downtown Easton and placed on the first section of Easton Parkway . The highway was extended south to MD 333 in 1966 . The remainder of the highway south to US 50 was completed in 1970 . The MD 322 designation was originally applied to the southern part of the parkway as well as Bay Street . MD 33 and MD 322 were reassigned to their present lengths of highway in 1978 .
= = Junction list = =
The entire route is in Easton , Talbot County .
= = Auxiliary routes = =
MD 322A is the designation for the unnamed 0 @.@ 07 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 11 km ) ramp from eastbound US 50 to northbound MD 322 south of Easton .
MD 322B is the designation for the 0 @.@ 03 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 048 km ) section of Airpark Drive between MD 322 and MD 662 north of Easton .
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= Asher Vollmer =
Asher Vollmer ( born September 14 , 1989 ) is an American indie video game developer and creator of Puzzlejuice and Threes . He created the 2012 iOS game Puzzlejuice while a student at USC Interactive Media & Games Division . The game began his collaboration with Greg Wohlwend . The pair 's next release , the 2014 iOS puzzle game Threes , received what review aggregator Metacritic described as " universal acclaim " , including perfect scores from Eurogamer and TouchArcade , and the title of Apple Inc . ' s iPhone game of the year . The game was later ported to multiple platforms . Polygon included Vollmer in their " 50 admirable gaming people " of the year for his work on Threes . Among other projects , Vollmer subsequently worked on Close Castles , a real @-@ time strategy game later put on hiatus , and Royals , a simulation game for OS X and Windows .
= = Career = =
Vollmer is a graduate of the USC Interactive Media & Games Division program . As a student , he began work on Puzzlejuice , a puzzle video game . He reached out to artist Greg Wohlwend for aesthetic advice , which led to a collaboration between the two . Puzzlejuice is a combination of Tetris , tile @-@ matching , and Boggle : players rearrange falling tetromino blocks into rows of similar colors , which turn into letters that are cleared from the board by forming words . The iOS game was released on January 19 , 2012 , to what review aggregator Metacritic described as " generally favorable " reviews . Multiple reviewers mentioned the difficulty in mentally balancing the various components of the game .
Vollmer started as thatgamecompany 's " feel engineer " in August 2012 , but left in April 2013 to " go indie " and work on his own projects . On his blog , he said he thought the studio 's current project would be groundbreaking , though he was unhappy working there . Vollmer tried to write a short story in an attempt to take a break from games . Before long , he began to play with his computer keyboard . Vollmer challenged himself to make a game that only used the arrow keys , and prototyped what would become Threes in ten hours overnight . He proceeded to iterate on the idea with Wohlwend over the game 's 14 @-@ month development . In Threes , the player slides numbered tiles on a four @-@ by @-@ four grid to combine addends and multiples of three . Vollmer cited Drop7 as an inspiration for the game , having played it for two years beforehand .
Threes had no original inclination towards minimalism . In fact , Vollmer and Wohlwend felt that the game needed to appear more complex so as to interest players . They returned to the original idea and added character personalities to the tiles . The iOS game was released on February 6 , 2014 , to what Metacritic characterized as " universal acclaim " . Reviewers found the game " charming " and " addictive " , and compared it to Drop7 ( 2009 ) , Triple Town ( 2010 ) , and Stickets ( 2013 ) . Eurogamer and TouchArcade awarded the game perfect scores , with the latter calling Threes " about as close as it gets to a perfect mobile game " . Other developers released similar games and clones within weeks of the game 's launch . Apple named Threes its best iPhone game of 2014 . The game was later ported to Android , Xbox One , and Windows Phone platforms . Polygon included Vollmer in their " 50 admirable gaming people of 2014 " for his work on Threes .
Vollmer thought he would work on a new game a month after releasing Threes , but was kept busy by obligations to fix and update the game , to port it to other platforms , and to promote game through press and events . He was convinced that he would never make a game " as clean and tight as Threes ever again " . Vollmer 's next game was Close Castles , a real @-@ time strategy game .
= = = After Threes = = =
Vollmer unveiled Close Castles in June 2014 . Players start in corners of a " grid map " and are represented by castles . Vollmer explained that the game 's name is from castles built too close to one another , starting a mutually assured destruction scenario . Players can build three structure types out from their castle : towers that fire at incoming enemies ( defense ) , houses that make " loyal subjects " ( offense ) , and markets that make money ( economy ) . The " A " button with a direction constructs a path directing followers to the enemy . Followers capture enemy structures as denoted by a " defense bar " that fills as followers enter the structure and that destroys the structure when filled . Markets are the weakest structure , and two towers can defend against one house . Player turf grows as player structures approach the limits of their area . Players earn five units of money a second , which increases by five for every market . Polygon called the game 's simple visual design " horrifyingly deceptive " . Vollmer has said that games should last around three minutes apiece and that the local multiplayer 's lack of " hidden information " should make interactions with other players less of a " sadomasochistic " game of waiting for an opponent to concede . The game was demoed on an Xbox 360 but was planned for release on the PlayStation 4 . Vollmer put the project on hold while he worked out " fundamental flaws " in the gameplay .
While Vollmer traditionally worked on multiple games at once , Close Castles was his only project when it was in production . In March 2015 , he worked three days a week on a bigger project with a small team , and saved his other days for personal experimentation and Threes bugs . The next month , Vollmer released Royals , a pay what you want simulation game for OS X and Windows . The player controls a peasant who advances towards royal status by collecting resources and followers . Every player decision counts as a year of the peasant 's life . Polygon 's Megan Farokhmanesh described the game as difficult and charming , with a " quirky , subtle humor " . The game was designed to be " purposefully difficult and obtuse " and " nothing like Threes " . Eurogamer 's Jeffrey Matulef wrote that the gameplay was like a " comically minimalist roguelike " for its emphasis on resource management and short player lifespans .
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= Battle of Unsan =
The Battle of Unsan ( Hangul : 운산전투 ; hanja : 雲山戰鬪 ; RR : Unsan jeontu ; MR : Unsan chŏnt 'u ) , also known as the Battle of Yunshan ( Chinese : 云山战斗 ; pinyin : Yún Shān Zhàn Dòu ) , was a series of engagements of the Korean War that took place from 25 October to 4 November 1950 near Unsan , North Pyongan province in present @-@ day North Korea . As part of the Chinese First Phase Campaign , the People 's Republic of China 's People 's Volunteer Army made repeated attacks against the Republic of Korea 1st Infantry Division near Unsan beginning on 25 October , in an attempt to take advancing United Nations forces by surprise . In an accidental first encounter with the United States military during the Korean War , the Chinese 39th Corps attacked the unprepared US 8th Cavalry Regiment in Unsan on 1 November , resulting in one of the most devastating US losses of the Korean War .
= = Background = =
By October 1950 , the United Nations ( UN ) forces had successfully broken out of the Pusan Perimeter in the extreme south of Korea and begun an aggressive northward advance towards the Sino @-@ Korean border , chasing the retreating Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) . The US 1st Cavalry Division entered Pyongyang on 19 October , while the Republic of Korea Army ( ROK ) were rushing towards the Yalu River in all directions . As part of the Thanksgiving Offensive to end the war , Major General Frank W. Milburn , commander of the US I Corps , ordered the ROK 1st Infantry Division to secure the Sup 'ung Dam on the Yalu River by advancing through Unsan .
Alarmed by the rapid collapse of the KPA , China 's Chairman Mao Zedong ordered the People 's Liberation Army 's North East Frontier Force to be reorganized into the People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) for the upcoming intervention in Korea . Despite Mao 's determination to save North Korea from capitulation , the Chinese military leadership expressed doubts on the ability of the Chinese army to fight against the more modernized US forces . As a compromise , Mao authorized the First Phase Campaign , a bridgehead building operation with limited offensives against only the South Korean forces while avoiding contacts with the US forces . Under strict secrecy , the PVA entered Korea on 19 October .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Locations and terrain = = =
Unsan is a town in northwest Korea , and it is located 50 mi ( 80 km ) from the Ch 'ongch 'on River mouth on the Korean west coast . Because of the hilly terrains at the Sino @-@ Korean Border , Unsan is one of the few access points into the Yalu River area . The town is surrounded by hills to the north , the Nammyon River to the west and the Samtan River to the east . At the south of the town , a road junction controls the road from Unsan to Ipsok while a ridge dubbed " Bugle Hill " controls the road between Unsan and Yongsan @-@ dong . Those two roads formed the only retreat routes for the UN forces at Unsan .
= = = Forces and strategy = = =
Acting on Milburn 's instruction , the ROK 1st Infantry Division advanced north on 24 October with the ROK 6th Infantry Division on its right and the US 24th Infantry Division on its left , and by the morning of 25 October , the ROK 1st Infantry Division had captured Unsan . But with the UN forces spread thinly across Korea , a 15 mi ( 24 km ) gap was left between the US 24th Division and ROK 1st Division , leaving the Korean left flank unprotected .
Upon noticing the thinly held UN frontline , the Chinese decided to launch a pincer movement against the South Koreans at Unsan . As part of the First Phase Campaign , the PVA 120th Division of the 40th Corps was at first to block and hold the ROK 1st Infantry Division at Unsan . Simultaneously , the bulk of the 40th Corps , together with the PVA 38th Corps and one division from the 42nd Corps , would attack and destroy the ROK 6th and 8th Infantry Divisions at the east of Unsan . Finally , the PVA 39th Corps would destroy the ROK 1st Infantry Division by infiltrating the gap between US 24th Division and the ROK 1st Infantry Division west of Unsan . Undetected by UN intelligence , the 120th Division arrived at the blocking position on 24 October , with its 360th Regiment heavily fortified the hills north of Unsan . To obscure troop movements and to prevent UN air raids , the Chinese also started several forest fires around the end of October .
= = Battle = =
= = = Initial skirmish = = =
On 25 October at 10 : 30 , the ROK 1st Infantry Division attacked north with its 12th Regiment on the western bank of Samtan River while the 15th Regiment was trying to reach the eastern bank . But when the 15th Regiment was about to cross the river , the PVA 120th Division intercepted the South Koreans with heavy artillery fire . The South Koreans first believed the resistance to be the last remnants of the KPA , but the perception soon changed with the capture of the first Chinese prisoner in the Korean War . The prisoner revealed that there were 10 @,@ 000 Chinese soldiers waiting to join the fight north of Unsan .
Faced with the sudden appearance of the overwhelming Chinese forces , the ROK 1st Infantry Division tried to establish defensive positions by capturing the hills around Unsan . The South Koreans soon found themselves in a seesaw battle with the PVA 360th Regiment during the night of 25 October . The next day , the PVA 39th Corps arrived at the west of Unsan while cutting the road between Unsan and Yongsan @-@ dong , completely surrounding the ROK 1st Infantry Division . Aided by airdrops , the US 6th Medium Tank Battalion and the US 10th Anti @-@ Aircraft Artillery Group , the ROK 1st Infantry Division reopened the road on 27 October . Several more attempts to advance north by the Koreans made little progress , and the fighting stopped by 28 October .
Despite the warnings given by Brigadier General Paik Sun Yup , commander of the ROK 1st Infantry Division , a general feeling of optimism about the outcome of the war prevented the warnings from being taken seriously . With the fighting reached a stalemate at Unsan , General Walton Walker of the Eighth United States Army ordered the US 8th Cavalry Regiment of the US 1st Cavalry Division to resume offensives north by relieving the ROK 12th Regiment . By the time the US 8th Cavalry Regiment reached Unsan on 29 October , the ROK 11th Infantry Regiment of the ROK 1st Infantry Division was also pulling out of Unsan . At the same time , the Chinese had destroyed the ROK 6th Infantry Division on the east of Unsan . Unsan had now became a northern salient in the UN line containing only the US 8th Cavalry Regiment and the ROK 15th Infantry Regiment .
= = = Chinese counterattack = = =
Still believing that the ROK 1st Infantry Division was tied up at Unsan , PVA Commander Peng Dehuai gave the go ahead for the 39th Corps to destroy the Unsan garrison on 1 November . The Chinese plan called for the PVA 117th Division to attack from the northeast , the 116th Division to attack from the northwest and the 115th Division to attack from the southwest . At the same time , the US 8th Cavalry Regiment had taken up positions around the town , with its 1st Battalion defending the north of Unsan by the Samtan River , while its 2nd and 3rd Battalions defending the areas west of the Unsan by the Nammyon River . The lack of UN manpower , however , created a 1 mi ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) gap between the 1st and 2nd Battalions . The ROK 15th Infantry Regiment , on the other hand , had dug in northeast of the Unsan , across the river from the US 1st Battalion .
In the early afternoon of 1 November , a combat patrol from the US 5th Cavalry Regiment , rear guard of the 8th Cavalry Regiment , was intercepted by PVA 343rd Regiment of the 115th Division at Bugle Hill . With the trap discovered , the Chinese immediately launched their attacks at 17 : 00 . Supported by rocket artillery , the 117th Division attacked the ROK 15th Infantry Regiment in full force while four Chinese battalions from the 116th Division struck the gap between the 1st and 2nd Battalions of the US 8th Cavalry Regiment . By 23 : 00 , the heavy fighting destroyed the ROK 15th Infantry Regiment while the US 1st and 2nd Battalions were running out of ammunition . As the UN forces began to buckle around Unsan , Milburn finally ordered the garrison to withdraw after learning the destruction of the ROK 6th Infantry Division on the right flank .
Before the withdrawal could be carried out , however , the PVA 347th Regiment of the 116th Division had already entered the town of Unsan through the gap between the American battalions . Soon afterward , several roadblocks appeared behind the US 1st and 2nd Battalions . With the attacks gaining momentum , the PVA 348th Regiment of the 116th Division advanced southward from Unsan , ambushing the UN forces at the road junction by 02 : 30 . With all the roads blocked , the US 8th Cavalry Regiment 's 1st and 2nd Battalions had to escape by infiltrating the Chinese lines in small groups , abandoning most of their vehicles and heavy weapons along the way . The surviving US and ROK soldiers reached UN lines by 2 November .
While the US 8th Cavalry Regiment 's 1st and 2nd Battalions were under heavy attack , its 3rd Battalion was left alone for most of the night , but by 03 : 00 , a company of Chinese commandos from the 116th Division managed to infiltrate the battalion command post disguised as ROK soldiers . The following surprise attack set many vehicles on fire while causing numerous casualties among the Americans , most of whom were still sleeping . By the time the confusing fighting had ended , the 3rd Battalion was squeezed into a 200 yd ( 180 m ) wide perimeter by the PVA 345th Regiment of the 115th Division . The US 5th Cavalry Regiment made repeated attempts to rescue the 3rd Battalion by attacking the PVA 343rd Regiment at Bugle Hill , but after suffering 350 casualties , the 5th Cavalry was forced to withdraw under orders from Major General Hobart Gay , commander of the US 1st Cavalry Division . The trapped 3rd Battalion endured days of constant attacks , and the surviving soldiers managed to break out of the perimeter by 4 November . By the end of the battle , less than 200 survivors from the 3rd Battalion managed to return to the UN line .
= = Aftermath = =
Immediately after the success at Unsan , the rest of the Chinese forces advanced across the US lines , intending to push the US forces back across the Ch 'ongch 'on River and into Pyongyang . But food and ammunition shortages soon forced the Chinese to disengage on 5 November , thus ending the Chinese First Phase Campaign . Besides the victory at Unsan , the Chinese First Phase Campaign also destroyed the ROK 6th Infantry Division and one regiment from the ROK 8th Infantry Division at the Battle of Onjong . In return , the Chinese had suffered 10 @,@ 700 casualties by the end of the Chinese First Phase Campaign . The Battle of Unsan has been considered to be one of the most devastating US losses of the Korean War .
The Chinese victory at Unsan was as much of a surprise to the Chinese leadership as it was to the UN forces . The accidental encounter between the Chinese and US forces at Unsan eased the fear of the Chinese leadership about intervening in Korea , while the performance of the US 1st Cavalry Division was studied in great detail by Chinese commanders . For the UN forces , on the other hand , despite the heavy losses suffered by the US Eighth Army at Unsan , the unexpected Chinese withdrawal made the United Nations Command believe that China did not intervene in Korea on a large scale . PVA Commander Peng Dehuai incorporated the lessons from Unsan for the upcoming Second Phase Campaign , while General Douglas MacArthur launched the Home @-@ by @-@ Christmas Offensive under the assumption that only a weak Chinese force was present in Korea , resulting in the decisive battles at the Ch 'ongch 'on River and the Chosin Reservoir later that year .
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= California King Bed =
" California King Bed " is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her fifth studio album , Loud ( 2010 ) . The sixth single from the album , it was released on May 13 , 2011 , by Def Jam . Priscilla Renea and Alex Delicata wrote the song with its main producers , Jermaine Jackson and Andrew Harr of The Runners . Its recording took place in 2010 in the studios We The Best in Miami and Burst HQ in Wisconsin . Released digitally on iTunes Store May 13 , 2011 , it began to be played on April 4 in Australian radios and May 31 in the US . Later , after their impact on radio areas , the song was also issued on CD single format in Europe and also an extended play ( EP ) digital with nine remixes from the original track .
The song had a moderate effect on music charts , leading the tables Slovakia , Poland and reaching the five best @-@ selling bands in Germany , Australia , Austria , New Zealand and Portugal , while on the Billboard Hot 100 reached the 37th position .
= = Background and composition = =
On March 1 , 2011 , Rihanna asked fans to help her choose the next single from Loud using Twitter , saying that she would film a music video within the next couple of weeks . After an influx of suggestions , the singer said she had narrowed the options down to four songs : " Man Down " , " California King Bed " , " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " and " Fading " . On March 12 , she confirmed that " California King Bed " had been selected as the next international single . However , the releases were switched , and " Man Down " was sent to rhythmic and urban radio stations in the United States on May 3 – before the May 13 release of " California King Bed " – making " Man Down " and " California King Bed " the fifth and sixth singles from Loud .
" California King Bed " is a rock and R & B song , and is set in common time in the key of G major ( F major for live performances ) with a moderately slow tempo of 85 beats per minute . The song follows a chord progression of G / B – C2 for the verses , and G – D – Em – C in the chorus . Rihanna 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of E3 to the high note of C5 . Both Ryan Burlenson of the website Consequence of Sound and James Reed of The Boston Globe compared the song with Taylor Swift 's material . Emily Mackay of NME wrote that the song was a " inevitable big ballad with acoustic guitar ( complete with audible string scrapes ) soft piano keys and intimate melancholy , building into a massive power @-@ balladish chorus " which she also compared with " If I Were a Boy " ( 2008 ) by American singer Beyoncé Knowles .
= = Critical reception = =
Andy Gill of The Independent and Ryan Dombell from Pitchfork Media both noted that the song embodies all the elements of a big power ballad , with the former stating that it is " Rihanna 's best vocal performance " and the latter concurring , labeling the song as a " ' I Don 't Want to Miss a Thing ' type power ballad genetically engineered to soundtrack a bi @-@ coastal Kate Hudson rom @-@ com . " Daniel Brockman of Boston Phoenix writer perceived the song as an " innocuous soft jam . " Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani called " California King Bed " a " slushy acoustic ballad whose clever metaphor is all but suffocated beneath the song 's cheesy production choices " Andy Gill of The Independent , gave a positive review for the song saying that it contained Rihanna 's best vocal performance to date . However , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy criticized her vocals , stating that " She [ Rihanna ] belts out in a range well beyond her natural vocal ability . "
Scott Shetler of Popcrush commented that it was refreshing to see Rihanna release a down @-@ tempo ballad , instead of a continuous flow of up @-@ tempo dance songs , saying " Though ‘ California King Bed ’ follows a routine pop ballad arrangement , the song is a nice change of pace for the Barbadian hitmaker . As much as we love Rihanna ’ s dance club hits , it ’ s refreshing to hear a song built around her impressive voice . " Stacey Anderson of Spin magazine explained the lyrical meaning behind the song , saying , " ' California King Bed ' is a wrenching ballad about the waking death of a relationship , the stage of limbo before the final crash ; it 's so well @-@ delivered , in fact , that it 's hard to hear . " Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song four out of five stars , saying " The fourth single proper from Loud may pull in the reins as far as the hectic dance beats and sado @-@ masochistic lyrics go , but it 's no less beefy and extravagant . Lilting acoustic guitars metamorphose into ' 80s rawk ones as she sings about the kind of separate @-@ togetherness felt moments before a break @-@ up . She belts out in a range well beyond her natural vocal ability . " Thomas Conner of Chicago Sun @-@ Times concluded that " The acoustic strums of ' California King Bed ' build to a cinematic , Diane Warren @-@ sized breakup chorus . "
Entertainment Weekly 's Kyle Anderson gave a mixed review of the song saying : " she [ Rihanna ] doesn 't have the chops to be a balladeer , which made the torch @-@ song quality of ' California King Bed ' land with a thud . " Similarly , Henry Goldblatt of the same publication graded the song with a B + and gave a critical review of the title saying that it was borrowed from Pottery Barn . However , Goldblatt praised the irresistible heartbreak in the song and added that Rihanna 's voice demonstrates more range and power than her older material . Andy Kellman of Allmusic and Emily Mackay of NME were more critical of the song in their review , with the former calling the song an " overwrought rock weeper " and the latter saying it is a " howler of a ballad , with shlocky acoustic intro , trite piano and a faux @-@ Slash solo . "
= = Chart performance = =
Before being officially released , " California King Bed " debuted on the Australian Singles Chart at number sixty @-@ one on April 11 , 2011 and peaked at number four for two consecutive weeks . The song has since been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 copies . The song also made an appearance on the New Zealand Singles Chart before its official release , debuting at number eighteen on April 18 , 2011 , before eventually peaking at number four for two consecutive weeks . The song has since been certified Gold for sales of over 7 @,@ 500 copies . In the United Kingdom , the song reached a peaked of number eight on the UK Singles Chart on June 5 , 2011 as well as reaching a peak of number three on the UK R & B Chart on June 11 , 2011 . In the United States , the song made its debut on the week ending June 4 , 2011 at number eighty on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and reached a peak of number thirty @-@ seven , becoming Rihanna 's 25th top forty hit on the chart . " California King Bed " ranked at number 47 on Billboard magazine 's best @-@ selling Dance / Clubs songs of 2011 .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and synopsis = = =
The music video for " California King Bed " was shot on March 17 , 2011 and was shot by Anthony Mandler , who has frequently worked with Rihanna . Mandler directed the videos for other singles from Loud including " Only Girl ( In the World ) " and " Man Down " . The creative director , Ciarra Pardo , fabricated a custom made eighteen foot long bed , which was designed with a special feature to transport Rihanna the full distance from one side to the other . On May 4 , 2011 , Rihanna posted a picture of the video which showed her laying on a man while looking in the camera . She also tweeted " Bout to tweet u sumn I cud get in trouble for ! But I know ur anxious . " The full video premiered Monday , May 9 , 2011 on Rihanna 's official website and her VEVO account . In an interview with Jocelyn Vena of MTV News , Mandler spoke of his and Rihanna 's long collaborative history , saying :
I think it 's something that is so unique about Rihanna whatever she 's doing , whatever character she 's playing , whatever side of herself she 's showing , she 's in it 1 @,@ 000 percent ... And I think the song and the theme of this song , she wanted to obviously show a softer side , a lighter side , one that 's caught in maybe a tumultuous relationship ... There 's so much variety with her and it 's been such a journey with her .
Almost the whole video set is made in tropical and romantic setting . The video begins with a shot of Rihanna herself laying down in grass . Then scenes of Rihanna walking on the beach and Rihanna curling up on the chair are shown . This is followed by her own and her partner holding each other closely in bed , sitting on different sides of a large bed , and other scenes featuring Rihanna singing through sheer curtains and drapery . In the video there are also black @-@ white scenes showing Rihanna touching to a stone wall .
= = = Reception = = =
As stated by Jason Lipshutz of Billboard , in this video , Rihanna returned to nature as in her video for her previous single , " Only Girl ( In the World ) " , which features nearly the same colors as the " California King Bed " video . Lipshutz also commented that Rihanna 's just rolled @-@ out @-@ bed appearance is completed by the modest , cream @-@ colored attire in the airy , light @-@ filled clip . Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly gave a positive review of the video , writing : " Instead of being in complete control , here she is — vulnerable , open , and unsure . The video captures the feel of ' King Bed , ' not that it 's a difficult one to grasp . " Jessica Sinclair of Long Island Press was also positive about the video , praising the sensual side of Rihanna . A writer of The Huffington Post concluded : " In the video for her new video , ' California King Bed , ' the Barbadian pop star slows it down and shows her sensitive side , holding notes and bearing her soul over a troubled relationship . Set entirely in a gorgeously pink @-@ palleted open air room overlooking the beach , the winds swirl and blow the curtains dramatically around the heart broken singer . " The writer finished the review saying that " Not much happens in the video – but then , that 's the point . " Amber Katz of MTV Buzzworthy compared the video with Fergie 's " Big Girls Don 't Cry " saying , that they " Both are midtempo , ballady and filmed in a soft @-@ focus domestic setting . " Katz also complimented the bed in the video saying that it " evoke [ s ] a very Caribbean vibe , a shout @-@ out to Rihanna 's native Barbados , no doubt . " A writer of Daily Mail complimented Rihanna 's looks in the video , saying that it showed her " most sultry " side . Both Nicole Eggenberger of OK ! and Eleanor Young of Marie Claire commented that the video uses a lot of sex appeal which was a departure from Rihanna 's older videos .
= = Live performances = =
Rihanna performed the song for the first time alongside Sugarland front woman Jennifer Nettles , at the ACM Awards held by the Academy of Country Music on April 3 , 2011 . She was also a special guest star on the tenth season of American Idol on April 14 , 2011 . The performance featured Rihanna in a floor @-@ length , heavily textured rose @-@ colored gown , which she adorned as she appeared from behind flowing ceiling height curtains . Kara Warner of MTV News complimented the performance , saying " the 23 @-@ year @-@ old rocked the house with an ethereal performance of her ballad ' California King Bed . ' " A writer of Rolling Stone wrote : " It 's a classy , laid @-@ back performance with Rihanna in a lovely gown , backed up by interpretative dancers caressing large pieces of fabric that are probably meant to evoke bed sheets , but look a bit more like giant strips of toilet paper hanging from the ceiling . But either way , this is quite nice . " In March 2011 , Rihanna was appointed spokeswoman for the " 100 Years of Skin Care " Nivea Commercial campaign , which featured " California King Bed " as the song used in the commercials . As part of promotion for the campaign , Rihanna performed the song at private events in several European cities in May 2011 , including Hamburg , Milan and Paris . The song was also performed on NBC 's Today show on May 27 , 2011 , as part of their Summer Concert Series . The set also featured Rihanna performing her previous US Billboard Hot 100 number @-@ one hits from Loud ; " Only Girl ( In the World ) " , " What 's My Name ? " and " S & M " . The song is included on the set @-@ list of the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) .
= = Other versions = =
Pia Toscano and Stefano Langone , contestants of the tenth season of American Idol , covered the song during one of the nights . American rapper Snoop Dogg , released an unofficial remix of the song along with a music video . In his version of the song he sings the lines " California dreamin ' , schemin ' , you got me gleamin ' / I need you on my team ' n you get my meanin ' / It sound crazy but it 's amazing / Lay down with me so we can make some babies . " The accompanying music video a girl which looks like Kim Kardashian waiting him at the hotel , while the official video of the song is played on TV screens .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Loud , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records .
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Radio and release history = =
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= Typhoon Nelson ( 1982 ) =
Typhoon Nelson , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Bising , was the second tropical cyclone to strike the Philippines within a week in March 1982 . Nelson originated from a tropical disturbance southeast of Guam towards the middle of March . Although the system was initially poorly organized , it developed rather quickly , and was upgraded into Tropical Storm Nelson on March 19 . It tracked westward , and fluctuated in intensity for several days . On March 24 , Typhoon Nelson intensified into a typhoon , and entered an episode of rapid intensification . On March 25 , Nelson reached its peak intensity of 115 km / h ( 70 mph ) , but thereafter moved ashore on the Philippines , where the storm weakened significantly . On March 27 , the typhoon entered the South China Sea , and the next day , briefly re @-@ intensified before resuming a weakening trend . Nelson dissipated on March 31 . Affecting the nation less than a week after Tropical Storm Mamie did , Nelson was responsible for additional flooding across much of the Philippines . Fifty @-@ six people were killed due to the typhoon , eight of whom perished due to drownings . Over 1 @,@ 200 homes were destroyed . More than 165 @,@ 000 people fled to shelters , including 83 @,@ 000 that were displaced from their home . Thirty fishing boats and 23 ferries were destroyed due to the system . Damage amounted to $ 17 @.@ 2 million ( 1982 USD ) .
= = Meteorological history = =
The second of three early season tropical cyclones to form in the West Pacific basin , Typhoon Nelson can be traced back to a low latitude area of disturbed in mid @-@ March . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) started watching the system at 0000 UTC on March 18 while a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) was issued . Initially , the system was disorganized , but the disturbance was located in a favorable environment aloft and began to develop rapidly . Ten hours after the TCFA , the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression . Early on March 19 , the JMA classified the system as a tropical storm . Later that morning , Hurricane Hunters reported winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 993 mbar ( 29 @.@ 3 inHg ) . Based on this , the JTWC designated the system as Tropical Storm Nelson .
Nelson tracked westward , staying south of a large subtropical ridge . Despite the aforementioned favorable environment , Nelson briefly weakened late on March 19 , but re @-@ intensified slightly the following morning . Shortly thereafter , the JTWC upgraded the system into a typhoon . Further intensification was halted due to increased easterly wind shear , and the storm began to level off in intensity as it accelerated on a westward course . On March 21 , the JMA declared Nelson a severe tropical storm . According to the JTWC , the storm fluctuated between tropical storm and typhoon status for about 60 hours , even though the JMA suggest that Nelson did not become a typhoon until March 24 . Around this time , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) also started monitoring the storm , assigning it with the local name Bising .
After becoming a typhoon , Nelson forward 's speed began to slow down as the storm began to move away from the ridge and encounter more conducive conditions . Consequently , Typhoon Nelson began to deepen more rapidly , and by the afternoon of March 25 , both the JTWC and JMA increased the intensity to 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Although the JMA suggests the system reached its peak intensity at that time , the JTWC indicated that Nelson strengthen slightly on March 25 , and attained winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) , equivalent to a major hurricane or a Category 3 system on the United States @-@ based Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale . Shortly thereafter , the storm moved ashore in the Philippine at peak intensity . After making landfall , Nelson weakened over the south @-@ central portion of the nation . By March 26 , the JMA had lowered the winds to 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) .
By March 27 , Nelson re @-@ emerged into the South China Sea , having weakened considerably , and data from both the JMA and JTWC indicated that Nelson was no longer a typhoon . The next day , Nelson briefly re @-@ intensified slightly , and at 1800 UTC on March 28 , the JMA estimated a secondary peak intensity of 105 km / h ( 65 mph ) . On the following day , Nelson resumed weakening due to increased wind shear . Despite the presence of a trough , Nelson did not recurve northeast , and instead meandered westward . On the afternoon of March 31 , the JMA ceased watching Nelson . On the next day , the JTWC followed suit while located about 450 km ( 280 mi ) east of Nha Trang , Vietnam .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Typhoon Nelson was the second storm to strike the Philippines within a week , following Tropical Storm Mamie , which claimed 54 lives . Considered a " pre @-@ season " storm by newspapers , Nelson required storm warnings for parts of the nation , which were broadcast via radio . Much of the southern section of the Philippines were placed on typhoon alert . Due to the threat of storm surge , residents in coastal areas were advised to evacuate to higher ground .
Typhoon Nelson was responsible for significant flooding across the Philippines . On the offshore Leyte Island , a radio transmitter and a school were destroyed . In Cebu City , schools , businesses , and government offices were closed for a day . Across the low @-@ lying town of Abucay , flooding occurred . A total of 1 @,@ 261 dwellings were leveled , including 703 houses destroyed in the provinces of Cebu , Bohol , and Surigao , leaving approximately 83 @,@ 000 people homeless . In Loreto Town , part of the Suriago Province , 95 % of all coconut trees were toppled , and all but 45 of the town 's 600 houses were demolished . A total of 165 @,@ 462 persons evacuated to shelters . Widespread power outages occurred while many bridges were washed away . Shipping and air services were halted ; 30 fishing boats and 23 ferries were destroyed . In all , 56 people perished due to Typhoon Nelson . Ten died in the hard @-@ hit Leyte Province . At least eight of the casualties were due to drownings , which included two woman and an infant . Overall , damage from Nelson amounted to $ 17 @.@ 2 million , crop and property damage alone totaled $ 7 @.@ 4 million .
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= Hopeville Pond State Park =
Hopeville Pond State Park is a Connecticut state park located in the town of Griswold . Before European colonization , the Mohegan people constructed weirs and fished from the Pachaug River . In 1711 , Stephen Gates was granted 14 acres of land that now resides within the park 's limits and constructed a gristmill and sawmill at the natural falls . In 1818 , Elizah Abel purchased the mill privilege and built a woolen mill at the site . The mills were later acquired by John Slater who constructed a satinet mill and named it " Hope Mill " . The village of Hopeville would derive its name from the mill , and it thrived until a series of fires destroyed the mills , the church and some houses . Sometime before 1917 , the Ashland Cotton Company erected a dam on the site and created a 145 @-@ acre reservoir . The United States Government purchased the land in the 1930s for recreational use and used the Civilian Conservation Corps to adapt the land to the purpose . In 1938 , the State of Connecticut designated Hopeville Pond as a state park .
Hopeville Pond State Park 's recreational activities include biking , hiking , camping , fishing , boating and swimming . A variety of fish are found in the park , including northern pike , largemouth bass , and yellow perch . The park has a total of 80 camp sites with each site featuring a fire ring with grate and a picnic table . The park manager 's house is a National Register of Historic Places listed property .
= = History = =
Hopeville Pond was by the Mohegan Indians for fishing prior to the European colonization . The Mohegans built weirs to direct the water flow and fish to the center of the stream for easy capture in fishing baskets . In 1711 , Stephen Gates was granted 14 acres of land which lies within the state park limits . Gates constructed a gristmill and sawmill at the natural falls along the Pachaug River . In 1818 , Elizah Abel purchased the mill privilege and built a woolen mill at the site . Later , John Slater purchased the three mills and constructed a satinet mill and named it " Hope Mill " . The village of Hopeville derived its name from the mill and would also carry it through to the Hopeville Pond and the Hopeville Pond State Park name . The natural falls of the mill sites are no longer visible as they are now underwater .
By 1840 , Hopeville was a " thriving village " according to Daniel L. Phillips , author of Griswold - a history . On November 4 , 1850 , a meeting was held to discuss the construction of a house of worship . A church was erected for $ 1 @,@ 700 and dedicated on December 12 , 1852 . The village of Hopeville reached its peak in 1860 and was well known for its production of woolens . In 1881 , the mill , then owned by Edwin Lanthrop and Company , was destroyed in a fire and not rebuilt . The Ashland Cotton Company would later acquire the property . In 1900 , the church and four houses also burned . In 1908 , the original gristmill from 1711 was also destroyed by fire . Sometime before 1917 , the Ashland Cotton Company erected a dam on the site and created the 145 acre reservoir ; the dam was used to generate electrical power for its mills in Jewett City . The United States Government purchased the land in the 1930s for recreational use and used the Civilian Conservation Corps to adapt the land to the purpose , including the construction of fire control ponds , forest roads and adapting the Avery House for park use . In 1938 , the State of Connecticut designated Hopeville Pond as a state park .
= = Avery House = =
The Avery House , also known as Hopeville Pond Park House , is a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) by 40 feet ( 12 m ) , the two story central @-@ chimney Colonial dating to circa 1770 . The central chimney is on a stone base and has a built @-@ in root cellar . In 1935 , the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) rehabilitated the property for park use . The alterations in the house changed the traditional five @-@ room first floor plan by eliminating the keeping rooms and the removal of the kitchen fireplace . It retains much of its original door frames and wrought @-@ iron latch hardware . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . After the rehabilitation of the property , the Avery House became the Hopeville Park manager 's residence .
= = Activities = =
Hopeville Pond State Park is listed for a multitude of recreational activities , including biking , hiking , camping , fishing , boating and swimming . Hopeville Pond was included in an 11 @-@ mile bike trail in Connecticut : Rides for the Casual Cyclist . The Lake Lubbers website states that Hopeville Pond is a popular location for fishing , including ice fishing . The reported fish include " northern pike , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass , catfish , chain pickerel , yellow perch , and bluegill " .
According to the DEEP website , the camping season begins on the third week of April on Friday and ends on September 30 . The park has a total of 80 camp sites with each site featuring a fire ring with grate and a picnic table . The layout is in two loops designated with sites A @-@ E and a second loop designated as F. Each loop has toilet and drinking water facilities . The camp site was rated highly for its beauty , spaciousness , cleanliness and security in 2013 by Best Tent Camping .
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= And Yet It Moves =
And Yet It Moves is a platform video game developed by independent developer Broken Rules . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , and Linux on April 2 , 2009 , and a Wii port was released on the Wii Shop Channel in August 2010 . And Yet It Moves was originally designed as a computer science project at the Vienna University of Technology in 2007 . When the original prototype won or was nominated for awards at various independent game festivals , the team decided to create a full version of the game .
And Yet It Moves focuses on moving the player character through a series of hazardous environments . The player possesses the ability to freely rotate the entire game world , transforming walls into floors and vice versa . The game 's levels and puzzles are designed around this concept . The game features paper collage styled visuals designed by Jan Hackl and a beatboxing soundtrack performed by Christoph Binder .
Both the PC and WiiWare versions of the game received positive reviews , with many critics applauding the gameplay mechanics and the visuals . And Yet It Moves was also released as part of the third Humble Indie Bundle .
= = Gameplay = =
And Yet It Moves is a single @-@ player puzzle platform game set in a world stylized to resemble a paper collage , where background elements and characters consist of ripped paper . The nameless player character , who appears as a cutout pencil line @-@ drawing on white paper , is moved through a series of levels by running and jumping across the obstacles and avoiding hazards . The player possesses the ability to " spin " the entire game world in 90 or 180 degree increments at any time . Because the rotation is instantaneous and gravity will always point " downward " relative to the game screen , spinning the world has physical consequences on the player character and on the environment : walls that are too steep to climb become flat , walkable surfaces , and objects may move or react to the change in gravity . All objects retain their momentum relative to their frame of reference .
The levels in And Yet It Moves are designed such that spinning the world at certain moments is required to progress . Because the character will tear into pieces if he falls from too high a distance , the player must often spin the world such that the character can safely surmount or descend from large obstacles . Other hazards such as wild beasts , fire and boulders , or falling into the black void that borders the playing field will tear the character . However , the player has unlimited lives and will reappear at the last checkpoint he passed prior to being torn .
The main campaign mode offers 17 levels that span three different environments . There are other gameplay features available , such as online leaderboards , various time attack modes , and optional achievements that are awarded for performing specific objectives .
In the Wii version , players control the game using the Wii Remote held sideways , and the game world is rotated by twisting the controller in various directions . The Nunchuk and Classic Controller are also compatible for alternate control schemes . This version also removes the restriction to only rotate in 90 degree intervals and offers three additional levels compared to the PC versions .
= = Development = =
And Yet It Moves is the first video game developed by Broken Rules , an independent game developer based in Vienna . The game began as a bachelor project held by the Department for Design and Assessment of Technology at the Vienna University of Technology . The four computer science students involved wanted to design a game that gave the player more freedom than possible in normal 2D games ; a side @-@ scrolling platform game with the ability to rotate the entire game world was chosen . A prototype of the game took half a year to develop using the Torque game engine , and the name And Yet It Moves was chosen for its ambiguity and " it hints at world rotation , " an allusion to Galileo Galilei 's famous ( but apocryphal ) remark " Eppur si muove " . The prototype was showcased at various independent game development festivals and garnered positive feedback ; it was a winner in the Student Showcase category of the 2007 Independent Games Festival and a nominee for the 2007 Europrix Top Talent Award . The interest in the title inspired the students to develop a full game , which took approximately two years . Broken Rules was founded when it was realized that " it was a necessity [ in order ] to better deal with all the organizational , financial and juridical hassles that are involved when making business . "
Broken Rules did not have a dedicated artist , so the designers chose a graphical style they believed was both aesthetically pleasing and easy to create . A pencil @-@ on @-@ paper look was first attempted , but it appeared " empty and boring " until photographs , collected from public sources such as morgueFile , were added . The style evolved into the game 's final ripped paper collage look , intended to appear " rough and analog . " Designer Christoph Binder created the game 's background music and sound effects by beatboxing , echoing this motif . Felix Bohatsch , the project lead , stated in an interview that adding a narrative or backstory was avoided in favor of prioritizing the gameplay . He added however that the level design follows a leitmotif that conveys " a journey from being confined to becoming free " as the game progresses , first beginning in dark caves and ending in a wide blank space .
In October 2008 , Nintendo contacted Broken Rules and asked if a downloadable WiiWare version of And Yet It Moves could be developed for its Wii console after seeing a demonstration of the game at the 2008 IndieCade Festival in Los Angeles . Bohatsch stated that " we didn 't think long about this decision because we always wanted to bring And Yet It Moves to a console and I have a sweet spot for the Wii . " However , the PC game 's projected release date was April 2 , 2009 ; it was too late in development to begin co @-@ developing for Wii and launch simultaneously on both platforms . PC version development was completed first and then Wii development started in June .
Because And Yet It Moves was originally designed to be played with digital controls , the Wii Remote 's analog motion controls needed to be implemented such that they felt natural and not intrusive . Broken Rules determined , following a number of tests , that allowing the player to freely rotate to any degree best suited motion controls ; originally the player could only rotate in 90 degree intervals . Four different control schemes were implemented to satisfy a wide number of players , three of which either use motion control or the Wii Remote pointer . While the file size limit imposed on WiiWare games was not an issue , the visuals needed to be downsampled to cohere with the Wii hardware . A standard @-@ definition television was used in development ; Bohatsch felt the visuals looked nicer on the SDTV than on a PC or Mac with higher display resolution , but warned that some HDTVs might not upsample the Wii resolution properly , recommending that a component cable be used while playing the game . The online leaderboards were omitted from the Wii version because the PC version 's leaderboards were not frequently used . Three new levels , unlocked when the player completes the main campaign mode , were added . The near final version of the game was submitted to Nintendo 's Quality Assurance team in May 2010 to inspect and find bugs . And Yet It Moves was released on the Wii Shop Channel in North America on August 23 , 2010 and then in Europe on August 27 .
Broken Rules currently has no plans to develop a sequel to And Yet It Moves , due to the time spent on the game . Bohatsch commented that he is unopposed to the idea and is amenable to proposals to develop such a game .
= = Reception = =
And Yet It Moves received generally favorable reviews . The PC version gained aggregate scores of 71 @.@ 50 % and 75 on GameRankings and Metacritic , respectively , while the WiiWare version gained aggregate scores of 85 @.@ 30 % and 83 . Critics applauded the game 's unique take on the platforming genre and the game 's paper collage visual style , but felt the game was too short . Some critics noted the absence of any narrative or backstory , but felt that the game ultimately didn 't need one , though GameSpot noted it as one of the game 's weaknesses .
In his review of the PC version , IGN 's Daemon Hatfield stated that And Yet It Moves " manages to make this quarter @-@ century old genre [ 2D platformer ] feel new again . " Hatfield praised the gameplay , which was " challenging but avoids being frustrating " , but felt there wasn 't enough content to warrant the $ 15 price , despite the additional game modes available . Hatfield scored the game 8 @.@ 4 out of 10 . GameFocus scored the PC version 8 @.@ 0 out of 10 , praising the gameplay , sound , controls , and use of physics . The review also stated that players are unlikely to experience motion sickness despite the frequent rotating of the game screen . GameSpot scored the PC version 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , stating that while the rotation mechanic " wears thin toward the end of the game , " " the increasingly exotic level design manages to keep the good times rolling until the end . "
Justin Haywald of 1UP.com stated that " even when I felt I had to guess which direction I was supposed to go , the levels are set up well enough that the way forward is always easy to figure out " . Haywald praised the visuals as well , but stated that " as the scenery grows more cluttered , it also sometimes becomes difficult to find a safe place to land after sending the world spinning " . Haywald rated And Yet It Moves a B + . NintendoLife rated the WiiWare version 9 out of 10 , stating that the new additions and updated controls made it the " definitive version of the game " despite the omission of online features seen in the PC version .
= = = Sales = = =
Felix Bohatsch of Broken Rules reported in May 2009 that sales of the PC version were " not at a level we were expecting " . No digital rights management ( DRM ) protection was placed on the game because " we ... believe that any game will be cracked , no matter how we try to protect it , so our philosophy is that adding DRM or anything similar only annoys the people who actually pay for it . " The bootlegging rate was approximately 95 @.@ 5 % , meaning " for every game [ sold ] there are 22 cracked version [ sic ] being played " . Bohatsch speculated that the poor sales were partly caused by the levels demonstrated in the free game demo , which did not focus enough on the game 's puzzles . More than 370 @,@ 000 units of the game were sold as part of the third Humble Indie Bundle .
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= Sängerfest =
Sängerfest , also Sängerbund @-@ Fest , Sängerfeste , or Saengerfest , meaning singer festival , is a competition of Sängerbunds , or singer groups , with prizes for the best group or groups . Such public events are also known as a Liederfest , or song festival . Participants number in the hundreds and thousands , and the fest is usually accompanied by a parade and other celebratory events . The sängerfest is most associated with the Germanic culture . Its origins can be traced back to 19th century Europe . Swiss composer Hans Georg Nägeli and educator Carl August Zeller , both protégés of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi , established sängerbunds to help foster social change throughout Germany and Prussia . University students began to choose the art form as an avenue for political statements . As the sängerfest concept gained popularity and spread around the world , it was adapted by Christian churches for spiritual worship services . European immigrants brought the tradition in a non @-@ political form to the North American continent . In the early part of the 20th century , sängerfest celebrations drew devotees in the tens of thousands , and included some United States presidents among their audiences . Sängerbunds are still active in Europe and in American communities with Germanic heritage .
= = History = =
= = = Europe = = =
Students of Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi , a proponent of social reform , applied his teachings when founding some singing groups as an instrument for cultural change . One of his students was Carl August Zeller , who helped establish the sängerbund movement throughout Prussia in 1809 . Pestalozzi 's protégé Hans Georg Nägeli was a composer , music teacher and songbook publisher who made numerous journeys across Germany from 1819 to encourage the formation of male singing groups for social reform . Nägeli established several sängerbunds in Switzerland , which became the inspiration for the 1824 establishment of the Stuttgarter Liederkranz . Following the 1819 Carlsbad Decrees in Germany , male @-@ only choral celebrations with hundreds or thousands of vocalists were popular with the masses and often part of political events .
Composer Friedrich Silcher was directly influenced by Pestalozzi and Nägeli . He began using large choirs to express political viewpoints at least as early as 1824 when he and a group of Tübingen University students performed La Marseillaise to commemorate the storming of the Bastille . In 1827 at Plochingen , Baden @-@ Württemberg , several male @-@ voiced choirs combined for a regional liederfest . Sängerfests were part of the Hambach Festival of 1832 .
Christian church organizations known as Christlicher sängerbunds adapted the sängerfest for religious gatherings and helped spread its popularity throughout Europe , North America and Australia . They became popular in late 19th century Russia among Mennonite congregations . On 30 May 1893 , a sängerfest of seven choirs was held in Rückenau in Molotschna , Ukraine . On Sunday , 29 May 1894 , the all @-@ day Russische Saengervereinigung was held in Rückenau under the direction of Polish conductor Friedrich Schweige with assistance from Aron Gerhard Sawatsky , director of the Andreasfeld Mennonite Brethren Church . Beginning on 3 May , Schweiger traveled across Russia rehearsing choirs . On 29 May there were breakfasts for attendees , an estimated 50 vocal presentations by individual choirs , prayer services and sermons , lunch for 2 @,@ 000 people and afternoon snacks .
= = = North America = = =
Mennonites established the northwest Philadelphia section of Germantown in 1683 . The Philadelphia Männerchor founded by German immigrant Phillip Matthias Wohlseiffer in 1835 was the first German @-@ American singing society organized in the United States where the sängerfest began to evolve as a form of civic entertainment . In 1836 , Wohlseiffer founded the Baltimore Liederkranz , which became the first to accept women members ( 1838 ) . In 1846 , the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania group and the Baltimore , Maryland group performed together at a public sängerfest . The " Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac " of 1891 listed numerous sängerbunds in the Brooklyn , New York area . On 21 June 1901 , the Nord @-@ Amerikanischer Sängerbund presented a sängerfest in Buffalo , New York at the famous Pan @-@ American Exposition ( where 25th President William McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz in a reception line in September 1901 ) . A group in Buffalo hoped to help pay the expenses of the fest by forming the Buffalo Sängerfest Company , selling 1 @,@ 600 shares of stock at $ 25 each .
In 1838 , the Cincinnati Deustcher Gesangverein was formed in Ohio , followed by the Cincinnati Deutsch Liedertafel in 1844 . The Gesang und Bildungsverein Deutscher Arbeiter formed in 1846 and was the first Cincinnati group that allowed women . Groups from Ohio , Kentucky , Maryland and Indiana created the Nord @-@ Amerikanischer Sängerbund in 1849 for a sängerfest hosted by Cincinnati , featuring the music of German composers . By 1908 , it was estimated that 250 @,@ 000 German Americans belonged to musical organizations , and 50 @,@ 000 of those belonged to the Nord @-@ Amerikanischer Sängerbund . The first post @-@ Civil War sängerfest in Columbus , Ohio took place 29 August – 1 September 1865 at Schreiner 's Hall and the Opera House . Each arriving sängerbund was escorted to the hall by the Eighteenth regiment of the United States Infantry . There were an estimated 400 singers entertaining 12 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 attendees . The closing day was celebrated with pomp and circumstance .
The first sängerfest in Texas was held in 1853 in New Braunfels , and was held annually until 1860 when conflicting loyalties about , and participation in , the American Civil War caused a 10 @-@ year gap in the events . The San Antonio Männergesang @-@ Verein was formed in 1847 , the New Braunfels Gesangverein Germania formed in 1850 , and the Austin Männerchor formed in 1852 . On 4 July 1853 in San Antonio , the San Antonio Männergesang @-@ Verein sponsored an Independence Day celebration attended by the New Braunfels Gesangverein and the Austin Männerchor . The New Braunfels Gesangverein invited everyone to meet in New Braunfels on 16 – 17 October 1853 for its first Texas Sängerfest . In 1854 , the aggregate sängerbunds formed the Texas State Sängerbund . The San Antonio Beethoven Männerchor was organized in 1867 by Wilhelm Thielepape , assistant conductor of the San Antonio Männergesang @-@ Verein . After the surrender of the Confederacy in 1865 , Thielepape raised the Union flag of the " Stars and Stripes " over the historic Texan battle site and former church mission , the Alamo in San Antonio and distributed wine and songbooks . The all @-@ male Houston Sängerbund was founded on 6 October 1883 and chartered in 1890 . It affiliated itself with Der Deutsch @-@ Texanische Sängerbund . In 1887 , founding member Carl C. Zeus served as principal of the organization 's German @-@ English school .
22nd and 24th President Grover Cleveland , his wife , and guests took a special train from Washington , D.C. on " Independence Day " , 4 July 1888 , forty miles northeast to see a Baltimore event . Cleveland had friends who were members of the sängerbunds . 27th President William Howard Taft attended the 1 July 1912 event in Philadelphia . On 15 June 1903 , 26th President Theodore Roosevelt and Ambassador Herman Speck von Sternberg attended a sängerfest of 6 @,@ 000 individual singers at Baltimore 's Armory Hall . All 9 @,@ 000 seats were sold out . President Roosevelt delivered an address praising the German culture and the sängerfest tradition . The Northeastern Sängerbund presented selections by composers Herman Spielter , David Melamet , Carl Friedrich Zöllner , E.S. Engelsberg , Felix Mendelssohn and Richard Wagner .
When Newark , New Jersey , hosted the 21st National Sängerfest , held on 1 – 4 July 1906 in Olympic Park , 25 @,@ 000 people showed up to hear the music , many arriving on chartered trains . Only a few thousand were able to get into the hall , and 2 @,@ 000 were standing . Five thousand singers from more than a hundred sängerbunds representing forty cities from New Jersey , New York , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware competed for a $ 20 @,@ 000 prize offered by Kaiser Wilhelm II . Park vendors offered souvenirs , refreshments , games , and a carousel .
Germans began emigrating to Canada through Nova Scotia , where they helped found the town of Lunenburg in 1753 . The sängerfests were first performed in Kitchener , Ontario , in 1862 . The community events included the standard concerts and meals , with drama presentations and athletic entertainment sponsored by the local Turnvereine clubs . For the next 40 years , sängerbunds and sängerfests spread throughout Ontario . Pennsylvania Mennonites began settling in Ontario in the late 19th century . Alberta and Saskatchewan host annual Mennonite sängerfestes .
In 1916 at his sentencing for bigamy , Count Max Lymer Louden related another misdeed from his past . Louden claimed he had been hired by a group of wealthy German Americans with a secret fund of $ 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to take 150 @,@ 000 German reservists , disguised as sängerbunds , across the Canada – United States border for a coup d 'état of Canada , on behalf of Kaiser Wilhelm II . If they drew suspicion , they were prepared to " sing at a moment 's notice . " It was his loyalty to America , he claimed , which caused him to desert the Kaiser 's singing invasion force .
= = Current events = =
Although some local festivals were canceled or suspended during the two world wars owing to rising anti @-@ German sentiment , the triennial Sängerfest tradition has largely survived and many communities in areas with a significant German @-@ American population have Sängerfests today .
Two major German @-@ American singing associations are the Nordöstlicher ( North Eastern ) Sängerbund and the much larger Nord @-@ Amerikanischer ( North American ) Sängerbund ( which , contrary to the name , also includes a few choruses from southern states ) .
Nordöstlicher Sängerbund : The 49th Sängerfest was in Lancaster , Pennsylvania in 2006 . The 50th Sängerfest , hosted by the Washington Sängerbund , took place on the 2009 Memorial Day Weekend in Washington , D.C. The 51st Sängerfest , hosted by the Lehigh Sängerbund , took place in June 2012 in Allentown , PA . The Bloomfield Liedertafel hosted the 52nd Sängerfest in 2015 in Pittsburgh , PA .
Nord @-@ Amerikanischer Sängerbund : The 61st Sängerfest of the Nord @-@ Amerikanischer Sängerbund was June 2013 in Milwaukee , Wisconsin with over 1300 singers . The 62nd Sängerfest will take place May 27 – 29 , 2016 in Pittsburgh , PA .
= = Gallery = =
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= Tom Norman =
Tom Norman , born Thomas Noakes , ( 7 May 1860 – 24 August 1930 ) , was an English businessman , showman and the last exhibitor of Joseph Merrick who was otherwise known as the " Elephant Man " . Among his later exhibits were a troupe of midgets , a " Man in a Trance " , " John Chambers the armless Carpenter " , and the " World 's Ugliest Woman " .
Norman started his working life as a butcher in Sussex before moving to London at the age of 14 where he sought a career on the music hall stage . There , he became interested in freak shows which he attended in his spare time . After viewing an exhibition called " Electric Lady " next door to his place of work , he went into business with the exhibition 's manager and began his career as a showman of human oddities . He quickly became successful , for his patter as much as his exhibits , and was called the ' Silver King ' by the American showman P. T. Barnum .
In 1884 , Norman took over the management of Joseph Merrick , otherwise known as the " Elephant Man " , and exhibited him for a few weeks until police closed down the show . Merrick later went to live at the London Hospital under the care of Sir Frederick Treves . In his 1923 memoirs , Treves portrayed Norman as a cruel drunk who ruthlessly exploited his acts . Norman refuted this characterisation and said that he provided Merrick ( and his other " freaks " ) with a means of making money independently . Norman continued a successful career as a showman and later became an auctioneer of novelty shows and circuses .
Norman died in 1930 and was survived by his wife and 10 children , five of whom followed him into the entertainment business .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Norman was born Thomas Noakes on 7 May 1860 in Dallington , Sussex . He was the eldest of 17 children to Thomas Noakes , a butcher and a farmer , and his wife Eliza ( née Haiselden ) .
Norman was introduced to his father 's trade at an early age and left school to work with him when he was 12 . He decided to go travelling two years later to seek a career as a performer . He was unsuccessful and after a short while , he moved to London where he worked as a butcher 's assistant . A kean gambler , Norman moved to Berkshire where he took up professional gambling at Ascot Racecourse . He wound up penniless and resumed his butchery trade in London where he gained a new interest in freak show entertainment .
= = = Novelties = = =
After his unsuccessful venture in Berkshire , Norman returned to being a butcher , and , one day , viewed the " novelties " at a penny gaff next to his place of employment in Islington . There , Mlle Electra , " The Only Electric Lady — A Lady Born Full of Electricity " gave audience members an electrical shock via her handshake . Norman was impressed with the exhibition , realised its lucrative potential , and left his job to enter into business with Mlle Electra 's manager . He quickly discovered Electra was a fake connected to a supply of electricity .
When Mlle Electra was exhibited at Kingston Fair , Norman realised he would be better off working alone , and successfully staged his own " Electric Lady " in Hammersmith . He learned that his skills as an entertainer were as important to his success as the novelties he exhibited . At some point , he changed his birth name to Tom Norman , and renounced his inheritance . According to Joseph Merrick 's biographers Michael Howell and Peter Ford , Norman may have changed his name to avoid shaming his family by his " distasteful " connections to circuses and fairgrounds .
Over the next few years , Norman 's travelling exhibitions featured Eliza Jenkins , the " Skeleton Woman " , a " Balloon Headed Baby " and a woman who bit off the heads of live rats — the " most gruesome " act Norman claimed to have seen . Other acts included fleas , fat ladies , giants , dwarves and retired white seamen , painted black and speaking in an invented language , billed " savage Zulus " . He displayed a " family of midgets " which in reality was composed of two men and a borrowed baby . He operated a number of shops in London and Nottingham , and exhibited travelling shows throughout the country . In 1882 , Norman gave a show at Islington 's Royal Agricultural Hall . Unknown to Norman , the show was attended by American showman P. T. Barnum . Norman falsely claimed to his audience , as he had often done in the past , that his show had been booked to appear at Barnum 's ' Greatest Show on Earth ' . Barnum was much amused and afterwards , seeing Norman 's silver necklace and noting his gift for oratory , dubbed him the ' Silver King ' . With 13 shops in London alone , Norman ran into a shortage of curiosities and travelled the country looking for new acts . He enticed human novelties into his employ with promises of generous salaries .
= = = Elephant Man = = =
In 1884 , Norman came into contact with Joseph Merrick , a young man from Leicester who had extreme deformities . Unable to find work due to his physical appearance , Merrick ended up in the Leicester workhouse for four years . In 1884 he left the workhouse and put himself in the charge of the music hall proprietors Sam Torr and J. Ellis , and the travelling showman ' Little George ' Hitchcock . Collectively , they presented Merrick as " The Elephant Man , Half @-@ a @-@ Man and Half @-@ an @-@ Elephant " . They quickly realised that they would not be able to show Merrick for too long in one place , for fear of the novelty wearing off , and towards the end of 1884 , Hitchcock contacted Norman , an acquaintance of his , and transferred management of the Elephant Man to him .
Merrick arrived in London and into Norman 's care . Norman , initially shocked by Merrick 's appearance and reluctant to display him , nonetheless exhibited him at his penny gaff shop at 123 Whitechapel Road , directly across the road from the London Hospital . Because of its proximity to the hospital , the shop received medical students and doctors as visitors . One of these was the surgeon Frederick Treves who arranged to have Merrick brought into the hospital to be examined . According to Norman 's autobiography , Merrick went to the hospital " two or three " times , but then refused to go any more , as the examinations made him feel " like an animal in a cattle market " .
The exhibition of the Elephant Man was reasonably successful , particularly with the added income from a printed pamphlet about Merrick 's life and condition . At this time , however , public opinion about freak shows was starting to change and the display of human novelties was beginning to be viewed as distasteful . After only a few weeks with Norman , the Elephant Man exhibition was shut down by the police , and Norman and Merrick parted ways . Treves later arranged for Merrick to live at the London Hospital until Merrick 's death in 1890 . In Treves 's 1923 memoir , The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences Norman was portrayed as a drunk who cruelly exploited Merrick . Norman counteracted these claims in a letter in the World 's Fair newspaper that year , as well as his own autobiography . Norman 's opinion was that he provided Merrick ( and his other exhibits ) a way of making a living and remaining independent , but that on entering the London Hospital , Merrick remained a freak on display , only with no control over how or when he was viewed . The character Bytes , respectively portrayed by Freddie Jones in the 1980 film The Elephant Man , is based on Norman .
= = = Later life = = =
Norman remained a travelling showman for another 10 years following his encounter with Joseph Merrick , and exhibited , among others , a troupe of midgets , a ' Man in a Trance ' , John Chambers the armless Carpenter and the ' World 's Ugliest Woman ' . In 1893 , he announced that he was leaving for Chicago and advertised his goods for sale , but in the end , he never went . He became involved with the temperance movement and was the vice @-@ president of the Van Dwellers Protection Association ( which later became the Showmen 's Guild of Great Britain ) . He became a showman 's auctioneer , auctioning novelty shows and circuses and according to the World 's Fair , presided over more such sales than any other auctioneer in the country at that time . Norman married the theatre performer Amy Rayner in 1896 , and they had six sons and four daughters . The family moved to Croydon , and Norman went into semi @-@ retirement , selling off some of his shops . In 1905 he sold showman " Lord " George Sanger 's zoo , and then all of Sanger 's circus effects , an achievement Norman called " the crowning point in my life as regards the auctioneering business " . He made his comeback in 1919 with the exhibition of ' Phoebe the Strange Girl ' in Birmingham and Margate .
= = = Final years and death = = =
Norman died of throat cancer on 24 August 1930 at Croydon Hospital , aged 70 . Five of his children followed him into circus careers : George and Arthur Norman became circus clowns while Tom and Jim Norman worked in fairgrounds . Ralph Van Norman ( known professionally as Hal Denver ) became a travelling Wild West performer , appearing throughout Europe and the United States .
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= Banksia sphaerocarpa =
Banksia sphaerocarpa , commonly known as the Fox Banksia or Round @-@ fruit Banksia , is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia ( family Proteaceae ) . It is generally encountered as a 1 – 2 m ( 3 @.@ 3 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high shrub , and is usually smaller in the north of its range . This species has narrow green leaves , and brownish , orange or yellow round flower spikes which may be seen from January to July . It is widely distributed across the southwest of Western Australia , growing exclusively in sandy soils . It is usually the dominant plant in scrubland or low woodland . It is pollinated by , and is a food source for , birds , mammals , and insects .
First described in 1810 by botanist Robert Brown , B. sphaerocarpa has a complicated taxonomic history , and several taxa once classified as part of a broadly defined B. sphaerocarpa have since been named as species in their own right . At present , most authorities recognise five varieties ; the largest variety , B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla ( Ironcap Banksia ) , is sometimes given species rank as B. dolichostyla . B. sphaerocarpa is classified as Not Threatened under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia , although two varieties have been placed on the Declared Rare and Priority Flora List — var. latifolia has been declared a Priority Two – Poorly Known taxon , and var. dolichostyla has been Declared Rare Flora . None of the varieties are commonly seen in cultivation .
= = Description = =
Banksia sphaerocarpa is a variable species that differs in plant size , flower size and leaf size across its range . The variability is marked enough that five varieties are recognised . This species is generally a shrub 0 @.@ 4 – 2 m ( 1 @.@ 3 – 6 @.@ 6 ft ) tall . Plants are smaller in northern parts of the range , and grow larger in the southeast , with var. dolichostyla and rarely var. caesia reaching 4 m ( 13 ft ) in height . All varieties bear a lignotuber , a swollen starchy root crown from which the plant resprouts after bushfire . The new stems are finely hairy but become smooth with maturity . The leaves are stiff , narrow and linear , and measure 2 @.@ 5 – 10 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 – 3 @.@ 94 in ) in length , on a petiole 2 – 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 – 0 @.@ 118 in ) long . Leaves of most varieties are 1 – 1 @.@ 5 mm in width , and have a pointed tip , but var. latifolia has wider leaves , 2 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 – 0 @.@ 98 in ) , and a blunter tip . The foliage is green , or a more pale blue @-@ grey in the case of caesia and dolichostyla .
The inflorescences are generally globular and measure 5 to 8 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 3 @.@ 1 in ) in diameter , although larger forms , such as var. dolichostyla , are more oval in shape . Flowering from January to July , the blooms are yellow , orange or brownish in colour . They take five to eight weeks to develop from bud to the finish of flowering . Anthesis takes place over two weeks , as the individual flowers open in a wave across the inflorescence . Three weeks before the flowers open , the spikes develop a strong musky smell . The flowers produce unusually large quantities of nectar ; indeed some flowers produce so much that it drips to the ground . The old flowers fade to brownish and grey hues and remain curled around the flower spike . Up to 60 follicles develop on the globular spikes . The follicles are finely furred at first before becoming smooth and golden brown in colour , measuring 1 @.@ 5 – 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 – 1 @.@ 18 in ) long , 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 20 – 0 @.@ 31 in ) high , and 1 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 98 in ) wide . The follicles are flat with pronounced ' shoulders ' , giving a rectangular appearance in cross section . Specimens of var. sphaerocarpa in the Whicher Range , Jarrah Forest and the vicinity of Nannup have larger follicles . The seeds are wedge @-@ shaped ( cuneate ) , and measure 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 79 – 1 @.@ 02 in ) in length , containing a smaller cuneate seed body measuring 1 – 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 55 in ) long by 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 20 – 0 @.@ 51 in ) wide .
Northern specimens can be quite small shrubs and may be hard to distinguish from B. micrantha , which has smaller inflorescences and large flattened follicles .
= = Taxonomy = =
The earliest known botanical collection of B. sphaerocarpa occurred in December 1801 , during the visit of HMS Investigator to King George Sound . The specimen was collected from " A single plant observed between Princess Royal Harbour & Oyster Harbour on a heath " , and is credited to English botanist Robert Brown , though it is not possible to be certain on this point , as Brown incorporated the collections of junior expedition members into his herbarium without attribution . Neither Brown nor expedition horticulturist Peter Good mentions the collection in his diary .
Brown published a formal description and name for the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu . He did not designate a type specimen ( a specimen to be representative of the species ) for the species , but the one specimen in his collection has since been formally declared the lectotype for the species . He also did not state the etymology of the specific epithet , but it is accepted that the name derives from the Ancient Greek sphaera- ( " round " ) , and carpos ( " fruit " ) , in reference to the shape of its infructescences .
In Brown 's arrangement of the genus , B. sphaerocarpa was placed between B. pulchella and B. nutans in taxonomic sequence ; that is , an order that places related taxa next to each other . No subdivision of the genus was given , other than to separate a single distinctive species into a subgenus of its own . Swiss botanist Carl Meissner published a more detailed arrangement in 1856 , placing B. sphaerocarpa in section Eubanksia because its inflorescence is a spike rather than a domed head , and in series Abietinae , whose members have inrolled leaf margins with no , or only very fine , serrations . Meissner also published a variety , B. sphaerocarpa var. glabrescens , based on specimens collected by James Drummond ; this is now considered a synonym of B. incana .
George Bentham 's revision of Banksia for his 1870 Flora Australiensis overturned Meissner 's series ; instead , B. sphaerocarpa was placed in a new section , Oncostylis , because of its hooked styles . Two varieties were recognised : Meissner 's var. glabrescens was retained , and var. latifolia was newly described by Bentham . Bentham noted further variation amongst his specimens not accounted for by his varieties , stating " It is possible therefore that two species may be here confounded , but the specimens are insufficient for their distinction . "
For many years following Bentham 's arrangement , the circumscription of B. sphaerocarpa was widely recognised as unacceptably broad . William Blackall informally published two varieties , var. pinifolia and var. violacea ( properly Banksia violacea ) in his 1954 How to Know Western Australian Wildflowers ; and in 1966 the nurseryman Fred Lullfitz predicted that there were as many as eight taxa within the species . Several of these were recognised in George 's revision of the genus for 1981 " The genus Banksia L.f. ( Proteaceae ) " : B. micrantha , B. grossa , B. lanata , B. scabrella , B. telmatiaea , B. leptophylla and B. incana . George placed B. sphaerocarpa in subgenus Banksia because of its flower spike , section Oncostylis because its styles are hooked , and the resurrected series Abietinae , which he constrained to contain only round @-@ fruited species . He reduced variety latifolia to synonymy with variety sphaerocarpa , but conceded the species needed further review . Alex George reported that he thought Banksia sphaerocarpa 's closest relatives to be Banksia micrantha and B. grossa .
George 's arrangement remained current until 1996 , when Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published an arrangement informed by a cladistic analysis of morphological characteristics . They retained George 's subgenera and many of his series , but discarded his sections . Banksia ser . Abietinae was found to be very nearly monophyletic , and so retained . It further resolved into four subclades , so Thiele and Ladiges split it into four subseries . Banksia sphaerocarpa appeared in the second of these , initially called the ' grossa clade ' for its most basal member . As with George 's classification , B. grossa and B. micrantha emerged as close relatives of B. sphaerocarpa .
This clade became the basis for new subseries Sphaerocarpae , which Thiele defined as containing those species with lignotubers , styles loosely curling around the infructescence ( although this trait was reversed in micrantha ) , and " transversely aligned cells of the seed wing inner face " . Other than the most basal B. grossa , these species also have shouldered follicles . Having found B. micrantha to be more closely related than B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla to the other varieties of B. sphaerocarpa , they promoted var. dolichostyla to species rank as Banksia dolichostyla . Morphological support for this was given by the fact that the old styles of var. dolichostyla are quite different from those of other varieties , being stouter , and tending not to curl around the infructescence as the others do .
Questioning the emphasis on cladistics in Thiele and Ladiges ' arrangement , George published a slightly modified version of his 1981 arrangement in his 1999 treatment of Banksia for the Flora of Australia series of monographs . He added that he did not feel the characters of dolichostyla alone justified specific rank , beings essentially merely larger in all parts than , but otherwise essentially similar to , var. caesia . Therefore , he retained it as a variety of B. sphaerocarpa . To date , George 's 1999 arrangement remains the most recent comprehensive classification . The placement of B. sphaerocarpa in George 's 1999 arrangement may be summarised as follows :
Banksia
B. subg . Banksia
B. sect . Banksia ( 9 series , 50 species , 9 subspecies , 3 varieties )
B. sect . Coccinea ( 1 species )
B. sect . Oncostylis
B. ser . Spicigerae ( 7 species , 2 subspecies , 4 varieties )
B. ser . Tricuspidae ( 1 species )
B. ser . Dryandroideae ( 1 species )
B. ser . Abietinae
B. sphaerocarpa
B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla
B. sphaerocarpa var. latifolia
B. sphaerocarpa var. pumilio
B. sphaerocarpa var. sphaerocarpa
B. sphaerocarpa var. caesia
B. micrantha
B. grossa
B. telmatiaea
B. leptophylla ( 2 varieties )
B. lanata
B. scabrella
B. violacea
B. incana
B. laricina
B. pulchella
B. meisneri ( 2 subspecies )
B. nutans ( 2 varieties )
B. subg . Isostylis ( 3 species )
A 2002 study by American botanists Austin Mast and Tom Givnish yielded a surprise when molecular analysis mapped out dolichostyla as a sister taxon to its geographical neighbour B. violacea , in a clade with B. laricina and B. incana . B. micrantha and the other two varieties of B. sphaerocarpa form a separate clade nearby .
Early in 2007 , Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and publishing B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. sphaerocarpa is placed in B. subg . Spathulatae .
In 2008 , George reinstated B. sphaerocarpa var. latifolia , and published the new variety B. sphaerocarpa var. pumilio .
= = = Varieties = = =
Banksia sphaerocarpa is a widely distributed Western Australian species with four ( or five if one includes var. dolichostyla ) varieties :
B. sphaerocarpa var. caesia , first described by Alex George in his 1981 revision of the genus , grows larger than most other varieties , reaching 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) , or occasionally 4 m ( 13 ft ) , in height . It has yellow blooms and bluish grey foliage and is found in the central and southern Wheatbelt between the towns of Piawaning , Kojonup , Newdegate and Corrigin .
B. sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla ( Ironcap Banksia ) was first described by Alex George in his 1981 revision of the genus . It is the largest of the varieties , encountered as a large shrub or small tree to 4 m ( 13 ft ) high . It is larger in all parts than the other varieties , and has been considered a separate species . It is restricted to a small area from South Ironcap , east of Hyden , south to Mt Holland in the eastern Wheatbelt .
B. sphaerocarpa var. latifolia was originally described in a manuscript by Mueller and published by Bentham in 1870 . It grows as a small rounded shrub to 50 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) in height , and is restricted to the vicinity of the south coast between Denmark and the Porongorup Range , where it is found in low , open forest of Eucalyptus marginata and E. calophylla .
B. sphaerocarpa var. sphaerocarpa is widely distributed from the Darling Plateau east of Perth to the Whicher Range in the southwest , and southeast to the Stirling Range . Populations north of Perth once referable to it are now classified as var. pumilio .
B. sphaerocarpa var. pumilio , first described by Alex George in 2008 , is a small shrub less than a metre high . It is found from Tathra National Park east of Eneabba south to the Chittering valley . Its subspecific name is derived from the Latin pumilio " small " , relating to the flowers .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Banksia sphaerocarpa is distributed widely across southwestern Western Australia — from Eneabba in the north , south to the Whicher Range , Nannup , Albany and Jerramungup , and eastwards to the vicinity of Hyden . It is mainly found on sandy soils in flat or gently sloped areas in shrubland , mallee or open woodland .
= = Conservation = =
As a species , B. sphaerocarpa is not considered to be under threat , but two of the five varieties , have been placed on the Declared Rare and Priority Flora List . B sphaerocarpa var. dolichostyla has been gazetted as " Declared Rare Flora – Extant " under the Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 . Banksia sphaerocarpa var. latifolia , though not afforded legislative protection , has been identified as a " Priority Two – Poorly Known " taxon , because so few populations are known .
= = Ecology = =
Various animals , including mammals , birds , and insects such as bees , wasps , ants and beetles , have been recorded visiting Banksia sphaerocarpa inflorescences , including the colletid bee species Hylaeus sanguinipictus . Botanist Stephen Hopper found pollen of B. sphaerocarpa on New Holland honeyeaters ( Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ) and honey possums ( Tarsipes rostratus ) at Cheyne Beach in a field study published in 1980 .
Knowledge of the breeding system of B. sphaerocarpa comes from a 2009 study of genetic structure within and across fragmented plant populations , which made a case study of B. sphaerocarpa var. caesia populations in the vicinity of Dongolocking , where the landscape has been severely fragmented by land clearing . Very little self @-@ pollination was observed . Most mating was between plants in the same population , but inter @-@ population mating accounted for 15 – 33 % of seed , a " very significant contribution ... to overall reproductive dynamics " . This figure was lowest in the smallest populations , which also exhibited lower rates of germination , smaller plants , and less genetic diversity than larger populations . One possible interpretation of this is that interpopulation mating confers a fitness advantage . There was also evidence of fine @-@ scale genetic structure , with plants tending to be more closely related to nearby plants than to more distant plants . The authors suggest that gene flow was probably always limited in these populations , even before they were fragmented .
Banksia sphaerocarpa is one of five closely related Banksia species that have highly unusual flower nectar . Whereas other Banksia species produce nectar that is clear and watery , the nectar of these species is pale yellow initially , but gradually becomes darker and thicker , changing to a thick , olive @-@ green mucilage within one to two days of secretion , and eventually becoming " an almost black , gelatinous lump adhering to the base of the flowers " . It was first noted by Byron Lamont in 1980 ; he attributed it to cyanobacteria that feed off the nectar sugars . Noting that many of these cyanobacteria had heterocysts , he speculated that they aid the plant by fixing atmospheric nitrogen , which is then washed off the flower heads by rain , and absorbed by the proteoid root mat . This purported symbiosis was investigated by Barrett and Lamont in 1985 , but no evidence of nitrogen fixing was found . Further investigation by Markey and Lamont in 1996 suggested that the discolouration is not caused by cyanobacteria or other microorganisms in the nectar , but is rather " a chemical phenomenon of plant origin " . Their analyses indicated that the nectar had unusually high levels of sugar and free amino acids , but three of these species , including B. sphaerocarpa , have since been shown to have normal nectar sugar compositions .
Like most Western Australian Banksia species , B. sphaerocarpa is susceptible to dieback from the soil @-@ borne water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi . In one experiment , 43 % of plants were dead within three months of inoculation , and the species was therefore rated as " moderately susceptible " . In another experiment , 37 % of plants were dead within three months , and 85 % within a year ; yet this study rated the species ' susceptibility as " high " . In the latter study , it took 35 to 40 days for the death rate to reach its maximum , and thereafter the death rate continued at that level throughout the year , only dipping slightly in the dry summer months .
= = Cultivation = =
None of the varieties of Banksia sphaerocarpa are commonly seen in cultivation . They are difficult to grow in the wetter conditions of Australia 's east coast . Trials with grafting have been very limited and results have been poor . Otherwise , they adapt well to gardens with good drainage , sandy soils and sunny aspects in drier and Mediterranean ( winter moisture ) climates , and are also frost tolerant . They are good bird @-@ attracting plants , and flower when not much else is in flower . Seeds do not require any treatment prior to sowing , and take 20 to 48 days to germinate .
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= Hugh of Wells =
Hugh of Wells ( Hugh de Wells , or Hugh of Welles , sometimes Hugh Troteman ; died 7 February 1235 ) was a medieval Bishop of Lincoln . He began his career in the diocese of Bath , where he served two successive bishops , before joining royal service under King John of England . He served in the royal administration until 1209 , when he was elected to the see , or bishopric , of Lincoln . When John was excommunicated by Pope Innocent III in November 1209 , Hugh went into exile in France , where he remained until 1213 .
When he returned to England , he continued to serve both John and John 's son King Henry III , but spent most of his time in his diocese . He introduced new administrative methods into the diocese , as well as working to improve the educational and financial well @-@ being of his clergy and to secure the canonisation of his predecessor Hugh of Avalon as a saint in 1220 . Although the medieval writer Matthew Paris accused Hugh of being opposed to monastic houses and monks , there is little evidence of the bishop being biased , and after his death on 7 February 1235 parts of his estate were left to religious houses , including nunneries .
= = Early life = =
Hugh was the son of Edward of Wells and elder brother of Jocelin of Wells , Bishop of Bath . Hugh 's year of birth is unknown , but he was probably an old man at his death in 1235 . The fact that he never left his residence from March 1233 until his death implies that he was impaired from old age . He first appears as a witness on documents of Reginald fitzJocelin , the Bishop of Bath in the late 1180s . After fitzJocelin 's death in 1191 , Hugh continued in the service of the next bishop , Savaric FitzGeldewin . By the end of the 1190s , Hugh was a canon of Wells Cathedral . Although Hugh 's brother Jocelin was given the title of magister , implying that he attended a university , Hugh is never called magister , making it unlikely that he ever received much schooling .
Hugh was a keeper of the king 's seal , serving as deputy to Simon of Wells , the Archdeacon of Wells who was Keeper of the Great Seal from around 1199 to 1204 . Simon was also a relative of Hugh 's , and seems to have helped secure positions for both Hugh and Jocelin in the royal administration . Hugh was a royal clerk in the chancery , the royal secretariat , and was named Archdeacon of Wells sometime before 25 April 1204 . He held prebends in the diocese of Lincoln and diocese of London as well . His service in the chancery would have involved him in Hubert Walter 's administrative innovations during his term as Chancellor .
Besides his episcopal appointments , Hugh was rewarded with two manors in Somerset , including the Treasurer 's House in Martock which he made his primary residence , and the right to collect taxes and fines in two hundreds in Somerset . He also served as the royal custodian of the diocese of Lincoln while the see was vacant between 1200 and 1203 , collecting the revenues of the see , most of which went to the king while a see was without a bishop . In 1205 and 1206 , Hugh was royal custodian for the diocese of Bath , which was similarly vacant .
= = Bishop of Lincoln = =
Hugh was elected to the see of Lincoln about 14 April 1209 , after a papal command to the cathedral chapter to elect a new bishop , as Lincoln had again been without a bishop since 1206 . During the summer of 1209 , Hugh , along with his brother , was one of the councilors of King John urging the king to settle with Pope Innocent III before the pope excommunicated the king . However , negotiations with papal representatives got nowhere , and the king was excommunicated on 8 November 1209 . Hugh and his brother Jocelin had continued to support King John until this , two years after many of their fellow bishops had deserted the king , but by late in the year , Hugh left the king 's service and went into exile .
The election , meanwhile , had aroused papal suspicions of undue royal influence , and Innocent sent Stephen Langton , the exiled Archbishop of Canterbury to investigate Hugh and the circumstances of his election . Langton was also to investigate rumours that Hugh was not celibate , and had two daughters . The results of the investigation must have been satisfactory , as Hugh was consecrated on 20 December 1209 at Melun . The consecration was performed by Langton . Hugh was in exile in France until he returned to England on 16 July 1213 . His only known activity while in exile was the writing of a will , which was dated November 1212 and was drawn up at St Martin de Garenne , near Paris .
Hugh attended the papal Fourth Lateran Council held in 1215 in Rome , along with a number of other English bishops , and both English archbishops . Soon after his return from the council , Hugh served as a royal judge , serving as one of the justices of the eyre for Lincolnshire , Nottinghamshire , and Derbyshire in 1218 and 1219 . In 1226 he was once more a royal justice . Later , he was employed by King Henry III as an ambassador , helping negotiate with King Louis VIII of France over the status of Normandy and Poitou . Hugh also worked to secure the canonisation of his predecessor Hugh of Avalon as a saint , which occurred in 1220 .
= = Diocesan affairs = =
In 1222 , along with the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of Norwich , Hugh ordered that all those in their dioceses refrain from contact with Jews . This decree , however , was countermanded by a royal decree to the county sheriffs in the affected dioceses ordering them to imprison any residents who refused to interact with Jews . Besides these activities , Hugh was active in his diocese , including supervising the various monastic houses within it . In 1227 , a visitation to Eynsham Abbey resulted in Hugh deposing the abbot . Although the 12th chronicler Matthew Paris accused Hugh of being biased against monks and nuns , and even called him the " untiring persecutor of monks , the hammer of canons , nuns and all the religious " , there is little evidence that Hugh singled out monks for persecution . One reason for Paris ' dislike of the bishop may have been the fact that the chronicler 's own abbey of St Alban 's had to compromise with Hugh over two legal disputes , dealing with the right to appoint to various benefices .
Hugh once was credited with creating 300 new vicarages within the diocese , largely on the basis of his surviving documents dealing with this , known as the Liber Antiquus . Further research has shown that a number of the vicarages he was once assumed to have founded were instead earlier foundations that Hugh either augmented or reassessed . Hugh also worked to improve the educational level of this clergy , even refusing to allow some candidates to benefices to be installed because of their lack of education . The bishop also worked to improve the conditions of the poorer clergy in his diocese , attempting to ensure that all the clergy in his diocese had enough to live on . Previously , it was thought that Hugh had sent out a set of articles of inquiry to his diocesan clergy , but these articles are now shown to have been produced by Hugh 's successor , Robert Grosseteste .
In the administration of his diocese , Hugh introduced new methods of recording documents . This system was modelled on that which Hubert Walter had introduced into the chancery , with separate registers for each archdeaconry , and registers , or rolls , for charters and memoranda , much like the Charter Roll or Memoranda Roll of the royal chancery . He also undertook a survey of the endowments of the vicarages within his diocese .
Hugh supported the building campaign of Salisbury Cathedral , ordering that money be collected throughout his diocese . Likewise , he ordered similar collections for Daventry Priory , Sulby Abbey and parish churches in his diocese . Not only churches benefited from these sorts of collections , as the bishop offered indulgences to those who helped build bridges at Brampton , Rockingham , and Aynho .
= = Death and legacy = =
Hugh died on 7 February 1235 , at his episcopal residence at Stow Park . He was buried on 10 February 1235 in Lincoln Cathedral , in the north aisle . In 1233 he had written a new will , which mentions his brother and a niece named Agatha . He left bequests to his family , his household , Lincoln Cathedral , and a number of monasteries in his diocese . What was left after the specific legacies was to be divided between poor religious houses , such as the Barrow Gurney Nunnery , students and teachers at Oxford University , Jewish converts and the poor on the episcopal manors .
Hugh 's register of ordinations still survives , and is in the Lincoln cathedral archives . Parts of this were published by Alfred Gibbons in 1888 , and others in 1904 by the Canterbury and York Society . These records give not only the name of the person receiving a benefice , but what the clerical status of each new benefice holder was .
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= Panzer Dragoon =
Panzer Dragoon ( パンツァードラグーン , Pantsā Doragūn ) is a rail shooter video game developed by Team Andromeda and released on the Sega Saturn console in 1995 ; and later released on R @-@ Zone , PC , PlayStation 2 , and as a bonus in its sequel Panzer Dragoon Orta for Xbox . The game follows the journey of Keil Fluge ( unnamed in localized versions ) , a member of a hunting party who becomes the rider of a powerful blue dragon ( red dragon in the R @-@ Zone version ) and joins it on its mission to stop a rival dragon from wreaking havoc on the world . The player moves an aiming reticle ( representing the dragon 's laser and the rider 's gun ) over the screen and shoots enemies while the dragon automatically flies through 3D environments on a predetermined track .
As one of six games available at the Sega Saturn 's surprise North American launch , Panzer Dragoon was the first game created by Team Andromeda . The game also marked the directorial debut of game designer Yukio Futatsugi , who was 25 years old at the time of the game 's release . It is the first game in the Panzer Dragoon series , and introduced the series ' gameplay elements and art style .
Panzer Dragoon received positive reviews , both in 1995 and in recent retrospective coverage . It was Electronic Gaming Monthly 's " Game of the Month " in July 1995 , was named " Best Saturn Game of 1995 " in EGM 's 1996 Buyers ' Guide , and ranked 140th in EGM 's " The Greatest 200 Videogames of their time " in 2006 . In particular , its original art direction and post @-@ apocalyptic science fantasy universe gained critical acclaim . It was followed by a prequel , Panzer Dragoon II Zwei , in 1996 , and two sequels : Panzer Dragoon Saga in 1998 , and Panzer Dragoon Orta in 2002 .
= = Gameplay = =
The game spans six levels , each lasting about five minutes , with a variety of boss battles . Over the course of the game , the plot is revealed through cutscenes using the game 's own graphic engine . Gameplay consists of a player controls a flying dragon and his rider through an aiming reticle that can be moved over the whole screen with the D @-@ pad ; the player must shoot a variety of enemies ( ranging from machines to monsters ) in a 3D post @-@ apocalyptic fantasy environment of barren landscapes and mysterious ruins of a fallen civilization . Progression through the levels is made at a predetermined pace , as the player is constantly set along a rail of gameplay . The only time the game pauses is during boss battles . The field of vision can be directed with the aiming reticle on the x and y @-@ axis , but the overall direction of travel is predetermined . The dragon follows the reticle movements , allowing the player to avoid enemy projectiles and obstacles .
The player has a full , 360 @-@ degree field of view , and can quickly look left , right , forward , and behind the dragon . Enemies come from all directions , varying in size and health , and also appear on an on @-@ screen radar that monitors the dragon 's surroundings . Two weapons are available : the rider 's handgun , which can be fired with a single button press when an enemy enters the aiming reticle , and the homing laser fired by the dragon , which can lock on up to eight enemies by moving the reticle over them while holding down the fire button . Some situations with many enemies on screen require the use of the lock @-@ on laser , while in others , quick gunshots to weak spots will prove more efficient .
= = Plot = =
In the distant future , thousands of years after a great war between humans and their biologically engineered weapons , humans live in everything from small tribes to large nations . One nation , the Empire , has discovered a black tower in the middle of a lake near their capital , which gave them access to large amounts of ancient weapons which they used to beat back and control the ever present monsters in the world . The Imperials were corrupted by this power and became conquerors of others as opposed to liberators from a violent world .
The introduction movie opens with the protagonist , Keil Fluge ( unnamed in the North American version ) , hunting in a canyon . After seeing an Imperial flying battleship in the sky , he is attacked by two creatures and chases one of them to a large , ancient complex built directly into the rock . He explores the ruin , and sees relics of old technology still hanging from the ceilings . Another gigantic creature suddenly attacks him , and though his weapon is useless against the armored creature , a rumbling triggers a cave in , which crushes the monster and saves Keil . From the newly created hole , an armored , blue dragon flies down the cavern with a rider across its shoulders , being chased by an even bigger black dragon as the cavern is destroyed in an explosion . Regaining consciousness outside , Keil sees the two dragons locked in combat in the air before him . Dodging a blast from the black dragon , the blue dragon 's rider is then hit by single shot to the chest , and the black dragon flies away . The blue dragon flies towards Keil . A psychic connection is made between the rider and Keil , who is told not to let the black dragon reach the black tower . The rider then dies and Keil picks up his fallen gun , climbs atop the dragon and flies away , determined to finish the rider 's quest .
During the first level of the game , Keil and his dragon fly through a drowned city , where they encounter a small Imperial patrol ship . That ship sends a report to a large fleet of ships flying above the clouds . It is revealed that the Imperial forces are specifically searching for the blue dragon . The second level is a desert , where Keil and the dragon encounter gigantic worm @-@ like creatures . At the stormy edge of the desert , they are confronted by the Black Dragon , which is defeated and speeds away . The third level is a mountainous landscape at night @-@ time where Keil and the dragon get reacquainted with the Imperial forces , which were exploring ancient ruins . These encounters illustrate the ongoing conflict between the Imperial forces and the ancient machines and creatures . The fourth level is an ancient facility in which Keil and the dragon are pursued by both Imperial airships and cybernetic sentinels left behind by the ancient civilization . During the fifth level , they defeat a large armada of the most powerful Imperial ships over a forested area . A cutscene then shows a fleet of dragon @-@ like creatures coming out of the tower to attack the Imperial forces . The sixth level features the black dragon and Keil racing through the battle @-@ scarred Imperial capital . During this , they are both waylaid by the creatures and machines seen attacking the Imperial fleet around the tower while also being fired on by Imperial defenses . The black dragon then reaches the Tower and is mutated into a gigantic super @-@ dragon and begins a climactic battle with Keil and the blue dragon , after which the black dragon is defeated and falls into the ocean .
In the ending cutscene , Keil and the dragon enter the tower . While traveling down a long corridor , the dragon surrounds Keil in a force field , lifting him from the saddle and suspending him in the hallway . Keil watches as the dragon continues on to the core of the tower , then a blinding light is seen and the tower explodes . Keil wakes up some time later in a desert area abutting the ocean . Looking down , he sees the foot prints of the blue dragon around him , indicating that after the explosion , the dragon carried him to safety and flew away .
= = Development = =
Panzer Dragoon was created in the early 1990s as the Japanese video game company Sega was getting ready to release its Saturn console . At the time , the Saturn lacked third @-@ party games ; because of this , Sega had to internally develop games in every genre , including shoot ' em up . In 1993 , Sega asked its developers for new game ideas , and it was then that Yukio Futatsugi , a young developer who had joined Sega only two years before , proposed several new concepts . One of these concepts was accepted and became Panzer Dragoon . Futatsugi , then 23 years old , was put in charge of the project and became the head of Team Andromeda , a development team that Sega assembled for the occasion in early 1994 and was built around the duo formed by Futatsugi and Manabu Kusunoki , art designer on the project . Overall , development lasted almost a year , and 15 people worked on the game .
The project was designed as arcade @-@ style from the start , as core members of the team like Kusunoki came from Sega 's arcade department . Team Andromeda wanted to create a fully 3D arcade game , having worked on similar games such as Out Run which were not truly 3D . With influences like Space Harrier , Starblade , Star Fox , and RayForce , the project became a 3D rail shooter . Usually , in 3D shooters , the player rides a 3D object like a jet fighter or a tank . Futatsugi and Kusunoki decided , however , that it would be more original for the player to ride an armored dragon , a living creature which would also allow for richer animations . The game 's name originates from its original concept , referred to as " armored dragon " ( kiko @-@ ryu in Japanese ) , but Futatsugi , feeling that this was too bland , decided to translate it to German .
With this basic concept in mind , the creators had 3 months to define a visual identity and a setting for their game , prior to development . The game would be set in a post @-@ apocalyptic science fantasy world , featuring ruins and relics of a fallen civilization and mankind struggling for survival , something typical in anime at that time . Futatsugi was particularly influenced by one of his childhood readings , The Long Afternoon of Earth , a science @-@ fiction novel by Brian Aldiss , in which one side of the earth became perpetually hot , the other perpetually cold . The first presentation video featured a green dragon , in line with traditional European / medieval depictions , however the team quickly decided to change it and make it " more sci @-@ fi " . In order for the dragon to be more original , it was made blue and covered in a white , bone @-@ like armor . The dragon was supposed to come from the ancient times , so ruins and ancient flying technology also featured this white , shell @-@ like material .
The overall fantasy look of the game 's world , which mixed natural and technological elements , was also chosen in order to set it apart from classic science @-@ fiction 3D games of the time . This world , as well as dragon and character designs , were mainly the work of Manabu Kusunoki , who took inspiration from various sources , including anime and manga , and who pushed the art direction toward a more Turkish / Ottoman style to avoid the European aesthetics of the early presentation video . Critics have noted similarities with the works of French artist Moebius ( notably his comic book Arzach , ) of whom Kusunoki was a fan , as well as with Hayao Miyazaki 's Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind , and David Lynch 's Dune movie . However , Kusunoki was adamant not to include big robots from popular Gundam @-@ like anime , and unrealistic designs like the spiky and colorful @-@ haired characters wielding impossibly large swords from the Final Fantasy series . Kentaro Yoshida , texturing and modeling artist , described the creation process as similar in style to Star Wars , in that it " made an unearthly world appear so real " . Takashi Iwade , in charge of the opening cutscene and character models , designed the enemies using a lot of various influences : " I got inspiration from antique clocks and various industrial products from the era of the industrial revolution for mechanics , and myriapods , marine mollusks , ammonite , and a rusty fishing boat for creatures when I started thinking of the original battleship " . The team wanted a famous artist to make the game 's cover art . Manabu Kusunoki suggested Moebius , who accepted , and the team sent him designs that he was to interpret . The resulting illustration was used as the cover art for the Japanese release of the game .
The Saturn 's hardware was new to the team , and it was their first attempt at creating an original environment . It was also Futatsugi 's first year working as a full developer at Sega , so he was only able to do simple things while having a clear vision of what he wanted , which helped him to keep the overall style pure , with stark and minimalist cutscenes . Similarly , Iwade kept the enemies easy to understand visually , with simple shapes , and this overall simple style ended up fitting well with the Saturn 's hardware . Then , Team Andromeda set to work on elaborating an extensive back story , and Futatsugi , to be original and to avoid using Japanese or English , went so far as to create a new language for the game : a mix of Ancient Greek , Latin and Russian . This was apparently inspired by the anime The Wings of Honneamise , of which team members were fans and which also features an invented language .
After the story and art were established , the team set to work on the graphics . Working on new hardware proved difficult for the young team , and the game ended up missing the initial deadline given by Sega , which was the Saturn Japanese launch on November 1994 . One of the problems was that the Saturn hardware was only finalized in mid @-@ 1994 , and without actual Saturn prototype to test their progress , the programmers initially had to work with hypothetical hardware performance . Team Andromeda created its own graphics library and mapping tools instead of using Sega 's , in order to make the most of their first game on the new system . The game 's graphics and cutscenes were done with Softimage , and the 3D elements were programmed on SGI workstations using OpenGL . The programmers were eventually able to transition to the debug Saturn they had received , but the process was difficult and the game had a very low frame rate at first , before it could be locked at 20 FPS . The six levels of Panzer Dragoon are barren landscapes with ancient ruins , which is consistent with the " simple " style appropriate for the Saturn . The first two levels that the team programmed , a desert ( level 2 ) and a forest ( level 5 ) , did not have any objects or anything besides sand and forest effects , again because the team was unsure how far the hardware could be pushed . Keeping CPU limitations in mind , simple tornado effects were added to level 2 , so that it did not look too bland .
Work on the soundtrack began after completion of the game , similar to the way movie soundtracks are made . The idea was to create musics that would specifically reflect each level art @-@ style and events . As the game had an " on rail " progression system , the developers knew exactly where the player would be at any given time , so they showed videos to the composer and asked him to write specifically timed pieces that would match the player 's progression in each level . The soundtrack was outsourced to Yoshitaka Azuma , who was composing musics for NHK TV programs at that time . The music of Panzer Dragoon is a mix between orchestral and synthesizer tracks .
Sega of America made several alterations to the game in order to make the North American release more challenging than the Japanese version . These alterations were retained in the PAL version .
= = Releases = =
The game was first released in Japan on March 10 , 1995 , then in North America on May 11 , 1995 and in Europe on August 30 , 1995 , on the Sega Saturn console . The next year , Panzer Dragoon was ported on PC . Identical to the Saturn version except with a higher resolution , this PC port was also included as an unlockable bonus in the Xbox game Panzer Dragoon Orta , released in 2002 . Aside from providing the source code , Team Andromeda had no involvement in the development of the PC version . The PlayStation 2 console saw the release of an updated version of the game in 2006 in Japan , as part of the Sega Ages 2500 collection . The port was handled by development studio Land Ho , and features both the original Saturn game and an " arrange " version with anti @-@ aliasing filter , better texturing , and improved 3D models for the dragon and some enemies . The " arrange " version also includes new unlockable extras such as level selection and artworks , in the form of a " Pandora 's Box " option menu ( similar to Panzer Dragoon II Zwei ) .
= = Reception = =
Panzer Dragoon received positive reviews , both in 1995 and in retrospective coverage . Though sales were not as high as Sega expected , possibly due to the success of Sony 's PlayStation console over the Saturn , they were substantial enough for Sega to allow the series to continue with the 1996 prequel Panzer Dragoon II Zwei , also released on the Saturn .
As one of the first Saturn titles , the game was highly anticipated by journalists after its appearance in promotional material . Ed Semrad and Danyon Carpenter from Electronic Gaming Monthly praised the game for its " innovative game play " and its " awe @-@ inspiring visuals " from the opening cinematic to the backgrounds and the dragon 's animations . Al Manuel and Ken Williams criticized the game 's lack of diversity in weapons and its predetermined progression ; but the four EGM reviewers agreed that it was a must @-@ have game for Saturn owners . Similarly , The Unknown Gamer from GamePro called the game a " masterpiece " , highlighted its high @-@ quality graphics and musics , and described the story as " captivat [ ing ] " . However , the journalist noted the game 's overall difficulty " will single out all but advanced players " with its lack of power @-@ ups or extra lives of any kind . Nevertheless , the game was seen as a good example of the Saturn 's capabilities . In contrast , a reviewer from Maximum said that the game was much too easy even on the highest difficulty setting , greatly reducing its already low longevity . He also said the gameplay would be too simplistic for many players , with its on @-@ rails shooting and selection of only two weapons , but was overall very positive in his assessment of the game , highly praising the 360 degrees of rotation and most especially the textured 3D graphics of the enemies , settings , and bosses .
Patrick Gabbatta from Game Players stated that while the game may come off as " just a simple shooter " , it is at least a " very good one " that " puts a twist on the tired formula " , again praising the game play and the variety in camera angles . Chris Gore from VideoGames & Computer Entertainment named the game " the best shooter since Star Fox " , and a must @-@ have for fantasy and sci @-@ fi fans , with its " eerie " atmosphere noted by editor Betty Hallock . While the story itself was said to be " somewhat typical " and editor Chris Bieniek criticized the on @-@ rail aspect , Gore noted the game 's " spectacular visuals " , and presented it as one of the Saturn 's system sellers . Famitsu magazine 's Reader Cross Review gave the game a 9 out of 10 in April 1995 , and it was named " Best Saturn Game of 1995 " by Electronic Gaming Monthly in their 1996 Buyers ' Guide . The game 's universe itself was deemed " coolly surreal " by Entertainment Weekly reviewer Albert Kim , who thought the game 's seven @-@ minute " movie @-@ quality " introduction was " gorgeous " and " nearly overshadowed the game itself " . Kim argued that Panzer Dragoon could be seen as a " lyrical and exhilarating epic " , a " story , not just a game " which could pave the way for a " transformation " of the videogame industry . Film director Steven Spielberg approached Team Andromeda to say he was impressed by the game 's presentation at the 1995 E3 show .
James Mielke from online game magazine 1UP.com gave Panzer Dragoon a retroactive review of 8 / 10 for what the game offered in 1995 , but gave it a modern score of 6 / 10 . Mielke highlighted the music as " one of the finest game soundtracks ever produced , " but said that the game itself " staggers a bit under the glaring light of a critical rereview [ sic ] " , arguing it is " little more than Space Harrier with a 3D camera and cut @-@ scenes . " By contrast , Levi Buchanan from IGN gave the game a retrospective score of 9 / 10 , opining that " the fact that Panzer Dragoon holds up as well in 2008 as it did in 1995 is a just testament to the staying power of good art and tight gameplay . " Kurt Kalata , in a Gamasutra retrospective , also praised its art and universe , but said the actual game looked " a bit cut and dried " compared to its sequels . Panzer Dragoon ranked 140th in EGM ′ s " The Greatest 200 Videogames of their time " feature published in 2006 .
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= The Converted Deacon =
The Converted Deacon is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film follows the daughter who disobeys her father by associated with the theater and becomes a star on the stage . She keeps it a secret , but he father arrives in town and takes her home because her mother is ill . John DeLacy follows her home and disguises himself to secure a position on the farm . A newspaper reveals the daughter 's fame and only after a song and dance does the father 's anger abate and allows the two lovers to marry . Little is known about the production of the film , but the Thanhouser films were distinguished as being the best of the Independent companies in a The New York Dramatic Mirror editorial . The film was released on July 15 , 1910 , and met with mixed reception . The film is presumed lost
= = Plot = =
Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from July 16 , 1910 . It states : " May Sanders is the daughter of a farmer , Deacon Sanders , who is nearly as poor as he is religious . May goes to the city to seek employment , and her father warns her to shun theatres and bad company . Her first job is a maid in the home of Mrs. Carr , wife of a theatrical manager . Mrs. Carr discovers that May can sing and dance exceptionally well , and her husband places May on the stage . She makes a hit right from the start . Also she annexes the affections of John DeLacy , a wealthy young man . But she does not dare tell her parents about her new vocation . Matters drag along until the Deacon unexpectedly arrives in town . May has still pretended to be the maid of Mrs. Carr , and the father finds her in the house when she calls . He tells her that her mother is ill , and she is needed at home . She goes and is promptly put to work on the farm . John follows his sweetheart to the country , and to be near her , pretends to be poor and secures a job on the farm . The newspaper gives the Deacon a clue to the mystery , and he prepares to disown his daughter . But when she sings and dances , his anger melts , he forgives May and John , who later marry with a paternal blessing . "
= = Production = =
The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director and the cameraman are unknown and no known credits for the cast are cited by film historian , Q. David Bowers . Members cast may have included the leading players of the Thanhouser productions , Anna Rosemond , Frank H. Crane and Violet Heming .
Despite the lack of production details , the quality of the Thanhouser films in general stood out amongst the Independent producers . An editorial by " The Spectator " in The New York Dramatic Mirror contained specific praise for Thanhouser productions by stating , " ... practically all other Independent American companies , excepting Thanhouser , show haste and lack of thought in their production . Crude stories are crudely handled , giving the impression that they are rushed through in a hurry - anything to get a thousand feet of negative ready for the market . Such pictures , of course , do not cost much to produce , but they are not of a class to make reputation . The Thanhouser company , alone of the Independents , shows a consistent effort to do things worthwhile ... " The editorial warned that American audiences were not subject to be entertained by the novelty of moving images and cautioned the Independents that there was distinct danger in quantity over quality . The editorial was written by Frank E. Woods of the American Biograph Company , a Licensed company , and like the publication itself had a considerable slant to the Licensed companies .
= = Release and reception = =
The single reel drama , approximately 1000 feet long , was released on July 15 , 1910 . The film had a wide national release in the United States , theaters showing advertisements include those in Kansas , North Carolina , Maryland , Indiana , Pennsylvania , Arizona , and Missouri . One of the last advertisements for the film was in Neosho , Missouri on May 14 , 1913 .
The film received mixed reception in trade publications , but some advertisements would boast the power of the film or go so far as to call it a great American drama . The The Moving Picture News stated , " As a sketch of country folk , admirable because it is true . The situations are well worked out . The conversion ! Could it be ? A New England church meeting would be a good place to exhibit and - ask questions . " Though the reviewer in the The New York Dramatic Mirror however disagreed that the premise was plausible , " A [ straight @-@ laced ] old deacon forms the complicating element in this rather conventional and rather improbable story . That a girl could become a comic opera star without the knowledge of her parents is a strain for the imagination . That a simple little dance like the one in the picture could effect such a conversion is another tax on belief . The acting is good , especially in the heroine 's role . The deacon displays an unnatural tendency in such a stern character when he rapturously kisses the photograph of his daughter . " It is unknown if the character of Deacon Sanders is really a church deacon because the synopsis states Deacon Sanders is a farmer who is " nearly as poor as he is religious " .
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= Christian metal =
Christian metal , also known as white metal or heavenly metal , is a form of heavy metal music usually defined by its message using song lyrics as well as the dedication of the band members to Christianity . Christian metal is typically performed by professed Christians sometimes principally for Christians who listen to heavy metal music and often produced and distributed through various Christian networks .
Christian metal bands exist in all the subgenres of heavy metal music , and the only common link among most Christian metal bands are the lyrics . The Christian themes are often melded with the subjects of the genre the band is rooted in , regularly providing a Christian take on the subject matter . It has been argued that the marginal yet transnational Christian metal subculture provides its core members an alternative religious expression and Christian identity , and that the music serves the purpose of offering a positive message through lyrical content . This may not necessarily show a direct connection or reference to the Christian faith but often it does .
Christian metal emerged in the late 1970s as a means of evangelization to the wider heavy metal music scene and was pioneered by the American Resurrection Band and Barnabas , the Swedish Jerusalem , and Canadian Daniel Band . Los Angeles ' Stryper achieved wide success in the 1980s . In the mid to late 1980s , extreme metal genres were popularized by bands such as Vengeance Rising , Deliverance , Believer and Tourniquet . In the early 1990 , the Australian death metal band Mortification rose to prominence within its country 's underground metal scene . At the turn of the 21st century , the nu metal band P.O.D , with two platinum @-@ selling albums , achieved a mainstream commercial success rivaling that of Stryper . The metalcore groups Underoath , Demon Hunter , As I Lay Dying and Norma Jean ( dubbed by Revolver Magazine as " The Holy Alliance " ) also brought some mainstream attention to the movement in the first decade of the 2000s , achieving ranks in the Billboard 200 .
= = Characteristics = =
Christian metal is not a solitary style of music , but rather an ideological umbrella term that comprises almost every subgenre of heavy metal music . The musicians within Christian metal bands typically base their lyrics on Judeo @-@ Christian traditions . The lyrical approach of Christian metal bands is somewhat varied , as some emphasize the positive aspects of faith matters while others iterate the teachings of Christ . Some bands keep their message hidden in metaphors . Only a minority take an aggressive attitude towards those who speak against Christianity , " preaching full @-@ on fire and brimstone and Old Testament style God 's wrath back at extreme Satanists " . References to eschatology and apocalyptic themes , particularly the ongoing spiritual warfare between good and evil as well as the Last Judgment and fall from grace are typical .
The lyrical style varies depending on culture , denomination , and country . For example , in Northern Europe the bands with Lutheran members usually prefer a personal lyrical approach , which is seldom meant to " convert " in an aggressive manner , since evangelism has been more typical among American bands . Christian bands never deny their conviction but typically avoid preaching , and sometimes the matter is left unexpressed , leaving religion as a private issue of the listener . Certain bands choose to deal with every day life experiences from a Christian perspective in order to draw both Christian and non @-@ Christian listeners . In such cases , identifying a " Christian band " can be difficult . Secular bands that occasionally deal with Christian topics are a different matter altogether . Defining a Christian band is a much debated issue on Christian metal forums . A Christian band is expected to have either professed Christian members or a Christian message , preferably both .
= = History = =
= = = Background : Heavy metal music and Christianity = = =
The term ' heavy metal ' , as it was used by Lester Bangs and Dave Marsh at Creem , referred to a sound best exemplified by albums such as Led Zeppelin 's Led Zeppelin II , Deep Purple 's Deep Purple in Rock , and Black Sabbath 's Paranoid .
An examination of some of the lyrics from bands such as these show a lack of any explicitly negative themes . Led Zeppelin 's " Whole Lotta Love " could just as well be a conversation between husband and wife , as not . Black Sabbath 's " Electric Funeral " exactly parallels the blood red moon of St. John 's Revelation , while their " Hand of Doom " describes the ravages of drug abuse . Ozzy Osbourne could be heard preaching to his audience in the earlier song , " Children of the Grave " : " Tell the world that love is still alive you must be brave ; or the children of today are children of the grave . " Later , in the song " In My Time Of Dying " , Robert Plant even pleaded to Jesus : " Meet me Jesus , meet me ; Meet me in the middle of the air ; if my wings should fail me Lord , please meet me with another pair . " Perhaps not overtly Christian , but songs such as these exhibited similar themes .
Early heavy metal fans were viewed by the populace as a counter @-@ culture , just as the fans of rock and roll , in general , were . Early heavy metal lyrics and themes were often accused of challenging Christian values , and as the genre grew , some bands actually did .
Among the early bands who were accused of adding negative connotations to the term was Black Sabbath , combining heavy metal music with " occult symbols and odes to the Devil " . The early bands ' use of tritones , a " dissonant sound of the medieval ' Devil 's chord ' " , led to heavy metal being " cast as dumb , crass , and , on occasions , satanic ; music hardly fit for intelligent debate , let alone theological reflection . Despite such accusations , more serious examinations of Black Sabbath lyrics find several songs actually advocate Christianity and specifically warn audiences about the Devil .
Bands such as Mötley Crüe , Ratt , and Twisted Sister took " themes of generalized rage , sexual abandon , drug abuse , violence , and despair into the homes of millions of young record buyers . " In the 1980s , with the growing appeal of metal , the National Coalition on Television Violence " called attention to the destructive potential of music videos , many of which graphically depict violence and rebellion . " A British cleric and metal fan analysed that because of distorted guitar sounds , " intense " beats and " muscular " vocals , heavy metal music songs are " unafraid to deal with death , violence and destruction " and that " much of metal 's fascination with Satan or evil is play @-@ acting , driven by a desire to shock . " The Italian Capuchin friar and former metal vocalist Cesare Bonizzi ( " Fratello Metallo " ) stated that there are " maybe " some Satanic metal bands " but I think it 's an act so that they sell more , " and went to add that " metal is the most energetic , vital , deep and true musical language that I know . "
= = = Origins = = =
Christian metal has its origins in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the Jesus movement , a hippie movement with Christian ideology consisting of hippies that converted to Christianity . The Christian hippies within this movement , known as " Jesus People " , developed a musical movement called Jesus music , which primarily began in southern California , ex . Los Angeles when hippie street musicians converted to Christianity . These musicians continued playing the same styles of music they had played before converting , among them heavy metal music , though they infused their lyrics with a Christian message . Larry Norman was one of the earliest Christian rock musicians who released his first album titled Upon This Rock in 1969 which is arguably the first Christian rock album produced . Norman 's song " Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music ? " summarised the ideas of these musicians .
The first Christian hard rock group was possibly the California @-@ based band Agape , formed in the late 1960s . Known for their psychedelic rock and blues influences , the band released an album titled Gospel Hard Rock in 1971 , followed by Victims of Tradition in 1972 . After Agape , the Resurrection Band was formed in 1972 in Milwaukee 's Jesus People community and released the hard rock album Music to Raise the Dead in 1974 . The Swedish group Jerusalem was formed in 1975 and is cited as another early Christian hard rock group . In 1978 , Resurrection Band released its album Awaiting Your Reply and Jerusalem released Jerusalem ( Volume 1 ) . Both albums had a notable impact on Christian music culture . During that time , heavy metal was a new style of music for the Christian music industry , and many Christian labels did not expect it to sell well . However , Awaiting Your Reply hit big in the Christian market , and reached No. 6 on the Gospel album sales charts . Jerusalem also became an instant hit among listeners , and within the first six months the record sold 20 @,@ 000 copies , unheard of within the genre of Christian rock in Europe . The Canadian Daniel Band is cited among the first bands , as is Barnabas .
= = = 1980s = = =
In the early 1980s , there were four notable Christian heavy metal groups : Messiah Prophet , Leviticus , Saint , and Stryper . Although it is debatable as to which band was formed first , the Orange County native glam metal group Stryper was the most popular one . Stryper was also the first band to identify as Christian metal . Stryper gained attention with their way of throwing Bibles to the audience at their concerts . In the beginning , mostly Christians went to Stryper 's concerts but soon they reached non @-@ Christian audience . In the 1980s , Christian metal bands closely followed the trends of mainstream metal bands .
During the mid @-@ 1980s , heavy metal music divided into autonomous subgenres . Weinstein ( 2000 ) described the thematic diversity that cross @-@ cuts musical styles : " In the 1980s , white metal and black metal emerged . Their lyrical themes are at polar opposites to each other , one of them bringing the ' good news ' and the other the ' bad news . ' Both include bands whose sounds span the full spectrum of metal . White metal is commonly called Christian metal . In part a response to the popularity of the heavy metal genre , it transforms the code of heavy metal to serve purposes of Evangelical Christian sects and other denominations . In part , also , Christian metal is a well @-@ crafted missionary effort to recruit members and save souls . [ ... ] Black metal stands in the thematic opposition to Christianity , not looking upward to heaven but setting its sights on the underworld . Satanic symbols and imagery have been a staple of heavy metal since its beginnings with Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin . In the West , there is no better symbol for rebellion . But groups such as Mercyful Fate claimed that they were not playing . Their claims to be true believers , followers of the lord of the underworld , were seen by many to be a commercial ploy . " Chicago doom metal group Trouble was known to be the first band that was publicly marketed as " white metal " since their early albums Psalm 9 and The Skull feature Biblical references . The origin of the " white metal " term remains unclear ; it is merely known that the non @-@ Christian label Metal Blade Records used " white metal " as a marketing term , in contrast to black metal .
Soon the Christian metal bands became controversial for their beliefs and often evangelistic goals in the metal music scene , which typically holds individualism in particularly high esteem . Stryper , for instance , although a commercial success at that time , received a hostile reception when they played at a Dutch metal festival in 1985 . Regardless of this , Stryper helped to popularize the genre . They were the first Christian band to reach platinum status on an album . The 1986 album To Hell with the Devil sold 2 million copies and achieved a Grammy nomination . The music videos for " Free " , " Calling on You " , and the power ballad " Honestly " all spent many weeks on Music Television 's Top 10 , and " Free " was in the No. 1 position for 12 weeks ( 60 days ) , May 4 – July 24 , 1987 .
Not only was Christian metal criticized by non @-@ Christian metal fans , but soon the movement was also criticized by fundamentalists ; Allmusic wrote that " when church leaders were accusing heavy metal of encouraging Satanism , Stryper set out to prove that metal and hard rock could be used to promote Christianity . The southern California band was viewed with suspicion by both ministers ( who refused to believe that Christianity and metal were compatible ) and fellow headbangers — and yet , Stryper managed to sell millions of albums to both Christian and secular audiences . " For example , the televangelist Jimmy Swaggart wrote a book titled Religious Rock n ' Roll – A Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing in 1987 and criticized the scene , particularly Stryper , for using heavy metal music to preach the gospel of Christianity . Many new bands began to arise , eventually drawing the attention of record labels that specialized in Christian music .
In contrast , however , many Christian evangelists and church organizations took a more supportive role . For example , televangelist Jim Bakker expressed public support for the group Stryper , watching them perform and becoming personal friends with the band 's members . Many new bands began to arise , eventually drawing the attention of record labels that specialized in Christian music .
= = = = Emergence of fanzines , record labels , and Sanctuary International = = = =
Christian metal soon developed into its own independent record labels and networks . The first Christian metal label was Pure Metal Records , a sublabel of Refuge Records . Soon there appeared other labels such as R.E.X. Records and Intense Records . Fanzines were published in several countries , with Heaven 's Metal as the first one in the US in 1985 . During that time almost every Christian record label became interested in Christian metal , and they advertised the newly signed metal bands on their roster on Heaven 's Metal since it was the only publication exclusively covering the movement . Soon Heaven 's Metal achieved more popularity and became an official , professional publication . Heaven 's Metal achieved a dedicated flock of 15 @,@ 000 readers . Bands ' sales usually rose when the ensembles were covered on the magazine . During the 1980s and early 1990s , the more underground Christian metal releases were typically distributed in Christian bookstores , and those as well as the fanzines also traded Christian metal cassette copies with the music fans .
Many rock and metal fans that became Christians through the ministry of Christian metal bands were rejected from churches in the 1980s . In 1984 , California pastor Bob Beeman saw this problem and soon started the ministry called Sanctuary - The Rock and Roll Refuge . This fellowship brought many musicians together and formed groups such as Tourniquet , Deliverance , Vengeance and Mortal that would soon become ground breaking acts in Christian music culture . Sanctuary 's first worship leader was Stryper 's vocalist Michael Sweet and later Barren Cross ' bass player Jim LaVerde . Sanctuary sponsored the first Christian metal festival , The Metal Mardi Gras , held in 1987 in Los Angeles . This proved influential and soon Christian metal festivals were organized elsewhere as well . Sanctuary 's activities began spreading , and it had 36 parishes all over the United States at its peak by the 1990s . The Sanctuary parishes had a significant impact on the Christian metal movement : groups that would later become notable such as P.O.D. performed their first concerts in Sanctuary .
By the late 1990s , the parish 's workers felt that regular churches ' attitudes towards metalheads , rockers and punks had become more permissive , and therefore did not feel the need to keep Sanctuary going on any longer , hence , most of the parishes of Sanctuary were closed . Sanctuary became Sanctuary International , and it currently gives international studies and lessons on Christianity . Sanctuary also runs an internet radio station called " Intense Radio " which , in 2003 , reached approximately 150 @,@ 000 listeners .
= = = Late 1980s and 1990s = = =
Doug Van Pelt of HM Magazine stated that Christian metal had its " heyday " in the late 1980s and early 1990s . By 1987 , there were more than a hundred Christian metal bands , and their records were sold at both Christian bookstores and non @-@ Christian retails . By 1988 , the four largest Christian metal bands ( excluding the mainstream success Stryper ) were Bloodgood , Barren Cross , Whitecross , and Leviticus . The Kentucky @-@ based band Bride initially played speed metal , particularly on Live to Die , and reached a wider audience when they released Snakes in the Playground ( 1992 ) . Despite being criticized for their abrupt changes in style in favor of what 's " hot " , are still considered " a primeval force at the centre of Christian heavy metal . "
In 1989 , the Orange County group X @-@ Sinner released its debut album Get It , and was one of the most talked about bands within the white metal scene at the time . Noted for a classic metal sound similar to AC / DC , X @-@ Sinner has managed to stay at the head of the Christian classic metal scene .
Glam metal band Holy Soldier , another group hailing from California , released its self @-@ titled debut on Word and A & M Records ( Myrrh imprint ) in 1990 to critical and commercial acclaim . Two years later , the band followed up their debut with Last Train , another critical success , leading to 60 city world tour . The band Guardian achieved some mainstream attention for its album Fire and Love , and one of the videos was included in the MTV 's Headbangers Ball rotation . The heavy metal band Angelica introduced vocalist Rob Rock , who also achieved initial fame as the vocalist for guitar virtuoso Chris Impellitteri 's band Impellitteri during the 1980s and 1990s and then went solo with his Rage of Creation album .
In the early 1990s , the rising musical styles , especially grunge , began to take their places as the dominant styles in the mainstream , which resulted in heavy metal music losing popularity and going underground for a decade . Many Christian metal musicians began to play extreme metal , and soon death metal replaced thrash metal in popularity . Audiences in many underground metal scenes began favoring more extreme sounds and disparaging the popular styles . As with other glam metal acts of the time , Stryper lost popularity and split up in 1993 .
Bruce Moore writes in the e @-@ book Metal Missionaries that during mid @-@ 1990s Christian metal " ceased to play catch up ( replicating secular bands ) and began to assimilate into its rightful place in the Extreme music scene and the artists who played became influential in helping to define this relatively new , but growing genre . " With risen musical quality and more street @-@ credibility , Christian metal and hardcore bands were signed to record labels such as Tooth and Nail , Solid State , Facedown Records as well as secular labels Metal Blade and Victory Records . Christian metal was available through non @-@ Christian outlets ; " For the first time Extreme Christian music moved from the dusty back bin of the Christian book stores to the front racks at super retailers like Best Buy , Circuit City , FYE and even giant retailers like Wal @-@ Mart , Target and Hot Topic . " The German secular metal label Nuclear Blast Records also released Christian metal . Torodd Fuglesteg of Norway 's Arctic Serenades Records has claimed : " The owner of Nuclear Blast was a committed Christian and he was pushing everything with that religious agenda through Nuclear Blast . Mortification and Horde were pushed like mad by Nuclear Blast when other labels were pushing pure satanic stuff . "
= = = 2000s = = =
In the first decade of the 21st century some groups reached mainstream popularity . There are Christian metal bands that perform virtually every subgenre of metal . The Christian metal movement has spread worldwide since it emerged in the early 1980s , and there are now hundreds of active Christian metal bands . Inspired by the metal revival , many 1980s bands have made comebacks including Saint , Bloodgood and Stryper . In October 2004 , Doug Van Pelt brought Heaven 's Metal back as its own fanzine . The Internet has had a significant role on the revival of Christian metal as well . Many websites and online communities are dedicated to discussions about Christian metal 's music , events , and bands .
For the first time since Stryper 's success in the 1980s , certain Christian metal artists found mainstream acceptance selling millions of albums to both Christian and non @-@ Christian fans , including Underoath and P.O.D. The latter became the most successful Christian metal band when their 2001 album Satellite went multi @-@ platinum , while the former 's 2006 album , Define the Great Line , ranked No. 2 on the Billboard 200 . Metalcore features many popular Christian bands , including such crossover bands such as Underoath , As I Lay Dying , August Burns Red , Blessthefall , Norma Jean , Haste the Day , The Devil Wears Prada , Disciple and Demon Hunter . As I Lay Dying have entered the Billboard 200 charts ( No. 8 ) for its record sales and were nominated for the " Best Metal Performance " Grammy for the single " Nothing Left " from the 2007 album An Ocean Between Us . The album made its debut on Metal Blade Records , charting at No. 19 in Canada . In the United States , nearly 40 @,@ 000 units were sold in its first week . The second week after it was released , it charted at No. 39 in both the United States and Canada . Other Top 200 debuts around the world include a No. 117 in the United Kingdom and No. 154 in Japan . In 2015 , August Burns Red was given " Best Metal Performance " at the Grammys for their song " Identity " , off their Found in Far Away Places album .
In its 2006 in Review issue ( February 2007 ) , Revolver magazine dubbed Christian metal the phenomenon of the year . Editor in Chief Tom Beaujour interviewed the lead vocalists of As I Lay Dying , Demon Hunter , Norma Jean , and Underoath ( Tim Lambesis , Ryan Clark , Cory Brandan Putman , and Spencer Chamberlain , respectively ) as the front @-@ page article for the issue . Tooth and Nail Records , P.O.D. , Zao , War of Ages , Still Remains , and He Is Legend were also mentioned .
= = Christian bands in metal subgenres = =
= = = Thrash metal = = =
Some notable American Christian thrash metal groups include Deliverance , Believer , Vengeance ( frontman , vocalist and last remaining member Roger Martinez currently against Christianity ) and Tourniquet . Allmusic states that Vengeance Rising 's first two albums " were huge successes in the world of Christian music , making them one of the few bands in the genre to cross over into the secular music scene . " Tourniquet was called " arguably the greatest Christian metal band in history " by Cross Rhythms in 1996 . Tourniquet 's Psycho Surgery was ranked as the second most influential Christian metal album of all time by HM Magazine . Deliverance 's 1990 music video for the title track of Weapons of Our Warfare album received some airplay on MTV . Allmusic wrote about Believer 's Sanity Obscure album : " Before 1990 , the Christian heavy metal genre rarely strayed from generic riffing and poor lyrics . Bands like Petra and Sacred Warrior never broke through to the mainstream for this very reason . With low expectations , Believer released this massive slab of molten metal . Although it never really became popular , several mainstream magazines praised the album . "
The British bands Seventh Angel and Detritus introduced Christian thrash metal to Europe . Seventh Angel were considered to be thrash metal pioneers , and their albums achieved mainstream distribution through the Music for Nations label . Cross Rhythms states that for a long time Seventh Angel were considered to be the best metal act in the UK . Seventh Angel also has included aspects of doom metal on some recordings . In the 1990s , New Mexico based Ultimatum and Oklahoman group called Eternal Decision gained some attention , the latter with its thrash and groove metal style . The 1997 album Eternal Decision hit the record stores in the U.S. and 16 other countries , achieving considerable acclaim and providing the band with even more notice .
= = = Death metal = = =
In 1990 , the Australian group Mortification became the first widely recognized Christian death metal band . Their 1992 album Scrolls of the Megilloth garnered the band some attention from the heavy metal underground , according to Allmusic .
At roughly the same time , the band Living Sacrifice was creating thrash and death metal , particularly on the albums Nonexistent ( 1992 ) and Inhabit ( 1994 ) , with Allmusic commenting that " the term Christian death metal seems like one of music 's most comical oxymorons . " Later they " evolved from their early death metal @-@ inspired rumblings into a crushing , staccato @-@ driven , heavily percussive metallic behemoth that pummels listeners with intense riffage and a decidedly personal , though nevertheless , often evangelical lyrical viewpoint . " The Minneapolis @-@ based Crimson Thorn is described by Allmusic as " one of the world 's most extreme @-@ sounding Christian metal bands . " Norwegian band Extol 's 1998 album Burial was called " Revolutionary . This release may have single @-@ handedly been responsible for the revival of the Christ @-@ centered extreme metal . " The band was popular among both Christian and general metal fans , mostly touring with well @-@ known non @-@ Christian bands .
= = = Unblack metal = = =
Horde is widely considered to be the first unblack metal ( also called Christian black metal ) band . As a one @-@ man band with only one release ( in 1994 ) , Horde initiated controversy within the extreme metal community , opposing the more common lyrical themes of Satanism and evil . The title of Horde 's only release – Hellig Usvart – means " Holy Unblack " , which is now often used by Christians to refer to Christian black metal , in order to avoid the negative connotations of the term " black metal " .
Antestor ( then called Crush Evil ) existed prior to the release of Hellig Usvart but their music was a death / doom style , and was not yet musically considered black metal . During the early 1990s when the band was known as Crush Evil , Euronymous , guitarist for the seminal black metal band Mayhem , was planning to stop Crush Evil from continuing . However , this never took place .
The release of Antestor 's The Return of the Black Death on the British black metal label Cacophonous Records in 1998 " set the standard for Christian black metal " . Swedish Crimson Moonlight 's The Covenant Progress , HM Magazine stated , " rivals the best any other band ( Christian or secular ) in this subgenre can offer . " While the unblack scene is not part of the traditional black metal scene , several musicians from both have co @-@ operated : Stian Aarstad of Dimmu Borgir produced Vaakevandring 's eponymous EP , and Jan Axel Blomberg of Mayhem played drums for Antestor 's The Forsaken ( 2005 ) album .
= = = Power metal and progressive metal = = =
Sacred Warrior preceded Christian power metal in the United States . The German group Seventh Avenue , formed in 1989 , was one of more notable Christian power metal bands in the 1990s . They released Rainbowland in 1995 , and after that the band was signed to Treasure Hunt Records . Their first release on this label , Tales of Tales , topped at 18 on the Japanese Heavy Metal Charts .
Later in the 1990s , the Swedish group Narnia made contributions to Christian power metal history , having signed with Nuclear Blast Records , Germany , and Pony Canyon Records , Japan . Later there appeared more notable European groups such as the German bands Chrystyne and Lightmare , and the Swedish groups XT , Divinefire , Harmony , and Heartcry .
Among the progressive metal representatives were Balance of Power , whose album When the World Falls Down was picked by Japanese label Pony Canyon . Jacobs Dream was signed to Metal Blade Records . HM wrote of the Athens , Georgia based Theocracy 's self @-@ titled debut album that " Not only did this release gain [ the then @-@ sole member ] Matt a lot of notoriety in the small Christian power / prog scene but the much larger secular power / prog secene embraced this as well . " Later turned to a full band , their sophomore 2008 album Mirror of Souls " defines excellence in current Christian metal . "
= = = Other = = =
In 1987 , the Swedish group Veni Domine started playing progressive and symphonic doom metal and released its first album Fall Babylon Fall in 1992 , ranked as the 38th most influential Christian metal album of all time by HM . HM Magazine wrote that Paramaecium , with its 1993 album Exhumed of the Earth , " essentially delivered the most powerful and moving death / doom recording in the history of Christian metal . " Saviour Machine 's Saviour Machine I was called " amazing accomplishment " by HM and that " their gothic @-@ tinged , progressive metal was quite unique to the scene when it was released in 1993 . "
The alternative metal style 's leading groups included the nu metal bands P.O.D. , Thousand Foot Krutch , Disciple , and Pillar . Zao was a pioneer of metalcore , paving way for bands such as Underoath and Norma Jean . The California @-@ based group Mortal is cited as one of the first Christian bands that represented the industrial metal style . Cross Rhythms wrote that when Mortal 's second album Fathom hit the scene in 1993 " there was nothing else quite like it " and that it is " truly a musical milestone . "
Another 1990s reputive Christian industrial metal band was Circle of Dust . The band received MTV exposure with a music video for " Telltale Crime " , and a part of the song " Deviate " was used as the intro @-@ song for a long time in the now defunct MTV Sports show .
Argyle Park , an underground supergroup of Christian industrial metal , received some success with the album Misguided ( 1995 ) as did , to some extent , LVL and Klank with Still Suffering in 1997 . Klank 's second album Numb was somewhat successful because the song " Blind " became a hit single . The Australian industrial metal band called Screams of Chaos was known for its bizarre style that combined several extreme metal influences with industrial . The late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century popular American shock rock group Rackets & Drapes was known to have elements of industrial metal , and received a following .
= = Christianity in mainstream metal = =
There are notable mainstream acts that feature or have featured Christian members . While these bands may or may not have had lyrics using Christian themes or symbolism , some have caused controversy in their claims to Christianity , such as Tom Araya of Slayer . Others , such as Alice Cooper Killswitch Engage , Linkin Park , Iron Maiden and Megadeth also have members who are Christian and often use spiritual themes .
= = Evangelistic subculture = =
While not uncommon in predominantly Catholic cultures , Christian metal is rooted in evangelical Protestantism , beginning as a means of evangelism among the non @-@ Christian metal scene . Over the years the focus changed because of the increased secularization of Christianity in the West during the 1990s . Moberg ( 2008 ) notes that the current scene seems to have very little interest in evangelism , especially in Northern Europe . Instead , it is argued that the current Christian metal music scene ultimately provides its core members with important resources for the shaping of an alternative and complementary form of religious expression and practice and an alternative Christian identity . Thus , Moberg states that Christian metal serves four main purposes : an alternative form of religious expression and identity ; as a legitimate form of religious expression ; as an effective means of evangelism and fighting and standing up for the Christian faith ; as a positive alternative to non @-@ Christian metal .
In a 2006 interview with HM Magazine , Steve Rowe of Mortification , one of the best known figures in the scene , implies that evangelism is of secondary importance and that Christian metal should first and foremost bring " spiritual encouragement " for its Christian listeners . Moberg ( 2006 ) suspects that Christian metal music may suggest dissatisfaction with traditional forms of worship among today 's young Christians : " They may not feel comfortable with just going to church and singing hymns , they need an alternative means to express the same faith . " Apart from evangelism , Christian metal may also provide a means " to get away from the image of Christianity as something rigid and boring " .
Luhr ( 2009 ) states that Christian metal expresses feeling of isolation and rebellion just like non @-@ Christian metal - but in a completely different way . Christian metal 's rebellion is about " Christian opposition to the perceived sinfulness and immorality of a late modern society and culture in which traditional family values have been eroded through such things as the legalization and increasing acceptability of abortion and pornography and the rise of gay rights and feminist movements . " Causes for the feeling of isolation can be explained with the fundamental Christian struggle of being in the world but not of it . Bloodgood and Barren Cross inverted the meaning of rebellion by declaring that in Western society and culture the Christian faith is true rebellion . As in non @-@ Christian metal , fans are encouraged to stand up for their faith , think for themselves and not blindly follow authorities , including religious ones .
According to Moberg ( 2008 ) , Christian metal has developed scenes in countries with long @-@ standing metal subcultures : United States , Brazil , Mexico , Germany , Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and Finland . Despite its seemingly marginal niche audience , as Christian metal fans are counted in the thousands and the non @-@ Christian metal fans in the millions , the Christian metal scene is one of the few transnational Christian communities that do not have any leaders or creed - only music connects its attendees . Just like non @-@ Christian metal , the Christian metal scene has developed its own infrastructure of record labels , promotion and distribution channels , specialized media , discussion forums , attitude , rhetorics , slogans such as " Turn or Burn ! " , " Faster for the Master ! " and " Support the War against Satan ! " , webstores and festivals . Brazil and Mexico have tiny parishes of Christian metal fans . Finland in particular , with metal being more mainstream there than anywhere in the world , has held popular Metal Masses picked up by the Lutheran former state church since 2006 .
Most Christian metalheads also listen to non @-@ Christian metal ; Christian metal merely offers counterbalance for the dark message of non @-@ Christian metal , and most Christian metalheads only avoid the most satanic bands , if even them , since some ignore the issue altogether . Some differences in concert gestures have been noticed : Los Angeles Times reported in 1985 that in Stryper shows the audience were seen " poking stubby ' one way ' fingers heavenward — a refutation of the double @-@ fingered devil horns salute of many metal groups " .
= = Controversy = =
Certain Christian groups , most notably those in some King James Only denominations , consider all types of rock and metal music to be opposition to their faith , regardless of lyrical content or the lifestyles of the band members . However , fans and artists see metal as another genre of music , parallel to such genres as blues , classical , jazz , punk , and hip @-@ hop . Bands such as Showbread and Antestor believe that the instrumentation of the music is simply a medium of art , while the person creating the music as well as the lyrics being presented provide the message . Therefore , Christian metal is created when Christians compose metal music in a way that reflects their faith in Christ .
Keith Kahn @-@ Harris states in the book Extreme Metal that sometimes fans of metal consider Christian faith and adherence in Church a membership of an established authority , and therefore Christian metal bands are seen as " posers " and the use of Christian lyrics to be opposed to the " true " purpose of metal , which values individualism and ignoring the opinions or rejection of religion .
Christian metal groups such as Barnabas and Extol have criticized bands within the industry for a lack of innovation and for isolating bands within the industry . Pastor Bob Beeman of Sanctuary International stated that this is a compliment to secular music , as it lets people to listen to the music they enjoyed without feeling like they are giving up on the style they love and allows bands to crossover into mainstream success .
Some groups within the Christian metal movement have criticized bands within the industry for isolating the genre from general industry too avidly . For example , Christer Espevoll of Extol stated in 2003 : " I wish the scenes were more together . For a long time there has been a huge – and still growing – distance between Christian and secular music industries . This is the situation peculiarly in the US but also in Scandinavia . In my opinion this kind of polarization is not a good thing . Music is first and foremost about music so why should every band or artist that represents a religion or lack of it have its own industry ? Music has no religious borders . " However , most Christian bands today oppose to being isolated in the Christian music industry and have become mainstream successes , such as Virgin Black .
= = Christian metal radio = =
Since Christian metal is very much a counterculture of the Christian music scene , it has never had any major corporate radio outlets , as opposed to the more accepted CCM @-@ associated Christian music formats . Nevertheless , it has remained culturally significant in the genre , primarily enduring the test of time through word of mouth and through the help of pioneering Christian rock and metal broadcasters . Despite the lack of commercial radio support , Christian metal broadcasters have managed to hit the airwaves on public radio , campus radio , Internet radio , and in recent years through podcasting via the Internet . As digital broadcasting technology becomes more accessible , the number of Christian metal broadcasters has steadily increased . Some of today 's largest non @-@ commercial Christian alternative radio stations such as RadioU , Call FM , and Effect Radio have some Christian metal programing late nights and on weekends . However , as a whole these larger stations generally maintain a GMA @-@ prescribed format . Other stations such as Almighty Metal Radio , Savage Rock Radio , Reign Radio , Metal Blessing Radio , The Cross Stream , The Refinery Rock Radio , www.theBlast.fm , and FuelRadio.FM have been able to maintain twenty @-@ four @-@ hour Christian metal formats through Internet radio . Some notable Christian metal radio DJs , shows and podcasts include : " Jesus Solid Rock " Show ( ' 74 - ' 80 ) hosted by Pastor Bob Beeman , " Intense Radio " ( ' 95 - present ) founded by Pastor Bob Beeman and Sanctuary International , " HM Podcast " with HM Magazine founder & publisher Doug Van Pelt , " The Full Armor of God Broadcast " ( ' 97 - present ) hosted by Bro Scotland Kubinski ( Kuba " The Demon Slayer " ) , " Radio U Hardcore " and ( ' 02 - present ) hosted by Jaddeus Dempsey ( A.K.A. " Jad " ) , and " The Nation of Rockwell " .
= = Record labels = =
Blood and Ink Records
Facedown Records
Flicker Records
Intense Records
Nightmare Records
Pluto Records
R.E.X. Records
Retroactive Records
Rivel Records
Rottweiler Records
Rowe Productions
Rugged Records
Solid State Records
Tooth & Nail Records
= = Christian metal festival = =
Cornerstone Festival 1984 – 2012 ( U.S. )
Elements of Rock 2004 – present ( Switzerland )
Nordic Fest 2002 – 2011 ( Norway )
Blast of Eternity 2008 – present ( Germany )
Bobfest
Dikaion Fest ( Ecuador )
Call for Eternity / Call for Eternity Extreme 2009 – present ( Slovakia )
Admonishment ( New Zealand )
Rock Alive ( the Netherlands )
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= Fifteen ( song ) =
" Fifteen " is a country pop song performed by American singer @-@ songwriter Taylor Swift . Swift self @-@ penned the song and co @-@ produced it along with Nathan Chapman . " Fifteen " was released on August 30 , 2009 by Big Machine Records , as the fourth single from Swift 's second studio album , Fearless ( 2008 ) . The song was inspired by Swift 's freshman year of high school at Hendersonville High School , where she first encountered heartbreak , along with her best friend Abigail Anderson . After writing it , Swift asked Anderson for authorization to record the song ( due to personal references in the song ) ; Anderson affirmed and it was ultimately included on Fearless . " Fifteen " is a ballad , which has Swift reminiscing on events that occurred to her and her best friend at the age of 15 and cautioning young girls to not fall in love easily .
" Fifteen " peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over a million digital downloads in the United States . The music video for " Fifteen " was directed by Roman White . It was filmed using a green screen and is heavily accentuated with special effects . The video features Swift walking through a garden , where she relives many memories with Anderson . It received a nomination for the Best Female Video category at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to Lady Gaga 's " Bad Romance " . " Fifteen " was promoted with live performances , including many that were part of Swift 's first and second headlining tours , the Fearless Tour ( 2009 — 10 ) and the Speak Now World Tour ( 2011 – 12 ) . Swift partnered with electronics retailer Best Buy for @ 15 , a program that allowed teens to help decide how funds would be distributed among various charities .
= = Background = =
Swift began writing " Fifteen " with the lyric " And Abigail gave everything she had to a boy / Who changed his mind / We both cried " , which eventually became the song 's bridge , and continued writing everything else in a backwards manner . The song was written about Swift 's freshman year of high school at Hendersonville High School , where she met her best friend Abigail Anderson . " I just decided I really wanted to tell that story about our first year of high school because I felt in my freshman year , I grew up more than any year in my life so far " , Swift stated . The events it focused on were how both Swift and Anderson fell in love for the first time , but both suffered of heartbreaks . Aside from reminiscing on the events she and Anderson experienced , Swift wrote cautionary lyrics , intended to target teenage girls entering or already in their freshman year of high school . She described it as incorporating things she wished someone would have told her in a song when she was younger . " The thing about high school , you don 't know anything . You don 't know anything , but you think you know everything " , Swift said .
After the completion of composing " Fifteen " , Swift became very nervous to show Anderson the song , for she did not know how her friend would respond . " It was a really personal song , especially from her angle of it . " However , when Swift performed the song for Anderson and asked whether she was comfortable with the song , Anderson confirmed : " She said , ' Does it bother you that your name is in a song that 's so personal ? ' And it really doesn 't just because of the way Taylor and I feel about it . If one girl can kind of learn from it or connect to a song like that , it 's totally worth it . " With Anderson 's consent , Swift recorded " Fifteen " with producer Nathan Chapman , who produced all but one track on Swift 's 2006 eponymous debut album , Taylor Swift . Recording the highly personal track caused Swift to cry . Swift attributed the event to the fact that she is most likely to cry over when her loved ones undergo pain , as she witnesses it , rather than her own experiences . She went to say " Fifteen " usually gets her every time .
= = Composition = =
" Fifteen " is a country pop song with a length of four minutes and 55 seconds . It is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 96 beats per minute . The track is categorized as a ballad . It is written in the key of G major and Swift 's vocals spans a little over two octaves , from G3 to C5 . It follows the chord progression Gsus2 – Csus2 – Em – Csus2 . It concludes with an outro that consists of Swift singing " la la la " and rephrasing the song 's opening lines .
The lyrics of " Fifteen " have Swift narrating about multiple events . In the first verse , Swift details first entering high school with intentions of merely staying out of her peers ' way . The second verse bears Swift meeting Anderson and gossiping about the school 's queen bees with her . Successively , Swift describes first dates and falling in love for the first time . However , Swift and Anderson become heartbroken , revealing that Anderson " gave everything she had " to someone who later changed his mind . The song 's refrains have Swift cautioning young girls to not fall in love easily and acknowledging that she came to the realization of being able to accomplish more than dating a football team member .
= = Critical reception = =
Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone believed " Fifteen " was exemplary in that " Swift is a songwriting savant with an intuitive gift for verse @-@ chorus @-@ bridge architecture " . Rosen compared her songwriting in the track to that of producers Dr. Luke and Max Martin , who he referred to as " Swedish pop gods " . He continued , " Her music mixes an almost impersonal professionalism — it 's so rigorously crafted it sounds like it has been scientifically engineered in a hit factory — with confessions that are squirmingly intimate and true . " Jonathon Keefe of Slant Magazine considered the bridge one of the nicer moments of Fearless , but was unimpressed with Swift 's singing , particularly in the outro . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic found " Fifteen " , in which Swift portrayed the role of a big sister instead of a big star , to be one of the best and the most personal song on Fearless . Ken Tucker of Billboard magazine believed " Fifteen " could appeal with teenagers looking for hope and adult women reminiscing the past . Leah Greenbelt of Entertainment Weekly stated , " When she sings about sexuality , she sounds like a real teen , not some manufactured vixen @-@ Lolita " .
Jon Caramanica of The New York Times said " Fifteen " was one of Swift 's best @-@ written songs . James Reed of The Boston Globe believed " Fifteen " was one of Fearless 's most interesting songs and stated he could visualize the lyrics of the song scribbled in a diary that chronicled Swift 's freshman year in high school . Sean Dooley of About.com named it the best track on Fearless and said it showcased Swift 's growth as a songwriter . Josh Love of The Village Voice called the song a " standout " on the album and found it a refreshing contradiction to typical , idealistic country songs . Prior to its single release , Kate Kiefer of Paste magazine suggested for the song be released as a single from Fearless , adding that she loved it . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian called the track a fantastically good song that broadened " her potential market from teenage girls to anyone who used to be a teenage girl " . Petridis continued , " You applaud her skill , while feeling slightly unsettled by the thought of a teenager pontificating away like Yoda . " Aidan Vaziri of San Francisco Chronicle ranked it twelfth on his top 12 singles of 2009 list , commenting , " Damn it if this song isn 't too sweet , too vulnerable and just too real to ignore . "
= = Chart performance = =
Following the release of Fearless , on the week ending November 29 , 2008 , " Fifteen " debuted at number seventy @-@ nine on the Billboard Hot 100 Its appearance , along with six other songs , on the chart tied Swift with Hannah Montana ( Miley Cyrus ) for the female act to have the most songs charting on the Billboard Hot 100 in the same week , a record later surpassed by Swift herself when she charted eleven songs at once in 2010 . It re @-@ entered at number ninety @-@ four on the week ending October 3 , 2009 , after its single release . On the week ending December 19 , 2009 , " Fifteen " reached its peak at number twenty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 , and , on the week ending February 6 , 2010 , spent its last week at number forty , after twenty @-@ one weeks on the chart . The song is one of thirteen songs from Fearless charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100 , breaking the record for the most top forty entries from a single album . The single was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . As of November 2014 , " Fifteen " has sold over 1 @,@ 323 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
" Fifteen " debuted at number forty @-@ one on Billboard Hot Country Songs . It jumped at number thirty @-@ one on its second week and on the week @-@ ending November 7 , 2009 , it entered the top ten at number ten . Six weeks later , it reached its peak at number seven on the week @-@ ending December 12 , 2009 . The single became her second single that did not reach the top three of Billboard Hot Country Songs since her debut single " Tim McGraw " . " Fifteen " also peak at number ten on Billboard Pop Songs , number twelve on Billboard Adult Contemporary , and at number fourteen at Billboard Adult Pop Songs .
On the week ending January 23 , 2010 , the song peaked at number nineteen in Canada . It was certified gold by Music Canada for sales of 40 @,@ 000 digital downloads . " Fifteen " peaked at number forty @-@ eight in Australia on the week ending December 13 , 2009 .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Fifteen " was directed by Roman White , who previously directed Swift 's music video " You Belong with Me " . White began with the intention of creating a video different than others Swift did in the past . To do so , he believed he needed to set the video outside of high school . White explained , " Well , I think I really wanted this video to kind of be an evolution for Taylor [ ... ] I actually said to her , ' I don 't think we should shoot in a high school . ' And I don 't think she wanted to either . " White conceptualized the video 's setting by taking into account the literal meaning of the song and transforming into something new . He conceptualized the setting to be new world where Swift could revisit her memories , as they manifest around her . " Let 's take the literal meaning of this song and watch it evolve in front of us ... almost as a memory in your head . And create this world , somewhere you walk in on this desolate desert and you start to sing about all these great memories you have ... of everything you love blooming around you , and so we literally grew this garden around her " , White said . The world moved from one situation to the next . White decided to annex surreal elements to create a cross between a garden and the heart of the memories . He intertwined Swift 's emotions with the growth of the garden . The garden grew when Swift felt happy , but at the sight of pain and negative emotions , clouds appear and the garden dies , which also symbolized Anderson 's broken heart .
Swift 's friend , Anderson , portrayed herself in the video . The love interests of both Swift and Anderson were cast by Swift after she received images of them via e @-@ mail . The video was filmed in two days . The first day consisted of actors , including Swift and Anderson , filming before a green screen . On the set , White presented Swift with caricature drawings depicting the music video , in order to guide herself . Swift was impressed by Anderson 's acting skills , considering her lack of experience , and called it " prolific " . On the second day , scenes at a high school were filmed ; artificial rain was made . Afterward , White and a team of visual effect artists created the setting . " If you watch just the offline edit of this video , it 's just green . It 's just Taylor walking around a giant green screen . And to think that every single thing in that video was created is amazing , ' cause a lot of people worked really hard on it " , White said . The visual effects team were at work for the video for some time , sometimes staying overnight in the office to produce the video . The direction was to make the video seem " magical " . Some of the props used when filming were recreated using digital animation , such as the door and the desks . Because extras were filmed separately , White was meticulous to find the right shots to make the scene more cohesive . White believed the finished product had a sense of innocence .
The video begins with Swift , barefoot and clad in a white sundress , approaching a tall , arched doorway which materializes in the middle of a barren landscape . Swift looks at a photograph of herself and her friend tucked into the arch and , then , passes through the doors . On the other side of the arch , animated flowers and vines grow across the scenes . People and objects from a high school fade in and out of view . Swift walks through the memories and begins to play an acoustic guitar beneath a tree . Afterward , Anderson appears , sitting at a desk before a chalkboard in the field of flowers . Swift sits down beside her and two begin to whisper and laugh to each other . In the next scene , Swift plays guitar while Anderson goes on her first date ; she kisses her date , but pushes him away when he tries to go further . Her love interest and all surroundings dissolve to show Anderson sitting alone on a stone bench . Swift approaches her and hugs her tightly as the field around them turns dark and stormy . The video then alternates between Swift singing in the rain and hugging her friend . After the landscape deteriorates , the video transitions to reality , where Swift , wearing a black trench coat , stands in the rain , across the street from a high school . Swift then sees a student at the entrance ; the two make eye contact and the video concludes . To date , the video has over 108 million views on YouTube .
= = = Video reception = = =
The music video premiered on October 9 , 2009 on CMT . Peter Gicas of E ! thought the video was " sweet " and said , " And while the visuals here — Taylor walking in and out of various animated scenes — are certainly nice to look at , they nevertheless take a back seat to the country star 's cuteness . " Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly graded the video a B. Greenblatt believed the video was reverential and painterly , but criticized it by saying " Fifteen " ' s most powerful lyrics were outdone by the dreamy design . Jocelyn Vena of MTV wrote , " Taylor Swift is ' Fifteen ' all over again in the new music video for her song of the same name . " At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , the video was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video , but lost to Lady Gaga 's video for " Bad Romance " ( 2009 ) .
= = Live performances = =
Swift first performed " Fifteen " , as a duet with pop singer Miley Cyrus , at the 51st Grammy Awards . The duo sat on wooden stools for the acoustic performance , with Swift wearing a baggy beige dress layered over a tight black outfit and playing an acoustic guitar . Swift has also performed the song at We 're All for the Hall , a benefit concert organized by Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum , the 2009 CMA Music Festival , the 2009 V Festival , the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief , and the Country Music Association Awards . In the United Kingdom , Swift performed " Fifteen " on Later ... with Jools Holland and The Paul O 'Grady Show . Swift performed the song on all venues in 2009 and 2010 of her first headlining concert tour , the Fearless Tour . The performances of " Fifteen " set on a small platform located at the opposite end , parallel to the stage in the arena . Swift , dressed in a pastel sundress , sat on a wooden stool while performing with wooden 12 @-@ string acoustic guitar strapped to her shoulder . Nicole Frehsee of Rolling Stone favored Swift 's performance of " Tim McGraw " at the August 27 , 2009 concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Frehsee described the entire concert as an " elaborate spectacle that doesn 't slow down , even when the singer hauls her acoustic guitar into the audience to play a sweet , stripped down set of tunes including ' Fifteen ' . " " Fifteen " served as a performance on the setlist of Swift 's second concert tour , the Speak Now World Tour ( 2011 ) ; the performances featured Swift sitting and playing an acoustic guitar , wearing a blue cocktail dress .
= = @ 15 = =
Swift partnered with electronics retailer Best Buy for @ 15 , a program that allowed teens to help decide how Best Buy 's " @ 15 Fund " would be distributed among various charities . Swift taped a Public Service Announcement ( PSA ) , called a " Teen Service Announcement " by Best Buy , for @ 15 . Within the PSA , which was released on February 9 , 2009 , scenes of Swift reminiscing on high school and encouraging originality and uniqueness were inter @-@ cut with scenes of her singing " Fifteen " . In June 2009 , @ 15 became a partner for Swift 's Fearless Tour . The announcement was shown at each stop during the North American leg of the tour . In fifteen tour stops , @ 15 donated forty concert tickets and a guitar autographed by Swift to local teen @-@ oriented charity groups , such as chapters of Boys & Girls Clubs of America and Big Brothers Big Sisters .
= = Track listings = =
CD single / Digital download
" Fifteen " ( Album Version ) – 4 : 54
" You Belong with Me " ( Radio Mix ) – 3 : 50
Australia Pop Mix Edit Digital Download
" Fifteen " ( Pop Mix Edit ) – 4 : 01
= = Charts = =
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= Wario World =
Wario World ( ワリオワールド , Wario Wārudo ) is a platform beat ' em up game developed by Treasure and published by Nintendo for the GameCube . It was released in Europe on June 20 , 2003 , in North America on June 23 , 2003 , in Australia on July 10 , 2003 , and in Japan on May 27 , 2004 . The game 's plot centers on Wario and his quest to regain his treasure and his castle from Black Jewel , an evil gem .
The game was fairly well received by reviewers . They praised the gameplay but criticized the game for being too short . Wario World has sold over 142 @,@ 000 copies in Japan and over 256 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In 2004 , the game was re @-@ released as a Player 's Choice title .
= = Gameplay = =
Wario World 's gameplay centers mainly on combating enemies , although it requires some platform navigation similar to Super Mario 64 and Super Mario Sunshine . The controls are simple , and are only used to jump , run , dash , perform fighting moves , and use the " Hyper Suction " ability to collect nearby coins . The level designs are platform @-@ based with combat elements , and have an overall linear design . The levels contain trapdoors , which lead to special platforming or puzzle @-@ oriented challenges . Throughout the game , small forest sprites known as " Spiritelings " give Wario advice if they are rescued from imprisonment .
During combat , Wario can grab enemies and either spin them around , throw them , or piledrive them into the ground . Enemies drop coins when defeated , and tend to regenerate if the area is left and returned to later . The coins are used to purchase items , such as life @-@ restoring garlic , and to return to life . If Wario does not have enough money to return to life , the game is over . A new feature in Wario World are the spherical " glue globes " , in which Wario is stuck to if he touches it , allowing the player to reach otherwise inaccessible areas . Along the way , Wario can re @-@ collect his lost treasures , which are hidden in treasure chests , and collect pieces of golden Wario statues , which increases Wario 's life meter by one half . In order to advance in the game , the player must collect a certain amount of red diamonds in each level . If the player collects all the treasure in the various levels , minigames from the Game Boy Advance title WarioWare , Inc . : Mega Microgames ! are unlocked , and they can be played by using the Nintendo GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable .
= = Plot = =
The game begins with Wario enjoying his newly built castle , which is filled with treasures that he has collected from earlier adventures . An evil gem called Black Jewel , hidden amongst Wario 's treasure collection , suddenly awakens and takes over Wario 's castle . Black Jewel turns Wario 's treasure into monsters , and transforms the castle into four worlds called Excitement Central , Spooktastic World , Thrillsville and Sparkle Land , each consisting of two levels and a boss fight . A central area allows access to the different worlds , as well as to the Treasure Square , where the Huge Treasure Box inside of which Black Jewel is hiding can be found . Wario proceeds through the areas controlled by Black Jewel , recovering his treasure and rescuing Spritelings ( the creatures had sealed Black Jewel away in the past ) , then obtains the key to the Huge Treasure Box and engages Black Jewel in a battle . Wario 's subsequent victory allows him to regain control of his castle .
During the game 's ending , Wario 's new castle quality depends on the number of Spiritelings rescued . The worst @-@ case scenario sees Wario with nothing but a campsite with his throne in a dark jungle , but if all 40 Spritelings were rescued , Wario is given a palace even grander than his previous one .
= = Development = =
Wario World was first shown at E3 2002 as a technical demo . At the next E3 in 2003 , it was shown with new levels of gameplay polish and tweaking , which the previous E3 demo was lacking . On August 22 , 2002 , at Nintendo 's Gamer 's Summit , Wario World 's North American release date was set to November 11 , 2002 . The game was later going to be released on May 26 , 2003 , but was further delayed by one month till June 23 .
It was uncertain who was developing Wario World , until April 22 , 2003 , when Nintendo of America officially revealed that Treasure , the company behind the successful titles Gunstar Heroes and Ikaruga , was developing the game . After the successful development collaboration Treasure and Nintendo shared with the Nintendo 64 title , Sin and Punishment , the two companies wanted to work together again . The R & D1 team wanted to continue their co @-@ development juncture with a 3D installment of the Wario franchise . Wario World 's music was composed by Norio Hanzawa and Minako Hamano . Wario was voiced by Charles Martinet , who also voices Mario and Luigi in the Mario series .
= = Reception = =
Wario World was a commercial success , selling over 142 @,@ 000 copies in Japan . In 2004 , the game was re @-@ released alongside Mario Golf : Toadstool Tour and F @-@ Zero GX as part of the Player 's Choice line , a selection of games with high sales sold for a reduced price .
Wario World received fairly positive reviews . The US version of Play magazine gave the game a perfect score , and the reviewer commented that Wario World " pays off every second [ he is ] holding the controller , and that , to [ him ] , is greatness " . Nintendo Power said that the game was " tons of fun " . GamePro stated that Wario World " stays addictive by weight of sheer design innovation " . The American @-@ based publication Game Informer praised the game for including " droves of awesome boss battles " . Matt Casamassina of IGN declared that Wario World had " some great control mechanics and inventive level work " . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Greg Ford said , " Wario [ World ] delivers a great time while it lasts and is well worth checking out . Just don 't expect a Mario @-@ quality adventure " . Worthplaying gave the game 9 out 10 , stating that " Treasure has done itself proud with this title , and Wario himself can lift his head up high . At least in my book , he 's got at least one game that 's better than Mario 's . "
Wario World received criticism for its length , with some reviewers stating that the game was shorter than the average console title . Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer compared Wario World to Luigi 's Mansion , a game also criticized for its length , and said that the game was like Luigi 's Mansion " all over again " . GameSpy stated that Wario World " offers little above and beyond the standard 3D platform romp , and what is offered turns out to be very short and repetitive " . GameSpot commented that " the final product is too short and simplistic to hold your attention for more than a day " .
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= Middlesex ( novel ) =
Middlesex is a Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel by Jeffrey Eugenides published in 2002 . The book is a bestseller , with more than three million copies sold by May 2011 . Its characters and events are loosely based on aspects of Eugenides ' life and observations of his Greek heritage . It is not an autobiography ; unlike the protagonist , Eugenides is not intersex . The author decided to write Middlesex after he read the 1980 memoir Herculine Barbin and was dissatisfied with its discussion of intersex anatomy and emotions .
Primarily a coming @-@ of @-@ age story ( Bildungsroman ) and family saga , the novel chronicles the effect of a mutated gene on three generations of a Greek family , causing momentous changes in the protagonist 's life . According to scholars , the novel 's main themes are nature versus nurture , rebirth , and the differing experiences of what society constructs as polar opposites — such as those found between men and women . It discusses the pursuit of the American Dream and explores gender identity . The novel contains many allusions to Greek mythology , including creatures such as the Minotaur , half @-@ man and half @-@ bull , and the Chimera , a monster composed of various animal parts .
Narrator and protagonist Cal Stephanides ( initially called " Callie " ) is an intersex man of Greek descent with a condition known as 5 @-@ alpha @-@ reductase deficiency , which causes him to have certain feminine traits . The first half of the novel is about Cal 's family and depicts his grandparents ' migration from Bursa , a city in Asia Minor , to the United States in 1922 . It follows their assimilation into American society in Detroit , Michigan , then a booming industrial city . The latter half of the novel , set in the late 20th century , focuses on Cal 's experiences in his hometown of Detroit and his escape to San Francisco , where he comes to terms with his modified gender identity .
Entertainment Weekly , the Los Angeles Times , and The New York Times Book Review considered Middlesex one of the best books of 2002 , and some scholars believed the novel should be considered for the title of Great American Novel . Generally , reviewers felt that the novel succeeded in portraying its Greek immigrant drama and were also impressed with Eugenides ' depiction of his hometown of Detroit — praising him for his social commentary . Reviewers from the medical , gay , and intersex communities mostly praised Middlesex , though some intersex commentators have been more critical . In 2007 , the book was featured in Oprah 's Book Club .
= = Conception , research , and publication = =
After publishing his first novel , The Virgin Suicides , in 1993 , Jeffrey Eugenides started on his next project Middlesex . He was inspired by having read Herculine Barbin , the diary of a 19th @-@ century French convent schoolgirl who was intersex . Eugenides had first read the memoir a decade earlier and believed it evaded discussion about the anatomy and emotions of intersex people . He intended Middlesex to be " the story [ he ] wasn 't getting from the memoir " .
Eugenides worked on Middlesex for nine years . He started writing during his short @-@ term residence at MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire , United States , and finished the novel in Berlin , Germany ; he had accepted a grant from the German Academic Exchange Service in 1999 . Eugenides spent the first few years trying to establish the narrative voice for his novel . He wanted to " [ tell ] epic events in the third person and psychosexual events in the first person " . According to Eugenides , the voice " had to render the experience of a teenage girl and an adult man , or an adult male @-@ identified hermaphrodite " .
Although Eugenides sought expert advice about intersex , sexology , and the formation of gender identity , he refrained from meeting with intersex people , saying , " [ I ] decided not to work in that reportorial mode . Instead of trying to create a separate person , I tried to pretend that I had this [ physical feature ] and that I had lived through this as much as I could " . Eugenides read books , sifted through many sheets of microfiche , and combed through videotapes and newsletters that dealt with the subject . He visited the New York Public Library 's Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture to search for the sole copy of a book about an " elusive historical figure " . He discovered details of what he considered a vivid intersex condition while browsing Columbia University 's medical library .
After discovering in his library research 5 @-@ alpha @-@ reductase deficiency , an autosomal recessive condition manifested primarily in inbred , isolated population groups , his perception of the novel significantly changed . Rather than a " slim fictional autobiography " of an intersex individual , the novel would be epic in scope , tracing the lives of three generations of Greek Americans . Eugenides lived in Brooklyn when he began his first draft of the novel . He went through a lengthy brainstorming process . He would write 50 pages in one voice , restart in a different voice with 75 pages , and then pursue a different narrative angle . He wanted the novel to be an " intimate " portrayal of protagonist Cal 's transformation , so he wrote a draft in the first @-@ person narrative in Cal 's voice . He could not , however , portray Cal 's grandparents intimately , so he completely abandoned his preceding year 's draft in favor of writing the book in the third @-@ person . He gradually violated his narrative convention by restoring the first @-@ person voice amid the third @-@ person narration to depict the mindsets of both Cal and Cal 's grandparents . During the writing process , Eugenides moved from Brooklyn to Manhattan and later returned to Brooklyn . Worried about the narrative 's sounding forced , he added instances of " self @-@ reflexivity " to Cal 's voice . After several years of struggling with the narrative voice , Eugenides finally seated himself at his desk and wrote Middlesex 's initial page , " 500 words that contained the DNA for the protein synthesis of the entire book " .
Middlesex was published for the North American market in September 2002 by Farrar , Straus and Giroux in the United States and Vintage Canada for Canada . A month later , it was released in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury Publishing . The novel has been translated into 34 languages ; the Spanish @-@ language edition was translated by Benito Gómez Ibáñez and released in 2003 after the publisher , Jorge Herralde , had acquired the rights in a " tough auction " .
= = Plot summary = =
The novel starts with a narration by its protagonist , Cal ( his masculine identity ) , also known as Calliope ( feminine ) : He recounts how 5 @-@ alpha @-@ reductase deficiency , a recessive condition , caused him to be born with female characteristics . The book continues with accounts of his family 's history , starting with his paternal grandparents in their home village and ending with his father 's funeral . These accounts cover the conception of Cal , his teenage years , and the discovery of his intersex condition . Throughout the book , Cal weaves his opinion of the events in hindsight and of his life after his father 's funeral . Eugenides sets Middlesex in the 20th century and interjects historical elements , such as the Balkan Wars , the Nation of Islam , the 1967 Detroit riot , and the Watergate scandal in the story .
The accounts of Cal 's family history start in 1922 . His grandfather , Eleutherios " Lefty " Stephanides , lives in Bithynios , a village in Asia Minor . Eugenides places the village high on the slope of Mount Olympos , above the city of Bursa , and describes incestuous marriages between cousins as a quietly accepted custom among the villagers . Lefty makes a living selling silkworm cocoons harvested by his sister , Desdemona . The siblings are orphans ; their parents are victims of the ongoing Greco @-@ Turkish War . As the war progresses , Lefty and Desdemona develop a romantic relationship . Fleeing the chaos brought by the war , they board a ship amid the Great Fire of Smyrna and set sail for the United States . Their histories unknown to the other passengers , they marry each other on board the vessel .
After arriving in New York , they locate their cousin , Sourmelina " Lina " Zizmo , in Detroit , Michigan , and go to stay with her . Lina is a closeted lesbian and the only person there to know of the siblings ' incestuous relationship . Starting a new life , Lefty takes on a job at Ford Motor Company , but is later retrenched . He unknowingly joins Lina 's husband , Jimmy , in bootlegging . Desdemona gives birth to a son , Milton , and later a daughter , Zoe . Lina gives birth to a daughter , Theodora or " Tessie " . The relationship between Lefty and Desdemona declines after she learns that there is an increased chance of genetic disease for children born from incest . In 1924 , after Milton 's birth , Lefty opens a bar and gambling room , calling it the Zebra Room .
Milton and Tessie marry in 1946 . They have two children , Chapter Eleven and Calliope ( " Callie " ) . Prior to Callie 's birth , Desdemona predicts the child to be a boy , although the parents prepare for a girl . Chapter Eleven is a biologically " normal " boy ; however , Callie is intersex . Her family members are unaware of her situation for many years , so they raise Callie as a girl . Elements of family life are portrayed against the rise and fall of industrial Detroit , where so many struggled . The family gets caught up in the 1967 Detroit riot resulting from racial tensions , after President Johnson authorizes the use of federal troops . The family home is raided during this period , to the shock of the parents . After this harrowing experience , the family moves to a house on Middlesex Boulevard , Grosse Pointe .
When she is 14 years old , Callie falls in love with her female best friend , whom Callie refers to as the " Obscure Object " . In separate encounters , Callie has her first sexual experiences with a woman , the Obscure Object , and with a man , the Obscure Object 's brother . After Callie is injured by a tractor , a doctor discovers that she is intersex . She is taken to a clinic in New York and undergoes a series of tests and examinations . After learning about the syndrome and facing the prospect of sex reassignment surgery , Callie runs away and assumes a male identity as Cal . He hitchhikes cross @-@ country and reaches San Francisco , where he joins a burlesque show as Hermaphroditus .
Cal is arrested by the police during a raid on his workplace . He is released into Chapter Eleven 's custody and learns of their father 's death . The siblings return to their family home on Middlesex . In a private moment , Desdemona recognizes Cal 's condition , associating it with stories from her old village about children born of incest . She confesses to Cal that her husband , Lefty , is also her brother . As Milton 's funeral takes place at the church , Cal stands in the doorway of his family home , assuming the male @-@ only role in Greek traditions to keep his father 's spirit from re @-@ entering the family home .
Several years later , Cal becomes a diplomat stationed in Berlin . He meets Julie Kikuchi , a Japanese @-@ American woman , and tentatively starts a relationship with her .
= = Autobiographical elements = =
Reporters and critics noted that many characters and events in Middlesex parallel those in Eugenides ' life . The author denied writing the novel as an autobiography . In an interview by National Public Radio in 2002 , he commented on the similarities :
Because the story is so far from my own experience , I had to use a lot of details from my own life to ground it in reality , to make it believable for me and then hopefully for the reader , as well . So I would use my own physical appearance . I would use details from my grandparents ' life , the streets they lived on , the kinds of places they lived . And all this made it real for me because it was a tall order to write such a story .
Eugenides blended fact and fiction in his book . Like Cal , the author was born in 1960 ; unlike his creation , he is not intersex . His family moved to a house on Middlesex Road in Grosse Pointe after the Detroit riot in 1967 . Eugenides studied at University Liggett School , a private institution that served as a model for Callie 's Baker and Inglis School for Girls . He tapped into his own " locker room trauma " , an adolescent experience of being naked among many other nude bodies , and used it to develop Callie 's self @-@ discovery of her body during puberty . He based the name of the character the " Obscure Object " on a Brown University classmate whom he found alluring and to whom he gave that nickname . Eugenides married a Japanese @-@ American artist , Karen Yamauchi , and moved to Berlin .
Eugenides is of Greek heritage , albeit only through his father 's side . Although his paternal grandparents were not siblings like the Stephanides , they were silk farmers like their fictional counterparts . Cal 's learning of Greek customs to better understand his grandparents mirrored Eugenides ' own actions to do likewise . The Zebra Room and the bartender profession are other items shared by their grandfathers ; Eugenides said the inclusion of the bar was a deliberate " secret code of paying homage to my grandparents and my parents " . Several aspects of Chapter Eleven were based on Eugenides ' elder brother , who withdrew from society during a " hippie phase " in his life . While revising and editing the book , the author removed information that could be offensive to his relatives . Not all such material was excised , Eugenides said , " There may still be things in there that will sting . "
= = Style = =
Several reviewers considered Middlesex to be overly verbose . The Economist described the novel as " ponderous " and said that the main story ( that of Cal ) does not " get off the ground until halfway through " the book . Time 's Richard Lacayo concurred ; he considered the hundreds of pages about Cal 's grandparents and several historical events to be trite , making Middlesex 's focus " footloose " in some spots . Several passages in the novel exhibit Eugenides ' obsession with " verbose voluptuousness " . An example noted by Thea Hillman in her review is an incident in which Cal says , " I sat in my seat , in a state of voluptuous agitation , of agitated voluptuousness , until my stop . Then I staggered out . " A contrary opinion is given by Daniel Soar in his article for London Review of Books . According to Soar , Eugenides did " both background and foreground in all the necessary detail " , seamlessly shifting from past to present . Despite the implausible tone of the novel 's events , the author successfully makes them " elaborately justified and motivated " . The quality of Middlesex 's writing was uneven in the opinions of Hillman and another reviewer , Sebastian Smee . The latter pointed out that Eugenides occasionally moves from the heartfelt ( " I remember the first time we took off our clothes in front of each other . It was like unwinding bandages " ) to the " trashily journalistic " ( " You 've heard of installation artists ? Well , the Object [ a heavy smoker ] was an exhalation artist " ) on several occasions .
Humor and irony are frequently used in the book . Mark Lawson of The Guardian considered the narrator 's tone to be " sardonic [ ally ] empath [ etic ] " , and other critics have characterized the beginning of the novel as comical . When Cal is baptized as an infant by Father Mike , a Greek Orthodox clergyman , the priest receives a surprise : " From between my cherubic legs a stream of crystalline liquid shot into the air ... Propelled by a full bladder , it cleared the lip of the font ... [ and ] struck Father Mike right in the middle of the face . " Derek Weiler of the Toronto Star noted that Eugenides has witty commentary about German compound words and the " horrific qualities of public men 's rooms " . The author employed another writing device — abrupt incongruity — in describing Desdemona 's physical appearances to suggest that her incestuous acts should be taken lightly when judging her . In describing her hair , he wrote that her " braids were not delicate like a little girl 's but heavy and womanly , possessing a natural power , like a beaver 's tail " . According to Penelope Music of Book Magazine , the mismatch in tone of the final two words compared with the rest of the sentence was such that the reading experience was changed from " run @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mill magical realism to true , subversive comedy " . An instance of irony is illustrated by Cal 's grandparents and parents : His grandparents assimilate into American culture through hard work and struggles while retaining certain old customs . His parents , however , abandon their roots for a more comfortable lifestyle . In another incident , the diner owned by the Stephanides is engulfed in flames during the 1967 Detroit riot . Cal notes that " [ s ] hameful as it is to say , the riots were the best thing that ever happened to us . " The diner was insured and the Stephanides gain a windfall payout .
= = = Narrative modes = = =
Middlesex is written in the form of a memoir , and switches between the first and the third person in several spots . Used as a comedic device , the third person narratives illustrate Cal 's estrangement from Calliope : When he refers to her in the third person , he is identifying her as someone other than him . Patricia Chu , a scholar of English literature , noted the effectiveness of this style in the chapter in which the adolescent Callie searches for information on hermaphroditism . As the teenager reads Webster 's Dictionary , following the trail of definitions related to her condition , she reaches the entry for hermaphrodite . The narration switches from personal to external , lending poignancy to the character 's final discovery as she confronts the word " monster " .
Although the protagonist switches gender throughout the book , Cal 's manners of speech and thought are identical to Callie 's . Believing that males and females have no inherent disparities in their writing styles , Eugenides treated Cal and Callie as the same person , in terms of narrative voice . He also fixed the narrative voice in terms of age by setting up Cal to relate the entire story at one time . Eugenides gave his protagonist a mostly male outlook , justifying his treatment with the reasoning that Cal or Callie was a man in terms of appearance , sexual desires , and the brain . He asked his wife and other women to review his approaches on Cal 's feminine views . The " emotional stuff " was accurate but Eugenides had to refine certain details , such as those about toenail polish .
At the beginning of the book when Cal discusses his family 's history and actions prior to his birth , he speaks in an androgynous voice , with limited omniscience ; he acknowledges that he is fabricating some of the details . John Mullan , University College London 's professor of English and a contributor to The Guardian , wrote that by permitting Cal to be unrealistically aware of fellow characters ' thoughts , Eugenides intentionally contravenes an elementary standard in storytelling fiction . In the novel 's closing pages , Cal provides minute details about his father 's dying moments and thoughts in a nonsensical car accident even though he is several thousand miles from the scene and only learns of the tragedy from his brother . Cal has the ability to dwell in the minds of others because as a female who has become a male , his identity is not confined by his own body . According to Mullan , this " mobility of identification becomes a narrative principle " and is thoroughly exploited in Middlesex . The novel follows the principle that people are molded by events prior to their birth , and Eugenides explores a character 's prenatal life in terms of his or her genes ; the narrator is , however , subject to the principle that whatever he does not know is of his imagination . As such , contradictory statements highlight the unreliable nature of Cal 's narration . While narrating the story that pre @-@ dates his birth , he remarks , " Of course , a narrator in my position ( prefetal at the time ) can 't be entirely sure about any of this . " However , he later says , " I alone , from the private box of my primordial egg , saw what was going on . " Cal 's dubious omniscience , doubtful narration , and parodies combine to show that his unreliability is an act of mischief .
Mullan remarked that Eugenides ' narrator has a proclivity to reveal events that will happen in the future . Cal is a narrator who is absorbed in how his fate has been shaped . Cal eschews a chronological telling of the story , where he shares the characters ' nescience . He chooses instead to relate the story beginning with his future knowledge . Cal 's genes reflect an anticipation of the future : the disclosure of his actual sex identity . Cal mimics this " genetic inevitability " by enjoining the readers to know the future prior to its occurring . Mullan observed that " [ f ] or the reader , apprehension predominates over surprise " as a result of this narrative style .
= = = Genres = = =
The Kirkus Reviews described Middlesex as a " virtuosic combination of elegy , sociohistorical study , and picaresque adventure " , and Adam Begley in The New York Observer called it " a hybrid form , epic crossed with history , romance , comedy , tragedy . " Other reviews also categorized the book under various genres . Covering the lives of three generations of the Stephanides family , Middlesex is considered a family saga by novelist Geraldine Bedell . The book is more than a mere family saga , according to Samuel Cohen in his paper for Twentieth Century Literature ; it depicts the Stephanides ' trials and tribulations through historical events . Cohen is not convinced by Eugenides ' declaration that Middlesex was not conceived as a historical novel ; he said the novel satisfied much of the criterion for the genre . Cal , narrating his story in 2002 , describes events from the early 1920s to the mid @-@ 1970s . According to Cohen , the difference in timeframes , at least 25 years apart , " establishes that the novel is set safely in the past " .
According to Stewart O 'Nan of The Atlantic , Cal 's narration evokes the style of the picaresque novel , retelling events that have already occurred and foreshadowing the future through " portentous glimpses " . Francisco Collado @-@ Rodríguez , a professor of American Literature , classified the beginning of Middlesex as a historiographical and metafictional chronicle for its discussion of events such as the Greco @-@ Turkish war and the Great Fire of Smyrna . He also considered the first section of the novel as a tragicomedy about the Stephanides ' migration from Greece and assimilation into America . Soar posited Desdemona and Lefty 's passage as a romantic comedy : the lovers , brother and sister , pretend to be strangers who meet for the first time , attempting " to unknow themselves , to remythologise themselves by developing a past they could live with , unfamiliar and therefore permissible " . As the story progresses , Middlesex becomes a social novel about Detroit , discussing the seclusion of living in a 1970s suburb . At the end of the novel , the story adopts the tone of the detective genre .
The novel is characterized as a " dramatic " Bildungsroman with a " big twist " because the coming @-@ of @-@ age story is revealed to be the incorrect one : after being nurtured as a woman , Cal must instead learn to become a man . The book has " two distinct and occasionally warring halves " . Whereas the first part is about hermaphrodites , the second is about Greeks . The latter half , " full of incest , violence , and terrible family secrets " , was considered by Daniel Mendelsohn , an author and critic , to be more effective because Middlesex is largely about how Callie inherited the momentous gene that " ends up defining her indefinable life " .
Writing for The New Republic , James Wood classified Middlesex as a story written in the vein of hysterical realism . He said the novel is influenced by its own recounting of " excitements , patternings , and implausibilities that lie on the soft side of magical realism " . Such moments in the book include how two cousins conceive " on the same night and at the same moment " and how years later , those children marry each other . Woods also pointed out the seeming coincidences that involved locales . Smyrna is the burning city from which she flees to start a new life ; New Smyrna Beach is where she spends her retirement . Effectively serving as a double entendre , the title of the book refers to the name of the street where Cal stays at and describes his situation : a hermaphrodite brought up as a girl but who decides to become a boy . Cal 's condition is also reflected in his choice of locale to narrate the novel : Berlin is a city formerly of " two halves or sexes " ( East and West ) .
= = Themes = =
= = = Rebirth = = =
Following the Great Fire of Smyrna , Lefty and Desdemona must start life anew . When she is 14 years old , Callie experiences a second birth to become Cal . To become a male , Callie peregrinates across the United States and becomes a midwife of her new life by teaching herself to forget what she has learned as a female . Likewise , Cal 's grandparents undergo a transformation , becoming husband and wife instead of brother and sister . Middlesex delves into the concept of identity , including how it is formed and how it is administered . The immigrant predicament is a metaphor and synecdoche for Calliope 's hermaphroditic condition ; Callie 's paternal grandparents become Americanized through the amalgamation of the elements of heredity , cultural metamorphoses , and probability . Callie 's maternal grandfather , Jimmy Zizmo , undergoes a rebirth when he transforms from a bootlegger into Farrad Mohammad , a Muslim minister .
= = = American Dream = = =
Middlesex traces the trials and adversity faced by the Stephanides family as they pursue the American Dream . Beginning with Lefty and Desdemona , Cal 's grandparents , fleeing from their homeland to Ellis Island and the United States , the novel later depicts the family living in a suburban vista at Grosse Pointe , Michigan . After they immigrate to the United States , Lefty and Desdemona find themselves in a blissful America on the brink of economic collapse . They dream about a perfect America where effort and morals will lead to good fortune . However , they must seek to attain this perfection during a period characterized by Prohibition and xenophobic anti @-@ immigration legislation . Middlesex depicts the tribulations of attaining an identity , especially while dealing with the revelation that the American Dream is a delusion that has already disappeared .
= = = Race relations = = =
Middlesex portrays the race relations between people of different cultures ; Mendelsohn considered the handling of this theme " preachy and nervous " . In the United States , a strongly nativist country in the 1920s , Greek immigrants must suffer numerous humiliations at the hands of prejudiced whites . When Cal 's grandfather Lefty , a recent Greek immigrant , is working at one of Henry Ford 's automobile factories , Ford investigators attempt to Americanize him . They visit his house to ascertain that he has been living as a typical American . For example , during his first English @-@ language lesson , Lefty is taught that " [ e ] mployees should use plenty of soap and water in the home " . The narrow @-@ minded nativists believe that immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe are unaware of the value of soap and water .
According to scholar Robert Zecker , the novel depicts African @-@ American poverty but does not illustrate its causes . None of the characters think about how 500 @,@ 000 African @-@ Americans were placed in cramped living areas of only 25 square blocks and the bitterness and rage that stems from such conditions . The African Americans do not forget the years of oppression they have endured . However , the Greek Americans , like other whites , fail to remember that the African Americans were assaulted by whites in 1943 and faced over two decades of oppression after that . Instead , Zecker noted that the characters in the novel believe that the 1967 Detroit riots are " inexplicable cataclysms that came out of nowhere " .
The novel skims over the brutal attacks , lasting a week , on blacks in Detroit during World War II . Years later , in 1967 , Lefty is incorrectly told that that year 's Detroit riots were started by a black man raping a white woman ; this falsehood is never rectified . However , despite this misinformation , Lefty denies service to a number of white customers who partook in the riots . One dismissed customer even yells at him , " [ w ] hy don 't you go back to your own country ? " , returning the spotlight of racial prejudice on him .
The relationship between the Greek Americans and the African Americans is fraught with prejudice . For example , during the Depression , Desdemona is shocked and humiliated that she will have to work in the Black Bottom , a predominantly black neighborhood . When African Americans are beaten or taken advantage of by whites , the characters in Middlesex " suddenly are nearsighted " to the racial prejudice . Despite being in the United States for only 10 years and having experienced racism herself , she can , Zecker noted , " recite at heart the slights at blacks as lazy , dirty , sexually promiscuous , and incapable of self @-@ help " . She and other whites , including immigrants whites , feel rage because they are " convinced they were somehow forced out of Detroit following 1967 " . While walking through the neighborhood , a group of African @-@ American men loafing in front of a barbershop wolf @-@ whistle to Desdemona and make lascivious comments , thus confirming the racial stereotype .
Zecker remarked that in an ironic twist , immediately after the riots , Desdemona 's family is shamed by a white realtor who " doubts their fitness ( whiteness ) " to live in the rich city Grosse Point . In the 1970s , African Americans , instead of Mediterraneans , were discriminated against through redlining . Zecker opined that by framing African Americans as the " eternal destroyers " and white ethnics as " yet again the oppressed innocents " , Eugenides " captures perfectly the dominant narrative of urban decline in the early twenty @-@ first century American Zeitgeist " . Insurance settlement from the damage caused at the riots allows the Stephanides to purchase a home away from the African Americans . The family participates in the white flight from the city to avoid the racial desegregation in the public schools , sends Cal to a private school .
= = = Ethnic identity = = =
When Lefty and Desdemona are forced to immigrate to the United States , they have different mindsets . Whereas Lefty embraces his new country 's customs , Desdemona is adamant that she will follow her old country 's ways . For example , she is angered that her " immigrant hair " is chopped off because she does not want to " look like an Amerikanidha " and decides to regrow her hair immediately . Lefty attempts to assimilate into American culture by zealously learning English . Lina , the cousin of Lefty and Desdemona , is the paragon of immigrant integration . Cal noted : " In the five years since leaving Turkey , Sourmelina had managed to erase just about everything identifiably Greek about her . "
Cal 's father , Milton , and his friends and family cherish their Sunday gatherings . They debate and tell stories to each other , attempting to regain their ethnic roots . A " contrarian " , Milton enjoys debating Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger and lamenting the steep cost of church candles . Eugenides repeatedly returns the gathering prior to Cal 's conception to " manufacture a psychology that drives his narration " . As the immigrants attempt to maintain their identity , the stage is set for Cal 's writing even before he is conceived .
Middlesex delves into the schism and reconciling of two opposites by contrasting the experiences and opinions of males and females ; Greek Americans and White Anglo @-@ Saxon Protestants ; Greeks and Turks ; and , African Americans and White Americans . Critic Raoul Eshelman noted that despite these conflicts , the narrator is able to achieve " ethnic reconciliation " when he moves to Berlin and lives with the Turks , people who had murdered his forebears in the early 20th century and who had indirectly allowed his grandparents to consummate their incestuous relationship . Alkarim Jivani opined on BBC Television 's current affairs broadcast Newsnight that " [ o ] nly a child of the Diaspora can do that , because we stand on the threshold of two rooms . " The novel also demonstrates that love and family are vital not only to people with unambiguous genders , but also hermaphrodites .
The Greek immigrant family experiences a three @-@ phase acculturation that occurs to immigrant families , according to scholar Merton Lee 's research about sociologist George A. Kourvetaris ' work . Each generation identifies with different nationalities and cultures . In the first generation , the family members classify themselves as having a Greek nationality . In the second generation , the children classify themselves with an American nationality and Greek Orthodox religion . In the third generation , the grandchildren , who comprise the most acculturated group , characterize themselves with " Greek @-@ immigration status as a class " .
The Stephanides lineage is from Bithynios , a village in Asia Minor where the Greek middleman minority is inclined to be in uneasy relations with the Turkish majority . The people of the middleman minority do not assimilate because of their small mercantile businesses and because their host country is antagonistic towards them . Desdemona , a first @-@ generation Greek immigrant , reflects a fixation with not assimilating . She tells her husband Lefty that she does not want to become an " Amerikanidha " and is frightened that her cousin Lina 's husband , Jimmy Zizmo , is a Pontian Greek . Desdemona considers Pontians to be adulterated Greeks because Pontians inhabited Turkey , where some became Muslims and did not follow the Greek Orthodox religion .
Daniel Soar opined that Olympus , a parallel to Bithynios , served well as the starting point of a debacle ( the eventual birth of an intersex person ) that is the " story 's catalyst " . In Mount Olympus during Justinian 's days , silkworm eggs were contraband transported from China to Byzantium by missionaries . A parallel is drawn when Desdemona , a raiser of silk cocoons , attempts to bring them to Detroit . Because the silkworm eggs are considered parasites by the immigration officials , Desdemona must dispose of them . Soar noted that " for the three generations of Greek Americans who people Middlesex , the mulberry trees of Mount Olympus are an appropriately antique beginning : they are the egg inside which everything began " .
= = = Greek mythical allusions = = =
Middlesex has several allusions to Greek classical myths ; for example , the protagonist is named after Calliope , the muse of heroic poetry . Eugenides was partly inspired by the explorations of hermaphrodism in Greek myths to write the novel about an intersex man . In Middlesex , Cal acts out the story of Hermaphroditus , the Greek deity of bisexuality and effeminacy , while eking out a living in San Francisco . While narrating , Cal enters his ancestors ' thoughts and empathizes with them , an ability possessed by Hermaphroditus . The protagonist compared himself to another mythical figure — Tiresias , the blind prophet of Thebes ; the omniscient seer lived seven years as woman because of a curse .
Eugenides and several critics compared Cal 's condition to mythical creatures described by the ancient Greeks . The author alluded his protagonist 's nature and heritage to the Minotaur , the half @-@ man and half @-@ bull creature . Cal 's father is conceived after his grandparents ' attendance of a theatric play entitled The Minotaur . The puzzle of Cal 's genetic identity is akin to the creature 's labyrinth and the thread that leads out of the maze is held here by his paternal grandmother , a former silk farmer . Frances Bartkowski , a scholar of English , named Callie in her puberty as a chimera . The mythical monster is an analogy for a complex personality , a mixture of body parts from various animals that each represents a human aspect or characteristic . Similarly , adolescent Callie is an amalgamation of her genes , neither male nor female , neither adult nor child , and yet all of them at the same time .
In her book column for Detroit Free Press , Marta Salij said that Cal 's identity crisis resembles Odysseus 's fate . Whereas the mythical hero is troubled by Poseidon and succored by Athena , the intersex protagonist is affected by his chromosomes in a similar manner . John Sykes , Professor of English and Religion Education , noted another Greek @-@ hero reference . In a manner similar to Oedipus 's fulfillment of Pythia 's prophecy to slay his father and marry his mother , Callie validates the prediction her grandmother made before her birth by adopting a male identity . Eugenides also used the allusions to Greek mythology and modern pop music to show the passing of familial traits and idiosyncrasies from one generation to the next .
= = = Nature versus nurture = = =
The novel examines the nature versus nurture debate in detail . At the beginning of the novel , Cal writes , " Sing now , O Muse , of the recessive mutation on my fifth chromosome . " He then apologizes , saying , " Sorry if I get a little Homeric at times . That 's genetic , too . " This is an allusion to the poet Homer , who was also captivated with the nature versus nurture debate . In fact , Cal himself confesses , " If you were going to devise an experiment to measure the relative influences of nature versus nurture , you couldn 't come up with anything better than my life . "
Callie inherited the mutation for a gene that causes 5 @-@ alpha @-@ reductase deficiency , which impedes the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone . While the former hormone causes the brain to become masculine , it is the latter that molds male genitals . When Callie reaches puberty , her testosterone levels increase significantly , resulting in the formation of a larger Adam 's apple , the broadening of her muscles , the deepening of her voice , and the augmentation of her clitoris to resemble a penis . Doctors determine that Callie has the XY chromosomes of a male after inspecting Callie 's genitalia . Callie 's parents bring her to New York City to see Dr. Peter Luce , a foremost expert on hermaphroditism , who believes she should retain her female identity . Luce plans a gender reassignment surgery to make her a female . However , Callie knows that she is sexually attracted to females , and decides to run away to pursue a male identity . When Cal has a sexual relationship with the Japanese @-@ American photographer Julie at the end of the book , he is able to love " without the need to penetrate the object of his desire " .
Mark Lawson of The Guardian noted that the cause of Cal 's hermaphroditic condition is an inherited recessive gene . According to UC Riverside psychology professor Sonja Lyubomirsky , the novel examines how an individual 's traits are due neither solely to nature nor solely to nurture . Similarly , Cal 's gender cannot be defined solely as male or female . Rather , it is both male and female . Addressing how genetic determinism may have renewed the antediluvian beliefs about destiny , Eugenides refutes the post @-@ Freudian beliefs that a person 's traits are mainly due to nurture . Thus , the novel pits evolutionary biology against free will . Eugenides sought to find a compromise between these two views . Explaining that gender is a " very American concept " , he believes that " humans are freer than we realize . Less genetically encumbered " .
= = = Gender identity and intersex status = = =
Raised as a girl , Cal views himself as a girl who likes other girls . His ability to have a " feminine gender schema " despite his having male genes , substantiates the constructionist position that gender identity is fully dependent on outer influences . However , when Callie discovers that he could have been raised as a boy , he renounces his female gender , recognizing his chosen gender identity as a male . Disowning the female gender before he learned about masculine traits bolsters the argument for the " essentialist ideology of identity " . Cal 's embrace of his inherent male identity and renunciation of his childhood female gender identity is articulated when he reflects , " I never felt out of place being a girl , I still don 't feel entirely at home among men . "
Cal exhibits many masculine characteristics when he is a child . He writes , " I began to exude some kind of masculinity , in the way I tossed up and caught my eraser , for instance . " In another incident , Cal discusses how his penchants were masculine . While his female classmates are turned off by the blood in The Iliad , Cal is " thrilled to [ read about ] the stabbings and beheadings , the gouging out of eyes , the juicy eviscerations " . Cal ponders his gender identity and how males and females associate with each other , reflecting , " Did I see through the male tricks because I was destined to scheme that way myself ? Or do girls see through the tricks , too , and just pretend not to notice ? "
Cal also exhibits feminine characteristics , which allows Dr. Luce to classify her as possessing a female gender identity . In a home video taken when Cal was a child , his mother gives him a doll and he nurses it with a milk bottle . Luce carefully observes Callie 's actions and diagnoses them as feminine , which causes him to determine that Callie has a feminine gender identity . Luce then concludes that gender identity is nurtured and etched into children at their young ages .
Determining sex is paradoxical because the characters believe that the outward view of genitalia identifies one 's sex ; Cal 's transformation into a male shatters this belief and the methodology behind determining gender . Eugenides addresses how difficult it was for humans to devise a " universal classification for sex " . Through Cal , scholar Angela Pattatucci Aragon stated , Eugenides opines that the 1876 system devised by Edwin Klebs that used gonad tissue to determine sex provides the most accurate answer .
According to intersex activist and academic Morgan Holmes , Eugenides posits that a person 's sexual attraction determines his or her gender . Cal 's wish to become male because he desires females demonstrates a link between gender identity and sexuality . While Callie is not permitted to love the Obscure Object openly , Cal can freely love Julie . Holmes believed that the depiction of Callie " denies the legitimate place of lesbian desire and rewrites it as male heterosexuality " . Book reviewer Georgia Warnke has a similar view . She wrote that by making these choices in the novel , Eugenides agrees with the belief that being attracted to females is " masculine " and thus it is " more natural " for a male to be attracted to a female than a female be attracted to a female . Daniel Mendelsohn of The New York Review of Books argued that Callie does not have to be a male in order to be drawn towards females ; she could be gay . As an adult , Cal brags , " Breasts have the same effect on me as on anyone with my testosterone level . " Mendelsohn noted that this assertion will astonish " Eugenides 's ( presumably testosterone @-@ rich ) gay male readership " . Scholar Rachel Carroll agreed , writing that teenage Callie 's erotic interest in girls is " retroactively explained and legitimized , by the discovery of his ' true biological nature ' " . Cal 's gender identity postdates rather than predates his sexual interests . Carroll posited that Cal 's inability to form heterosexual relationships as an adult is founded not upon his being intersex , but on his rejection of the sexual ambiguities that form his sexual interests as a youth .
When Callie is in New York , she goes to the New York Public Library and searches for the meaning of the word " hermaphrodite " ; she is shocked when the dictionary entry concludes with " See synonyms at MONSTER " . Callie is not a Frankenstein ; she is more like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster . Bartkowski stated that Eugenides ' message is " we must let our monsters out — they demand and deserve recognition — they are us : our same , self , others . " Morgan Holmes , formerly of ISNA , describes how the book constructs an intersex character whose life reproduces " social fascination with the monstrous and the deviant . "
Sarah Graham wrote in Ariel , a journal published by University of Calgary , that Eugenides ' " persisen [ t ] " use of the word " hermaphrodite " , instead of " intersex " , alludes to Hermaphroditus . Hermaphroditus , a young man , is chased by the nymph Salmacis . She begs the Gods to bind her and Hermaphroditus together , and the Gods literally fulfill her wish . Hermaphroditus ' name is a compound of his parent 's names — Hermes and Aphrodite . He instantaneously turns into someone of both sexes . Devastated because he is no longer fully male , he " curses " the location where he first met Salmacis . Graham stated that the use of " hermaphrodite " carries negative connotations :
Based on this origin story , the hermaphrodite 's lot is miserable , associated with disempowerment , the theft of identity and an unhappy dual existence . In addition , the term " hermaphrodite " may be deemed problematic because it alludes to an impossible state of being : no @-@ one can be equally male and female and the preferred term " intersex " indicates a blended rather than divided state . While the modern term might indicate the possibility of redefining sexual ambivalence , Cal is associated in the novel with the mythic term and all it connotes . His connection to this tragic figure is confirmed by his performance as " Hermaphroditus " in a sex show at the age of fourteen , just as he is beginning his female to male transition .
Writing that he belongs to the Intersex Society of America , Cal notes that he has not participated in any of the group 's rallies because he is not a " political person " . While discussing political activism , Cal uses the word " intersex " , though in other parts of the novel , he uses the word " hermaphrodite " . In the 1920s , Bernice L. Hausman described " intersexuality " as a " continuum of physiological and anatomical sex differences " , contesting the notion of a " true sex " concealed in the tissues of the body . Though " hermaphrodite " is burdened by the implications of the anomaly , " intersexuality " is a neologism that tries to " naturalize various sexes , which themselves are naturally occurring " . Because Cal uses " hermaphrodite " , he indicates that the sole normal genders are the classifications of male and female . Eugenides was asked by an Oprah 's Book Club member why he used the term " hermaphrodite " despite its usage being " either terribly ignorant or unforgivably callous " . Eugenides replied that he reserved " hermaphrodite " for a literary character : Hermaphroditus . He further stated : " When speaking about real people , I should — and I do my best to — use the term ' intersex ' . " Noting that one of the initial sources he consulted was the journal Hermaphrodites with Attitude published by the Intersex Society of North America , he said that those writers have " co @-@ opted " the term " hermaphrodite " . Their action is reminiscent , Eugenides wrote , of how some members of the gay community have " reclaimed " the term " queer " . Eugenides stated that it is no surprise that Cal uses " hermaphrodite " and further elaborated : " It 's paradoxical : Cal can say ' hermaphodite ' but I can 't . Or shouldn 't . "
= = = Incest and intersex = = =
Incest and intersex is another theme in Middlesex . Eugenides examines the passionate feelings that siblings living in seclusion experience for each other . Milton and Tessie , second cousins , are conceived during the same night , hinting to the incest of Desdemona and Lefty . Desdemona and Lefty 's incestuous relationship is a transgression of a powerful taboo , indicating that someone will suffer for their wrongs ; in a way , Cal 's intersex condition symbolizes this Greek hubris . In another incestuous relationship , Milton makes love to Tessie using a clarinet which he lovingly rubs against her ; their incestuous relationship enables them to contribute mutated genes to their child Cal . Cal 's mother interferes with fate by attempting to make her second child a daughter . Cal believes this interference was a factor in his being a hermaphrodite . Conversely , Cal 's relationship with his brother , Chapter Eleven , is indicative of the possible dissimilarities that are products of the biosocial .
Thea Hillman , an intersex activist and board member for ( the now defunct ) Intersex Society of North America ( ISNA ) , wrote in the Lambda Book Report , 2002 , that the combination of incest and intersex is " inaccurate and misleading " . Noting that incest is a loathed social taboo that has " shameful , pathological and criminal repercussions " , she criticized Eugenides for underscoring that Cal 's intersex condition is due to incest . Hillman stated that this adds to the fallacious belief that intersex people are " shameful and sick " and a danger to society 's wellbeing .
Sarah Graham agrees with Hillman and Holmes , writing that Cal is paralleled with the tragic Greek mythological characters Hermaphroditus , Tiresias , and the Minotaur . She opined that other " deviant " characters in the novel such as Lefty and Desdemona are spared the " tragic or monstrous " allusions even though there are numerous examples of incest in Greek mythology . She listed the marriage of Oedipus and his mother Jocasta , as well as the son Adonis produced by the incest between Theias and his daughter Smyrna as examples . Therefore , Graham stated that comparing Cal , a hermaphrodite , to people who were " mythological monsters " is " complicit with [ the ] exploitation " of intersex people .
= = Reception = =
= = = Honors and adaptation = = =
In 2003 , Middlesex was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction . The Pulitzer Board wrote in their report that Middlesex is a " vastly realized , multi @-@ generational novel as highspirited as it is intelligent . . . Like the masks of Greek drama , Middlesex is equal parts comedy and tragedy , but its real triumph is its emotional abundance , delivered with consummate authority and grace . " Eugenides was attending the Prague Writers ' Festival when Middlesex won the Pulitzer Prize . When a young Associated Press photographer notified him about winning the award , Eugenides was dubious , noting that " [ i ] t seemed very unlikely that he would be the messenger of such news . " At the time , Eugenides was with the Canadian author Yann Martel who confirmed the photographer 's words after checking on the hotel 's computer . A waiter brought champagne to Eugenides , and Greek women started kissing him . When journalists called Eugenides , he declined to take their calls , saying in an interview later that he wanted to " celebrate the moment instead of leaping immediately into the media maelstrom " .
The novel received the Ambassador Book Award , Spain 's Santiago de Compostela Literary Prize , and the Great Lakes Book Award . In 2003 , it was a finalist in the fictional category of the National Book Critics Circle Award . Middlesex was also a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award , which is given to LGBT literature . In 2003 , the novel was shortlisted for but did not win the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award . Entertainment Weekly , the Los Angeles Times , and The New York Times Book Review considered Middlesex to be one of the best books in 2002 . In 2007 , Oprah Winfrey chose Middlesex to be discussed in her book club . Eugenides was a guest on Oprah 's show with several intersex individuals who told stories about their lives . In 2011 , Eugenides was interviewed by University College London English professor John Mullan in The Guardian Book Club .
The audiobook version of Middlesex was released by Macmillan Audio in September 2002 . Read by Kristoffer Tabori , the audiobook has 28 sides , each side having a unique style of introductory music that complements the atmosphere and plot of the saga . In 2003 , the audiobook received an Audie Award in the " unabridged fiction " category .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Some critics were dissatisfied with the scope of the novel . Daniel Mendelsohn of The New York Times Book Review wrote that thematically , there was no reason that a Greek should be an intersex or vice versa and that Eugenides had two disconnected stories to tell . Caly Risen of Flak Magazine believed that the immigrant experience was the " heart of the novel " , lamenting that it minimized the story of Callie / Cal who is such a " fascinating character that the reader feels short @-@ changed by his failure to take her / him further " . Risen wished to read more about the events between Cal 's adolescence and adulthood , such as Cal 's experience in college as an intersex person as well as the relationships he had . The Washington Post 's Lisa Zeidner opined that Eugenides purposefully devised this asymmetry . Stewart O 'Nan of The Atlantic also felt that the brief description of Callie 's childhood was lacking ; the book " gloss [ es ] over " how her mother did not recognize that Callie had male genitalia when she was washing or clothing Callie . Further , O 'Nan characterized Cal 's relationship with the Japanese @-@ American photographer Julie as " underdeveloped " , causing the reader not to experience its entirety . Michelle Vellucci of People had the same view about the novel 's end , writing that the conclusion felt " rushed " .
Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly called the novel a " big @-@ hearted , restless story " and rated it an A minus . Lisa Zeidner of the Washington Post opined that Middlesex " provides not only incest à la Ada and a Lolita @-@ style road trip , but enough dense detail to keep fans of close reading manically busy . " Tami Hoag of People concurred , writing that " this feast of a novel is thrilling in the scope of its imagination and surprising in its tenderness " . Andrew O 'Hehir of Salon agreed , praising Middlesex as an " epic and wondrous " novel filled with numerous characters and historical occurrences . Mendelsohn praised Middlesex for its " dense narrative , interwoven with sardonic , fashionably postmodern commentary " . However , he criticized the novel as a disjointed hybrid . He wrote Eugenides was successful with the story of the Greek immigrants , which he described as " authenti [ c ] " , but mishandled the hermaphrodite material , which Mendelsohn characterized as " unpersuasiv [ e ] " . The Economist review stated that a more concise , concentrated depiction of hermaphroditism would have made the book more " fun to read " . Jeff Zaleski of Publishers Weekly praised Eugenides ' portrayal of the girl , Callie , and the man Cal . Zaleski wrote that " [ i ] t 's difficult to imagine any serious male writer of earlier eras so effortlessly transcending the stereotypes of gender . " Paul Quinn of Contemporary Literary Criticism commended the novel , writing : " That Eugenides manages to move us without sinking into sentiment shows how successfully he has avoided the tentacles of irony which grip so many writers of his generation . " Christina McCarroll of The Christian Science Monitor wrote that " Eugenides wrangles with a destiny that mutates and recombines like restless chromosomes , in a novel of extraordinary flexibility , scope , and emotional depth . "
Marta Salij of the Detroit Free Press was impressed with the book 's depiction of Detroit , writing " [ a ] t last Detroit has its novel . What Dublin got from James Joyce — a sprawling , ambitious , loving , exasperated and playful chronicle of all its good and bad parts — Detroit has from native son Eugenides in these 500 pages . " David Kipen of the San Francisco Chronicle agreed , opining " [ a ] mong so many other things , this praiseworthy , prize @-@ worthy yarn succeeds as a heartbroken mash note to the Detroit of Eugenides ' birth , a city whose neighborhoods he sometimes appears to love — as he loves his characters — less for their virtues than for their defects . Any book that can make a reader actively want to visit Detroit must have one honey of a tiger in its tank . " .
Several critics have nominated the book for the title of " Great American Novel " . Tim Morris , a professor at the University of Texas at Arlington , wrote that the novel was " the latest in a long line of contenders for the status of Great American Novel " , and compared Cal to Huckleberry Finn , the narrator of Invisible Man , and J. Sutter in John Henry Days . Alexander Linklater of the Evening Standard commented that American publishers chose Middlesex as the next Great American Novel to generate progress for American fiction and that Eugenides is considered the " next stepping stone along from Jonathan Franzen " . Dan Cryer of Newsday wrote that with the publication of Middlesex , " [ f ] inally , Detroit has its very own great American novel " .
David Gates of Newsweek contrasted Eugenides ' debut novel The Virgin Suicides with Middlesex , writing that the first novel was " ingenious " , " entertaining " , and " oddly moving " , but that Middlesex is " ingenious " , " entertaining " , and " ultimately not @-@ so @-@ moving " . Despite this criticism , Gates considered Middlesex to be the novel where Eugenides " finally plays his metafictional ace " . Commenting that Middlesex is " more discursive and funnier " than The Virgin Suicides , Laura Miller of Salon wrote that the two novels deal with disunity . Max Watman of The New Criterion concurred , noting that Middlesex is " funny , big , embracing , and wonderful " , unlike Eugenides ' first novel . Mark Lawson of The Guardian praised Middlesex for having the same unique qualities as The Virgin Suicides , commenting that Middlesex had " an ability to describe the horrible in a comic voice , an unusual form of narration and an eye for bizarre detail " . Lawson noted that whereas Middlesex deals with the " links " among gender , life , and genes , The Virgin Suicides deals with the " connections " between gender and death .
According to Olivia Banner of Signs , medical journals generally had positive reviews of the novel for its depiction of the inner lives of intersex people . Writing in Archives of Disease in Childhood , Simon Fountain @-@ Polley praised the novel , writing : " All clinicians , and families who have faced gender crises or difficult life @-@ changing decision [ s ] on identity should read this book ; delve into an emotional trip of discovery — where the slightest direction change could lead to myriad different lives " . Abraham Bergman wrote in the Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine : " Yes , it is fiction , but I cannot imagine a more authentic and sensitive voice . Because our interactions usually take place in limited and structured setting such as offices and hospitals , pediatricians have scant opportunity to learn how our young patients think . One way to sharpen our awareness is to listen to children 's voices as they are expressed in books . In Middlesex , the voice is loud and clear . " Banner noted that most of the reviews in intersex and queer publications praised Middlesex . She posited that the problematic issues of a " heteromasculine @-@ identified narrator " and the " fact that it was authored by a heterosexual man " may have been outweighed by the necessity for an appropriate reading that " destigmatizes ambiguous sex " .
Eugenides ' third novel , The Marriage Plot , was published in 2011 . Reviewer William Deresiewicz contrasted The Marriage Plot and Middlesex , writing that the former was " far more intimate in tone and scale " . The Marriage Plot follows two years in the lives of three characters , fourth @-@ year Brown University students in 1982 , whereas Middlesex follows the lives of three generations of characters . Deresiewicz preferred the 2011 novel , writing that " [ t ] he books are far apart in quality " . He criticized Middlesex for its " [ c ] lanking prose , clunky exposition , transparent devices , telegraphed moves " , " a hash of narrative contrivances with very little on its mind " . On a more positive note , Deresiewicz lauded Eugenides ' colorful depiction of " young love " across his three novels . In The Virgin Suicides , Eugenides resplendently portrayed the intense fear during virginal sex , as well as Gabriel García Márquez , the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate ; in Middlesex , the single event in which the novel " comes to life " is Eugenides ' depiction of Callie 's liaison with her adolescent lover ; and in The Marriage Plot , the novel was exceptional in its " sweet banter of courtship " and the " doormat nice @-@ boy role " the character Mitchell assumes in his interplay with his darling , Madeleine .
= = = Sales = = =
From the book 's publication until the early months of 2003 , its sales were unsatisfactory , according to Bill Goldstein of The New York Times . In the week following April 7 , 2003 , the day Middlesex won the Pulitzer Prize , the book sold 2 @,@ 700 copies . The book later made the best @-@ selling fiction list and kept its position for five weeks . In June 2007 , the novel ranked seventh on USA Today 's Best @-@ Selling Books list . In the same month , after Eugenides appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss the novel , Middlesex placed second on The New York Times best @-@ selling paperback fiction list . The Pulitzer award nearly propelled Middlesex to The New York Times Best Seller list , which in 2003 published only the top 15 bestsellers ; in the week after Middlesex was announced the winner of the Pulitzer Prize , the novel placed 17th on the " expanded list " . In 2007 , 1 @.@ 3 million copies of the book had been sold . The same year , the book placed ninth on the Library Journal bestsellers list , which ranks " the books most borrowed in U.S. libraries " . By May 2011 , over three million copies of Middlesex had been sold .
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= Utah State Route 202 =
State Route 202 ( SR @-@ 202 ) is a 1 @.@ 907 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 069 km ) long state highway in the U.S. state of Utah that serves as a connector , linking SR @-@ 201 to Interstate 80 ( I @-@ 80 ) in rural Salt Lake County . The road has existed since at least 1937 , when it connected U.S. Route 40 ( US @-@ 40 ) and US @-@ 50 via the Garfield Cut @-@ Off Road . It also serves as the eastbound on @-@ ramp for I @-@ 80 .
= = Route description = =
Located entirely in Salt Lake County , Utah , SR @-@ 202 begins at an intersection with SR @-@ 201 and 11500 West northwest of Magna , Utah . The road travels northwesterly , bordered on the east by a large tailing pond owned by Kennecott Utah Copper and part of the former Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad rail line , which is now owned by the Union Pacific Railroad ( UP ) . The parallel rail line intersects a pair of east – west rail lines , the southern line being UP main line , and the northern line being the Feather River Route of the former Western Pacific Railroad , which is now owned by UP . After crossing the rail lines , SR @-@ 202 intersects with I @-@ 80 near the Great Salt Lake State Park and comes to a terminus at the I @-@ 80 frontage road , which provides access to the Great Salt Lake State Park and to the Saltair resort . Kennecott Utah Copper owns all of the land surrounding SR @-@ 202 , except for the right @-@ of @-@ way for the railroad , and the highway itself .
SR @-@ 202 serves as the eastbound ramp from SR @-@ 201 onto Interstate I @-@ 80 , because at its intersection with I @-@ 80 , the SR @-@ 201 ( which is the southern terminus of SR @-@ 202 ) traffic only has the option to continue on I @-@ 80 westbound , and does not have an offramp to eastbound I @-@ 80 . Traffic on SR @-@ 202 has increased 12 % between 2002 and 2007 , with a daily average of 735 cars per day using SR @-@ 202 in 2007 , compared to 475 cars per day in 2002 . Half of the traffic on SR @-@ 202 consists of buses and trucks .
= = History = =
Two other roads have been designated Utah State Route 202 in the past . From 1939 to 1953 , the name was used by the road that formed the eastern approach to Mercur , Utah and later became part of SR @-@ 73 . From 1961 to 1967 , the name was used by Main Street between SR @-@ 201 ( 2100 South ) and SR @-@ 171 in downtown Salt Lake City , which is now part of Utah State Route 186 .
The road that currently carries the SR @-@ 202 designation has existed since 1937 , when it connected US @-@ 40 and US @-@ 50 along the Garfield Cut @-@ Off Road . The Utah State Legislature designated the road SR @-@ 202 in 1969 , thus taking responsibility of maintaining the road from the county . No changes or alterations have been made to SR @-@ 202 , except for the legal definition of the road , which has changed twice since it was formed .
On September 26 , 2008 , a sulfuric acid spill occurred , reported by people in vehicles traveling on Interstate 80 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Salt Lake County .
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= Lifesong =
Lifesong is the second studio album by American Christian rock band Casting Crowns , released on August 30 , 2005 by Beach Street Records and Reunion Records . Produced by Mark A. Miller , Lifesong was the follow @-@ up to the band 's self @-@ titled debut album . Although the unexpected success of the first album led to tremendous demand for new music from Casting Crowns , lead vocalist Mark Hall was advised by Steven Curtis Chapman ( a co @-@ producer of the debut album ) and Mac Powell not to worry about commercial expectations . Lifesong , which has a pop rock and adult contemporary sound , focuses on challenging believers and indicting piousness and hypocrisy in the Christian church . Worship themes are also prominent in the album .
Lifesong was received positively by music critics . Many critics praised the album 's songwriting , although others felt the album 's sound was derivative . The album and its singles were nominated for many awards , with the album winning the Grammy Award for Best Pop / Contemporary Gospel Album at the 48th Grammy Awards and the Dove Award for Pop / Contemporary Album of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards . It debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 and number on the Billboard Christian Albums chart , selling 71 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . The 15th best @-@ selling Christian album of the 2000s in the United States , Lifesong has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold 1 @.@ 4 million copies in the United States . All of the album 's singles topped the Billboard Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts .
= = Background and recording = =
Following the unexpected success of their first album , there was tremendous demand for new music from Casting Crowns . Although lead vocalist Mark Hall , who either wrote or co @-@ wrote all the songs on the album , felt " a little worried " about the band 's follow @-@ up album , fellow recording artists Steven Curtis Chapman ( who co @-@ produced the band 's first album ) and Mac Powell of Christian rock band Third Day encouraged Hall to " say what God wants you to say " . They also advised him to not worry about commercial expectations or whether " people are going to like it " . Ultimately , Hall " absorbed " the feedback their first record had received , using it as inspiration . Lifesong focuses mainly on the " truth @-@ can @-@ be @-@ a @-@ tough @-@ pill @-@ to @-@ swallow message " that " there are broken people within arm ’ s reach of the church , and if there is any hope of healing , it begins with people who will be the hands and feet of Jesus " . Hall responded to critics who felt the band 's material was " preaching to the choir " by saying " How can writing songs that challenge the church , songs that ask Christians to consider their actions , be a bad thing ? After all , it ’ s the message that matters ... Everybody is passionate about what they do , about what they feel called to , so for one to say the other ’ s ministry is more or less meaningful or spiritual or anything is ridiculous " . Hall also felt that there were " too many walls in Christian music " and said " I think people listen to you if you ’ re transparent ... People want to hear the truth . You just hang around church for a while , and you ’ ll see . People don ’ t want you to talk around it . They want you to tell it like it is , even if it hurts " . Hall ultimately wrote songs such as " Does Anybody Hear Her " and " Stained Glass Masquerade " , which " challenge believers " . According to Hall , he was trying to say that he didn 't think it bothers the world if people in the church sin . Rather , he felt that the world is bothered when Christians act like they don 't sin .
Lifesong was produced by Mark A. Miller , with recording and mixing done by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . Additional recording was done at Lifesong Studio in McDonough , Georgia . The album was mastered by Richard Dodd and engineered by Dale Oliver and John Lewis Lee III . The strings on the album were arranged by Bobby Huff and were recorded at Little Big Studio by Boeho Shin and Daewoo Kim .
= = Composition = =
Musically , Lifesong is influenced by adult contemporary and pop rock music . The album also has influence from worship music in the vein of U2 , with songs building into " sweeping choruses and dramatic climaxes " . Much of the album 's lyrical content is devoted to challenging the Christian church and indicting hypocrisy and piousness within the church . Songs such as the title track and " Father , Spirit , Jesus " have worshipful lyrics while others such as " Stained Glass Masquerade " note the inability of church congregations to share their burdens openly . " Does Anybody Hear Her " condemns the church 's focus on judging rather than realizing pain and gives the message than condemning other people is wrong . " Set Me Free " is set from the perspective of " the demon @-@ possessed man " , who is calling to Jesus for relief . It also incorporates more of a rock sound than Casting Crowns normally uses .
= = Critical reception and accolades = =
Lifesong received mostly positive reviews from music critics . Kim Jones of About.com gave it five out of five stars , saying " Bottom line - my hat goes off to Casting Crowns for a job well done , once again . This is one band that doesn 't soft @-@ pedal their message , even if it is one that people enjoying a " comfort @-@ zone " may not want to hear " . Jared Johnson of AllMusic gave the album four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars , opining " One of the brightest spots on the CCM map in 2005 , Lifesong was powered by a second dose of Mark Hall 's earnestly challenging worship themes and a penchant for reflective pop ... From start to finish , the album showcases songwriting that is consistent , polished , and potent , furthering the septet 's reputation as one of Christian music 's most popular acts of the 21st century " . Deborah Evans Price of Billboard said that " there is no sophomore letdown here for Casting Crowns ... This is intelligent , soulful music that goes beyond mere entertainment to something deeper " . David McCreary of CCM Magazine gave Lifesong an A- , opining " staying true to their approach of assimilating crisp melodies , forthright lyrics and stout vocals , the Crowns effectively blend uptempo worship anthems and emotive ballads for another well @-@ balanced set " . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today gave the album three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of five stars , calling the music " derivative " , said that " [ Casting Crowns ] fans will find much to love , while others continue to ponder the secret of this band 's success . All can probably agree that Lifesong is a sequel in the truest sense , offering more of the same to the delight of those so touched and inspired by the music of Casting Crowns the first time " .
Simon Eden of Cross Rhythms gave the album ten out of ten squares , saying " With ' Lifesong ' being officially [ Casting Crowns ' ] second release , the pressure is on to see if they can deliver . The simple answer is quite probably yes as the band use a refreshing formula that challenges the Church instead of serving up milk and cookies " . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout gave it three out of five stars , opining " Overall , Lifesong is musically an assortment of experimentation and familiarity , as the band continues to offer songs with relatable messages to the church body . Frontman and chief songwriter Mark Hall 's strained , shouting @-@ style vocals is [ sic ] still an acquired taste , along with his straightforward and often simplistic lyrics , but Lifesong is a noteworthy second chapter in an already impressive career for this young band " . Brian Mansfield of USA Today gave the album two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars , commenting " [ Casting Crowns ] comes from the school of U2 @-@ influenced modern @-@ worship music , so its songs predictably build to sweeping choruses and dramatic climaxes . The band 's message is more distinctive , calling out the " happy plastic people under shiny plastic steeples " to offer themselves to the lonely , the grieving , the desperate " .
Lifesong and its singles received various awards and nominations . At the 48th Grammy Awards , it received the Grammy Award for Best Pop / Contemporary Gospel Album . It received the Dove Award for Pop / Contemporary Album of the Year award at the 37th GMA Dove Awards . The album 's title track won the Dove Award for Pop / Contemporary Song of the Year and was nominated for the Dove Award for Song of the Year at the 37th GMA Dove Awards . " Praise You In This Storm " won the Dove Award for Pop / Contemporary Song of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards and was nominated for the Dove Award for Worship Song of the Year at the 39th GMA Dove Awards .
= = Release and promotion = =
Lifesong was released on August 30 , 2005 . It sold 71 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , debuting at number nine on the Billboard 200 and Billboard Christian Albums chart . It spent a total of two weeks atop the Christian Albums chart and later appeared on the Billboard Catalog Albums chart in 2007 , peaking at number thirty @-@ four . By April 1 , 2006 , Lifesong had sold 503 @,@ 000 copies . It had sold 950 @,@ 000 copies by August 25 , 2007 and , as of December 5 , 2009 , it has sold a total of 1 @.@ 2 million copies . As of March 2014 , the album has sold 1 @.@ 4 million copies .
Three official singles ( " Lifesong " , " Praise You In This Storm " , " Does Anybody Hear Her " ) were released in promotion of Lifesong . All of the singles topped the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts . An additional song , " Set Me Free " , was released to Christian CHR radio , and peaked at number 23 .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Mark Hall except where noted .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits lifted from the album liner notes of Lifesong .
= = Charts and certifications = =
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= Barry Bonds =
Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . Bonds received seven NL MVP awards and 14 All @-@ Star selections , and is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds is currently the co @-@ hitting coach for the Miami Marlins along with Frank Menechino .
Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter , and finished his regular season career with a very high on @-@ base percentage ( .444 ) and isolated power ( .309 ) . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . He also received eight Gold Gloves for his defense in the outfield . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball @-@ Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth .
Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped , and he was also initially convicted of obstruction of justice , but that was overturned in 2015 .
Bonds has not been elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first four years of eligibility .
Before the 2016 MLB Season , it was announced that Bonds would become the hitting coach for the Miami Marlins .
= = Early life = =
Born in Riverside , California to former major leaguer Bobby Bonds and the former Patricia Howard , Bonds grew up in San Carlos , California and attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo , California and excelled in baseball , basketball and football . He played on the junior varsity team during his freshman year and the remainder of his high school career on the varsity team . He batted for a .467 batting average his senior year , and was named prep All @-@ American . The Giants drafted Bonds in the second round of the 1982 MLB draft as a high school senior , but the Giants and Bonds were unable to agree on contract terms when Tom Haller 's maximum offer was $ 70 @,@ 000 ( $ 171 @,@ 645 today ) and Bond 's minimum to go pro was $ 75 @,@ 000 , so Bonds instead decided to attend college .
= = College career = =
Bonds attended Arizona State University , hitting .347 with 45 home runs and 175 runs batted in ( RBI ) . In 1984 he batted .360 and had 30 stolen bases . In 1985 he hit 23 home runs with 66 RBIs and a .368 batting average . He was a Sporting News All @-@ American selection that year . He tied the NCAA record with seven consecutive hits in the College World Series as sophomore and was named to All @-@ Time College World Series Team in 1996 . He graduated from Arizona State in 1986 with a degree in criminology . He was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player ; other winners include Dustin Pedroia , Willie Bloomquist , Paul Lo Duca , and Ike Davis . During college , he played part of one summer in the amateur Alaska Baseball League with the Alaska Goldpanners .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Draft and minor leagues = = =
The Pittsburgh Pirates drafted Bonds as the sixth overall pick of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft . He joined the Prince William Pirates of the Carolina League and was named July 1985 Player of the Month for the league . In 1986 , he hit .311 in 44 games for the Hawaii Islanders of the Pacific Coast League .
= = = Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1986 – 92 ) = = =
Before Bonds made it to the major leagues in Pittsburgh , Pirate fan attendance was low , with 1984 and 1985 attendance below 10 @,@ 000 per game for the 81 @-@ game home schedule . Bonds made his major league debut on May 30 , 1986 . In 1986 , Bonds led National League ( NL ) rookies with 16 home runs , 48 RBI , 36 stolen bases and 65 walks , but he finished 6th in Rookie of the Year voting . He played center field in 1986 , but switched to left field with the arrival of centerfielder Andy Van Slyke in 1987 .
In his early years , Bonds batted as the leadoff hitter . With Van Slyke also in the outfield , the Pirates had a venerable defensive tandem that worked together to cover a lot of ground on the field although they were not close off the field . The Pirates experienced a surge in fan enthusiasm with Bonds on the team and set the club attendance record of 52 @,@ 119 in the 1987 home opener . That year , he hit 25 home runs in his second season , along with 32 stolen bases and 59 RBIs .
Bonds improved in 1988 , hitting .283 with 24 home runs . The Pirates broke the record set the previous year with 54 @,@ 089 attending the home opener . Bonds now fit into a highly respected lineup featuring Bobby Bonilla , Van Slyke and Jay Bell . He finished with 19 homers , 58 RBIs , and 14 outfield assists in 1989 , which was second in the NL . Following the season , rumors that he would be traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for Jeff Hamilton and John Wetteland , but the team denied the rumors and no such trade occurred .
Bonds won his first MVP Award in 1990 , hitting .301 with 33 home runs and 114 RBIs . He also stole 52 bases , which were third in the league , to become a first @-@ time member of the 30 – 30 club . He won his first Gold Glove Award and Silver Slugger Award . That year , the Pirates won the National League East title for their first postseason berth since winning the 1979 World Series . However , the Cincinnati Reds ( whose last post @-@ season berth had also been in 1979 ; they lost to the Pirates in that year 's NLCS ) defeated the Pirates in the NLCS en route to winning the World Championship .
In 1991 , Bonds also put up great numbers , hitting 25 homers and driving in 116 runs , and obtained another Gold Glove and Silver Slugger . He finished second to the Atlanta Braves ' Terry Pendleton ( the NL batting champion ) in the MVP voting . The Pirates slugging outfield of Bonds , Bonilla and Van Slyke performed miserably in the 1990 and 1991 playoffs hitting .190 in 1990 ( 12 for 63 ) and .200 in 1991 ( 15 for 75 ) .
In March 1992 , Pirates general manager Ted Simmons agreed to a deal with Atlanta Braves counterpart John Schuerholz to trade Bonds , in exchange for Alejandro Peña , Keith Mitchell , and a player to be named later . Pirates manager Jim Leyland opposed the trade vehemently , and the proposal was rescinded . Bonds stayed with Pittsburgh and won his second MVP award that season . While hitting .311 with 34 homers and 103 RBIs , he propelled the Pirates to their third straight National League East division title . However , Pittsburgh was defeated by the Braves in a seven @-@ game National League Championship Series . Bonds participated in the final play of Game 7 of the NLCS , whereby he fielded a base hit by Francisco Cabrera and attempted to throw out Sid Bream at home plate . But the throw to Pirates catcher Mike LaValliere was late and Bream scored the winning run . For the third consecutive season , the NL East Champion Pirates were denied a trip to the World Series . Following the loss , Bonds and star teammate Doug Drabek were expected to command salaries too high for Pittsburgh to again sign them .
= = = San Francisco Giants ( 1993 – 2007 ) = = =
= = = = 1993 season = = = =
In 1993 , Bonds left the Pirates to sign a lucrative free agent contract worth a then @-@ record $ 43 @.@ 75 million ( $ 71 @.@ 7 million today ) over six years with the Giants , with whom his father had spent the first seven years of his career , and with whom his godfather Willie Mays played 22 of his 24 Major League seasons . The deal was at that time the largest in baseball history , in terms of both total value and average annual salary .
Once he signed with the Giants , Bonds had intended to wear 24 , his number during most of his stay with the Pirates , and after receiving Mays ' blessing the Giants were willing to unretire it until the public commotion from fans and media became too much . To honor his father , Bonds switched his jersey number to 25 , as it had been Bobby 's number in San Francisco .
Bonds hit .336 in 1993 , leading the league with 46 home runs and 123 RBI en route to his second consecutive MVP award , and third overall . As good as the Giants were ( winning 103 games ) , the Atlanta Braves won 104 in what some call the last great pennant race ( due to the Wild Card being instituted shortly after ) .
= = = = 1994 season = = = =
In the lockout @-@ shortened season of 1994 , Bonds hit .312 with 37 home runs and a league @-@ leading 74 walks , and he finished 4th in MVP voting .
= = = = 1995 season = = = =
In 1995 , Bonds hit 33 homers and drove in 104 runs , hitting .294 but finished only 12th in MVP voting . In 1994 , he appeared in a small role as himself in the television film Jane 's House , starring James Woods and Anne Archer .
= = = = 1996 season = = = =
In 1996 , Bonds became the first National League player and second ( of the current list of four ) major league player ( s ) to hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season . The other members of the 40 – 40 club are José Canseco – 1988 , Alex Rodriguez – 1998 , and Alfonso Soriano – 2006 ; his father Bobby Bonds was one home run short in 1973 when he hit 39 home runs and stole 43 bases .
Bonds hit his 300th and 301st home runs off the Florida Marlins ' John Burkett on April 27 . He became the fourth player in history to join the 300 – 300 club with 300 stolen bases and 300 home runs for a career , joining Willie Mays , Andre Dawson , and his father . Bonds ' totals for the season included 129 runs driven in , a .308 average and a then @-@ National League record 151 walks . He finished fifth in the MVP balloting .
= = = = 1997 season = = = =
In 1997 Bonds hit .291 , his lowest average since 1989 . He hit 40 home runs for the second straight year and drove in 101 runs , leading the league in walks again with 145 . He tied his father in 1997 for having the most 30 / 30 seasons , and he again placed fifth in the MVP balloting .
= = = = 1998 season = = = =
With two outs in the 9th inning of a game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 28 , 1998 , Bonds became only the fifth player in baseball history to be given an intentional walk with the bases loaded . Nap Lajoie ( 1901 ) , Del Bissonette ( 1928 ) and Bill Nicholson ( 1944 ) were three others in the 20th century who received that rare honor . The first to receive one was Abner Dalrymple in 1881 . During a game against the Philadelphia Phillies on August 2 , Bonds was hit by a pitch thrown by Ricky Bottalico , leading to Bonds charging the mound and triggering a bench @-@ clearing brawl .
On August 23 , Bonds hit his 400th career home run . By doing so , he became the first player ever to enter the 400 – 400 club by having career totals of 400 home runs and 400 stolen bases . The milestone home run came off Kirt Ojala , who , like Burkett , was pitching for the Marlins . For the season , he hit .303 with 37 home runs and drove in 122 runs , winning his eighth Gold Glove , He finished 8th in the MVP voting .
= = = = 1999 season = = = =
Bill James ranked Bonds as the best player of the 1990s . He added that the decade 's second @-@ best player , Craig Biggio , had been closer in production to the decade 's 10th @-@ best player than to Bonds . In 1999 , with statistics through 1997 being considered , Bonds ranked Number 34 on The Sporting News ' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players , making him the highest @-@ ranking active player .
When the Sporting News list was redone in 2005 , Bonds was ranked 6th behind Babe Ruth , Willie Mays , Ty Cobb , Walter Johnson , and Hank Aaron . Bonds was omitted from 1999 's Major League Baseball All @-@ Century Team , to which Ken Griffey , Jr. was elected . James wrote of Bonds , " Certainly the most unappreciated superstar of my lifetime . ... Griffey has always been more popular , but Bonds has been a far , far greater player . " In 1999 , he rated Bonds as the 16th @-@ best player of all time . " When people begin to take in all of his accomplishments " , he predicted , " Bonds may well be rated among the five greatest players in the history of the game . "
= = = = 2000 season = = = =
In 2000 , the following year , Bonds hit .306 with career bests through that time in both slugging percentage ( .688 ) and home runs ( 49 ) in just 143 games . He also drew a league @-@ leading 117 walks .
= = = = 2001 season = = = =
The next year , Bonds ' offensive production reached even higher levels , breaking not only his own personal records but several major league records . In the Giants ' first 50 games in 2001 , he hit 28 home runs , including 17 in May — a career high . This early stretch included his 500th home run hit on April 17 against Terry Adams of the Los Angeles Dodgers . He also hit 39 home runs by the All @-@ star break ( a major league record ) , drew a major league record 177 walks , and had a .515 on @-@ base average , a feat not seen since Mickey Mantle and Ted Williams over forty years earlier . Bonds ' slugging percentage was a major league record .863 ( 411 total bases in 476 at @-@ bats ) , and , most impressively , he ended the season with a major league record 73 home runs .
On October 4 , Bonds tied the previous record of 70 set by Mark McGwire – which McGwire set in the 162nd game in 1998 – by homering off Wilfredo Rodríguez in the 159th game of the season . He then hit numbers 71 and 72 the following night off Chan Ho Park . Bonds added his 73rd off Dennis Springer on October 7 . The ball was later sold to toy manufacturer Todd McFarlane for $ 450 @,@ 000 . He previously bought Mark McGwire 's 70th home run ball from 1998 . Bonds received the Babe Ruth Home Run Award for leading MLB in homers that season .
= = = = 2002 season = = = =
Bonds re @-@ signed with the Giants for a five @-@ year , $ 90 million contract in January 2002 . He hit five home runs in the Giants ' first four games of the season , tying Lou Brock 's 35 @-@ year record for most home runs after four games . He won the NL batting title with a career @-@ high .370 average and struck out only 47 times . He hit 46 home runs in 403 at @-@ bats .
Despite playing in nine fewer games than the previous season , he drew 198 walks , a major @-@ league record ; 68 of them were intentional walks , surpassing Willie McCovey 's 45 in 1969 for another Major League record . He slugged .799 , then the fourth @-@ highest total all time . Bonds broke Ted Williams ' major league record for on @-@ base average with .582 . Bonds also hit his 600th home run , less than a year and a half after hitting his 500th . The home run came on August 9 at home against Kip Wells of the Pirates .
= = = = 2002 postseason = = = =
Bonds batted .322 with 8 home runs , 16 RBI , and 27 walks in the postseason en route to the 2002 World Series where the Giants lost the series 4 – 3 to the Anaheim Angels .
= = = = 2003 season = = = =
In 2003 , Bonds played in just 130 games . He hit 45 home runs in just 390 at @-@ bats , along with a .341 batting average . He slugged .749 , walked 148 times , and had an on @-@ base average well over .500 ( .529 ) for the third straight year . He also became the only member of the career 500 home run / 500 stolen base club by stealing second base on June 23 off of pitcher Éric Gagné in the 11th inning of a tied ball game against the Los Angeles Dodgers ( against whom Bonds had tallied his 500th home run ) . Bonds scored the game @-@ winning run later that inning .
= = = = 2004 season = = = =
In 2004 , Bonds had perhaps his best season . He hit .362 en route to his second National League batting title , and broke his own record by walking 232 times . He slugged .812 , which was fourth @-@ highest of all time , and broke his on @-@ base percentage record with a .609 average . Bonds passed Mays on the career home run list by hitting his 661st off of Ben Ford on April 13 , He then hit his 700th off of Jake Peavy on September 17 . Bonds hit 45 home runs in 373 at @-@ bats , and struck out just 41 times , putting himself in elite company , as few major leaguers have ever had more home runs than strikeouts in a season . Bonds would win his fourth consecutive MVP award and his seventh overall . His seven MVP awards are four more than any other player in history . In addition , no other player from either league has been awarded the MVP four times in a row . ( The MVP award was first given in 1931 ) . The 40 @-@ year @-@ old Bonds also broke Willie Stargell 's 25 @-@ year record as the oldest player to win a Most Valuable Player Award ( Stargell , at 39 years , 8 months , was National League co @-@ MVP with Keith Hernandez in 1979 ) . On July 4 , he tied and passed Rickey Henderson 's career bases on balls record with his 2190th and 2191st career walks .
As Bonds neared Aaron 's record , Aaron was called on for his opinion of Bonds . He clarified that he was a fan and admirer of Bonds and avoided the controversy regarding whether the record should be denoted with an asterisk due to Bonds ' alleged steroid usage . He felt recognition and respect for the award was something to be determined by the fans . As the steroid controversy received greater media attention during the offseason before the 2005 season , Aaron expressed some reservations about the statements Bonds made on the issue . Aaron expressed that he felt drug and steroid use to boost athletic performance was inappropriate . Aaron was frustrated that the media could not focus on events that occurred in the field of play and wished drugs or gambling allegations such as those associated with Pete Rose could be emphasized less . In 2007 , Aaron felt the whole steroid use issue was very controversial and decided that he would not attend any possible record @-@ breaking games . Aaron congratulated Bonds through the media when Bonds broke Aaron 's record .
= = = = 2005 season = = = =
Bonds ' salary for the 2005 season was $ 22 million , the second @-@ highest salary in Major League Baseball ( the Yankees ' Alex Rodriguez earned the highest , $ 25 @.@ 2 million ) . Bonds endured a knee injury , multiple surgeries , and rehabilitation . He was activated on September 12 and started in left field . In his return against the San Diego Padres , he nearly hit a home run in his first at @-@ bat . Bonds finished the night 1 @-@ for @-@ 4 . Upon his return , Bonds resumed his high @-@ caliber performance at the plate , hitting home runs in four consecutive games from September 18 to September 21 and finishing with five homers in only 14 games .
= = = = 2006 season = = = =
In 2006 , Bonds earned $ 20 million ( not including bonuses ) , the fourth highest salary in baseball . Through the 2006 season he had earned approximately $ 172 million during his then 21 @-@ year career , making him baseball 's all @-@ time highest paid player . Bonds hit under .200 for his first 10 games of the season and did not hit a home run until April 22 . This 10 @-@ game stretch was his longest home run slump since the 1998 season . On May 7 , Bonds drew within one home run of tying Babe Ruth for second place on the all @-@ time list , hitting his 713th career home run into the second level of Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia , off pitcher Jon Lieber in a game in which the Giants lost to the Philadelphia Phillies . The towering home run — one of the longest in Citizens Bank Park 's two @-@ season history , traveling an estimated 450 feet ( 140 m ) — hit off the facade of the third deck in right field .
On May 20 , Bonds tied Ruth , hitting his 714th career home run to deep right field to lead off the top of the 2nd inning . The home run came off left @-@ handed pitcher Brad Halsey of the Oakland A 's , in an interleague game played in Oakland , California . Since this was an interleague game at an American League stadium , Bonds was batting as the designated hitter in the lineup for the Giants . Bonds was quoted after the game as being " glad it 's over with " and stated that more attention could be focused on Albert Pujols , who was on a very rapid home run pace in early 2006 .
On May 28 , Bonds passed Ruth , hitting his 715th career home run to center field off Colorado Rockies pitcher Byung @-@ Hyun Kim . The ball was hit an estimated 445 feet ( 140 m ) into center field where it went through the hands of several fans but then fell onto an elevated platform in center field . Then it rolled off the platform where Andrew Morbitzer , a 38 @-@ year @-@ old San Francisco resident , caught the ball while he was in line at a concession stand . Mysteriously , radio broadcaster Dave Flemming 's radio play @-@ by @-@ play of the home run went silent just as the ball was hit , apparently from a microphone failure . But the televised version , called by Giants broadcaster Duane Kuiper , was not affected .
On September 22 , Bonds tied Henry Aaron 's National League career home run record of 733 . The home run came in the top of the 6th inning of a high @-@ scoring game against the Milwaukee Brewers , at Miller Park in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The achievement was notable for its occurrence in the very city where Aaron began ( with the Milwaukee Braves ) and concluded ( with the Brewers , then in the American League ) his career . With the Giants trailing 10 – 8 , Bonds hit a blast to deep center field on a 2 – 0 pitch off the Brewers ' Chris Spurling with runners on first and second and one out . Though the Giants were at the time clinging to only a slim chance of making the playoffs , Bonds ' home run provided the additional drama of giving the Giants an 11 – 10 lead late in a critical game in the final days of a pennant race . The Brewers eventually won the game , 13 – 12 , despite Bonds ' going 3 for 5 , with 2 doubles , the record @-@ tying home run , and 6 runs batted in .
On September 23 , Bonds surpassed Aaron for the NL career home run record . Hit in Milwaukee like the previous one , this was a solo home run off Chris Capuano of the Brewers . This was the last home run Bonds hit in 2006 . In 2006 , Bonds recorded his lowest slugging percentage ( a statistic that he has historically ranked among league leaders season after season ) since 1991 with the Pittsburgh Pirates .
In January 2007 , the New York Daily News reported that Bonds had tested positive for amphetamines . Under baseball 's amphetamine policy , which had been in effect for one season , players testing positive were to submit to six additional tests and undergo treatment and counseling . The policy also stated that players were not to be identified for a first positive test , but the New York Daily News leaked the test 's results . When the Players Association informed Bonds of the test results , he initially attributed it to a substance he had taken from the locker of Giants teammate Mark Sweeney , but would later retract this claim and publicly apologize to Sweeney .
= = = = 2007 season = = = =
On January 29 , 2007 , the Giants finalized a contract with Bonds for the 2007 season . After the commissioner 's office rejected Bonds ' one @-@ year , $ 15 @.@ 8 million deal because it contained a personal @-@ appearance provision , the team sent revised documents to his agent , Jeff Borris , who stated that " At this time , Barry is not signing the new documents . " Bonds signed a revised one @-@ year , $ 15 @.@ 8 million contract on February 15 and reported to the Giants ' Spring training camp on time .
Bonds resumed his march to the all @-@ time record early in the 2007 season . After an opening game in which all he had was a first @-@ inning single past third base against a right @-@ shifted infield ( immediately followed by a stolen base and then a base @-@ running misjudgment that got him thrown out at home ) and a deep out to left field late in the game , Bonds returned the next day , April 4 , with another mission . In his first at @-@ bat of the season 's second game at the Giants ' AT & T Park , Bonds hit a Chris Young ( of the San Diego Padres ) pitch just over the wall to the left of straightaway center field for career home run 735 . This home run put Bonds past the midway point between Ruth and Aaron .
Bonds did not homer again until April 13 , when he hit two ( 736 and 737 ) in a 3 for 3 night that included 4 RBI against the Pittsburgh Pirates . Bonds splashed a pitch by St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Ryan Franklin into McCovey Cove on April 18 for home run 738 . Home runs number 739 and 740 came in back to back games on April 21 and April 22 against the Arizona Diamondbacks .
The hype surrounding Bonds ' pursuit of the home run record escalated on May 14 . On this day , Sports Auction for Heritage ( a Dallas @-@ based auction house ) offered US $ 1 million to the fan that caught Bonds ' record @-@ breaking 756th @-@ career home run . The million dollar offer was rescinded on June 11 out of concern of fan safety . Home run 748 came on Father 's Day , June 17 , in the final game of a 3 @-@ game road series against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park , where Bonds had never previously played . With this homer , Fenway Park became the 36th major league ballpark in which Bonds had hit a home run . He hit a Tim Wakefield knuckleball just over the low fence into the Giant 's bullpen in right field . It was his first home run off his former Pittsburgh Pirate teammate , who became the 441st different pitcher to surrender a four @-@ bagger to Bonds . The 750th career home run , hit on June 29 , also came off a former teammate : Liván Hernández . The blast came in the 8th inning and at that point tied the game at 3 – 3 .
On July 19 , after a 21 at @-@ bat hitless streak , Bonds hit 2 home runs , numbers 752 and 753 , against the Chicago Cubs . He went 3 – 3 with 2 home runs , 6 RBIs , and a walk on that day . The struggling last place Giants still lost the game , 9 – 8 . On July 27 , Bonds hit home run 754 against Florida Marlins pitcher Rick VandenHurk . Bonds was then walked his next 4 at @-@ bats in the game , but a 2 @-@ run shot helped the Giants win the game 12 – 10 . It marked the first time since he had hit # 747 that Bonds had homered in a game the Giants won . On August 4 , Bonds hit a 382 foot ( 116 m ) home run against Clay Hensley of the San Diego Padres for home run number 755 , tying Hank Aaron 's all @-@ time record . Bonds greeted his son , Nikolai , with an extended bear hug after crossing home plate . Bonds greeted his teammates and then his wife , Liz Watson , and daughter Aisha Lynn behind the backstop . Hensley was the 445th different pitcher to give up a home run to Bonds . Ironically , given the cloud of suspicion that surrounded Bonds , the tying home run was hit off a pitcher who 'd been suspended by baseball in 2005 for steroid use . He was walked in his next at bat and eventually scored on a fielder 's choice .
On August 7 at 8 : 51 PM PDT , Bonds hit a 435 foot ( 133 m ) home run , his 756th , off a pitch from Mike Bacsik of the Washington Nationals , breaking the all @-@ time career home run record , formerly held by Hank Aaron . Coincidentally , Bacsik 's father had faced Aaron ( as a pitcher for the Texas Rangers ) after Aaron had hit his 755th home run . On August 23 , 1976 , Michael J. Bacsik held Aaron to a single and a fly out to right field . The younger Bacsik commented later , " If my dad had been gracious enough to let Hank Aaron hit a home run , we both would have given up 756 . " After hitting the home run , Bonds gave Bacsik an autographed bat .
The pitch , the seventh of the at @-@ bat , was a 3 – 2 pitch which Bonds hit into the right @-@ center field bleachers . The fan who ended up with the ball , 22 @-@ year @-@ old Matt Murphy from Queens , New York ( and a Mets fan ) , was promptly protected and escorted away from the mayhem by a group of San Francisco police officers . After Bonds finished his home run trot , a ten @-@ minute delay followed , including a brief video by Aaron congratulating Bonds on breaking the record Aaron had held for 33 years , and expressing the hope that " the achievement of this record will inspire others to chase their own dreams . " Bonds made an impromptu emotional statement on the field , with Willie Mays , his godfather , at his side and thanked his teammates , family and his late father . Bonds sat out the rest of the game .
The commissioner , Bud Selig , was not in attendance in this game but was represented by the Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations , Jimmie Lee Solomon . Selig called Bonds later that night to congratulate him on breaking the record . President George W. Bush also called Bonds the next day to congratulate him . On August 24 , San Francisco honored and celebrated Bonds ' career accomplishments and breaking the home run record with a large rally in Justin Herman Plaza . The rally included video messages from Lou Brock , Ernie Banks , Ozzie Smith , Joe Montana , Wayne Gretzky and Michael Jordan . Speeches were made by Willie Mays , Giants teammates Omar Vizquel and Rich Aurilia , and Giants owner Peter Magowan . Mayor Gavin Newsom presented Bonds the key to the City and County of San Francisco and Giants vice president Larry Baer gave Bonds the home plate he touched after hitting his 756th career home run .
The record @-@ setting ball was consigned to an auction house on August 21 . Bidding began on August 28 and closed with a winning bid of US $ 752 @,@ 467 on September 15 after a three phase online auction . The high bidder , fashion designer Marc Ecko , created a website to let fans decide its fate . Subsequently , Ben Padnos , who submitted the ( US ) $ 186 @,@ 750 winning bid on Bonds ' record @-@ tying 755th home run ball also set up a website to let fans decide its fate . Of Ecko 's plans , Bonds said " He spent $ 750 @,@ 000 on the ball and that 's what he 's doing with it ? What he 's doing is stupid . " 10 million voters helped Ecko decide to brand the ball with an asterisk and send it to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Padnos sold 5 @-@ year ads on a website , www.endthedebate.com , where people voted by a two to one margin to smash the ball .
Bonds concluded the 2007 season with a .276 batting average , 28 home runs , and 66 RBIs in 126 games and 340 at bats . At the age of 43 , he led both leagues in walks with 132 .
= = Post @-@ playing career = =
On September 21 , 2007 , the San Francisco Giants confirmed that they would not re @-@ sign Bonds for the 2008 season . The story was first announced on Bonds ' own web site earlier that day . Bonds officially filed for free agency on October 29 , 2007 . His agent Jeff Borris said : " I 'm anticipating widespread interest from every Major League team . "
There was much speculation before the 2008 season about where Bonds might play . However , no one signed him during the 2008 or 2009 seasons . If he had returned to Major League Baseball , Bonds would have been within close range of several significant hitting milestones : needing just 65 hits to reach 3 @,@ 000 , 4 runs batted in to reach 2 @,@ 000 , and 38 home runs to reach 800 . He would have needed 69 more runs scored to move past Rickey Henderson as the all @-@ time runs champion , and 37 extra base hits to move past Hank Aaron as the all @-@ time extra base hits champion .
As of November 13 , 2009 , Borris maintained that Bonds was still not retired . On December 9 , however , Borris told the San Francisco Chronicle that Bonds has played his last major league game . Bonds announced on April 11 , 2010 that he was proud of McGwire for admitting his use of steroids . Bonds said that it was not the time to retire , but he noted that he was not in shape to play immediately if an interested club called him .
Bonds has not had a jersey number retired by either the Pirates or Giants , although there have been calls by fans of both teams to retire their respective uniform numbers held by Bonds . However , his number 24 with the Pirates remains in circulation , most prominently worn by Brian Giles from 1999 to 2003 and by Pedro Alvarez from 2011 to 2015 . The Giants have not reissued Bonds ' number 25 .
On December 15 , 2011 , Bonds was sentenced to 30 days of house arrest , two years of probation and 250 hours of community service , for an obstruction of justice conviction stemming from a grand jury appearance in 2003 . However , U.S. District Judge Susan Illston then delayed the sentence pending an appeal . In 2013 his conviction was upheld on appeal by a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . However , the full court later granted Bonds an en banc rehearing , and on April 22 , 2015 , an 11 @-@ judge panel of the Ninth Circuit voted 10 @-@ 1 to overturn his conviction .
On March 10 , 2014 , Bonds began a seven @-@ day stint as a roving Spring training instructor for the Giants .
On December 4 , 2015 , he was announced as the new hitting coach for the Miami Marlins .
= = Controversies = =
= = = BALCO scandal = = =
Since 2003 , Bonds has been a key figure in the Bay Area Laboratory Co @-@ operative ( BALCO ) scandal . He was under investigation by a federal grand jury regarding his testimony in the BALCO case , and was indicted on perjury and obstruction of justice charges on November 15 , 2007 . The indictment alleges that Bonds lied while under oath about his alleged use of steroids .
In 2003 , Bonds first became embroiled in a scandal when Greg Anderson of the Bay Area Laboratory Co @-@ operative ( BALCO ) , Bonds ' trainer since 2000 , was indicted by a federal grand jury in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California and charged with supplying anabolic steroids to athletes , including a number of baseball players . This led to speculation that Bonds had used performance @-@ enhancing drugs during a time when there was no mandatory testing in Major League Baseball . Bonds declared his innocence , attributing his changed physique and increased power to a strict regimen of bodybuilding , diet and legitimate supplements .
During grand jury testimony on December 4 , 2003 , Bonds said that he used a clear substance and a cream that he received from his personal strength trainer , Greg Anderson , who told him they were the nutritional supplement flaxseed oil and a rubbing balm for arthritis . This testimony , as reported by Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru @-@ Wada , has frequently been misrepresented . Later reports on Bonds ' leaked grand @-@ jury testimony contend that he admitted to unknowingly using " the cream " and " the clear " .
In July 2005 , all four defendants in the BALCO steroid scandal trial , including Anderson , struck deals with federal prosecutors that did not require them to reveal names of athletes who may have used banned drugs .
= = = = Perjury case = = = =
On November 15 , 2007 , Bonds was indicted on four counts of perjury and one count of obstruction of justice as it relates to the government investigation of BALCO .
On February 14 , 2008 a typo in court papers filed by Federal prosecutors erroneously alleged that Bonds tested positive for steroids in November 2001 , a month after hitting his record 73rd home run . The reference was meant instead to refer to a November 2000 test that had already been disclosed and previously reported . The typo sparked a brief media frenzy .
His trial for obstruction of justice was to have begun on March 2 , 2009 , but jury selection was postponed due to 11th @-@ hour appeals by the prosecution . The trial commenced on March 21 , 2011 , in U. S. District Court , Northern District of California , with Judge Susan Illston presiding . He was convicted on April 13 , 2011 on the obstruction of justice charge , for giving an evasive answer to a question under oath . His sentence did not include prison . The conviction was initially upheld by a three judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 2013 , but a larger panel of the court voted 10 @-@ 1 to overturn the conviction on April 22 , 2015 .
= = = Players ' Union = = =
Bonds withdrew from the MLB Players Association 's ( MLBPA ) licensing agreement because he felt independent marketing deals would be more lucrative for him . Bonds is the first player in the thirty @-@ year history of the licensing program not to sign . Because of this withdrawal , his name and likeness are not usable in any merchandise licensed by the MLBPA . In order to use his name or likeness , a company must deal directly with Bonds . For this reason he does not appear in some baseball video games , forcing game @-@ makers to create generic athletes to replace him . For example , Bonds is replaced by " Jon Dowd " in MVP Baseball 2005 .
= = = Game of Shadows = = =
In March 2006 the book Game of Shadows , written by Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru @-@ Wada , was released amid a storm of media publicity including the cover of Sports Illustrated . Initially small excerpts of the book were released by the authors in the issue of Sports Illustrated . The book alleges Bonds used stanozolol and a host of other steroids , and is perhaps most responsible for the change in public opinion regarding Bonds ' steroid use .
The book contained excerpts of grand jury testimony that is supposed to be sealed and confidential by law . The authors have been steadfast in their refusal to divulge their sources and at one point faced jail time . On February 14 , 2007 , Troy Ellerman , one of Victor Conte 's lawyers , pleaded guilty to leaking grand jury testimony . Through the plea agreement , he will spend two and a half years in jail .
= = = Love Me , Hate Me = = =
In May 2006 , former Sports Illustrated writer Jeff Pearlman released a revealing biography of Bonds entitled Love Me , Hate Me : Barry Bonds and the Making of an Anti @-@ Hero . The book also contained many allegations against Bonds . The book , which describes Bonds as a polarizing insufferable braggart with a legendary ego and staggering ability , relied on over five hundred interviews , except with Bonds himself .
= = = Bonds on Bonds = = =
In April 2006 and May 2006 , ESPN aired a few episodes of a 10 @-@ part reality TV ( unscripted , documentary @-@ style ) series starring Bonds . The show , titled Bonds on Bonds , focused on Bonds ' chase of Babe Ruth 's and Hank Aaron 's home run records . Some felt the show should be put on hiatus until baseball investigated Bonds ' steroid use allegations . The series was canceled in June 2006 , ESPN and producer Tollin / Robbins Productions citing " creative control " issues with Bonds and his representatives .
= = Personal life = =
Bonds met Susann ( " Sun " ) Margreth Branco , the mother of his first two children ( Nikolai and Shikari ) , in Montreal , Quebec in August 1987 . They eloped to Las Vegas February 5 , 1988 . The couple separated in June 1994 , divorced in December 1994 , and had their marriage annulled in 1997 by the Catholic Church . The divorce was a media affair because Bonds had his Swedish spouse sign a prenuptial agreement in which she " waived her right to a share of his present and future earnings " and which was upheld . Bonds had been providing his wife $ 20 @,@ 000 / month in child support and $ 10 @,@ 000 in spousal support at the time of the ruling . During the hearings to set permanent support levels , allegations of abuse came from both parties . The trial dragged on for months , but Bonds was awarded both houses and reduced support . On August 21 , 2000 , the Supreme Court of California , in an opinion signed by Chief Justice Ronald M. George , unanimously held that " substantial evidence supports the determination of the trial court that the [ prenuptial ] agreement in the present case was entered into voluntarily . "
In 2010 , Bonds ' son Nikolai , who served as a Giants batboy during his father 's years playing in San Francisco and always sat next to his dad in the dugout during games , was charged with five misdemeanors resulting from a confrontation with his mother , Sun . Barry accompanied him to San Mateo County Superior Court .
After the end of his first marriage , Bonds had an extensive intimate relationship with Kimberly Bell from 1994 through May 2003 . Bonds purchased a home in Scottsdale , Arizona for Kimberly .
On January 10 , 1998 , Bonds married his second wife , Liz Watson , at the San Francisco Ritz @-@ Carlton Hotel in front of 240 guests . The couple lived in Los Altos Hills , California , with their daughter Aisha during their ten and a half years of marriage before Watson filed for Legal Separation on June 9 , 2009 , citing irreconcilable differences . On July 21 , 2009 , just six weeks later , Watson announced that she was withdrawing her Legal Separation action . The couple were reconciled for seven months before Watson formally filed for divorce in Los Angeles on February 26 , 2010 . On June 6 , 2011 , Bonds and Watson filed a legal agreement not to take the divorce to trial and instead settle it in an " uncontested manner " , effectively agreeing to take the proceedings out of the public eye and end the marriage privately at an unspecified later date without further court involvement .
Several of Bonds ' family and extended family members have been involved in athletics as either a career or a notable pastime . Bonds has a younger brother , Bobby , Jr . , who was also a professional baseball player . His paternal aunt , Rosie Bonds , is a former American record holder in the 80 meter hurdles , and competed in the 1964 Olympics . In addition , he is a distant cousin of Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson .
Among Bonds ' many real estate properties is a home he owns in the exclusive gated community of Beverly Park in Beverly Hills , California .
= = Career distinctions = =
Besides holding Major League career records in home runs ( 762 ) , walks ( 2 @,@ 558 ) , and intentional walks ( 688 ) , at the time of his retirement , Bonds also led all active players in RBI ( 1 @,@ 996 ) , on @-@ base percentage ( .444 ) , runs ( 2 @,@ 227 ) , games ( 2 @,@ 986 ) , extra @-@ base hits ( 1 @,@ 440 ) , at @-@ bats per home run ( 12 @.@ 92 ) , and total bases ( 5 @,@ 976 ) . He is 2nd in doubles ( 601 ) , slugging percentage ( .607 ) , stolen bases ( 514 ) , at @-@ bats ( 9 @,@ 847 ) , and hits ( 2 @,@ 935 ) , 6th in triples ( 77 ) , 8th in sacrifice flies ( 91 ) , and 9th in strikeouts ( 1 @,@ 539 ) , through September 26 , 2007 .
Bonds is the lone member of the 500 – 500 club , which means he has hit at least 500 home runs ( 762 ) and stolen 500 bases ( 514 ) . He is also one of only four baseball players all @-@ time to be in the 40 – 40 club ( 1996 ) , which means he hit 40 home runs ( 42 ) and stole 40 bases ( 40 ) in the same season ; the other members are José Canseco , Alex Rodriguez and Alfonso Soriano .
= = = Records held = = =
Home runs in a single season ( 73 ) , 2001
Home runs ( career ) ( 762 )
Home runs against different pitchers ( 449 )
Home runs since turning 40 years old ( 74 )
Home runs in the year he turned 43 years old ( 28 )
Consecutive seasons with 30 or more home runs ( 13 ) , 1992 – 2004
Slugging percentage in a single season ( .863 ) , 2001
Slugging percentage in a World Series ( 1 @.@ 294 ) , 2002
Consecutive seasons with .600 slugging percentage or higher ( 8 ) , 1998 – 2005
On @-@ base percentage in a single season ( .609 ) , 2004
Walks in a single season ( 232 ) , 2004
Intentional walks in a single season ( 120 ) , 2004
Consecutive games with a walk ( 18 )
MVP awards ( 7 — closest competitors trail with 3 ) , 1990 , 1992 – 93 , 2001 – 04
Consecutive MVP awards ( 4 ) , 2001 – 04
National League Player of the Month selections ( 13 — 2nd place : 8 – Frank Thomas ; 2nd place ( N.L. ) – George Foster , Pete Rose and Dale Murphy )
Oldest player ( age 38 ) to win the National League batting title ( .370 ) for the first time , 2002
= = = Records shared = = =
Consecutive plate appearances with a walk ( 7 )
Consecutive plate appearances reaching base ( 15 )
Tied with his father , Bobby , for most seasons with 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases ( 5 ) and are the only father @-@ son members of the 30 – 30 club
Home runs in a single post @-@ season ( 8 ) , 2002
= = = Other accomplishments = = =
5 @-@ time SF Giants Player of the Year ( 1998 , 2001 – 04 )
7 @-@ time Baseball America NL All @-@ Star ( 1993 , 1998 , 2000 – 04 )
3 @-@ Time Major League Player of the Year ( 1990 , 2001 , 2004 )
3 @-@ Time Baseball America MLB Player of the Year ( 2001 , 2003 – 04 )
8 @-@ Time Gold Glove winner for NL Outfielder ( 1990 – 94 , 1996 – 98 ) .
12 @-@ Time Silver Slugger winner for NL Outfielder ( 1990 – 94 , 1996 – 97 , 2000 – 04 )
14 @-@ time All @-@ Star ( 1990 , 1992 – 98 , 2000 – 04 , 2007 )
3 @-@ Time NL Hank Aaron Award winner ( 2001 – 02 , 2004 )
Babe Ruth Home Run Award ( 2001 )
Listed at # 6 on The Sporting News ' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players , the highest @-@ ranked active player , i n 2005 .
Named a finalist to the Major League Baseball All @-@ Century Team in 1999 , but not elected to the team in the fan balloting .
Rating of 352 on Baseball @-@ Reference.com 's Hall of Fame monitor ( 100 is a good HOF candidate ) ; 9th among all hitters , highest among hitters not in HOF yet .
Only the second player to twice have a single @-@ season slugging percentage over .800 , with his record .863 in 2001 and .812 in 2004 . Babe Ruth was the other , with .847 in 1920 and .846 in 1921 .
Became the first player in history with more times on base ( 376 ) than official times at bats ( 373 ) in 2004 . This was due to the record number of walks , which count as a time on base but not a time at @-@ bat . He had 135 hits , 232 walks , and 9 hit @-@ by @-@ pitches for the 376 number .
With his father Bobby ( 332 , 461 ) , leads all father @-@ son combinations in combined home runs ( 1 @,@ 094 ) and stolen bases ( 975 ) , respectively through September 26 , 2007 .
Played minor league baseball in both Alaska and Hawaii . In 1983 , he played for the Alaska Goldpanners of Fairbanks in the Alaska Baseball League , and in 1986 , he played for the Hawaii Islanders in the Pacific Coast League .
Featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated . He has appeared as the main subject on the cover eight times in total ; seven with the Giants and once with the Pirates . He has also appeared in an inset on the cover twice . He was the most recent Pirate player to appear on the cover , until Jason Grilli was featured in SIs July 22 , 2013 edition .
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= Interactions ( The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man ) =
" Interactions " is the second episode of the animated television series The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , based on the comic book character Spider @-@ Man created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko . The episode sees Spider @-@ Man confronting the supervillain Electro , whose body was corrupted with electricity after a freak lab accident .
Directed by Troy Adomitis , " Interactions " was written by Kevin Hopps , who researched all the available comic books he had that featured Electro . The character 's appearance in the episode draws on his traditional comic book style , though designer Victor Cook emphasized the color green and removed the character 's customary star @-@ shaped mask . His voice actor , Crispin Freeman , sought to reflect the character 's declining sanity in his vocal style .
" Interactions " first aired March 8 , 2008 , on the Kids ' WB block of The CW network , following the first episode . Its 1 @.@ 4 / 4 Nielsen rating was higher than that of the pilot , " Survival of the Fittest " . The episode received mixed reviews ; IGN commented that " [ w ] hile not as strong as the pilot , the episode had some notable moments " .
= = Plot summary = =
The episode opens in Dr. Connors 's laboratory , where Connors demonstrates to his interns Peter , Gwen , and Eddie a new potential source of clean energy : genetically modified eels . After Gwen and Peter leave , an electrician , Max Dillon , attempts to upgrade the lab 's electrical filters , but gets electricuted and is sent to the hospital . There , he is found to be emitting strong electrical fields and is placed in quarantine . Max is further angered when a doctor explains that , although he is stable , he must wear a special suit to contain this emitted bioelectricity .
Peter , meanwhile , is assigned to tutor a popular girl named Liz Allan . He is attempting to teach her science in a café when an angry Max enters and accidentally short circuits the power . Max leaves ; Peter , believing him to be dangerous , pursues him as Spider @-@ Man . Peter manages to photograph Max and remove his mask ; Max , enraged , attacks , but flees while Peter is distracted by a phone call from Aunt May .
The following day Peter discovers that his photographs have not developed properly , but is still able to identify the man he fought as Max . He meets with Dr. Connors , Eddie , and Gwen to seek a way to contain Max , who has meanwhile been attacked by the police and has decided to seek help from the lab . On arrival , though , Max becomes aggressive and threatens Connors 's wife , Martha . Eddie distracts him long enough for Peter to lead the girls to safety and return as Spider @-@ Man : Max , declaring himself " Electro , " begins to fight with Spider @-@ Man . The battle leads the pair out from the lab into the rain , where Spider @-@ Man spots a radio tower beside a pool : he knocks Electro into the water , causing him to short circuit into unconsciousness .
At school the next day Peter talks to Liz in the hall ; she is complimenting his tutoring when the popular students approach , making her change her attitude , act rudely , and walk away . In the lab , Dr. Connors picks up a vial of lizard DNA that Electro had electrified , and leaves with his wife .
= = Production = =
" Interactions " was written by Kevin Hopps and directed by Troy Adomitis . Hopps , who had previously written for animated series such as Buzz Lightyear of Star Command , Justice League , and Darkwing Duck , researched for the episode by re @-@ reading every available comic book that featured Electro . Hopps notes that he " like [ s ] the humanity " of Electro : " Here 's a person who didn 't ask to be a villain , but found himself thrust into that role . "
The radio tower scene initially called for Electro to climb to the very top of the structure , a concept the crew found " clunky " throughout the storyboarding and directing process . Victor Cook , a producer and developer for The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man , observed " He 's gonna climb the whole tower ? It just seems kind of weird . " Before release , the scene was altered to have Electro gradually propel himself up the tower with several electrical blasts .
Cook retained the " classic silhouette " of Electro 's suit from the original comics , but removed his star @-@ shaped mask . Cook made green the key color in the Electro design , noting that " In the 1960s it seems like the majority of Spider @-@ man 's rogues gallery had green as part of their costumes . " In Cook 's broader color scheme for the cartoon green is used to symbolize negative situations in Peter 's life , while positive settings and occurrences , such as Peter 's biology class , feature other key colors like yellow .
Electro was voiced by Crispin Freeman , who sought to reflect in his vocal style the psychological decline brought on by the character 's new powers : " It never occurred to me before how that would have an effect on his character – to be dealing with that curse and blessing . And when you think about it , that 's also Peter Parker 's core issue . " The episode 's title , " Interactions , " expands the series theme " The Education of Peter Parker " chosen by developer Greg Weisman . Episodes in the early season one arc all shared a naming scheme based on the biological sciences .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Interactions " originally aired on March 8 , 2008 , on the Kids ' WB block of The CW Network , following the show 's pilot , " Survival of the Fittest . " Disney XD aired the episode on March 23 , 2009 , between " Survival of the Fittest " and " Natural Selection " . The episode 's initial broadcast garnered a Nielsen rating of 1 @.@ 4 / 4 , which is considered high for American television and was the network 's 2007 – 08 highest rating for the 10 : 30 a.m. timeslot . It beat the previous episode 's rating of 1 @.@ 2 / 3 ( the highest for the 10 : 00 a.m. timeslot for the same season ) and represented a 75 % increase in the share of viewers aged 2 to 11 and a 200 % increase in viewers aged 2 to 5 . " Interactions " rated the highest of the season for kids and boys aged 9 to 14 .
The episode received mixed reviews from television critics . Eric Goldman of IGN thought the episode " wasn 't as strong as the pilot " and rated it at 7 @.@ 4 ( " Decent " ) . Goldman wrote that Electro 's redesigned costume retained " some nice visual nods to the Electro many of us grew up with . " Liz Allan 's characterization , though , he found confusing , with the character 's accent and background unclear , and the scene where Peter fought Electro while conducting a phonecall with Aunt May " just a bit too much " : " Come on , Aunt May isn 't freaking out hearing [ that ] ? " Nonetheless , Goldman praised the episode 's humorous scenes and the introduction of Dr. Conner 's limb regeneration experiments .
Rob M. Worley of the entertainment website Mania said that Freeman " charges up " the series with his role , writing that he " steps away from his luminary status in the world of anime and video game voiceovers . " Ultimate Disney reviewer Luke Bonanno did not include the episode among his top five episodes of The Spectacular Spider @-@ Man 's first season , but " feel [ s ] obligated to point out that the uniform excellence of the lot [ makes ] this a challenging task . " DVD Talk reviewer Todd Douglass Jr. described Electro 's design as " [ incorporating ] some sharp edges and dynamic plays " to an " old " character .
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= Phillips ' Sound Recording Services =
Phillips ' Sound Recording Services was a studio in the house of Percy Francis Phillips ( 1896 – 1984 ) and his family at 38 Kensington , Kensington , Liverpool , England . Between the years of 1955 and 1969 , Phillips recorded numerous tapes and acetate discs for Liverpool acts , people and businesses in a small room behind the shop his family owned .
Phillips first sold bicycles and motorbikes , but later started selling and recharging batteries in a shop in the front room of his house in 1925 . After a decline in demand for batteries in the early 1950s , he started selling electrical goods and popular records . In 1955 , Phillips set up a recording studio called Phillips ' Sound Recording Services .
In 1958 , The Quarrymen ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison , John ' Duff ' Lowe and Colin Hanton ) recorded " That 'll Be The Day " , and " In Spite of All the Danger " in the studio . Other clients included Billy Fury , Ken Dodd , and Marty Wilde . Phillips died in 1984 . The Quarrymen recording and the site of the studio was commemorated in 2005 , when a Blue Plaque was unveiled by two of The Quarrymen ( Lowe and Hanton ) on the front of the house .
= = Early years = =
Percy Phillips was born in March 1896 , in Warrington , Lancashire . He was a veteran of the First World War , and left the British Army ( Loyal North Lancashire Regiment ) at the rank of Corporal in 1918 , since he was wounded before the war ended .
After the war , he started selling bicycles and motorbikes in a small shop in Brunswick Street , in the Kensington Fields area of Liverpool . He began selling and recharging batteries in 1925 , opening a shop in the front room of his family 's three @-@ storey Georgian terraced house , called Phillips ’ Battery Charging Depot , and had to install large accumulators in the cellar . Phillips ran the business for 30 years , even during WWII , but due to a decline in demand for batteries in the early 1950s ( most people having electricity by then ) he started selling household electrical goods . By late 1954 , the shop was only selling records and record players ; customers would buy recordings of American Country and Western , and Big Band music . As Phillips had supplied batteries to the Burtonwood air base during the war , he could buy and sell the latest records from America via his contacts there .
= = Studio = =
In 1955 , several customers asked if Phillips could make demo discs , so he bought a 1 / 4 inch tape recorder ( replaced in 1963 with a Vortexion portable ) , an MSS ( Marguerite Sound Studios - after the owner 's wife ) disc cutting machine , an amplifier , a 4 @-@ track mixer , three microphones ( a Reslo , an HMV ribbon microphone , and an AKG ) , and three pairs of headphones for £ 400 , while on a trip to London to visit his son Frank , who was there for a sound recording course at EMI Electronics .
Phillips set up the equipment behind his shop in the ( 12 square feet ) middle living room , with a piano and an overturned tin bath in the cellar as a reverb chamber , with a speaker and microphone linked to the studio above . The recordings would normally be on tape , and then transferred to disc , although the tape was recorded over again during the next session . Because of trams , trucks , and horses going up and down Kensington , Phillips had to hang heavy blankets over the studio door and a rear window to minimise the noise . Phillips ' first recording was of himself singing " Bonnie Marie of Argyle " , ( unaccompanied ) and a few days later he recorded " Unchained Melody " , with local dance band singer Betty Roy . The first disc he cut in the studio was on 7 August 1955 , with his eight @-@ year @-@ old daughter , Carol , singing , " Mr Sandman " . All the discs had " Play with a light @-@ weight pick @-@ up " on the label , as this would increase the life of the disc , which would eventually wear out .
Phillips advertised the studio as Phillips ' Sound Recording Services ( also advertised as P. F. Phillips ' Professional Tape & Disc Recording Service ) , and his business cards read : " PF Phillips , 38 Kensington , Liverpool , 7 . Television and Battery Service . Gramophone Record Dealer . Professional Tape and Disc Recording Studio . " He started cutting discs for members of the public , as well as for actors from the Liverpool Playhouse , who often stayed in the first @-@ floor boarding rooms above the studio , who were sometimes asked by Phillips to record monologues and poems . These included the actors John Thaw , Richard Briers , and the ventriloquist Ray Alan .
For the first couple of years , Phillips made music compilation discs for local businesses such as the local ice rink or cinema , men singing songs for loved ones , children playing an instrument , or even a neighbour ’ s dog howling along to piano accompaniment . As the record shop and studio took over the business , he had a brass plate made which he put on the wall just outside the front door , and had labels made for the discs , but changed the design of the disc label every year . By 1957 , Phillips was recording more and more groups of young men with guitars , basses , washboards and drums , who played skiffle .
Ron Wycherly ( a.k.a. Billy Fury ) recorded several songs onto disc in the studio , including , " I 'm Left You 're Right She 's Gone " , " Playin ' For Keeps " , " Paralyzed " and " Come Go With Me " ( all previously released by Elvis Presley ) as well as , " Have I Told You Lately That I Love You " ( Lulu Belle and Scotty ) and his own composition , " Yodelling Song " . Fury 's mother sent the songs to impresario Larry Parnes , which started her son 's singing career . The songs were released on DVD / CD in 2008 .
= = The Quarrymen recording = =
Johnny ' Guitar ' Byrne ( from Rory Storm and The Hurricanes ) and singer Paul Murphy recorded a version of " Butterfly " and " She ’ s Got it " in the studio on 22 June 1957 , and Byrne later played the recording to Harrison . On 12 July 1958 , a local skiffle group , The Quarrymen ( Lennon , McCartney , Harrison , Lowe and Hanton ) visited Phillips ' studio to record two songs , although the date has been disputed , as Lowe remembered that the recording was during cold weather ( October or November , 1957 ) with the band wearing scarves . Hanton also mentioned the cold weather in interviews , and before recording , Lennon suggested that Hanton put his scarf over the snare drum to lower the volume , which supports the earlier date .
The group were surprised to see how small and technically basic the studio was , with only one microphone in the centre of the room . Phillips demanded that they pay for the recording before they set up the equipment , so each member paid 3 shillings and 6 pence , but he then asked for an extra surcharge ( £ 1 ) to cover the cost of transferring the tape recording to acetate disc . As this was too expensive , Phillips said that for a cut @-@ rate price they would not be taped first , but record directly to vinyl .
The first song they recorded was " That ‘ ll Be The Day " ( sung by Lennon with harmonies by McCartney ) . Phillips wanted them to immediately record the next song , but Lennon and McCartney could not decide on a song for the B @-@ side of the disc . McCartney suggested the doo @-@ wop ballad , " In Spite of All the Danger " ( by McCartney and Harrison , but sung by Lennon ) even though Lowe and Hanton had never heard it before . They asked for some time to rehearse , but Phillips refused , saying , " For seventeen and six 17 / 6d you 're not here all day " .
Lowe and Hanton busked through the song , which was cut short by Phillips waving his hands to indicate that the cutting needle was getting close to the centre of the acetate . He then handed the band a fragile 78rpm 10 @-@ inch acetate record . It was later lost until Lowe rediscovered it in 1981 , and planned to put it up for auction at Sotheby 's , but sold it to McCartney for an undisclosed amount . McCartney later had the two songs digitally re @-@ mastered and pressed 50 copies , giving them to friends as a Christmas present , although the two songs were released on 21 November 1995 , as part of The Beatles Anthology ( Anthology 1 ) . McCartney later said , " The strangest thing for me , listening to it , is that it 's like drowning , it 's like your life flashing by in front of you . From the earliest things by me and John when we used to sag off school and the earliest demo tape we ever made , to the first little record we made which was a version of John singing " That 'll Be The Day " , and a little song of mine [ and Harrison ] on the other side that 's never been released before . "
= = Later years = =
Other customers of Phillips ' studio included The Swinging Blue Jeans , Brian Epstein , Freddie Starr , Willy Russell , Liverpool F.C. supporters club , and players from Everton F.C .. Denny Seyton and The Sabres recorded " Little Latin Lupe Lu " ( Bill Medley ) in the studio in 1963 . Phillips closed the studio in 1969 , the record shop in 1974 , and died in 1984 , at the Royal Liverpool Hospital . The recording of The Quarrymen acetate and the site of Phillips ' Sound Recording Services was commemorated on 26 August 2005 , when a Blue Plaque was unveiled by two of The Quarrymen ( Lowe and Hanton ) on the front of the house .
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= Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock =
The Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock ( Rupicola rupicola ) is a species of South American passerine . It is about 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) in length and weighs about 200 to 220 grams ( 7 @.@ 1 to 7 @.@ 8 oz ) . They are found in tropical rainforests , near its preferred habitat of rocky outcrops . The males plumage is bright orange and the males have a prominent half @-@ moon crest . The females are brownish in colour , and are generally much duller coloured than the males . It is one of two species of the genus Rupicola , the other being the Andean cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock . The Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock lives across the forested region of northeastern South America . Its diet consists mostly of fruit , but sometimes includes small snakes and lizards .
The Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock breeds in the early months of the year and , on average , lays its eggs around March . During the height of the mating season , males engage in competitive displays in lek , which is a complex courting behaviour that is done to attract females . Males and females live separately except when the females choose a mate . The mating success varies based on multiple factors , ranging from the plumage exhibited by a male to the composition of the lek itself . The females choose a male by flying down to the ground and pecking the male on his rump . The male then turns around and the mating takes place almost immediately . There is speculation that the male @-@ to @-@ male competition is an important factor in lek formation and breeding . The main predators of the Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock are harpy eagles and black @-@ and @-@ white hawk @-@ eagles .
= = Description = =
The Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock is a stout @-@ bodied bird with a prominent half @-@ moon crest . It is a sexually dimorphic bird . The male 's crest is more pronounced than the female 's and is bright orange . The males also have an orange @-@ tipped black tail , black , orange and white wings , a bright orange bill , an orange iris yellowing as it nears its outer edge , and silky @-@ orange filamentous feathers of the inner remiges . Both sexes also have orange legs and skin . The less conspicuous female is dark brownish @-@ grey overall and has a yellow @-@ tipped black bill , a duller orange iris , and a smaller crest . One @-@ year @-@ old juvenile males look similar to an adult female , but has orange speckles over their bodies . After two years , the juvenile males become mostly orange with brown and grey spots . Males attain their definitive plumage at around three years . Juvenile females look almost identical to their adult counterparts . Guianan cocks @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock have a total length of approximately 30 centimetres ( 12 in ) and a total weight of around 200 to 220 grams ( 7 @.@ 1 to 7 @.@ 8 oz ) . The two species of cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock are allopatric , and therefore do not meet with one another . The plumage of male Andean is redder and its wings are mostly black , lacking the orange colouration seen on the male Guianan . The female Andean is reddish brown rather than the brownish @-@ gray of the Guianan .
= = Taxonomy and etymology = =
The Guanian cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock is one of two species of genus Rupicola . It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1766 as the type species of its genus . The Andean cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock ( Rupicola peruvianus ) is similar in body shape and colouration .
The generic and specific names are derived from the Latin words rupes " rock " or " cliff " , and cola " inhabiting " , which express its habit of nesting on rock walls .
= = Range and habitat = =
As suggested by its name , the Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock is found in the Guianan Shield , occurring in French Guiana , Suriname , Guyana , southern Venezuela , eastern Colombia and northern Amazonian Brazil . Its preferred habitats are humid forests near rocky outcrops . They are normally found at an altitude of 300 to 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 980 to 6 @,@ 560 ft ) .
The Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock has distinctive territorial markings . Males usually take dominance of an area on the ground , although they sometimes they occupy middle strata in forests . They make their characteristic marking by clearing out debris from the ground , including twigs , leaves , and pellets . This area is called a “ court ” . Quality of courts are known to have some influence on mate choice . The court quality is determined by the territory density and location to the center of activity in the lek . The reason for the focus on the center of activity in the lek is that successful males tended to own courts in the most densely clustered lek areas . Guianan courts are commonly found in the Guianan Shield , a forested region in northeastern South America .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Diet = = =
The diet of the adult Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock consists mainly of fruits meaning they are frugivorous . Up to 65 species of fruit have been reported in their diet , primarily from canopy trees or lianas . Three quarters ( 75 % ) of the fruit eaten by the Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock at one study site were either black- or red @-@ coloured fruit . In the British Guiana , Thomas E. Gilliard found papayas growing at the base of a huge rock . On top of the rock were perched females that were nesting . He found that no other papayas were growing in that part of the forest and speculated that the perched females ate papayas in the forest where they are native and dropped the seeds below where they were nesting . Small snakes , lizards , insects and frogs are occasionally found in its diet .
By selectively feeding on nearby fruit trees and then defecating or regurgitating the seeds within the leks , these birds can actively influence the regeneration and succession of the forest habitat where they breed .
= = = Breeding = = =
Guianan cocks @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock breed early in the year , and the females lay their eggs around March . During the height of mating season , males gather in leks with multiple males defending a social display arena of much greater area than that of a lone male . The males each have their own area on the forest floor where they make their courts . The size of each court is about 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) in diameter , and the next bird is often about 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) away . The females and males live separately ; only when it is time to mate do females fly over to observe and choose a male . When this occurs , the females tap the males from behind and insemination quickly follows . When females approach a lek , the males stand firmly and present themselves rigidly .
Mating success is dependent on a variety of factors that range from the plumage exhibited by a male to the composition of the lek itself . In one study , the female Guianan cocks @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock displayed sexual selection based off sequential comparisons or threshold standards . The hens engaged in a “ pool – comparison ” tactic , meaning that females chose males of higher rank in courtship . Males of higher rank were those with more matings received from other females ; the lower @-@ ranking single males were ignored . The rankings were determined by where the courts were positioned in the lek : courts that were more centrally placed indicated more successful and higher @-@ ranking males . The females in the study were individually observed to aggregate towards larger , more centrally concentrated leks , demonstrating active female choice .
= = = = Male mating behaviour = = = =
The smaller of the two cocks @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock , the male Guianan takes the lesser part in breeding . It is polygynous and has nothing to do with nesting once mating is done . The male 's energy instead is devoted to very elaborate display rituals that show off its magnificent plumage . These displays take place in communal leks , where 40 or more males may gather to challenge rivals and beckon to the females .
The displaying male purposely contrasts itself from the forest , shows its crest and plumage so much that the bill and tail become obscured ; almost making it difficult to recognize as a bird , to attract females . Within the lek , each female has its own perch on a low branch , while the males own a " court " on the ground below that is cleared of dead leaves by the draughts of each male taking off and landing . The males have a variety of calls and movements , showing off the crest , elongated filaments on the rump , secondary feathers , and the snapping of their bills . Males display on branches about 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) from the ground until a female approaches , when the males display and call from individual plots on the ground . Most males copulate with only a few females . However , some are very successful and may copulate with many . Unlike many other bird species , the male does not use resources nor parental care to entice females .
Males often engage in courtship disruption practices . In a study conducted by Pepper W. Trail , the interactions between adult males , females , and yearlings were observed and linked to mate choice and male dispersion patterns within leks . Adult males produced this disruptive behaviour with varying intensity , which depended on the situation . In lower @-@ intensity disruptions , males usually directed their aggression or threats towards neighboring males , in attempts to improve or maintain breeding status and success . The males that were hassled tended to be more successful and often were disrupted with much greater frequency than males with lower mating success . Higher @-@ intensity disruptions were used by less successful males and directed towards females that wandered by . This behaviour is suggested to have the effect of redirecting females towards the hassling male . Yearlings often disrupted courtships of the more mature adults on the basis of practice for future courtships , since the yearlings do not possess any territory within the lek . Female disruption was an uncommon event that had little , if any , effect on the accessibility of a male . Young males of highly promiscuous species such as the Cock @-@ of @-@ the rock often failed to mate in their first year , probably because older , more experienced males will enjoy the majority of matings . In this strong system of sexual selection , the successive breeding of dominant and aggressive males leads to high sex drives and the endurance of polygyny . A theory suggests that the selection of these aggressive males also puts a premium , or value , on female characteristics . Hence , there is a less likely occurrence of female – elicited aggression .
= = = = Ecological consequences = = = =
One possible advantage to lek formation in Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock is severe selection and consequent rapid evolutionary advancement , all of which is possible due to the high expendability of males . Only a few males are needed to fertilize the next generation . The courtship behaviour is similarly theorized to have arisen from differences in division of labour between the two sexes . Females expend their energy on building nests and rearing young , while males spend most of their time and energy of finding mates and caring for their plumage .
Because Guianan cocks @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock form large leks , averaging 55 adult males , the males in these display leks were especially vulnerable to attacks and predation by large snakes and other natural predators . In manipulated groups of smaller size , around 6 , predation was less likely to occur , giving rise to an inverse relationship between the number and frequency of attacks and the size of leks . Thus , with a smaller frequency of attacks on the smaller group , the Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock males was less likely to spook or disperse completely as compared to a large group where a false alarm could trigger a complete flush out 90 % of the time . It was found that these birds have relatively ineffective methods of anti @-@ predation and that only social anti @-@ predation and the infrequency of encounters with predators were keeping these lekking males alive .
There is speculation that the simulation of male @-@ male competition is important in lek formation and breeding .
= = = Nesting = = =
Unlike other species of the family Cotingidae , the Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock makes its nest on rocky cliff faces and caves rather than in the trees . The female lays one or two eggs in the nest of mud and plant material , which is attached by saliva to a vertical rock . The male does not participate in the building of the nest or the incubation of the eggs . Eggs typically incubate for 27 – 28 days . The ideal nesting sites for this species are usually located in a cave or vertical rock face with crevices that provide some shelter and protection from the elements . The nests themselves are solid moldings formed from mud and plant material deposited into the crevices . Due to the solid nature of these nests , they typically persist from one breeding season to the next . Females will make repairs to their nests as a breeding season begins .
= = = Impact of natural and sexual selection on trait development = = =
The colouration of the males allows them to visibly stand out from the brown forest floor . This bright colouration provides a sexual advantage for the adult males , increasing their likelihood of successfully mating . The result is rapid evolutionary selection within the species for brighter plumage and more conspicuous behaviour patterns in the males . The bright colouration also makes the males more susceptible to predation . Males are more expendable for this reason ; only a small number of males are needed within any generation in order to perpetuate the species . While sexual selection leads to bright plumage , natural selection in turn favors defensive colouration in the birds . There is higher fitness in birds monitoring nests whose colouration acts as camouflage @-@ protection from predation .
= = Conservation = =
Fairly common in its large range , and with its population stable , the Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock is considered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature to be a Least Concern on its red list of threatened species .
The main predators of the Guianan cock @-@ of @-@ the @-@ rock are harpy eagles , black @-@ and @-@ white hawk @-@ eagles , black hawk @-@ eagles , and slaty @-@ backed forest falcons . Although these are the main predators , two species of owls , crested owls and spectacled owls , are also predators . Felines such as the jaguar , puma , and ocelot can also be predators , along with snakes such as the bird snake , tree boas , boa constrictor , tiger rat snake , and fer @-@ de @-@ lance .
The species is rare in captivity , but breeding has been achieved at a small number of facilities . The world 's first successful captive breeding was at Dallas World Aquarium ( USA ) in 2008 .
= = = Predation response = = =
In larger lek groups there is less risk of predation . In a group there are more individuals to alert the group about an approaching predator . All the birds in the groups will be vigilant in looking for a predator because there is an advantage to seeing the predator first . There is also the risk that in a bigger group there will more false alarm signals . The common signal is vocalization , after which the birds will fly up into the trees . It was found the birds did not however give this signal when there was a snake .
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= SpongeBob SquarePants ( season 2 ) =
The second season of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants , created by Stephen Hillenburg , aired on Nickelodeon from October 26 , 2000 , to July 26 , 2003 , and consists of 20 episodes . The series chronicles the exploits and adventures of the title character and his various friends in the fictional underwater city of Bikini Bottom . The season was executive produced by series creator Hillenburg , who also acted as the showrunner .
During the season 's run , SpongeBob SquarePants became Nickelodeon 's No. 2 children 's program , behind Rugrats . Nearly 40 percent of SpongeBob 's audience of 2 @.@ 2 million were aged 18 to 34 . The show signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King , expanding its merchandising , and SpongeBob 's popularity translated well into sales figures . In 2002 , the show itself was nominated at the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children 's Program . At the 29th Annie Awards , the series was nominated three times . The episodes " The Secret Box " and " Band Geeks " won at the 2002 Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television — Animation , while the episodes " Jellyfish Hunter " and " The Fry Cook Games " received a nomination for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation — Music category .
Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released . The SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 2nd Season DVD was released in Region 1 on October 19 , 2004 , Region 2 on October 23 , 2006 , and Region 4 on November 30 , 2006 .
= = Production = =
The season aired on Nickelodeon , which is owned by Viacom , and was produced by United Plankton Pictures and Nickelodeon . The season 's executive producer was series creator Stephen Hillenburg , who also functioned as the series ' showrunner . During production of the previous season , Nickelodeon picked up a second season for SpongeBob SquarePants on August 31 , 1999 . The season premiered more than a year later , on October 26 , 2000 . Season production assistant and then @-@ staff writer Derek Iversen commented , " We hoped it would go one season . We hoped it would go two seasons . I figured you do the best you can and you hope . "
In this season , production switched from cel animation , used during the first season , to digital ink and paint . Executive producer Paul Tibbitt , in 2009 , said " The first season of SpongeBob was done the old @-@ fashioned way on cells , and every cell had to be part @-@ painted , left to dry , paint some other colours . It 's still a time @-@ consuming aspect of the process now , but the digital way of doing things means it doesn 't take long to correct . " The animation was handled overseas in South Korea at Rough Draft Studios . Animation directors credited with episodes in the second season included Sean Dempsey , Edgar Larrazabal , Larry Leichliter , Andrew Overtoom , Leonard Robinson , Frank Weiss , and Tom Yasumi . The season was storyboarded by Walt Dohrn , C.H. Greenblatt , Chris Headrick , Chuck Klein , Carson Kugler , Jay Lender , Caleb Meurer , Dan Povenmire , William " Bill " Reiss , Octavio Rodriguez , Jim Schumann , Aaron Springer , Paul Tibbitt , and Erik Wiese .
Episodes were written by a team of writers , which consisted of Dohrn , David Fain , Greenblatt , Mr. Lawrence , Lender , Mark O 'Hare , Povenmire , William Reiss , Springer , Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams . During the season , the writing staff used their individual childhood experiences as inspirations to come up with much of the story lines for individual episodes . For example , in the episode " Sailor Mouth " , SpongeBob learns profanity . The idea for the episode was inspired by creative director Derek Drymon 's experience " [ when ] I got in trouble for saying the f @-@ word in front of my mother . " Drymon said , " The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle , with SpongeBob chasing him , is pretty much how it happened in real life . " The end of the episode , where Mr. Krabs uses more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick , was also inspired " by the fact that my [ Drymon 's ] mother has a sailor mouth herself . " In " Secret Box " , SpongeBob wants to see what is inside Patrick 's secret box . The idea came to Drymon because he too had a secret box as a child . Creator Hillenburg said , " [ He ] started telling us about it . We wanted to make fun of him and use it . "
= = Cast = =
The second season had a cast of six main actors . Tom Kenny provided the voice of the title character SpongeBob SquarePants and his pet snail Gary . SpongeBob 's best friend , a starfish named Patrick Star , was voiced by Bill Fagerbakke , while Rodger Bumpass played the voice of Squidward Tentacles , an arrogant and ill @-@ tempered octopus . Other members of the cast were Carolyn Lawrence as Sandy Cheeks , a squirrel from Texas ; Clancy Brown as Mr. Krabs , a miserly crab obsessed with money and SpongeBob 's boss at the Krusty Krab ; and Mr. Lawrence as Plankton , a small green copepod and Mr. Krabs ' business rival . The season had a number of secondary characters including Jill Talley as Plankton 's computer wife , Karen ; Mary Jo Catlett as Mrs. Puff , SpongeBob 's driving instructor ; Lori Alan as Pearl , Mr. Krabs ' daughter ; and Brian Doyle @-@ Murray as the Flying Dutchman .
Season two introduced various characters that would recur throughout the series . Mr. Krabs ' mother , Mama Krabs , debuted in the episode " Sailor Mouth " and was voiced by writer Paul Tibbitt . However , voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt 's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode " Enemy In @-@ Law " in 2005 . In the Christmas special " Christmas Who ? " , SpongeBob 's voice actor , Tom Kenny , portrayed Patchy the Pirate , the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club , while series creator Hillenburg voiced the character of Potty the Parrot . After Hillenburg 's departure from the show as showrunner in 2004 , Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot .
In addition to the regular cast members , episodes feature guest voices from many ranges of professions , including actors , athletes , authors , musicians , and artists . American rock band Ween guest starred as themselves in " Your Shoe 's Untied " . The band performed " Loop de Loop " , a song they written for the episode . Before SpongeBob SquarePants aired on television in 1999 , Hillenburg had approached band guitarist Dean Ween to compose a song for the show . Dean Ween said " [ Hillenburg ] called me and told me [ he ] was a marine biologist who was starting a cartoon about underwater sea creatures and that The Mollusk was a big reference point for him creatively and would we like to do a song for the show . " The band conceived the song and wrote it in about three minutes . Ween 's 1997 song " Ocean Man " would also be used four years later during the end credits sequence in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie , and as part of the film 's soundtrack . In the episode " Bossy Boots " , American band The Capsules performed the song " Bossy Boots " , which was later released on SpongeBob SquarePants : The Yellow Album in 2005 . In " Bubble Buddy " , professional American surfer Corky Carroll made a vocal cameo as Grubby Grouper , a famous surfer . It also stars Brad Abrell as titular character Bubble Buddy . " Grandma 's Kisses " features Marion Ross as SpongeBob 's grandmother . She would reprise her role throughout the series , including the fifth season episode " BlackJack " . In the entry " Pre @-@ Hibernation Week " , where Sandy and SpongeBob play extreme sporting games , American heavy metal band Pantera appeared as themselves for a special musical performance . McHale 's Navy actors Ernest Borgnine and Tim Conway returned in the episode " Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy III " , reprising their roles as Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy , respectively . John Rhys @-@ Davies also guest starred in the same episode as the heroes ' nemesis , Man Ray . Various other characters were voiced by voice acting veterans Dee Bradley Baker , Thomas F. Wilson and Clea Lewis .
= = Reception = =
Since SpongeBob SquarePants made its debut in 1999 , the show had flourished into Nickelodeon 's number 2 children 's program , after Rugrats . Nearly 40 percent of the show 's audience of 2 @.@ 2 million were aged 18 to 34 . As a result , Nickelodeon moved the show from Saturday morning to a much more valuable timeslot : almost @-@ prime time , appearing at 6 PM , from Monday through Thursday . In 2001 , Nickelodeon took the " Saturday @-@ morning ratings crown " for the fourth straight season , grabbing a 4 @.@ 8 rating / 21 share ( 1 @.@ 9 million viewers ) in two- to eleven @-@ year @-@ olds , jumping 17 % from the previous year .
SpongeBob SquarePants signed a marketing deal with Target Corporation and Burger King , expanding its merchandising . Furthermore , the popularity of SpongeBob translated well into sales figures . In 2002 , SpongeBob SquarePants dolls sold at a rate of 75 @,@ 000 per week , which was faster than Tickle Me Elmo dolls were selling at the time . Nickelodeon 's parent company Viacom purposefully targeted women in Japan as a way of marketing the SpongeBob SquarePants brand . Skeptics initially doubted that SpongeBob could be popular in Japan , as the character 's design is very different from popular designs for Hello Kitty and Pikachu , but SpongeBob has gained popularity in Japan among women . Ratings and merchandise sales showed SpongeBob SquarePants had caught on with parents and with the college audience . In a recent promotion , college @-@ oriented website Music.com gave away 80 @,@ 000 SpongeBob T @-@ shirts , four times more than during a similar promotion for Comedy Central 's South Park .
The second season was well received by media critics . In 2002 , the show itself was nominated at the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Children 's Program . At the 29th Annie Awards , the series was nominated three times , including Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female and Male Performer in an Animated Television Production categories for Mary Jo Catlett for her role as Mrs. Puff in " No Free Rides " and Tom Kenny for his role as SpongeBob SquarePants in " Wormy " , respectively . Peter Straus and Paul Tibbitt were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement for a Song in an Animated Production for their song " The Very First Christmas " that was featured in " Christmas Who ? " In 2002 , the episodes " The Secret Box " and " Band Geeks " won at the Golden Reel Awards for Best Sound Editing in Television — Animation , while the episodes " Jellyfish Hunter " and " The Fry Cook Games " received a nomination for Best Sound Editing in Television Animation — Music category .
In his review for the The Spokesman @-@ Review , Isamu Jordan said , " I 'll be honest . I dig the little yellow dude who lives in a pineapple under the sea quite a bit for his absurdity À la Ren and Stimpy . " He said that " season two is worth having in your or your kid 's SpongeBob collection " given that the episodes " Krusty Love " , " Squid 's Day Off " , and " Mermaidman and Barnacleboy III " are on the set . Jason Bovberg of the DVD Talk wrote that the season release is " recommended . " He said " Let me state up front that I adore this show . I get a total kick out of watching it with my 4 @-@ year @-@ old daughter . We laugh uproariously at SpongeBob 's adventures and I 'm helplessly reduced to a boy about her age as I beam and giggle at the screen . " However , Bovberg called the included audio commentaries " downright boring . " Various celebrities — including Lance Bass of ' N Sync , Will Ferrell of Saturday Night Live , singer @-@ songwriter Tom Waits , and Jerry Lewis — admitted they were fans of the show .
During the 2001 – 02 television season , the Parents Television Council ( PTC ) , a watchdog media group , named SpongeBob SquarePants among the best programs on cable television . However , according to a report titled Wolves in Sheep 's Clothing , which documents the increase in potentially violent , profane , and sexual content in children 's programming , the PTC and fans believed the episode " Sailor Mouth " , which originally aired during the 2001 – 02 season , was an implicit attempt to promote and satirize use of profanity among children . The report cited a repeat broadcast of the episode from 2005 to prove its point that it promoted use of profanity among children . In a later report , several members of the PTC listed " Sailor Mouth " as an example of how levels of profane , sexual , and violent activity has increased in children 's television programming . Nickelodeon , in response to the incident , said " It 's sad and a little desperate that they stooped to literally putting profane language in the mouths of our characters to make a point . Has the FCC looked at this ? " Richard Huff of the New York Daily News criticized the report for misinterpreting the episode over its intent to satirize profanity implicitly .
= = Episodes = =
Key
The following episodes listed in the chart are arranged according to their production order , rather than by their original air dates .
= = DVD release = =
The DVD boxset for season two was released by Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon in the United States and Canada in October 2004 , almost two years after the season had completed broadcast on television . The DVD release features bonus materials including audio commentaries , storyboards , and featurettes . In 2005 , the DVD compilation was nominated at the 9th Golden Satellite Awards for Best Youth DVD , although did not win .
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= 23rd Battalion ( Australia ) =
The 23rd Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army . It was raised in 1915 as part of the Australian Imperial Force for service during World War I and formed part of the 6th Brigade , attached to the 2nd Division . After being formed in Australia , the battalion was sent to Egypt to complete its training , before being committed to the Gallipoli Campaign as reinforcements in September 1915 . They remained on the peninsula until the evacuation of Allied troops in December , when they were withdrawn back to Egypt where they were reorganised before being transferred to the Western Front in March 1916 . Over the course of the next two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , the 23rd took part in a number of significant battles in France and Belgium , before being disbanded in mid @-@ 1919 following the conclusion of hostilities . In 1921 , the battalion was re @-@ raised as a part @-@ time unit within the Citizens Forces in the state of Victoria , but was amalgamated with the 21st Battalion in 1929 to form the 23rd / 21st Battalion .
= = History = =
= = = World War I = = =
= = = = Formation = = = =
The 23rd Battalion was raised in Victoria in March 1915 as part of the formation of the 2nd Division of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) . Its first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel George Morton . Together with the 21st , 22nd and 24th Battalions , it formed the 6th Brigade under the command of Colonel Richard Linton . Organised into four rifle companies , designated ' A ' through to ' D ' , with a machine gun section in support , the Australian infantry battalion of the time had an authorised strength of 1 @,@ 023 men of all ranks . After completing initial training at Broadmeadows , in May 1915 the 23rd embarked upon the troopship Euripides bound for Egypt . They arrived in Alexandria on 11 June and after being moved by train to Cairo they marched to a camp at Heliopolis where they undertook further training in preparation for deployment to Gallipoli , where the units of the 1st Division had landed on 25 April 1915 .
= = = = Gallipoli = = = =
While they were training , the Allies launched the August Offensive in an attempt to break the deadlock that had developed on the Gallipoli Peninsula following the initial landing . The offensive largely failed and heavy casualties resulted . In order to replace the men that were lost and give the survivors a rest , the decision was made by Allied commanders to move the 2nd Division from Egypt . After being moved to Lemnos Island , the 23rd Battalion embarked for Gallipoli on 4 September , arriving there at 9 : 30 pm that evening . A day of familiarisation followed before the battalion took up defensive positions at Lone Pine . On 12 September , the 23rd , along with their sister battalion , the 24th , took over responsibility for the post from the 1st Division battalions that had held it previously . During the stalemate that followed , manning positions that , in some places , were only a few metres from the Ottoman lines , the 23rd Battalion began countermining operations after Turkish mining operations were discovered . For the next three months , due to the intensity of the fighting in the sector , the battalion alternated their position with the 24th Battalion almost every day until the evacuation of Allied troops from the peninsula occurred , embarking with the last troops to leave on the night of 19 / 20 December 1915 .
Following their withdrawal from Gallipoli , the 23rd Battalion was moved to Lemnos Island , where they remained until January 1916 when they were transferred back to Egypt . At this time , the AIF was reorganised and expanded in preparation for future operations . Two new infantry divisions were formed from the experienced troops of the 1st Division who had deployed to Gallipoli at the start of the campaign , while a third division was raised in Australia from scratch . The 2nd Division was largely left untouched , so that it could complete its formation which had been interrupted by its deployment to Gallipoli . The 23rd subsequently spent the early months of 1916 rebuilding its strength and conducting further training in preparation for its transfer to Europe .
= = = = Western Front = = = =
After arriving in France in March , the battalion moved to the Western Front , occupying the forward positions around Armentières in northern France on 10 April 1916 . In mid @-@ July , the battalion was transferred to the Somme , where they subsequently took part in the Battles of Pozières and Mouquet Farm , during which they suffered almost 90 per cent casualties . In early 1917 , the Germans shortened their lines and withdrew to the Hindenburg Line and the Australian divisions in the Somme were ordered to carry out an advance to follow them up . After being reinforced , the 23rd Battalion was committed to the fighting at the Second Battle of Bullecourt in early May 1917 after the first attempt to capture the town by the 4th Australian Division failed . Succeeding in capturing all its objectives , it was heavily counter @-@ attacked by German forces , suffering a large number of casualties , including 100 men killed or died of wounds before being relieved by the Australian 3rd Battalion . After this the battalion was withdrawn from the line until early September 1917 when they moved into positions around Ypres , Belgium , and participated in the Battle of Broodseinde on 4 October . During this battle , the 6th Brigade was positioned to the south of Zonnebeke Lake , and the 23rd Battalion lost three officers and 101 other ranks killed or wounded , some of which were inflicted when an intense German mortar barrage fell upon their " waiting line " prior to the attack . Nevertheless , the attack which followed , after overcoming an encounter with a German regiment , the 212th , in no man 's land , resulted in success as the Australians captured the ridge .
In early 1918 , Russian resistance on the Eastern Front collapsed in the wake of the October Revolution and , as a result , the Germans were able to transfer a large number of troops to the Western Front . This greatly improved the German strength in the west and , as a result , in March , they launched their Spring Offensive . With the Germans making rapid gains , many Australian units , including the 23rd Battalion , were thrown into the line to blunt the attack in early April , as the 6th Brigade relieved the 12th around Dernancourt . After the German offensive was halted , a brief lull followed during which the Allies sought to regain the initiative , launching a series of " Peaceful Penetration " operations . Following this , the 23rd participated in the fighting at Hamel on 4 July , advancing as the right @-@ hand battalion on the southern front behind a devastatingly accurate preparatory barrage . On 8 August 1918 , the 23rd joined the Allied Hundred Days Offensive , which was launched at Amiens , and was followed by a series of advances followed as the Allies began advancing through the Somme . For his actions during the fighting at Mont St. Quentin in early September , one of the battalion 's soldiers , Private Robert Mactier , was awarded the Victoria Cross posthumously . After participating in the Battle of Beaurevoir between 3 and 4 October , the battalion was sent to the rear for rest when the units of the Australian Corps , severely depleted , were withdrawn from the line upon the insistence of the Australian prime minister , Billy Hughes . As a result , it took no further part in the fighting before the armistice was declared on 11 November .
Following the end of hostilities , the demobilisation process began and slowly the battalion 's numbers began to dwindle as its personnel were repatriated back to Australia and returned to civilian life . The 23rd Battalion was disbanded in Belgium on 30 April 1919 . Throughout its service during the war , it suffered 686 killed and 2 @,@ 317 wounded ( including gassed ) . For its involvement during the war , the 23rd Battalion received a total of 19 battle honours ; these were bestowed upon the battalion in 1927 .
= = = Re @-@ raising and subsequent amalgamation = = =
In 1921 , the decision was made to perpetuate the battle honours and traditions of the AIF by re @-@ organising the units of the Citizens Forces to adopt the numerical designations of the AIF units with which they were affiliated . As a result of this decision , the 23rd Battalion was re @-@ raised in Victoria , drawing personnel from the 2nd and 5th Battalions , 23rd Infantry Regiment , and part of the 29th Light Horse Regiment , and perpetuating the battle honours of its AIF predecessor . It later adopted the title of the " 23rd Battalion ( The City of Geelong Regiment ) " when territorial titles were introduced in 1927 . At the same time it was granted the motto Nulli Secundus . In 1928 , the battalion was part of the 2nd Brigade , within the 3rd Military District .
Initially , the Citizen Forces units were maintained through a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service , but in late 1929 , following the election of the Scullin Labor government , the compulsory training scheme was abolished and this , coupled with the economic privations of the Great Depression drastically reduced the number of recruits available . As a result , the decision was made to amalgamate a number of units . The 23rd Battalion was one of those chosen and it was linked with the 21st Battalion to become the 23rd / 21st Battalion , adopting the territorial designation of " The City of Geelong Regiment / The Victoria Rangers " . This battalion undertook garrison duties in the Northern Territory during World War II , before being disbanded in August 1943 as being surplus to Army requirements without having served overseas . After the war , following the demobilisation of the wartime Army , Australia 's part @-@ time military was re @-@ formed in 1948 , but the 23rd Battalion was not re @-@ raised at the time . In 1961 , although the battalion was in a state of suspended animation , it was entrusted with the 13 battle honours awarded to the 2 / 23rd Battalion for its service in North Africa and New Guinea during World War II .
= = Commanding officers = =
During World War I , the following officers served as commanding officer of the 23rd Battalion :
George Frederick Morton ;
George Hodges Knox ;
Wilfred Kent Fethers ;
William Brazenor ;
William Joseph Bateman .
= = Battle honours = =
The 23rd Battalion was awarded the following battle honours :
World War I : Gallipoli 1915 , Egypt 1915 – 16 , Somme 1916 – 18 , Pozières , Bapaume 1917 , Bullecourt , Ypres 1917 , Menin Road , Polygon Wood , Broodseinde , Poelcappelle , Passchendaele , Hamel , Amiens , Albert 1918 , Mont St Quentin , Hindenburg Line , Beaurevoir , France and Flanders 1916 – 18 .
World War II : North Africa 1941 – 42 , Defence of Tobruk , The Salient 1941 , Defence of Alamein Line , El Alamein , South @-@ West Pacific 1943 – 45 , Lae – Nadzab , Finschhafen , Borneo , Busu River , Sattelberg , Wareo and Tarakan ( inherited ) .
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= Their Child =
Their Child is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film begins with Ellen Stokes whose extravagant lifestyle is outside the means of the family . While their only son is hosting a birthday party , the husband informs Ellen that they are financially ruined because of her . Ellen attempts to get money from her uncle , who refuses , and a friend of the family soon comes to her aid with a loan . Ellen is deceptive in telling who provided the money and her jealous husband soon learns the truth . In anger , he takes the child and leaves . The child soon returns to Ellen and she whisks him away to a new home where she fails to obtain gainful employment . The son decides to sell newspapers for some money and in this job is recognized by his father , soon the family is reunited . Marie Eline played the role of " their child " and was likely so well disguised that the reviewer for The Nickelodeon believed her to be a boy . The film was released on October 21 , 1910 , and was met with positive reviews . The film is presumed lost .
= = Plot = =
Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from October 22 , 1910 . It states : " Ellen Stokes is a loving wife and mother , but she has one fault - extravagance . On the day that her only child is playing the host at a birthday party , Ellen 's husband informs her that he is practically ruined , and places the fault at her door . Ellen , conscience stricken , declares that she will aid her husband , and tells him that she will induce her rich uncle to aid them . When she talks to him on the subject , she finds that he is not disposed to aid her . Soon after his refusal , a friend of the family drops in , finds Ellen in tears , learns of her trouble , and offers a loan which she finally accepts . The woman 's husband is of a jealous nature and when Ellen gives him the money , he asks if it came from the other man . She hastily denies it , and says that her uncle was the one . The husband takes the money , and later finds that his wife has deceived him . In anger he leaves the house , taking their only child with him . "
" When Ellen finds that she has been deserted , she listens to the pleadings of the other man and is about to elope with him , when the baby , Tom , unexpectedly appears . He has run away from his father , and trudged through the streets , alone , to rejoin his mother . The woman clasped her child in her arms and decides to live for him in the future . The mother takes her child to humble lodgings , the whereabouts of which are unknown even to her husband . There she tries to make a living for herself and him by sewing , but is unable to do so . She has given the last crust of bread to the little one , and is herself in a starving condition , when the baby boy himself comes to the rescue by starting out on a business career , selling papers in the street . In this way the wolf is kept from the door for a little while longer , and the little fellow , while applying his trade on the street corner , is met and recognized by his father . With his son as his guide , the repentant husband , who now realizes his unjust action , goes to his wife , and with the baby as a mediator , the two become reconciled . "
= = Production = =
The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The only known credit is for Marie Eline in the role of " their child " . The other cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . A surviving film still gives the possibility of identifying most of the actors in the film .
It seems that Marie Eline was so well @-@ disguised as a boy that the reviewer for The Nickelodeon was unable to recognize her true gender . The reviewer state " the meeting between the father and his newsboy child also has a touch of originality " and " [ t ] he child is a fine little actor , easily making himself the star of the piece . " Though this was not lost on the reviewer for The New York Dramatic Mirror which stated , " The work of the little girl who plays the leading role in this film is a constant wonder to spectators . " Eline had proven herself capable of handling male characters , with the first such credit as a young Italian boy in The Two Roses . Eline would also star as Hans in The Little Hero of Holland .
= = Release and reception = =
The single reel drama , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on October 21 , 1910 . The film had a wide national release , with theaters showing the film in Maryland , Pennsylvania , South Dakota , Indiana , and Kansas . In 1917 , years after its release , it was later approved by the Pennsylvania State Board of Censors of Moving Pictures for viewing without modification .
The film was reviewed positively by the trade publications . The Moving Picture World stated , " The dramatic qualities of this film are high , but the subject is somewhat depressing ... Maybe the picture will teach the lesson that it is better to listen to explanations at first and save all those intervening years of sorrow and suffering . It ought to , at any rate , because that story is plainly wrought out and is apparent as it is possible to make it . " A review in The Nickelodeon offered little more than a summary of the film , but the reviewer found the subject to be enhanced by the attention to detail in the production . The reviewer was also pleased that the child was not brought in to serve as in deus ex machina role . Though Lonergan was fond of using the technique . Even The New York Dramatic Mirror gave some praise to the production , but noted that the acting of the mother 's friend was the weakest because " [ a ] man of his [ caliber ] wouldn 't have backed off so quickly . " Overall , the reviewer found the acting to be better than the narrative itself and concluded that " [ s ] omething less laboredly sentimental would be much stronger . "
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= Victoria Cross for New Zealand =
The Victoria Cross for New Zealand ( VC ) is a military decoration awarded for valour or gallantry in the presence of the enemy to members of the New Zealand Armed Forces . It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service and civilians under military command , and is presented to the recipient by the Governor @-@ General of New Zealand during an investiture held at Government House , Wellington . As the highest award for gallantry in New Zealand it takes precedence over all other postnominals and medals .
The Victoria Cross for New Zealand was established in 1999 when New Zealand created a new award system that replaced several Commonwealth honours with New Zealand awards . It has been awarded once , on 2 July 2007 to Corporal Willie Apiata for actions in 2004 .
The original Victoria Cross was introduced in 1856 by Queen Victoria to reward acts of valour during the Crimean War . That medal had been awarded 25 times to 24 individual military personnel from New Zealand ; Captain Charles Upham receiving a bar . Only 14 medals have been awarded since the end of the Second World War . The medal is made from the gunmetal of a weapon supposedly captured at the siege of Sevastopol , but several historians have since questioned the true origin of the gunmetal . Originally all Commonwealth recipients were issued with the same award , but over the last 50 years , Commonwealth countries have introduced separate award systems ; three of these retain " Victoria Cross " as part of the name of the highest award for gallantry .
= = Origin = =
= = = Victoria Cross = = =
The original Victoria Cross was created by Queen Victoria in 1856 to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with a man 's lengthy or meritorious service . She signed a Royal Warrant on 29 January 1856 that officially instituted the VC . The order was retroactive to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War .
The Australian and New Zealand Victoria Crosses are made from the same gunmetal as the originals . It was originally intended that the VCs would be cast from the bronze cascabels of two cannon that were captured from the Russians at the siege of Sevastopol . The historian John Glanfield has since shown that the metal used for VCs is in fact from Chinese cannon not Russian , and their origin is a mystery .
The barrels of the cannon in question are stationed outside the Officers ' Mess at the Royal Artillery Barracks at Woolwich . The remaining portion of the only remaining cascabel , weighing 10 kilograms ( 385 oz ) , is stored in a vault maintained by 15 Regiment Royal Logistic Corps at MoD Donnington . It can only be removed under armed guard . It is estimated that approximately 80 to 85 more VCs could be cast from this source . A single company of jewellers , Hancocks of London , has been responsible for the production of every VC .
= = = Separate Commonwealth awards = = =
In the last 60 years several Commonwealth countries have introduced their own honours systems , separate from the British Honours System . Australia , Canada and New Zealand have each introduced their own decorations for gallantry and bravery , replacing British decorations such as the Military Cross with their own awards . Most Commonwealth countries , however , still recognise some form of the VC as their highest decoration for valour .
Australia was the first Commonwealth nation to create its own VC , on 15 January 1991 . Although it is a separate award , its appearance is identical to its British counterpart . Canada followed suit when in 1993 Queen Elizabeth signed Letters Patent creating the Canadian VC , which is also similar to the British version , except that the legend has been changed from FOR VALOUR to the Latin PRO VALORE . The New Zealand and Australian awards are still made by the jewellers Hancocks from the gunmetal used for the originals . The Canadian Victoria Cross also includes metal from the same cannon , along with copper and other metals from all regions of Canada .
New Zealand was the third country to create the VC as part of its own honours system . On 21 September 1999 , Prime Minister Jenny Shipley announced that the Queen had approved the formal institution of a new range of Royal awards to recognise acts of gallantry and bravery performed by New Zealanders . The awards were designed to be the final major element in the development of a distinct New Zealand Royal honours system .
The start of the process came with proposals released in 1995 by the Honours Advisory Committee that reviewed the honours system . Until May 1996 , New Zealand made recommendations for various British awards for acts of gallantry performed during military operations and acts of bravery by civilians including the Victoria Cross and George Cross . However , the British Government 's review and simplification of their awards system provided an ideal opportunity for New Zealand to also develop a unique and simplified system .
= = Appearance = =
The Victoria Cross for New Zealand is identical to the original design . The decoration is a cross pattée , 41 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) high , 36 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) wide , bearing a crown surmounted by a lion , and the inscription FOR VALOUR . This was originally to have been FOR BRAVERY , until it was changed on the recommendation of Queen Victoria , who thought some might erroneously consider that only the recipients of the VC were brave in battle . The decoration , suspension bar and link weigh about 27 grams ( 0 @.@ 87 troy ounces ) .
The cross is suspended by a ring from a seriffed " V " to a bar ornamented with laurel leaves , through which the ribbon passes . The reverse of the suspension bar is engraved with the recipient 's name , rank , number and unit . On the reverse of the medal is a circular panel on which the date of the act for which it was awarded is engraved in the centre . The ribbon is crimson , 38 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 5 inches ) wide . Although the warrants state the colour as being red it is described by most commentators as being crimson or " wine @-@ red " .
= = Conferment = =
The Victoria Cross for New Zealand is awarded for
The power of awarding the medal officially resides with the Queen of New Zealand . The Royal Warrant states that the " Awards of a New Zealand Gallantry Award and of a Bar to an Award shall be made by Us , Our Heirs and Successors , only on a recommendation by Our Prime Minister of New Zealand or a Minister of the Crown acting for Our Prime Minister . " As with the original Victoria Cross any recommendations pass through the New Zealand Defence Force chain of command to the Minister of Defence .
The original Victoria Cross had been awarded to 24 New Zealanders . Thirteen of these awards were for action in the First World War . The Victoria Cross for New Zealand has been awarded once . It was officially announced on 2 July 2007 that Corporal Willie Apiata of the NZ SAS was awarded the Victoria Cross for New Zealand for his actions in saving the life of a " comrade under heavy fire from opposing forces " during the Afghanistan conflict in 2004 . Apiata received his medal from Governor @-@ General Anand Satyanand at a ceremony held at Government House , Wellington on 26 July 2007 .
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= 1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado =
The 1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado ( locally referred to as the May 3rd tornado ) was an extremely powerful F5 tornado in which the highest wind speeds ever measured globally , 301 miles per hour ( 484 km / h ) , were recorded by a Doppler on Wheels ( DOW ) radar . The tornado devastated southern portions of Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , along with surrounding suburbs and towns during the early evening of May 3 , 1999 . Throughout its 85 @-@ minute existence , the tornado covered 38 miles ( 61 km ) , destroying thousands of homes , killing 36 people ( plus an additional five indirectly ) , and leaving US $ 1 billion in damage , ranking it as the fifth @-@ costliest on record , not accounting for inflation .
The tornado first touched down at 6 : 23 p.m. Central Daylight Time ( CDT ) in Grady County , roughly two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south @-@ southwest of Amber . It quickly intensified into a violent F4 , and gradually reached F5 status after traveling 6 @.@ 5 miles ( 10 @.@ 5 km ) , at which time it struck the community of Bridge Creek . Once it moved through the unincorporated community , it fluctuated in strength , ranging from F2 to F5 status before it crossed into Cleveland County . Not long after entering the county , it reached F5 intensity for a third time as it moved through the city of Moore . By 7 : 30 p.m. CDT , the tornado crossed into Oklahoma County and battered southeastern Oklahoma City , Del City and Midwest City , before dissipating around 7 : 48 p.m. CDT just outside Midwest City . In terms of structural losses , a total of 8 @,@ 132 homes , 1 @,@ 041 apartments , 260 businesses , 11 public buildings and seven churches were damaged or destroyed .
In the wake of the tornado , large @-@ scale search and rescue operations took place in the affected areas . A major disaster declaration was signed by President Bill Clinton the following day ( May 4 ) , allowing for the state to receive federal aid . In the following months , disaster aid amounted to $ 67 @.@ 8 million . In light of the fatalities that occurred under highway overpasses , the notion of them being safe areas to seek shelter was dismissed , and they were from then on considered to be one of the most dangerous places to be during a tornado . Reconstruction projects in subsequent years led to a safer , tornado @-@ ready community . In May 2013 , similar areas adjacent to the 1999 storm 's track were again devastated by an EF5 tornado , resulting in 24 fatalities and extreme damage in Moore .
= = Meteorological synopsis = =
The Bridge Creek – Moore tornado was part of a much larger outbreak , which spawned 71 tornadoes across five states throughout the Central Plains on May 3 alone , along with an additional 25 that touched down on May 4 in some of the areas affected by the previous day 's activity ( some of which were spawned supercells that developed on the evening of May 3 ) , stretching eastward to the Mississippi River Valley . On the morning of May 3 , in its Day 1 Convective Outlook for the United States , the Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) issued a slight risk for severe weather , as a dry line that stretched from western Kansas into western Texas approached a warm , humid air @-@ mass over the Central Plains ; the conditions ahead of the dry line and a connecting trough positioned over northeastern Colorado appeared to favor the development of thunderstorms later that day that would contain large hail , damaging straight @-@ line winds and isolated tornadoes .
Forecasters at the SPC initially underestimated the atmospheric conditions that would support tornadic development that afternoon and evening ; around 4 : 00 a.m. CDT , Doppler radar and wind profile data indicated a 90 @-@ knot ( 100 mph ) jet streak along the border of California and Nevada , with weather balloon soundings sent up the previous evening by National Weather Service offices in the western United States and numerical computer model data failing to detect the fast @-@ moving air current as it moved ashore from the Pacific Ocean . In addition , the dry line was diffused , with surface winds behind and ahead of the boundary moving into the region from a southerly direction . SPC meteorologists began to recalculate model data during the morning to account for the stronger wind profiles caused by the jet streak ; the data acknowledged that thunderstorms would occur within the Central Plains , but disagreed on the exact area of greatest severe weather risk .
By 7 : 00 a.m. Central Daylight Time , CAPE values began exceeding 4 @,@ 000 j / kg , a level which climatologically favors the development of severe thunderstorms . Despite conflicting model data on the specified area where thunderstorms would develop , the newly available information that denoted a more favorable severe thunderstorm setup in that part of the state prompted the SPC to upgrade the forecasted threat of severe weather to a moderate risk for south @-@ central Kansas , much of the western two @-@ thirds of Oklahoma , and northwestern and north @-@ central Texas at 11 : 15 a.m. CDT that morning , which now indicated an elevated threat of strong tornadoes .
By the early afternoon hours , forecasters at both the SPC and the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman , Oklahoma realized that a major event was likely to take place based solely on observational data from radar and weather satellite imagery and balloon soundings , as the computer models remained uncooperative in helping meteorologists determine where the greatest threat of severe storms would occur .
Conditions became highly conducive for tornadic development by 1 : 00 p.m. CDT as wind shear intensified over the region ( as confirmed by an unscheduled balloon sounding flight conducted by the NWS Norman office ) , creating a highly unstable atmosphere . The sounding balloon recorded winds blowing southwesterly ( at 20 mph ( 17 kn ) and 50 mph ( 43 kn ) , respectively ) at the surface and at the 12 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) level , southerly winds of 40 mph ( 35 kn ) at 12 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) and westerly winds of 20 mph ( 17 kn ) at 20 @,@ 000 feet ( 6 @,@ 100 m ) ; it also indicated that a capping inversion over the region was weakening in southwestern Oklahoma and north Texas ; with the warm air above the surface cooling down , this allowed warm air at the surface the chance to rise and potentially create thunderstorms . Although cirrus clouds − a bank of which had developed in west Texas and overspread portions of Oklahoma later in the morning − were present through much of the day , an area of clearing skies over western north Texas and southwestern Oklahoma early that afternoon allowed for the sun to heat up the moisture @-@ laden region , creating significant atmospheric instability .
At 3 : 49 p.m. CDT , a high risk of severe weather was issued by the Storm Prediction Center for much of central Oklahoma . Within 25 minutes of this , the National Weather Service office in Norman issued a severe thunderstorm warning for Comanche County by 4 : 15 p.m. CDT late that afternoon , as the first storm of the event rapidly intensified . A half @-@ hour later at 4 : 45 p.m. CDT , the Storm Prediction Center issued a tornado watch for western and central Oklahoma , for the threat of tornadoes , hail up to 3 inches ( 7 @.@ 6 cm ) in diameter and wind gusts to 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) .
= = Storm development and track = =
The thunderstorm that eventually spawned the F5 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado formed around 3 : 30 p.m. CDT over Tillman County . Despite the lack of overall lift prevalent in the region , the storm formed out of a contrail @-@ like horizontal area of convective clouds that developed during peak surface heating over southwestern Oklahoma , located well ahead of the dry line still positioned farther to the west , which provided enhanced lift and speed shear necessary to develop the supercell . Tracking northeast , the storm strengthened and entered Comanche County shortly after 4 : 00 p.m. CDT ; there , hail up to 1 @.@ 75 inches ( 4 @.@ 4 cm ) in diameter fell .
As the rotation in the supercell began to rapidly increase at the cloud base , a tornado warning was issued for Comanche , Caddo and Grady Counties at 4 : 50 p.m. CDT ; at 4 : 51 p.m. , a small tornado roughly 25 yards ( 75 ft ) in diameter − the first of 14 associated with supercell " A " ( the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman designated lettered names for the three tornado @-@ producing supercells in the outbreak in storm surveys ) − touched down along U.S. Route 62 , seven miles ( 11 km ) east @-@ northeast of Medicine Park . Five more tornadoes touched down as the storm continued northeast ; the sixth touchdown was an F3 , which caused substantial damage in central Grady County , including at Chickasha Municipal Airport , where the roofs were torn off of two hangars . At 6 : 23 p.m. CDT , the ninth tornado associated with supercell " A " touched down about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south @-@ southwest of Amber .
That tornado quickly intensified as it crossed Oklahoma State Highway 92 , attaining F4 strength about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) east @-@ northeast of Amber . Damage consistent with this rating was sustained over the following 6 @.@ 5 miles ( 10 @.@ 5 km ) of the path before striking Bridge Creek . There , it attained the highest @-@ possible rating on the Fujita Scale , F5 . Damage in this area was extreme , as many homes were completely swept away , leaving only concrete slabs where the structures once were . Damage surveyors noted that the remaining structural debris from some of the homes in this area was finely granulated into small fragments , and that trees and shrubs were completely debarked . A few of these homes were bolted to their foundations . Extensive ground scouring occurred , and vehicles were thrown hundreds of yards from where they originated , including a mangled pickup truck that was found wrapped around a telephone pole . It was in this area that a mobile Doppler weather radar recorded winds of 301 mph ( 484 km / h ) within the tornado , the highest wind speed ever recorded on Earth . However , since the record for maximum winds are reported from only non @-@ tornadic events , the 253 mph ( 407 km / h ) wind gust from Cyclone Olivia in 1996 retained the title . About 1 inch ( 25 mm ) of asphalt was scoured off of a road in this area by the violent tornado . Approximately 200 mobile homes / houses were destroyed , and hundreds of other structures were damaged . The Ridgecrest Baptist Church in Bridge Creek was also destroyed . Twelve people died in Bridge Creek , nine of whom were in mobile homes ; all fatalities and the majority of injuries were concentrated in the Willow Lake Addition , Southern Hills Addition , and Bridge Creek Estates , consisting mostly of mobile homes . 39 people were injured in the area as well . Continuing northeastward , the tornado briefly weakened to F4 status before re @-@ strengthening to F5 intensity as it neared the Grady @-@ McClain County line , where a car was thrown roughly 0 @.@ 25 mi ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) , and a well @-@ built home with anchor bolts was reduced to a bare slab . At this time , it had attained a width of one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) .
Around 6 : 57 p.m. CDT , the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman issued the first @-@ ever tornado emergency for southern portions of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area , which was released as a standalone weather statement ( instead of within a newly issued or a Special Weather Statement on an existing tornado warning , as became usual afterward ) . David Andra , a meteorologist at the NWS Norman office , said that he drafted the enhanced warning statement to " paint the picture that a rare and deadly tornado was imminent in the metro area . "
Paralleling Interstate 44 , the tornado moved into McClain County , where it crossed the highway twice at F4 intensity , killing a woman as she was blown out from an underpass where she was attempting to seek shelter , after being dragged down the embankment by the intense channeling winds ; her 11 @-@ year @-@ old son − with whom the woman vacated their stalled car nearby − survived , staying held tight onto the steel girders of the overpass . A man who helped the mother and son up the overpass suffered severe injuries to his leg , which was partially sliced by a highway sign thrown by the winds . At 7 : 10 p.m. CDT , a satellite tornado touched down over an open field north of Newcastle ; it was rated as an F0 due to lack of damage . 38 homes and two businesses were destroyed in McClain County , and 40 homes were damaged . Some of the homes were leveled at F4 intensity , and 17 people were injured .
After crossing the Canadian River , the tornado entered Cleveland County and weakened to F2 intensity . By this time , it had entered the southern reaches of the Oklahoma City limits . Several minutes after entering the county , it re @-@ attained F4 status , and then moved directly into the city of Moore , where the tornado reached F5 intensity for a third time . Some of the most severe damage took place in Cleveland County , especially in the city of Moore , where 11 people were killed and 293 others were injured . The tornado caused an estimated $ 450 million in damage across the county . The first area impacted in Moore was the Country Place Estates subdivision , where 50 homes were damaged and one was completely swept away at F5 intensity , with only the foundation remaining . Several vehicles were picked up and tossed nearly 0 @.@ 25 mi ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) . According to local police , an airplane wing , believed to have been from an airport in Grady County , was found near Country Place Estates . Next , the powerful tornado struck the densely populated Eastlake Estates at F5 intensity , killing three people and reducing entire rows of homes to rubble . In one instance , four adjacent homes were completely destroyed , with only concrete slabs remaining , warranting an F5 rating at that location . Three other homes in this housing division also received F5 damage , with the remaining destruction rated high @-@ end F4 . Severe debarking of trees was noted in this area . At the Emerald Springs Apartments , three more people were killed and a two @-@ story apartment building was mostly flattened .
As it entered Cleveland County , the National Weather Service and Storm Prediction Center activated emergency procedures , preparing to evacuate staff and others present at the facility in the event that the supercell should turn right , placing areas surrounding the Norman campus in the tornado 's path ( under NOAA protocol in situations posing a danger to personnel at local Weather Forecast Offices and related guidance centers , responsibility over the issuance of warnings and statements on the unfolding outbreak would have been transferred to the nearest NWS Forecast Office , based in Tulsa , while the SPC 's forecasting responsibilities would be turned over to the 557th Weather Wing at Offutt Air Force Base ) . The supercell , however , continued on a northeastward track , sparing the Norman area .
Safety precautions were also enacted elsewhere in and near the storm 's path ; council members and citizens at Moore City Hall − where a council meeting was scheduled to be held that evening − sheltered in place in the building 's first @-@ floor restrooms , away from the multiple large @-@ pane windows at its facade . In downtown Oklahoma City , spectators attending sporting events being held that evening involving two of the city 's minor league teams – a regular season baseball game between the Oklahoma RedHawks and Memphis Redbirds ( which was suspended during the second inning ) and Game 2 of the Ray Miron President 's Cup series between the Oklahoma City Blazers and the Huntsville Channel Cats – were also evacuated to shelter in an underground storage area connected to the Southwestern Bell Bricktown Ballpark and Myriad Convention Center amid concerns that the storm would jog northward and place Oklahoma City itself in the tornado 's path . Flights were grounded at Will Rogers World Airport as the northern edge of the supercell approached the area ; the tornado turned right , away from southwestern parts of the city proper , shortly before airport officials began evacuating employees and visitors at the terminals . Traffic on Interstate 35 in south Oklahoma City and north Moore became backed up for several miles , as drivers evacuated from their vehicles to seek shelter under an overpass overlooking South Shields Boulevard .
Just outside the Eastlake Estates , an honors ceremony was being held at Westmoore High School at the time of the tornado ; however , adequate warning time allowed those at the school to seek shelter ; more than 400 adults and children attending the awards ceremony at the school 's auditorium were moved to the main building , sheltering in reinforced hallways and bathrooms . Ultimately , Westmoore High sustained heavy damage and dozens of cars in the parking lot were tossed around , some of which were completely destroyed or thrown into nearby homes . No injures took place at the school , though a horse was found dead between a couple of destroyed cars in this area . The tornado proceeded through additional densely populated areas of Moore shortly thereafter , where several large groups of homes were flattened in residential areas , with a mixture of high @-@ end F4 and low @-@ end F5 damage noted . Near Janeway Avenue , four people were killed in an area where multiple homes were completely destroyed . A woman , who took shelter with her husband and two children , was also killed when she was blown out from under the Shields overpass on Interstate 35 . The tornado weakened somewhat as it moved through the Highland Park neighborhood of Moore , but still caused widespread F3 and F4 damage .
The tornado then entered Oklahoma County and struck the southeast fringes of Oklahoma City , where it re @-@ intensified to high @-@ end F4 strength and two people were killed as a trucking company was completely destroyed . Shortly before it tracked into the county , patrons and employees at Crossroads Mall were evacuated to storage areas in the basement of the building . Numerous industrial buildings were leveled in this area of the city . A freight car , weighing 36 @,@ 000 lb ( 16 @,@ 000 kg ) was thrown 0 @.@ 75 mi ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) . The car bounced as it traveled , remaining airborne for 50 to 100 yd ( 46 to 91 m ) at a time . Multiple homes were also completely destroyed in southeast Oklahoma City , and one woman was killed in that area . Crossing Southeast 44th Street into Del City , the tornado moved through the highly populated Del Aire housing addition , killing six people and damaging or destroying hundreds of homes , with many sustaining F3 to F4 damage . Seven people were killed as a direct result of the tornado in Del City , and hundreds of homes were damaged or destroyed .
The tornado then crossed Sooner Road , damaged an entry gate and several buildings at Tinker Air Force Base , then crossed 29th Street into Midwest City , destroying one building at the Boeing Complex and damaging two others . Widespread F3 / F4 damage continued as the tornado moved across Interstate 40 , affecting a large business district . Approximately 800 vehicles were damaged at Hudiburg Auto Group , located just south of Interstate 40 . Hundreds of vehicles at the dealership were moved from their original location on the lot , and dozens of vehicles ( including 30 awaiting tune @-@ ups or repairs at Morris ' Auto Machine and Supply , and an unoccupied Mid @-@ Del School District bus ) were picked up and tossed northward across the interstate into several motels , a distance of approximately two @-@ tenths of a mile . Numerous motels and other businesses including Hampton Inn , Comfort Inn , Inn Suites , Clarion Inn , Cracker Barrel , and portions of Rose State College , were destroyed . Some of the damage through this area was rated high @-@ end F4 , however low @-@ end F5 was considered . The tornado then continued into another residential area located between Southeast 15th and Reno Avenue , where three fatalities occurred . Damage consistent with high @-@ end F4 wind speeds was inflicted to four homes in this area . Two of these homes were located between Southeast 11th and 12th Streets , near Buena Vista , and the other two homes were located on Will Rogers Road , just south of Southeast 15th . Damage then diminished rapidly to F0 / F1 strength as the tornado crossed Reno Avenue , before dissipating three blocks north of Reno , between Sooner Road and Air Depot Boulevard . Throughout Oklahoma County , 12 people were killed and 234 others were injured while losses amounted to $ 450 million .
= = Impact and casualties = =
Throughout the tornado 's path , 36 people were killed as a direct result of the storm and five more died of indirect causes in the hours following it ( most of the indirect deaths were due to heart attacks or injuries suffered while trying to seek shelter ; however , one survivor , who was uninsured , died from a self @-@ inflicted gunshot wound ) . According to the Oklahoma Department of Health , an estimated 583 people were injured by the tornado , accounting for those who likely did not go to the hospital or were unaccounted for . In terms of structural losses , a total of 8 @,@ 132 homes , 1 @,@ 041 apartments , 260 businesses , eleven public buildings and seven churches were damaged or destroyed . Total estimated damage costs in the areas affected by the storm totaled $ 1 @.@ 2 billion , making it the first single tornado since records were first recorded to produce damage exceeding $ 1 billion . The Bridge Creek − Moore tornado produced an estimated 220 cubic yards ( 170 m3 ) of debris from the buildings that were destroyed in the storm .
The 1999 Bridge Creek − Moore tornado was the deadliest tornado recorded in Oklahoma since an F5 tornado killed 107 people in Woodward on April 9 , 1947 . It is also the deadliest tornado ever recorded in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area ; the previous record was held by an F4 tornado that affected southwestern portions of the city on June 12 , 1942 , which killed 31 people and caused $ 500 @,@ 000 in damage ( $ 10 @.@ 6 million in ( 2016 USD ) when adjusted for inflation ) . The Bridge Creek − Moore tornado was the costliest single tornado in U.S. history until an EF4 tornado hit Tuscaloosa and northern portions of Birmingham in Alabama on April 27 , 2011 , causing an estimated $ 2 @.@ 45 billion in damage ( as of 2015 the Bridge Creek – Moore tornado is the fourth @-@ costliest single tornado , having also been surpassed by the EF5 tornadoes that hit Joplin on May 24 , 2011 and areas of Moore near the 1999 storm track on May 20 , 2013 ) . National Weather Service researchers estimated that the death toll from the storm would likely have exceeded 600 , had it not been for the advanced warning through local television and radio stations ( with coverage provided by three of the Oklahoma City market 's four television news outlets at the time − NBC affiliate KFOR @-@ TV ( channel 4 ) , ABC affiliate KOCO @-@ TV ( channel 5 ) and CBS affiliate KWTV ( channel 9 ) − being simulcast on some radio stations through central parts of Oklahoma as the storms became increasingly intense ) , and the extensive education among Oklahomans on tornadoes and the dangers they pose , as well as exercising proper safety precautions .
Preliminary damage surveys conducted by a group of structural engineers from Texas Tech University determined that many of the frame homes that were destroyed by the Bridge Creek − Moore tornado were constructed below minimal residential building code standards , discovering some structural deficiencies that violated codes , which were considered to be inadequate for regions prone to tornadic activity ( under federal building code standards , frame homes that were properly strapped and bolted would have withstood winds between 152 and 157 miles per hour ( 245 and 253 km / h ) , equivalent to an F2 tornado ) . The team , led by meteorological researcher Charles Doswell and storm damage engineer / meteorologist Tim Marshall , determined that nails attached to a plywood roof deck in one damaged home were not properly anchored to the rafters ; several homes in rural areas that were swept nearly 300 feet ( 91 m ) from their original location did not have anchor bolts that secured the frame to their foundations , as was the case at Country Place Estates , where the homes − which left a trail of debris strewn 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) away from their location − were attached to the concrete foundations by tapered cut nails that extended only a half @-@ inch to the bases ; many homes that were left at least partially standing also had their garage doors ( mainly those made from aluminum material ) collapse inward , allowing the tornado 's destructive winds to enter the houses .
Marshall discovered other building and vehicle remains that became debris missiles , including a twisted 36 @-@ inch ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) steel beam , a steel leg broken off of a lawn chair that was impaled into a 5 @-@ by @-@ 5 @-@ inch ( 13 cm × 13 cm ) post by the violent winds and a six @-@ foot ( 180 cm ) section of a sewer pipe that was blown into the interior hallway of one house through the front door . The team 's findings also revealed that several homes were obliterated before they experienced the full impact of the vortex 's peak wind velocities , with some disintegrating as the external winds surrounding the parent tornado reached speeds of F2 intensity . Three months later , as homes were being built in the damage path , Marshall found their construction to be scarcely superior to that of the homes destroyed in the May 3 storm .
The Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) corroborated with Doswell and Marshall 's findings in its Building Performance Assessment Team Report on the May 3 outbreak , noting that much of the structural damage resulted from strong winds generated by the tornado and associated windborne debris that often " produced forces on buildings not designed to withstand such forces " and in some cases , were due to improper construction techniques and " poor selection " of materials used in their construction . The report acknowledged that federal construction code requirements needed to be revised above the then @-@ current minimum standards to allow newer buildings to better withstand higher wind speeds consistent with tornadoes of lesser intensity than the one which devastated Bridge Creek and Moore , thereby lessening the degree of damage , fatalities and injuries that are probable in buildings of typically less reinforced construction .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the outbreak of deadly and destructive tornadoes , President Bill Clinton signed a major disaster declaration for eleven Oklahoma counties on May 4 . In a press statement by the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) , then @-@ director James Lee Witt stated that " The President is deeply concerned about the tragic loss of life and destruction caused by these devastating storms . " The American Red Cross opened ten shelters overnight across central Oklahoma , housing 1 @,@ 600 people immediately following the disaster . By May 5 , this number had lowered to 500 . Throughout May 5 , several post @-@ disaster teams from FEMA were deployed to the region , including emergency response and preliminary damage assessment units . The United States Department of Defense deployed the 249th Engineering Battalion and placed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers on standby for assistance . Medical and mortuary teams were also sent by the Department of Health and Human Services . By May 6 , donation centers and phone banks were being established to create funds for victims of the tornadoes .
Continuing search and rescue efforts for thirteen people who were listed as missing through May 7 were assisted by urban search and rescue dogs from across the country . Nearly 1 @,@ 000 members of the Oklahoma National Guard were deployed throughout the affected region . The American Red Cross had set up ten mobile feeding stations by this time and stated that 30 more were en route . On May 8 , a disaster recovery center was opened in Moore for individuals recovering from the tornadoes . According to the Army Corps of Engineers , roughly 500 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 382 @,@ 277 cubic meters ) of debris was left behind and would likely take weeks to clear . Within the first few days of the disaster declaration , relief funds began being sent to families who requested aid . By May 9 , roughly $ 180 @,@ 000 had been approved by FEMA for disaster housing assistance .
Debris removal finally began on May 12 as seven cleanup teams were sent to the region , more were expected to join over the following days . That day , FEMA also declared that seven counties − Canadian , Craig , Grady , Lincoln , Logan , Noble and Oklahoma − were eligible for federal financial assistance . By May 13 , roughly $ 1 @.@ 6 million in disaster funds had been approved for housing and businesses loans . This quickly rose to more than $ 5 @.@ 9 million over the following five days . By May 21 , more than 3 @,@ 000 volunteers from across the country traveled to Oklahoma to help residents recover ; 1 @,@ 000 of these volunteers were sent to Bridge Creek to clean up debris , cut trees , sort donations and cook meals . With a $ 452 @,@ 199 grant from FEMA , a 60 @-@ day outreach program for victims suffering tornado @-@ related stress was set up to help them cope with trauma .
Applications for federal aid continued through June , with state approvals reaching $ 54 million on June 3 . By this date , the Army Corps of Engineers reported that 964 @,@ 170 cubic yards ( 737 @,@ 160 cubic meters ) , roughly 58 % , of the 1 @.@ 65 million cubic yards ( 1 @.@ 26 million cubic meters ) of debris had been removed . Assistance for farmers and ranchers who suffered severe losses from the tornadoes was also available by June 3 . After more than a month of being open , emergency shelters were set to be closed on June 18 . On June 21 , an educational road show made by FEMA visited the hardest hit areas in Oklahoma to urge residents to build storm cellars . According to FEMA , more than 9 @,@ 500 residents applied for federal aid during the allocated period in the wake of the tornadoes . Most of the applicants lived in Oklahoma and Cleveland counties , 3 @,@ 800 and 3 @,@ 757 persons respectively . In all , disaster recovery aid for the tornadoes amounted to roughly $ 67 @.@ 8 million by the end of July 2 .
From a meteorological and safety standpoint , the tornado also brought the use of highway overpasses as shelters into question . Prior to the events on May 3 , 1999 , videos of people taking shelter in overpasses during tornadoes in the past ( most notably one filmed near Wichita , Kansas during the April 26 , 1991 tornado outbreak involving a television news crew from Wichita NBC affiliate KSNW and other bystanders ) gave the public misunderstanding that overpasses provided shelter from tornadoes . For nearly 20 years , meteorologists had questioned the safety of these structures ; however , they lacked incidents involving loss of life . During the May 3 outbreak , three overpasses were directly struck by tornadoes , with a fatality taking place at each one . Two of these were from the F5 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado while the third was from a small F2 , which struck a rural area in Payne County , north @-@ northeast of Oklahoma City . According to a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , seeking shelter in an overpass " is to become a stationary target for flying debris . "
Over the following four years , a $ 12 million project to construct storm shelters for residents across the Oklahoma City metropolitan area was enacted . The goal was to create a safer community in a tornado @-@ prone region . By May 2003 , a total of 6 @,@ 016 safe rooms were constructed . On May 9 , 2003 , the new initiative was put to the test as a tornado outbreak in the region spawned an F4 tornado , which took a path similar to that of the Bridge Creek – Moore tornado . Due to the higher standards for public safety , no one was killed by the 2003 tornado , a substantial improvement in just four years . On May 20 , 2013 , an EF5 tornado took a roughly similar path to the 1999 storm , tracking through the heart of Moore . Throughout the city , 24 people were killed ( along with one additional person who died as an indirect result of the tornado ) and more than 230 were injured .
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= Dunder Mifflin Infinity =
" Dunder Mifflin Infinity " is the third and fourth episode of the fourth season of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's fifty @-@ sixth and fifty @-@ seventh episode overall . The episode was written by Michael Schur , who also acts in the show , and directed by Craig Zisk . It first aired in the United States on October 4 , 2007 on NBC .
In this episode , Ryan returns to his old office and reveals his plan to bring technology to Dunder Mifflin . Michael and Dwight try to prove that the personal touch is better than technology . Meanwhile , Jim and Pam reveal their relationship to the rest of the office , Kelly attempts to reunite with Ryan , and Dwight and Angela 's relationship continues to plummet .
= = Plot = =
Ryan Howard ( B. J. Novak ) returns to the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of Dunder Mifflin for the first time since his promotion to the corporate headquarters . Although he sports a much more urbane look and attitude , he garners little respect from his former peers . Ryan introduces " Dunder Mifflin Infinity , " his initiative to revitalize the company with new technology . Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) is initially excited about the prospect of getting a BlackBerry , but is warned by Creed Bratton ( Creed Bratton ) that the program is a ploy to get rid of older workers . Creed dyes his hair black with printer ink in an attempt to convince everyone that he is much younger . Michael holds a conference room meeting on the subject of ageism . To show that personal interaction is more effective than new technology , Michael and Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) decide to go out and win back the clients they lost in the past year with gift baskets . Each manager they encounter refuses to consider returning to Dunder Mifflin unless the company improves its technology , such as Dunder Mifflin 's website . While driving back to the office , Michael misinterprets his rental car 's GPS map system 's directions and drives into Lake Scranton . He takes this as further proof that new technology is useless because it tried to kill him . After the lake incident , he and Dwight walk back to one of the former clients to awkwardly get back their gift basket , causing a scene .
Meanwhile , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) and Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) are exposed as a couple when Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) circulates a memo about public displays of affection . Jim secretly informs Pam that Dwight and Angela Martin ( Angela Kinsey ) are dating , only to discover that she already knew . Meanwhile , Dwight attempts to make amends for the death of Angela 's cat Sprinkles by giving her a stray cat he found in his barn , named Garbage . Angela rejects the gift . Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) tries to restart her relationship with Ryan , an effort he ignores until she tells him she is pregnant . After going out to dinner , Ryan learns that Kelly 's pregnancy claim was a lie that Kelly used in attempt to get them back together . Back at the office , Ryan asks Pam to create a logo for Dunder Mifflin Infinity . Pam is excited about the opportunity to use her art background , but Ryan uses the logo as an excuse to ask her out , which he does in front of Jim . Pam responds that she is dating Jim , which leaves the new boss thoroughly embarrassed .
= = Production = =
The episode was the first episode of the series directed by Craig Zisk . Zisk had previously directed episodes of Nip / Tuck , Weeds , Scrubs , Smallville , and The Single Guy . " Dunder Mifflin Infinity " was written by Michael Schur , who plays Dwight 's Amish cousin Mose .
For Ryan 's new appearance this season , the writers originally had B. J. Novak grow a goatee . Show runner and executive producer Greg Daniels decided to have Novak lose the goatee , because according to Novak " a goatee would make Ryan a flat @-@ out chump . And we wanted it to be more subtle . " In addition to his five o 'clock shadow , Ryan was also seen wearing black clothes . Novak explained that " We wanted him to dress as obnoxious as possible . As much black as possible . " " Dunder Mifflin Infinity " went along with a website that had been created with the same name . The website was part of a game in which fans of The Office would sign up , and become " employees " of different " branches " . Members of the site would perform tasks such as design a logo for the company or make Creed look young again .
= = Reception = =
" Dunder Mifflin Infinity " received 4 @.@ 5 / 11 in the ages 18 – 49 demographic in the Nielsen ratings . This means that 4 @.@ 5 percent of all households with an 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old living in it watched the episode , and eleven percent had their televisions tuned to the channel at any point . The episode was watched by 8 @.@ 49 million viewers .
" Dunder Mifflin Infinity " received mixed reviews from critics , with Michael driving his car into the lake being particularly panned by critics and viewers . Entertainment Weekly 's Christine Fenno commented that she thought " Michael seemed a bit more focused than usual , even competent at moments . And then he drove into a lake . " Jack Rodgers , from TV Guide said that his " favorite thing about this episode was the sly parallel that connects the three love stories " and " Michael ’ s obsession with sticking to his old methods rather than learning to change and embrace technology " . Will Leitch of New York Magazine criticized the episode , saying that Michael driving into the lake felt more like the actions of a " cartoon character " , than " based in reality " . Leitch did say that if " we can get Michael out of that lake and back in a conference room with Ryan , we 'll have something . "
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= Slay Tracks ( 1933 – 1969 ) =
Slay Tracks ( 1933 – 1969 ) ( also referred to as Slay Tracks ) is the debut extended play by the American indie rock band Pavement . Pavement , then consisting of founding members Stephen Malkmus ( guitar , vocals ) and Scott Kannberg ( guitar ) , recorded Slay Tracks with producer and future member Gary Young ( drums ) during a four @-@ hour session . The EP was released as a 7 " vinyl record on the band 's own record label Treble Kicker in 1989 . The music in Slay Tracks is influenced by indie and punk rock bands , including Swell Maps and The Fall , and many of the lyrics are inspired by life in the band 's hometown of Stockton , California .
Although only 1000 copies of Slay Tracks were pressed , the EP became an underground hit . It was met with generally positive reviews from critics , though most of its initial reviews were from independently produced zines . The songs on Slay Tracks would later appear on the 1993 compilation Westing ( By Musket and Sextant ) , reaching a wider audience than the EP 's limited initial release . The release of Slay Tracks was significant to Pavement 's signing to Drag City , and later to Matador Records .
= = Background and recording = =
Pavement was formed in 1989 in Stockton , California , by Stephen Malkmus and Scott Kannberg . Malkmus and Kannberg had previously performed together in the band Bag O ' Bones . Pavement had its start playing at open mike nights at clubs and bars . The songs the band played during this time were mostly covers , although they also performed many original songs that would later be released on Slay Tracks . Malkmus recalls , " It was pretty reasonable to be able to make a single for $ 1 @,@ 000 , so we decided to go for it . We didn 't have any real plans because we weren 't a real band . " Two local studios existed in Stockton , the cheaper and less professionally minded of which was Gary Young 's Louder Than You Think Studio . The band decided to record at Young 's studio due to their admiration of other local punk bands who had recorded there , including The Young Pioneers and The Authorities . Kannberg reportedly borrowed $ 800 from his father to record Slay Tracks .
Slay Tracks was recorded during a four @-@ hour session on January 17 , 1989 , at Young 's studio . Kannberg , describing the studio and the recording process , said , " You go into his house and it 's stuff everywhere , old dogs lying around , big pot plants everywhere , and Gary tells us that he got all his equipment by selling pot ! It was us going in and pretty much just laying down the songs with a glide guitar and a detuned guitar through a bass amp and then we 'd play drums over the top . " Young , though bewildered by the band 's sound , contributed by playing drums . He recalled , " [ Malkmus and Kannberg ] come in and they play this weird guitar noise and it just sounds like noise , with no background . My drums were in there so I said , ' Should I drum ? ' and they said ' Okay . ' " Kannberg said , " We did it really fast . We probably spent one day tracking and one day mixing it . " The title of the EP had been decided prior to its recording , and the pseudonyms S.M. and Spiral Stairs were used to credit Malkmus and Kannberg respectively .
= = Music = =
The music on Slay Tracks was written entirely by Malkmus , and he stated his influences on the record included Chrome , Swell Maps , and The Fall . The songs on the EP drew comparisons to the likes of R.E.M. , Pixies , and Sonic Youth by Stephen Thomas Erlewine and Heather Phares of AllMusic . Radio static and noise are prominently used on the EP , techniques which are characteristic of the lo @-@ fi and noise pop genres that Pavement are frequently associated with . According to Malkmus , " We decided to use static as the third instrument . .... It was pretty exciting to be so experimental . " Young played drums on " Box Elder " and " Price Yeah ! " , and frequently improvised . Malkmus played drums on " Maybe Maybe " , while both Malkmus and Kannberg drummed on " She Believes " .
" You 're Killing Me " , the longest song on the EP at three minutes and 20 seconds , is an example of the impact punk rock had on Pavement . The song features fuzz effects , repetitive lyrics , and no percussion or drums . " Box Elder " , an ironic song about someone wanting to move to Box Elder , Montana , was considered by Gerald Cosloy to be an example of Malkmus 's " honest , direct , and simplistic " lyrical style , and features greater influence from pop music than the rest of the EP . " Maybe Maybe " features distorted guitars and indiscernible vocals , and " Price Yeah ! " has a sound typical of hardcore punk . The band 's hometown of Stockton inspired the band 's lyrics and sound . Malkmus stated that " There 's something empty about Stockton . I wanted to convey that in our music . " Malkmus told Melody Maker in 1992 that " Pavement was originally a pathetic effort by us to do something to escape the terminal boredom we were experiencing in Stockton . "
= = Release = =
After recording was completed Kannberg was tasked with releasing the music himself , as Malkmus had left on a trip to parts of Europe , North Africa , and the Middle East . Kannberg designed the cover of the EP and sent copies to various independent labels , distributors , and zines . He recalled " I had no idea how to do it . I 'd send off these little notes to my favorite labels like SST and Twin Tone and ask , ' How do I do this ? ' " A representative from SST recommended that Kannberg use Erica Records , a Los Angeles 7 " manufacturer . Erica Records became the manufacturer of Slay Tracks ; however , Kannberg was unhappy with the master recording produced by the company : " It sounds like it sounds now — it 's just a mess — but being poor and not really caring I said , ' Okay , that 's cool , if it sounds like that – whatever . ' " 1000 copies of Slay Tracks were pressed , and the first 50 included a green dinosaur stamp on the label . The EP was distributed on Kannberg 's own Treble Kicker Records in the United States and England , although Malkmus came across a copy in a record store while visiting Austria .
Slay Tracks found unexpected attention after the Leeds , England @-@ based band The Wedding Present covered " Box Elder " on their own 1990 EP , Brassneck . The Wedding Present 's bassist , Keith Gregory , had been introduced to Slay Tracks by future Pavement bassist Mark Ibold while visiting New York City . The Wedding Present cover is different from the original in that the line " that I had to get the fuck out of this town " was changed to " that I had to get right out of this town " . The " Box Elder " cover received radio airplay from influential English disc jockey John Peel , which generated publicity for both The Wedding Present and Pavement . Neither member of Pavement was aware of the cover until Kannberg was informed of it . Kannberg remembered " I was kind of mad . I had no idea that people could do that , so I was all offended . " However , his opinion of the cover and its significance later changed : " It was so cool that some band from the UK wanted to cover this obscure , horribly recorded song . At the time I probably never appreciated the full extent of how them covering the song helped Pavement , especially in the UK , but it really did , and I 'll always be grateful to them for that . "
Shortly after its release , Slay Tracks became a collector 's item . According to an April 1990 Drag City press release , copies were typically sold for $ 500 – $ 600 . Malkmus and Kannberg each kept 100 copies of the EP , and Malkmus said " I used to sell them for fifty dollars . When I needed money I 'd go in and sell a couple to the store and they 'd sell for a hundred dollars each . I rarely meet anyone who bought it when it originally came out . " Malkmus also said that the pair " probably gave away about one @-@ hundred to friends and bands we later toured with . " The songs on Slay Tracks found airplay on several college radio stations , including University of Virginia 's WTJU and University of California , Berkeley 's KALX . Kannberg commented on the EP 's unanticipated popularity , saying " It was very surprising to find that people were into [ Slay Tracks ] . "
= = Reception = =
Slay Tracks received generally positive reviews . Much of the initial critical reception to Slay Tracks was from zines to whom Kannberg had sent the EP . A review in the San Francisco @-@ based zine Maximum RocknRoll said " Most of the tunes work by virtue of their eclecticism , freshness , and originality — this is a good one . " The zine Conflict called the EP " absolutely perfect . " Slay Tracks also received attention from mainstream publications . Robert Christgau of the Village Voice rated Slay Tracks an A- , and selected it as his fourth favorite EP of 1990 . Spin 's review said : " a long stream of noise water is omitted by Pavement . ... What a party ! " A reviewer for Option praised the band 's lo @-@ fi characteristics and attitude , calling the EP " loose and intentionally lo @-@ fi , " and saying " let 's hope this Pavement stays cracked . " College Music Journal 's review was also favorable , noting " You 're Killing Me " and " She Believes " as highlights , and calling the EP a " deep , intoxicating breath of homemade music from people with tongues in their cheeks and hearts on their sleeves ... the twin engine feedback and fuzz hits dead center with naive [ sic ] melodic balance , and whether that is in spite of or because of the sloppy , one @-@ take feel is inconsequential . "
= = Legacy = =
Young 's drum performance on Slay Tracks eventually led to him joining Pavement as a full @-@ time member . Young produced the group 's 1990 EP Demolition Plot J @-@ 7 , but displayed hostility toward then @-@ current drummer Jason Fawkes . Fawkes left Pavement in 1991 due to animosity with Malkmus , allowing Young to drum on their third EP , Perfect Sound Forever . Young drummed on all Pavement releases from then on until 1992 's Watery , Domestic , after which he was fired for his increasingly erratic behavior and was replaced with Steve West . Young 's drumming on Slay Tracks was later recognized as an important turning point in Pavement 's history , and was considered to be " the opportunity of a lifetime " by C. Harris @-@ Nystrom of the News & Review .
Dan Koretzky , founder of Drag City , ordered 200 copies of the EP for the Chicago Reckless Records store he worked for at the time . Koretzky asked Kannberg if he would sign to Drag City during the same phone call that he ordered the EP . Kannberg remembered expressing reluctance to sign to any label , but Drag City producer and session musician Rian Murphy recalled that " We asked , they said yes . Lives didn 't seem to be on the line . " Chris Lombardi and Gerald Cosloy of Matador Records also first heard of Pavement after Kannberg sent a copy of Slay Tracks to their zine , Conflict . Matador signed Pavement in 1992 for the release of their debut studio album , Slanted and Enchanted .
The songs on Slay Tracks are all included on the 1993 compilation Westing ( By Musket and Sextant ) , along with several of Pavement 's other early material . Westing has sold 63 @,@ 000 copies , and was praised by Robert Christgau and Stephen Thomas Erlewine for making songs previously found exclusively on vinyl available on compact disc . All of the songs from Slay Tracks were played live throughout Pavement 's history , with " Box Elder " particularly cited as an " old favorite " for fans at concerts . Live performances of " Box Elder " has also been included on the compilation reissues Slanted and Enchanted : Luxe & Reduxe and Wowee Zowee : Sordid Sentinels Edition , with the version on the latter beginning with a short jam session . In a 1999 retrospective of the band 's career , Donna Freydkin of CNN.com called Slay Tracks " a quick underground favorite " , while John Hicks of the Planet Weekly wrote " Although Pavement was conceived as a studio @-@ only project , the underground success of Slay Tracks ensured that it was only a matter of time before the group became a full @-@ fledged performing entity . "
= = Track listing = =
All tracks were written by Stephen Malkmus .
" You 're Killing Me " – 3 : 20
" Box Elder " – 2 : 26
" Maybe Maybe " – 2 : 14
" She Believes " – 3 : 02
" Price Yeah ! " – 3 : 00
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= Cloudland Canyon State Park =
Cloudland Canyon State Park is a 3 @,@ 485 acre ( 14 @.@ 10 km ² ) Georgia state park located near Trenton and Cooper Heights on the western edge of Lookout Mountain . One of the largest and most scenic parks in Georgia , it contains rugged geology , and offers visitors a range of vistas across the deep gorge cut through the mountain by Sitton Gulch Creek , where the elevation varies from 800 to over 1 @,@ 800 feet . Views of the canyon can be seen from the picnic area parking lot , in addition to additional views located along the rim trail . At the bottom of the gorge , two waterfalls cascade across layers of sandstone and shale , ending in small pools below .
The park , previously known as Sitton Gulch ( or Gulf ) or Trenton Gulf , was purchased in stages by the state of Georgia beginning in 1938 . Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt , a project of Civilian Conservation Corps during the Great Depression built the first facilities and signs in the park , which opened the following year . Today the park features a variety of campsites , cabins , hiking and recreational activities .
= = History = =
Cloudland Canyon was designated a state park in 1939 when the state began acquiring land from private owners . Three of these owners , from the Mathews , McCauley and McKaig families , still reside in the area . Expansion of the park continues sporadically as new land is purchased for it . The park was originally 1 @,@ 924 acres ( 7 @.@ 8 km2 ) , and has been expanded to its present size of 3 @,@ 485 acres ( 14 @.@ 1 km2 ) .
Until 1939 the only access to the area ( and much of Dade County , Georgia ) was through Tennessee or Alabama . That year Georgia began work on Highway 136 to connect U.S. 41 to the recently established park . The Civilian Conservation Corps did much of the early work to construct the state park and access roads .
= = Geology = =
The park is located on the Cumberland Plateau , atop Lookout Mountain . On the summit of Lookout Mountain , the waters of Daniel Creek and Bear Creek cut gorges through the rock , converging to form Sitton Gulch Creek . The flat @-@ topped mountains of the Cumberland Plateau are significantly different from the narrow Armuchee ridges beyond nearby Chickamauga Valley to the east . From a geological standpoint , Lookout Mountain is transitional between the flat @-@ lying sedimentary beds of central Tennessee , and the ridges and valley to the east , which display more intensive folding and faulting . Most of the canyon 's rock formations consist of sandstone ; shale layers below the sandstone are marked by pine trees .
Lookout Mountain was created through a combination of seismic activity and erosion . It was uplifted during the period of mountain building that formed the Appalachians , known as the Appalachian orogeny . Over 200 million years ago , the modern @-@ day parklands lay beneath an ocean . When first formed , the entire mountain was underwater , but the rim of the canyon eventually became a beach along the edge of the receding ocean . As the ocean dried up , Sitton Gulch Creek and its tributaries , particularly Daniel Creek , eroded the rock . The sandstone forming the bluffs has a tendency to fracture into blocks , creating unusual boulder formations . The concave shape of the top of Lookout Mountain also drains rainwater through fissures into the underlying limestone , forming miles of subterranean caves in the area .
The canyon is more than 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) deep , ranging in elevation from 800 feet ( 240 m ) to over 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 550 m ) ; the park 's peak elevation is 1 @,@ 980 feet ( 600 m ) . The bottom of Cloudland canyon contains a slope of rock talus , which are sandstone and shale fragments . The valley floor is also rich in fossil @-@ bearing limestone .
= = Hiking trails = =
The Park contains several well @-@ marked trails which allow visitors to view the geology of the canyon and its surroundings , which spans millions of years . A paved , wheelchair @-@ accessible trail about 0 @.@ 25 miles ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) long overlooks the rim of the canyon . The park also features four more extensive hiking trails , including one backpacking trail . These trails are generally considered moderate in difficulty .
The Waterfalls Trail begins on a paved section , at the main overlook , and progresses into the canyon along a 40 @-@ degree slope . Most of the trail consists of gravel , and a 600 @-@ step staircase . Each waterfall emanates from Daniel Creek , and both cascade down sheer faces at 60 feet ( 18 m ) and 90 feet ( 27 m ) . The trail is generally considered to be a strenuous hike , which can take up to 90 minutes to complete . Cherokee Falls is 0 @.@ 3 miles ( 0 @.@ 48 km ) from the trailhead ; Hemlock Falls , at the bottom of the canyon , appears at 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) . Each cascades into small pools at the base of the canyon , and continue down through a boulder @-@ strewn stream bed . The creek flow feeding the waterfalls varies considerably according to the season . The Sitton 's Gulch trail , commencing at the bottom of the Waterfalls Trail , runs parallel to the creek until it ends in a parking area in Trenton .
In contrast , the 4 @.@ 8 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 7 km ) long West Rim Loop Trail is rated as moderately difficult , although it contains a few short , steep rocky sections . A scenic hike beginning at the Daniels Creek Bridge , it offers panoramic views before climbing out of the canyon and onto the plateau . This trail also provides views of Trenton , Georgia , neighboring Sand Mountain , and of Cloudland Canyon . Rhododendron and mountain laurel thickets are interspersed with sourgum and dogwood ; large oaks , hickories , hemlocks and maples shade the trail . Cottages , West Rim , and Walk @-@ In Camping areas are accessible via the West Rim Loop . Passing over varied terrain , most of the hike is moderately difficult , and is considered strenuous along several short sections .
The 2 @.@ 0 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) Backcountry Loop Trail provides access to the park 's eleven secluded primitive hike @-@ in camping sites . Beginning at the parking area for group camping , the trail passes through hemlock groves , before descending on a moderate grade into a hollow filled with spring and summer flowers . At the far end of the loop , hikers emerge from the hemlock groves onto level trail , among oaks and hickories , before returning to the parking area .
In the fall of 2011 , the park reopened the Bear Creek Trail , which had been closed to hikers for nearly a decade . This approximately 9 @.@ 0 @-@ mile ( 14 @.@ 5 km ) trail is the longest trail in the park . This trail begins as a spur off of the Back Country Trail and drops down to Bear Creek . After crossing the creek , the trail continues up until it becomes a loop around the northeast portion of the park . Around the area of the creek , the trail crosses over private property for a brief distance . During wet seasons , the creek crossing can be difficult as there is no bridge or dry crossing available .
= = Facilities and activities = =
Cloudland Canyon State park features a variety of camping and lodging options . There are 16 rental cottages as well as a group lodge . The park also offers 73 tent , trailer and RV sites , 30 walk @-@ in camp sites , and 11 back country camp sites for backpackers . Four pioneer sites provide facilities for groups of tent campers . The East Rim has 24 camp sites located along a loop road ; many of the sites can accommodate RVs , and all feature water and electric hookups . Bathing facilities are located nearby . The West Rim Camp ground , located across the gorge and away from the park 's busiest section , is located in thick forest , and hosts approximately 48 camp sites spread along two loops . It too offers bathing facilities .
Picnic areas include a group pavilion , tennis courts , a children ’ s playground and a disc golf course . The park has an interpretive center near the main parking lot , adjacent to the canyon . Annual events hosted in the park include a Wildflower Program in April , Adventure Weekend ( also in April ) , and a Kids ' Catfish Rodeo in May .
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= Rapunzel ( Disney ) =
Rapunzel is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 50th animated feature film Tangled ( 2010 ) , and its short film Tangled Ever After ( 2012 ) . Voiced by American actress and singer Mandy Moore , Rapunzel is a young princess kept unaware of her royal heritage by a vain old woman named Mother Gothel , who raises her in a secluded tower in order to exploit her hair 's healing abilities to remain young and beautiful forever .
Created and animated by supervising animator Glen Keane , Rapunzel is loosely based on the title character who appears in the fairy tale of the same name by The Brothers Grimm . The character was adapted into a less passive heroine for the film . The writers incorporated the quirky personalities of actresses Reese Witherspoon , Natalie Portman and Amy Poehler into the character .
Critical reception of Rapunzel has been generally positive , with critics complimenting her spirited , lively personality and independence . Chronologically the tenth Disney Princess , Rapunzel was officially inducted into the line @-@ up on October 2 , 2011 , becoming the franchise 's first computer @-@ animated member . Her physical appearance and personality have drawn much comparison between her and preceding Disney Princess Ariel from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , by whom she was inspired .
= = Development = =
= = = Conception and writing = = =
Longtime Disney animator Glen Keane first decided to adapt the fairy tale " Rapunzel " by The Brothers Grimm into an animated feature film in 1996 . Keane became interested in the idea of directing an animated film based on " Rapunzel " because he was especially intrigued by the concept of a " person that was born with this gift inside of her and it had to come out " , which he felt was similar to his experience working as an animator at Walt Disney Animation Studios . Keane eventually resigned from his position as director after suffering a heart attack in 2008 , and Nathan Greno and Byron Howard were hired to replace him . However , Keane remained closely involved with the project nonetheless , serving as both the film 's executive producer and Rapunzel 's supervising animator .
Walt Disney first attempted to adapt " Rapunzel " into an animated film soon after the studio released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , but the project was ultimately abandoned when the story turned out to be " a really hard nut to crack " . According to Keane , this was mainly due to the fact that the majority of the fairy tale takes place within a tower . To overcome this , Tangled 's writers were forced to develop a way of " bringing Rapunzel out of the tower " . Originally , the film was conceived under the title Rapunzel Unbraided , which Keane described as " a Shrek @-@ like version of the film " that revolved around an entirely different concept . Keane said of the original plot , " It was a fun , wonderful , witty version and we had a couple of great writers . But in my heart of hearts I believed there was something much more sincere and genuine to get out of the story , so we set it aside and went back to the roots of the original fairy tale . "
As directors , Greno and Howard felt it essential that Rapunzel resemble a less " passive " heroine than the way she is depicted in the original fairy tale . " We knew we were making this movie for a contemporary audience and we wanted Rapunzel to be a real role model in a way . We wanted all this girl power and to really drive this story , so she doesn 't wait around for anything ... she 's a smart girl , she has these hopes and dreams and she 's going to get what she wants out of life . "
= = = Voice = = =
Actress and singer Kristin Chenoweth was cast as the voice of Rapunzel . At one point , though briefly , the directors had cast actress Reese Witherspoon in the role , who was also to serve as the film 's executive producer . However , Witherspoon eventually departed from the project , citing creative differences with the filmmakers . Broadway performer Idina Menzel had also auditioned for the role , but didn 't get the part . After hundreds of auditions , the directors ultimately decided to cast recording artist and actress Mandy Moore in the role because , according to co @-@ director Byron Howard , she " has this great soul to her voice " as well as " this down @-@ to @-@ earth , girl @-@ next @-@ door quality that makes her everything you could hope for in a Disney heroine . " Child actress Delaney Rose Stein was cast as a young version Rapunzel .
Moore " grew up loving Disney films " , describing the opportunity to be featured in one as " the ultimate fantasy " . Initially , she had little intention of auditioning for Tangled because she was aware that there would be much competition , and feared that a failed audition would simply result in disappointment . Once she made up her mind to audition , Moore reportedly " chased after " the role of Rapunzel , auditioning for it twice . Because the film is a musical requiring its cast to provide both their characters ' speaking and singing voices , it was mandatory for all auditioning to perform one song of their choice . Following the given instructions to sing a song that was in the style of a singer @-@ songwriter , Moore , a professional singer , performed singer @-@ songwriter Joni Mitchell 's " Help Me " , a song that she herself had covered on her fourth studio album , Coverage ( 2003 ) .
The filmmakers fought against hiring top @-@ billed celebrities to voice the film 's characters . When she joined the cast of Tangled , Moore was initially unaware that the film would become Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 50th animated feature film . Since that time , she has received her ignorance with gratitude , explaining , " I feel lucky because I would 've probably felt a bit more pressure had I known going into the recording process . " Moore was also surprised to learn that the majority of her dialogue would not be recorded in the presence of co @-@ stars Zachary Levi and Donna Murphy , who provided the voices of Flynn Rider and Mother Gothel respectively . She claims to have only met with Levi once to record the song " I See the Light " , a duet between her character Rapunzel and Levi 's character , Flynn . Moore described the recording process as challenging because she was provided with little visual aid , explaining , " All I had to work off were a few sketches ... but it was also fun because it allows you to go into the depths of your imagination . " She also revealed that creating Rapunzel 's voice was simply a process of " let [ ting ] go " . Moore was often required to re @-@ record a single line a total of four times before the directors finally heard a version with which they were satisfied . After watching the completed film for the first time , Moore was disappointed with her own performance because she felt that her voice sounded " shrill " .
= = = Characterization and design = = =
Executive producer John Lasseter explained that " The challenge is that you want to make Rapunzel feel like a smart , clever , educated , healthy , fun human being " despite the fact that the character has not ventured outside of her tower in 18 years . To avoid creating a " princessy and aloof " heroine , the writers decided to base Rapunzel 's personality on those of real @-@ life celebrities such as actresses Reese Witherspoon and Natalie Portman , as well as comedian Amy Poehler , which ultimately resulted in the character having a variety of " quirky qualities " that were used to " shake up expectations of what a princess should be . " According to The New York Times , Rapunzel 's personality made her a significant departure from traditional Disney heroines . Mandy Moore believes that Rapunzel is an atypical Disney princess because she is an independent character who " can take care of herself " , in addition to being largely oblivious to the fact that she is a princess .
Supervising animator Glen Keane designed Rapunzel under the tutelage of veteran animator Ollie Johnston , one of Disney 's original Nine Old Men . Johnston advised Keane to attempt to capture what Rapunzel is thinking as opposed to simply animating what the character is doing after reviewing one of his early pencil tests . Keane compared receiving this advice to receiving a " slap that I never forgot , so when I was drawing over people 's work , I really tried to get into the head of the thinking of the character " . Co @-@ director Byron Howard was inspired by the appearance of Ariel from Disney 's The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , a character who was also animated by Keane . Howard elaborated that " Ariel was the first character that I ever thought there was a soul behind her eyes ... We hoped to do that with Rapunzel to find some sort of soul and depth that people could relate to " . Meanwhile , Keane observed that Ariel and Rapunzel also share " irrepressible " spirits while encountering barriers that prevent them from pursuing their dreams . Keane was inspired by a book about the idea of feminine beauty ; the book cited " strangeness " as " the key to beauty ... in a woman 's face . " Taking this into consideration , Keane maintained a sense of asymmetry while drawing Rapunzel , incorporating into her face several subtle imperfections , specifically her bucked teeth that are bucked teeth . The character was also drawn with freckles , making her the first Disney princess to have this feature . Keane designed Rapunzel with large eyes in order to convey her " irrepressible quality " , a trait her also discovered in Mandy Moore 's voice . The animators created nine different versions of Rapunzel before finally settling on a design with which they were satisfied .
Keane is known for basing his characters on members of his family ; Rapunzel 's passion for art and painting was inspired by the interests of his daughter , Claire . Several of Claire 's original drawings and paintings are used to decorate Rapunzel 's tower . While Keane working on Tangled , Claire gave birth to his first grandchild , Matisse , whose appearance served as the animator 's inspiration for the infant Rapunzel .
= = = = Hair = = = =
Rapunzel was the first blonde @-@ haired Disney animated heroine since Aurora in Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) . Animating Rapunzel 's hair using computer @-@ generated imagery has been regarded as the most challenging aspect in the development process of Tangled . According to the Los Angeles Times , supervising animator Glen Keane has become well known for animating some of Walt Disney Animation Studios ' " greatest hair hits " since 1989 , including Ariel from The Little Mermaid , the Beast from Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and Pocahontas from Pocahontas ( 1995 ) . Both Keane and Howard have expressed similar opinions on Rapunzel 's hair , with Keane describing it as " this constant reminder that she has this gift " , and Howard describing it as its own character . As directors , Howard and Greno provided the animators with much live @-@ action material and reference to use as inspiration for the appearance of Rapunzel 's hair , such as attaching long strands of string to a baseball cap that they would take turns wearing in the studio and moving around it . Additionally , they recruited women who had not cut their hair in several years to serve as live models .
Senior Software Engineer Dr. Kelly Ward , a hair simulation major and graduate from the University of North Carolina , was placed in charge of developing special software meant to assist the animators in animating 70 feet of hair . Ward revealed that , in real life , the character 's hair would weigh roughly 60 pounds , " more weight than a real person would be able to move around as effortlessly as we allow Rapunzel to do in the movie " . For simplicity sake , the animators reduced the realistic total of 100 @,@ 000 individual strands of hair found on a typical human head to a more manageable 100 for Rapunzel . Acquiring the unique but realistic shade of golden blonde for Rapunzel 's hair also proved challenging animators .
= = Appearances = =
= = = Film and television = = =
In order to remain young and beautiful , a vain old woman named Mother Gothel hoards the healing properties of a magical golden flower . When the pregnant Queen falls ill , the flower is harvested and fed to her as medicine , thus preventing Gothel 's from using it . Once healthy , the Queen gives birth to Rapunzel , whose long golden hair has inherited the flower 's powerful healing magic . Hoping to regain full control over the flower , Gothel kidnaps the princess and incarcerates her in an isolated tower simply for the purpose of exploiting her magic hair in order to remain youthful . Every year on Rapunzel 's birthday , the kingdom of Corona releases thousands of floating lanterns into the sky in her memory .
Eighteen years later , Rapunzel , ignorant to the fact that she is a princess , is growing eager to leave the tower and see the " floating lights , " which she believes bear some significance to her . However , she is forbidden by Gothel , by whom she has been led to believe is her mother . When a wanted thief named Flynn Rider , in search of a place to hide , stumbles upon Rapunzel 's tower , Rapunzel , who has tricked Gothel into leaving her unattended , blackmails Flynn into taking her to see the lanterns in return for the crown that he has stolen from the palace . Accompanied by Rapunzel 's chameleon friend Pascal , they embark , but Gothel is soon in close pursuit .
Rapunzel and Flynn eventually arrive at the kingdom in time for the lantern ceremony . Soon afterwards , Flynn is ambushed and vengefully turned into the police by his former partners @-@ in @-@ crime the Stabbington Brothers , who he abandoned in an attempt to outrun the King 's soldiers , and sentenced to death . However , before the Brothers can harm Rapunzel , Gothel knocks them unconscious and takes a heartbroken Rapunzel back to the tower .
Back in her bedroom , Rapunzel is suddenly flooded by memories from her past . Realizing Gothel is a fraud , she finally finds the courage to rebel against her . However , Gothel , unwilling to lose Rapunzel , chains her up and gags her with a white handkerchief . When Flynn , having managed to escape from the castle , arrives at the tower , Gothel stabs him . Desperate to save him , Rapunzel promises to do whatever Gothel pleases in return . Gothel complies , but just as Rapunzel is about to heal him , Flynn cuts her hair short , causing it to turn brown and lose all of its magical powers and might never be long again , resulting in Gothel 's death . Flynn dies in Rapunzel 's arms and she cries bitterly . However , the flower 's magic manifests itself through Rapunzel 's tears and returns Flynn to life . Flynn returns Rapunzel to the palace , where she is finally reunited with her parents .
Rapunzel appeared later in the short film Tangled Ever After , that features his marriage with Eugene .
Rapunzel will also appear in the upcoming television series .
= = = Miscellaneous = = =
= = = Merchandise = = =
Rapunzel is the tenth member of the Disney Princess line @-@ up , a marketing franchise aimed primarily at young girls that manufactures and releases products such as toys , video and audio recordings , clothing , and video games . The Walt Disney Company introduces characters into its Disney Princess line @-@ up through coronation . Rapunzel 's was held on October 2 , 2011 , at the Kensington Palace in London , England ; the character became the franchise 's first princess to have been computer @-@ animated . However , the franchise uses a traditionally animated rendering of Rapunzel in most of its merchandise . Following her coronation , Rapunzel was recognized with her own page on the official Disney Princess website .
Disney Consumer Products has released several merchandise based on Tangled that features Rapunzel . Rapunzel appears as a playable character in an interactive adventure @-@ themed video game based on the film , entitled Tangled : The Video Game . The game was released by Disney Interactive Studios on November 23 , 2010 , one day before the film 's November 24 theatrical release , specifically for the Nintendo video game platforms Wii and DS , and follows the plot of the original film . Voice actress Mandy Moore reprises her role as Rapunzel in the video game . The character 's likeness has also been adapted into a variety of doll products . Rapunzel was the first character created and released as part of the Disney Animator 's Collection , a series of dolls depicting each of the eleven Disney Princesses as toddler . She was designed Glen Keane , who served as her supervising animator on the original film .
= = = Theme parks = = =
Rapunzel currently makes regular appearances at various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts sites , locations and attractions . In anticipation of the film 's theatrical release , several Tangled @-@ based attractions were constructed at various Disney Parks locations in both California and Florida , USA . These include a life @-@ sized replica of Rapunzel 's tower , located in Fantasyland .
As part of photographer Annie Leibovitz 's Disney Dream Portrait Series that she has been commissioning for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts since 2007 , The Walt Disney Company hired American country singer @-@ songwriter Taylor Swift to be featured as the model for Rapunzel . In a detailed description of the piece , Us Weekly wrote , " The stunning image — captioned ' Where a world of adventure awaits ' — shows the 23 @-@ year @-@ old Grammy winner perched on the window ledge of a moss @-@ covered stone tower . A pink petticoat peeks out from under her purple gown as she stares wistfully into the distance , her long golden tresses flowing regally in the wind . " Swift told On The Red Carpet that she was honored to have been selected for the piece .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Critics were generally positive in their opinions of Rapunzel . The St. Paul Pioneer Press ' Chris Hewitt described the character as " no damsel in distress " , while Sara Vizcarrondo of Boxoffice described the character as " a spunky heroine who could infiltrate the heavily guarded princess canon . " Stephen Whitty of The Star @-@ Ledger dubbed Rapunzel " a fairly capable young woman " . Bruce Diones of The New Yorker wrote that Rapunzel has " a sharp wit and intelligent concerns " , while Claudia Puig of USA Today opined , " Rapunzel is ... believable in her teenage histrionics " . Calling the character a " delight " , The Austin Chronicle 's Marjorie Baumgarten wrote , " Rapunzel is a spunky gal , capable of defending herself " . Sandie Angulo Chen of Common Sense Media wrote that Rapunzel is a " guileless , strong , and beautiful " character who is " so breathtakingly good that you can 't help but weep with her when she thinks all hope is lost . " The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel 's Cathy Jakicic described Rapunzel as a " scrappy , self @-@ reliant " heroine who " can rescue herself " . The Scotsman commented , " the film doesn 't ... turn [ Rapunzel ] into a simpering damsel in distress . " Describing the character as " innocent but ( inevitably ) feisty " , Empire 's Helen O 'Hara enjoyed the fact that both Rapunzel and Flynn are given " decent character development " while " bas [ ing ] their growing love story on more than a single longing glance . " Similarly , the Mountain Xpress praised Rapunzel and Flynn 's relationship , writing , " what works best is the interplay between the two leads ... these animated characters are frankly more believable and charismatic than the human ones in ... Love and Other Drugs . " Todd Hertz of Christianity Today called Rapunzel " fun , dynamic , and wondrous " .
Jim Schembri of The Age gave the character a very detailed , positive review , writing :
And , of course , the heart of the story is Rapunzel , a freshly minted heroine who morphs from prisoner to strong @-@ willed seeker of her own destiny . Blondes have not had a good rap of late , thanks chiefly to the stream of formulaic rom @-@ coms that have played them up as the ditzes and airheads of cliche . Rapunzel 's no @-@ nonsense attitude and proactive air , however , reminds us that the blondes of yore were not to be trifled with . As reimagined in Tangled , Rapunzel defies authority , shuts down male ego and charts her own course . She 's not only a great role model for kids , she 's the type of gutsy , independently minded , value @-@ added blonde Mae West would have been proud of .
The character was not void of criticism . Although Richard Corliss of Time thoroughly enjoyed the film , he felt that too much emphasis was placed on Flynn Rider and not enough on Rapunzel . Corliss questioned the future of Disney 's animated heroines , writing , " For 60 years ... girls were the focal characters who could be expected to come of age , triumph over adversity and , in general , man up , " and accused various film studios of " abolish [ ing ] female @-@ centered stories . " Variety 's Justin Chang described Rapunzel as a " bland , plastic " heroine , likening her to a Barbie doll . Similarly , Tom Huddleston of Time Out described Rapunzel as " bland " . James Berardinelli of ReelViews was fairly mixed in his review , writing , " although likeable and energetic , [ Rapunzel ] is not as memorable as Snow White , Ariel , or Belle . " Keith Uhlich of Time Out described the character as " synthetic " . He wrote , " you never feel like you 're watching a girl on the empowering cusp of adulthood so much as a selection of attitudes compiled through demographic study . " The Independent 's Anthony Quinn panned the character , describing her as " bland and Valley Girlish " . Joe Williams of the St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch opined , " when the big @-@ eyed heroine tries to tug at our heartstrings and Flynn turns into Prince Charming , the too @-@ familiar hero @-@ and @-@ damsel motif feels like a fashion faux @-@ pas . " Similarly , the SouthtownStar 's Jake Coyle wrote , " Both Rapunzel and Flynn too much resemble Barbie and Ken , lacking both superficial and emotional individuality . " Jen Yamato of Movies.com criticized Disney for " failing to give Rapunzel a backbone and retreading ground so familiar you can fall asleep for ten minutes and still know exactly what happened " .
As the tenth Disney Princess , several critics have drawn comparisons between Rapunzel and preceding Disney Princesses and animated heroines , the most frequent and prominent of whom remains Ariel from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) . The Daily News ' Joe Neumaier likened Rapunzel 's independence to that of Belle from Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) , writing , " thoroughly modern Rapunzel does most of the saving " . Jonathan Crocker of Total Film noted similarities between Rapunzel and Ariel , describing Rapunzel as " A strong @-@ willed heroine longing to see outside . " Mike Scott of The Times @-@ Picayune commented on Rapunzel 's innocence , describing it as " reminiscent of Amy Adams ' flighty Giselle from ... Enchanted . " LoveFilm 's Tom Charity commented on the character 's independence , likening Rapunzel 's spirited personality to those of both Ariel from The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) and Mulan from Mulan ( 1998 ) . Charity also labeled Rapunzel " another addition to the more recent Disney tradition of emancipated heroines " .
= = = Accolades and recognition = = =
CNN 's Stephanie Goldberg included Rapunzel in her article " Brave 's Merida and other animated heroines " , a list that recognized some of Disney 's most heroic and independent heroines who have appeared in animated films . Goldberg jokingly wrote , " So what if ... Rapunzel defends herself with a frying pan and holds prisoners captive with her long , magical hair ? " Sonia Saraiya of Nerve ranked Rapunzel fourth in her article " Ranked : Disney Princesses From Least To Most Feminist " . Comparing the character 's spirited personality to that of preceding Disney Princesses Ariel and Jasmine from Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Saraiya described Rapunzel as " badass , " despite the fact that " her naivete sometimes gets in the way of her progressivism . " Saraiya continued , " [ Rapunzel ] also recognizes the unfairness of her plight and finds a way out of it , outwitting her ' mother , ' who is in fact her kidnapper , to venture to the outside world . " Tala Dayrit of Female Network included Rapunzel in her article " 30 Fierce and Fun Female Cartoon Characters " , writing that , unlike her original fairy tale counterpart , " She ’ s not the helpless damsel locked in a tower awaiting an unknown fate , but a strong woman capable of defending herself in a fight . "
In the film , Rapunzel performs the song " I See the Light " as a duet with Flynn Rider . The song received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 . Voice actress Mandy Moore performed the song live at the ceremony with co @-@ star Zachary Levi , who provided the voice Flynn in the film . The song did , however , garner the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 54th ceremony in 2012 .
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= Dragon Age : Origins =
Dragon Age : Origins is a role @-@ playing video game developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts . It is the first game in the Dragon Age franchise , and was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 in November 2009 , and for OS X in December 2009 . Edge of Reality developed the game 's console versions .
Set in the fictional kingdom of Ferelden during a period of civil strife , the game puts the player in the role of a warrior , mage or rogue coming from an elven , human , or dwarven background who must unite the kingdom to fight an impending invasion by demonic forces known as the " Darkspawn " . The player character is recruited as a Grey Warden and is tasked to defeat the Archdemon ( a being with the soul of an old god in the body of a powerful Dragon ) that commands the Darkspawn , and end the catastrophe known as the Blight . The game is played from a third @-@ person perspective that can be shifted to top @-@ down perspective . Throughout the game , players encounter various companions , who play major roles in the game 's plot and gameplay and accompany the player throughout the game .
BioWare described Dragon Age : Origins as a " dark heroic fantasy " set in a unique world , and a spiritual successor to their previous Baldur 's Gate and Neverwinter Nights franchises . Its setting was inspired by The Lord of the Rings and A Song of Ice & Fire , and was described by BioWare as a mix between high fantasy and low fantasy . Development of the game began in 2002 , and lasted over six years . BioWare employed more than 144 voice @-@ actors , and hired Inon Zur to compose the game 's music .
Origins received critical acclaim upon release , with praise mostly directed at its story , setting , characters , music and combat system . It sold more than 3 @.@ 2 million copies , and 1 million pieces of downloadable content . Its multiple year @-@ end accolades included Game of the Year and Best Role @-@ playing awards from several gaming publications . BioWare released several instances of downloadable content after the game 's initial launch , an expansion pack for the game titled Awakening in March 2010 , and two sequels , Dragon Age II and Dragon Age : Inquisition , were released in 2011 and 2014 respectively .
= = Gameplay = =
Dragon Age : Origins is an action role @-@ playing game . The player is a Grey Warden , part of an order of elite fighters , whose task is to defeat the Archdemon and save the world from a disastrous event called the Blight . Players create their own Grey Warden character , customizing gender and appearance as well as choosing a race and class . The available classes are warriors , who perform strong physical attacks ; rogues , who carry out stealth attacks and steal items from other characters ; and mages , who cast spells on enemies , create combo spells , and support other party members . The three choices of race are human , elf , and dwarf . The combination of class and race determines which of six different origin stories the player experiences : Dalish Elf , City Elf , Dwarven Noble , Dwarven Commoner , Mage , or Human Noble . This affects the way other in @-@ game characters perceive the player 's character ; for instance , a Dwarven Commoner would receive hatred and discrimination from other dwarves . However , all classes follow the same plot after the completion of the origin story .
During gameplay the player encounters a variety of enemies , including giant spiders , darkspawn , ghosts , walking trees , and dragons . They also recruit companions , who accompany them and provide assistance in battle . These companions are normally controlled by artificial intelligence , with behavior that the player can adjust through the " Tactic " menu , but the player also has the option to switch between characters , and is able to issue orders to them in real @-@ time or pause the game to queue up actions .
Utilizing a third @-@ person perspective , the combat in Origins is largely similar to BioWare 's previous Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic . The player and any companions engage in combat with the weapons they have equipped when the player targets or is noticed by a hostile enemy . Players can swap weapons and perform special attacks during combat , but most of these attacks have a recharge time . The point of view can be shifted from third person to a top @-@ down view , where friendly and hostile units are labelled with different colors to distinguish them . At the end of a battle the characters ' health and stamina , which powers a character 's skills , are automatically refilled . When an enemy is defeated , the player collects any items or loot from its corpse .
The player can level up their Warden character by earning experience points through completing quests and defeating enemies . Each time player levels up , they receive three points to spend on the character 's six attributes . Strength inflicts more damage , dexterity helps evade attacks more often , willpower increases stamina , magic increases spell damage or magic defense , cunning improves combat tactics , and constitution helps withstand attacks . Special skills , which are divided into four different aspects for each class , and specialization options , which offer class @-@ specific skills , can also be unlocked by levelling up .
Players can be accompanied by a maximum of three companions . Companions who are not in the player 's active party stay in base camp , a hub where the player can talk to their party members as well as purchase new weapons , armor , and gear . In addition to the main story , the player can learn more about the world of Thedas by collecting the Indexes scattered throughout the game .
The game 's dialogue engine is the same as that of Mass Effect . The player can talk and interact with both party members and other non @-@ playable characters . A dialogue tree offers several dialogue options for the player to select . Through conversation , the player can unlock unique quests and dialogue revealing the lore of Dragon Age . It can also be used to persuade or intimidate other characters . The player often must choose between morally ambiguous options , which result in consequences that affect the game 's world and progression , and can even lead to the death of a potential companion . Companions react to the player 's choices through an " approval system " . When they dislike or object to the player 's decisions , their approval drops , which can result in a companion leaving the party or even attacking the Warden . Approval points can also be influenced by gifts , which will improve any companion 's approval but are each intended for a specific companion . Some gifts , if given to the right character , start a cutscene and can even unlock a quest . A high approval rating improves a companion 's morale and gives bonuses to their combat abilities . A significant approval rating also makes it possible for the Warden to pursue a romantic relationship with certain companions . The game 's " interaction reactivity " system means that the way a player treats one companion affects the approval rating of other companions as well .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
The game is set in Ferelden , one of several countries in the mythical continent Thedas . Demonic creatures called the Darkspawn dwell within the Deep Roads , an underground highway system created by the dwarves long ago , deep beneath the surface of Thedas . Every few hundred years , the Darkspawn swarm the surface world in a movement known as a Blight . Ever since the first Blight , Thedas has relied on the legendary order of warriors known as the Grey Wardens to drive the Darkspawn back . Dragon Age : Origins begins on the eve of Thedas 's fifth Blight .
Thedas is a world in which race and class combine to determine social class . Elves are often viewed as second @-@ class citizens by humans , while human nobles are treated with respect . Mages , on the other hand , are cloistered by the Chantry : they have access to the Fade , the unconscious realm that is the home of spirits , and a single lapse in vigilance could cause them to be possessed by demons . Apostate mages , who live outside the Chantry 's control , are considered extremely dangerous , and the Chantry has a militant wing , the Templars , to seek them out and subdue them by any means necessary .
= = = Characters = = =
The chief protagonist of Dragon Age : Origins is the player @-@ controlled character , whose biography and combat specialization are determined by the race and class chosen at the start of the game . While the player can choose his or her avatar 's first name , the character is usually referred to as " The Warden " by other characters and the game 's narration .
Many of the game 's non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) are companion characters , who appear throughout the game and may volunteer their services . Companions include Alistair , a reluctantly heroic Grey Warden with a sarcastic wit ; Morrigan , the sultry but cynical dark mage who has little regard for authority or social mores ; Leliana , an ex @-@ member of Ferelden 's Chantry whose optimistic and virtuous demeanor belies an aptitude for espionage and combat ; Sten , a proud but stoic warrior of the militaristic Qunari people who often questions human ways ; Oghren , a brutal dwarven warrior whose love of alcohol is only matched by his penchant for violence and loyalty to his friends ; Wynne , an Elder Mage of the Circle , a maternal figure to the party and a powerful healer ; Zevran , a rakish elven assassin who is fond of treasures , sex and innuendo ; and a loyal Mabari War Hound , which the player can name and use for scouting and combat . In the DLC , Shale , a sarcastic Golem with a mild ornithophobia who was a female dwarf in her prior life , is also available . There is also a so @-@ called " secret companion " who can be recruited , but that will cause Alister to leave the Warden . The secret companion is Loghain .
Outside of companion characters , NPCs significant to the Origins plot include Duncan , the Grey Warden who recruits the player ; King Cailan , Ferelden 's naive but courageous leader and son of the legendary King Maric ; Queen Anora , Cailan 's politically @-@ savvy wife , whose youth and beauty are matched by a commanding personality but somewhat offset by her ambition and ruthlessness ; and Flemeth , Morrigan 's mother , who appears to be a harmless old woman in public , but in truth is an infamous dark witch of Ferelden legend .
The faceless Darkspawn horde is led by the archdemon Urthemiel , supposedly one of the Old Gods of the Tevinter Imperium , incarnated in the form of a powerful and corrupted dragon with total control over the darkspawn . The game 's other main antagonists are Teyrn Loghain Mac Tir , father of Queen Anora , a once @-@ respected war hero gone mad with ambition and paranoia ; and Rendon Howe , the amoral and corrupt Arl of Amaranthine who allies with Loghain to further his own ambitions .
= = = Plot = = =
Depending on the player 's chosen race and class , they will begin the game with one of six predetermined origin stories . In each origin story , the player is introduced to Duncan , the commander of Ferelden 's Grey Wardens , who is trying to find recruits to join the order . At the end of the origin story , the player 's character is selected as a potential Grey Warden , and leaves with Duncan .
The player and Duncan journey to a fortress in southern Ferelden called Ostagar . There , they join Cailan , the King of Ferelden , and his father @-@ in @-@ law Loghain , a legendary general . The three leaders plan to make a stand against the encroaching Darkspawn before a new Blight overwhelms Ferelden . Duncan senses the influence of an Archdemon , a god @-@ like being hosted in the body of a powerful Dragon that commands the Darkspawn , which makes this the first true Blight in over 400 years . Duncan emphasizes the importance of defeating the Blight before it can gain enough momentum to threaten the rest of Thedas .
Duncan initiates the player into the Grey Wardens through a dangerous ritual called the Joining . The Joining involves imbibing Darkspawn blood , which will either kill a person or imbue them with the powerful darkspawn essence known as the Taint , granting them the ability to sense Darkspawn and a rudimentary connection into their hive mind . After surviving the Joining , the player and another Grey Warden , Alistair , are given the task of lighting a beacon at the top of the fortress which will signal Loghain 's men to charge the horde 's flank . However , upon seeing the signal , Loghain abandons the battlefield with his army . Without Loghain 's reinforcements , King Cailan and Duncan are overwhelmed and slain by the Darkspawn , who massacre Cailan 's army , seize control of Ostagar and begin advancing into southern Ferelden .
The player 's Warden and Alistair are saved by Flemeth , a powerful witch who lives in a secluded hermitage with her daughter and apprentice , Morrigan . The player , Alistair , and Morrigan decide that in order to stop the Blight from destroying Ferelden , and possibly all of Thedas , they will need to gather a new army and slay the Archdemon . Using ancient Grey Warden treaties , the player 's Warden must travel across Ferelden to enlist the aid of the Dalish Elves , the Dwarves of Orzammar , the Circle of Magi , and the soldiers of Redcliffe , loyal to Arl Eamon . In addition , Alistair reveals that he is a bastard son of King Maric Theirin , Cailin 's father , putting him in contention for the recently vacated throne .
Meanwhile , Loghain returns to Ferelden 's capital city , Denerim , to inform his daughter Queen Anora of King Cailan 's death . Loghain scapegoats the Grey Wardens for the defeat at Ostagar ; accusing them of betraying Ferelden , Loghain outlaws the order and demands the deaths of any surviving Wardens . While Anora inherits her husband 's authority , Loghain quickly declares himself her regent and effectively seizes control of the kingdom . Loghain swiftly becomes a brutal and tyrannical ruler willing to do anything to retain power , igniting a civil war between himself and Ferelden 's nobility , who refuse to acknowledge his authority . Both sides battle to an inconclusive stalemate , and the darkspawn take advantage of the chaos to advance further into Ferelden unopposed .
After the player successfully obtains the assistance of each of the primary factions , a Landsmeet is called among the nobles of Ferelden . There , the player confronts Loghain , ultimately either executing him or making him a Grey Warden ( in which case he joins the party , replacing Alistair ) . The player also settles who will lead Ferelden against the Blight ( Alistair , Anora , or both ) and rallies support from the rest of the kingdom to face the Darkspawn . At this point , the player learns that only a Grey Warden can slay the Archdemon because of the Taint present in a Grey Warden 's body . Killing the Archdemon releases the demonic essence within it , which is drawn to the Taint in the Grey Warden and effectively kills them as well ; if anyone other than a Warden slays it , the Archdemon 's essence survives and finds a new host in the nearest Darkspawn , making the monster effectively immortal .
On the night before the final battle , Morrigan offers the player 's Warden a way to slay the Archdemon without sacrificing anyone : Morrigan believes that if the player succeeds in conceiving a child with her , the child would also carry the Taint . Once the Archdemon dies , its demonic essence would be drawn away from any Grey Warden to safely merge with the unborn child instead . The resulting child would be born a demigod , which she plans to raise on her own . The player can accept Morrigan 's offer , convince Alistair or Loghain to take part instead , or refuse the witch 's proposal , which will cause her to leave the party .
The next day , the player and the newly assembled army of Ferelden fight their way through the city of Denerim , which has been overrun by the Darkspawn . After fighting their way through the Darkspawn horde , and a final battle against the Archdemon atop Denerim 's highest tower , the player is given the chance to deliver the killing blow or to let Alistair or Loghain do it . With each choice , the Archdemon is killed and the leaderless Darkspawn army retreats from Denerim , marking the end of the Fifth Blight . Unless the ritual with Morrigan was performed , whoever slew the Archdemon also perishes . The story ends with a ceremony attended by the people of Ferelden during which the player and their companions are honored for saving the kingdom . The game then presents an epilogue in text and pictures which details the ramifications of the player 's in @-@ game choices on the future of Ferelden and the lives of his or her companions .
= = Development = =
= = = Design = = =
Dragon Age : Origins was created by the Edmonton studio of BioWare , the developer of Neverwinter Nights and Jade Empire . Development of the game 's first demo began in November 2002 . It was officially revealed at E3 2004 as simply Dragon Age , and was re @-@ revealed as Dragon Age : Origins in July 2008 , alongside a new trailer for the game . According to BioWare , they kept any information about the game hidden from the public , to further the game 's design and technology . More than 180 people worked on the game , and full @-@ scale production began three years after the game 's initial development . The subtitle " Origins " was chosen to represent the six origins storyline , BioWare 's return to PC role @-@ playing games , and the beginning of a new franchise . Origins is a spiritual successor to Baldur 's Gate and Neverwinter Nights , as an attempt to build a similar fantasy RPG without any licensing restrictions or issues . The similarities are mostly present in gameplay elements , such as real @-@ time tactical combat ; the game does not share the Dungeons and Dragons setting of the Baldur 's Gate series , and is instead set in a period resembling the Stone Age or Iron Age , with dragons prevalent . The tactic menu was inspired by the gambit system from Final Fantasy XII .
David Gaider , the lead writer for Origins , built the game 's world first before writing the plot . The team chose a " fantasy " setting because Dan Tudge , the game 's director , thought that BioWare was at its best in the fantasy genre . In the first draft , there were no Darkspawn or Grey Wardens , and mages were not allowed to use magic in cities . There were twelve different origin stories , including Human Commoner and Avvar , a barbarian origin . However , most of them were scrapped for being " ridiculous " , leading to six stories being finalized . Loghain was the first character to be created , while an Ogre , nicknamed " Fluffy " , and a human with medium armor were the first enemies designed . The concepts of Alistair and Morrigan were the next to be created , as they play the largest role in the game 's plot . Their creation also took far longer than other characters . Morrigan was originally conceived to be similar to Flemeth , speaking whimsically . However , Gaider was not satisfied and decided to completely rewrite her personality . As a result , she was designed as a " blunt " person who always resists her mother . Finding a suitable voice actor for Morrigan took the most time of any character . The game 's final version features 68 @,@ 260 lines of dialogue ; the quality assurance testers for the game enabled a cheat to automatically skip these cutscenes and dialogues during test runs .
Ray Muzyka , co @-@ founder of BioWare , said that the team wanted to try something that would be new but familiar to most players . They hoped that Origins would redefine the genre to become The Lord of the Rings of video game franchises . Greg Zeschuk , another co @-@ founder of BioWare , described the fantasy of Dragon Age as in between the high fantasy of J. R. R. Tolkien 's works and the low fantasy of works by George R.R. Martin . The goal was a " dark heroic fantasy " that would suit the taste of any fan of the genre . Thus , while the game has the typical races of human , elf , and dwarf , they are slightly altered from the usual nature of the three races , and a new lizard @-@ like race called the Qunari was introduced . Some of the alterations they made included flipping how certain races , like elves , are treated in other fictional worlds . While elves are often described as a race of high prestige in fiction , Dragon Age : Origins presents them as slaves of humans , labelled as second class citizens who resent the human race . This extended to the gameplay , where the player can choose to discriminate against other races , and can experience discrimination from others based on their choices .
BioWare recognized that non @-@ linear choices are an element unique to video games in the entertainment industry . Zeschuk called the sheer number of choices in the game " big " and " impactful " , and the team designed many of those to be emotional and create a more personal experience for the player . They intentionally avoided adding a karma system , as the choices are designed to be ambiguous , with only the player to judge whether they are good or bad . According to Muzyka , their goal was to make players sympathize with events and characters , connecting with them to feel true emotions . This vision challenged the team to balance many key aspects , such as the amount of dialogue and animation in each cutscene , to create a believable scenario for players .
The team also hoped to handle romance in a more " mature " and " complicated " way , with a true reflection on human relationships and reactions rather than " adolescent titillation " . The game has sex scenes , but no nudity . Muzyka added that it was an artistic choice , and a decision made by the team , not the publisher Electronic Arts .
While Origins is a single @-@ player @-@ only game , Muzyka described it as a " social experience " , considering the narrative and its variety of paths as an integral part of the gameplay . The characters a player meets , items they collect , and quests they receive and complete may be different , leading to a completely different experience . He also considered the ways a player explores the world and discovers new areas as an exploration narrative . As each player had different experience , they hoped that those players would collaborate to expand upon their knowledge of the world . To that effect , the team built a community site as an online social environment for players to communicate . Players could share stats and automatically generated screenshots with the community .
= = = Sound = = =
The game features an orchestral soundtrack with choir , used both in @-@ game and during cutscenes . The soundtrack was recorded by performance of a 44 @-@ piece orchestra , recorded twice and merged to sound like an 88 @-@ piece orchestra . It was composed by Inon Zur and performed by the Northwest Sinfonia . According to Zur , he intentionally made most of the soundtrack feel " dark " , combining low brass and bass string instruments with ancient drums to express a feeling that is both heroic and demonic . One of the tracks , " Leliana 's Song " , was composed in under 24 hours . The soundtrack was presented at a panel in the Hollywood Music in Media Interactive Conference in 2009 , and was performed as part of the September 26 " A Night in Fantasia 2009 " concert in Sydney , Australia , by the Eminence Symphony Orchestra .
Origins contains a large amount of voice acting recorded in the US and the UK . Actors include Tim Russ , Steve Valentine , Kate Mulgrew , Simon Templeman , Mark Rolston , Tim Curry , Adam Howden , Nicola Bertram , and Claudia Black . In total , more than 140 voice actors worked on the game . A large part of these recordings became the ambient dialogue that takes place between non @-@ player characters in the adventuring party , adding to their backstories and lending more credibility to the characters . Mark Darrah , executive producer of BioWare , described the cast of characters the largest of any of their games at that time , and hoped that using celebrities would add a layer of depth and complexity to the characters . The main protagonist is not voice @-@ acted , as the team hoped that players would " reflect their own inner voice " when making decisions .
= = = Release = = =
While the game was originally intended for PC , a console version was announced in 2008 by gaming magazine Game Informer . Prior to the announcement , Zeschuk suggested that the entire franchise has a " console future " . The decision was made to bring the game to consoles to introduce it to a wider audience . Mike Laidlaw , the game 's lead designer , considered creating the console versions ' interface a challenge , as they had to convert the long and complex quickbar from the PC version to a more streamlined interface that could use the same actions with only few button presses . To that end , the team decided to map six different actions together , and allow players to customize the arrangement . Also , the console version does not allow the top @-@ down view possible in the PC version .
The game was originally set to be released in early 2009 for Microsoft Windows , and later for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . The team partnered with Edge of Reality to develop the console versions of the game . However , its release date was pushed to the latter half of that year in order to have a simultaneous launch . BioWare announced that the game would be released on October 20 , 2009 , but pushed it back again to November 6 , 2009 , as the team wanted additional time to finalize some last @-@ minute decisions . The PlayStation 3 version was at one point delayed to November 17 , but did end up launching alongside the other versions . A Mac version of the game , developed by TransGaming , was released on December 21 , 2009 .
In addition to the standard version , other editions of Origins were made available for purchase . The Collector 's Edition came in a SteelBook with different artwork . Like the standard edition , the Collector 's Edition included a redemption code to obtain the Stone Prisoner and Blood Dragon Armor DLC for free , but added three additional exclusive in @-@ game items , a bonus disc containing a making @-@ of documentary , concept art , trailers , the game 's original soundtrack , and a cloth map of Ferelden . The " Ultimate Edition " , released on October 26 , 2010 , includes the base game , the Awakening expansion pack , and all 9 DLC packs .
The Dragon Age Character Creator was released on October 13 , 2009 , allowing players to create a character in advance and import it into the full game upon release . BioWare also released a " developer @-@ grade " toolset to allow extensive modification and customization of the game 's PC version . Players can use these tools to craft new campaigns , quests , cinematics , and lip @-@ syncing .
On November 26 , 2009 , Electronic Arts announced a competition called Dragon Age : Warden ’ s Quest . Contestants formed groups of four people and competed to adventure through the game 's world , with the winning group receiving $ 12 @,@ 500 . The representatives from Hungary won the contest , followed by a group called Bioware Community , Canada and a group from Poland . On March 9 , 2011 , Electronic Arts announced that players who pre @-@ ordered Darkspore would receive a free copy of Origins . In 2012 , to celebrate the first @-@ year anniversary of Electronic Arts ' own digital distribution software Origin , the game was made free to download alongside Battlefield : Bad Company 2 and Spore for a limited time . On October 8 , 2015 , it became free to download again for a limited time as part of Origin 's On the House program .
= = = Downloadable content = = =
BioWare announced that they would support the game with downloadable content for at least 2 years . The DLC packs are both story @-@ based and content @-@ based , and added in elements that were cut from the base game , such as Shale , a stone @-@ based companion who always gets stuck in doors and causes trouble with the camera system . A crossover with Mass Effect 2 , an item called the Blood Dragon Armor , is also available for purchase .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Dragon Age : Origins received critical acclaim from major video game critics upon its release . While the game is considered to be virtually identical across all platforms , differences in user interface , graphical performance , and online content delivery have led the PC version to be reviewed more favorably than the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions ; Metacritic ranks the PC , PlayStation 3 , and Xbox 360 versions of the game with scores of 91 , 87 , and 86 , respectively .
The game 's setting was well received by critics . Dave Snider from Giant Bomb thought that the setting felt traditional due to the presence of dwarves and elves , but that the world was beautifully executed . He also appreciated the small touches BioWare added to the world , noting the " French @-@ tinged accent " of the Orlesian Empire humans . He added that the six origin stories and their unique dialogue and referencing throughout the game make the world feel cohesive . Kevin VanOrd from GameSpot made similar comments , stating that the new ideas added to a familiar world make it feel original and new . However , Jeff Haynes from IGN said that the origin stories were inconsistent , with missteps that make the world , while " rich and vivid " , feel less believable . Joe Juba from Game Informer wrote that the world was well @-@ realized with a deep history , which makes the game addicting , as players can sense their Warden 's importance in the world .
The game 's story and characters also received praise . Snider said that the story is driven by the characters , and that the choices presented in the game were difficult , making him regret some choices for weeks after completing the game . He added that the game 's main quest was well @-@ written , and its quality boosted by excellent voice acting ; he called the performance of Claudia Black as Morrigan one of the best in the game . VanOrd commended the game 's story , saying that it was memorable and crafted with care , successfully making players care about the game 's world and characters . He added that the deep character development made every choice " momentous " . GamesRadar thought that the story and the Warden 's appearance felt generic , but that the story become more and more engrossing as it progressed . Nick Tan from Game Revolution liked the banter between companions as a humorous change of pace within the game . Gerald Villoria from GameSpy praised the exclusion of the moral system for making the characters feel more complex . Juba wrote that the story was good but predictable , not straying far from standard fantasy stories . Wesley Yin @-@ Poole from VideoGamer.com called the story memorable , saying that it " leaves an itch in your mind " , and has attracted players to return to the game " like an addict seeking a hit of relief . "
As for the game 's combat , Snider called it streamlined , but said that players who do not want to use the pause mechanic would not be able to appreciate the game , as the combat requires both patience and strategy . He liked the game 's third @-@ person view more than the top @-@ down view , saying that being able to view the sky made environments feel more complicated , and praised the high difficulty of boss battles , which task players to manage their stamina carefully . His conclusion was that Origins " feels like a real throwback to the good old days of PC role @-@ playing epics . " VanOrd said that the combat system was easily recognizable for players who have played other RPGs developed by BioWare . He added that players can have a lot of fun switching between characters , and agreed that the game had created thrilling boss battles . He praised the choice to have health and stamina replenish immediately after battles , as it sped up combat pace and flow . Tan also commended the combat , finding it a better system than other BioWare RPGs , but disliked the fact that characters can step into water . Juba praised the amount of space for players to experiment with new skills and abilities , adding that the required focus and attention make combat very satisfying .
The game 's graphics received mixed reviews . VanOrd was not impressed , stating that the environments do not look as good viewed from a top @-@ down perspective , but he praised the art style and some of the game 's " eye @-@ catching " landmarks . Tan liked that the environments were varied and unique , saying that each level felt " vast " and filled with details . Villoria found its visual quality lacking when compared with that of Mass Effect 2 , adding that the facial animation can feel wooden at times . However , he found the combat animation rewarding and satisfying . He further criticized the sex sequences as " off @-@ putting " . Yin @-@ Poole said that the game 's graphics were boring and generic , and called the sex scenes " anti @-@ climatic " and poorly @-@ executed . Both Villoria and Yin @-@ Poole felt that the six @-@ year development time was too long , considering the game 's mediocre graphics .
GamesRadar estimated that there are more than 80 hours of content available in the game . Villoria called the world engaging , and its replay value very high , as players can play the story over and over again with a different origin . Juba agreed , as did Yin @-@ Poole , who added that the way companions react to the player 's decisions , as well as the six origin stories , significantly expand the game 's longevity .
= = = Sales = = =
Dragon Age : Origins topped Steam 's sales chart on November 10 , 2009 . The Digital Deluxe version of the game was ranked first place , with the standard edition ranked second . The Xbox 360 version of the game was the ninth @-@ best @-@ selling game in the US according to the NPD Group , selling approximately 362 @,@ 100 copies . According to John Riccitiello , CEO of Electronic Arts , the company is very satisfied with the sales of Origins ; more than 1 million DLC packs for the game were sold before the end of 2009 . In February 2010 , Electronic Arts announced that more than 3 @.@ 2 million copies of the game had been sold .
= = = Accolades = = =
Origins gained recognition from several gaming publications for its achievements . The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences named it the " Role @-@ Playing / Massively Multiplayer Game of the Year 2009 " . At the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards , Dragon Age : Origins received the Best PC Game and Best RPG awards . It was chosen as the PC Game of the Year , Best Xbox 360 RPG of the Year , Best Story of the Year , and Best PC Role @-@ Playing Game of the Year by IGN . The game also received Giant Bomb 's Best PC Game of 2009 award , and Game of the Year 2009 and RPG of the Year awards from U.S. PC Gamer . In 2010 , the game was included as one of the titles in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die .
= = Franchise = =
Although the name " Origins " hinted that the game would be a beginning of a new franchise , the team did not expect the game to become successful , and had never planned for sequels . Due to its success , the game spawned a Dragon Age franchise consisting of video games , comics , and novels . The game 's sequel , Dragon Age II , was announced on July 9 , 2010 , with the goal of bringing improved graphics and combat to the franchise . Dragon Age II is set within a ten @-@ year period and features a new predefined protagonist , Hawke , and a new locale within the Dragon Age world , the city of Kirkwall . Players are able to transfer save data from Dragon Age : Origins into the sequel ; decisions that the player made during the course of Dragon Age : Origins are referenced while playing Dragon Age II .
The third installment of the series , titled Dragon Age : Inquisition , was announced on September 17 , 2012 . In Inquisition , players take on the role of an Inquisitor , and must unite Ferelden and Orlais to defeat an ancient Darkspawn called Corypheus . The game was released on November 18 , 2014 , and in addition to the original three gaming platforms , it brought the Dragon Age franchise to the eighth generation of video game consoles : PlayStation 4 and Xbox One .
A free @-@ to @-@ play mobile game , Heroes of Dragon Age , was released in 2013 .
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= Shōkaku @-@ class aircraft carrier =
The two Shōkaku @-@ class ( 翔鶴型 , Shōkaku @-@ gata ) aircraft carriers were built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1930s . Completed shortly before the start of the Pacific War in 1941 , they have been called " arguably the best aircraft carriers in the world " when built . With the exception of the Battle of Midway , they participated in every major naval action of the Pacific War , including the attack on Pearl Harbor , the Indian Ocean Raid , the Battle of the Coral Sea , and the Guadalcanal Campaign .
Their inexperienced air groups were relegated to airfield attacks during the attack on Pearl Harbor , but they later sank two of the four fleet carriers lost by the United States Navy during the war in addition to one elderly British light carrier . The sister ships returned to Japan after the Battle of the Coral Sea , one to repair damage and the other to replace aircraft lost during the battle , so neither ship participated in the Battle of Midway in June 1942 . After the catastrophic losses of four carriers during that battle , they formed the bulk of the IJN 's carrier force for the rest of the war . As such they were the primary counterattack force deployed against the American invasion of Guadalcanal in the Battle of the Eastern Solomons in August . Two months later , they attempted to support a major offensive by the Imperial Japanese Army to push the United States Marines off Guadalcanal . This resulted in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands where they crippled one American carrier and damaged another in exchange for damage to Shōkaku and a light carrier . Neither attempt succeeded and the Japanese withdrew their remaining forces from Guadalcanal in early 1943 using the air group from Zuikaku to provide cover .
For the next year , the sisters trained before moving south to defend against any American attempt to retake the Mariana Islands or the Philippines . Shōkaku was sunk by an American submarine during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as the Americans invaded the Marianas and Zuikaku was sacrificed as a decoy four months later during the Battle of Cape Engano .
= = Background and description = =
The two Shōkaku @-@ class carriers were ordered in 1937 as part of the 3rd Naval Armaments Supplement Program . No longer restricted by the provisions of the Washington Naval Treaty , which had expired in December 1936 , and with relaxed budgetary limitations , the IJN sought qualitative superiority over their foreign counterparts . Drawing on experience with their existing carriers , the Navy General Staff laid out an ambitious requirement for a ship that equaled the 96 @-@ aircraft capacity of the Akagi and Kaga , the speed of Hiryū and the defensive armament of Kaga . The new ship was also to have superior protection and range over any of the existing carriers .
The Basic Design Section of the Navy Technical Department decided upon an enlarged and improved Hiryū design with the island on the port side , amidships . After construction of the ships began , the Naval Air Technical Department ( NATD ) began having second thoughts about the location of the island because it thought that the portside location of the island on Hiryū and Akagi had an adverse impact on airflow over the flight deck . Another issue identified was that the amidships position shortened the available landing area , which had the potential to be problematic in the future as aircraft landing speeds increased with their growing weight . To verify these assumptions , the NATD filmed hundreds of takeoffs and landings aboard Akagi in October – November 1938 and decided to move the island over to the starboard side and further forward , about one @-@ third of the length from the bow . Shōkaku was the furthest advanced by this point and the supporting structure for the bridge had already been built ; rebuilding it would have delayed construction so it was left in place . The changes that had to be made consisted of a 1 @-@ meter ( 3 ft 3 in ) widening of the flight deck opposite the island and a corresponding 50 @-@ centimeter ( 20 in ) narrowing on the starboard side and the addition of 100 metric tons ( 98 long tons ) of ballast on the port side to re @-@ balance the ship .
The ships had a length of 257 @.@ 5 meters ( 844 ft 10 in ) overall , a beam of 29 meters ( 95 ft 2 in ) , a draft of 9 @.@ 32 meters ( 30 ft 7 in ) at deep load , and a moulded depth of 23 m ( 75 ft 6 in ) . They displaced 32 @,@ 105 metric tons ( 31 @,@ 598 long tons ) at deep load . Based on hydrodynamic research conducted for the Yamato @-@ class battleships , the Shōkaku class received a bulbous bow and twin rudders , both of which were positioned on the centerline abaft the propellers . Their crew consisted of 1 @,@ 660 men : 75 commissioned officers , 56 special duty officers , 71 warrant officers and 1 @,@ 458 petty officers and crewmen , excluding the air group .
The Shōkaku @-@ class ships were fitted with four Kampon geared steam turbine sets , each driving one 4 @.@ 2 @-@ meter ( 13 ft 9 in ) propeller , using steam provided by eight Kampon Type Model B water @-@ tube boilers . With a working pressure of 30 kg / cm2 ( 2 @,@ 942 kPa ; 427 psi ) , the boilers gave the turbines enough steam to generate a total of 160 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 120 @,@ 000 kW ) and a designed speed of 34 @.@ 5 knots ( 63 @.@ 9 km / h ; 39 @.@ 7 mph ) . This was the most powerful propulsion system in IJN service , 10 @,@ 000 and 8 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 and 6 @,@ 000 kW ) more than the Yamato class and the Mogami @-@ class cruiser , respectively . During their sea trials , the sister ships achieved 34 @.@ 37 – 34 @.@ 58 knots ( 63 @.@ 65 – 64 @.@ 04 km / h ; 39 @.@ 55 – 39 @.@ 79 mph ) from 161 @,@ 290 – 168 @,@ 100 shaft horsepower ( 120 @,@ 270 – 125 @,@ 350 kW ) . They carried 5 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 900 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave them a range of 9 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 18 @,@ 000 km ; 11 @,@ 200 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . The boiler uptakes were trunked to the ships ' starboard side amidships and exhausted just below flight deck level through two funnels that curved downward . The Shōkaku class was fitted with three 600 @-@ kilowatt ( 800 hp ) turbo generators and two 350 @-@ kilowatt ( 470 hp ) diesel generators , all operating at 225 volts .
= = = Flight deck and hangars = = =
The carriers ' 242 @.@ 2 @-@ meter ( 794 ft 7 in ) flight deck had a maximum width of 29 meters and overhung the superstructure at both ends , supported by pillars . Ten transverse arrestor wires were installed on the flight deck that could stop a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ kilogram ( 8 @,@ 800 lb ) aircraft . If the aircraft missed those , it could be stopped by one of three crash barricades . Although space and weight were allocated for two aircraft catapults , their development was not completed before the Shōkaku @-@ class ships were sunk . The ships were designed with two superimposed hangars ; the upper hangar was about 200 meters ( 656 ft 2 in ) long and had a width that varied between 18 @.@ 5 and 24 meters ( 60 ft 8 in and 78 ft 9 in ) . It had a height of 4 @.@ 85 meters ( 15 ft 11 in ) while the lower hangar was 4 @.@ 7 meters ( 15 ft 5 in ) high and only usable by fighters . The lower hangar was about 20 meters ( 65 ft 7 in ) shorter than the upper one and its width ranged from 17 @.@ 5 to 20 meters ( 57 ft 5 in to 65 ft 7 in ) . Together they had a total area of 5 @,@ 545 square meters ( 59 @,@ 690 sq ft ) . Each hangar could be subdivided by five or six fire curtains and they were fitted with fire fighting foam dispensers on each side . The lower hangar was also fitted with a carbon dioxide fire suppression system . Each subdivision was provided with a pair of enclosed and armored stations to control the fire curtains and fire fighting equipment .
Aircraft were transported between the hangars and the flight deck by three elevators that took 15 seconds to go from the lower hangar to the flight deck . The forward elevator was larger than the others to allow aircraft that had just landed to be moved below without folding their wings and measured 13 by 16 meters ( 42 ft 8 in × 52 ft 6 in ) . The other elevators were narrower , 13 by 12 meters ( 42 ft 8 in × 39 ft 4 in ) . The ships mounted a crane on the starboard side of the flight deck , abreast the rear elevator . When collapsed , it was flush with the flight deck .
The Shōkaku @-@ class carriers were initially intended to have an air group of 96 , including 24 aircraft in reserve . These were envisioned as 12 Mitsubishi A5M ( " Claude " ) monoplane fighters , 24 Aichi D1A2 ( " Susie " ) Type 96 dive bombers , 24 Mitsubishi B5M ( " Mabel " ) Type 97 No. 2 torpedo bombers , and 12 Nakajima C3N Type 97 reconnaissance aircraft . All of these aircraft were either superseded by larger , more modern aircraft or cancelled while the ships were being built , so the air group was revised to consist of 18 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters , 27 Aichi D3A ( " Val " ) dive bombers , and 27 Nakajima B5N ( " Kate " ) torpedo bombers . In addition , the ship carried 2 Zeros , 5 " Vals " , and 5 " Kates " as spares for a total of 84 aircraft .
= = = Armament and sensors = = =
The carriers ' primary anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) armament consisted of eight twin @-@ gun mounts equipped with 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 5 in ) Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns mounted on projecting sponsons , grouped into pairs fore and aft on each side of the hull . The guns had a range of 14 @,@ 700 meters ( 16 @,@ 100 yd ) , and a ceiling of 9 @,@ 440 meters ( 30 @,@ 970 ft ) at an elevation of + 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was fourteen rounds a minute , but their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute . The ship was equipped with four Type 94 fire @-@ control directors to control the 12 @.@ 7 cm guns , one for each pair of guns , although the director on the island could control all of the Type 89 guns .
Their light AA armament consisted of a dozen triple @-@ gun mounts for license @-@ built Hotchkiss 25 mm ( 1 in ) Type 96 AA guns , six mounts on each side of the flight deck . The gun was the standard Japanese light AA weapon during World War II , but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it largely ineffective . According to historian Mark Stille , the weapon had many faults including an inability to " handle high @-@ speed targets because it could not be trained or elevated fast enough by either hand or power , its sights were inadequate for high @-@ speed targets , it possessed excessive vibration and muzzle blast " . These guns had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 300 yd ) , and a ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 meters ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at an elevation of + 85 degrees . The effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the 15 @-@ round magazines . The Type 96 guns were controlled by six Type 95 directors , one for every pair of mounts .
In June 1942 , Shōkaku and Zuikaku had their anti @-@ aircraft armament augmented with six more triple 25 mm mounts , two each at the bow and stern , and one each fore and aft of the island . The bow and stern groups each received a Type 95 director . In October another triple 25 mm mount was added at the bow and stern and 10 single mounts were added before the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 . After the battle , Zuikaku 's anti @-@ aircraft armament was reinforced with 26 single mounts for the 25 mm Type 96 gun , bringing the total of 25 mm barrels to 96 , 60 in 20 triple mounts and 36 single mounts . These guns were supplemented by eight 28 @-@ round AA rocket launchers . Each 12 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) rocket weighed 22 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 50 lb ) and had a maximum velocity of 200 m / s ( 660 ft / s ) . Their maximum range was 4 @,@ 800 meters ( 5 @,@ 200 yd ) .
Shōkaku was the first carrier in the IJN to be fitted with radar , a Type 21 early @-@ warning radar , mounted on the top of the island around September 1942 . The date of Zuikaku 's installation is unknown , but both ships received a second Type 21 radar in a retractable installation adjacent to the flight deck after October . Before June 1944 , a Type 13 air @-@ search radar was installed on the light tripod mast abaft the island . The Shōkaku @-@ class carriers were also fitted with a Type 91 hydrophone in the bow that was only useful when anchored or moving very slowly .
= = = Protection = = =
The Shōkaku class had a waterline belt that consisted of 46 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) of Copper @-@ alloy Non @-@ Cemented armor ( CNC ) that covered most of the length of the ship . The belt was 4 @.@ 1 meters ( 13 ft 5 in ) high , of which 2 meters ( 6 ft 7 in ) was below the waterline . The lower strake of the armor was backed by 50 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of Ducol steel . The magazines were protected by 165 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) of New Vickers Non @-@ Cemented ( NVNC ) armor , sloped at an inclination up to 25 ° and tapered to thicknesses of 55 – 75 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 0 in ) . The flight and both hangar decks were unprotected and the ships ' propulsion machinery was protected by a 65 @-@ millimeter ( 2 @.@ 6 in ) deck of CNC armor . The NVNC armor over the magazines was 132 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 2 in ) thick and 105 millimeters ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) thick over the aviation gasoline storage tanks . All of the deck armor was overlaid on a 25 @-@ millimeter deck of Ducol steel .
The Shōkakus were the first Japanese carriers to incorporate a torpedo belt system . Based on model experiments that began in 1935 , it consisted of a liquid @-@ loaded " sandwich " of compartments outboard of the torpedo bulkhead . The experiments showed that a narrow liquid @-@ loaded compartment was necessary to distribute the force of a torpedo or mine 's detonation along the torpedo bulkhead by spreading it across the full width of the bulkhead and to stop the splinters created by the detonation . Outboard of this were two compartments intended to dissipate the force of the gases of the detonation , including the watertight compartment of the double bottom . The two innermost compartments were intended to be filled with fuel oil that would be replaced by water as it was consumed . The torpedo bulkhead itself consisted of an outer Ducol plate 18 – 30 millimeters ( 0 @.@ 71 – 1 @.@ 18 in ) thick that was riveted to a 12 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 47 in ) plate . The IJN expected the torpedo bulkhead to be damaged in an attack and placed a thin holding bulkhead slightly inboard to prevent any leaks from reaching the ships ' vitals .
= = Ships = =
= = Careers = =
Shortly after completion in 1941 , Shōkaku and Zuikaku were assigned to the newly formed Fifth Carrier Division , which was itself assigned to the 1st Air Fleet ( Kidō Butai ) , and began working up to prepare for the Pearl Harbor attack . Due to their inexperience , their air groups were tasked with the less demanding airfield attack role rather than the anti @-@ ship mission allocated to the veteran air groups of the older carriers . Each carrier 's aircraft complement consisted of 18 Zero fighters , 27 D3A dive bombers , and 27 B5N torpedo bombers . The two carriers contributed a total of 12 Zeros and 54 D3As to the first wave on the morning of 8 December 1941 ( Japan time ) ; these latter aircraft struck Wheeler Army Airfield , Hickam Field , and Naval Air Station Ford Island while the fighters strafed Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay . Only the 54 B5Ns participated in the second wave , striking Ford Island , Hickam Field and Kaneohe Bay again . The Fifth Carrier Division 's aircraft conducted the majority of the attack against the airfields , supplemented only by fighters from the other four carriers . Only one of Shōkaku 's dive bombers was lost during the attack ; in exchange 314 American aircraft were damaged or destroyed . Historian Alan Zimm said the young aviators delivered " a sterling performance , greatly exceeding expectations and outshining the dive bombers from the more experienced carriers . "
In January 1942 , together with Akagi and Kaga of the First Carrier Division , the sisters supported the invasion of Rabaul in the Bismarck Archipelago , as the Japanese moved to secure their southern defensive perimeter against attacks from Australia . Aircraft from all four carriers attacked the Australian base at Rabaul on 20 January ; the First Carrier Division continued to attack the town while the Fifth Carrier Division moved westwards and attacked Lae and Salamaua in New Guinea . They covered the landings at Rabaul and Kavieng on 23 January before returning to Truk before the end of the month . After the Marshalls – Gilberts raids on 1 February , the Fifth Carrier Division was retained in home waters until mid @-@ March to defend against any American carrier raids on the Home Islands .
= = = Indian Ocean raid = = =
The sister ships then rejoined the Kido Butai at Staring Bay on Celebes Island in preparation for the Indian Ocean raid . By this time the air groups had been reorganized to consist of 21 each of the A6Ms , D3As and B5Ns . The Japanese intent was to defeat the British Eastern Fleet and destroy British airpower in the region in order to secure the flank of their operations in Burma . Shōkaku and Zuikaku contributed aircraft to the 5 April Easter Sunday Raid on Colombo , Ceylon . Although the civilian shipping had been evacuated from Colombo harbor , the Japanese sank an armed merchant cruiser and a destroyer and severely damaged some of the support facilities . The Kido Butai returned to Ceylon four days later and attacked Trincomalee ; the sisters ' aircraft sank a large cargo ship and damaged the monitor HMS Erebus . In the meantime , the Japanese spotted the light carrier HMS Hermes , escorted by the destroyer HMAS Vampire , and every available D3A was launched to attack the ships . Aircraft from Shōkaku and Zuikaku were the first to attack the Allied ships , both of which were sunk .
= = = Battle of the Coral Sea = = =
En route to Japan , the Fifth Carrier Division was diverted to Truk to support Operation Mo ( the planned capture of Port Moresby in New Guinea ) . While they were preparing for the mission , the Americans intercepted and decrypted Japanese naval messages discussing the operation and dispatched the carriers Yorktown and Lexington to stop the invasion . The Japanese opened Operation Mo by occupying Tulagi , in the Solomon Islands , on 3 May . American land @-@ based aircraft had spotted the light carrier Shōhō escorting the transports of the main invasion force on 6 May , and the American carriers moved west to place themselves in a position to attack it the following morning .
Shōhō was quickly located again that morning and sunk . In turn , the Japanese spotted the oiler , Neosho , and her escorting destroyer , which were misidentified as a carrier and a light cruiser . A single dive bomber was lost during the consequent airstrike that sank the destroyer and damaged Neosho badly enough that she had to be scuttled a few days later . Late in the afternoon , the Japanese launched a small airstrike , without any escorting fighters , based on an erroneous spot report . The American carriers were far closer to the Japanese than they realized and roughly in line with their intended target . Alerted by radar , some of the American Combat Air Patrol ( CAP ) was vectored to intercept the Japanese aircraft , the rest being retained near the carriers because of bad weather and fading daylight . The American fighters mauled the Japanese attackers who were forced to call off the attack , but some of the surviving Japanese pilots became confused in the darkness and attempted to verify if the American carriers were their own before being driven off .
On the morning of 8 May , both sides located each other at about the same time and began launching their aircraft about 09 : 00 . The American dive bombers disabled Shōkaku 's flight deck with three hits , but the carrier was able to evade all of the torpedoes . Hidden by a rain squall , Zuikaku escaped detection and was not attacked . In return , the Japanese aircraft badly damaged Lexington with two torpedo and two bomb hits and scored a single bomb hit on Yorktown . The torpedo hits on Lexington cracked one of her avgas tanks , and leaking vapor caused a series of large explosions that caused her to be scuttled .
The air groups of the sisters were decimated in the battle , which forced Zuikaku to return to Japan with Shōkaku for resupply and aircrew training , and neither carrier was able to take part in the Battle of Midway in June . En route to Japan , Shōkaku was caught in a severe storm and nearly capsized as the weight of the water used to put out the fires had compromised her stability . Repairs took three months and she was not ready for action until late August .
= = = Battle of the Eastern Solomons = = =
The American landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 7 August 1942 caught the Japanese by surprise . The next day , the light carrier Ryūjō joined the sister ships in the First Carrier Division , which departed for Truk on 16 August . Having learned the lesson taught at Midway , the IJN strengthened the fighter contingent at the expense of the torpedo bombers assigned to its carriers ; the Shōkaku @-@ class carriers mustered 53 Zeros , 51 D3As , 36 B5Ns and 2 Yokosuka D4Y1 @-@ C " Judy " reconnaissance aircraft between them . After an American carrier was spotted near the Solomon Islands on 21 August , the division was ordered to bypass Truk and continue to the south . Ryūjō was detached early on 24 August to move in advance of the troop convoy bound for Guadalcanal and to attack the American air base at Henderson Field if no carriers were located . The two fleet carriers were to stand off , prepared to attack the Americans if found .
Ryūjō and her escorts were the first Japanese ships spotted and sunk by the Americans later that morning , but Zuikaku and Shōkaku were not spotted until the afternoon . Shortly before an unsuccessful attack by the pair of Douglas SBD Dauntlesses conducting the search , the sisters launched half of their dive bombers to attack the American carriers Enterprise and Saratoga . Most of the American carrier aircraft were already airborne by this time , either on CAP , returning from search missions , or from sinking Ryūjō , so only a small airstrike was launched in response to the spot report . About an hour after the first Japanese airstrike took off , a second airstrike that included the rest of the dive bombers was launched , but their target location was mistaken and they failed to find the Americans . The first airstrike attacked the two American carriers , scoring one hit on the battleship USS North Carolina and three hits on Enterprise , but they were mauled by the large number of airborne American aircraft and heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire . Uncertain of the damage inflicted on each other , both sides disengaged later that evening .
= = = Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands = = =
The First Carrier Division , now including the light carrier Zuihō , departed Truk on 11 October to support the Japanese Army operation to capture Henderson Field on Guadalcanal . At this time , the sisters mustered 54 A6Ms , 45 D3As , and 36 B5Ns between them . Four days later , the Japanese spotted a small American convoy that consisted of a fleet tug towing a gasoline barge and escorted by the destroyer Meredith . Aircraft from Shōkaku and Zuikaku sank the latter , but did not attack the tug .
The Japanese and American carrier forces discovered each other in the early morning of 26 October and each side launched air strikes . Shōkaku was badly damaged by six hits from USS Hornet 's dive bombers ; Zuikaku was not spotted or attacked as she was hidden by the overcast conditions , just like at the Battle of the Coral Sea . In exchange , the Japanese crippled Hornet with two torpedoes and three bombs . In addition , two aircraft crashed into the American carrier and inflicted serious damage . Enterprise was also damaged by two bomb hits and a near miss and a destroyer was damaged when it was struck by a B5N . Attacks later in the day further damaged Hornet , which was abandoned and later sunk by Japanese destroyers Makigumo and Akigumo . The Japanese lost nearly half their aircraft that participated in the battle , together with their irreplaceable experienced aircrew . On 2 November , the First Carrier Division was ordered home for repairs and training .
Shōkaku 's repairs continued until March 1943 and Zuikaku , together with the recently repaired Zuihō , sailed for Truk on 17 January to support the impending evacuation of Japanese ground forces from Guadalcanal ( Operation Ke ) . On 29 January , the two carriers flew off 47 Zeros to Rabaul and Kahili Airfield , contributing some of their own aircraft and pilots . Zuihō was then used to cover the evacuation , while Zuikaku remained at Truk , together with the two Yamato @-@ class battleships , acting as a fleet in being threatening to sortie at any time .
In May , Shōkaku and Zuikaku were assigned to a mission to counterattack the American offensive in the Aleutian Islands , but this operation was cancelled after the Allied victory on Attu on 29 May 1943 . The sister ships were transferred to Truk in July . In response to the carrier raid on Tarawa on 18 September , the carriers and much of the fleet sortied for Eniwetok to search for the American forces before they returned to Truk on 23 September , having failed to locate them . The Japanese had intercepted some American radio traffic that suggested another attack on Wake Island , and on 17 October , Shōkaku and Zuikaku and the bulk of the 1st Fleet sailed for Eniwetok to be in a position to intercept any such attack , but no attack occurred and the fleet returned to Truk . At the beginning of November , the bulk of their air groups were transferred to Rabaul to bolster the defenses there , just in time to help defend the port against the Allied attack a few days later . They accomplished little there , for the loss of over half their number , before returning to Truk on the 13th . The sisters returned to Japan in December .
In February 1944 , Shōkaku and Zuikaku were transferred to Singapore . On 1 March the carrier divisions were reorganized with the new fleet carrier Taihō replacing Zuihō in the division . The First Carrier Division sailed in mid @-@ May for Tawi @-@ Tawi in the Philippines . The new base was closer to the oil wells in Borneo on which the IJN relied and also to the Palau and western Caroline Islands where the Japanese expected the next American attack ; the location lacked an airfield on which to train the inexperienced pilots and American submarine activity restricted the ships to the anchorage .
= = = Battle of the Philippine Sea = = =
The 1st Mobile Fleet was en route to Guimares Island in the central Philippines on 13 June , where they intended to practice carrier operations in an area better protected from submarines , when Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa learned of the American attack on the Mariana Islands the previous day . Upon reaching Guimares , the fleet refueled and sortied into the Philippine Sea where they spotted Task Force 58 on 18 June . At this time , the sister ships mustered 54 Zeros , 60 D4Ys and 36 Nakajima B6N " Jill " torpedo bombers . As the carriers were launching their first airstrike the following morning , Taihō was torpedoed by an American submarine and later sank . Later that morning , Shōkaku was torpedoed by a different submarine , USS Cavalla . The three or four torpedoes started multiple fires in the hangar , which ignited fueling aircraft , in addition to causing heavy flooding . As the bow continued to sink , aircraft and munitions began to slide forward and a bomb in the hangar detonated . This ignited gas and oil fumes which caused a series of four explosions that gutted the ship . Shōkaku sank several minutes later with the loss of 1 @,@ 263 of her crew . 570 men were rescued by a light cruiser and a destroyer .
The loss of Taihō and Shōkaku left Zuikaku to recover the Division 's few remaining aircraft after their heavy losses ( only 102 aircraft remained aboard the seven surviving carriers by the evening ) and the 1st Mobile Fleet continued its withdrawal towards Okinawa . The Americans did not spot the Japanese carriers until the afternoon of the following day and launched a large airstrike that only succeeded in hitting Zuikaku with a single bomb that started a fire in the hangar .
= = = Battle of Leyte Gulf = = =
In October 1944 , Zuikaku was the flagship of Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa 's decoy Northern Force in Operation Shō @-@ Gō 1 , the Japanese counterattack against the Allied landings on Leyte . At this time , the ship had 28 A6M5 Zero fighters , 16 A6M2 Zero fighter @-@ bombers , 7 D4Y reconnaissance aircraft and 15 B6Ns . On the morning of 24 October , she launched 10 fighters , 11 fighter @-@ bombers , 6 torpedo bombers , and 2 reconnaissance aircraft as her contribution to the airstrike intended to attract the attention of the American carriers away from the other task groups that were to destroy the landing forces . This accomplished little else as the Japanese aircraft failed to penetrate past the defending fighters ; the survivors landed at airfields on Luzon . The Americans were preoccupied dealing with the other Japanese naval forces and defending themselves from air attacks and finally found the Northern Force late that afternoon , but Admiral William Halsey , Jr . , commander of Task Force 38 , decided that it was too late in the day to mount an effective strike . He turned all of his ships north to position himself for an attack .
The American carriers launched an airstrike shortly after dawn ; Zuikaku was struck by three bombs and one torpedo that started fires in both hangars , damaged one propeller shaft , and gave her a 29 @.@ 5 ° list to port . Fifteen minutes later , the fires were extinguished and the list was reduced to 6 ° by counterflooding . She was mostly ignored by the second wave of attacking aircraft , but was a focus of the third wave that hit her with six more torpedoes and four bombs . The bombs started fires in the hangars , the torpedoes caused major flooding that increased her list , and the order to abandon ship was issued before Zuikaku sank by the stern . Lost with the ship were 49 officers and 794 crewmen , but 47 officers and 815 crewmen were rescued by her escorting destroyers .
= = See Also = =
List of ships of the Second World War
List of ship classes of the Second World War
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= President of Croatia =
The President of Croatia ( Croatian : Predsjednik Hrvatske ) , officially styled the President of the Republic ( Croatian : Predsjednik Republike ) , is the head of state and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia in the country and abroad . The President is the holder of the highest office within the Republic of Croatia ; however , they are not the head of the executive branch .
The President maintains regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government system , and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country . The President has the power to call elections for the Croatian Parliament as well as referendum ( with countersignature of the Prime Minister ) . The President appoints Prime Ministers on the basis of the balance of power in the Parliament , grants pardons and awards decorations and other state awards . The President and Government cooperate in the conducting the foreign policy . In addition , the President is the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Croatian Armed Forces . The President appoints the director of the Security and Intelligence Agency with the Prime Minister . The President may dissolve the Parliament as provided by the Constitution . Although enjoying immunity , the President is impeachable for violation of the Constitution . In case of incapability to discharge duties of office , the Speaker of the Parliament assumes the office of acting President until the President resumes duty , or until election of a new President .
The Office of the President of the Republic ( Ured Predsjednika Republike ) consists of the immediate staff of the president of Croatia , as well as support staff reporting to the president . The office is seated in the Presidential Palace in the Pantovčak area of Zagreb . The Constitution of Croatia defines the appearance and use of the presidential standard , flown on buildings of the Office of the President of Croatia , the residence of the president , the transportation vehicles when in use by the president , and in other ceremonial occasions .
The President is elected on the basis of universal suffrage , through a secret ballot , for a five @-@ year term . If no candidate in the elections secures more than 50 % of the votes , a runoff election is held . The Constitution of Croatia sets a limit to a maximum of two terms in office . The president @-@ elect is required to take an oath of office before the judges of the Constitutional Court . Franjo Tuđman won the first Croatian presidential elections in 1992 and 1997 . During his time in office , the constitution of 1990 provided for a semi @-@ presidential system . After his death in 1999 , the constitution was amended and much of the presidential powers were transferred to the parliament and the government . Stjepan Mesić won two consecutive terms , in 2000 and in 2005 . Ivo Josipović won the presidential elections held in 2009 – 2010 . Winner of the most recent presidential elections , held in 2014 – 15 , was Kolinda Grabar @-@ Kitarović . She succeeded Josipović on 19 February 2015 .
= = Powers , duties and responsibilities = =
The President of Croatia , officially styled the President of the Republic ( Croatian : Predsjednik Republike ) represents the Republic of Croatia in the country and abroad as the head of state , maintains the regular and coordinated operation and stability of the national government system and safeguards the independence and territorial integrity of the country . The president is barred from executing any other public or professional duty while in office .
The President of Croatia calls elections for the Croatian Parliament ( Croatian : Hrvatski Sabor ) and convenes the first meeting of the parliamentary assembly . The president is also required to appoint a prime minister , on the basis of the balance of power in the parliament . The appointed candidate is in turn required to seek confirmation from the parliament through a confidence vote , in order to receive a mandate to lead the Croatian Government . The president may also call referenda , grant pardons and award decorations and other forms of recognition defined by legislation .
= = = Foreign affairs = = =
The President of Croatia and the Government cooperate in the formulation and implementation of Croatia 's foreign policy . This provision of the constitution is an occasional source of conflict between the president and the government . The president decides on the establishment of diplomatic missions and consular offices of the Republic of Croatia abroad , at the Government 's proposal and with the countersignature of the prime minister . The president , following prior countersignature of the prime minister , appoints and recalls diplomatic representatives of the Republic of Croatia , at the proposal of the Government and upon receiving the opinion of an applicable committee of the parliament . The president receives letters of credence and letters of recall from foreign diplomatic representatives .
= = = National security and defense = = =
The President of Croatia is the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the armed forces of the Republic of Croatia and appoints and relieves military commanders of duty , conforming to applicable legislation . Pursuant to decisions of the parliament , the president declares war and concludes peace . In cases of immediate threats to the independence , unity and existence of the state , the president may order the use of armed forces , even if no state of war is declared , provided that such an order is countersigned by the prime minister . During a state of war , the president may promulgate regulations with the force of law on the basis of , and within the scope of , authority obtained from the parliament . In such circumstances , the president may convene government cabinet meetings and preside over them . If the parliament is not in session , the president is authorized to regulate all matters required by the state of war through regulations carrying the force of law . In case of an immediate threat to the independence , unity and existence of the state , or if the governmental bodies are prevented from performing their constitutional duties regularly , the president may , at the proposal of the prime minister , issue regulations carrying the force of law . Such regulations must also be countersigned by the prime minister to become valid . The president is required to submit regulations that are promulgated thus to the parliament for approval as soon as the parliament may convene , otherwise the regulations become void . The president cooperates with the government directing operation of the Croatian security and intelligence system . The president and the prime minister jointly appoint heads of the security agencies , and the president may attend cabinet meetings , taking part in discussions held at such meetings .
= = = Dissolution of Parliament = = =
The President of Croatia may dissolve Parliament upon the request of the government if the government proposes a confidence motion to Parliament and the majority of all deputies adopt a motion of no confidence or if Parliament fails to approve government budget 120 days after the budget is proposed in the parliament . That decision must be countersigned by the Prime Minister to become valid . The President may also dissolve Parliament after a motion of no confidence supported by a majority of all deputies has been adopted and a new government cannot be formed within 30 days or if a new government cannot be formed after general elections ( maximum period of 120 days ) . However , the President may not dissolve Parliament at the request of the government if a procedure to determine if the President has violated provisions of the constitution is in progress .
= = Office of the President = =
The Office of the President of the Republic ( Croatian : Ured Predsjednika Republike ) consists of the immediate staff of the President of Croatia , as well as support staff reporting to the president . As of May 2008 , the office employed 170 staff , with the maximum staffing level set at 191 by the Regulation on Internal Organisation of the Office of the President of Croatia . In 2009 government budget , the office was allocated 54 million kuna ( c . 7 @.@ 3 million euro ) . The net monthly salary of the president is 23 @,@ 500 kuna ( c . 3 @,@ 170 euro ) .
The Office of the President was created by a presidential decree by Franjo Tuđman on 19 January 1991 . The Office is headed by a Chief of Staff ( Croatian : Predstojnik ureda ) , who is appointed by the president . The presidents declare bylaws regulating composition of the office . The office employs advisors to the president and comprises eight departments , four councils , presidential pardon commission and two decorations and awards commissions .
= = = Presidential Palace = = =
The Presidential Palace ( Croatian : Predsjednički dvori , also referred to by the metonym Pantovčak ) in Zagreb is the official residence of the president . The president does not actually live in the building , as it is used as the Office of the President of Croatia rather than as a residence . The structure covers 3 @,@ 700 square metres ( 40 @,@ 000 square feet ) . It had been used as the official residence since then @-@ president Franjo Tuđman moved there following the October 1991 bombing of Banski dvori . In addition to the original building , there is also an 3 @,@ 500 square metres ( 38 @,@ 000 square feet ) annex built in 1993 , an ancillary structure housing office security services and a bomb shelter predating the 1990s . The building , formerly known as Villa Zagorje or Tito 's Villa , was designed by architects Vjenceslav Richter and Kazimir Ostrogović and completed in 1964 for the former Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito .
= = Election and taking office = =
The president is elected on the basis of universal suffrage , through a secret ballot , for a five @-@ year term . If no candidate in the elections secures more than 50 % of the votes , a runoff election is held in 14 days . The Constitution of Croatia sets a limit to a maximum of two terms in office and requires election dates to be determined within 30 to 60 days before the expiry of the term of the incumbent president . Any citizen of Croatia of 18 or over may be a candidate in a presidential election , provided that the candidate is endorsed by 10 @,@ 000 voters . The endorsements are required in form of a list containing name , address , personal identification number and voter signature . The presidential elections are regulated by an act of the parliament .
The constitution requires that the president @-@ elect resign from political party membership . The president @-@ elect is also required to resign from the parliament as well . Before assuming presidential duty , the president @-@ elect is required to take an oath of office before the judges of the Constitutional Court , swearing loyalty to the Constitution of Croatia . The inauguration ceremony is traditionally held at St. Mark 's Square in Zagreb , in front of the St. Mark 's Church , midway between the building of the Parliament of Croatia and Banski dvori — the seat of the Government of Croatia . The text of the oath is defined by the Presidential Elections Act amendments of 1997 .
= = = Presidential elections = = =
Presidential elections were held in Croatia for the first time on 2 August 1992 , simultaneously with the 1992 parliamentary elections . Voter turnout was 74 @.@ 9 % . The result was a victory for Franjo Tuđman of the Croatian Democratic Union ( HDZ ) , who received 57 @.@ 8 % of the vote in the first round of the elections , ahead of 7 other candidates . Dražen Budiša , the Croatian Social Liberal Party ( HSLS ) candidate and runner @-@ up in the election , received 22 @.@ 3 % of the vote . The second presidential elections in modern Croatia were held on 15 June 1997 . The incumbent , Franjo Tuđman ran opposed by Zdravko Tomac , the candidate of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia ( SDP ) , and Vlado Gotovac , nominated by the HSLS . Tomac and Gotovac received 21 @.@ 0 % and 17 @.@ 6 % of votes respectively in the first round of voting , and Tuđman secured another term . The third presidential elections were held on 24 January 2000 , to fill the office of the President of the Republic , after the incumbent Franjo Tuđman died on 10 December 1999 . The first round of voting saw Stjepan Mesić , candidate of the Croatian People 's Party ( HNS ) in the lead , receiving 41 @.@ 3 % of votes , followed by Dražen Budiša of the HSLS with 27 @.@ 8 % of votes and Mate Granić , nominated by the HDZ , receiving 22 @.@ 6 % of votes . The runoff election , the first in the presidential elections of modern Croatia , was held on 7 February , when Mesić won , picking up 56 @.@ 9 % of votes . Voter turnout in the first round was 63 @.@ 0 % and 60 @.@ 9 % in the runoff . The first round of the fourth presidential elections was held on 2 January 2005 . No candidate secured a first @-@ round victory ; however , the incumbent Mesić enjoyed a substantial lead over other candidates , as he received 48 @.@ 9 % of votes , and the second and third ranked candidates Jadranka Kosor ( HDZ ) and Boris Mikšić ( independent ) managed only 20 @.@ 3 % and 17 @.@ 8 % of voter support respectively . Ultimately , Mesić won reelection , receiving 65 @.@ 9 % of votes in the runoff held on 16 January . The 2009 – 2010 presidential election was held on 27 December 2009 , with Ivo Josipović ( SDP ) picking up 32 @.@ 4 % of votes , followed by Milan Bandić ( independent ) , Andrija Hebrang ( HDZ ) and Nadan Vidošević ( independent ) receiving 14 @.@ 8 % , 12 @.@ 0 % and 11 @.@ 3 % of the votes respectively . The second round of voting was held on 10 January 2010 , when Josipović defeated Bandić , receiving 60 @.@ 3 % of the vote . The first round of the most recent presidential election was held on 28 December 2014 , where Josipović won 38 @.@ 46 % of the votes , followed by Kolinda Grabar @-@ Kitarović ( HDZ ) who received 37 @.@ 22 % of ballots . The third was an independent candidate , Ivan Vilibor Sinčić who received 16 @.@ 42 % of votes , and Milan Kujundžić ( Croatian Dawn – Party of the People ) who was supported by 6 @.@ 3 % of the votes . The runoff was held on 11 January 2015 , and Grabar @-@ Kitarović won by a margin of approximately one percentage point .
= = = History = = =
The Socialist Republic of Croatia within SFR Yugoslavia was led by a group of communist party officials , who formed a collective Presidency with the president of the Presidency at its head . The first democratic elections of 1990 did not elect members of the Presidency directly . Rather , the parliament was tasked with filling these positions as it had done in the socialist period . The HDZ won the elections and its leader Tuđman assumed the presidency on 30 May 1990 . On 25 July of the same year , the parliament passed several constitutional amendments , including amendment LXXI , which created the position of President and Vice @-@ Presidents . The Christmas Constitution , passed on 22 December 1990 , established the government as a semi @-@ presidential system and called for presidential elections .
Tuđman won the presidential elections in 1992 , and was inaugurated on 12 August 1992 . He was reelected in 1997 , and the Constitution of Croatia was amended the same year . After his death in 1999 , the constitution was amended and much of the presidential powers were transferred to the parliament and the government , creating a parliamentary system . Mesić won two consecutive terms in 2000 on the HNS ticket and in 2005 , the maximum term permitted by the constitution . Josipović , an SDP candidate , won the presidential elections held in 2009 – 2010 . Grabar @-@ Kitarović won the elections of 2014 – 15 and she was voted to become the first woman president of Croatia .
= = Immunity and impeachment = =
The President of Croatia enjoys immunity — the president may not be arrested , nor can any criminal proceedings be instituted against the president without prior consent from the Constitutional Court . The only case in which immunity does not apply is if the president has been caught in the act of committing a criminal offense , which carries a penalty of imprisonment for more than five years . In such a case the state body that has detained the president must notify the President of the Constitutional Court immediately .
The President of Croatia is impeachable for any violation of the Constitution committed in performance of duty . Impeachment proceedings may be initiated by the Parliament of Croatia by a two @-@ thirds majority vote of all members of the parliament . The impeachment of the president is then decided by the Constitutional Court , by a two @-@ thirds majority vote of all its judges . If the Constitutional Court impeaches the president , the president 's term is terminated .
= = Vacancy or incapacity = =
In case of brief incapacitation to execute the office of the President of Croatia due to absence , illness or vacations , the president may transfer his powers to the Speaker of the Croatian Parliament to act as a deputy . The president decides on the revocation of this authority and his return to the office . If the president is prevented from performing his duties for a longer period of time due to illness or other form of incapacitation , and especially if the president is unable to decide on a transfer of powers to a deputy , the Speaker of the parliament becomes the acting president , assuming presidential duty pursuant to a decision of the Constitutional Court , made upon request of the Government .
In case of death or resignation submitted to the President of the Constitutional Court and communicated to the Speaker of the parliament , or in cases when the Constitutional Court decides to terminate the presidential term through impeachment , the Speaker of the parliament becomes acting president . In those circumstances , new legislation is countersigned by the prime minister instead of the president and a new presidential election must be held within 60 days . This situation occurred after the death of Franjo Tuđman on 10 December 1999 , when Vlatko Pavletić became the acting president . After the parliamentary elections of 2000 , the role was transferred to Zlatko Tomčić , who filled the office until Stjepan Mesić was elected President of Croatia in 2000 .
= = Symbols = =
Legislation defines the appearance and use of the Presidential Standard of Croatia as a symbol of the President of Croatia , and the appearance and use of the presidential sash as a symbol of honour of the office of the president . The presidential standard is a square , blue field with a thin border of alternating red and white squares on each side . In the centre of the blue field is the main shield of the coat of arms of Croatia with the historical arms of Croatia surrounding the main shield . From left to right , these are the oldest known coats of arms of Croatia , the Republic of Dubrovnik , Dalmatia , Istria and Slavonia , adorned with bands of gold , red and white stripes extending down vertically . Atop the shield there is a Croatian tricolour ribbon with golden letters RH that stand for the Republic of Croatia , executed in Roman square capitals . The presidential standard is flown on buildings of the Office of the President of Croatia , the residence of the president , transportation vehicles when in use by the president , and in other ceremonial occasions . The presidential standard was designed by Miroslav Šutej in 1990 .
The presidential sash is a Croatian tricolour band , trimmed with gold and adorned with the coat of arms of Croatia , which is placed in a white field , with the tricolour at the front . The arms are bordered by oak branches on the left and olive branches on the right . The sash is worn diagonally , over the right shoulder , and is fastened using a square clasp trimmed with golden Croatian interlace . The sash is adorned with the arms used on the presidential standard , although without the ribbon used in the arms . The constitution specifies that the sash is worn on Statehood Day , during awards ceremonies , during the acceptance of letters of credence and in other ceremonial occasions . The presidential sash was not in use since 2000 inauguration of Stjepan Mesić .
= = Post @-@ presidency = =
Former presidents of the Republic of Croatia are provided with an office and two staff members paid by the state once they leave the office . In addition , former presidents are assigned a driver , an official car and bodyguards . The government of Croatia is required to provide these benefits within 30 days following the end of the term of president , upon a president 's personal request . Stjepan Mesić 's office is located in Grškovićeva Street in Zagreb . The office employs a public @-@ relations advisor and a foreign policy advisor . The office was established in 2010 and assigned an annual budget of 1 @.@ 3 million kuna ( c . 175 @,@ 000 euro ) . According to Mesić himself , his new office of the former president shall be at the disposal of Croatian companies to help them expand their market . Since the office has been established , former president Mesić also receives foreign diplomats and visits abroad where he meets officials and delivers lectures on occasion .
The rights of the former presidents are defined by a parliamentary Act enacted in 2004 , during the first term of Stjepan Mesić . Before that act was enacted , the constitution provided that the former presidents shall become members of the Chambers of Counties of the Parliament of Croatia for life , unless otherwise requested by the president . This was never exercised in practice , since Franjo Tuđman died in office and the Chamber of Counties was abolished before the end of the first term of Stjepan Mesić .
= = Living former Presidents = =
There are two living former Croatian Presidents :
Living former Presidents
= = Timeline of Presidents = =
This is a graphical timeline listing of the Presidents of Croatia since 1990 . Currently there are two living former presidents : Stjepan Mesić ( 2000 @-@ 2010 ) and Ivo Josipović ( 2010 @-@ 2015 ) . There is also one living former acting president : Zlatko Tomčić ( 2000 ) .
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= Bill Brown ( cricketer ) =
William Alfred " Bill " Brown , OAM ( 31 July 1912 – 16 March 2008 ) was an Australian cricketer who played 22 Tests between 1934 and 1948 , captaining his country in one Test . A right @-@ handed opening batsman , his partnership with Jack Fingleton in the 1930s is regarded as one of the finest in Australian Test history . After the interruption of World War II , Brown was a member of Don Bradman 's Invincibles , who toured England in 1948 without defeat . In a match in November 1947 , Brown was the unwitting victim of the first instance of " Mankading " .
Raised in New South Wales , Brown initially struggled in both work and cricket , before gradually rising through the cricket ranks . He made his first @-@ class debut for New South Wales in the 1932 – 33 season and forced his way into the national side during the 1934 tour of England . When long @-@ term openers Bill Ponsford and Bill Woodfull retired at the end of the tour , Brown and his state opening partner Fingleton took over . After poor form made his selection for the 1938 tour of England controversial , Brown responded with a total of 1 @,@ 854 runs , including an unbeaten 206 that saved Australia from defeat in the second Test , and was honoured as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year .
The outbreak of the Second World War cost Brown his peak years , which he spent in the Royal Australian Air Force . Cricket resumed in 1945 – 46 and Brown , in Bradman 's absence , captained an Australian eleven in a match that was retrospectively awarded Test status . Brown missed the entirety of the following season because of injury . Upon his return , he was unable to repeat his previous success and was ousted from the opening positions by Arthur Morris and Sid Barnes . Selected for the Invincibles tour , he performed reasonably well in the tour matches but , with Morris and Barnes entrenched as openers , he batted out of position in the middle order during the first two Tests . He struggled and was dropped from the Test team , never to return . Upon returning to Australia , Brown continued playing for Queensland until the end of the 1949 – 50 season .
In retirement , Brown briefly served as a Test selector and sold cars and , later , sports goods . In 2000 , he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for his services to cricket . At the time of his death in 2008 , he was Australia 's oldest Test cricketer .
= = Early years = =
The son of a dairy farmer and hotel owner , Brown was born in Toowoomba , Queensland . Aged three , business failure hit the family , and they moved to Marrickville in inner Sydney . The family 's poor financial position meant that they lived in a one @-@ bedroom home , with Brown and his brother sharing a bed . Educated at Dulwich Hill and Petersham High Schools in Sydney , Brown started playing cricket as a wicket @-@ keeper , before changing his focus to opening the batting . He left high school after two years , but was unable to find regular full @-@ time work amid the Great Depression . In 1929 – 30 , Brown played grade cricket for Marrickville Cricket Club , but was unable to hold down a regular place . He was on the verge of leaving Sydney when an innings of 172 for his Shire team reinvigorated his career . He progressed through the grades and reached the club 's First XI , where he performed steadily to earn selection for New South Wales in 1932 – 33 .
= = Pre @-@ war career = =
Making his first @-@ class debut for New South Wales in a Sheffield Shield match against Queensland on 11 November 1932 , Brown was run out for a duck without facing a ball , while opening with Jack Fingleton. however , the match ended happily with Brown 's team winning decisively by an innings and 274 runs . The highlights of Brown 's first season were his 79 against South Australia , and 69 against Douglas Jardine 's England . However , neither Harold Larwood nor Bill Voce , the Bodyline spearheads , played in the match . During his first season , Brown earned the ire of Don Bradman , who was displeased with Brown 's poor communication with batting partners when running between the wickets , with the ensuing risk of falling foul of run outs . Brown ended his debut season with 269 runs at 29 @.@ 88 .
The following season , in the opening match of the season against Queensland at Brisbane in November 1933 , Brown made 154 , partnering Bradman in a stand of 294 in just three hours . This set up at total of 4 / 494 declared and an innings victory . He followed this with 205 in an opening stand of 340 against Victoria . Brown amassed two further half @-@ centuries to end with 878 runs for the season at an average of 67 @.@ 53 , which placed him second behind Bradman in the first @-@ class run @-@ scoring aggregates . When the selectors met to discuss the tour party for the 1934 tour of England , Brown and Fingleton had similar figures , but with the incumbent Victorian opening pair of Bill Ponsford and captain Bill Woodfull firmly in place , there was only one spot available for a reserve opener . The selectors asked Bradman — Australia 's leading batsman — for advice . Bradman nominated Brown , believing that his style was better suited to English pitches . A disappointed Fingleton disagreed and wrote to Woodfull , saying " You have chosen chaps who do not like fast bowling " . Brown justified his selection before departure with a pair of 90s in two matches for a combined Australian XI against Tasmania .
Brown missed selection for the tour opener against Worcestershire — in which Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice XI — before making his debut in the second match against Leicestershire . He made a century against Cambridge University in his second tour match , making 105 in the middle order . Batting at number 3 against Lancashire in the final tour match before the Tests , Brown scored 119 . After compiling 351 runs at 43 @.@ 88 in the opening tour matches , Brown was selected for the Test side . Playing in all five Tests , Brown made his debut at Trent Bridge , Nottingham and scored 22 in his first innings . After Australia lost three early wickets in the second innings , Brown scored 73 to help secure a winning lead . Brown then made a century while opening the batting against Northamptonshire , and an unbeaten 62 in the second innings , guiding Australia to an eight @-@ wicket victory over the Gentlemen of England . He was promoted to open in the Second Test at Lord 's with Woodfull , after Ponsford was unavailable due to illness . At the home of cricket , Brown made his maiden Test century , scoring 105 in the first innings . His innings was an unhurried one ; he tended to wait for the ball to come onto the bat rather than attacking the leather . However , he was unable to prevent Australia from being forced to follow @-@ on and made two the match ended in an innings defeat . He was retained as opener upon Ponsford 's return for the Third Test , with Woodfull dropping down the order in a reshuffled batting line @-@ up . Brown made 72 and a duck . The match ended in a draw after both teams passed 490 in the first innings .
It was the start of a barren month for Brown , who passed 30 only once in 11 first @-@ class innings , totalling 171 runs at 15 @.@ 55 . He ended the unproductive sequence with an unbeaten 100 against Nottinghamshire . This came after Bill Voce had bowled Bodyline at the start of the Australian innings , in contravention of a prior agreement . After an Australian protest , Voce missed the remainder of the match and Brown 's innings was punctuated by angry heckling by the local supporters .
He was unable to pass 20 in the final two Tests and ended the series with 300 runs at 33 @.@ 33 . Despite his inability to make a substantial contribution , Australia won the Fifth Test by 562 runs to reclaim the Ashes 2 – 1 . Brown scored three consecutive half @-@ centuries after the Tests and ended with 1287 first @-@ class runs at 36 @.@ 77 .
Brown 's strong form continued upon returning to Australia , compiling 683 runs at 45 @.@ 53 , including three centuries , to be the second highest run @-@ scorer for the 1934 – 35 domestic season . He started the season with the testimonial match for Woodfull , who retired upon returning to Australia . Brown scored 102 in the second innings to help Woodfull 's men defeat Victor Richardson 's XI by seven wickets . He started the Sheffield Shield season with 11 in an innings victory over South Australia , and scored fifties in three consecutive matches , before rounding off the season with 116 in the final match against Western Australia .
= = Opening in Tests with Fingleton = =
With the retirement of Woodfull and Ponsford after the tour of England , Brown and his state partner Fingleton became Australia 's opening pair for the 1935 – 36 tour of South Africa . It was one of the most productive phases of both men 's career . In Australia 's warm @-@ up match against Western Australia before sailing across the Indian Ocean , Brown struck 55 in an innings win .
Brown started the tour consistently , scoring 148 , 58 , 31 and 28 not on out in the three warm @-@ up matches . In the first match of the tour against Natal , both Brown and Fingleton made centuries ; the first two matches were won by an innings and the third by ten wickets .
Brown scored three consecutive half @-@ centuries in the first two Tests in Durban and Johannesburg . Australia won the first by nine wickets and were 124 runs from victory with eight wickets in hand in the second when bad light stopped play . In the Third Test at Cape Town , the pair set a new Australian opening record of 233 , which laid the foundation for a large Australian total and an innings victory . It was Australia 's first double @-@ century opening stand in Test cricket , and remains an Australian Test record for the first wicket against South Africa . Brown posted 121 , his highest Test score at the time . He scored 34 and 84 in Australia 's only innings of the Fourth and Fifth Tests in Johannesburg and Durban , making solid opening stands with Fingleton , who scored three consecutive centuries . The pair laid the platform for two further innings victories , as Australia took the five @-@ Test series 4 – 0 . His compiled 417 runs at 59 @.@ 57 for the series . Brown scored a further four fifties in the remaining tour matches to end with 1065 runs at 62 @.@ 65 .
In 1936 , Brown accepted a coaching position and employment as a car salesman to move back to Queensland , representing his state of birth from 1936 – 37 onwards . He was appointed captain the following season . Brown started the new season strongly , scoring 111 for Victor Richardson 's XI in a testimonial match against Bradman 's XI , in the opening match of summer . In November , Brown played for an Australian XI and Queensland in two matches against the touring England team , scoring 71 and 74 the two drawn matches .
His 1936 – 37 season was interrupted by injury and he appeared in only the Third and Fourth Tests against England . They were relatively unsuccessful , yielding only 95 runs at 23 @.@ 75 in four innings without passing fifty . Nevertheless , Australia won the two matches . His debut season for Queensland was moderately successful , with 557 runs at an average of 37 @.@ 13 , including one century and four fifties . Brown did not taste victory with his home state during the season ; the closest Queensland came was a one @-@ wicket loss to New South Wales .
= = Wisden Cricketer of the Year = =
Brown 's form started to deteriorate in 1937 – 38 ; he scored only 400 runs at 36 @.@ 36 for the season . Queensland played five matches under his watch , losing three , and went without victory . Of the two draws , one was washed out and in the other , Queensland hung on with two wickets in hand when time ran out . Although Brown compiled two centuries , he was only twelfth in the aggregates during an Australian season with no international tours . As a result , his selection for the 1938 tour to England was criticised in some quarters .
Brown started the tour patchily , although Australia won their first four matches by an innings . In his first four innings , Brown passed five only once , scoring 72 against Oxford University . He returned to form with an unbeaten 194 against Northamptonshire , helping to set up an innings win , before adding another 96 in the next match against Surrey . Brown entered the Tests with 504 runs at 56 @.@ 00 in the lead @-@ in tour matches .
After adding 48 in Australia 's first innings of 411 , Brown scored 133 in the second innings of the First Test at Nottingham after the tourists were forced to follow @-@ on , helping Bradman ( 144 not out ) to save the Test . The Australians reached 6 / 427 in the second innings when the match ended in the draw .
Brown 's most celebrated innings came in the Second Test at Lord 's , carrying his bat to score 206 in the first televised Test match . England batted first and amassed 494 , largely on the back of Wally Hammond 's 240 . Brown featured in an opening stand of 69 before Fingleton was dismissed . Hedley Verity then bowled Bradman for 18 , leaving the score at 101 , before Stan McCabe fell after a quickfire 38 with the score at 3 / 152 . Brown registered his century in 193 minutes , during an innings highlighted by his driving on both sides of the wicket . After Lindsay Hassett was dismissed for 56 following a 134 @-@ run partnership , Australia reached stumps at 5 / 299 , with Brown on 140 . The following day , Brown set about ensuring that Australia would avoid the follow on , featuring in an aggressive eighth @-@ wicket stand with tailender Bill O 'Reilly . The pair added 85 runs in just 46 minutes , with Brown recalling " It was a nice day , and a nice wicket . O 'Reilly came in , and I told him I 'd take the quicks — Wellard and Farnes — and Tiger [ O 'Reilly ] took Verity . " Brown continued past his double century and remained unbeaten on 206 from just 375 minutes when his last partner fell , leaving Australia all out for 422 . Brown 's innings was the 100th century by an Australian against England , and the highest Test score for batsman carrying his bat ; it stood until Glenn Turner made an unbeaten 223 in 1972 . Ray Robinson quipped that Brown 's performance " did not cause smoke to rise from the back of those [ television ] sets but the charm of his style gave viewers a favourable impression of Australian batsmanship " . They went on to draw the match , which was crucial in Australia 's eventual retention of the Ashes . Brown 's uninterrupted batting meant that he was on the field from the first morning until late on the fourth day .
Immediately after making his highest Test score at Lord 's , Brown recorded his highest first @-@ class score of 265 not out against Derbyshire , in six hours of batting . Australia amassed 4 / 441 declared and won by an innings and 234 runs . He then made it three centuries in a row , scoring 101 against Warwickshire , setting up another innings win .
The Third Test was washed out without a ball being bowled , and Australia won the Fourth Test by five wickets in a low @-@ scoring match to retain The Ashes . Brown made 22 and nine as Australia scored 242 and 5 / 107 . It was the start of a quiet month for the opener , who scored only 194 runs in eight completed innings . He was the top Australian scorer in both innings of the Fifth Test at The Oval , scoring 69 and 15 . This was the match in which Len Hutton scored a world Test record 364 and England compiled 7 / 903 , before winning by an innings and 579 runs , which remains a world record winning margin in a Test match . Throughout the Tests , Brown aggregated 512 runs at 73 @.@ 14 , totaling 1854 runs at 59 @.@ 57 in all first @-@ class matches for the tour . This placed Brown second to Bradman in both aggregates and average . He was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year for his performances in 1938 . Wisden described him as a " cricketer of remarkable powers " who batted with " a charming skill , coolness , thoughtfulness and certainty " .
Upon returning to Australia , Brown scored 1 @,@ 057 runs at 105 @.@ 70 in the 1938 – 39 Australian season , including 990 at 110 @.@ 00 in six Sheffield Shield matches . Brown started the season well , scoring 84 as Queensland amassed 501 against New South Wales . His old state were still 27 runs from making Queensland bat again , but time ran out with one wicket intact , with Brown yet to taste victory with his new state . Nevertheless , he continued to perform strongly as passed 50 in each of his first four innings . In the fourth of these , he was out for 99 and then declared at 5 / 510 to leave Victoria a victory target of 319 . Brown then narrowly missed out on a milestone for the second time in the match when Victoria scraped home by three wickets to deny him a maiden victory with his home state . In the next match , he carried his bat to make an unbeaten 174 against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval , as his team fell to an innings defeat .
After twelve matches for his state of origin , Brown was still to end up on the winning side . This changed in the next match against New South Wales . After their opponents had made 214 , Brown top @-@ scored with 95 as Queensland replied with 200 . New South Wales made 264 to leave Brown 's men 279 for victory . The captain led the way , combining with Geoff Cook in Queensland 's then record first @-@ wicket partnership of 265 . Brown was out for 168 , but his team held on to secure an eight @-@ wicket victory over New South Wales . It was Brown 's first win in Queensland colours . He then scored 81 in a ten @-@ wicket defeat to South Australia , before adding a second victory , this time over Victoria . Brown ended the season by amassing 215 as Queensland reached 7 / 575 declared before completing an innings win . Brown topped the aggregates with 1 @,@ 057 runs and was the only player to pass 1 @,@ 000 runs for the season .
Brown had another strong campaign in the following year , netting 857 runs at 61 @.@ 21 , including three centuries . Despite this , Queensland had another poor season , losing five of their six matches . Brown started the season strongly , scoring 87 and 137 , but he was unable to stop New South Wales winning the opening match by three wickets . After a seven @-@ wicket loss to Victoria , Brown made 156 , but was unable to prevent an innings defeat to South Australia . After an innings loss to New South Wales , he made 111 to steer Queensland to its only win of the season , a two @-@ wicket victory over South Australia . He finished the season with 35 and 97 as The Rest of Australia lost to New South Wales by two wickets .
= = Second World War and post @-@ war career = =
Due to World War II , cricket in Australia was scaled down and in a shortened season in 1940 – 41 , Brown made 307 runs at 30 @.@ 70 in five matches , with two half @-@ centuries . In 1941 – 42 , he played one match , his last first @-@ class fixture during the war , scoring 56 and 69 in a narrow 19 @-@ run win over New South Wales .
Brown was a flight lieutenant with the Royal Australian Air Force , serving in New Guinea and the Philippines during the Second World War , losing his prime years from the age of 27 to 33 . During the pre @-@ war years , he had averaged 49 @.@ 02 in Test cricket .
First @-@ class cricket resumed in 1945 – 46 after the Allied victory , and Brown began the post @-@ war phase of his career with a steady season , scoring 604 runs at 46 @.@ 46 with five half @-@ centuries in seven matches . This placed him second to Sid Barnes in the run @-@ scoring aggregates . His best effort was a 98 against South Australia , denied a century by a run out . Queensland lost more than they won , with two victories and three losses . At the end of the season , Brown captained an Australian side on a tour of New Zealand , and all five matches resulted in convincing victories .
Australia played its inaugural Test against New Zealand in Wellington , a match that was retrospectively given Test status . The uncertain status of the tour saw the players wearing blazers that were labelled ABC ( Australian Board of Control ) , rather than the Australian coat of arms . Brown led from the front , topping the tour aggregates and averages , with 443 runs at 73 @.@ 83 in five matches . In the opening tour match against Auckland , Brown elected to bat and opened with 68 as Australia amassed 579 and took victory by an innings and 180 runs . This was followed by a match against Canterbury in Christchurch , in which Brown top @-@ scored with 137 . This laid the foundation for a total of 8 / 415 and another innings victory . Brown made his second consecutive century in the third match against Otago at Carisbrook in Dunedin , again top @-@ scoring with 106 in an eight @-@ wicket victory . Brown made 34 in the final tour match as Australia defeated Wellington in another innings victory .
The tour culminated in a match against New Zealand at the Basin Reserve in Wellington . With regular captain Don Bradman missing , Brown led a team that included seven Test debutants . The hosts won the toss and elected to bat first on a wet wicket , which came about after a week of rain before the match . New Zealand managed to reach 4 / 37 at lunch , before the sun emerged and caused the wicket to turn into a sticky with unpredictable bounce . Leg spinner Bill O 'Reilly — in his last Test — and debutant Ernie Toshack , took 5 / 14 and 4 / 12 respectively as New Zealand were bowled out for only 42 , losing their last six wickets for five runs . In reply , Australia were 1 / 9 when Ken Meuleman was dismissed . Having been dropped on 13 , Brown then combined in a 109 @-@ run first @-@ wicket stand with Barnes , before falling for the innings top @-@ score of 67 . It was the only partnership for the Test that went beyond 32 . Barnes ' dismissal triggered a collapse of 6 / 57 , prompting Brown to declare Australia 's innings closed at 8 / 199 . Australia then dismissed New Zealand for 54 in the second innings in just two hours , resulting in victory by an innings and 54 runs in just two days . As the hosts ' batsmen fell quickly , many of the Australian bowlers had limited opportunities . With one wicket left in the match , Brown used the toss of a coin to determine which of the debutants Colin McCool and Ian Johnson would bowl in Tests for the first time . McCool was given the ball and ended the match on his second delivery . Brown 's solitary Test as captain makes him the first and the only native Queenslander to have led Australia .
Brown missed the entire 1946 – 47 Test series against England due to a thumb injury . This allowed young New South Wales opener Arthur Morris to make his Test debut . Morris ' performance in the series eventually displaced Brown from his position as a first @-@ choice opening batsman alongside Barnes . The injury meant that Brown was unable to play a single match for Queensland .
= = Mankad = =
Brown returned to first @-@ class cricket in 1947 – 48 , scoring 192 runs at 38 @.@ 40 in the first three matches of the season . The season saw an Indian tour of Australia . The selectors initially dropped Barnes to pair Brown with Morris to open the batting . Apart from two Tests during the 1936 – 37 season against England , Brown had not played Test cricket on Australian soil . He had only one opportunity with the bat in the First Test in Brisbane , making 11 as India fell to an innings defeat . It was to be his only innings and Test match on his home ground . Brown 's participation in the series was overshadowed by his controversial run out by Indian left arm orthodox spinner Vinoo Mankad in the Second Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground in December 1947 . Brown was run out for 18 , when in the act of delivering the ball , Mankad held on to it and whipped the bails off at the non @-@ striker 's end . Brown was well out of his crease while he was backing @-@ up the striker , so that he could get a head start in case he attempted a run . This was the second time during the season that Mankad had dismissed Brown in this fashion — as he had previously done so a match against an Australian XI in November . On that occasion , Mankad had warned Brown before running him out . The local press strongly accused Mankad of being unsportsmanlike , although some Australians — including Bradman — defended Mankad 's actions . For his part , Brown took full blame and made light of the incident through humorous gestures in later matches , which referred to the event . After this incident , if a batsman is given out this way , he is said to have been " Mankaded " .
The dismissal ended another low @-@ scoring innings , and Australia batted only once in a shortened match . Brown was omitted from the team in favour of Barnes for the next two Tests . Morris — who had established himself as one of Australia 's first @-@ choice opening batsmen during Brown 's injury layoff during the previous season — was rested for the Fifth Test as the Australian Board trialled potential candidates for the 1948 tour of England . Morris was omitted after losing a coin toss to Barnes . Brown partnered Barnes , making 99 in the first innings before being run out . Brown had survived a confident appeal for caught behind before he had scored , and Barnes was convinced that his partner had edged the ball . Barnes claimed that had Brown failed to make an impact in the innings , he would have been overlooked for the 1948 tour .
During the first innings , Brown captained Australia while Bradman was absent with fibrositis . The tourists fell for 331 , with debutants Sam Loxton and Doug Ring taking three wickets apiece . India eventually fell to another innings defeat , so Brown did not have another opportunity to score a Test century on home soil . His Test aggregate in Australia stood at 223 runs at only 33 @.@ 86 , in contrast to his away average of 1 @,@ 369 runs at 50 @.@ 70 . His first @-@ class batting average of 43 @.@ 58 for the season was inferior to that of Barnes and Morris , both of whom averaged more than 50 .
= = Invincibles tour = =
In any case , Brown had done enough to be chosen to tour England with the Invincibles in 1948 , although Barnes and Morris were the first @-@ choice opening combination . Brown made a strong start in the tour matches preceding the Tests . In the fifth fixture , which was against Cambridge University , Brown top @-@ scored with 200 in an innings victory . In the following match against Essex , Brown combined with Bradman in a second @-@ wicket partnership of 219 in 90 minutes , ending with 153 as Australia scored a world @-@ record 721 runs in one day . Australia proceeded to another innings victory , and Brown completed his third century in as many innings with 108 against Oxford University . He preceded to add a fourth century in less than three weeks , with 122 against Nottinghamshire , and made an unbeaten 81 against Hampshire . In contrast , middle @-@ order batsman Neil Harvey had struggled in the initial stages of his first tour of England , failing to pass 25 in his first six innings . Thus , Brown gained selection in the First Test at Trent Bridge , batting out of position in the middle order , whereas Harvey was dropped despite making a century in Australia 's most recent Test against India .
Brown made 17 in his only innings as Australia won by eight wickets . Between Tests , Brown scored 113 in a slow innings against Yorkshire to retain his middle @-@ order position for the Second Test at Lord 's . He was unable to replicate the Test centuries he made in the preceding tours , scoring 24 and 32 . It was to be his last Test , as Sam Loxton top @-@ scored with 159 not out against Gloucestershire in the match before the Third Test , ousting Brown from his middle @-@ order position . Barnes was injured in the Third Test , but Brown was not recalled for the Fourth Test ; instead , Lindsay Hassett was promoted to open with Morris , while the teenaged Harvey came into the middle @-@ order and struck 112 . Brown then scored 140 against Derbyshire immediately after the Fourth Test , in a dour display that displeased spectators , and then scored consecutive centuries against Kent and the Gentlemen of England after the Tests . He ended with eight centuries and a total of 1 @,@ 448 runs on the tour at an average of 57 @.@ 92 , behind only Bradman , Hassett and Morris , with the 200 against Cambridge University his highest score . Brown took 4 / 16 against the South of England in his only bowling assignment of the tour . It was his best career bowling figures , having amassed only six wickets in his first @-@ class career . In three visits to England , Brown scored 18 centuries .
Upon returning to Australia , Bradman retired and Barnes took a break from cricket , thereby opening two vacancies in the Test team . Brown had a reasonable domestic season in 1948 – 1949 to press his claim for a Test recall . He scored 626 runs at 41 @.@ 73 , the sixth highest aggregate of the season , with a century and three fifties . Queensland won two and lost three games . Despite this , the 37 @-@ year @-@ old Brown was not named in the touring party for the Test tour of South Africa in 1949 – 50 . In the absence of the Test players , Brown scored 507 runs at 50 @.@ 70 in the Sheffield Shield season , with a top score of 190 , making him the third highest run @-@ getter . In their first five matches of the season , Queensland lost three times , before Brown 's 190 in the last match against South Australia set up a nine @-@ wicket win . It was his only century of the season after previously falling for 94 twices .
With his opportunities diminishing , he retired after captaining the Australian Second XI to New Zealand on an end @-@ of @-@ season tour , during which the team went undefeated . Most of the matches were not first @-@ class but Brown scored his final first @-@ class century against Otago , scoring 184 in an innings victory . He had been less effective in his later years , averaging 38 @.@ 29 in Tests following World War II .
= = Style = =
Brown was regarded as a cautious starter who was reluctant to use his full array of strokes . He had an upright stance and was known for his trademark leg glancing and placement of the ball . He hooked occasionally and scored the majority of his off @-@ side runs with the cut shot . Johnnie Moyes said that " even when slow , he never wearied , as some do , because his style was cultured and free from jarring faults " . Moyes felt that Brown 's superior record on English soil was a result of the crowd attitude , which was more respectful . At Australian grounds , impatient spectators who disliked Brown 's cautious batting frequently heckled him , blaming Brown for delaying Bradman 's arrival to the crease . Moyes felt that the more serene English gallery allowed Brown to play to his game plan without hastening to placate impatient spectators . " A placid chap was Brown , and he liked to play in peaceful surroundings . When on the job he was as emotionless as a stoic . " Moyes said that Brown was " always cool and thoughtful , he preferred finesse to force " . The English journalist Neville Cardus commented " His cricket is perpetually keeping an appointment leisurely with moments to spare . Does the bat have an engagement this over with a half @-@ volley ? Very well , then , put it down in the book . We 'll be there for it . Plenty of time . " Bradman also noted Brown 's ability to quickly get into position to play the ball , writing " One hallmark of good batting is that the player appears to have plenty of time in which to play his strokes . Bill Brown was an outstanding case of one who never seemed to be in a hurry for any stroke . " Ray Robinson said that Brown was " the most serene batsman I ever saw play for Australia " . Robinson said that " for artistry , Brown 's leg @-@ glancing could be mentioned in the same breath as Archie Jackson 's " . Brown 's placid nature extended to his observations of modern cricket — he disliked the emotional displays made by contemporary players .
Brown 's partnership with Fingleton was regarded as one of the great opening pairings in Australian Test cricket history . In ten Tests as an opening combination , the pair averaged 63 @.@ 75 for the first wicket , higher than any other Australian duo with more than 1000 runs . Brown was known for his self @-@ effacing nature and was well liked among teammates and opponents alike . Of his batting , Brown joked that " My wife said you could always tell when I was batting by the number of people leaving the ground " . During a domestic match at the Adelaide Oval in December 1938 , he deflected a ball onto his stumps without dislodging a bail . He added a further 147 runs to end unbeaten on 174 , eternally apologising for his luck .
In addition to his batting , Brown was a highly regarded fieldsman known for his fitness . He developed his skills through persistent training with professional sprinters in order to improve his anticipation and speed off the mark . Brown often fielded at slip or in the covers . With Australia boasting the leg spin pairing of O 'Reilly and Grimmett in the 1930s , close @-@ catchers were frequently used . Along with Fingleton , Brown often fielded in the leg trap position .
= = Off the field = =
In 1940 , Brown married Barbara Hart , a receptionist . The couple had three sons , whom Brown self @-@ deprecatingly noted were " well spaced ... like my centuries " . Outside cricket , Brown worked in a variety of jobs . When Bradman relocated from New South Wales to South Australia in 1935 , Brown took his job at the men 's clothing store FJ Palmer . Following his relocation to Queensland , Brown was a Brisbane car salesman , selling Chevrolets for Egars , later running a sports store .
Brown was a Queensland selector from 1950 – 51 to 1959 – 60 , and an Australian selector in 1952 – 53 after defeating New South Wales ' Chappie Dwyer in an election . He was the first Queenslander in 23 years to serve as a national selector . His brief tenure as a national selector was marked by abuse and harassment from parochial Queenslanders , upset that he did not include his fellow statesmen in the Test team . Brown 's sports store was vandalised and he resigned as a selector within a year . In 1992 , Brown was elected a life member of the Queensland Cricket Association , and in 2000 was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for his services to cricket .
Upon Bradman 's death in February 2001 , Brown became the oldest living Australian Test cricketer , greatly amused by the fame that came with the title . Highly regarded by Australian cricketers of the modern era , Steve Waugh invited Brown to present Test debutant Adam Gilchrist with his baggy green . The humble Brown was surprised , thinking himself an unworthy choice . Waugh disagreed , opining that " Bill is a baggy green icon who represents all that is good about playing for your country . He is humble , self @-@ effacing and respectful , proud to have been afforded the honour of being an Australian Test cricketer , and a man who always looks for the positive in people . " In March 2008 , Brown died in Brisbane at the age of 95 . He was the last surviving Invincible to have played Test cricket before World War II and his death leaves only four living members of Bradman 's 1948 team .
In 2009 Brown was inducted into the Queensland Sport Hall of Fame .
= = Test match performance = =
Key : * – not out
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= Shaun Goater =
Leonard Shaun Goater MBE ( born 25 February 1970 ) is a Bermudian footballer who is now retired . He played as a striker for a number of English clubs in the 1990s and 2000s . He is currently assistant manager at New Mills .
Goater 's first professional club was Manchester United , but he did not reach the first team , making his League debut in 1989 after moving to Rotherham United . He played for Rotherham for seven years before moving to Bristol City in 1996 . Two years later he moved to Manchester City for a fee of £ 400 @,@ 000 .
He is most well known for his time at Manchester City , where he scored over 100 goals between 1998 and 2003 , finishing as the club 's top scorer for four consecutive seasons . After leaving City , Goater had spells with Reading , Coventry City and Southend United , before retiring in May 2006 . He represented Bermuda 36 times , scoring 32 goals .
= = Early life = =
Goater was born in the Bermudian capital Hamilton , living with his mother Lynette , his grandmother and two aunts . His introduction to English football came in April 1987 when he was invited to join the Saltus Grammar School football and basketball tour . He spent two weeks playing against various English high school teams , including the Leicester City youth team . At the age of 17 , he left home to further his education in the United States , where he had a soccer scholarship at Columbia High School , New Jersey . Whilst home in Bermuda during his Thanksgiving break , Goater was spotted by scouts from Manchester United , who invited him to England for a trial . With encouragement from his mother , who was a former football player herself , Goater accepted , forfeiting his scholarship by doing so . At this time , Goater did not play as a striker , but instead played as a creative midfielder .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Goater 's trial resulted in the offer of a professional contract , but he did not break into the first team . In 1989 , Goater signed for Rotherham United in order to play first team football . At this time , Goater suffered homesickness , finding it difficult to adapt to the English climate : " It took me a good two years to get used to life in England . At first I thought the sun never shone and it wasn 't for me . " However , he gradually got used to living in England , and over the course of seven seasons at Rotherham he gained a reputation as a reliable lower division striker , scoring 86 goals in 262 appearances , with a winner 's medal for the 1996 Auto Windscreens Shield the highlight . A 1992 League Cup tie against Everton gave Goater his first experience of playing against a Premier League team . In the first leg , Goater scored the only goal of the game as Rotherham won 1 – 0 . However , Everton won the return leg 3 – 0 and Rotherham were eliminated . In 1993 , Goater also had a brief loan spell at Notts County , though he made only one appearance for the Nottingham club due to a work permit problem . Towards the end of the 1995 – 96 season , Goater had a disagreement with Rotherham manager Archie Gemmill , and decided his future lay elsewhere .
In the 1995 – 96 close season , Goater received offers from Spanish club Osasuna and newly formed South Koreans Suwon Samsung Bluewings , but having recently married , he decided to stay in England . Shortly after , he moved to Bristol City for a fee of £ 175 @,@ 000 . Goater 's Bristol City debut came against Gillingham . Goater scored , but Bristol City lost 3 – 2 . City finished the season in fifth , qualifying for the playoffs , but lost to Brentford . The following season Bristol City were pushing for promotion into the First Division , and Goater scored regularly , eventually being named in the PFA Team of the Year for the division . In a little under two years with the Bristol City , he scored 45 goals in 81 appearances . On 26 March 1998 , transfer deadline day , Goater signed for Manchester City , who paid Bristol City £ 400 @,@ 000 for his services .
= = = Manchester City = = =
Goater joined Manchester City at a turbulent point in their history , with newly appointed manager Joe Royle battling to save the club from relegation to Second Division . Goater scored three goals in the seven remaining matches of the 1997 – 98 season , but this was not enough to prevent the club from being relegated to the third tier of English Football for the first time ever . Fans were initially sceptical as to Goater 's ability , but as goals were scored supporters were gradually won over , creating a song in his honour , " Feed The Goat And He Will Score " ( to the tune Cwm Rhondda ) . The 1998 – 99 season saw Goater score 21 goals , finishing the season as Manchester City 's top goalscorer . The last of these was the winning goal in a play @-@ off semi @-@ final against Wigan Athletic , sending Manchester City to Wembley Stadium for a playoff final which saw City promoted after a penalty shootout .
The 1999 – 2000 season was even more successful for Goater . He was the club 's top goal score again , this time with 29 goals , and was named Manchester City 's Player of the Year by the supporters after Manchester City were promoted for the second successive year . In the summer , Goater was awarded the freedom of Bermuda , with 21 June declared as " Shaun Goater Day " on the island . The following season , Goater made his first appearance in top flight football at the age of 30 , though injury and the presence of new signings Paulo Wanchope and former World Player of the Year George Weah meant he had to wait three months to do so . Again established in the first team , Goater was Manchester City 's top goalscorer for the third consecutive season , but his 11 goals could not save the team from relegation .
During the 2000 – 01 close season , upheaval took place at Manchester City , with manager Royle departing to be replaced by Kevin Keegan . In the 2001 – 02 season , Goater became the first Manchester City player since Francis Lee in 1972 to score more than 30 goals in a season . City were promoted as champions , and he was the club 's top scorer for the fourth time in a row , as well as being the top scorer in the division .
Over the summer of 2001 – 02 , there was speculation that Goater would be transferred , as Manchester City had twice broken their transfer record by buying strikers Jon Macken and Nicolas Anelka . Goater stayed , but opportunities were limited . He started just 14 games , but scored seven goals , including his 100th for the club , which came in a derby match against local rivals Manchester United . In February 2003 , Goater struck against the same opposition to score the fastest goal by a substitute in Premier League history , just 9 seconds after coming onto the pitch . He also scored a goal that would have won City the match , but it was disallowed .
Shortly before the end of the 2002 – 03 season , Goater announced his intention to leave Manchester City when the season finished in order to seek regular first team football . In his final match for Manchester City , he was asked to captain the side in Manchester City 's final game at Maine Road . In total , Goater scored 103 goals in 212 appearances for Manchester City . Since ending his footballing career , Goater has been critical of both Kevin Keegan , who he claims never praised him and Nicolas Anelka , who he feels wanted to be ' the daddy ' of Manchester City .
= = = Later career = = =
Goater moved to Reading on 1 August 2003 . Reading chairman John Madejski described the transfer as " the biggest in Reading Football Club 's history " , but Goater 's time there was not a happy one . Shortly after Goater 's arrival , Reading manager Alan Pardew left for West Ham United , and Pardew 's replacement , Steve Coppell , did not regard Goater as part of his plans . In his second and final season at Reading , Goater played just four times , and was loaned to Coventry City . Goater then considered retirement , but instead moved to League One club Southend United for a final season as a professional . The move , a free transfer , was completed on 3 August 2005 . At Southend , Goater acted as a mentor for young striker Freddy Eastwood , and contributed towards a second successive promotion for the Shrimpers , scoring 11 goals . His final appearance before retirement was on 6 May 2006 , when Southend played Bristol City , one of Goater 's former clubs . The crowd included an estimated 400 Manchester City fans who travelled to Southend to mark the occasion .
After retiring , Goater returned to Bermuda , receiving an official welcome from the Premier of Bermuda Alex Scott on his arrival . A week later , Southend played the Bermuda national team in an appreciation game for their former striker . Goater has expressed a wish to enter coaching following his retirement , and studied for the UEFA B coaching licence in 2005 . Since 2003 , Goater has organised the annual Shaun Goater Grass @-@ roots Soccer Festival , a football coaching event for children in Bermuda . On 14 September 2006 , Goater and the United Soccer Leagues announced that Bermuda would receive a professional football team that would play in the third division of American football , the USL Second Division . Goater had roles as both a director and player of the team , the Bermuda Hogges . Goater left Bermuda Hogges in 2008 , to concentrate on youth coaching with North Village Rams in his home town .
Goater and three other partners in the Bermuda @-@ based East End Group Limited announced an amalgamation with Telecommunications Networks Limited ( now renamed East End Telecom ) on 9 November 2007 , which added to the group 's two other business subsidiaries , East End Asphalt and East End Aviation . Goater serves as the group 's Business Development Manager .
When in England , Goater has made regular appearances in local media covering the Manchester area . These have included a column entitled " Read the Goat " in the official Manchester City match programme , and a regular guest spot on the BBC Radio Manchester programme Blue Tuesday .
On 8 August 2015 , it was announced that Goater would join Northern Premier League Division One North club New Mills A.F.C. as assistant manager to Andy Fearn . In September 2015 , Fearn and Goater resigned from New Mills after nine defeats in nine games .
= = International career = =
Goater has also played for the Bermudian national team 36 times , scoring 32 goals , though due to Bermuda 's lowly standing in world football he never played in a major international tournament . He made his first international appearance at the age of 17 against Canada .
During the 1992 – 93 season , Goater missed eight weeks of the club season in order to represent his country in qualifying for the 1994 World Cup . However , Bermuda finished bottom of a group containing El Salvador , Canada and Jamaica . His final appearance was in June 2004 against El Salvador .
When playing for Bermuda , Goater was often the only professional player in the team . Bermudian journalist Chris Gibbons described the difference between Goater and his team @-@ mates : " He 's a class above every other player on the island . Before he went to England he was just quick , but now he 's a totally different player , a lot more aggressive and a much better header of the ball . The problem has been that he sets up chances for the others without them being on the same wavelength . " However , Goater noted that this had a detrimental aspect : " My fitness dropped off while I was with Bermuda . It was like being on holiday . The team just ate what they liked . I kept to my professional diet for about two or three weeks until peer pressure took over . "
= = Personal life = =
Goater is married to Anita , his childhood sweetheart , and has two daughters , Amaya and Anais ( born 3 October 2000 in Wythenshawe , Manchester ) . He was awarded the MBE in 2003 for services to sport and young people in Bermuda . His autobiography , Feed the Goat : The Shaun Goater Story was published in September 2006 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = International goals = = =
Scores and results list Bermuda 's goal tally first .
= = Honours = =
= = = Club = = =
Rotherham United
Football League Trophy : 1995 – 96
Manchester City
Football League Second Division play @-@ offs : 1998 – 99
Football League First Division : 2001 – 02
Southend United
Football League One : 2005 – 06
= = = Individual = = =
Football League First Division Top Scorer : 2001 – 02
PFA Team of the Year : 1997 – 98 , 2001 – 02
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= Carlton Hill , Brighton =
Carlton Hill is an inner @-@ city area of Brighton , part of the English city and seaside resort of Brighton and Hove . First developed in the early and mid @-@ 19th century on steeply sloping farmland east of central Brighton , it grew rapidly as the town became a fashionable , high @-@ class destination . Carlton Hill 's population was always poor , though , and by the early 20th century the area was Brighton 's worst slum : overcrowding , crime and disease were rife . Extensive slum clearance in the mid @-@ 20th century introduced high @-@ density tower blocks , but some old buildings remain : in 2008 , Brighton and Hove City Council designated part of Carlton Hill as the city 's 34th conservation area . The area now has housing of various styles and ages , large offices and small @-@ scale industry ; there are also churches , a school and some open space .
Carlton Hill 's pattern of development was defined by the long @-@ established structure of land ownership around Brighton , whereby land was divided into long , narrow strips with many different owners . This encouraged the development of terraced housing — the predominant housing pattern until the council undertook large @-@ scale demolition and high @-@ density rebuilding in the mid @-@ 20th century . This work introduced more open space and varied land uses : Brighton Art College was able to expand into the area , and American Express opened a large , visually dominant headquarters .
Buildings lost during the 20th century include schools and several chapels serving various Christian denominations . The former St John the Evangelist 's Anglican church was declared redundant and sold to Brighton 's Greek Orthodox community ; meanwhile , a distinctive Modernist church was built in the 1960s for Spiritualists . A cluster of historic early 19th @-@ century houses and other structures survived the redevelopment , and several were awarded listed status by English Heritage . These buildings and their surroundings were afforded further protection in 2008 when the city council designated the Carlton Hill conservation area .
= = Location = =
Carlton Hill stands on high ground immediately east of the centre of Brighton . Its western boundary , Grand Parade , is part of the main road to London ; Edward Street , a major road leading towards Kemp Town and the eastbound coast road , forms the southern boundary ; the Queen 's Park residential area is to the east ; and the densely populated terraced housing of Hanover lies to the north . The main road through the area runs from west to east and is also called Carlton Hill . Albion Hill , another steeply sloping west – east road , forms the northern boundary between Hanover and Carlton Hill ; the area north of Sussex Street is sometimes referred to as Albion Hill . The high ground of the area reaches a summit of 230 feet ( 70 m ) at Windmill Terrace , between Albion Hill and Richmond Street . The latter was Brighton 's steepest road until redevelopment in the 1960s severed it : its 1 : 5 gradient necessitated a full @-@ width wall halfway along , to intercept runaway handcarts and other vehicles .
The area is not prominent on Brighton 's skyline , but good views are possible from its streets , especially westwards and southwestwards towards the sea and across the valley floor in which Old Steine and the old town are situated . Tarner Park , an open space in the centre of the conservation area , offers long views through nearly 180 ° .
= = History = =
Brighton 's origins lie in the Saxon fishing and agricultural village of Bristelmestune . The English Channel formed its southern limit , but on all other sides was farmland divided into open fields called laines . These were further subdivided into furlongs — wide parallel strips — and paul @-@ pieces , which were much narrower strips . Despite their small size , neighbouring paul @-@ pieces often had different owners . Wide paths ( leakways ) ran at right @-@ angles to the furlongs , separating them . This ancient land @-@ use pattern , which survived until the 18th century despite its unsuitability for contemporary farming methods , significantly influenced the pattern of urban development in 18th- and 19th @-@ century Brighton .
Hilly Laine was one of Brighton 's five laines . It was northeast of the Steine ( later called Old Steine ) , the centre of fashionable society in the 18th century , and rose steeply eastwards from an area of sheltered flatter land close to the Steine . Some fields were used for small @-@ scale activities such as limeburning and market gardening , but most were farmed by individuals . The laine had several furlongs ; the second of these , which now forms the heart of the conservation area , was separated from its neighbours by leakways which became Carlton Hill ( the road ) and Sussex Street . Much of the land in this area was owned by Dr Benjamin Scutt , whose landholdings extended into the neighbouring village of Hove ( the Brunswick estate was built on land he sold in the 1820s ) . Starting around 1800 , the land was gradually sold to developers ; Edward Street was laid out in 1804 and quickly experienced a " mini building boom " with inns , stables and small workshops . John Street , on the first ( westernmost ) furlong of Hilly Laine , was built up by 1810 : its developer , John Hall , laid out plots for 11 by 15 feet ( 3 @.@ 4 m × 4 @.@ 6 m ) houses and started building and selling them in 1805 . Carlton Street , by another developer , followed by 1807 . Meanwhile , development continued slowly on the second furlong : four paul @-@ pieces were occupied with buildings by 1819 .
Scutt 's land sales helped him fund the development of Carlton Place , an architectural set @-@ piece consisting of a 20 @-@ house terrace surrounding a riding school , the Royal Circus ; the development took place between 1806 and 1808 . Named after Carlton House , the Prince Regent 's London home , the development was on a larger scale than the rest of Carlton Hill 's houses : each plot measured 17 by 60 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 m × 18 @.@ 3 m ) . Each cost about £ 410 ( £ 30 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) to build , and proved to be profitable : one sold for £ 700 ( £ 51 @,@ 000 in 2016 ) in 1806 to a local vicar , who later bought two more to rent out . A survey of the town 's housing by the Brighton Town Commissioners in 1814 valued Carlton Place within the top 25 % of all houses in Brighton . Scutt laid out three more streets nearby at the same time : Carlton Mews , Carlton Row and Woburn Place were narrow roads crowded with small houses , stables and workshops . Meanwhile , a farmhouse was built at an unknown time in the early 19th century on nearby Mighell Street ; it may have moved from agricultural to residential and commercial use later that century , and has an obscure early history .
Built as Patriot Place in the mid @-@ 1810s , Tilbury Place ( renamed in the 1860s ) and its five houses stood next to the farm and formed a pocket of high @-@ class residential development in a mostly working @-@ class area of small houses . Number 1 , also called St John 's Lodge , was the largest , and was built for Edward Tarner ( a merchant ) and his wife Laetitia , whose maiden name was Tilbury . It passed through the family until 1933 , when Laetitia Tilbury Tarner , a descendant , left it to Brighton Corporation for charitable purposes . It was converted into Tarner Home , a nursing and care institute for poor people , and later became a hostel .
Apart from some land north of Sussex Street that remained agricultural until the 20th century , the whole hillside was covered with ( mostly terraced ) houses , small workshops and industrial structures , inns and other modest buildings by the mid @-@ 19th century . As early as 1840 , the area was considered to be affected by poverty and its high population density . Brighton Corporation undertook some slum clearance in the 1880s , when White and Blaker Streets were laid out between Carlton Hill and Edward Street . By this time , Carlton Hill was known as Brighton 's " foreign quarter " , where many Italian and French street vendors — who sold food of various types on Brighton beach , in the town centre and from door to door — settled . Brighton 's fishing industry still thrived into the early 20th century , and many fishermen lived in Carlton Hill and used its workshops and warehouses to cure and smoke their herring catches . A contemporary writer , quoted by Brighton historian Clifford Musgrave , observed that " an aromatic and appetising pall would envelop the entire neighbourhood , kippering both fish and residents alike " .
In the late 19th century and early 20th century , Carlton Hill 's notoriety as a slum increased . Poverty , drunkenness , disease and low living standards were rife . Brighton 's reputation was damaged by a disparaging article in The Lancet in 1882 : making reference to Carlton Hill , it criticised the town 's poor standards of health . Assisted by government funding , Brighton Corporation undertook extensive slum clearance from 1928 until the start of World War II , transforming the area 's appearance . Two large blocks of flats — Brighton Corporation 's first council flats — were built to rehouse many of the displaced residents . The Milner Flats , a long four @-@ storey block , stand on the site of Woburn Place , and were completed in 1934 . Alderman Hugh Milner Black , a Corporation member who campaigned for housing improvements in Brighton , was commemorated in the naming . Kingswood Flats , on the site of Nelson Place and a Primitive Methodist chapel , were built in 1938 . The name refers to Minister for Health Kingsley Wood . Some displaced residents were moved out of the area : the new council estates of Whitehawk and Moulsecoomb , built in the 1920s and early 1930s on the fringe of Brighton , accommodated many former Carlton Hill residents . An earlier low @-@ rise development took place in 1931 , when the small Tarnerland council estate was built on empty land near Tilbury Place .
The Corporation also provided non @-@ residential buildings on the cleared land . The Circus Street Municipal Market , on a wide street built behind Scutt 's Royal Circus riding school , opened in January 1937 and became one of Brighton 's main markets . A former chapel and many terraced houses had stood on the site , whose redevelopment cost £ 75 @,@ 000 ( £ 4 @,@ 364 @,@ 500 in 2016 ) . A fish market , moved from a site near the beach , was added in 1960 . The building closed in 2005 and has been empty since then , apart from its use as a temporary exhibition centre during the 2009 Brighton Festival — when sculptor Anish Kapoor showed a new work there . Two clinics , specialising in chest complaints and child welfare , opened on the north side of Sussex Street , opposite the market , in 1936 and 1938 respectively . The chest clinic closed in 1989 . The lower part of Sussex Street was renamed Morley Street at this time . Brighton Corporation compulsorily purchased Carlton Place in about 1955 and demolished the houses and former riding school in favour of new housing . John Street became the site of two important civic buildings in the mid @-@ 1960s : Brighton 's central police station was opened in 1965 , followed by the new county court building two years later .
Clearances around Albion Hill began in the 1950s . From 1959 , the narrow , densely populated terraces between Albion Hill and Morley Street were cleared and replaced with landscaped open space and seven tower blocks — Brighton 's first such buildings . The first , Highleigh , opened on 11 May 1961 . Like its later neighbours , it has 11 storeys . The steep Richmond Street was severed as part of this redevelopment ; its lower section was replaced by a zig @-@ zag path down the hillside and a short road called Richmond Parade , and new roads ( Grove Hill and Ashton Rise ) were built between the tower blocks and across the slope of the hill . Similarly , the lowest section of Carlton Hill was renamed Kingswood Street when it was redeveloped in the 1960s : Brighton Art College ( now part of the University of Brighton ) was extended in 1967 by Brighton borough architect Percy Billington , taking up a large corner plot .
In the mid @-@ 1970s , American Express sought land in Brighton to build a new European headquarters . The company had a long association with Sussex , and opened a mechanical accounting centre in a building on Edward Street in 1968 . Most of Mighell Street and all of its buildings — except the old farmhouse — and some neighbouring streets were demolished and replaced by the 300 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 28 @,@ 000 m2 ) Amex House , a nine @-@ storey office building designed by American architecture firm Gollins , Melvin , Ward and Partners . A legislative order was raised by the Secretary of State for the Environment in mid @-@ 1973 to allow Mighell Street to be severed . In September 2008 , American Express announced plans to demolish and replace the building . The new office will be set slightly further back , closer to Carlton Hill ( the road ) , and better road access will be provided by means of a new entrance from John Street . The city council granted planning permission in November 2009 , and preliminary building work started in early 2010 .
= = Buildings = =
= = = Churches = = =
Early in its development , Carlton Hill was provided with an Anglican church . St John the Evangelist 's Church , opposite the junction of Carlton Hill and White Street , was designed by George Cheesman junior in a " strangely bleak " Greek Revival / Neo @-@ Georgian style in 1838 , with Doric columns and a stuccoed and pedimented façade . Never successful in attracting large congregations , it was declared redundant by the Diocese of Chichester in 1980 . Proposals for its conversion into a drug detoxification centre were opposed , and in March 1986 the Greek Orthodox community , which had been worshipping elsewhere in Brighton , bought the church and rededicated it as the Church of the Holy Trinity . The building was severely damaged by fire in July 2010 .
The Ebenezer Reformed Baptist Church has occupied three buildings on two different sites in Carlton Hill . It was founded in 1825 , and the first service was held on 13 April of that year in a stuccoed Renaissance @-@ style building on the north side of Richmond Street . The chapel , with ebenezer chapel erected a.d. 1825 prominently displayed on its entablature , was locally nicknamed " The Lemon Squeezer " . It was demolished in 1966 during the redevelopment of the Richmond Street area . Architect C.J. Wood built a new church in the Vernacular style on the opposite side of Richmond Parade , backing on to Ivory Place , in the same year . It was in turn demolished in 2007 , and a six @-@ storey block of flats with a new church on the ground floor was built in its place . This opened in August 2010 .
Five other chapels were demolished during the area 's 20th @-@ century redevelopment . The Sussex Street Strict Baptist Chapel stood on the section of that road which is now named Morley Street . It had lancet windows and a stuccoed exterior , and opened in 1867 . The congregation moved out in 1895 , and St Margaret 's Church in Cannon Place established a mission hall in the building . The Circus Street market was built on the site after its demolition in 1937 . Also on Sussex Street , a Primitive Methodist chapel was founded in 1836 . The Kingswood Flats now occupy the site of the building , which closed in about 1950 . Mighell Street Hall , demolished in 1965 , stood on land now covered by Amex House . It was used by Baptists from 1878 , then as the church hall of St John the Evangelist 's , and finally ( from January 1949 ) by Spiritualists . When the new Brighton National Spiritualist Church , a figure @-@ of @-@ eight concrete building , opened on Edward Street in 1965 , the hall closed for good . The Carlton Hill Apostolic Church stood for 99 years until 1964 , although its Catholic Apostolic congregation moved out in 1954 . Latterly it was used as student housing for the adjacent Brighton Art College , which extended its premises onto the site when the building was demolished . The Salvation Army had a citadel at the junction of Edward Street and the now vanished Riding School Lane ( near Mighell Street ) from 1884 until 1965 , when it was demolished for road widening . The denomination registered another building for worship and marriages in 1971 : it stood at the junction of Carlton Hill and Mighell Street , and was deregistered in 1985 .
= = = Schools = = =
Carlton Hill Primary School was built by the Local education authority in 1963 . It is on the boundary of the conservation area , between Sussex Street and Carlton Hill ( the road ) on the west side of Tilbury Place , and is well screened by trees . It has a tall wooden fence that , according to the council 's Conservation Area Character Statement , " visually intrudes on the approach to the conservation area and harms its setting " . It recommends replacing the fence with a flint wall . The school adjoins the site that is being redeveloped for the new American Express headquarters : the company paid the school £ 300 @,@ 000 ( a condition of the council 's approval of the planning application ) to compensate for the effect on its playground , which will be overlooked by the building , and the building contractor Sir Robert McAlpine has paid for a school crossing patrol officer to help children cross Carlton Hill safely during the construction period .
Several schools were founded in the mid @-@ 19th century . A Ragged Schools Union school stood on Carlton Street from the mid @-@ 1850s , and St John the Evangelist 's Church established its own school in 1870 on Carlton Hill . This was rebuilt in 1914 , and later housed the American Express social club until its demolition in early 2010 . Board schools were set up in 1873 on Richmond Street and 1883 on Circus Street . The Richmond Street school was the first in Brighton to offer school meals . The two Board schools merged in 1926 and took the name Sussex Street School , after which the Circus Street building closed . It was later sold to Brighton Polytechnic ( now the University of Brighton ) . The Richmond Street school ran along the west side of Claremont Row between Richmond and Sussex Streets ; playgrounds separated the boys ' and girls ' sections . In October 1930 , a nursery section was added . The school was compulsorily purchased in 1959 and demolished for redevelopment ; Carlton Hill Primary School was built to replace it .
The Margaret Macmillan Open Air Nursery was built on part of the grounds of number 1 Tilbury Place in the 1930s , partly funded by Laetitia Tilbury Tarner ( who had bequeathed the house and its grounds to Brighton Corporation ) . A nursery school now stands on the site .
= = = Civic , commercial and public buildings = = =
Amex House " dominates the sweep of Carlton Hill " and is visible on the skyline from much of Brighton . Designed by British architecture firm Gollins Melvin and Ward , the building has prominent white horizontal bands of glass @-@ reinforced plastic and blue @-@ tinted glazing , and its corners are chamfered to give it a more rounded appearance . It is nicknamed " The Wedding Cake " , and its clean , futuristic design has been said to evoke Thunderbirds . The building is generally considered to be one of the better postwar additions to Brighton 's building stock , although it affects views into and out of the neighbouring conservation area . About 3 @,@ 000 people work at the building , making American Express the largest private employer in Brighton and Hove .
Prior House , at the north end of Tilbury Place , was built in 1936 for the Brighton Girl 's Club . This institution was founded in 1928 at Nelson Row , and was displaced from its original premises in 1934 when the Kingswood Flats were built on the site . In 1970 , Prior House became a centre for unemployed people , offering education and other social facilities ; it is now a base for voluntary and charitable groups under the aegis of the Resource Centre , a local organisation formed in 1975 . Architecturally , it is a plain red @-@ brick building with a large stuccoed extension on the second floor , affecting the ambience of Tilbury Place and the neighbouring listed buildings .
The former vicarage of St John the Evangelist 's Church , opposite the church on the south side of Carlton Hill , has been converted into an office . It dates from 1899 and is domestic in character , with bay windows containing original sashes , red @-@ brick walls and a steeply pitched roof . It is within the conservation area and is considered to make a " positive contribution " to its character .
Another building formerly associated with the church is the Edward Riley Memorial Hall , now the Sussex Deaf Centre . It has a steep clay @-@ tiled roof and brown brickwork . The high flint walls around it are described as a positive feature of the conservation area , although the building itself has a " neutral effect " according to the council 's character statement . The building was used as the church hall until the church closed in 1980 ; the Chichester Diocesan Centre for the Deaf was then established in it .
= = = Listed buildings = = =
A building or structure is defined as " listed " when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of " special architectural or historic interest " by the Secretary of State for Culture , Media and Sport , a Government department , in accordance with the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 . English Heritage , a non @-@ departmental public body , acts as an agency of this department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues .
In February 2001 , there were 24 listed buildings with Grade I status , 70 Grade II * -listed and 1 @,@ 124 Grade II @-@ listed buildings in Brighton and Hove . Grade I @-@ listed buildings are defined as being of " exceptional interest " and greater than national importance ; Grade II * , the next highest status , is used for " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " ; and the lowest grade , Grade II , is used for " nationally important buildings of special interest " .
Carlton Hill has nine listed buildings ( covered by five separate listings ) , all of which have Grade II status and lie within the conservation area . Number 1 Tilbury Place ( St John 's Lodge ) is listed together with its surrounding railings , garden wall and garden porch . The four neighbouring and contemporary houses at 2 – 5 Tilbury Place are also listed together under a single Grade II designation . Described by the council as an " impressive warm brick terrace " of " elegant townhouses " , they were much larger than the surrounding houses — especially number 1 , which also had extensive gardens . Number 5 is also slightly larger than the others , and originally had stables adjacent . They are in the Georgian style , built of pale yellow brick laid in the Flemish bond pattern . The roofs are slate @-@ tiled , but some are hidden behind parapets . The entrance doors have decorated fanlights and original windows with ogee @-@ shaped cast @-@ iron miniature balconies . All five houses are now owned by a housing association and have been divided into flats .
The former St John the Evangelist 's Church was listed at Grade II on 20 August 1971 . It is a Greek Revival @-@ style stucco @-@ clad building of stone and brick with a partly hipped roof . The three @-@ bay façade has four Tuscan pilasters beneath a substantial entablature and pediment . The frieze between them has metopes and triglyphs . Work by L.A. Mackintosh in 1957 altered the exterior ; the architect added his personal monogram and an eagle emblem ( representing John the Evangelist ) above the left and right entrances respectively .
Numbers 34 and 35 Mighell Street ( the former Mighell Farmhouse ) were jointly listed on 13 October 1952 . Described as a " surprising survival " , the now semi @-@ detached house is a two @-@ storey cobble @-@ fronted building with a prominent porch framed by Tuscan columns and topped by an entablature with a frieze and triglyph and a decorated pediment . An arched doorway with a keystone has a 19th @-@ century panelled door set into it , and the sash windows are also original and have similar arched surrounds made of bricks . The roof is tiled and has chimneys at each end . The farmhouse 's origins are unknown , although a Philip Mighell was a major landowner on Hilly Laine in the late 18th century , when some of the paul @-@ pieces bore his name . The building was apparently at least partly in commercial use by 1865 .
In Tarner Park , an area of open space formed from part of number 1 Tilbury Place 's grounds , there is a circular tower which is believed to have been built by Edward Tilbury Tarner ( son of the original occupants Edward and Laetitia Tarner ) as an observation tower so he could see ships in the English Channel . The mid @-@ 19th @-@ century structure has two storeys and about 70 steps ; the upper level is recessed and has a walkway around it . The walls are of knapped flint with some brick and stonework . Part of an iron weather vane remains at the top . Both storeys have segmental @-@ arched entrances , but these are now closed . The structure is in good condition but has some missing flints .
= = Conservation area = =
In the United Kingdom , a conservation area is a principally urban area " of special architectural or historic interest , the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance " . Such areas are identified by local authorities according to criteria defined by Sections 69 and 70 of the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 .
On 4 July 2008 , 4 @.@ 05 acres ( 1 @.@ 64 ha ) at the heart of Carlton Hill was designated as the city of Brighton and Hove 's 34th conservation area . Its boundaries are ( clockwise from north ) Sussex Street , St John 's Place , Carlton Hill ( including the stub of Mighell Street ) and Tilbury Place , with the open space of Tarner Park at the centre . All of Carlton Hill 's listed buildings are within the designated area ; these , combined with the sheltered open space of Tarner Park , substantial tree cover , the survival of old street patterns and boundary walls , and the distinctive lie of the land , contribute to the area 's " special character " , as defined by Brighton and Hove City Council .
The area does not have a unified appearance or structure , owing to the large @-@ scale redevelopment carried out in the 20th century . Instead , a " disparate group of individually interesting buildings " and small spaces define the area ; together , they form " a fragment of early 19th @-@ century Brighton " .
Flint and brown or yellow brick is used extensively , both for buildings within the conservation area and in associated structures such as boundary walls and pavements . Some kerbs are of granite , limestone and flint , while some high @-@ quality Yorkstone paving slabs survive , along with some red @-@ brick pavements .
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= White @-@ eyed river martin =
The white @-@ eyed river martin ( Pseudochelidon sirintarae ) is a passerine bird , one of only two members of the river martin subfamily of the swallows . Since it has significant differences from its closest relative , the African river martin , it is sometimes placed in its own genus , Eurochelidon . First found in 1968 , it is known only from a single wintering site in Thailand , and may be extinct , since it has not been seen since 1980 despite targeted surveys in Thailand and neighbouring Cambodia . It may possibly still breed in China or Southeast Asia , but a Chinese painting initially thought to depict this species was later reassessed as showing pratincoles .
The adult white @-@ eyed river martin is a medium @-@ sized swallow , with mainly glossy greenish @-@ black plumage , a white rump , and a tail which has two elongated slender central tail feathers , each widening to a racket @-@ shape at the tip . It has a white eye ring and a broad , bright greenish @-@ yellow bill . The sexes are similar in appearance , but the juvenile lacks the tail ornaments and is generally browner than the adult . Little is known of the behaviour or breeding habitat of this martin , although like other swallows it feeds on insects caught in flight , and its wide bill suggests that it may take relatively large species . It roosts in reed beds in winter , and may nest in river sandbanks , probably in April or May before the summer rains . It may have been overlooked prior to its discovery because it tended to feed at dawn or dusk rather than during the day .
The martin 's apparent demise may have been hastened by trapping , loss of habitat and the construction of dams . The winter swallow roosts at the only known location of this martin have greatly reduced in numbers , and birds using river habitats for breeding have declined throughout the region . The white @-@ eyed river martin is one of only two birds endemic to Thailand , and the country 's government has noted this through the issues of a stamp and a high @-@ value commemorative coin .
= = Taxonomy = =
Within the swallow family , the white @-@ eyed river martin is one of only two members of the river martin subfamily Pseudochelidoninae , the other being the African river martin Pseudochelidon eurystomina of the Congo basin in Africa . These two species possess a number of distinctive features which mark them out from other swallows and martins , including their robust legs and feet , and stout bills . The extent of their differences from other swallows and the wide geographical separation of the two martins suggest that they are relict populations of a group of species that diverged from the main swallow lineage early in its evolution . The separation of this subfamily is supported by genetic evidence , and their habit of nesting in burrows is thought to be characteristic of the earliest members of the swallow family .
The white @-@ eyed river martin was discovered in 1968 by Thai ornithologist Kitti Thonglongya , who gave the bird its current binomial name . The genus name Pseudochelidon ( Hartlaub , 1861 ) comes from the Ancient Greek prefix ψευδο / pseudo " false " and χελιδον / chelidôn , " swallow " , and the species name sirintarae commemorates Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn of Thailand .
The African and Asian Pseudochelidon species differ markedly in the size of their bills and eyes , suggesting that they have different feeding ecologies , with the white @-@ eyed river martin probably able to take much larger prey . The Thai species also has a swollen , hard gape ( fleshy interior of the bill ) unlike the softer , fleshier , and much less prominent gape of the African river martin . Thonglongya estimated the bill of the Thai species to be 17 @.@ 6 % wider than that of the African bird , but a later estimate , using specimens preserved in alcohol instead of dried skins ( to avoid shrinkage ) , gave a difference of 22 @.@ 5 % between the bills of the two swallows . Following a suggestion by Kitti in his original paper , Richard Brooke proposed in 1972 that the white @-@ eyed river martin was sufficiently different from the African species to be placed in a separate monotypic genus Eurochelidon , but this was contested by other authorities . The new genus was not subsequently widely adopted by other authors , although BirdLife International uses Eurochelidon .
= = Description = =
The adult white @-@ eyed river martin is a medium @-@ sized swallow , 18 cm ( 7 in ) long , with mainly silky black plumage and a white rump . The back is green @-@ glossed black , and is separated from the similarly coloured upper tail by a narrow bright white rump band . The head is darker than the back , with a velvet @-@ black chin leading to blue @-@ green glossed black underparts . The wings are black , with brown inner edges to the flight feathers , and the tail is green @-@ glossed black with two elongated , slender , central tail feathers , up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) long . These expand slightly at the tips to give narrow racquets 4 @.@ 9 – 8 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 9 – 3 @.@ 3 in ) long . The wing length averages 11 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 5 in ) , the tail is 10 @.@ 7 cm ( 4 @.@ 2 in ) long , and the tarsus averages 1 @.@ 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 43 in ) .
The iris and eyelid are white , giving the appearance of a white eye ring , and the broad , bright greenish @-@ yellow bill has a black hooked tip to the upper mandible . The large , strong feet and legs are flesh @-@ coloured . This species is silent when wintering , and its breeding vocalisations are unknown . The sexes are similar , but the juvenile lacks the tail racquets , has a brown head and chin , and is generally browner than the adult . Juveniles taken in January and February were moulting their body feathers .
The original Thai name for the Pseudochelidon , only known to local people in Bueng Boraphet , was นกตาพอง Nok Ta Phong which may be roughly translated as " bird with enlarged eyes " . After its official discovery in 1968 , it was named เจ ้ าฟ ้ าหญิงสิรินธร Nok Chaofa Ying Sirinthon ( " Princess Sirinthon bird " ) .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The white @-@ eyed river martin was discovered in 1968 by Kitti Thonglongya , who obtained nine specimens netted by professional bird @-@ hunters as part of a migratory bird survey at a night @-@ time roost at Thailand 's largest freshwater lake , Bueng Boraphet in Nakhon Sawan Province . It was first seen in the wild by ornithologists at the same wintering site in 1977 . The species has only been seen at the lake , always between the months of November and February , and the wintering habitat is assumed to be in the vicinity of open fresh water for feeding , with reed beds for the night @-@ time roost .
The white @-@ eyed river martin may be migratory , and if the breeding habitat resembles that of the African river martin , it is likely to be the forested valleys of large rivers ; these can provide sandbars and islands for nesting , and woodland over which the birds can catch insect prey . The breeding grounds and habitat are unknown , although river valleys in northern Thailand or southwestern China are possibilities . A claimed depiction of this species in a Chinese scroll painting initially appeared to support the possibility of the martin breeding in China . The bird in the painting had a similarly shaped head and bill , a white eye and a long tail , although it lacked the white rump , did not show the correct bill colour , and elongated the outer , rather than central , tail feathers . Painted before 1970 , it pre @-@ dated the publication of pictures of the Thai bird , so it must have been painted from life . It is now thought more likely that the scroll shows Oriental pratincoles ( Glareola maldivarum ) . Cambodia and Burma have also been suggested as possible refuges for the martin , but there has also been speculation on whether it is migratory at all .
= = Behaviour = =
Since its breeding grounds are undiscovered , nothing is known about the white @-@ eyed river martin 's breeding biology , although it is suggested that it may nest in burrows in river sandbars , probably in April or May before the monsoon rain raises water levels . However , distinct differences in foot and toe morphology from its African relative have led some authorities to speculate that even the assumption that it nests in burrows could be incorrect . In winter , it roosts with barn swallows in reed beds .
Like other swallows , the white @-@ eyed river martin feeds on insects , including beetles , which are caught on the wing . Given its size and unusual mouth structure , it may well take larger insects than other swallows . This species is described as graceful and buoyant in flight , and , like its African relative , appears reluctant to use perches , behaviour that , together with its unusual toe @-@ shape and the fact that mud was found on the toes of one of the first specimens , suggest that this species may be relatively terrestrial .
Pamela C. Rasmussen suggested that , given its unusually large eyes , the species might be nocturnal or at least crepuscular , a factor that could make it very inconspicuous , and thus partly explain how it remained undetected for so long . Although the fact that the first specimens were supposedly collected roosting at night in reedbeds might appear to contradict this theory , it is possible that the birds might not have been caught at the roost . Alternatively , they might be capable of both diurnal and nocturnal behaviour , or be crepuscular , depending on the season or circumstance .
= = Status = =
The white @-@ eyed river martin was seen in Thailand in 1972 , 1977 and 1980 , but not definitely since , although there is an unconfirmed sighting from Thailand from 1986 . It is classified as Critically Endangered , which is the highest risk category assigned by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) for wild species . The designation means that a species ' numbers have decreased , or will decrease , by 80 % within three generations . The IUCN does not consider a species extinct until extensive targeted surveys have been conducted , but the white @-@ eyed river martin may well no longer exist in the wild , and was probably always rare .
There has been a drastic decline in the Bueng Boraphet swallow population from the hundreds of thousands reported to roost around 1970 to maximum counts of 8 @,@ 000 made in the winter of 1980 – 1981 , although it is not certain if this represents a real decline or a shift in site in response to hunting . Other potential causes for the martin 's decline include the disturbance of sand bars in the rivers , and the construction of dams ( which flood the area upstream and change the water flow downstream ) , deforestation , and increasing conversion of its habitat to agriculture . Other Southeast Asian species using riverine sand bars have also been adversely affected by disturbance and habitat degradation . Very few swallows of any kind now roost in the Bueng Boraphet reedbeds , preferring sugarcane plantations , and , despite searching , the white @-@ eyed river martin has not been found in other nearby large swallow roosts .
The martin is legally protected under Appendix 1 ( the highest category ) of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITES ) agreement , and is one of 15 " Reserved Species " in Thailand which , under the provisions of the Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act , BE 2535 , cannot be legally hunted , collected , or kept in captivity under any circumstances . Despite official protection , the martin was captured by locals along with other swallows for sale as food or for release by devout Buddhists , and following its discovery by ornithologists , trappers were reported to have caught as many as 120 individuals and sold them to the director of the Nakhon Sawan Fisheries Station who was unable to keep them alive in captivity . Two birds sent to Bangkok Zoo in 1971 also soon died . The small population may therefore have become non @-@ viable .
Bueng Boraphet has been declared a Non @-@ Hunting Area in an effort to protect the species , but surveys to find this martin have been unsuccessful . These include several searches at the main site , a 1969 survey of the Nan , Yom and Wang Rivers of northern Thailand , and a 1996 survey of rivers in northern Laos . A possible sighting was made in Cambodia in 2004 , but a 2008 investigation using speedboat surveys and interviews with villagers in Cambodia near the location of the claimed sighting failed to find any positive evidence , and noted that the habitat was in poor condition . Nevertheless , animals as a large as the saola have been rediscovered in Southeast Asia , so it is conceivable that a small population of the martin survives . Despite the lack of records from China , a 2000 field guide covering the region included this species , since it is the mostly likely breeding area outside Thailand , although it is omitted from the 2008 Birds of East Asia .
The white @-@ eyed river martin and the Deignan 's babbler , Stachyridopsis rodolphei , are the only bird species endemic to Thailand , and the martin has attracted sufficient interest to be featured on a 75 satang postage stamp in 1975 , as one of a set of four depicting Thai birds , and on a 5 @,@ 000 Thai baht conservation issue gold coin in 1974 .
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= Italian battleship Vittorio Emanuele =
Vittorio Emanuele was an Italian pre @-@ dreadnought battleship , laid down in 1901 , launched in 1904 and completed in 1908 . She was the second member of the Regina Elena class , which included three other vessels : Regina Elena , Napoli , and Roma . Vittorio Emmanuele was armed with a main battery of two 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns and twelve 8 in ( 200 mm ) guns . She was quite fast for the period , with a top speed of nearly 21 knots ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) .
Vittorio Emmaneule saw action in the Italo @-@ Turkish War as the flagship of the 1st Division . During the war , she participated in operations in Cyrenaica and the eastern Mediterranean Sea , including the seizure of the islands of Rhodes and the Dodecanese . She served during the First World War , but saw no combat during the war due to the hesitance of both the Italian and Austro @-@ Hungarian navies to risk their capital ships in pitched battle . She remained in service as a training ship until 1923 , when she was stricken from the naval register and broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
Vittorio Emanuele was 144 @.@ 6 meters ( 474 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 22 @.@ 4 m ( 73 ft ) and a maximum draft of 8 @.@ 58 m ( 28 @.@ 1 ft ) . She displaced 13 @,@ 914 metric tons ( 13 @,@ 694 long tons ; 15 @,@ 338 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical triple expansion engines rated at 19 @,@ 424 indicated horsepower ( 14 @,@ 484 kW ) . Steam for the engines was provided by twenty @-@ eight coal @-@ fired Belleville boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 21 @.@ 36 knots ( 39 @.@ 56 km / h ; 24 @.@ 58 mph ) and a range of approximately 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 18 @,@ 520 km ; 11 @,@ 508 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Vittorio Emanuele had a crew of 742 – 764 officers and enlisted men .
As built , the ship was armed with two 12 in ( 305 mm ) 40 @-@ caliber guns placed in two single gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The ship was also equipped with twelve 8 in ( 203 mm ) 40 @-@ cal. guns in six twin turrets amidships . Close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats was provided by a battery of sixteen 3 in ( 76 mm ) 40 @-@ cal. guns . She was also equipped with two 17 @.@ 7 in ( 450 mm ) torpedo tubes placed in the hull below the waterline . Vittorio Emanuele was protected with Krupp steel manufactured in Terni . The main belt was 9 @.@ 8 in ( 249 mm ) thick , and the deck was 1 @.@ 5 in ( 38 mm ) thick . The conning tower was protected by 10 in ( 254 mm ) of armor plating . The main battery guns had 8 in ( 203 mm ) thick plating , and the 8 @-@ inch gun turrets had 6 in ( 152 mm ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
Vittorio Emanuele was built by the Castellammare di Stabia shipyard ; her keel was laid on 18 September 1901 . The ship was launched on 12 October 1904 , and construction was completed on 1 August 1908 . Vittorio Emanuele served in the active duty squadron through 1910 , by which time her three sisters had been completed , bringing the total number of front @-@ line battleships to six , which also included the two Regina Margherita @-@ class battleships . The active duty squadron was typically in service for seven months of the year for training ; the rest of the year they were placed in reserve .
= = = Italo @-@ Turkish War = = =
On 29 September 1911 , Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in order to seize Libya . Vittorio Emanuele served as the flagship of Vice Admiral Augusto Aubry , the commander of the 1st Division throughout the conflict . On 30 September , Vittorio Emanuele , her sister Roma , and the armored cruiser Pisa cruised in the Aegean Sea , searching for the Ottoman training squadron that had departed Beirut for Constantinople two days before , and did not know that war had been declared . The Italian flotilla failed to locate its prey , which managed to safely reach Constantinople .
On 18 October , Vittorio Emanuele and her three sisters , along with three cruisers and several destroyers and torpedo boats escorted a convoy that carried half of the 2nd Infantry Division to Benghazi . When the Ottomans refused to surrender the city before the amphibious assault , the Italian fleet opened fire on the Turkish defenders at 08 : 00 , while landing parties from the ships and the Army infantry went ashore . The Italians quickly forced the Ottomans to withdraw into the city by evening . After a short siege , the Ottoman forces withdrew on 29 October , leaving the city to the Italians .
By December , Vittorio Emanuele and the other ships of the 1st Squadron were dispersed in the ports of Cyrenaica . Vittorio Emanuele , Pisa , and the protected cruisers Etruria and Etna were stationed in Tobruk . While there , they supported the Italian Army as it occupied the city and surrounding area by contributing landing parties and providing fire support to the ground troops . In early 1912 , most of the fleet had withdrawn to Italy for repairs and refit , leaving only a small force of cruisers and light craft to patrol the North African coast . On 4 March , Aubry died while aboard his flagship ; Admiral Luigi Faravelli replaced him as the squadron commander .
On 13 April , the 1st Division left Taranto , bound for the island of Rhodes . Meanwhile , the 3rd Division escorted a convoy of troopships from Tobruk to the island . The Italian heavy ships demonstrated off the city of Rhodes while the transports landed the expeditionary force 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the south on 4 May ; the soldiers quickly advanced on the city , supported by artillery fire from the Italian fleet . The Turks surrendered the city the following day . Between 8 and 20 May , Vittorio Emanuele was involved in the seizure of several islands in the Dodecanese between Crete , Rhodes , and Samos .
In June , Vittorio Emanuele and the rest of the 1st Division was stationed at Rhodes . Over the next two months , the ships cruised in the Aegean to prevent the Turks from attempting to launch their own amphibious operations to retake the islands Italy had seized in May . The 1st Division returned to Italy in late August for repairs and refitting , and were replaced by the battleships of the 2nd Squadron . The 1st Division left port on 14 October , but was recalled later that day , when the Ottomans had agreed to sign a peace treaty to end the war .
= = = World War I = = =
Italy declared neutrality after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but by July 1915 , the Triple Entente had convinced the Italians to enter the war against the Central Powers . The Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , Italy 's traditional naval rival , was the primary opponent in the conflict . The Italian Naval Chief of Staff , Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel , believed that an active fleet policy was prohibited by the serious threat from submarines in the confined waters of the Adriatic Sea . Instead , Revel decided to implement blockade at the southern end of the Adriatic with the battle fleet , while smaller vessels , such as the MAS boats conducted raids on Austro @-@ Hungarian ships and installations . Meanwhile , Revel 's capital ships would be preserved to confront the Austro @-@ Hungarian battle fleet in the event that it sought a decisive engagement . As a result , the ship was not particularly active during the war .
During the war , Vittorio Emanuele and her three sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division . They spent much of the war rotating between the bases at Taranto , Brindisi , and Valona , but did not see combat . On 14 – 15 May 1917 , three light cruisers of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy raided the Otranto Barrage ; in the ensuring Battle of the Strait of Otranto , Vittorio Emanuele and her sisters raised steam to assist the Allied warships , but the Italian commander refused to permit them to join the battle for fear of risking their loss in the submarine @-@ infested Adriatic .
After the end of the war , Vittorio Emanuele was used as a training ship for a short period . In the summer of 1922 , she was in Constantinople when the American destroyer USS Bulmer accidentally collided with a cutter from Vittorio Emanuele , causing minor damage to the boat . Then @-@ Lieutenant Joseph J. Clark , Bulmer 's executive officer , came aboard Vittorio Emanuele to apologize for the incident .
In early 1922 , the world 's major navies , including Italy , signed the Washington Naval Treaty . According to the terms of the treaty , Italy could keep Vittorio Emanuele and her three sisters , along with the newer dreadnought battleships . Due to the small size and age of the ships , particularly in comparison to the modern dreadnoughts , the Italians could have kept the ships in service indefinitely . They could not , however , be replaced by new battleships under the normal practice of the Treaty system , which provided for replacements after a ship was 20 years old . Vittorio Emanuele was stricken from the naval register on 1 April 1923 and subsequently broken up for scrap .
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= M @-@ 49 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 49 is a north – south state trunkline highway in the south @-@ central portion of the US state of Michigan . It runs from the Ohio state line north to Litchfield through rural Hillsdale County . M @-@ 49 is the only Michigan highway in which the road crossing into another state has the same state highway number . M @-@ 49 continues as State Route 49 ( SR 49 ) , near the Indiana – Michigan – Ohio tripoint south of Camden . The highway dates back to 1930 and was only altered once in the 1940s . M @-@ 49 runs through Southern Michigan farmlands connecting several small towns along its path .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 49 starts as the continuation of SR 49 into Michigan from Ohio . The highway crosses the state line south of Camden east of the tripoint with Indiana and Ohio . Running north through rural Hillsdale County , the roadway follows Edon Road through farm land . The highway follows two sweeping curves to cross Territorial Road and continue into the village of Camden . M @-@ 49 follows Main Street through town and turns northeasterly on the north side of the village on the way to Reading . Returning to a due @-@ north course , the highway crosses a branch of the Indiana Northeastern Railroad on the south side of Reading . The Edon Road name gives way to Main Street through the city . M @-@ 49 runs north out of Reading , once again called Edon Road , through farm lands dotted with occasional trees . At Weston Road on the southeast side of Allen , the highway turns to the northeast to a junction with US 12 ( Chicago Road ) . M @-@ 49 turns west along US 12 , running concurrently into the village . M @-@ 49 resumes its northerly course at Railroad Street , separating from US 12 in the process . Outside of town , the roadway changes names to Allen Road , and through more Southern Michigan farmland , M @-@ 49 runs north to Genesee Road . The highway turns east on Genesee to Anderson Road , and then north to Litchfield . Crossing into that city , M @-@ 49 follows Chicago Street to the intersection with M @-@ 99 downtown . At that junction , M @-@ 49 terminates nearly 25 @.@ 5 miles ( 41 @.@ 0 km ) north of the state line . No part of the highway has been listed on the National Highway System , a system of highways important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
M @-@ 49 was added to the state highway system in 1930 , running along its current routing between M @-@ 9 ( now M @-@ 99 ) in Litchfield and the Ohio state line south of Camden . Near the state line , the highway jogged along Territorial Road for a short distance to make the connection with the continuation of SR 49 . The second version of M @-@ 120 ran concurrently with M @-@ 49 on this section of Territorial Road starting in 1939 . This concurrency was removed in late 1946 or early 1947 when M @-@ 49 was realigned to smooth out the corners in the roadway at M @-@ 120 . The routing of M @-@ 49 has remained the same since . It is currently the only state highway that connects with a like @-@ numbered state highway from another state . The only other highways in Michigan to share a number with a cross @-@ border connection are components of the Interstate Highway System or the United States Numbered Highways .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Hillsdale County .
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= Huletts Landing , New York =
Huletts Landing is a hamlet in the town of Dresden in northern Washington County , New York , United States . A lakeside community on the eastern shore of Lake George in the Adirondack Mountains , Huletts Landing is located entirely within the Adirondack Park . There is only one roadway access to the hamlet , County Route 6 and its suffixed routes , which head north @-@ south . Huletts Landing is geographically located at 43 ° 38 ′ 21 ″ N 73 ° 30 ′ 25 ″ W and has approximately two centuries of written history .
The hamlet derives its name from the Hulett family , which resided in the area for several generations after Revolutionary War soldier David Hulett moved near the lakeside and began farming . In 1874 his descendant Philander Hulett built a boat landing , a general store , and a post office . This opened the scenic corner of the lake to steamship traffic and tourism . This suffered a major setback in 1915 when the hamlet 's largest hotel burned to its foundation , but tourism remained an important factor to the local economy . The town ( Dresden ) population , not Huletts Landing , is 695 , according to 2007 U.S. Census Bureau estimates .
= = History = =
The Hulett family appears to have been of French origin and came to North America to avoid religious persecution for their Huguenot beliefs . David Hulett , the founder of Huletts Landing , was born in Killingly , Connecticut c . 1758 – 1762 and served as a private under General James Wadsworth during the American Revolution . For three years the unit where Pvt. Hulett served fought mainly in upstate New York . Oral history asserts that David Hulett fought heroically at the Battle of Saratoga where he refused to leave the field despite an injury to his neck . The Hulett family settled near Lake George c . 1804 , possibly because of a land grant offered to veterans in lieu of wages for service . Along with Bolton , New York and Putnam , New York , Hulett 's Landing is one of three place names on Lake George relating with Wadsworth 's Connecticut brigade .
Until 1874 the Huletts Landing area was known as Bosom Bay . Successive generations of the Hulett family lived by farming the area until Philander Hulett began to develop the area in the 1870s by building a steamship landing and submitting an application to build a post office . The post office application is the earliest document to use the Huletts Landing name . The existing Lake George Steamboat Company , which delivered mail as well as passengers , probably required either a post office or a tourism facility in order to justify adding a new stop to its schedule . An influential travelogue by Rev. William Henry Harrison Murray was published in 1868 and praised the Adirondacks for the relaxing effects of its picturesque wilderness . The first railroad service into the region was also built in the 1870s . The application received approval and Philander Hulett built the post office shortly afterward , housed in the same building as the community 's first store . He served as postmaster until his death in 1883 , but sold his property .
According to George T. Kapusinski in his history of the area :
Part of Philander Hulett ’ s property would be sold to businessman John W. Hall , but the bulk of the real estate would pass first to C.W. Wentz , an executive with the Delaware and Hudson Railroad , next to entrepreneur Henry W. Buckell , and finally by the early part of the 20th century to William H. Wyatt , an owner of hotels . All of these successive owners saw their first and primary role as marketing the property as a tourist attraction .
The first Lakeside Inn was constructed for John W. Hall in 1877 – 1878 on a 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 0040 km2 ) lot . Although the only direct access to Huletts Landing was by ferry , a combination of train , coach , and ferry was normal for Adirondack vacationers of the period . Huletts Hotel grew from expansions on the original farmhouse until a fire destroyed it on 14 November 1915 . It was hastily rebuilt for the 1916 tourist season , but questions of arson arose , and led to trial . Tourism has continued to be a mainstay of the community 's economy . Adirondack Park was originally established in 1892 . In 1931 an eastward expansion brought Lake George and its communities within park boundaries .
= = Geography = =
Huletts Landing is located at coordinates 43 @.@ 38 ° N 73 @.@ 30 ° W / 43 @.@ 38 ; -73.30 . It is located on the northern shore of Lake George , which is a 32 @-@ mile ( 51 km ) lake in the Adirondacks . Huletts Landing is entirely situated within the Adirondack Park , which is the largest state park in the United States . Nearly two @-@ thirds of the property within the park 's formal range is privately owned with various land use restrictions .
The climate of Huletts Landing is diverse . On average , the coolest month is January , while the warmest is July . The highest monthly precipitation in the area , on average , occurs in August . The lowest recorded temperature was − 38 ° F ( − 39 ° C ) in 1979 , while the highest was 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) in 1953 .
= = Transportation = =
Huletts Landing is a remote hamlet , accessible by car only via Washington County Route 6 , which branches off of nearby New York State Route 22 . The main road is known as Huletts Landing Road , and spawns two suffixed routes which reach different parts of Huletts Landing . The first is County Route 6A , which is better known as Lands End Road , heads southward while the other , County Route 6B , which is better known as Bluff Head Road , brings the traveler northward , to locations such as Washington County Park and Huletts Landing Marina . Huletts Landing County Park is also on CR 6B .
The airport at Burlington , Vermont is approximately one @-@ hour drive from the eastern section of Adirondack Park , where Huletts Landing is located . A smaller airport within Adirondack Park is Adirondack Regional Airport in Saranac Lake .
= = Tourism = =
The area sees most of its tourism during the summer and the fall foliage season , virtually shutting down in winter . Nearby attractions include lake cruises , canoeing , golf , and hiking . Historic attractions of Huletts Landing also included hunting and local proprietors of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provided weekly fireworks displays during tourist season .
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= Hello Good Morning =
" Hello Good Morning " is a song by American rapper and producer Diddy and his band Dirty Money , from their debut album , Last Train to Paris . It was released from March 30 , 2010 as the album 's third single . The electronic dance song incorporates an acid squelch section in the middle 8 , ad was written by Marcella Araica , Richard Butler , Clifford " T.I. " Harris and Nathaniel " Danja " Hills who also produced the song . T.I. has a featured rap on the song . The song 's musical composition was inspired by Diddy 's experiences in Ibiza night clubs ; its lyrics focus around sex and money . Three official remixes were released alongside the main single : the Official Remix with Rick Ross & Nicki Minaj , the " Grime Remix " with Skepta , and a " Team UK remix " with Tinchy Stryder and Tinie Tempah . Critics noted the track as one of the better songs from Last Train to Paris , particularly for Danja 's production , but criticized the lyrics for being superficial and for lacking substance .
" Hello Good Morning " was promoted with several live television performances including on season nine of American Idol and Friday Night with Jonathan Ross , amongst others . An accompanying music video , filmed by Hype Williams , features Diddy – Dirty Money parting in Los Angeles , with T.I. enjoying the company of two ladies in an apartment and Diddy driving through the city at night . It was inspired by the 1995 film Heat . An edited version of the clip was made for the official remix , and a completely new street party @-@ themed video was filmed for the grime remix . At the time of release , " Hello Good Morning " became the album and group 's first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 , reaching No. 27 . Commercially , the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for selling in excess of 500 @,@ 000 copies . Internationally , the single peaked at No. 22 in UK , and was particularly successful on the German Black Chart and UK R & B Chart , reaching number one and number eight respectively .
= = Composition = =
" Hello Good Morning " was written by Marcella Araica , Richard Butler , T.I. , Nathaniel " Danja " Hills . The song which features T.I. , and was produced by Danja , is an electro @-@ dance song influenced by Diddy 's experiences in Ibiza where he visited the DC10 nightclub . The music influences included " Felix da Housecat , Erick Morillo , Deep Dish and DJ Hell " . According to Rap @-@ Up magazine , the lyrics refer to " keeping a party going till early hours of the morning " and see Diddy return to using his signature ad @-@ libs . Nicki Escudero from The Phoenix New Times noted the song 's superficial themes which included lyrics about " sex , money and cheating " Brandon Soderberg from The Village Voice noted the song 's bridge where there was an " epic acid @-@ squelch breakdown " .
= = Remixes = =
Several official remixes were released alongside the video to promote the song . The first of these remixes added an introduction verse from rapper Rick Ross and then a new verse later in the song from female rapper , Nicki Minaj . Labelled the " Official Remix " , it was released in the United States on June 29 , 2010 for digital download . A music video for this version was created by adding additional footage to the original video . It premiered on June 21 , 2010 . A second remix featuring just Ross 's additional verse was used for the song 's main music video which premiered on May 11 , 2010 A third remix was made for the UK , titled the " Team UK Remix " . This version featured Tinie Tempah and Tinchy Stryder in place of Minaj and Ross . It premiered on June 11 , 2010 on Tim Westwood 's Radio 1Xtra daytime show Westwood . It was released as track two on the UK Digital EP single , released June 20 , 2010 . A final remix was created after Diddy highlighted his intent to find a UK emcee to record a new version of the song with him . Skepta was chosen for the remix , which was released as the " Official Grime Remix " . It is the only remix which alters the song 's production , and was released only in the UK , on August 12 , 2010 . A video for the grime remix was released on November 5 , 2010 . On January 5 , 2010 , MTV reported the emergence of a new remix of " Hello Good Morning " . The new remix replaces T.I. ' s vocals with a new verse from Eminem . D.L. Chandler from MTV said " Slim Shady ’ s humorous verses sound right at home over producer Danja ’ s club @-@ ready banger . "
= = Critical reception = =
In a review by USA Today , " Hello Good Morning " was picked out as one of the best three songs on the Last Train to Paris . Nick Levine of Digital Spy gave the song three out of five stars in his review for the song , stating that although Dirty Money promised a new sound the song sounded like " Timba – pop , albeit one with a better @-@ than @-@ average hook . " He continued , " in Diddy 's final @-@ minute rap , [ it 's ] a reminder of how he jump @-@ started his journey towards a reported $ 300m fortune and a butler called Fonzworth Bentley . " Matt from Above & Beyond said it was the Danja @-@ produced beat and the T.I. feature that make the song good . Fraser McAlpine of BBC Music said " Diddy seems to have abandoned conventional rapping in favour of some Kanye – style automooing . He 's quite good at it , too . Adds a certain nasal edge to proceedings . There 's a middle bit , and it 's like nothing else in the song ... It sounds more like someone doing the " I 've lost my keys " song , just before they leave the house in the morning . The odd thing is that it was left in there . I mean if minimal is your bag , surely that 'd be the first bit to cut ? " He awarded in four out of five stars . Becky Bain of Idolator was also positive about the song , saying , " Lyrically and stylistically , it ’ s a pretty standard club track — over various synth beats , the song covers the usual topics : hot girls dancing , crowds waiting to have fun , and spending time in a five star suite with some five star freaks getting high all week ... But honestly , we ’ re just overjoyed this song isn ’ t just a thinly @-@ veiled four @-@ minute commercial for any one of Diddy ’ s various products . "
However Nicki Escudero of the Phoenix New Times said that although the song was good for what it is , it lacked substance . " Now that Diddy @-@ Dirty Money has had success with a superficial track about money , sex and cheating , here 's hoping the group will release a deeper song about something more meaningful . Unfortunately , hope can only go so far . " Meanwhile , Michael Cragg from The Guardian 's music blog commented that the UK remix featuring Skepta salvages what would otherwise be a boring Diddy track . " Thankfully , UK grime king , Skepta , has rescued the song by pushing Diddy to the periphery – his flow consists of going ' uh ' , ' Skepta ' and spelling out ' D.I.D.D.Y. # – setting off a smorgasbord of sonic explosions , tightening the whole thing up and making it sound a lot darker and more thrilling than a host of US producers could manage . Skepta also drops the following immortal line in the first verse : ' I like tea , but I don 't like crumpets . ' A man after my own heart . "
= = Chart performance = =
Two weeks after Diddy – Dirty Money 's appearance on American Idol , " Hello Good Morning " debuted on the U.S. Hot Digital Songs chart at No. 17 , and the single debuted on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 at No. 34 . Eventually the song peaked at No. 27 on the Hot 100 in the chart week dated July 24 , 2010 . At the time of its charting , it was the first single from Last Train to Paris to appear on the Billboard Hot 100 . Consequently , the song became Diddy 's best charting Hot 100 single since his 2007 hit single " Last Night " with Keyshia Cole , as well as his eleventh top @-@ thirty Hot 100 single . In comparison , " Hello Good Morning " is Dawn Richard 's second lowest charting Hot 100 single , but first appearance on the chart since 2008 's " Damaged " as part of girlgroup , Danity Kane . For Kalenna Harper , it is her first Hot 100 chart appearance . T.I. , who is featured on the song , received his highest Hot 100 chart peak , since his 2009 single " Dead and Gone " with Justin Timberlake . On August 18 , 2010 , the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the single gold for selling at least 500 @,@ 000 copies . On the official end of year charts , compiled by Billboard , " Hello Good Morning " ranked at No. 29 on the U.S. Hot Rap Songs chart and No. 65 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart .
Additionally the single proved successful on urban charts around the world . " Hello Good Morning " peaked at No. 8 on the U.S. Hot Rap Songs chart and No. 13 on the U.S. Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . In Germany , it topped the Deutsche Black Charts ( German Black Charts ) while reaching top @-@ ten on the United Kingdom 's R & B Singles Chart and No. 24 on Australia 's Urban Singles Chart . On the main singles charts , the song was most successful in the UK , where it charted at No. 22 on the UK Singles Chart . At the time of release , it became T.I. ' s best UK charting single since 2009 's " Dead and Gone " , and his overall joint sixth @-@ best charting UK single along with 2006 's " Why You Wanna " . In the rest of Europe the single had mixed success , reaching the top @-@ twenty in Belgium , on both the Ultratip Flemish and Wallonian single charts . In Canada the single managed to chart at No. 55 , and in Australia it peaked at No. 44 . According to a press release by Interscope Records , as of March 25 , 2011 , " Hello Good Morning " has sold 1 million digital downloads worldwide .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and concept = = =
The music video for " Hello Good Morning " was directed by Hype Williams , and premiered on May 11 , 2010 , through the group 's official VEVO account . Later on May 23 , 2010 , a behind the scenes video was released , revealing that the video was filmed in Agua Dulce , California and Los Angeles . Swizz Beatz , Rico Love and Rick Ross all make cameos in the video . The video uses a remix of the song which is the same as the album version , but features an introduction rap from Ross . Dawn Richard said the concept of the video was based on the 1995 film Heat starring Robert De Niro and Al Pacino . T.I. ' s scenes were amongst the last to be filmed , and took place in an apartment in Bel Aire , CA .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The opening scene begins with panoramic camera shots of a helicopter flying over Los Angeles , at night . Then during Rick Ross 's verse the female members of the group appear posing in the background while Ross raps for the camera . Swizz Beatz and Rico Love make cameos alongside Ross . In a third scene , Diddy can be seen driving through the city at night in a black Bugatti Veyron . For the song 's chorus , Dawn Richard and Kalenna Harper take the lead , ordering drinks in a bar and enjoying the night club . A forth scene for T.I. ' s verse sees the camera focus on T.I. serenading two women in an apartment . Throughout the video the images flicker between the various scenes . In the final part of the video , and during the bridge , all three members of the group appear outside against a backdrop of thick smoke and bright red fireworks . There is a final flash of fireworks before the camera fades completely , to black .
= = = Remix videos = = =
The official remix video premiered on June 21 , 2010 , this version features Rick Ross and Nicki Minaj . The music video takes footage from the original version , but adds several new scenes . When Diddy drives through LA at night , the scene was refilmed with Minaj as his front seat passenger . Additionally there is another new scene where Minaj , in a blue curly wig , raps some of her verse against a dark backdrop . For the " Grime Remix " of the song , a completely new video was filmed Glasgow , Scotland on November 5 , 2010 and features cameos from Boy Better Know & Chipmunk . In this version , Diddy @-@ Dirty Money and Skepta pose for the camera in an elevator before joining Chipmunk and Boy Better Know , backstage at a gig . The cameras follow the group and their guests as they move around backstage partying and walking the streets at night .
= = Live performances = =
Diddy – Dirty Money performed " Hello Good Morning " live for the first time on March 31 , 2010 , on the ninth season of American Idol . The next performance did not come until June 4 , 2010 , this time on Good Morning America . They then reprised the performance five days later on French TV show , Le Grand Journal . On June 12 , 2010 , the group performed ( with guest drummer Matt Helders of Arctic Monkeys ) on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . Dirty Money later performed " Hello Good Morning " at the 2010 Teen Choice Awards on August 9 , 2010 .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
" Hello Good Morning " was recorded at Chalice Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California and mixed at Larrabee Studios in Universal City , California .
Marcella Araica – songwriter , engineer
Richard " Rico Love " Butler – songwriter , vocal production
Smith Carlson – assistant engineer
Sean " Diddy " Combs – lead vocals
Steve " Rock Star " Dickey – engineer
Clifford " T.I. " Harris – songwriter , featured vocals
Nathaniel " Danja " Hills – songwriter , producer , instruments
Jaycen Joshua – mixing
Giancarlo Lino – mixing
Dirty Money ( Dawn Richard , Kalenna Harper ) – lead vocals , vocal production
Jared Newcomb – assistant engineer
Edward Sanders – assistant engineer
Matthew Testa – engineer
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Radio and release history = =
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= Living River Siam =
Living River Siam ( Thai : โครงการแม ่ น ้ ำเพื ่ อชีวิต ; formerly South East Asia Rivers Network , or SEARIN ) is a Thai non @-@ governmental organization ( NGO ) which analyzes the impact of Thailand 's various dam projects and coordinates the research of indigenous peoples to give Thai villagers the power to document the influence of local rivers and dams . Founded in 1999 , it gained prominence during the Pak Mun Dam study period in 2001 , when it developed a method for instructing villagers on how to document the effects of the dammed river on their lives . When the Thai government proposed other dam sites , Living River Siam took its research methods to the villages surrounding those sites as well . Today , the organization works with other NGOs in Southeast Asia to counter government @-@ sponsored research that encourages dam construction .
= = Pak Mun Dam protests = =
Living River Siam was launched on March 14 , 1999 , the International Rivers Day of Action , by a group of NGO workers and Thai academics . Its first action , on March 23 , was to support an occupation of the Pak Mun Dam site by 5 @,@ 000 villagers . The Pak Mun Dam , funded partially by the World Bank , was built in 1994 and slowly became the focus of national controversy . It received widespread complaints from Thai villagers and was the focus of the Assembly of the Poor 's 99 @-@ day , 20 @,@ 000 @-@ person protest in Bangkok in 1997 . The dam generates 0 @.@ 5 percent of Thailand 's electric capacity ; 40 percent of Thailand 's total electric capacity goes unused on an everyday basis .
On June 16 , 2001 , the Thai government under Thaksin Shinawatra agreed to open the sluice gates of the Pak Mun Dam for four months to allow studies to be conducted on its social impact ; this was later extended to 13 months . Coinciding with this agreement , the government announced that official studies would be conducted by Ubon Ratchathani University and a private team contracted by the National Economic and Social Development Board . The university received a budget of 10 million baht ( roughly US $ 280 @,@ 000 ) , and the government contractors , alleged to be the same group that recommended damming another river , received 94 million baht ( roughly US $ 2 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 ) , raising suspicions . Villagers thought that outside academics would not be able to make an objective or accurate study of the river because they were unfamiliar with local fish migration and habitats .
= = Thai Baan research = =
In response , Living River Siam developed Ngan Wijai Thai Baan ( งานวิจัยไทบ ้ าน ) , or " research by Thai villagers " . This research is meant to circumvent the traditional approach to anthropological study by allowing villagers to investigate and document , in their own language and on their own terms , every aspect of their life on the river . The only function of the overseeing organization is to compile the villagers ' data and publish it for others to read . Living River Siam refers to this in English as " Thai Baan research " .
The Mun River research documented the spawning grounds , migration patterns , habitats , and preferred baits of 137 species of fish . Originally , there were 265 species in the river ; 220 of these disappeared when the river was dammed , and only 92 reappeared when the sluice gates were opened , meaning that the diversity of the Mun ecosystem had already been severely reduced by the dam . There were 104 species that migrated between the Mekong and Mun rivers , meaning the dam endangered the Mekong 's ecosystem as well . Thai villagers took photos of all the fish and counted the number of fish caught before and after the opening of the gates . Over 200 villagers volunteered for the study , and divided themselves up into groups to survey the sub @-@ ecosystems of rapids , channels , eddies , small waterfalls , drinking wells , don islands , bok hin pools , khum pools , wang pools , huu holes , lhum hin stone pockets , kon shallows , kan underwater rapids , and luang fishing grounds .
The use of small and large fish in the local economy was analyzed . Researchers found that while the less common large fish are sold for profit , the diet of Pak Mun villagers consisted mostly of small fish which can be caught in both the wet and dry seasons . Small fish are eaten , sold , and traded with the hill peoples for rice .
The villages documented changes in their towns as a result of the opening of the sluice gates . Fishermen who had been forced to leave for the city returned to their homes , the increase in fish caused a boom in the rural economy , in fishing and tourism . Villagers were able to hold religious ceremonies in important riverside spaces .
= = = Government reaction and other responses = = =
The results of the Thai Baan research were supported by several academics , including Niti Pawakapan of Chulalongkorn University . The Ubon Ratchathani University study also recommended keeping the sluice gates open for at least five years . However , the Thai government rejected all of the studies for unclear reasons and instead conducted a three @-@ day opinion poll of a random sample of Thais , after which it decided that the gates would stay closed for eight out of twelve months of the year . In 2007 , Prime Minister Surayud Chulanont decided to close the gates permanently , citing an alleged secret agreement between thousands of villagers and the Internal Security Operations Command .
The response from non @-@ governmental organizations has been more favorable . The Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Programme ( MWBP ) , an international alliance managed by the United Nations Development Programme and World Conservation Union , has published a study on the methodology of Thai Baan research and coordinated their own study in Sri Songkham district in 2004 , concluding that it was more useful than top @-@ down styles of village research . The study overseen by the MWBP was cited in an academic journal and submitted to an international conference . Living River Siam 's spokesperson Pianporn Deetes was invited to a United Nations Environment Programme conference on dams .
In 2002 the Thai government ’ s department of irrigation met the demands of Living River Siam and the Assembly of the Poor with a promise to halt all future dam projects , which was accepted with cautious optimism . To circumvent the issue of domestic damming , in 2007 the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand ( EGAT ) announced plans to build a series of dams on Burma 's Salween River along its border with Thailand . Living River Siam opposed this plan , citing the threat of environmental destruction in Burma 's Shan , Karenni , and Karen states as well as Mae Hong Son Province .
= = Additional research = =
Since 2004 , Living River Siam has employed its research methods in other threatened locations across rural Thailand .
= = = Amphoe Chiang Khong = = =
The Mekong River remained free of dams until 1993 because of its complex system of rapids which wreck boats , and the unusual monsoon season which reverses the course of some of its branches . In 2004 , the Thai government made an agreement with China to open the river to commercial navigation by destroying rapids , which Thai Baan research had identified as important fish spawning grounds . On the Chinese side , dams were constructed . Living River Siam gathered additional Thai Baan surveys from 146 villagers in Amphoe Chiang Khong , which determined that the blasting of rapids had made the river water unsuitable for drinking and bathing , washed away many local riverside gardens , and decimated the populations of local plants and fish . In response to the 2004 studies , the Thai government suspended blasting on one of the rapids , the Khon Pi Luang .
= = = Kaeng Sua Ten = = =
In 2006 , in response to renewed plans for dam construction in Kaeng Sua Ten , Living River Siam released a report on the people of Sa @-@ iap , Amphoe Song , Phrae Province ( part of Mae Yom National Park ) , based on their own experiences and history . It was called Chaobaan research , but the methodology was equivalent to the Thai Baan research . The report examined the ecosystem of the residents of Sa @-@ iap , the vegetables and fungi they subsisted on , medicinal herbs they used , local fauna , wood resources , and their culture .
The report divided Sa @-@ iap history into four periods . Before 1937 , the village was self @-@ sustaining and used both farming and gathering for the overwhelming majority of its needs . In 1937 , the Thai government allowed private companies to log the forest , destroying part of the villages ' infrastructure . In 1957 , the villagers entered the employ of the logging companies , causing internal and external conflict as well as increased reliance on unsustainable practices . Finally , in 1991 the villagers formed a conservation group , the Forest Lover Group , which the Chaobaan researchers agreed cut down on conflict . The mood of the villages has returned to one of mutual assistance and traditional customs .
= = = Rasi Salai Dam = = =
The Rasi Salai Dam was completed in 1994 , around the same time as the Pak Mun Dam , and received similar local complaints . The dam 's central reservoir was occupied for two years by villagers , until a July 2000 decision opened the sluice gates . From 2003 to 2004 , Living River Siam coordinated Thai Baan research in three districts : Amphoe Rasi Salai , Amphoe Rattanaburi , and Amphoe Phon Sai . The report examined village culture , ecology , biodiversity , agriculture , and food and water management . The impact of the closing and opening of the sluice gates was also examined . It was concluded that the dam reduced fish populations , but more importantly , flooded natural salt pits and spread them into rice and vegetable fields , destroying trees and crops . The government has not made a commitment to keep the Rasi Salai Dam out of commission , but as of 2008 the gates have not yet been closed .
= = = Mekong flooding = = =
In 2005 , and again in 2008 , the Mekong River flooded its banks , damaging hundreds of rural villages . Living River Siam joined with other NGOs to form the Thai People 's Network for Mekong , which pointed to dams in China as the primary cause of the flooding . An intergovernmental working group called the Mekong River Commission opposed these claims , saying China 's dams had little to do with the flood , although they also pressed China for data on the floodwaters . The back @-@ and @-@ forth was covered heavily in Thai press , which gave ample space to the statements of the People 's Network .
= = Seminars , coordination , and publications = =
Beginning in 2006 , Living River Siam began training other grassroots organizations in Thai Baan research , beginning with the Vietnam Rivers Network and expanding to a Chinese group in 2007 . In 2008 they worked with the Burma Rivers Network to conduct research on the Salween River . They also assisted a United Nations @-@ funded NGO , the Mekong Wetlands Biodiversity Programme ( MWBP ) , with running Thai Baan research in 2004 . Living River Siam , along with the MWBP , organizes cross @-@ basin coordination between Thai Baan research groups .
Living River Siam has compiled the research and oral accounts of Thai villagers into many publications , which they make available on their website . Its published books document local knowledge about fish , the results of village research , a how @-@ to manual for Thai Baan research , and citizens ' guides to defending Thai rivers and communities . They also have produced posters of fish species and dams , pamphlets on fishing gear , and short documentaries about the river .
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= Battle of the Plains of Abraham =
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham , also known as the Battle of Quebec , ( Bataille des Plaines d 'Abraham or Première bataille de Québec in French ) was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years ' War ( referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States ) . The battle , which began on 13 September 1759 , was fought by the British Army and Navy against the French Army on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City , on land that was originally owned by a farmer named Abraham Martin , hence the name of the battle . The battle involved fewer than 10 @,@ 000 troops between both sides , but proved to be a deciding moment in the conflict between France and Britain over the fate of New France , influencing the later creation of Canada .
The culmination of a three @-@ month siege by the British , the battle lasted about 15 minutes . British troops commanded by General James Wolfe successfully resisted the column advance of French troops and Canadien militia under General Louis @-@ Joseph , Marquis de Montcalm , employing new tactics that proved extremely effective against standard military formations used in most large European conflicts . Both generals were mortally wounded during the battle ; Wolfe received three gunshot wounds that ended his life within minutes of the beginning of the engagement and Montcalm died the next morning after receiving a musket ball wound just below his ribs . In the wake of the battle , the French evacuated the city ; their remaining military force in Canada and the rest of North America came under increasing pressure from British forces .
While the French forces continued to fight and prevailed in several battles after Quebec was captured , the British did not relinquish their hold on the virtually impregnable Citadelle . That tenacity carried over to other areas in North America ; within four years , France ceded most of its possessions in eastern North America to Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris .
The decisive success of the British forces and the subsequent capture of Quebec City formed part of what became known as the " Annus Mirabilis " in Great Britain .
= = Overview = =
As the Seven Years ' War entered its later stages through 1758 and 1759 , French forces and colonies in northeastern North America came under renewed attacks from British armies . In 1758 after defeat in July at the Battle of Carillon , the British took Louisbourg in August , causing Atlantic Canada to fall into British hands , and opening the sea route to attack Quebec . Fort Frontenac fell to the British in the same month , costing the French supplies for the Ohio Valley campaign . When some of the Indian supporters of the French made peace with the British , France was forced to draw its troops back . French leadership , specifically Governor de Vaudreuil and General Montcalm , were unsettled by the British successes . However , Quebec was still able to protect itself as the British prepared a three @-@ pronged attack for 1759 .
James Wolfe expected to lead 12 @,@ 000 men , but was greeted by only approximately 400 officers , 7 @,@ 000 regular troops , and 300 gunners . Wolfe 's troops were supported by a fleet of 49 ships and 140 smaller craft led by Admiral Charles Saunders .
In preparation for the fleet 's approach to Quebec , James Cook surveyed a large portion of the river , including a dangerous channel known as The Traverse . Cook 's ship was one of the first ships up the river , sounding the channel and guiding the fleet as it moved up , eventually landing Wolfe and his men on the Île d 'Orléans on 28 June . The French attempted to attack the fleet by sending seven fire ships downriver to disrupt the landing , but the ships fired too early and British sailors in longboats were able to pull the flaming craft clear of the fleet . The following day , Wolfe 's troops landed on the south bank of the river at Point Levis , nearly directly across the river from Quebec ; an artillery battery was established there in early July that nearly levelled the lower town by bombardment .
Despite an air of defeatism among the leadership , the professional French troops and New French militia defenders focused preparations for the British attacks on the Beauport Shore . Montcalm and his staff , Major @-@ General François de Gaston , Chevalier de Lévis , Colonel Louis Antoine de Bougainville , and Lieutenant @-@ Colonel de Sennezergue , distributed some 12 @,@ 000 troops in a nine @-@ kilometre @-@ long collection of fortified redoubts and batteries from the Saint @-@ Charles River to the Montmorency Falls , along the shallows of the river in areas that had previously been targeted by British attempts to land . Prior to the arrival of the British , a small fleet of supply ships had arrived in Quebec with much needed supplies . Those supplies , along with 500 reinforcements , were likely behind the lengthened siege .
Wolfe , on surveying the town of Beauport , found that the houses there had been barricaded and organized to allow for musket fire from within ; they were built in an unbroken line along the road , providing a formidable barrier . In addition , a screen of trees along the Montmorency River made an approach on that route dangerous . On 31 July , the first serious attempt by Wolfe 's troops to land on the northern shore led to the Battle of Beauport , also known as the Battle of Montmorency . Approximately 3 @,@ 500 troops , supported by a heavy bombardment , attempted to land , but were caught under fire in the river shallows . Members of the Louisbourg Grenadiers , who reached the beach , attempted a generally undisciplined charge on the French positions , but came under heavy fire ; a thunderstorm ended the fight and allowed Wolfe to pull his troops back after taking some 450 casualties to Montcalm 's 60 .
Some French officers felt the Montmorency defeat would be the last British attack ; Vaudreuil wrote afterwards that " I have no more anxiety about Quebec . Wolfe , I assure you , will make no progress … He contented himself with losing about five hundred of his best soldiers . " He predicted another attack would come within days . Others in the French camp felt the campaign was over .
For the remainder of the summer , Wolfe 's focus changed , possibly due to frustration with Montcalm 's tactics . His troops , along with American Rangers , attacked and destroyed small French settlements along the St. Lawrence . An estimated 1 @,@ 400 stone houses and manors were destroyed , and many colonists killed . The effort was likely an attempt to force Montcalm 's army out of its fortifications , but was unsuccessful . However , the attacks did reduce the amount of supplies available to the French , especially as the British navy , unable to control the St. Lawrence entirely , was successfully blockading the ports in France .
= = Preparations = =
Through the summer siege , illness spread through the British camps . In August , Wolfe himself was bedridden , causing already low morale to slump even further among the British troops . With many men in camp hospitals , British fighting numbers were thinned , and Wolfe personally felt that a new attack was needed by the end of September , or Britain 's opportunity would be lost . In addition , his frustration with Montcalm 's defensive stance continued to grow . In a letter to his mother , Wolfe wrote , " The Marquis of Montcalm is at the head of a great number of bad soldiers , and I am at the head of a small number of good ones that wish for nothing so much as to fight him ; but the wary old fellow avoids an action , doubtful of the behaviour of his army . " Montcalm also expressed frustration over the long siege , relating that he and his troops slept clothed and booted , and his horse was always saddled in preparation for an attack .
After considering and rejecting a number of plans for landings on the north shore , a decision was made in late August by Wolfe and his brigadiers to land upriver of the city . If successful , such a landing would force Montcalm to fight , as a British force on the north shore of the St. Lawrence would cut his supply lines to Montreal . Initial suggestions for landing sites ranged as far as 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) up the St. Lawrence , which would have given the French troops one or two days to prepare for the attack . Following the failed British assault on Montmorency , Montcalm altered his deployment , sending Bougainville and a column of approximately 1 @,@ 500 regular troops , 200 cavalry , and a group of New French militia — some 3 @,@ 000 men in all — upriver to Cap @-@ Rouge to monitor the British ships upstream . He further strengthened his defences of the Beauport shore following the abandonment of the British camp at Montmorency , which he regarded as preparations for a descent ( amphibious attack ) on Beauport . In spite of warnings from local commanders , he did not view an upstream landing as a serious possibility .
The British , meanwhile , prepared for their risky deployment upstream . Troops had already been aboard landing ships and drifting up and down the river for several days when Wolfe on 12 September , made a final decision on the British landing site , selecting L 'Anse @-@ au @-@ Foulon . L 'Anse @-@ au @-@ Foulon is a cove situated southwest of the city , three kilometres upstream from Cap Diamant . It lies at the bottom of a 53 @-@ metre ( 174 ft ) high cliff leading to the plateau above , and was protected by a battery of guns . It is not known why Wolfe selected Foulon , as the original landing site was to be further up the river , in a position where the British would be able to develop a foothold and strike at Bougainville 's force to draw Montcalm out of Quebec and onto the plains . Brigadier @-@ General George Townshend wrote that " by some intelligence the General had , he has changed his mind as to the place he intended to land . " In his final letter , dated HMS Sutherland , 8 : 30 p.m. 12 September , Wolfe wrote :
Wolfe 's plan of attack depended on secrecy and surprise . His plan required that a small party of men should land by night on the north shore , climb the tall cliff , seize a small road , and overpower the garrison that protected it , allowing the bulk of his army ( 5 @,@ 000 men ) to ascend the cliff by the small road and then deploy for battle on the plateau . Even if the first landing party succeeded in their mission and the army was able to follow , such a deployment would still leave his forces inside the French line of defense with no immediate retreat but the river . It is possible that Wolfe 's decision to change the landing site was owing less to a desire for secrecy and more to his general disdain for his brigadiers ( a feeling that was reciprocated ) ; it is also possible that he was still suffering the effects of his illness and the opiates he used as painkillers . Anderson believes Wolfe ordered the attack believing the advanced guard would be repulsed , and anticipated dying gallantly with his men rather than returning home in disgrace .
= = Landing = =
Bougainville , tasked with the defence of the large area between Cap Diamant and Cap Rouge , was upstream with his troops at Cap Rouge on the night of 12 September , and missed seeing numerous British ships moving downstream . A camp of approximately 100 militia led by Captain Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor , who had unsuccessfully faced the British four years previously at Fort Beauséjour , had been assigned to watch the narrow road at L 'Anse @-@ au @-@ Foulon which followed a streambank , the Coulée Saint @-@ Denis . On the night of 12 September and morning of 13 September , however , the camp may have contained as few as 40 men , as others were off harvesting . Vaudreuil and others had expressed their concern at the possibility of L 'Anse @-@ au @-@ Foulon being vulnerable , but Montcalm dismissed them , saying 100 men would hold off the army until daylight , remarking , " It is not to be supposed that the enemies have wings so that they can in the same night cross the river , disembark , climb the obstructed acclivity , and scale the walls , for which last operation they would have to carry ladders . "
Sentries did detect boats moving along the river that morning , but they were expecting a French supply convoy to pass that night — a plan that had been changed without Vergor being notified . When the boats , loaded with the first wave of British troops , were challenged , a French @-@ speaking officer , either a Captain Fraser or Captain Donald McDonald of the 78th Fraser Highlanders , was able to answer the challenge in excellent French , allaying suspicion .
The boats , however , had drifted slightly off course : instead of landing at the base of the road , many soldiers found themselves at the base of a slope . A group of 24 volunteers led by Colonel William Howe with fixed bayonets were sent to clear the picket along the road , and climbed the slope , a manoeuvre that allowed them to come up behind Vergor 's camp and capture it quickly . Wolfe followed an hour later when he could use an easy access road to climb to the plain . Thus , by the time the sun rose over the Plains of Abraham , Wolfe 's army had a solid foothold at the top of the cliffs .
= = Battle = =
The plateau was undefended save for Vergor 's camp , as Vaudreuil had ordered one of the French regiments to relocate to the east of the city not long before the landing . Had the immediate defenders been more numerous , the British might have been unable to deploy or even been pushed back . An officer who would normally have patrolled the cliffs regularly through the night was unable to on the night of the 12th because one of his horses had been stolen and his two others were lame . The first notice of the landing came from a runner who had fled from Vergor 's camp , but one of Montcalm 's aides felt the man was mad and sent him away , then went back to bed . Saunders had staged a diversionary action off Montmorency , firing on the shore emplacements through the night and loading boats with troops , many of them taken from field hospitals ; this preoccupied Montcalm .
Montcalm was taken aback to learn of the British deployment , and his response has been regarded as precipitate . Though he might have awaited reinforcement by Bougainville 's column ( allowing simultaneous frontal and rear attacks on the British position ) or avoided battle while he concentrated his forces , or even yielded the city to Wolfe , he instead elected to confront Wolfe 's force directly . Had he waited , the British would have been entirely cut off — they had nowhere to go but back down the Foulon , and would have been under fire the entire way . To an artillery officer named Montbelliard , Montcalm explained his decision thus : " We cannot avoid action ; the enemy is entrenching , he already has two pieces of cannon . If we give him time to establish himself , we shall never be able to attack him with the troops we have . "
= = = First engagements = = =
In total , Montcalm had 13 @,@ 390 regular troops , Troupes de la Marine , and militia available in Quebec City and along the Beauport shore , as well as 200 cavalry , 200 artillery ( including the guns of Quebec ) , 300 native warriors ( including many Odawa under Charles de Langlade ) , and 140 Acadian volunteers , but most of these troops did not participate in the action . Many of the militia were inexperienced ; the Acadian , Canadian , and indigenous irregulars were more used to guerilla warfare . By contrast , the British troops were almost all regulars .
On the morning of 13 September , Wolfe 's army formed a line first with their backs to the river , then spread out across the Plains with its right anchored by the bluff along the St. Lawrence and its left by a bluff and thick wood above the St. Charles River . While the regular French forces were approaching from Beauport and Quebec , the Canadian militia and native sharpshooters engaged the British left flank , sheltering in the trees and scrub ; the militia held these positions throughout the battle and fell back on this line during the general retreat , eventually holding the bridge over the St. Charles River .
The British troops , numbering approximately 3 @,@ 300 , formed into a shallow horseshoe formation that stretched across the width of the Plains , the main firing line being roughly one kilometre long . In order to cover the entire plain , Wolfe was forced to array his soldiers two ranks deep , rather than the more conventional three ranks . On the left wing , regiments under Townshend exchanged fire with the militia in the scrub and captured a small collection of houses and gristmill to anchor the line . The defenders pushed the British from one house , but were repelled and , in retreat , lit several houses on fire to keep them out of enemy hands . Smoke from these fires wound up masking the British left , and may have confused Montcalm as to the width of the lines . As Wolfe 's men waited for the defenders , the steady fire became intense enough that Wolfe ordered his men to lie down amid the high grass and brush .
As French troops arrived from Beauport , Montcalm , one of few mounted men on the field , decided that a swift assault was the only way to dislodge the British from their position . Accordingly , he deployed the forces immediately available in and near Quebec City and prepared an immediate attack , without waiting for further reinforcements from the Beauport shore . He arrayed his approximately 3 @,@ 500 soldiers into place , his best regulars three deep , others six deep and his poorest regiment in column . At approximately 10 a.m. , Montcalm , riding his dark horse and waving his sword to encourage his men , ordered a general advance on the British line .
As a European @-@ trained military leader , Montcalm 's instinct was for large , set @-@ piece battles in which regiments and soldiers moved in precise order . Such actions required a disciplined soldiery , painstakingly drilled for as long as 18 months on the parade ground , trained to march in time , change formation at a word , and retain cohesion in the face of bayonet charges and musket volleys . Though his regular regiments ( the " troupes de terre " or " metropolitans " ) were adept at such formal warfare , in the course of the campaign their ranks had been replenished by less professional militiamen , whose talents at forest warfare emphasised the individual : they tended to fire early and then drop to the ground to reload , thus reducing the effect of concentrated fire at close range .
= = = Battle on the plains = = =
As the French approached , the British lines held their fire . Wolfe had devised a firing method for stopping French column advances in 1755 that called for the centre — in this case , the 43rd and 47th Foot regiments — to hold fire while waiting for the advancing force to approach within 30 yards ( 27 m ) , then open fire at close range .
The French held their fire and both armies waited for two or three minutes . The French finally fired two disorganized volleys .
Wolfe had ordered his soldiers to charge their muskets with two balls each in preparation for the engagement . Captain John Knox , serving with the 43rd Foot , wrote in his journal that as the French came within range , the regiments " gave them , with great calmness , as remarkable a close and heavy discharge as I ever saw . " After the first volley , the British lines marched forward a few paces towards the shocked French force and fired a second general volley that shattered the attackers and sent them into retreat .
Wolfe , positioned with the 28th Foot and the Louisbourg Grenadiers , had moved to a rise to observe the battle ; he had been struck in the wrist early in the fight , but had wrapped the injury and continued on . Volunteer James Henderson , with the Louisbourg Grenadiers , had been tasked with holding the hill , and reported afterwards that within moments of the command to fire , Wolfe was struck with two shots , one low in the stomach and the second , a mortal wound in the chest . Knox wrote that one of the soldiers near Wolfe shouted " They run , see how they run . " Wolfe , on the ground , opened his eyes and asked who was running . Upon being told that the French had broken , he gave several orders , then turned on his side and said " Now , God be praised , I will die in peace " , and died .
With Wolfe dead and several other key officers injured , British troops fell into a disorganised pursuit of the retreating French troops . The 78th Fraser Highlanders were ordered by Brigadier @-@ General James Murray to pursue the French with their swords , but were met near the city by a heavy fire from a floating battery covering the bridge over the St. Charles River as well as militia that remained in the trees . The 78th took the highest number of casualties of all British units in the battle .
An eyewitness with the 78th Highlanders ( Dr. Robert Macpherson ) wrote three days after the battle :
The Highlanders pursued them to the very Sally Port of the town . The Highlanders returned towards the main body . When the highlanders were gathered together , they lay 'd on a separate attack against a large body of Canadians on our flank that were posted in a small village and a Bush of woods . Here , after a wonderful escape all day , we suffered great loss both in Officers and men but at last drove them under the cover of their cannon which likeways did us considerable loss . "
Townshend took charge of the British forces and realised that Bougainville 's column was approaching from the British rear , having taken some time to arrive from Cap Rouge . He quickly formed up two battalions from the confused troops on the field and turned them to meet the oncoming French , a day @-@ saving manoeuvre ; instead of attacking with a well rested and ready force , Bougainville retreated while the rest of Montcalm 's army slipped back across the St. Charles .
During the retreat , Montcalm , still mounted , was struck by either canister shot from the British artillery or repeated musket fire , suffering injuries to the lower abdomen and thigh . He was able to make it back into the city , but his wounds were mortal and he died early the next morning . He was buried in a shell crater left in the floor of the Ursuline chapel by a British shell . The battle resulted in similar numbers of casualties on both sides of the field ; the French had 644 men killed or injured , while the British were left with 658 killed or wounded .
= = Aftermath = =
In the wake of the battle , a state of confusion spread through the French troops . Governor de Vaudreuil , who later wrote to his government and put the full blame for the French rout on the deceased Montcalm , decided to abandon Quebec and the Beauport shore , ordering all of his forces to march west and eventually join up with Bougainville , leaving the garrison in Quebec under the command of Jean @-@ Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay .
Meanwhile , the British , first under the command of Townshend and later with Murray in charge , settled in to besiege the city in conjunction with Saunders ' fleet . Within days , on 18 September , de Ramezay , Townshend and Saunders signed the Articles of Capitulation of Quebec and the city was turned over to British control . The remaining French forces positioned themselves on the Jacques @-@ Cartier River west of the city .
The British Navy was forced to leave the St. Lawrence shortly after the capture of Quebec due to pack ice closing the mouth of the river . Before the ice left the rivers in April , the Chevalier de Lévis , Montcalm 's successor as French commander , marched his 7 @,@ 000 troops to Quebec . James Murray , the British commander , had experienced a terrible winter , in which scurvy had reduced his garrison to only 4 @,@ 000 . On 28 April 1760 , Lévis ' forces met and defeated the British at the Battle of Sainte @-@ Foy , immediately west of the city ( near the site of Université Laval today ) . This battle proved bloodier than that of the Plains of Abraham , with about 850 casualties on the French side and 1 @,@ 100 on the British side . The British were defeated in the battle , but were able to withdraw within the walls of Quebec , which was now under siege . A lack of artillery and ammunition , combined with British improvements to the fortifications , meant that the French were unable to take the city before the arrival of the British fleet in mid @-@ May which defeated Levis ' support ships . A naval battle fought at Quiberon Bay , just off the coast of France , proved the decisive battle for this part of New France . The Royal Navy destroyed the French fleet , meaning France could not send a reserve force to save New France . The success of the French army 's offensive against Quebec in the spring of 1760 had depended on the dispatch of a French armada , with fresh troops and supplies .
At Montréal that September , Lévis and 2 @,@ 000 troops were confronted with 17 @,@ 000 British and American troops . The French capitulated on 8 September 1760 , and the British took possession of Montreal . The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763 to end the war and gave possession of parts of New France to Great Britain , including Canada and the eastern half of French Louisiana — lying between the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains .
= = Legacy of the Plains = =
Today , while much of the foreshore along the base of the cliffs that were scaled by William Howe 's men the morning of the battle has been taken over by industry , the Plains of Abraham themselves are preserved within one of Canada 's National Urban Parks . There is a monument on the site of the Battle of Sainte @-@ Foy .
In 2009 , a number of activities were proposed to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . A plan to hold a reenactment of the battle itself ( as well as a reenactment of the subsequent French victory of 1760 at the Battle of Sainte @-@ Foy ) was cancelled due to threats of public disorder . Leaders of separatist parties described the event as a slap in the face for Quebecers of French ancestry and as an insult for the francophone majority . Some sovereigntist groups threatened or made indirect threats by stating that if the event took place , there could be violence . The movement against re @-@ enactment and these threats of violence led the National Battlefields Commission to cancel the event .
Another commemorative event was proposed for the anniversary , the Moulin à paroles . Thousands gathered on the Plains of Abraham to listen to recitations of 140 significant texts from Quebec history , including the 1970 FLQ Manifesto . The inclusion of that document in the event led to condemnations and a boycott from federalist politicians and the withdrawal of some government funding for the event . The Moulin à paroles took place without incident .
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= The Blessing Way ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" The Blessing Way " is the first episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on September 22 , 1995 . It was directed by R.W. Goodwin , and written by series creator Chris Carter . " The Blessing Way " featured guest appearances by Floyd Red Crow Westerman , Peter Donat and Jerry Hardin , and introduced John Neville as the Well @-@ Manicured Man . The episode helped explore the overarching mythology , or fictional history of The X @-@ Files . " The Blessing Way " earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 3 , being watched by 19 @.@ 94 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder is found near death on a Navajo reservation , and is nursed back to health by the tribe , led by Albert Hosteen ( Westerman ) . Meanwhile , Scully investigates an implant found in her neck , and fears that her life — and those of her family — may be in danger . " The Blessing Way " is part of a three @-@ episode storyline , carrying on from the second season finale " Anasazi " , and continuing in the next episode , " Paper Clip " .
Series creator Chris Carter , who called the episode one of his favorite episodes to write , created the episode as a way to explore how the character of Fox Mulder would react to the death of his father . The episode contained several elaborate special effects ; effects producer Mat Beck considered the sequence where Mulder has a vision of Deep Throat and his father to be one of the most difficult of the season .
= = Plot = =
In Two Grey Hills , New Mexico , Albert Hosteen ( Floyd Red Crow Westerman ) and his family are beaten by the Men in Black as they search for the whereabouts of Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) . Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) is pursued by a black helicopter before soldiers retrieve her printed copies of Albert 's translations of the digital tape . Scully denies having the original tape , saying it is in Mulder 's possession . Upon returning to Washington , the FBI puts Scully on mandatory leave and forces her to turn in her badge and gun . Upon entering Mulder 's office , she finds the tape missing .
Meanwhile , in New York City , The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) appears before the Syndicate , who question him over the whereabouts of the tape . Mulder , alive but severely wounded , is found buried under some rocks near the buried boxcar . Hosteen has Mulder taken to a Navajo sweat lodge to be healed during a " Blessing Way " ritual . During the ritual , Mulder has ghostly visions of Deep Throat and his father , who urge him to recover and continue his search for the truth .
Melvin Frohike visits Scully 's apartment and shows her a newspaper article about Kenneth Soona 's murder . When she returns to FBI headquarters , the metal detector curiously goes off . Scully presents Skinner with the newspaper article , thinking that the data from Soona 's death can clear Mulder in his father 's murder . Skinner , however , refuses to do any follow @-@ up on it . Leaving the building , Scully has a hunch upon seeing the metal detector again that leads to locating metal in the back of her neck . Scully sees a doctor , who removes a small metal implant .
Scully 's sister Melissa urges her to see a hypnotherapist to recover lost memories of her abduction . Scully heads there , but becomes scared and stops the session . Returning home , Scully finds Skinner leaving her apartment and driving off ; he later denies being there . Mulder , recovered from the Blessing Way ritual , is told by Albert that he cannot bathe or change clothes for four days . Scully heads to Boston to attend Bill 's funeral , where she introduces herself to Mulder 's mother , Teena . At the cemetery , Scully is approached by a Syndicate member known as the Well @-@ Manicured Man , who warns her that she is about to be killed , either by a pair of assassins or by someone she knows . Mulder goes to Connecticut and questions Teena about an old photo of his father standing with the other members of the Syndicate in front of a mysterious building .
Melissa calls Scully and tells her she is coming over . After receiving a call from someone who immediately hangs up , Scully leaves her apartment and tells Melissa that she 'll head to her home instead . As she leaves , Skinner pulls up in his car , telling her they need to speak in private . Melissa shows up soon afterwards and is mistakenly shot by Luis Cardinal , who is hiding there with Alex Krycek . Realizing they shot the wrong person , the two flee . Meanwhile , after taking Skinner to Mulder 's apartment , Scully holds him at gunpoint , believing he is the traitor the Well @-@ Manicured Man spoke of . Skinner tells Scully that he is in possession of the digital tape . Just then , someone steps outside the door . This distracts Scully enough for Skinner to pull out his gun on her .
= = Production = =
Series creator Chris Carter felt this was one of his favorite episodes to write , as he found it interesting to explore how the character of Fox Mulder would react to the death of his father . Carter had recently lost a parent himself when he began work on the episode . Frank Spotnitz said of the episode " The expectations were very high coming after a summer 's worth of anticipation to see how Mulder got out of the boxcar . We knew we had to answer that question and still leave an intriguing enough dilemma at the end of the show to bring viewers back for the third and final part . I also thought it was a big gamble to do all that Indian mysticism stuff . I thought a lot of people would not necessarily respond to that . So I was nervous about that , but very excited about the Scully storyline and the way all of that played out with Mulder and Skinner . " Carter attended Navajo chants and rituals to ensure the accuracy of the events in this episode , after being alerted to inaccuracies in the previous episode by Navajo scholars . A sand painter was brought in to create the two sand paintings for the Blessing Way sequence , which took an entire day to create . The scenes set in New Mexico were filmed in the same Vancouver quarry that had been used as a stand @-@ in in the previous episode , " Anasazi " , the repainting of which required only minor touch @-@ ups .
Visual effects producer Mat Beck considered the sequence where Fox Mulder has a vision of Deep Throat and his father the most difficult of the season . The end of the episode reads " In Memoriam , Larry Wells , 1946 - 1995 . " Wells was a costume designer on the show . Mark Snow slightly changed the piano melody from the opening theme music ( and the corresponding shortened theme in the credits ) from the first two seasons in this episode . The music would remain unchanged for several years . The title of the episode refers to the Navajo ceremony of the Blessing Way . This is the first episode where Mitch Pileggi is credited under Also Starring in the opening credits .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The Blessing Way " premiered on the Fox network on September 22 , 1995 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on September 12 , 1996 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 3 with a 22 share , meaning that roughly 12 @.@ 3 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 22 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . A total of 19 @.@ 94 million viewers watched this episode during its original airing , making it the most viewed episode of the third season .
= = = Reviews = = =
" The Blessing Way " received mixed reviews from critics . The episode , along with both other parts of the story arc , were listed concurrently as the second @-@ best episode of the series by Den of Geek 's Nina Sordi . Sordi noted that the plotline " laid the groundwork for the mythology arc for the rest of the series " , adding that it " brought much more significance to what is to come " . John Keegan , writing for Critical Myth , gave the episode a largely positive review and rated it a 10 out of 10 . Keegan described it as the " perfect counterpoint to Anasazi " and a " strong beginning to the third season " . Other reviews were more mixed . In an overview of the third season in Entertainment Weekly , " The Blessing Way " was rated a B + . The episode was derided for its " corny dream sequence and high @-@ flown cosmic hooey " , although the introduction of the Well @-@ Manicured Man and Mitch Pileggi 's portrayal of Walter Skinner were seen as highlights . Writing for the A.V. Club , Todd VanDerWerff panned the episode 's " pseudo @-@ mystical bullshit " , rating the episode a B- . He felt that the resolution of the cliffhanger from the previous episode " Anasazi " — that of Mulder 's apparent death — was poorly handled , and that the character of Albert Hosteen was perhaps the worst in the series . However , the introduction of plot threads such as Scully 's implant and the alien @-@ human hybrids were deemed positive factors .
David Duchovny was somewhat disappointed with the episode , hoping he would have had a chance to do more in an episode that was primarily a symbolic journey for him rather than a real one . The actor said " I like the psychology , and I like the thinking that went into the episode as a viewer . As an actor , I felt like an opportunity passed me by . If I had to do any episode over again , it would be that one . " The actor called the episode in 1995 the greatest missed opportunity they had . Chris Carter disagreed , stating that Fox Mulder 's role in the episode was the right way to do it , and that the dramatic weight for the episode had to shift from Mulder to Dana Scully .
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= Ratu ( band ) =
Ratu was an Indonesian music duo formed in 1999 with Maia Estianty , then the wife of musician Ahmad Dhani , on instruments and Pinkan Mambo on vocals . Ratu entered the Indonesian musical scene with their first album , Bersama ( Together ; 2003 ) . After a short break caused by Mambo 's departure in 2004 , the group formed anew with Mulan Kwok as vocalist . This new line @-@ up proved more successful , with their most successful songs – " Teman Tapi Mesra " ( " Friends with Benefits " ) and " Lelaki Buaya Darat " ( " Womaniser " ) – released in this period ; both song titles later became common terms in the Indonesian vocabulary . The group 's second studio album , No . Satu ( Number One ; 2006 ) , sold 200 @,@ 000 copies on the day of its release , a record for an album by an Indonesian female group . The group dissolved in 2007 .
Ratu was the most successful female Indonesian music group of the 2000s . Aside from their music , they were known for their physical appearance and wide coverage in infotainment media . Through their choice in costumes , Ratu popularised Harajuku styles in Indonesia . Throughout their career , the band won numerous awards ; they were the first musical act to twice be declared " Artist of the Year " and " Group / Duo Artist of The Year " at the MTV Ampuh music awards . This success inspired numerous other groups to follow in their tracks .
= = Career = =
= = = Formation and first record = = =
Maia Ahmad , at the time wife of the musician Ahmad Dhani , had been a background singer for her husband 's band Dewa 19 since 1993 . She had been musically inclined since childhood and had formed a band while a teenager . She intended to be like her husband and enter the music industry as a headline performer . In a later interview , she explained her motivations : " I wasn 't following on the success of Krisdayanti dan Anang , a husband and wife who had made an album together . I just started when I did . Dhani only gave me the time then , as our children were getting older and I could focus on my music . " With Dhani 's guidance , in 1999 Maia decided to form a duo consisting of a singer and a musician , with the name Ratu . The concept was based on that of international bands like Roxette and Savage Garden . Maia set herself as a keyboardist , then began to look for a vocalist .
Pinkan Mambo , who at the time sang at a café , was working towards a career as a professional musician . In mid @-@ 1999 , she met Dhani at a café in Pondok Indah Mall , South Jakarta . She introduced herself to him , saying that she had a good voice . When Dhani asked how good , she replied " Amazing . [ ... ] as good as Mariah Carey . " Mambo then received Dhani 's number , which she used to call him repeatedly and ask for an album . On the fifth day , Maia answered the phone and eventually offered Mambo the position of vocalist with Ratu . Although Mambo wanted to be a soloist , she accepted and had an audition at Maia 's home , where she was accepted before she could finish singing . Before she began work with Ratu , Pinkan was given training as a backing vocalist for Dewa 19 .
After three years of preparation , in January 2003 Ratu launched their debut album Bersama with Sony Music Indonesia . The album included ten songs , seven written by Maia and three by Dhani ; Maia also did the arrangement and served as backing vocalist . Other musicians involved on the album included Bintang ( bass ) , Denny Chasmala , Andra Ramadhan and Taras ( guitar ) , Agil Cinere ( drums ) , Donni ( flute ) , Sa 'unine ( strings ) and Henry Lamiri ( violin ) . The music was R & B @-@ influenced , with added piano for a " feminine touch . " With the album several singles , " Aku Baik @-@ Baik Saja " ( " I 'm Fine " ) , " Salahkah Aku Terlalu Mencintaimu " ( " Blame Me For Loving You Too Much " ) and " Jangan Bilang Siapa Siapa " ( " Don 't Tell Anyone " ) , were released . This first album was well @-@ received and sold more than 250 @,@ 000 copies . Ratu also provided a new sound , as the Indonesian music industry of the time was dominated by male groups . Ratu won Best Newcomer at the 2003 Clear Top Ten Awards . At the 2006 MTV Ampuh awards , Ratu was awarded Artist of the Year and Group / Duo Artist of The Year .
After the success of Bersama , Maia and Mambo began to work on a second album , scheduled for a 2004 release . However , on 14 October 2004 Mambo announced she was leaving the group amidst widespread media coverage of her being pregnant outside of wedlock . Reports indicated that she may have left the group because of Maia 's more dominant personality and conflicts between the two . Maia , left as the only member of the band , insisted that it was not dissolving , and would soon hold auditions for a new vocalist . As a temporary measure , several singers were contracted to perform with Maia , although not signed as members . Tia , a finalist in Akademi Fantasi Indosiar ( AFI ) , came under consideration for the position , but was unable to accept as she was still contracted to AFI .
= = = Line @-@ up change and success = = =
While looking for a new vocalist , Maia met Mulan Kwok , a performer at Barbados Cafe in Bilangan Kemang , Jakarta , in December 2004 . Of this meeting , Maia later recalled " When I met Mulan it was like meeting a new lover . I saw her and I liked her . Just fell in love . " Mulan was a café singer from Bandung who sang with Dimensi Band . She was asked to audition for the role and ultimately selected ; her appointment was announced at a press conference on 7 April 2005 . With Mulan , the group 's concept , originally " elegant " , became " coquettish and sexy " . The group 's musical style also changed ; while originally R & B with light piano , it was changed to a rock sound with dominant guitars .
On 30 August 2005 Ratu released a compilation album entitled Ratu & Friends which included two new songs from the group , " Teman Tapi Mesra " ( " Friends With Benefits " ) and a cover of Vina Panduwinata 's " Di Dadaku Ada Kamu " ( " In My Chest there is You " ) . " Teman Tapi Mesra " was an overnight hit in Indonesia , Malaysia , and Singapore and enjoyed by both adults and children alike . The term " Teman Tapi Mesra " , often abbreviated TTM , became widely used to describe those in a physical relationship without an emotional one . The ringback tone for " Teman Tapi Mesra " held the top position in Malaysia for several weeks . In Indonesia , the ringback tone saw more than a million downloads . The album sold more than 400 @,@ 000 copies and was certified double platinum . Ratu then put on a forty @-@ city concert tour throughout Indonesia with the band Radja ; the Rock in Love tour began with a concert at the Jakarta Convention Center on 20 February 2006 .
On 22 May 2006 Ratu released their second studio album , No . Satu ( Number One ) . Like on Bersama , most of the songs recorded were written by Maia . Dhani contributed three songs , while Mulan helped write the song " Seribu Cinta " ( " A Thousand Loves " ) . No . Satu also involved musicians such as Yoyo Padi , Denny Chasmala , Tepi Item , and Bintang . Two singles from the album , " Lelaki Buaya Darat " ( " Womanizer " ) and " Dear Diary " , were hits , as was the album ; it sold 200 @,@ 000 copies on the day of its release , a record for a work by a female Indonesian group . " Lelaki Buaya Darat " was banned in Malaysia because of its perceived negative connotations . The band tried to change the song 's title , but this was unsuccessful . However , some radio stations in Malaysia still played the song .
Throughout 2005 and 2006 Ratu was one of Indonesia 's dominant bands and often used in product advertisements . Both members explored different aspects of show business . Maia acted in Extravaganza , a comedy show on Trans TV , while Mulan starred in several television films . The band 's clothing , inspired by the Harajuku fashion district in Japan , made teenagers interested in street clothing . The band also received widespread coverage in infotainment media , with much gossip about Dhani 's relationship with Mulan . Noting the role that infotainment media had played in the band 's success , Maia said " Ratu should give thanks to all those reporters who gave us fame with their gossip . "
Ratu received numerous awards during this period . At the tenth Anugerah Musik Indonesia , the band received three nominations and won Best Produced Work for " Teman Tapi Mesra " . Maia and Mulan were also awarded Top Singer at the SCTV Awards , winning over established stars Agnes Monica , Ari Lasso , Iwan Fals , dan Krisdayanti . Ada the MTV Indonesia Awards , they were nominated in two categories . At the MTV Ampuh Awards , Ratu was declared Artist of the Year and " Group / Duo Artist of The Year " , making them the first group to win both awards twice .
= = = Dissolution = = =
At the end of 2006 , Ahmad Dhani threatened to disband the group if Maia did not cut back on her performance schedule ; he felt she was too busy , to the point of forgetting their children . Dhani later withdrew his threat , but – after becoming manager – limited the group to one performance a week . He then fired the group 's manager , Vita Ramona , who threatened to bring Dhani to court if he did not apologize for perceived defamation . This situation was exacerbated when Mulan publicly complained of not receiving her share of the band 's money and a lack of transparency in the management . She resigned on 30 January 2007 , after waiting ten days for her open letter to the management to receive a reply . Mulan then hired a lawyer and sued Dhani , resulting in her contract fee being returned .
After Mulan left , Maia continued to perform as Ratu own her own . She participated in the concert tour A Mild Live Soundrenaline with Shanty , Bunga Citra Lestari , and Ghea — a winner of Indonesian Idol . Later domestic troubles between Dhani and Maia led to the group to dissolve . At the end of 2007 , the group 's name became an object of contention between the two . Dhani claimed the name " Ratu " as his intellectual right and said that he had registered it with the General Directorate of Intellectual Rights . He forbid Maia , who was then looking for a new partner , to use the name .
= = Later activities = =
At the beginning of 2008 , Maia launched Duo Maia with her new partner Mey Chan . Unlike Ratu , Duo Maia was conceived as a vocal group and Maia was predominantly a vocalist . Meanwhile , Mulan signed with Republik Cinta Management under Ahmad Dhani . Mulan released a solo album entitled Makhluk Tuhan Paling Seksi ( God 's Sexiest Creature ) in 2008 and changed her stage name to Mulan Jameela . Mambo , the Ratu 's original vocalist , had already released a solo album , entitled Aku Tahu Rasanya ( I Know How It Feels ) in 2006 . In 2009 , " Teman Tapi Mesra " was bought by LadyLike , a Swedish girl band , and released in the European market as the English @-@ language " Dreaming of the Time " .
Ratu was followed by numerous Indonesian duos attempting to follow in its success . Towards the end of the 2000s , Ahmad Dhani did so as well , coaching the duos MahaDewi and The Virgin . None of these groups were as successful as Ratu , and , by 2011 , Korean @-@ inspired boy and girl bands had become dominant . Maia later said that Ratu had been successful because it was the only one of its kind , that " there were benefits to being a pioneer "
= = Discography = =
Bersama ( Together ; 2003 )
Ratu & Friends ( 2005 )
No . Satu ( Number One ; 2006 )
= = Concert tours = =
Rock in Love ( 2005 – 2006 )
A Mild Live Soundrenaline ( 2007 )
= = Awards = =
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= Richard Appel =
Richard James " Rich " Appel ( born May 21 , 1963 ) is an American writer , producer and former attorney . Since 2012 , he has served as an Executive Producer and co @-@ showrunner of Family Guy on Fox . Growing up in Wilmette , Illinois , Appel developed a love of comedy and dreamed of a career as a comedy writer ; he attended Harvard University and wrote for the Harvard Lampoon . Following in his mother 's footsteps , Appel instead became a lawyer . After attending law school he started out as a law clerk for Judge John M. Walker , Jr. before becoming a federal attorney , serving as assistant U.S. attorney for the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York for three years . In 1994 , he moved into comedy writing when he was hired for The Simpsons , writing seven episodes of the show including " Mother Simpson " . He moved on to become showrunner and executive producer of King of the Hill before creating the sitcom A.U.S.A .. He then worked on The Bernie Mac Show , Family Guy and American Dad ! before co @-@ creating The Cleveland Show . He was married to the writer Mona Simpson .
= = Early life and law career = =
Richard James Appel was born May 21 , 1963 in New York City , to Nina ( neé Schick ) and Alfred Appel . His mother was a lawyer , taught law and served as dean of Loyola University Chicago 's law school from 1983 – 2004 , and his father ( who died on May 2 , 2009 ) was professor of English at Northwestern University and an expert on Vladimir Nabokov . Appel has a sister , Karen Oshman . Appel lived in California while his parents taught at Stanford University before the family moved to Wilmette , Illinois , where Appel went to North Shore Country Day School . Appel became interested in comedy from a young age , noting : " I grew up watching The Dick Van Dyke Show and always thought that what Rob Petrie did for a living was what I wanted to do . " His father introduced him to the works of Buster Keaton and Laurel and Hardy and encouraged him to " read comic books and watch quality [ sic ] television " , and he and a friend produced parody adverts and news pieces with a Betamax and often engaged in prank phone calls . At high school , he wrote sketches and routines and dreamt of being a comedy writer but " didn 't know anyone who did it , and it didn 't seem like a career that was open to me . "
He attended Harvard University and wrote for the Harvard Lampoon , alongside Conan O 'Brien and Greg Daniels , both of whom he beat for the chance to give the comic graduation speech , the Ivy Oration . Tad Friend noted : " Everyone thought it would be Conan automatically , but Rich 's speech was funny and self @-@ deprecating , in a way that was both silly and profound . " After graduation in 1985 with a degree in history and literature , Appel attended Harvard Law School rather than moving into comedy , because the idea of following his mother and grandfathers into the legal profession " appealed " to him . He then worked for two years as a law clerk for Judge John M. Walker , Jr . , of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , working on the trials of people such as Michael Milken and Leona Helmsley . Subsequently , for three years from 1990 , Appel served as an assistant U.S. attorney for the Southern District of New York . Fellow attorney Geoffrey Berman stated Appel " was an excellent lawyer . He was good on his feet , articulate , with a sense of the law that was common @-@ sensical , more intuitive than based on books . " Appel still had dreams of becoming a comedy writer despite the security working as a lawyer offered him , but only in 1993 , after his wife became pregnant , was Appel " reminde [ d ] that this was [ his ] life and [ he ] could shape it . " Three months later he had retained an agent , had written and submitted two spec @-@ scripts , and had moved to California .
= = Writing career = =
When starting out as a comedy writer , Appel recalled : " One reason I caught up to my contemporaries is that when I started to send out my scripts , the idea that I 'd been on the Lampoon , even 8 or 10 years before , was a credential I could use . " Appel got his first television job when David Mirkin hired him for the writing staff of The Simpsons in 1994 , initially on a ten @-@ week contract , and served as a writer and producer there for four years . There , he wrote seven episodes , often employing the use of " joke sequences , a narrative approach to humor that eschews the quick laugh in favor of something that develops over time . " Appel found work on The Simpsons to be a learning curve because it was a " very tough show to write for . " His first episode was season seven 's " Mother Simpson " . Appel was desperately trying to think of a story idea to show and decided that he had to really reach out and opted to do something about Homer 's mother , who previously had only been mentioned once . He named her Mona Simpson , after his wife . Many of the writers could not believe that an episode about Homer 's mother had not previously been produced . The writers used the episode to solve several little puzzles , such as where Lisa 's intelligence came from . Also for season seven he penned " Bart on the Road " , in which he utilized the plot devices of " go to work with your parents day " and Bart getting a driving license , and contributed to the episode " 22 Short Films About Springfield " ; the two segments he wrote for the episode ( one about Marge , the other about Lionel Hutz ) were both cut . Appel wrote two episodes from season eight , " Bart After Dark " and " The Secret War of Lisa Simpson " , as well as season nine 's " The Two Mrs Nahasapeemapetilons " and season 10 's " When You Dish Upon A Star " .
Daniels hired Appel as executive producer and showrunner on King of the Hill in 1997 , leading the show 's writing process and overseeing all aspects of the show . Daniels noted : " It was essential that Rich was a good writer who could deal with people , who could help manage the business in the room . But equally important was the fact that he was someone I could trust , who had a similar sense of taste and values . " He stayed until 2001 . For his work on The Simpsons and King of the Hill , Appel won three Primetime Emmy Awards . Appel created the short @-@ lived series A.U.S.A. , which aired in 2003 , which he based on his own experiences as an assistant U.S. attorney . He conceived it in 2001 and NBC ordered 13 episodes the following year ; the show 's original pilot used a single @-@ camera setup but NBC executives felt it would have more appeal as a multiple @-@ camera setup , so it was re @-@ shot . Appel noted of the show : " There 's a sense sometimes in Hollywood that writers and producers who come from animated shows maybe have something to prove to justify their credibility as live @-@ action show @-@ runners or writers . My own experience has been fortunate . I haven 't felt that . But I know it exists . " He was inspired by the comedic side of working as a lawyer when writing the show : " Whether you 're working on a case that you 're proud to tell you mother and grandmother about , you 're still going to encounter possibly really shifty dishonest lawyers , or a judge who is a little crazy , or witnesses who self @-@ destruct on the stand . " The show was not acclaimed : Scott D. Pierce of The Deseret News praised the premise but felt the show was " sort of like watching a train wreck , " while Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said it was " too cartoonish to work . " Appel then wrote and worked as a co @-@ executive producer on The Bernie Mac Show and Kitchen Confidential , and appeared as Josh in the 2004 film I ♥ Huckabees . In 2006 , Appel produced a pilot called My Ex Life about two divorcing couples for CBS , which was directed by Kelsey Grammer .
In 2008 , he served as a co @-@ executive producer on Family Guy and executive producer on American Dad ! from 2008 until 2009 . Appel wrote the Family Guy seventh season episode " Family Gay " . Appel co @-@ created , alongside Mike Henry and Seth MacFarlane , the Family Guy spin @-@ off The Cleveland Show , which they began discussing in 2007 and which premiered September 27 , 2009 . He and Henry serve as the show 's executive producers and showrunners , handling the day @-@ to @-@ day operations , with limited involvement from MacFarlane . Henry and Appel conceived the show as " more of a family show , a sweeter show " than Family Guy . The show , which was picked up to air a first season consisting of 22 episodes , was picked up by Fox for a second season , consisting of 13 episodes , bringing the total number to 35 episodes . The announcement was made on May 3 , 2009 before the first season even premiered . It was extended to a full second season . Appel signed a new three @-@ year , seven figure deal with Fox to continue serving as showrunner on The Cleveland Show in 2010 . Fox chairman Gary Newman commented : " What is special about him is his incredible leadership ability . He is a terrific showrunner , and he really sets the tone on a show that is exactly what you 're looking for . "
= = Personal life = =
He married novelist Mona Simpson , the biological sister of Apple founder Steve Jobs , in 1993 . They have two children . Appel and Simpson have since divorced .
= = Credits = =
Appel worked on the listed shows and wrote all the listed episodes :
The Simpsons ( 1994 – 1997 ) – writer , producer , co @-@ executive producer , consulting producer and story editor
" Mother Simpson "
" Bart on the Road "
" 22 Short Films About Springfield " ( co @-@ writer )
" Bart After Dark "
" The Secret War of Lisa Simpson "
" The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons "
" When You Dish Upon a Star "
King of the Hill ( 1997 – 2001 ) – executive producer
A.U.S.A. ( 2003 ) – creator , executive producer , writer
" Pilot "
" 12 Happy Grandmothers "
The Bernie Mac Show ( 2003 – 2005 ) – co @-@ executive producer , writer
" Eye of the Tiger "
" That Old Mac Magic "
" Stiff Upper Lip "
" Nerdy Mac "
I ♥ Huckabees ( 2004 ) – Actor ( as Josh )
Kitchen Confidential ( 2005 – 2006 ) – co @-@ executive producer , writer
" Praise Be Praise "
" Let 's Do Brunch "
My Ex Life ( 2006 ) – creator , executive producer , writer
Family Guy ( 2008 – 2009 , 2013 – ) – co @-@ executive producer , writer
" Family Gay "
American Dad ! ( 2008 – 2009 ) – executive producer
The Cleveland Show ( 2009 – 2013 ) – co @-@ creator , executive producer , writer
" Pilot "
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= Jungle Strike =
Jungle Strike is a video game developed and published by Electronic Arts in 1993 for the Sega Mega Drive . The game was later released on several other consoles such as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) , and an upgraded version was made for the Amiga . The Amiga and other home computer conversions were the responsibility of Ocean Software while the SNES version was that of Gremlin Interactive . It is the direct sequel to Desert Strike : Return to the Gulf ( a best @-@ seller released the previous year ) and is the second instalment in the Strike series . The game is a helicopter based shoot ' em up , mixing action and strategy . The plot concerns two villains intent on destroying Washington , D.C .. The player must use the helicopter and occasionally other vehicles to thwart their plans .
Its game engine was carried over from a failed attempt at a flight simulator and was inspired by Matchbox toys and Choplifter . Jungle Strike retained its predecessor 's core mechanics and expanded on the model with additional vehicles and settings . The game was well received by most critics upon release , with the Mega Drive release receiving critical acclaim from their respective reviewers . Publications praised its gameplay , strategy , design , controls and graphics , although there were some complaints regarding the interface , difficulty and perceived jingoistic politics .
= = Plot = =
Jungle Strike features two antagonists : Ibn Kilbaba , the son of Desert Strike 's antagonist , and Carlos Ortega , a notorious South American drug lord . The opening sequence depicts the two men observing a nuclear explosion on a deserted island , while discussing the delivery of " nuclear resources " and an attack on Washington D.C. ; Kilbaba seeks revenge for his father 's death at the hands of the US , while Ortega wishes to " teach the Yankees to stay out of my drug trade " .
The player takes control of a " lone special forces " pilot . The game 's first level depicts the protagonist repelling terrorist attacks on Washington , D.C. , including the President 's limousine . Subsequent levels depict counter @-@ attacks on the drug lord 's forces , progressing towards his " jungle fortress " . In the game 's penultimate level , the player pursues Kilbaba and Ortega to their respective hideouts before capturing them .
The final level takes place in Washington , D.C. again , where the two antagonists attempt to flee after escaping from prison . The player must destroy both Kilbaba and Ortega and stop four trucks carrying nuclear bombs from blowing up the White House . The PC version also extends the storyline with an extra level set in Alaska , in which the player must wipe out the remainder of Ortega 's forces under the command of a Russian defector named Ptofski , who has taken control of oil tankers and is threatening to destroy the ecosystem with crude oil if his demands are not met . Once all levels are complete , the ending sequence begins and depicts the protagonist and his co @-@ pilot in an open @-@ topped car in front of cheering crowds .
= = Gameplay = =
Jungle Strike is a helicopter @-@ based shoot ' em up , mixing action and strategy . The player 's main weapon is a Comanche attack helicopter . Additional vehicles can be commandeered : a motorbike , hovercraft and F @-@ 117 . The latter in particular features variable height and unlimited ammunition , but is more vulnerable to crashes . The game features an " overhead " perspective " with a slight 3D twist " . The graphics uses a 2.5D perspective which simulates the appearance of being 3D .
Levels consist of several missions , which are based around the destruction of enemy weapons and installations , as well as rescuing hostages or prisoners of war , or capturing enemy personnel . The helicopter is armed with machine guns , more powerful Hydra rockets and yet more deadly Hellfire missiles . The more powerful the weapon , the fewer can be carried : the player must choose an appropriate weapon for each situation . Enemy weapons range from armoured cars , to artillery and tanks .
The player 's craft has a limited amount of armour , which is depleted as the helicopter is hit by enemy fire . Should the armour reach zero , the craft will be destroyed , losing the player a life . The player must outmanoeuvre enemies to avoid damage , but can replenish armour by means of power @-@ ups or by airlifting rescued friendlies or captives to a landing zone . The helicopter has a finite amount of fuel which is steadily depleted as the level progresses . Should the fuel run out the Comanche will crash , again costing the player a life . The craft can refuel by collecting fuel barrels . The helicopter also carries limited ammunition , which must be replenished by means of ammo crates .
= = Development and release = =
Jungle Strike is the sequel to Desert Strike : Return to the Gulf , a similar game which parodied the Gulf War and which was released in 1992 . Desert Strike arose from a failed attempt at a flight simulator and was inspired by Matchbox toys and Choplifter . Central to the game 's concept were nonlinear gameplay and the eschewing of power @-@ ups and bosses . With the success of the original title , producer Scott Berfield , game director John Manley and associate producer Tony Barnes were tasked with creating the sequel . Jungle Strike retained the core mechanics of its predecessor , with the addition of various vehicles and settings . Desert Strike was at the time Electronic Arts ' highest selling video game and maintained a high sales chart position as Jungle Strike was released in 1993 .
The Amiga conversion of Desert Strike featured upgraded graphics and sound over the Mega Drive original . With regards to the Jungle Strike Amiga conversion , senior programmer Stuart Johnson stated he " tried to keep this conversion a lot more faithful to the Mega Drive version than Desert Strike was " . He attempted to make the Amiga conversion run more smoothly than the Mega Drive original . Graphical improvements were attempted : these were less successful on the A500 than the A1200 because of technical restrictions . The developers also struggled with technical challenges because of differences in hardware between the Mega Drive and Amiga . Amendments were also made to the workings of in @-@ mission plot screens . The Amiga conversion was released as sequel Urban Strike was published for the Mega Drive in 1994 .
Jungle Strike was followed by three further sequels : Urban Strike , Soviet Strike , and Nuclear Strike . As the series moved to more advanced consoles , series creator Mike Posehn became less involved in the programming side of development . Urban Strike , released for the Mega Drive , featured new vehicles and locations , as well as on @-@ foot sections . Soviet Strike , released for Sony 's PlayStation and the Sega Saturn in 1996 , featured 3D graphics , as did Nuclear Strike , released on PC and PlayStation in 1997 and the Nintendo 64 in 1999 . Another sequel provisionally titled Future Strike was planned , but the game was eventually released as Future Cop : LAPD , a mech @-@ based shooter game .
= = Reception = =
The game was well received by critics upon release , with some reviews regarding it with critical acclaim . Adrian Pitt and Mat Yeo of Sega Force both reviewed the game . Adrian Pitt called the title a " strategy game " and commented it as the " greatest game in the genre " . Pritt said the controls were " without fault " and the graphics " superb " . The second reviewer , Mat Yeo , praised the " amazing playability and ' lastability ' " and said the game was " twice as good " as Desert Strike . Yeo called the graphics " brilliant " and said the game was " the best shoot ' em up I 've seen in a long time " . The Mega Drive version was a best @-@ seller for 3 months . MegaTech magazine said the game has " impressive graphics and tons of missions " . Mega placed the game at No. 13 in their Top Mega Drive Games of All Time .
Lim Choon Klet of New Straits Times praised the " simply wonderful " graphics but questioned whether the sound effects were enough to " create the environment of a full @-@ scale war " . Choon Klet pointed to a high initial difficulty but said : " Once the skills are acquired , be ready for many hours of enjoyment and sleepless nights . " Chip and Jonathan Carter of St. Petersburg Times deemed the game one of the best of the year and felt the SNES version " loses nothing in the translation " . The duo said the Game Boy and Game Gear versions were " less impressive " due to their technical restrictions but " about as good as you can get on the small screen " . " Sir Garnabus " of GamePro was impressed with the Game Boy version 's clear and detailed graphics , lack of slowdown , good controls , and faithfulness to the original version , but judged the Game Gear version to be " merely average " , saying issues such as poor collision detection hamper the game despite its outstanding graphics . Amiga CD32 Gamer called Jungle Strike " a 500lb gorilla among games " and praised its ease of control and " masses of gameplay and realistic detail " .
Amiga Computing said : " With its impressive graphics and superbly designed game system , it could well be the best chopper title yet " although the reviewer felt the difficulty curve was too steep . Amiga Format said of the game : " with a little more foresight and planning , it could have been a lot more fun " , as the reviewer was irritated by the fact that fuel , armour and ammunition levels were displayed on map screen . However the magazine also wrote : " The bottom line though , is that Jungle Strike is an incredibly good game " . Amiga Power called the game " an appreciable shoot ' em up " but said it was " clearly tailored for the shorter attention span " of a console gamer . CU Amiga Magazine wrote : " This blend of shooting and thinking action blends together seamlessly and in the process creates a classic blaster well worth a ride " . The One Amiga magazine wrote : " Jungle Strike 's a fine game , which will prove both a challenge for Desert Strike @-@ ophiles , and a good solid blast for first bloods " . ACAR observed the game 's " Good graphics , okay sound , smooth animation and tough game play . " Amiga Power complained that " Throughout the game you 're battered with uneasily right @-@ wing US politics " , while Amiga Format said " jingoism " was " rife " throughout the game . Amiga CD32 Gamer called the plot " typically ' ugly American ' idiocy " .
GamePro commented on the game 's skilful challenge and variety of locales , and particularly praised the Super NES version for retaining the same gameplay of the Genesis version while improving on the graphics and sound .
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= U.S. Route 50 in Utah =
U.S. Route 50 ( US @-@ 50 ) in Utah crosses the center of the state . The highway serves no major population centers in Utah , with the largest city along its path being Delta . Most of the route passes through desolate , remote areas . Through the eastern half of the state the route is concurrent with Interstate 70 ( I @-@ 70 ) . US @-@ 50 both enters and exits Utah concurrent with US @-@ 6 , however the two routes are separate through the center of the state .
Three completely different routings of US @-@ 50 have existed between Green River and Ely , Nevada . The route between these cities has become progressively shorter as new roads have been paved through this largely uninhabited region of both states . The earlier routings were a result of a dispute between Utah and Nevada over which auto trails would be paved and converted to U.S. Highways .
= = Route description = =
The highway enters Utah from Nevada in a desolate portion of the Great Basin desert . Similar to many portions of the route in Nevada , there are no services from this point to Delta , a span of roadway that is about 100 miles ( 160 km ) . While passing through the Great Basin the highway crosses two mountain ranges , the Confusion Range via kings canyon and House Range via Skull Rock Pass , before arriving at the shore of Sevier Lake . Sevier Lake is an intermittent lake which is fed by snow melt from many mountain ranges in the eastern half of the Great Basin . From US @-@ 50 , water is only usually visible in the spring months . The highway follows Sevier Lake to Delta .
The scenery dramatically changes as US @-@ 50 approaches Delta , where U.S. Route 6 and 50 separate . As the road approaches Delta , a straight passage across desert changes to zigzags through farming areas . The highway continues to zigzag through farms until arriving at more mountainous terrain at Holden . At Holden , the highway merges with Interstate 15 to cross the Pavant Range at Scipio Summit . US @-@ 50 then separates from this freeway to meet Interstate 70 in Salina . The two highways run concurrent from this point east to Colorado . Yet again , there is a stretch of highway 110 miles ( 180 km ) long without services from Salina to Green River .
While co @-@ routed with I @-@ 70 , US @-@ 50 crosses the Wasatch Plateau and passes through the San Rafael Swell . The construction of I @-@ 70 through the swell is noted as one of the engineering marvels of the Interstate Highway System . One specific feat , the excavation through a portion called Spotted Wolf Canyon , required excavating 3 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 2 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 m3 ) of rock to have a bed for just 8 miles ( 13 km ) of roadway . Construction workers noted that prior to the construction of the freeway a man could stand in this canyon and touch both sides of the canyon wall .
US @-@ 6 rejoins US @-@ 50 near Green River . The three routes run concurrent and follow the southern edge of the Book Cliffs to Grand Junction , Colorado . Once again , services are not present from Thompson Springs to Fruita , Colorado , a span of about 60 miles ( 97 km ) . This portion of US @-@ 50 is part of the Dinosaur Diamond Prehistoric Highway , a National Scenic Byway . The name of the byway comes from the large number of areas along the route with visible dinosaur remains .
= = History = =
The modern route of U.S. Route 50 between Ely , Nevada and Green River , Utah is the third iteration .
= = = First iteration = = =
In 1926 , when the U.S. Highway system was first announced , there was a gap in US @-@ 50 between Ely and Thistle . At the time the states of Utah and Nevada were feuding about which of the old auto trails would be paved and used for the new U.S. Highway System . Nevada favored the Lincoln Highway , which the modern US @-@ 50 closely follows in that state . Utah refused to consider the Lincoln Highway west of Salt Lake City . Officials perceived that route would carry all California bound traffic directly to Nevada while passing through very few communities in Utah . Utah instead favored the Victory Highway ( modern Interstate 80 west of Salt Lake ) and the Arrowhead Trail ( modern Interstate 15 ) . By favoring these routes Utah could force travelers destined for southern California to use a different route than those destined for northern California , with both of these traversing through more cities in Utah than the Lincoln Highway . The Arrowhead trail was especially beneficial to Utah as it passed through many communities in the state , but only Las Vegas in Nevada .
Utah prevailed and US @-@ 50 did not continue to follow the Lincoln Highway to Salt Lake City as Nevada had wanted . The first continuous route of US @-@ 50 across eastern Nevada and western Utah was an arch shaped route . US @-@ 50 proceeded north from Ely along what is now numbered U.S. Route 93 and Alternate US @-@ 93 where the highway would merge with the Victory Highway ( U.S. Route 40 along the Wendover Cut @-@ off , since replaced by I @-@ 80 ) to Salt Lake . From there the highway returned to Green River via what is now numbered State Route 201 , U.S. Route 89 and U.S. Route 6 .
= = = Second iteration = = =
The second iteration has its origins with the formation of US @-@ 6 . In 1937 , US @-@ 6 was extended west from its former terminus at Greeley , Colorado to Long Beach , California . In eastern Utah the route used the existing alignment of US @-@ 50 . However , in western Utah the route used an unpaved road through Delta reconnecting with US @-@ 50 in Ely . By 1954 , this route was fully paved and US @-@ 50 was moved to this shorter alignment . With this change US @-@ 6 / 50 ran concurrent from Ely to Grand Junction , Colorado .
The paved version did not exactly follow the unpaved roads . The dirt route passed through the numerous mountain ranges of the great basin with the most difficult being Marjum Canyon . The route was relocated to follow the north shore of Sevier Lake , which reduced the number of mountain ranges crossed . Although US @-@ 50 was moved to yet another alignment , this route remains US @-@ 6 today .
= = = Third iteration = = =
The modern route of US @-@ 50 was created in 1976 . This iteration of US @-@ 50 has its origins in a dispute over the route of Interstate 70 in Utah . While I @-@ 70 was in the planning stage Colorado lobbied for an extension of the original proposal to run across Colorado and into Utah . Utah supported an extension using then US @-@ 6 / 50 to connect Denver , Colorado with Salt Lake City . However , federal planners did not see value in this route and instead supported a route that could be used to connect Denver with Los Angeles , California . I @-@ 70 was built using the federally selected route . In 1976 , US @-@ 50 was changed again to a routing mostly concurrent with I @-@ 70 . The portion of modern US @-@ 50 between Delta and Scipio had been previously numbered State Route 26 , and the portion between Scipio and Salina had been numbered State Route 63 , with the SR @-@ 63 portion being transferred to SR @-@ 26 in 1971 .
East of Green River I @-@ 70 closely follows the original route of US @-@ 50 , with some minor straightening by Crescent Junction , Cisco , and Westwater .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Susanna Cole =
Susanna Cole ( née Hutchinson ; 1633 – c . 1713 ) was the lone survivor of an Indian attack in which many of her siblings and her famed mother , Anne Hutchinson , were killed . Following the attack , she was taken captive , and held for several years before her release .
Born in Alford , Lincolnshire , England , Hutchinson was less than a year old when her family sailed from England to New England in 1634 . She was less than five when her family settled on Aquidneck Island ( later Rhode Island ) in the Narragansett Bay following her mother 's banishment from Massachusetts during the Antinomian Controversy . Shortly after her father 's death , when she was about eight years old , she , her mother and six of her siblings left Rhode Island to live in New Netherland . They settled in an area that became the far northeastern section of The Bronx in New York City , near the Westchester County line . Caught in the middle of severe tensions between the local natives and the Dutch , the family , except for Susanna , was massacred in August 1643 . She was taken captive , and raised by the Indians , later to be traded back to the English .
Hutchinson was taken to Boston where her oldest brother and an older sister lived , was re @-@ introduced into English society , and at the age of 18 married John Cole , the son of Boston innkeeper Samuel Cole . They lived in Boston for a few years , but by 1663 had moved to the Narragansett country of Rhode Island ( later North Kingstown ) to look after the lands of her oldest brother , Edward Hutchinson . Here the couple remained and raised a large family . Susanna Cole was still alive in 1707 when given administration of her husband 's estate , but was deceased by December 1713 when her son William took receipts concerning his parents ' estate .
= = Early life = =
Baptized in Alford , Lincolnshire on 15 November 1633 , Susanna Hutchinson was the youngest child of William and Anne Hutchinson to accompany her parents on the voyage from England to New England in 1634 . She was the 14th child of her parents , of which 11 survived to make the trip to the New World ; a 15th child was born in New England . The family settled in Boston , and lived across the street from magistrate John Winthrop , who was a judge during the civil trial in 1637 that led to her mother 's banishment from the Massachusetts colony . While Hutchinson was still very young , her mother hosted popular religious discussions at their home . Her mother 's religious views , at odds with the rigid orthodoxy of the Puritan ministers , helped to create a major division in the Boston church and an untenable situation for the colony 's leaders . Forced to leave Massachusetts , the family settled with many of her mother 's supporters on Aquidneck Island in the Narragansett Bay , establishing the settlement of Portsmouth , which soon became a part of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Hutchinson was less than five years old when the family left Boston , and was about eight when her father died in Portsmouth .
Frightened at the prospect of Massachusetts gaining influence or control over Rhode Island , Hutchinson 's widowed mother took her six youngest children , an older son , a son @-@ in @-@ law , and some servants and moved to the part of New Netherland that later became The Bronx in New York City . The Dutch and native Siwanoy were engaged in Kieft 's War during the family 's tenure there . In August 1643 Siwonoy attacked the emigrant household , and killed all members of the family , except for nine @-@ year @-@ old Hutchinson . According to one story , Susanna 's red hair spared her from the slaughter , while another account claimed that the girl was out picking blueberries some distance from the house and hid in the crevice of Split Rock . In any event , the attackers took Susanna Hutchinson captive , and held her for several years .
In his journal , Massachusetts governor John Winthrop provided an account of Susanna under the date of July 1646 :
A daughter of Mrs. Hutchinson was carried away by the Indians near the Dutch , when her mother and others were killed by them ; and upon the peace concluded between the Dutch and the same Indians , she was returned to the Dutch governor , who restored her to her friends here . She was about eight years old , when she was taken , and continued with them about four years , and she had forgot her own language , and all her friends , and was loath to have come from the Indians .
While Winthrop said that Hutchinson was captive about four years , his journal makes clear that her captivity lasted less than three years . When she returned to Boston , her known living siblings at the time were her oldest brother , Edward Hutchinson , another brother , Samuel , and her two oldest living sisters , Faith ( the wife of Thomas Savage ) , and Bridget ( the wife of John Sanford ) . Of these siblings , Faith lived in Mount Wollaston , about ten miles south of Boston ; Bridget lived in Portsmouth , Rhode Island ; and Samuel 's residence is unknown . Only her brother Edward is known to have lived in Boston proper , and it is likely that Hutchinson came to live with him and his family . On 30 December 1651 she married , in Boston , John Cole , the son of Boston innkeeper , Samuel Cole , who had established Boston 's first tavern in 1634 .
= = Adult life = =
Susanna and John Cole began raising a family in Boston , but by 1663 they had gone to look after her brother 's land in the Narragansett country , which was then in disputed territory , but later became North Kingstown , Rhode Island . Here the Coles lived for the remainder of their lives , rearing many children . The will of John Cole 's father , Samuel Cole , dated 21 December 1666 , left a property at Bendall 's Dock in Boston to Susanna and her children to satisfy an agreement with Susanna 'a brother Edward Hutchinson and uncle Samuel Hutchinson . This property was leased out in 1676 , and sold in 1698 for £ 160 .
In April 1667 , John Cole deeded their house in Boston to Susanna 's brother Edward and uncle Samuel , signifying that they intended to remain in Narragansett . They lived in the vicinity of Wickford , an area claimed by both Connecticut and Rhode Island . Many of the Wickford inhabitants preferred to be under the jurisdiction of Connecticut , and in the late 1660s John Cole became a magistrate and commissioner for the area under the auspices of the Connecticut government . Eventually , following many years of dispute and tension , Rhode Island was given control over the Narragansett lands , and in 1682 John Cole was made a conservator of the peace under the Rhode Island government . By 1707 John had died , and Susanna and her son William were given administration of his estate during that year . Susanna had died by 14 December 1713 when her son , William , " took receipts from heirs for their full proportion of estate of deceased father and mother ... "
= = Family and Legacy = =
Susanna and John Cole had 11 children : Susanna , Samuel , Mary , John , Ann , a second John , Hannah , William , Francis , Elizabeth , and Elisha ; at least 9 of them grew to maturity . Their oldest daughter , Susanna , married Thomas Eldred , but the fate of their oldest son , Samuel is not known . Mary lived into her 60s , never marrying , and John , Jr. died as a youngster . Ann married Henry Bull , the son of Jireh Bull , and grandson of Rhode Island colonial governor Henry Bull . A second John grew to maturity , Hannah married Thomas Place , and William married Ann Pinder . Francis grew to maturity , Elizabeth married Robert Potter , and Elisha married Elizabeth Dexter and was for many years a Deputy or Assistant in the Rhode Island colony . Among her well known descendants are two aspirants to the United States Presidency : Stephen Arnold Douglas , who lost to Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 election , and Willard Mitt Romney , who lost to incumbent Barack Obama in 2012 . Her grandson , John Cole , the son of Elisha Cole , was a chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court .
There have been numerous books and articles written about Susanna Cole 's famous mother , Anne Hutchinson , most of which mention Susanna . One book has been written about Cole , Trouble 's Daughter by Katherine Kirkpatrick , which presents a fictionalized account about her life with the Native Americans who captured her , but also presents some of the limited historical information that is available about her .
A bronze statue in front of the Massachusetts State House in Boston , dedicated in 1922 , displays an assumed likeness of Cole as a youngster , and her mother , Anne Hutchinson .
= = Ancestry = =
Some of Susanna 's ancestry on her father 's side was published by John D. Champlin in 1913 , and he published much of her ancestry on her mother 's side the following year .
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= Battleship =
A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of heavy caliber guns . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the battleship was the most powerful type of warship , and a fleet of battleships was vital for any nation that desired to maintain command of the sea .
The word battleship was coined around 1794 and is a contraction of the phrase line @-@ of @-@ battle ship , the dominant wooden warship during the Age of Sail . The term came into formal use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ironclad warship , now referred to by historians as pre @-@ dreadnought battleships . In 1906 , the commissioning of HMS Dreadnought heralded a revolution in battleship design . Subsequent battleship designs , influenced by HMS Dreadnought , were referred to as " dreadnoughts " .
Battleships were a symbol of naval dominance and national might , and for decades the battleship was a major factor in both diplomacy and military strategy . The global arms race in battleship construction began in Europe , following the 1890 publication of Alfred Thayer Mahan 's The Influence of Sea Power upon History , 1660 – 1783 . This arms race culminated at the decisive Battle of Tsushima in 1905 ; the outcome of which significantly influenced the design of HMS Dreadnought . The launch of Dreadnought in 1906 commenced a new naval arms race . Three major fleet action between steel battleships took place . The decisive battles of the Yellow Sea ( 1904 ) and Tsushima ( 1905 ) during the Russo @-@ Japanese War , and the Battle of Jutland ( 1916 ) during the First World War . Jutland was the largest naval battle and the only full @-@ scale clash of battleships in the war , and it was the last major battle fought primarily by battleships in world history .
The Naval Treaties of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships , though technical innovation in battleship design continued . Both the Allies and the Axis powers deployed battleships during World War II . However they were of lesser importance , especially after the Japanese aircraft carrier fleet sank the main American battleship fleet at Pearl Harbor in 1941 .
The value of the battleship has been questioned , even during the period of their prominence . In spite of the immense resources spent on battleships , there were few pitched battleship clashes . Even with their enormous firepower and protection , battleships were increasingly vulnerable to much smaller , cheaper weapons : initially the torpedo and the naval mine , and later aircraft and the guided missile . The growing range of naval engagements led to the aircraft carrier replacing the battleship as the leading capital ship during World War II , with the last battleship to be launched being HMS Vanguard in 1944 . Battleships were retained by the United States Navy into the Cold War for fire support purposes before being stricken from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register in the 2000s .
= = Ships of the line = =
A ship of the line was a large , unarmored wooden sailing ship which mounted a battery of up to 120 smoothbore guns and carronades . The ship of the line developed gradually over centuries and , apart from growing in size , it changed little between the adoption of line of battle tactics in the early 17th century and the end of the sailing battleship 's heyday in the 1830s . From 1794 , the alternative term ' line of battle ship ' was contracted ( informally at first ) to ' battle ship ' or ' battleship ' .
The sheer number of guns fired broadside meant a sail battleship could wreck any wooden enemy , holing her hull , knocking down masts , wrecking her rigging , and killing her crew . However , the effective range of the guns was as little as a few hundred yards , so the battle tactics of sailing ships depended in part on the wind .
The first major change to the ship of the line concept was the introduction of steam power as an auxiliary propulsion system . Steam power was gradually introduced to the navy in the first half of the 19th century , initially for small craft and later for frigates . The French Navy introduced steam to the line of battle with the 90 @-@ gun Napoléon in 1850 — the first true steam battleship . Napoléon was armed as a conventional ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line , but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ) , regardless of the wind condition . This was a potentially decisive advantage in a naval engagement . The introduction of steam accelerated the growth in size of battleships . France and the United Kingdom were the only countries to develop fleets of wooden steam screw battleships , although several other navies operated small numbers of screw battleships , including Russia ( 9 ) , Turkey ( 3 ) , Sweden ( 2 ) , Naples ( 1 ) , Denmark ( 1 ) and Austria ( 1 ) .
= = Ironclads = =
The adoption of steam power was only one of a number of technological advances which revolutionized warship design in the 19th century . The ship of the line was overtaken by the ironclad : powered by steam , protected by metal armor , and armed with guns firing high @-@ explosive shells .
= = = Explosive shells = = =
Guns that fired explosive or incendiary shells were a major threat to wooden ships , and these weapons quickly became widespread after the introduction of 8 inch shell guns as part of the standard armament of French and American line @-@ of @-@ battle ships in 1841 . In the Crimean War , six line @-@ of @-@ battle ships and two frigates of the Russian Black Sea Fleet destroyed seven Turkish frigates and three corvettes with explosive shells at the Battle of Sinop in 1853 . Later in the war , French ironclad floating batteries used similar weapons against the defenses at the Battle of Kinburn .
Nevertheless , wooden @-@ hulled ships stood up comparatively well to shells , as shown in the 1866 Battle of Lissa , where the modern Austrian steam two @-@ decker SMS Kaiser ranged across a confused battlefield , rammed an Italian ironclad and took 80 hits from Italian ironclads , many of which were shells , but including at least one 300 pound shot at point blank range . Despite losing her bowsprit and her foremast , and being set on fire , she was ready for action again the very next day .
= = = Iron armor and construction = = =
The development of high @-@ explosive shells made the use of iron armor plate on warships necessary . In 1859 France launched Gloire , the first ocean @-@ going ironclad warship . She had the profile of a ship of the line , cut to one deck due to weight considerations . Although made of wood and reliant on sail for most journeys , Gloire was fitted with a propeller , and her wooden hull was protected by a layer of thick iron armor . Gloire prompted further innovation from the Royal Navy , anxious to prevent France from gaining a technological lead .
The superior armored frigate Warrior followed Gloire by only 14 months , and both nations embarked on a program of building new ironclads and converting existing screw ships of the line to armored frigates . Within two years , Italy , Austria , Spain and Russia had all ordered ironclad warships , and by the time of the famous clash of the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia at the Battle of Hampton Roads at least eight navies possessed ironclad ships .
Navies experimented with the positioning of guns , in turrets ( like the USS Monitor ) , central @-@ batteries or barbettes , or with the ram as the principal weapon . As steam technology developed , masts were gradually removed from battleship designs . By the mid @-@ 1870s steel was used as a construction material alongside iron and wood . The French Navy 's Redoutable , laid down in 1873 and launched in 1876 , was a central battery and barbette warship which became the first battleship in the world to use steel as the principal building material .
= = Pre @-@ dreadnought battleship = =
The term " battleship " was officially adopted by the Royal Navy in the re @-@ classification of 1892 . By the 1890s , there was an increasing similarity between battleship designs , and the type that later became known as the ' pre @-@ dreadnought battleship ' emerged . These were heavily armored ships , mounting a mixed battery of guns in turrets , and without sails . The typical first @-@ class battleship of the pre @-@ dreadnought era displaced 15 @,@ 000 to 17 @,@ 000 tons , had a speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ) , and an armament of four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns in two turrets fore and aft with a mixed @-@ caliber secondary battery amidships around the superstructure . An early design with superficial similarity to the pre @-@ dreadnought is the British Devastation class of 1871 .
The slow @-@ firing 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) main guns were the principal weapons for battleship @-@ to @-@ battleship combat . The intermediate and secondary batteries had two roles . Against major ships , it was thought a ' hail of fire ' from quick @-@ firing secondary weapons could distract enemy gun crews by inflicting damage to the superstructure , and they would be more effective against smaller ships such as cruisers . Smaller guns ( 12 @-@ pounders and smaller ) were reserved for protecting the battleship against the threat of torpedo attack from destroyers and torpedo boats .
The beginning of the pre @-@ dreadnought era coincided with Britain reasserting her naval dominance . For many years previously , Britain had taken naval supremacy for granted . Expensive naval projects were criticised by political leaders of all inclinations . However , in 1888 a war scare with France and the build @-@ up of the Russian navy gave added impetus to naval construction , and the British Naval Defence Act of 1889 laid down a new fleet including eight new battleships . The principle that Britain 's navy should be more powerful than the two next most powerful fleets combined was established . This policy was designed to deter France and Russia from building more battleships , but both nations nevertheless expanded their fleets with more and better pre @-@ dreadnoughts in the 1890s .
In the last years of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th , the escalation in the building of battleships became an arms race between Britain and Germany . The German naval laws of 1890 and 1898 authorised a fleet of 38 battleships , a vital threat to the balance of naval power . Britain answered with further shipbuilding , but by the end of the pre @-@ dreadnought era , British supremacy at sea had markedly weakened . In 1883 , the United Kingdom had 38 battleships , twice as many as France and almost as many as the rest of the world put together . By 1897 , Britain 's lead was far smaller due to competition from France , Germany , and Russia , as well as the development of pre @-@ dreadnought fleets in Italy , the United States and Japan . Turkey , Spain , Sweden , Denmark , Norway , the Netherlands , Chile and Brazil all had second @-@ rate fleets led by armored cruisers , coastal defence ships or monitors .
Pre @-@ dreadnoughts continued the technical innovations of the ironclad . Turrets , armor plate , and steam engines were all improved over the years , and torpedo tubes were introduced . A small number of designs , including the American Kearsarge and Virginia classes , experimented with all or part of the 8 @-@ inch intermediate battery superimposed over the 12 @-@ inch primary . Results were poor : recoil factors and blast effects resulted in the 8 @-@ inch battery being completely unusable , and the inability to train the primary and intermediate armaments on different targets led to significant tactical limitations . Even though such innovative designs saved weight ( a key reason for their inception ) , they proved too cumbersome in practice .
= = Dreadnought era = =
In 1906 , the British Royal Navy launched the revolutionary HMS Dreadnought . Created as a result of pressure from Admiral Sir John ( " Jackie " ) Fisher , HMS Dreadnought made existing battleships obsolete . Combining an " all @-@ big @-@ gun " armament of ten 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns with unprecedented speed ( from steam turbine engines ) and protection , she prompted navies worldwide to re @-@ evaluate their battleship building programs . While the Japanese had laid down an all @-@ big @-@ gun battleship , Satsuma , in 1904 and the concept of an all @-@ big @-@ gun ship had been in circulation for several years , it had yet to be validated in combat . Dreadnought sparked a new arms race , principally between Britain and Germany but reflected worldwide , as the new class of warships became a crucial element of national power .
Technical development continued rapidly through the dreadnought era , with steep changes in armament , armor and propulsion . Ten years after Dreadnought 's commissioning , much more powerful ships , the super @-@ dreadnoughts , were being built .
= = = Origin = = =
In the first years of the 20th century , several navies worldwide experimented with the idea of a new type of battleship with a uniform armament of very heavy guns .
Admiral Vittorio Cuniberti , the Italian Navy 's chief naval architect , articulated the concept of an all @-@ big @-@ gun battleship in 1903 . When the Regia Marina did not pursue his ideas , Cuniberti wrote an article in Jane 's proposing an " ideal " future British battleship , a large armored warship of 17 @,@ 000 tons , armed solely with a single calibre main battery ( twelve 12 @-@ inch { 305 mm } guns ) , carrying 300 @-@ millimetre ( 12 in ) belt armor , and capable of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ) .
The Russo @-@ Japanese War provided operational experience to validate the ' all @-@ big @-@ gun ' concept . At the Yellow Sea and Tsushima , pre @-@ dreadnoughts exchanged volleys at ranges of 7 @,@ 600 – 12 @,@ 000 yd ( 7 to 11 km ) , beyond the range of the secondary batteries . It is often held that these engagements demonstrated the importance of the 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) gun over its smaller counterparts , though some historians take the view that secondary batteries were just as important as the larger weapons .
In Japan , the two battleships of the 1903 @-@ 4 Programme were the first to be laid down as all @-@ big @-@ gun designs , with eight 12 @-@ inch guns . However , the design had armor which was considered too thin , demanding a substantial redesign . The financial pressures of the Russo @-@ Japanese War and the short supply of 12 @-@ inch guns which had to be imported from Britain meant these ships were completed with a mixed 10- and 12 @-@ inch armament . The 1903 @-@ 4 design also retained traditional triple @-@ expansion steam engines .
As early as 1904 , Jackie Fisher had been convinced of the need for fast , powerful ships with an all @-@ big @-@ gun armament . If Tsushima influenced his thinking , it was to persuade him of the need to standardise on 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns . Fisher 's concerns were submarines and destroyers equipped with torpedoes , then threatening to outrange battleship guns , making speed imperative for capital ships . Fisher 's preferred option was his brainchild , the battlecruiser : lightly armored but heavily armed with eight 12 @-@ inch guns and propelled to 25 knots ( 46 km / h ) by steam turbines .
It was to prove this revolutionary technology that Dreadnought was designed in January 1905 , laid down in October 1905 and sped to completion by 1906 . She carried ten 12 @-@ inch guns , had an 11 @-@ inch armor belt , and was the first large ship powered by turbines . She mounted her guns in five turrets ; three on the centerline ( one forward , two aft ) and two on the wings , giving her at her launch twice the broadside of any other warship . She retained a number of 12 @-@ pound ( 3 @-@ inch , 76 mm ) quick @-@ firing guns for use against destroyers and torpedo @-@ boats . Her armor was heavy enough for her to go head @-@ to @-@ head with any other ship in a gun battle , and conceivably win .
Dreadnought was to have been followed by three Invincible @-@ class battlecruisers , their construction delayed to allow lessons from Dreadnought to be used in their design . While Fisher may have intended Dreadnought to be the last Royal Navy battleship , the design was so successful he found little support for his plan to switch to a battlecruiser navy . Although there were some problems with the ship ( the wing turrets had limited arcs of fire and strained the hull when firing a full broadside , and the top of the thickest armor belt lay below the waterline at full load ) , the Royal Navy promptly commissioned another six ships to a similar design in the Bellerophon and St. Vincent classes .
An American design , South Carolina , authorized in 1905 and laid down in December 1906 , was another of the first dreadnoughts , but she and her sister , Michigan , were not launched until 1908 . Both used triple @-@ expansion engines and had a superior layout of the main battery , dispensing with Dreadnought 's wing turrets . They thus retained the same broadside , despite having two fewer guns .
= = = Arms race = = =
In 1897 , before the revolution in design brought about by HMS Dreadnought , the Royal Navy had 62 battleships in commission or building , a lead of 26 over France and 50 over Germany . In 1906 , the Royal Navy owned the field with Dreadnought . The new class of ship prompted an arms race with major strategic consequences . Major naval powers raced to build their own dreadnoughts . Possession of modern battleships was not only vital to naval power , but also , as with nuclear weapons today , represented a nation 's standing in the world . Germany , France , Japan , Italy , Austria , and the United States all began dreadnought programmes ; while Ottoman Turkey , Argentina , Russia , Brazil , and Chile commissioned dreadnoughts to be built in British and American yards .
= = World War I = =
The battleship , particularly the dreadnought , was the dominant naval weapon of the World War I era . There were few serious challenges at that time . The most significant naval battles of World War I , such as Jutland ( May 31 , 1916 – June 1 , 1916 ) , were fought by battleships and their battlecruiser cousins .
By virtue of geography , the Royal Navy was able to use her imposing battleship and battlecruiser fleet to impose a strict and successful naval blockade of Germany and kept Germany 's smaller battleship fleet bottled up in the North Sea : only narrow channels led to the Atlantic Ocean and these were guarded by British forces . Both sides were aware that , because of the greater number of British dreadnoughts , a full fleet engagement would be likely to result in a British victory . The German strategy was therefore to try to provoke an engagement on their terms : either to induce a part of the Grand Fleet to enter battle alone , or to fight a pitched battle near the German coastline , where friendly minefields , torpedo @-@ boats and submarines could be used to even the odds . Germany 's submarines were able to break out and raid commerce , but even though they sank many merchant ships , they could not successfully blockade Great Britain – in contrast to Britain 's successful battleship blockade of Germany , which was a major cause of Germany 's economic collapse in 1918 . The Royal Navy on the other hand , successfully adopted convoy tactics to combat Germany 's submarine blockade and eventually defeated it .
The first two years of war saw the Royal Navy 's battleships and battlecruisers regularly " sweep " the North Sea making sure that no German ships could get in or out . Only a few German surface ships that were already at sea , such as the famous light cruiser SMS Emden , were able to raid commerce . Even some of those that did manage to get out were hunted down by battlecruisers , as in the Battle of the Falklands , December 7 , 1914 . The results of sweeping actions in the North Sea were battles such as the Heligoland Bight and Dogger Bank and German raids on the English coast , all of which were attempts by the Germans to lure out portions of the Grand Fleet in an attempt to defeat the Royal Navy in detail . On May 31 , 1916 , a further attempt to draw British ships into battle on German terms resulted in a clash of the battlefleets in the Battle of Jutland . The German fleet withdrew to port after two short encounters with the British fleet . Less than two months later , the Germans once again attempted to draw portions of the Grand Fleet into battle . The resulting Action of 19 August 1916 proved inconclusive . This reinforced German determination not to engage in a fleet to fleet battle .
In the other naval theatres there were no decisive pitched battles . In the Black Sea , engagement between Russian and Turkish battleships was restricted to skirmishes . In the Baltic Sea , action was largely limited to the raiding of convoys , and the laying of defensive minefields ; the only significant clash of battleship squadrons there was the Battle of Moon Sound at which one Russian pre @-@ dreadnought was lost . The Adriatic was in a sense the mirror of the North Sea : the Austro @-@ Hungarian dreadnought fleet remained bottled up by the British and French blockade . And in the Mediterranean , the most important use of battleships was in support of the amphibious assault on Gallipoli .
In September 1914 , the threat posed to surface ships by German U @-@ boats was confirmed by successful attacks on British cruisers , including the sinking of three British armored cruisers by the German submarine SM U @-@ 9 in less than an hour . The British Super @-@ dreadnought HMS Audacious soon followed suit as she struck a mine laid by a German U @-@ boat in October 1914 and sank . The threat that German U @-@ boats posed to British dreadnoughts was enough to cause the Royal Navy to change their strategy and tactics in the North Sea to reduce the risk of U @-@ boat attack . Further near @-@ misses from submarine attacks on battleships and casualties amongst cruisers led to growing concern in the Royal Navy about the vulnerability of battleships .
As the war wore on however , it turned out that whilst submarines did prove to be an incredibly dangerous threat to older pre @-@ dreadnought battleships , as shown by examples such as the sinking of the Mesûdiye , which was caught in the Dardanelles by a British submarine and the HMS Majestic and HMS Triumph were torpedoed by U @-@ 21 as well as HMS Formidable , HMS Cornwallis , HMS Britannia etc . , the threat posed to dreadnought battleships proved to have been largely a false alarm . HMS Audacious turned out to have been the only dreadnought sunk by a submarine in WWI . While battleships were never intended for anti @-@ submarine warfare , there was one instance of a submarine being sunk by a dreadnought battleship . HMS Dreadnought rammed and sank the German U @-@ 29 on March 18 , 1915 off Moray Firth .
Whilst the escape of the German fleet from the superior British firepower at Jutland was effected by the German cruisers and destroyers successfully turning away the British battleships , the German attempt to rely on U @-@ boat attacks on the British fleet failed .
Torpedo boats did have some successes against battleships in World War I , as demonstrated by the sinking of the British pre @-@ dreadnought HMS Goliath by Muâvenet @-@ i Millîye during the Dardanelles Campaign and the destruction of the Austro @-@ Hungarian dreadnought SMS Szent István by Italian motor torpedo boats in June 1918 . In large fleet actions , however , destroyers and torpedo boats were usually unable to get close enough to the battleships to damage them . The only battleship sunk in a fleet action by either torpedo boats or destroyers was the obsolescent German pre @-@ dreadnought SMS Pommern . She was sunk by destroyers during the night phase of the Battle of Jutland .
The German High Seas Fleet , for their part , were determined not to engage the British without the assistance of submarines ; and since the submarines were needed more for raiding commercial traffic , the fleet stayed in port for much of the war .
= = Inter @-@ war period = =
For many years , Germany simply had no battleships . The Armistice with Germany required that most of the High Seas Fleet be disarmed and interned in a neutral port ; largely because no neutral port could be found , the ships remained in British custody in Scapa Flow , Scotland . The Treaty of Versailles specified that the ships should be handed over to the British . Instead , most of them were scuttled by their German crews on June 21 , 1919 just before the signature of the peace treaty . The treaty also limited the German Navy , and prevented Germany from building or possessing any capital ships .
The inter @-@ war period saw the battleship subjected to strict international limitations to prevent a costly arms race breaking out .
While the victors were not limited by the Treaty of Versailles , many of the major naval powers were crippled after the war . Faced with the prospect of a naval arms race against the United Kingdom and Japan , which would in turn have led to a possible Pacific war , the United States was keen to conclude the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 . This treaty limited the number and size of battleships that each major nation could possess , and required Britain to accept parity with the U.S. and to abandon the British alliance with Japan . The Washington treaty was followed by a series of other naval treaties , including the First Geneva Naval Conference ( 1927 ) , the First London Naval Treaty ( 1930 ) , the Second Geneva Naval Conference ( 1932 ) , and finally the Second London Naval Treaty ( 1936 ) , which all set limits on major warships . These treaties became effectively obsolete on September 1 , 1939 at the beginning of World War II , but the ship classifications that had been agreed upon still apply . The treaty limitations meant that fewer new battleships were launched in 1919 – 39 than in 1905 – 14 . The treaties also inhibited development by putting maximum limits on the weights of ships . Designs like the projected British N3 @-@ class battleship , the first American South Dakota class , and the Japanese Kii class — all of which continued the trend to larger ships with bigger guns and thicker armor — never got off the drawing board . Those designs which were commissioned during this period were referred to as treaty battleships .
= = = Rise of air power = = =
As early as 1914 , the British Admiral Percy Scott predicted that battleships would soon be made irrelevant by aircraft . By the end of World War I , aircraft had successfully adopted the torpedo as a weapon . In 1921 the Italian general and air theorist Giulio Douhet completed a hugely influential treatise on strategic bombing titled The Command of the Air , which foresaw the dominance of air power over naval units .
In the 1920s , General Billy Mitchell of the United States Army Air Corps , believing that air forces had rendered navies around the world obsolete , testified in front of Congress that " 1 @,@ 000 bombardment airplanes can be built and operated for about the price of one battleship " and that a squadron of these bombers could sink a battleship , making for more efficient use of government funds . This infuriated the U.S. Navy , but Mitchell was nevertheless allowed to conduct a careful series of bombing tests alongside Navy and Marine bombers . In 1921 , he bombed and sank numerous ships , including the " unsinkable " German World War I battleship SMS Ostfriesland and the American pre @-@ dreadnought Alabama .
Although Mitchell had required " war @-@ time conditions " , the ships sunk were obsolete , stationary , defenseless and had no damage control . The sinking of Ostfriesland was accomplished by violating an agreement that would have allowed Navy engineers to examine the effects of various munitions : Mitchell 's airmen disregarded the rules , and sank the ship within minutes in a coordinated attack . The stunt made headlines , and Mitchell declared , " No surface vessels can exist wherever air forces acting from land bases are able to attack them . " While far from conclusive , Mitchell 's test was significant because it put proponents of the battleship against naval aviation on the back foot . Rear Admiral William A. Moffett used public relations against Mitchell to make headway toward expansion of the U.S. Navy 's nascent aircraft carrier program .
= = = Rearmament = = =
The Royal Navy , United States Navy , and Imperial Japanese Navy extensively upgraded and modernized their World War I – era battleships during the 1930s . Among the new features were an increased tower height and stability for the optical rangefinder equipment ( for gunnery control ) , more armor ( especially around turrets ) to protect against plunging fire and aerial bombing , and additional anti @-@ aircraft weapons . Some British ships received a large block superstructure nicknamed the " Queen Anne 's castle " , such as in the Queen Elizabeth and Warspite , which would be used in the new conning towers of the King George V @-@ class fast battleships . External bulges were added to improve both buoyancy to counteract weight increase and provide underwater protection against mines and torpedoes . The Japanese rebuilt all of their battleships , plus their battlecruisers , with distinctive " pagoda " structures , though the Hiei received a more modern bridge tower that would influence the new Yamato @-@ class battleships . Bulges were fitted , including steel tube arrays to improve both underwater and vertical protection along the waterline . The U.S. experimented with cage masts and later tripod masts , though after Pearl Harbor some of the most severely damaged ships such as West Virginia and California were rebuilt to a similar appearance to their Iowa @-@ class contemporaries ( called tower masts ) . Radar , which was effective beyond visual contact and was effective in complete darkness or adverse weather conditions , was introduced to supplement optical fire control .
Even when war threatened again in the late 1930s , battleship construction did not regain the level of importance which it had held in the years before World War I. The " building holiday " imposed by the naval treaties meant that the building capacity of dockyards worldwide was relatively reduced , and the strategic position had changed .
In Germany , the ambitious Plan Z for naval rearmament was abandoned in favor of a strategy of submarine warfare supplemented by the use of battlecruisers and Bismarck @-@ class battleships as commerce raiders . In Britain , the most pressing need was for air defenses and convoy escorts to safeguard the civilian population from bombing or starvation , and re @-@ armament construction plans consisted of five ships of the King George V class . It was in the Mediterranean that navies remained most committed to battleship warfare . France intended to build six battleships of the Dunkerque and Richelieu classes , and the Italians four Littorio @-@ class ships . Neither navy built significant aircraft carriers . The U.S. preferred to spend limited funds on aircraft carriers until the South Dakota class . Japan , also prioritising aircraft carriers , nevertheless began work on three mammoth Yamato @-@ class ships ( although the third , Shinano , was later completed as a carrier ) and a planned fourth was cancelled .
At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War , the Spanish navy consisted of only two small dreadnought battleships , España and Jaime I. España ( originally named Alfonso XIII ) , by then in reserve at the northwestern naval base of El Ferrol , fell into Nationalist hands in July 1936 . The crew aboard Jaime I remained loyal to the Republic , killed their officers , who apparently supported Franco 's attempted coup , and joined the Republican Navy . Thus each side had one battleship ; however , the Republican Navy generally lacked experienced officers . The Spanish battleships mainly restricted themselves to mutual blockades , convoy escort duties , and shore bombardment , rarely in direct fighting against other surface units . In April 1937 , España ran into a mine laid by friendly forces , and sank with little loss of life . In May 1937 , Jaime I was damaged by Nationalist air attacks and a grounding incident . The ship was forced to go back to port to be repaired . There she was again hit by several aerial bombs . It was then decided to tow the battleship to a more secure port , but during the transport she suffered an internal explosion that caused 300 deaths and her total loss . Several Italian and German capital ships participated in the non @-@ intervention blockade . On May 29 , 1937 , two Republican aircraft managed to bomb the German pocket battleship Deutschland outside Ibiza , causing severe damage and loss of life . Admiral Scheer retaliated two days later by bombarding Almería , causing much destruction , and the resulting Deutschland incident meant the end of German and Italian support for non @-@ intervention .
= = World War II = =
The German battleship Schleswig @-@ Holstein — an obsolete pre @-@ dreadnought — fired the first shots of World War II with the bombardment of the Polish garrison at Westerplatte ; and the final surrender of the Japanese Empire took place aboard a United States Navy battleship , USS Missouri . Between those two events , it had become clear that aircraft carriers were the new principal ships of the fleet and that battleships now performed a secondary role .
Battleships played a part in major engagements in Atlantic , Pacific and Mediterranean theaters ; in the Atlantic , the Germans used their battleships as independent commerce raiders . However , clashes between battleships were of little strategic importance . The Battle of the Atlantic was fought between destroyers and submarines , and most of the decisive fleet clashes of the Pacific war were determined by aircraft carriers .
In the first year of the war , armored warships defied predictions that aircraft would dominate naval warfare . Scharnhorst and Gneisenau surprised and sank the aircraft carrier Glorious off western Norway in June 1940 . This engagement marked the last time a fleet carrier was sunk by surface gunnery . In the attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir , British battleships opened fire on the French battleships in the harbor near Oran in Algeria with their heavy guns , and later pursued fleeing French ships with planes from aircraft carriers .
The subsequent years of the war saw many demonstrations of the maturity of the aircraft carrier as a strategic naval weapon and its potential against battleships . The British air attack on the Italian naval base at Taranto sank one Italian battleship and damaged two more . The same Swordfish torpedo bombers played a crucial role in sinking the German commerce @-@ raider Bismarck .
On December 7 , 1941 , the Japanese launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor . Within a short time five of eight U.S. battleships were sunk or sinking , with the rest damaged . The American aircraft carriers were out to sea , however , and evaded detection . They took up the fight , and eventually turned the tide of the war in the Pacific . The sinking of the British battleship Prince of Wales and her escort , the battlecruiser Repulse , demonstrated the vulnerability of a battleship to air attack while at sea without sufficient air cover , settling the argument begun by Mitchell in 1921 . Both warships were under way and en route to attack the Japanese amphibious force that had invaded Malaya when they were caught by Japanese land @-@ based bombers and torpedo bombers on December 10 , 1941 .
At many of the early crucial battles of the Pacific , for instance Coral Sea and Midway , battleships were either absent or overshadowed as carriers launched wave after wave of planes into the attack at a range of hundreds of miles . In later battles in the Pacific , battleships primarily performed shore bombardment in support of amphibious landings and provided anti @-@ aircraft defense as escort for the carriers . Even the largest battleships ever constructed , Japan 's Yamato class , which carried a main battery of nine 18 @-@ inch ( 46 cm ) guns and were designed as a principal strategic weapon , were never given a chance to show their potential in the decisive battleship action that figured in Japanese pre @-@ war planning .
The last battleship confrontation in history was the Battle of Surigao Strait , on October 25 , 1944 , in which a numerically and technically superior American battleship group destroyed a lesser Japanese battleship group by gunfire after it had already been devastated by destroyer torpedo attacks . All but one of the American battleships in this confrontation had previously been sunk by the attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequently raised and repaired . When Mississippi fired the last salvo of this battle , the last salvo fired by a battleship against another heavy ship , she was " firing a funeral salute to a finished era of naval warfare . " In April 1945 , during the battle for Okinawa , the world 's most powerful battleship , the Yamato , was sent out against a massive U.S. force on a suicide mission and sunk by overwhelming pressure from carrier aircraft with nearly all hands lost .
= = Cold War = =
After World War II , several navies retained their existing battleships , but they were no longer strategically dominant military assets . Indeed , it soon became apparent that they were no longer worth the considerable cost of construction and maintenance and only one new battleship was commissioned after the war , HMS Vanguard . During the war it had been demonstrated that battleship @-@ on @-@ battleship engagements like Leyte Gulf or the sinking of HMS Hood were the exception and not the rule , and with the growing role of aircraft engagement ranges were becoming longer and longer , making heavy gun armament irrelevant . The armor of a battleship was equally irrelevant in the face of a nuclear attack as tactical missiles with a range of 100 kilometres ( 60 mi ) or more could be mounted on the Soviet Kildin @-@ class destroyer and Whiskey @-@ class submarines . By the end of the 1950s , smaller vessel classes such as destroyers , which formerly offered no noteworthy opposition to battleships , now were capable of eliminating battleships from outside the range of the ship 's heavy guns .
The remaining battleships met a variety of ends . USS Arkansas and Nagato were sunk during the testing of nuclear weapons in Operation Crossroads in 1946 . Both battleships proved resistant to nuclear air burst but vulnerable to underwater nuclear explosions . The Italian battleship Giulio Cesare was taken by the Soviets as reparations and renamed Novorossiysk ; she was sunk by a leftover German mine in the Black Sea on October 29 , 1955 . The two Andrea Doria @-@ class ships were scrapped in 1956 . The French Lorraine was scrapped in 1954 , Richelieu in 1968 , and Jean Bart in 1970 .
The United Kingdom 's four surviving King George V @-@ class ships were scrapped in 1957 , and Vanguard followed in 1960 . All other surviving British battleships had been sold or broken up by 1949 . The Soviet Union 's Marat was scrapped in 1953 , Parizhskaya Kommuna in 1957 and Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya ( back under her original name , Gangut , since 1942 ) in 1956 @-@ 7 . Brazil 's Minas Geraes was scrapped in Genoa in 1953 , and her sister ship São Paulo sank during a storm in the Atlantic en route to the breakers in Italy in 1951 .
Argentina kept its two Rivadavia @-@ class ships until 1956 and Chile kept Almirante Latorre ( formerly HMS Canada ) until 1959 . The Turkish battlecruiser Yavûz ( formerly SMS Goeben , launched in 1911 ) was scrapped in 1976 after an offer to sell her back to Germany was refused . Sweden had several small coastal @-@ defense battleships , one of which , HSwMS Gustav V , survived until 1970 . The Soviets scrapped four large incomplete cruisers in the late 1950s , whilst plans to build a number of new Stalingrad @-@ class battlecruisers were abandoned following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953 . The three old German battleships Schleswig @-@ Holstein , Schlesien , and Hessen all met similar ends . Hessen was taken over by the Soviet Union and renamed Tsel . She was scrapped in 1960 . Schleswig @-@ Holstein was renamed Borodino , and was used as a target ship until 1960 . Schlesien , too , was used as a target ship . She was broken up between 1952 and 1957 .
The Iowa @-@ class battleships gained a new lease of life in the U.S. Navy as fire support ships . Radar and computer @-@ controlled gunfire could be aimed with pinpoint accuracy to target . The U.S. recommissioned all four Iowa @-@ class battleships for the Korean War and the New Jersey for the Vietnam War . These were primarily used for shore bombardment , New Jersey firing nearly 6 @,@ 000 rounds of 16 inch shells and over 14 @,@ 000 rounds of 5 inch projectiles during her tour on the gunline , seven times more rounds against shore targets in Vietnam than she had fired in the Second World War .
As part of Navy Secretary John F. Lehman 's effort to build a 600 @-@ ship Navy in the 1980s , and in response to the commissioning of Kirov by the Soviet Union , the United States recommissioned all four Iowa @-@ class battleships . On several occasions , battleships were support ships in carrier battle groups , or led their own battleship battle group . These were modernized to carry Tomahawk missiles , with New Jersey seeing action bombarding Lebanon in 1983 and 1984 , while Missouri and Wisconsin fired their 16 inch ( 406 mm ) guns at land targets and launched missiles during Operation Desert Storm in 1991 . Wisconsin served as the TLAM strike commander for the Persian Gulf , directing the sequence of launches that marked the opening of Desert Storm , firing a total of 24 TLAMs during the first two days of the campaign . The primary threat to the battleships were Iraqi shore based surface @-@ to @-@ surface missiles ; Missouri was targeted by two Iraqi Silkworm missiles , with one missing and another being intercepted by the British destroyer HMS Gloucester .
= = Modern times = =
All four Iowa ships were decommissioned in the early 1990s , making them the last battleships to see active service . USS Iowa and USS Wisconsin were maintained to a standard where they could be rapidly returned to service as fire support vessels , pending the development of a superior fire support vessel . These last two battleships were finally stricken from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register in 2006 . The Military Balance and Russian Foreign Military Review states the U.S. Navy listed one battleship in the reserve ( Naval Inactive Fleet / Reserve 2nd Turn ) in 2010 . The Military Balance states the U.S. Navy listed no battleships in the reserve in 2014 . The U.S. Marine Corps believes that the current naval surface fire support gun and missile programs will not be able to provide adequate fire support for an amphibious assault or onshore operations .
With the decommissioning of the last Iowa @-@ class ships , no battleships remain in service or in reserve with any navy worldwide . A number are preserved as museum ships , either afloat or in drydock . The U.S. has eight battleships on display : Massachusetts , North Carolina , Alabama , Iowa , New Jersey , Missouri , Wisconsin and Texas . Missouri and New Jersey are museums at Pearl Harbor and Camden , New Jersey , respectively . Iowa is on display as an educational attraction at the Los Angeles Waterfront in San Pedro , California . Wisconsin now serves as a museum ship in Norfolk , Virginia . Massachusetts , which has the distinction of never having lost a man during service , is on display at the Battleship Cove naval museum in Fall River , Massachusetts . Texas , the first battleship turned into a museum , is on display at the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site , near Houston . North Carolina is on display in Wilmington , North Carolina . Alabama is on display in Mobile , Alabama . The wreck of the Arizona , sunk during the Pearl Harbor attack in 1941 , is designated a historical landmark and national gravesite .
The only other 20th @-@ century battleship on display is the Japanese pre @-@ dreadnought Mikasa . A replica of the Chinese ironclad Dingyuan was built by the Weihai Port Bureau in 2003 and is on display in Weihai , China .
= = Strategy and doctrine = =
= = = Doctrine = = =
Battleships were the embodiment of sea power . For Alfred Thayer Mahan and his followers , a strong navy was vital to the success of a nation , and control of the seas was vital for the projection of force on land and overseas . Mahan 's theory , proposed in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History , 1660 – 1783 of 1890 , dictated the role of the battleship was to sweep the enemy from the seas . While the work of escorting , blockading , and raiding might be done by cruisers or smaller vessels , the presence of the battleship was a potential threat to any convoy escorted by any vessels other than capital ships . This concept of " potential threat " can be further generalized to the mere existence ( as opposed to presence ) of a powerful fleet tying the opposing fleet down . This concept came to be known as a " fleet in being " – an idle yet mighty fleet forcing others to spend time , resource and effort to actively guard against it .
Mahan went on to say victory could only be achieved by engagements between battleships , which came to be known as the decisive battle doctrine in some navies , while targeting merchant ships ( commerce raiding or guerre de course , as posited by the Jeune École ) could never succeed .
Mahan was highly influential in naval and political circles throughout the age of the battleship , calling for a large fleet of the most powerful battleships possible . Mahan 's work developed in the late 1880s , and by the end of the 1890s it had a massive international impact , in the end adopted by many major navies ( notably the British , American , German , and Japanese ) . The strength of Mahanian opinion was important in the development of the battleships arms races , and equally important in the agreement of the Powers to limit battleship numbers in the interwar era .
The " fleet in being " suggested battleships could simply by their existence tie down superior enemy resources . This in turn was believed to be able to tip the balance of a conflict even without a battle . This suggested even for inferior naval powers a battleship fleet could have important strategic impact .
= = = Tactics = = =
While the role of battleships in both World Wars reflected Mahanian doctrine , the details of battleship deployment were more complex . Unlike the ship of the line , the battleships of the late 19th and early 20th centuries had significant vulnerability to torpedoes and mines , which could be used by relatively small and inexpensive craft . The Jeune École doctrine of the 1870s and 1880s recommended placing torpedo boats alongside battleships ; these would hide behind the larger ships until gun @-@ smoke obscured visibility enough for them to dart out and fire their torpedoes . While this tactic was vitiated by the development of smokeless propellant , the threat from more capable torpedo craft ( later including submarines ) remained . By the 1890s , the Royal Navy had developed the first destroyers , which were initially designed to intercept and drive off any attacking torpedo boats . During the First World War and subsequently , battleships were rarely deployed without a protective screen of destroyers .
Battleship doctrine emphasised the concentration of the battlegroup . In order for this concentrated force to be able to bring its power to bear on a reluctant opponent ( or to avoid an encounter with a stronger enemy fleet ) , battlefleets needed some means of locating enemy ships beyond horizon range . This was provided by scouting forces ; at various stages battlecruisers , cruisers , destroyers , airships , submarines and aircraft were all used . ( With the development of radio , direction finding and traffic analysis would come into play , as well , so even shore stations , broadly speaking , joined the battlegroup . ) So for most of their history , battleships operated surrounded by squadrons of destroyers and cruisers . The North Sea campaign of the First World War illustrates how , despite this support , the threat of mine and torpedo attack , and the failure to integrate or appreciate the capabilities of new techniques , seriously inhibited the operations of the Royal Navy Grand Fleet , the greatest battleship fleet of its time .
= = = Strategic and diplomatic impact = = =
The presence of battleships had a great psychological and diplomatic impact . Similar to possessing nuclear weapons today , the ownership of battleships served to enhance a nation 's force projection .
Even during the Cold War , the psychological impact of a battleship was significant . In 1946 , USS Missouri was dispatched to deliver the remains of the ambassador from Turkey , and her presence in Turkish and Greek waters staved off a possible Soviet thrust into the Balkan region . In September 1983 , when Druze militia in Lebanon 's Shouf Mountains fired upon U.S. Marine peacekeepers , the arrival of USS New Jersey stopped the firing . Gunfire from New Jersey later killed militia leaders .
= = = Value for money = = =
Battleships were the largest and most complex , and hence the most expensive warships of their time ; as a result , the value of investment in battleships has always been contested . As the French politician Etienne Lamy wrote in 1879 , " The construction of battleships is so costly , their effectiveness so uncertain and of such short duration , that the enterprise of creating an armored fleet seems to leave fruitless the perseverance of a people " . The Jeune École school of thought of the 1870s and 1880s sought alternatives to the crippling expense and debatable utility of a conventional battlefleet . It proposed what would nowadays be termed a sea denial strategy , based on fast , long @-@ ranged cruisers for commerce raiding and torpedo boat flotillas to attack enemy ships attempting to blockade French ports . The ideas of the Jeune Ecole were ahead of their time ; it was not until the 20th century that efficient mines , torpedoes , submarines , and aircraft were available that allowed similar ideas to be effectively implemented . The determination of powers such as Germany to build battlefleets with which to confront much stronger rivals has been criticised by historians , who emphasise the futility of investment in a battlefleet that has no chance of matching its opponent in an actual battle .
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= Oryzomys =
Oryzomys is a genus of semiaquatic rodents in the tribe Oryzomyini living in southern North America and far northern South America . It includes eight species , two of which — the marsh rice rat ( O. palustris ) of the United States and O. couesi of Mexico and Central America — are widespread ; the six others have more restricted distributions . The species have had eventful taxonomic histories , and most species were at one time included in the marsh rice rat ; additional species may be recognized in the future . The name Oryzomys was established in 1857 by Spencer Fullerton Baird for the marsh rice rat and was soon applied to over a hundred species of American rodents . Subsequently , the genus gradually became more narrowly defined until its current contents were established in 2006 , when ten new genera were established for species previously placed in Oryzomys .
Species of Oryzomys are medium @-@ sized rats with long , coarse fur . The upperparts are gray to reddish and the underparts white to buff . The animals have broad feet with reduced or absent ungual tufts of hair around the claws and , in at least some species , with webbing between the toes . The rostrum ( front part of the skull ) is broad and the braincase is high . Both the marsh rice rat and O. couesi have 56 chromosomes , lack a gall bladder , and have a complex penis ( as is characteristic of the Sigmodontinae ) with some traits that are rare among oryzomyines ; these characteristics are unknown in the other species of this genus .
The habitat includes various kinds of wetlands , such as lakes , marshes , and rivers . Oryzomys species swim well , are active during the night , and eat both plant and animal food . They build woven nests of vegetation . After a gestation period of 21 to 28 days , about four young are born . Species of Oryzomys are infected by numerous parasites and carry at least three hantaviruses , one of which ( Bayou virus ) also infects humans . Two , maybe three , species have gone extinct over the last two centuries and at least one other is endangered , but the widespread marsh rice rat and O. couesi are not threatened .
= = Taxonomy = =
Oryzomys is one of about thirty genera within the tribe Oryzomyini , a diverse group of well over a hundred species , many of which were formerly also included in Oryzomys . Oryzomyini is one of several tribes within the subfamily Sigmodontinae of the family Cricetidae , which includes hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents , distributed mainly in the Americas and Eurasia .
Within Oryzomyini , a 2006 phylogenetic analysis by Marcelo Weksler which used both morphological and DNA sequence data found some evidence that Oryzomys is most closely related to a group including Holochilus , Lundomys , and Pseudoryzomys . Although analyses based on morphological and combined data supported this relationship , sequences of the Rbp3 gene alone instead placed Oryzomys among a group that included Nectomys , Sigmodontomys , and a few other genera . In all analyses , Oryzomys appeared within clade D of Oryzomyini . The relationship between Oryzomys and the Holochilus group was supported by five synapomorphies ( shared derived characters ) — absence or reduction of both the hypothenar and interdigital pads ; reduction of ungual tufts of hairs surrounding the claws ; having the back margin of the zygomatic plate of the skull at the same level as the front of the first upper molar ; and the anterocone ( front cusp ) of the first upper molar divided by an anteromedian fossette . The first three are adaptations to the semiaquatic lifestyle that Oryzomys and the members of the Holochilus group share , and may thus be examples of convergent evolution .
= = = Circumscription = = =
The name Oryzomys was introduced in 1857 by Spencer Fullerton Baird for the marsh rice rat ( now Oryzomys palustris ) of the eastern United States , which had been first described twenty years earlier by Richard Harlan . The name combines the Greek oryza " rice " and mys " mouse " and refers to the feeding habits of the marsh rice rat . Baird placed Oryzomys as a subgenus of the now @-@ defunct genus Hesperomys and included only the marsh rice rat in it , a classification which was followed by Elliott Coues in 1874 and 1877 . In 1890 , Oryzomys was raised to generic rank , and in subsequent years numerous additional species were ascribed to it , many of which were soon moved to separate genera . In the 1898 Catalogus Mammalium , Édouard Louis Trouessart listed 67 species of Oryzomys , including some that are now placed in Calomys , Necromys , Thomasomys , and other genera unrelated to Oryzomys . Some of the new genera proposed were soon subsumed in Oryzomys again , and in The Families and Genera of Living Rodents ( 1941 ) , John Ellerman listed Microryzomys , Oligoryzomys , Melanomys , Nesoryzomys , and Oecomys as synonyms of Oryzomys and included about 127 species in it . In 1948 , Philip Hershkovitz suggested that other oryzomyines like Nectomys and Megalomys could as well be included in Oryzomys , and Clayton Ray followed this suggestion in 1962 .
Hershkovitz and Ray 's classification was never widely followed , and from 1976 on authors started to reinstate some of the other groups lumped in Oryzomys as separate genera . The genus was reduced to 43 species ( out of 110 in Oryzomyini ) in the third edition ( 2005 ) of Mammal Species of the World , but it was still not a natural , monophyletic group ; rather , it mostly united those oryzomyines that lacked the conspicuous specializations of other genera . In 2006 , Marcelo Weksler 's comprehensive phylogenetic analysis produced further evidence that the genus was polyphyletic , as species of Oryzomys were dispersed all over the oryzomyine tree . He proposed that eleven new genera should be created to accommodate those species that were not closely related to the type species of Oryzomys , the marsh rice rat ; he considered other options that would require fewer new genera , but argued that that would result in less meaningful genus @-@ level groups in Oryzomyini . Later in the same year , Weksler , Percequillo , and Voss created ten new genera — Aegialomys , Cerradomys , Eremoryzomys , Euryoryzomys , Hylaeamys , Mindomys , Nephelomys , Oreoryzomys , Sooretamys , and Transandinomys — for species formerly placed in Oryzomys and placed six more species related to " Oryzomys " alfaroi in Handleyomys pending the description of more new genera for them . They left only five species in Oryzomys , which was now finally a natural , monophyletic group . Because of subsequent taxonomic work , the number of species has since increased to at least eight .
Some problems remain : ? Oryzomys pliocaenicus , a Miocene fossil from Kansas , is of uncertain identity but may belong in Bensonomys , and fossils from the Miocene of Oregon and Pliocene of New Mexico have also been ascribed to Oryzomys , but probably incorrectly . A possible Oryzomys has been recorded from the Irvingtonian ( Pleistocene ) of Saskatchewan .
= = = Species = = =
The current concept of Oryzomys derives from the palustris @-@ mexicanus group recognized within a much larger genus Oryzomys by Merriam ( 1901 ) and the palustris group proposed by Goldman ( 1918 ) . Merriam recognized 21 species within his group , but Goldman consolidated them into eight — the marsh rice rat in the United States , O. couesi in far southern Texas , Mexico , and Central America , and six others with small distributions . In 1960 , Raymond Hall united O. couesi and the marsh rice rat into a single species , Oryzomys palustris , and thereafter , other localized forms were also included in O. palustris . Hershkovitz described another species in the group , O. gorgasi from Colombia , in 1970 and the next year he noted that O. dimidiatus , previously classified as a Nectomys , was similar to O. palustris . After 1979 , the marsh rice rat and O. couesi were again regarded as separate as a result of further work in Texas , where their ranges meet . While reviewing O. gorgasi in 2001 , J. Sánchez H. and colleagues redefined and characterized the O. palustris group and listed O. couesi , O. dimidiatus , O. gorgasi , and the marsh rice rat as its members ; Guy Musser and Michael Carleton in the 2005 third edition of Mammal Species of the World additionally listed O. nelsoni from María Madre Island in western Mexico .
In 2006 , Weksler and colleagues followed the 2001 definition by Sánchez and others for the restricted genus Oryzomys , but added O. antillarum from Jamaica as a species . Carleton and Joaquin Arroyo @-@ Cabrales reviewed Oryzomys from western Mexico in 2009 and in this context provided an extended diagnosis of Oryzomys . They recognized eight species : the six previously mentioned plus O. albiventer and O. peninsulae . Also in 2009 , Robert Voss and Weksler identified the subfossil Oryzomys curasoae from Curaçao as an island population of O. gorgasi . The next year , Delton Hanson and colleagues published a study using DNA sequence data from the cytochrome b , interphotoreceptor retinoid @-@ binding protein , and alcohol dehydrogenase 1 genes to assess relationships within Oryzomys . They recommended that the marsh rice rat be split into two species and that O. couesi be split into four species on the basis of the observed sequence divergence and other data .
Merriam divided his palustris @-@ mexicanus group in two " series " according to the color of the underparts ( white or fulvous ) . Goldman divided his palustris group in two " sections " — a couesi section with O. couesi and six related species , and a palustris section with O. palustris only . He noted that the latter differed from the former in the generally darker , more brownish , longer fur , and larger sphenopalatine vacuities ( openings in the mesopterygoid fossa , the gap behind the end of the palate ) . As Weksler 's 2006 analysis included only O. couesi and the marsh rice rat among species of Oryzomys in the strict sense , he could not test those groups . Carleton and Arroyo @-@ Cabrales concurred with Goldman 's division , listing additional characters , and noted that the palustris group may be more semiaquatically adapted than the members of the couesi group are . In the latter , the fur is usually reddish @-@ brown , as opposed to grayish @-@ brown in the palustris group . Members of the couesi group have smaller sphenopalatine vacuities and a smaller sphenopalatine foramen , a foramen ( opening ) in the side of the skull above the molars , and a more highly developed anterolabial cingulum on the third lower molar ( a crest at the front of the tooth ) . The hypothenar pad of the hindfoot , located on the sole far from the fingers , is present in the couesi group , but absent in the palustris group . Interdigital webbing may be more highly developed in the palustris group . Using morphological data , Voss and Weksler found a closer relationship between O. couesi and O. gorgasi to the exclusion of O. palustris , but with low confidence . The DNA sequence data of Hanson and colleagues supported a deep separation between the palustris and couesi groups , but a Costa Rican sample ( assigned to O. couesi ) was about as distant from the two groups as they were from each other .
The genus currently includes the following species :
= = Description = =
Oryzomys contains medium @-@ sized , semiaquatically specialized oryzomyine rodents . They have long , coarse fur that is grayish to reddish on the upperparts and white to buff on the underparts . The marsh rice rat superficially resembles the introduced species black rat and brown rat , but has larger differences in color between the upper- and underparts . The vibrissae ( whiskers ) are short and the ears are small and well @-@ haired . The tail is usually as long as or longer than the head and body and is sparsely haired , but the hairs on the lower side are longer than those above . Females have eight mammae , as in most oryzomyines . The hindfeet are broad and have the first and fifth digits notably shorter than the middle three . The upper surface is hairy , but the underside is naked and covered with small irregularities ( squamae ) . The pads are generally poorly developed , as are the ungual tufts . Interdigital webbing may be present , but its development is variable within the genus .
The karyotype has been recorded in various populations of the marsh rice rat and O. couesi and is apparently stable within the genus at 56 chromosomes , with the fundamental number of chromosomal arms ranging from 56 to 60 ( 2n |
= 56 , FN =
56 – 60 ) . In both species , the stomach has the characteristic pattern of sigmodontines ( unilocular @-@ hemiglandular ) : it is not split in two chambers by an incisura angularis and the front part ( antrum ) is covered by a glandular epithelium . Furthermore , the gall bladder is absent , a synapomorphy of Oryzomyini .
Oryzomys species have a large skull with a short rostrum and high braincase . The interorbital region , located between the eyes , is narrowest to the front and is flanked by well @-@ developed beads at its margins . The zygomatic plate is broad and has a well @-@ developed zygomatic notch at its front . The zygomatic arch is robust and contains a small but distinct jugal bone . The interparietal bone , part of the roof of the braincase , is narrow and short ; its narrowness is a synapomorphy for O. couesi plus the marsh rice rat according to Weksler 's analysis . The incisive foramina are long , with their back margin at the front of the first molars or further back . The palate is also long , extending beyond the back margin of the maxillary bone , and is perforated near the third molars by well @-@ developed posterolateral palatal pits . There is no alisphenoid strut , an extension of the alisphenoid bone that in some other oryzomyines separates two foramina in the skull . The auditory bullae are large . The condition of the arteries in the head is highly derived . In the mandible ( lower jaw ) , the coronoid process , a process at the back , is well developed and the capsular process , a raising of the mandibular bone housing the root of the lower incisor , is conspicuous .
As usual in oryzomyines , the molars are pentalophodont ( have the mesolophs and mesolophids , accessory crests , well developed ) and bunodont , with the cusps higher than the connecting crests . The cusps on the upper molars are arranged in two longitudinal series , not three as in the black and brown rats . The front cusps of the first upper and lower molar ( anterocone and anteroconid , respectively ) are broad and not divided completely by an anteromedian flexus or flexid . Behind the anterocone , the anteroloph ( a smaller crest ) is complete and separated from the anterocone . On both the second and third lower molars , the anterolophid ( a crest on the inner front corner ) is present , a putative synapomorphy of the genus . The first molars have additional small roots in addition to the main ones , so that the upper first molar has four and the lower has three or four roots .
As is characteristic of Sigmodontinae , the marsh rice rat and O. couesi have a complex penis , with the baculum ( penis bone ) displaying large protuberances at the sides . The outer surface of the penis is mostly covered by small spines , but there is a broad band of nonspinous tissue . The papilla ( nipple @-@ like projection ) on the dorsal ( upper ) side of the penis is covered with small spines , a character these two species share only with Oligoryzomys among oryzomyines examined . On the urethral process , located in the crater at the end of the penis , a fleshy process ( the subapical lobule ) is present ; it is absent in all other oryzomyines with studied penes except Holochilus brasiliensis . Both traits are recovered as synapomorphies of O. couesi plus the marsh rice rat in Weksler 's analysis .
= = Distribution , ecology , and behavior = =
The range of Oryzomys extends from New Jersey in the eastern United States through Mexico and Central America south to northwestern Colombia and east to northwestern Venezuela and Curaçao . Species of Oryzomys usually live in wet habitats such as marshes , streams , and mangroves , but both the marsh rice rat and O. couesi are also occasionally encountered in drier habitats . They occur or occurred on many continental @-@ shelf islands and one oceanic island , Jamaica ; their adeptness at colonizing islands may be caused by their close association with water and frequent occurrence in coastal wetlands . The oldest fossils date to the Rancholabrean of the United States , about 300 @,@ 000 years ago ; although there have been some earlier North American records , those are not in fact referable to Oryzomys or even Oryzomyini . Oryzomyines likely evolved in South America east of the Andes ; the presence of Oryzomys in Central America and other trans @-@ Andean regions is thought to be the result of one of several independent invasions of this region by oryzomyines . Alternatively , Oryzomys may have evolved from the Pliocene North American Jacobsomys . O. antillarum may have reached Jamaica during the last glacial period while sea levels were low .
Behavior is known mainly from the marsh rice rat and O. couesi , with some scattered data from the other species . Oryzomys are semiaquatic , spending much time in the water , and otherwise mainly live on the ground ; both the marsh rice rat and O. couesi are known to be excellent swimmers and will flee into the water when disturbed . Both are also active during the night and build nests of interwoven vegetation , which may be suspended above the water . Breeding may occur throughout the year in both species , but is known to be seasonally variable in the marsh rice rat . In both , gestation takes about 21 to 28 days and litter size is usually one to seven , averaging three to five . Young marsh rice rats and O. couesi become reproductively active when about 50 days old .
The marsh rice rat , O. couesi , and O. gorgasi are known to be omnivores , eating both plant and animal material . They eat both seeds and green plant parts and consume a variety of animals , including insects , crustaceans , and many others . The barn owl ( Tyto alba ) is a major predator on the marsh rice rat and remains of O. antillarum , O. couesi , and O. gorgasi have been found in owl pellet deposits . Several other animals are known to prey on Oryzomys . A variety of parasites are known from O. couesi and the marsh rice rat and two parasitic nematodes have been found in O. gorgasi .
= = Human interactions = =
Two species of Oryzomys , O. antillarum and O. nelsoni , have gone extinct since the 19th century , and a third , O. peninsulae , is unlikely to be still extant . Their extinction may have been caused by habitat destruction and by introduced species such as the small Asian mongoose and the brown and black rat . These same causes may threaten O. gorgasi , which the IUCN Red List assesses as " Endangered " . O. albiventer has been affected by human alteration of its habitat , but likely still survives . In contrast , the widespread species , the marsh rice rat and O. couesi , are common and of no conservation concern — indeed , both have been considered a pest — but some populations are threatened . Like these two species , O. dimidiatus is assessed as " Least Concern " by the Red List .
The marsh rice rat is the natural reservoir of the Bayou virus , the second most common cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States . Two other hantaviruses , Catacamas virus and Playa de Oro virus , occur in O. couesi in Honduras and western Mexico , respectively , but are not known to infect humans .
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= Philosophie Zoologique =
Philosophie Zoologique ( " Zoological Philosophy : Exposition with Regard to the Natural History of Animals " ) is an 1809 book by the French naturalist Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck , in which he outlines his pre @-@ Darwinian theory of evolution now known as Lamarckism .
In the book , Lamarck named two supposed laws that would enable animal species to acquire characteristics under the influence of their environment . The first law stated that use or disuse would cause body structures to grow or shrink over the generations . The second law asserted that such changes would be inherited . Those conditions together imply that species continuously change by adaptation to their environments , forming a branching series of evolutionary paths .
Lamarck was largely ignored by the major French zoologists , Buffon and Cuvier , but he attracted much more interest abroad . The book was read carefully , but its thesis rejected , by nineteenth century scientists including the geologist Charles Lyell and the comparative anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley . Darwin acknowledged Lamarck as an important zoologist , and his theory a forerunner of Darwin 's evolution by natural selection .
= = Context = =
Jean @-@ Baptiste Lamarck ( 1744 – 1829 ) was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and a professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes and then became the first professor of zoology at the new Muséum national d 'Histoire naturelle . He became known for his work on the taxonomy of the invertebrates , especially of molluscs . However , he is mainly remembered for the theory that now bears his name , Lamarckism , and in particular his view that the environment ( called by Lamarck the conditions of life ) gave rise to permanent , inherited , evolutionary changes in animals . He described his theory in his 1802 Recherches sur l 'organisation des corps vivants , and in his 1809 Philosophie Zoologique , and later in his Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres , ( 1815 – 1822 ) .
= = Book = =
In the Philosophie Zoologique , Lamarck proposed that species could acquire new characteristics from influences in their environment , in two rules that he named as laws . His first law stated that use or disuse of a body 's structures would cause them to grow or shrink in the course of several generations . His second law held that any changes made in this way would be inherited . Together , Lamarck 's laws imply the steady adaptation of animals to their environments .
He gave names to a number of vestigial structures in the book , among them " Olivier 's Spalax , which lives underground like the mole , and is apparently exposed to daylight even less than the mole , has altogether lost the use of sight : so that it shows nothing more than vestiges of this organ . "
Lamarck described speciation as follows :
" as new modifications will necessarily continue to operate , however slowly , not only will there continually be found new species , new genera , and new orders , but each species will vary in some part of its structure and form ... individuals which from special causes are transported into very different situations from those where the others occur , and then constantly submitted to other influences - the former , I say , assume new forms , and then they constitute a new species . "
He argued that gaps between differing kinds of animals resulted from the extinction of intermediate forms :
Species form " a branching series , irregularly graduated which has no discontinuity in its parts , or which , at least , if its true that there are some because of lost species , has not always had such . It follows that the species that terminate each branch of the general series are related , at least on one side , to the other neighboring species that shade into them " .
Lamarck proposed the transmutation of species ( " transformisme " ) , but did not believe that all living things shared a common ancestor . Rather he believed that simple forms of life were created continuously by spontaneous generation . He also believed that an innate life force , which he sometimes described as a nervous fluid , drove species to become more complex over time , advancing up a linear ladder of complexity similar to the mediaeval great chain of being .
= = Contents = =
Page numbers are given in parentheses .
VOLUME 1
Avertissement ( I – XXV )
Discours Préliminaire ( 1 )
Première Partie
( Considérations sur l 'Histoire naturelle des Animaux , leurs caractères , leurs rapports , leur organisation , leur distribution , leur classification et leur espèces )
I. Des Parties de l 'art dans les productions de la Nature ( 17 )
II . Importance des Rapports ( 39 )
III . De l 'Espèce parmi les Corps vivans , et de l 'idée que nous devons attacher à ce mot ( 53 )
IV . Généralités sur les Animaux ( 82 )
V. Sur l 'Etat actuel de la Distribution et de la Classification des Animaux ( 102 )
VI . Dégradation et simplification de l 'organisation d 'une extrémité a l 'autre de la Chaîne animale ( 130 )
VII . De l 'influence des Circonstances sur les actions et les habitudes des Animaux , et de celle des actions et des habitudes de ces Corps vivans , comme causes qui modifient leur organisation et leurs parties ( 218 )
VIII . De l 'Ordre naturel des Animaux et de la disposition qu 'il faut donner a leur distribution generale pour la rendre conforme a l 'ordre meme de la nature ( 269 )
Seconde Partie
( Considerations sur les Causes physiques de la Vie , les conditions qu 'elle exige pour exister , la force excitatrice de ses mouvemens , les facultes qu 'elle donne aux corps qui la possedent , et les resultats de son existence dans les corps ) ( 359 )
Introduction ( 359 )
I. Comparison des Corps inorganiques avec les Corps vivans , suivie d 'un Parallele entre les Animaux et les Vegetaux ( 377 )
II . De la Vie , de ce qui la constitue , et des Conditions essentielles a son existence dans un corps ( 400 )
VOLUME 2 [ 1830 edition ]
III . De la cause excitatrice des mouvemens organiques ( 1 )
IV . De l 'orgasme et de l 'irritabilité ( 20 )
V. Du tissu cellulaire , considere comme la gangue dans laquelle toute organisation a ete formee ( 46 )
VI . Des generations directes ou spontanees ( 61 )
VII . Des resultats immediats de la vie dans un corps ( 91 )
VIII . Des facultes communes a tous les corps vivans ( 113 )
IX . Des facultes particulieres a certains corps vivans ( 127 )
Troisieme Partie
Introduction ( 169 )
I. Du système nerveux ( 180 )
II . Du fluide nerveux ( 235 )
III . De la sensibilité physique et du mécanisme des sensations ( 252 )
IV . Du sentiment intérieur , des émotions qu 'il est susceptible d 'éprouver , et de la puissance ( 276 )
V. De la force productrice des actions des animaux ( 302 )
VI . De la volonté ( 330 )
VII . De l 'entendement , de son origine , et de celle des idees ( 346 )
VIII . Des principaux actes de l 'entendement ( 388 )
De l 'imagination ( 411 )
De la raison et de sa comparaison avec l 'instinct ( 441 )
Additions relatives aux chapitres VII et VIII de la premiere partie ( 451 )
= = Reception = =
Lamarck 's evolutionary theory made little immediate impact on his fellow zoologists , or on the public at the time . The historian of science Richard Burkhardt argues that this was because Lamarck was convinced his views would be poorly received , and made little effort to present his theory persuasively .
In the French @-@ speaking world in his lifetime , Lamarck and his theories were rejected by the major zoologists of the day , Buffon and Cuvier . However , he made more of an impact outside France and after his death , where leading scientists such as Ernst Haeckel , Charles Lyell and Darwin himself recognised him as a major zoologist , with theories that presaged Darwinian evolution .
In 1830 – 1833 , Charles Lyell , in his Principles of Geology , carefully summarised Lamarck 's theory ( in about 6 pages , with cross @-@ references to the Philosophie Zoologique ) and then roundly criticised it . Lyell begins by noting that Lamarck gives no examples at all of the development of any entirely new function ( " the substitution of some entirely new sense , faculty , or organ " ) but only proves that the " dimensions and strength " of some parts can be increased or decreased . Lyell says that with this " disregard to the strict rules of induction " Lamarck " resorts to fictions " . Lyell goes on , assuming for the sake of argument that Lamarck was right about the creation of new organs , that Lamarck 's theory would mean that instead of the nature and form of an animal giving rise to its behaviour , its behaviour would determine
the form of its body , the number and condition of its organs , in short , the faculties which it enjoys . Thus otters , beavers , waterfowl , turtles , and frogs , were not made web @-@ footed in order that they might swim ; but their wants having attracted them to the water in search of prey , they stretched out the toes of their feet to strike the water and move rapidly along its surface . By the repeated stretching of their toes , the skin which united them at the base , acquired a habit of extension , until , in the course of time , the broad membranes which now connect their extremities were formed .
Lyell similarly criticises the way Lamarck supposed the antelope and gazelle acquired " light agile forms " able to run swiftly ; or the " camelopard " ( giraffe ) became " gifted with a long flexible neck " .
Lamarckism was popularised in the English @-@ speaking world by the speculative Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844 .
In 1887 Thomas Henry Huxley , the comparative anatomist known as " Darwin 's Bulldog " for his energetic advocacy of Darwinian evolution , wrote that
With respect to the Philosophie Zoologique , it is no reproach to Lamarck to say that the discussion of the Species question in that work , whatever might be said for it in 1809 , was miserably below the level of the knowledge of half a century later . In that interval of time the elucidation of the structure of the lower animals and plants had given rise to wholly new conceptions of their relations ; histology and embryology , in the modern sense , had been created ; physiology had been reconstituted ; the facts of distribution , geological and geographical , had been prodigiously multiplied and reduced to order . To any biologist whose studies had carried him beyond mere species @-@ mongering in 1850 , one @-@ half of Lamarck 's arguments were obsolete and the other half erroneous , or defective , in virtue of omitting to deal with the various classes of evidence which had been brought to light since his time . Moreover his one suggestion as to the cause of the gradual modification of species — effort excited by change of conditions — was , on the face of it , inapplicable to the whole vegetable world . I do not think that any impartial judge who reads the Philosophie Zoologique now , and who afterwards takes up Lyell 's trenchant and effectual criticism ( published as far back as 1830 ) , will be disposed to allot to Lamarck a much higher place in the establishment of biological evolution than that which Bacon assigns to himself in relation to physical science generally , — buccinator tantum .
= = Versions = =
Lamarck : Contents
1809 , vol . I : ( Oxford )
1830 , vol . I : ( Harvard )
1830 , vol . I : ( Michigan )
1830 , vol . II : ( Michigan )
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= Spanish general election , 1933 =
Elections to Spain ’ s legislature , the Cortes Generales , were held on 19 November 1933 for all 473 seats in the unicameral Cortes of the Second Spanish Republic . Since the previous elections of 1931 , a new constitution had been ratified , and the franchise extended to more than six million women . The governing Republican @-@ Socialist coalition had fallen apart , with the Radical Republican Party beginning to support a newly united political right .
The right formed an electoral coalition , as was favoured by the new electoral system enacted earlier in the year . The Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party ( Partido Socialista Obrero Español , or PSOE ) won only 59 seats . The newly formed Catholic conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right ( Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas or CEDA ) gained 115 seats and the Radicals 102 . The right capitalised on disenchantment with the government among Catholics and other conservatives . CEDA campaigned on reversing the reforms that had been made under the Republic , and on freeing political prisoners . Anarchists favoured abstention from the vote . These factors helped the election to result in significant victory for the right over the left .
= = Background = =
Elections in June 1931 had returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists to the Cortes , with the PSOE gaining 116 seats and the Radical Republican Party 94 . The state 's financial position was poor . Wealth redistribution supported by the new government attracted criticism from the wealthy . The government also attempted to tackle poverty in rural areas by instituting an eight @-@ hour day and giving security of tenure to farm workers , drawing criticism from landlords .
An effective parliamentary opposition was led by three groups . The first included Catholic movements such as the Catholic Association of Propagandists ( Asociación Católica de Propagandistas ) . The second group consisted of organisations that had supported the monarchy , such as the Renovación Española and Carlists , who wanted to see the new republic overthrown in a violent uprising . The third group were fascist organisations . Members of the National Confederation of Labour ( Confederación Nacional del Trabajo , or CNT ) trade union movement willing to cooperate with the Republic were forced out of the CNT , which continued to oppose the government . Opposition parties had the support of the church . A new constitution was ratified on 9 December 1931 . It included many controversial articles , some of which were aimed at curbing the influence of the Catholic Church . The constitution was reformist , liberal , and democratic in nature , and was welcomed by the Republican @-@ Socialist coalition , but opposed by landowners , industrialists , the organised church , and army officers . In opposing educational and religious reforms , Spanish Catholics were forced to oppose the government . The press criticised government actions as barbaric , unjust , and corrupt .
In October 1931 Prime Minister Niceto Alcalá Zamora resigned and was succeeded by Manuel Azaña . Radical Party leader Alejandro Lerroux had wanted that job himself and became alienated , switching his party 's support to the opposition . This left Azaña dependent on the Socialists , but both the Socialists , who favoured reform , and the conservative right , who were against reform , were critical of the government . Socialists continued to support Azaña , but the left became fractured , driving the Socialists to the left , while the right united into CEDA , which tacitly embraced fascism .
On 1 October 1933 , Socialist left leader Largo Cabellero spoke out against Lerroux 's Republicans , suggesting the reform programme of the government , and thus the basis for the Republic itself , was under threat . He warned that if the government itself were the threat , the Socialists would have to withdraw support for it . The following day another Socialist leader , Indalecio Prieto , declared that the Socialists would no longer participate in government , which precipitated its collapse . Alcalá Zamora , who became President in 1931 , now requested that Republican Martínez Barrio form a new government . Socialist opposition on both constitutional and ideological grounds meant the PSOE withheld its support for the Barrio government , which was formed on 8 October , but called for fresh elections to be held on 19 November 1933 .
= = Election = =
In common with the 1936 election , Spain was divided into multi @-@ member constituencies ; for example , Madrid had 17 representatives . However , each member of the electorate could vote for somewhat less than that – in Madrid 's case , 13 . This favoured coalitions , as in Madrid when the Socialists won 13 members and the right , with only 5 @,@ 000 votes less , secured only the remaining 4 . This system had been passed in 1933 . There would be two rounds of voting ; 40 % of the vote was necessary in the first round to win . In the event that no list of candidates reached 40 % , then a second round would be composed of those achieving at least 8 % in the first round . It was the first election in Spain where women had the vote , following the new constitution . This incorporated a new 6 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 electors .
The governing leftist parties went to the polls divided . The political right , on the other hand , formed the Union of the Right ( Spanish : Unión de Derechas ) which incorporated CEDA , agrarian parties and traditionalists . It stood on a three @-@ point programme : religious and social reforms would be examined and rolled back where needed ; agrarian reform would be reversed ; political prisoners would be released . These parties threw vast resources into their campaign , with ten million leaflets , 300 @,@ 000 posters , radio and cinema addresses and aerial propaganda drops . They called upon Catholics to defend order and religion against the bourgeois Republic . The Radical Party campaigned primarily against the Socialists , since they would need the help of the political right if in government . They used mass @-@ appeal slogans such as ' Republic , order , freedom , social justice , amnesty ' and were confident following successes at municipal level in 1933 . Anarchists such as the CNT @-@ FAI called for absention : politicians were ' vultures ' , who must be overthrown by revolution . If the right were to win the election , there would be an uprising , they promised . Thus , anarchists should avoid voting for the left , since overthrowing the government would be preferable . Abstention was supported by Benito Pábon and Miguel Abós .
Elections were held on 19 November 1933 . A second round of voting was held in sixteen constituencies on 3 December .
= = Outcome = =
It resulted in an overwhelming victory for the right , with the CEDA and the Radicals together winning 219 seats . Although the political situation was complicated , parties of the right won around 3 @,@ 365 @,@ 700 votes , parties of the centre 2 @,@ 051 @,@ 500 votes , and parties of the left 3 @,@ 118 @,@ 000 according to one estimate . Turnout was around 8 @,@ 535 @,@ 200 votes , 67 @.@ 5 % of the electorate . The right had spent far more on their election campaign than the Socialists , who campaigned alone . Women , in their first election , mainly voted for the centre @-@ right . The Communist Party , with perhaps 3 @,@ 000 members , were at this point not significant . Nationalist Basques won twelve of seventeen Basque seats , a considerable victory . Keeping their promise , the CNT proclaimed a revolution . There were many reasons the Socialists and Republicans lost out ; the female vote alone cannot explain the shift . Among them was the disunity of the political left compared to the right , in a system that favoured broad coalitions . The Radicals and their supporters had also shifted to the right . Abstentionalism hindered Socialist and Republican candidates . Overall , the political system in Spain had changed dramatically since the last election .
The Renovación Española and the Spanish Nationalist Party ( Spanish : Partido Nacionalista Español , PNE ) formed the National Block ( Spanish : Bloque Nacional ) , with a total of 14 deputies . Similarly , the Republican Left of Catalonia ( Catalan : Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya , ERC ) , the Socialist Union of Catalonia ( Unió Socialista de Catalunya , USC ) and the Union of Rabassaires ( Unió de Rabassaires , UdR ) formed the Catalan Left ( Esquerra Catalana ) with 18 deputies . Five independents joined the Agrarians and one joined CEDA . The other seven , along with one member of Conservative Republican Party ( Spanish : Partido Republicano Conservador , PRC ) , formed a group of independents called the Independent Right ( Independiente de Derechas ) . The Mallorcan Regionalist deputy joined the Catalan League ( Lliga Catalana ) , and the independent in favour of the Estella Statute joined the Basque Nationalist Party ( Partido Nacionalista Vasco ) . 5 members of the Agrarians and one of the PRC joined CEDA , although the Agrarians as a whole resisted pressure to join CEDA , and formed the Spanish Agrarian Party ( Partido Agrario Español ) .
President of the Republic , Niceto Alcalá Zamora entrusted the formation of a cabinet to Alejandro Lerroux , who was reliant on the support of CEDA .
= = Results = =
= = = Seats = = =
Party divisions at the start of the Cortes , after seats had been awarded between coalitions :
= = = After reorganisation = = =
This left the following divisions in the Cortes :
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= New York State Route 812 =
New York State Route 812 ( NY 812 ) is a state highway in the North Country of New York in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 12 and NY 26 in the Lewis County village of Lowville . Its northern terminus is at the Canada – United States border in Ogdensburg , where it crosses the Ogdensburg – Prescott International Bridge and connects to Highway 16 in Ontario . While most of NY 812 passes through rural areas of the North Country , the route also serves several villages and small communities .
The origins of NY 812 date back to the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , when the portion of modern NY 812 from Lowville to Croghan became part of NY 26A and the segment of modern NY 812 between De Kalb and Ogdensburg was designated as the northernmost portion of New York State Route 87 . NY 87 originally extended as far south as Harrisville ; however , it was truncated north to Edwards in the 1940s and farther north to De Kalb in the 1970s .
In June 1978 , all of NY 87 and the Lowville – Croghan leg of NY 26A were replaced with NY 812 , a new route that began in Lowville and passed through Croghan , Harrisville , Gouverneur , and De Kalb before ending near Ogdensburg . At the time , two sections of the route — from the Croghan village line to a point west of Harrisville and from Harrisville to Fowler — were maintained by the counties that they passed through , and a piece between NY 126 and the Croghan village line was maintained by the village itself . The state of New York assumed maintenance of the Croghan – Harrisville segment in 1980 and took over the Harrisville – Fowler section in 1982 .
= = Route description = =
= = = Lewis County = = =
NY 812 begins at an intersection with NY 12 and NY 26 in the center of village of Lowville , which is located in the town of the same name . NY 26 , concurrent with NY 12 south of this point , leaves NY 12 and follows NY 812 for several blocks along North State Street before NY 812 turns northeast onto Bostwick Street . Just before Bostwick ends at East State Street , NY 812 turns off and begins its progression northward through a largely rural area of the North Country . As it exits the village of Lowville ( but remains in the town of the same name ) , it begins to parallel the western bank of the Black River . The two entities remain close for roughly 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before NY 812 crosses over the river and enters New Bremen .
In the hamlet of New Bremen , NY 812 intersects County Route 33 ( CR 33 ) , a riverside roadway bypassing both Croghan and Beaver Falls along the east bank of the Black River , southwest of Duflo Airport . NY 812 continues onward , crossing the Black Creek as it enters Croghan , a village situated on the New Bremen – Croghan town line . At the center of the community , NY 812 meets the eastern terminus of NY 126 .
Outside of Croghan , NY 812 traverses the Beaver River just north of the village line . The route and the river continue northward along parallel routings for a brief distance before the two separate near the hamlet of High Falls . While the river curves east toward the hamlet , NY 812 presses northward through the rural hamlets of Indian River and Dutton Corners into the town of Diana , where NY 812 starts to parallel the west branch of the Oswegatchie River as both continue north through the town . At Tylers Corners , NY 812 intersects NY 3 and joins the route eastward into Harrisville , where the conjoined routes cross over the Oswegatchie . Northeast of Harrisville in extreme southwestern St. Lawrence County , NY 812 breaks from NY 3 and heads northwest through Pitcairn ( crossing over the Oswegatchie once more in the process ) .
= = = St. Lawrence County = = =
From Harrisville , NY 812 travels north through an area of Pitcairn and Fowler . This area contains numerous small lakes and rivers and is predominantly rural in nature . Within Fowler , the route serves the hamlet of Balmat ( located on the eastern edge of Sylvia Lake ) before intersecting NY 58 in the hamlet of Fowler . Here , NY 812 joins NY 58 northeast along the southern bank of the now @-@ unified Oswegatchie River to the village of Gouverneur , located in the town of the same name , where NY 812 leaves NY 58 but joins U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) at the heart of the community .
Outside of the village , US 11 and NY 812 head northeast , roughly paralleling the Oswegatchie once more into the De Kalb village of Richville . The routes quickly exit the village and separate shortly thereafter south of the hamlet of De Kalb , with the Oswegatchie leaving the path of US 11 and following NY 812 . NY 812 heads north , serving De Kalb and crossing over the Oswegatchie south of an intersection with CR 14 , a connector leading to Rensselaer Falls that was once NY 186 . Here , NY 812 begins to the northwest as it approaches the village of Heuvelton .
Within the village , located in the town of Oswegatchie , NY 812 , here known as State Street , intersects NY 184 just before traversing the Oswegatchie one final time . The name remains for three blocks before NY 812 departs the village . Farther north , NY 812 passes by the Ogdensburg International Airport before meeting NY 37 at an interchange just south of the Ogdensburg city limits . NY 812 joins NY 37 here , following the route through the southern reaches of the city . The conjoined routes intersect NY 68 before separating near the northeastern city limits . Past NY 37 , NY 812 continues onto the Ogdensburg – Prescott International Bridge over the St. Lawrence River , where it becomes Highway 16 upon crossing the Canada – United States border into Ontario .
= = History = =
In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , what is now NY 812 between Lowville and Croghan became the southern leg of NY 26A , an alternate route of NY 26 between Lowville and Carthage . Farther north , the portion of modern NY 812 between De Kalb and Ogdensburg became part of NY 87 , a route extending from Harrisville to Ogdensburg via Edwards , Russell and De Kalb . From Harrisville to Fowler , NY 87 followed a parallel alignment to modern NY 812 along Hands Flats , Stone , and Pitcairn roads , and CR 24 . Between Fowler and De Kalb , NY 87 used what is now NY 58 , CR 24 , and CR 17 before following current NY 812 north to Ogdensburg . The portion of NY 87 between De Kalb Junction and De Kalb was concurrent with US 11 . Both US 11 and NY 87 were shifted south onto a new highway c . 1936 , at which time the former routing of US 11 between the new road and De Kalb became part of NY 87 .
NY 87 was gradually truncated northward over time . The first change to the route 's southern end came in the early 1940s when it was moved northeastward to the eastern terminus of its former overlap with NY 58 in Edwards . It was moved once more , this time to what was the west end of its overlap with US 11 in De Kalb , in the early 1970s . In 1975 , officials from New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) Region 7 proposed eliminating NY 87 in favor of NY 812 , a new route that would extend from Lowville to Ogdensburg via Croghan , Harrisville , Gouverneur , and De Kalb . The designation would also supplant NY 26A south of Croghan . The proposed route was part of a larger plan to connect the Delaware River at Deposit to the Ogdensburg – Prescott International Bridge over the Saint Lawrence River by way of as few numbered routes as possible . All of the suggested changes were implemented in June 1978 .
When NY 812 was first assigned , it was locally maintained from NY 126 in Croghan to NY 3 in Diana and from NY 3 in Pitcairn to NY 58 in Fowler . The section of the route between NY 126 and the Croghan village line was maintained by the village of Croghan ; however , the rest of the two locally maintained sections were maintained by Lewis and St. Lawrence counties . Most of the Lewis County @-@ owned section was co @-@ designated as CR 11 ; however , the short piece between the Croghan village line and Belfort Road was part of CR 10 . In St. Lawrence County , NY 812 was overlaid on the existing CR 73 from NY 3 to Stone Road , CR 99 between Stone Road and Balmat , and CR 56 from Balmat to Fowler . The state of New York assumed ownership and maintenance of NY 812 between Croghan and Diana on April 1 , 1980 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and Lewis County that transferred NY 194 to the county . Ownership of NY 812 from Pitcairn to Fowler was transferred to the state on September 1 , 1982 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the state and St. Lawrence County .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Runcorn =
Runcorn is an industrial town and cargo port in Cheshire , England , located within the Borough of Halton . In 2010 , Runcorn 's population was recorded to be 61 @,@ 000 . In May 2014 , it became a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority . The town is on the southern bank of the River Mersey , where the estuary narrows to form the Runcorn Gap . Directly to the north across the River Mersey is the town of Widnes . Upstream and 8 miles ( 12 @.@ 9 km ) to the northeast is the town of Warrington , and downstream 16 miles ( 26 km ) to the west is the city of Liverpool .
Runcorn railway station is on a branch of the West Coast Main Line and provides frequent services to the Liverpool Lime Street , Birmingham New Street , and London Euston stations . The A533 road passes through the town from the south , crossing the Runcorn Gap over the Silver Jubilee Bridge , the lowest bridge crossing of the River Mersey . The Manchester Ship Canal runs alongside the Runcorn bank of the River Mersey ; the Bridgewater Canal terminates in the canal basin in the town centre , as the staircase of locks leading down to the ship canal was filled in many decades ago .
Runcorn was a small , isolated village until the Industrial Revolution . It was a health resort in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . Towards the end of the 18th century , a port began to develop on the south bank of the River Mersey . During the 19th century , industries developed the manufacture of soap and alkali , quarrying , shipbuilding , engineering , and tanning . In the early 20th century , the prime industries were chemicals and tanning . The original village has grown to include what were outlying villages .
Except for chemicals , all of the old industries have disappeared and there has been diversification , in particular because of the close links to the motorway system and the development of warehousing and distribution centres . A new town was built to the east of the existing town in the 1960s and 1970s , and areas of private housing have been established farther to the east ; this has resulted in the population more than doubling from around 26 @,@ 000 to its present level of 70 @,@ 000 .
= = History = =
The earliest written reference to the town is in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , where it is spelled " Rumcofan " , literally meaning " a wide cove or bay " . This word is derived from the Old English words " rúm " ( " wide " or " broad " ) and " cofa " ( " cave " or " cove " ) . Other historical spellings of Runcorn include " Rumcoven " , " Ronchestorn " , " Runckhorne " , and " Runcorne " .
Little is known about the early history of the settlement but isolated findings of objects from the Stone , Bronze , and Iron Ages have been made and there is evidence of a Roman presence in the area . The earliest recorded event in its history is the building by Ethelfleda of a fortification at Runcorn to protect the northern frontier of her kingdom of Mercia against the Vikings in 915 . The fort was built on Castle Rock overlooking the River Mersey at Runcorn Gap .
Following the Norman conquest , Runcorn was not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday survey , although surrounding settlements were . William the Conqueror granted the earldom of Chester to Hugh d 'Avranches who granted the barony of Halton to Nigel . It is likely that Nigel erected a motte and bailey castle on Halton Hill in the 1070s . In 1115 , Nigel 's son , William Fitznigel , founded an Augustinian Priory at Runcorn . In 1134 the priory was moved to Norton , about 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 6 km ) away . In 1391 the priory was raised to the higher status of abbey . In 1536 the monastery was dissolved , and around nine years later the buildings and some of the monastic lands were sold to Sir Richard Brooke who converted the habitable part of the abbey into a house .
During the Civil War Halton Castle was held for the Royalists by John Savage , 2nd Earl Rivers , the Steward of Halton . It fell twice to Parliamentarian Roundheads . The first siege was led by Sir William Brereton in 1643 ; the second was during the following year . Following this , a " Council of War " was held in Warrington in 1646 at which it was decided that the castle should be slighted . In 1656 , Runcorn was described as being " nothing but a fair parish church , a parsonage and a few scattered tenements " . And so it remained for over a century , an isolated and poor hamlet . The only through traffic used the ferry which crossed from Runcorn to the north bank of the River Mersey . Towards the end of the 18th century and in the early years of the 19th century the town was a health resort .
During the 18th century water transport had been improved in the area by the Mersey and Irwell Navigation , the Bridgewater Canal and the Trent and Mersey Canal . This gave Runcorn waterway connections with most of the interior of England through the canal system and with the sea along the River Mersey , thus forming the basis for the development of the Port of Runcorn . Later came the Runcorn to Latchford Canal linking with the Mersey and Irwell Navigation , and the Weston Canal which gave better access to the Weaver Navigation system . Industries began to develop within and around the town , in particular quarrying for Runcorn sandstone , shipbuilding , engineering , the manufacture of soap and chemicals and tanning . Runcorn was becoming an industrialised and highly polluted town . During the later 19th century the town became increasingly dominated by the chemical and tanning industries .
In 1868 the Runcorn Railway Bridge was opened across the Mersey , giving Runcorn direct rail links with Liverpool and the rest of the country . In the 1880s a pipeline was opened between Northwich and Weston Point , supplying brine to the salt and chemical works . In 1894 the Manchester Ship Canal was opened throughout its length . This allowed ocean @-@ going ships to travel inland as far as Salford , some of them calling at the port of Runcorn . The rise in population between 1881 and 1891 and the drop by 1901 is explained by the number of people involved in constructing the ship canal . In 1905 the Widnes @-@ Runcorn Transporter Bridge opened , giving a direct link for vehicular traffic for the first time between the two towns .
During the first half of the 20th century the industry of the town continued to be dominated by chemicals and tanning . This growth was largely due to government fixed @-@ priced cost contracts for tanned hides . In 1926 four chemical companies merged to form Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ) . As the century progressed there was diversification of industry . In 1961 the Transporter Bridge was replaced by Runcorn Road Bridge ( since named the Silver Jubilee Bridge ) which allowed a more efficient means of road traffic across Runcorn Gap . The designation of Runcorn as a new town in 1964 brought major changes and more than doubled the population . Much of the architecture of the new town was innovative , especially the Southgate development designed by Sir James Stirling and built between 1970 and 1977 . Stirling 's housing development was beset with problems and it was demolished in the early 1990s . During the second half of the 20th century the tanneries closed ( the last to close was the Highfield Tannery in the late 1960s ) and the chemical industry declined . At the same time , light industry developed together with warehouses and distribution centres .
= = Governance = =
= = = Civic history = = =
At the time of the Domesday survey , Runcorn was in the hundred of Tunendune , but later , and until the early 19th century , Runcorn was part of the Bucklow hundred . Under the Runcorn Improvement Act 1852 , a board of Improvement Commissioners was established to administer the civil government of the town . By the Local Government Act 1894 , the administration of the town and the surrounding areas was divided into Runcorn Urban District and Runcorn Rural District . Initially the urban district consisted of only the built @-@ up area of Runcorn itself . By 1937 , this area had been extended to include the communities of Weston and Weston Point to the south . By 1971 it had been further extended to the east to incorporate the village of Halton .
In 1964 , Runcorn was designated as a new town . In 1974 , as part of the Local Government Act 1972 , Runcorn Urban District was abolished and its territory amalgamated with Widnes to form the borough of Halton . In 1998 , this borough became a unitary authority within the ceremonial county of Cheshire .
= = = Political representation = = =
Before the Reform Act 1832 , Runcorn was in the parliamentary constituency of Cheshire which was represented by two Members of Parliament . Following the Reform Act , the town was placed in the North Cheshire constituency and from 1868 in the Mid Cheshire constituency . From 1885 to 1950 the town was in the constituency of Northwich . By an act of Parliament in 1948 , the constituency of Runcorn was created , and in 1950 Runcorn 's first Member of Parliament , Dennis Vosper , was elected . He continued to represent the constituency until 1964 , when he was succeeded by Mark Carlisle .
Runcorn is part of two parliamentary constituencies . The western part of the town , which includes the old town area and part of the new town , is in the constituency of Halton and the eastern part , containing the rest of the new town and private housing to the east of this , is in the Weaver Vale constituency . Being a predominantly working class Labour area and shunted into a voting pool with affluent areas outside Runcorn , has caused much resentment in the town . As Runcorn and Halton as a whole hasn 't been a part of Cheshire since 1998 , locals oppose these changes . Since the 1997 general election the Member of Parliament for the Halton constituency has been Derek Twigg of the Labour party , and he continued to hold the seat in the 2010 general election . In the 2007 election the Weaver Vale constituency was won by Mike Hall , also the Labour candidate . Hall retired at the 2010 election when the seat was won by Graham Evans , the Conservative candidate . The local authority is the borough of Halton . The town is divided into ten electoral wards , with councillors serving for up to four years . Runcorn is in the European parliamentary constituency of North West England .
= = Geography = =
Runcorn is situated on a spur projecting into the River Mersey , which flows to the north and then to the west of the town . On the north bank of the river is another spur forming the West Bank area of Widnes ; together these form Runcorn Gap , a narrowing of the River Mersey . Runcorn Gap is crossed by the Runcorn Railway Bridge , which carries the Liverpool branch of the West Coast Main Line , and the Silver Jubilee Bridge , which carries the A533 . To the south of the town is the River Weaver and the Weston Canal . Both open into the ship canal . To the southeast of the town run the M56 motorway , the Chester – Manchester railway line , and the main branch of the West Coast Main Line . The town has a system of " expressways " , roads designed to divert traffic away from the residential areas . The Central Expressway runs through the centre of the town in a north @-@ south direction . To the west of it lie most of the former settlements which formed the older part of the town , namely Runcorn , Higher Runcorn , Weston , Weston Point and Clifton ( formerly Rocksavage ) , and the new town areas of Halton Brook and Halton Lodge . To the east are the village of Halton , the old settlements of Norton and Stockham , and the new town areas of Castlefields , Palacefields , Windmill Hill , Murdishaw , Brookvale and Hallwood Park .
The density of housing is generally high , but there are open green areas , in particular heathland on Runcorn Hill and the extensive Town Park created as part of the new town . The older industries , particularly the remaining chemical factories , are concentrated mainly to the southwest of the town bordering the Mersey , while newer industries , including warehousing , are to the northeast and southeast .
= = = Geology = = =
The Runcorn area drains into the River Mersey to the north and the River Weaver to the south . The bedrock of the western and northeastern parts of the town is made up of rock from the Sherwood sandstone group ; in the other areas the bedrock is from the Mercia mudstone group . In places there are prominent outcrops of sandstone , particularly at Runcorn Hill and Halton Hill . Elsewhere the bedrock is covered by drift . At the northwestern periphery of the town the drift consists of recently blown sand . Farther to the east and bordering the River Mersey is recent alluvium . Elsewhere the drift consists of till .
= = = Climate = = =
Being close to the west coast and the Irish Sea , the climate is generally temperate with few extremes of temperature or weather . The mean average temperature in the years 1971 to 2000 was 9 @.@ 4 to 9 @.@ 7 ° C , which was slightly above the average for the United Kingdom as was the average amount of annual sunshine at 1 @,@ 391 to 1 @,@ 470 hours . The average annual rainfall was 741 to 870 mm , which was slightly below the average for the UK . The average number of days in the year when snow is on the ground is 0 to 6 , which is low for the United Kingdom . The average number of days of air frost is 2 to 39 , which is also low .
= = Demography = =
Since the borough of Halton became a unitary authority in 1998 , demographic statistics have been collated for the authority as a whole , rather than separately for the towns of Runcorn and Widnes . While the two towns have different histories and come from different historic counties , their demographic features are similar .
The population of Halton in 2011 was 125 @,@ 700 . The change in population during the 20th and 21st centuries is shown in the following table .
In 2003 Halton had the largest proportion of the population in Cheshire in the age groups under 5 , 5 to 15 and 16 to pension age and , at 16 @.@ 1 % the lowest proportion of people at pension age or older . At 1 @.@ 2 % the proportion of non @-@ white ethnic groups in 2001 equalled the lowest in all local authorities in Cheshire . At 11 @.@ 5 per 1 @,@ 000 population , the live birth rate in Halton and Warrington is the highest in the county . At 121 the standardised mortality ratio is the highest in Cheshire , as is the percentage of persons with limiting long @-@ term illness ( 21 @.@ 5 % ) .
There has been an increase in the number of households from 47 @,@ 214 in 1991 to 52 @,@ 501 in 2006 . The average household size has fallen from 2 @.@ 70 in 1991 to 2 @.@ 44 in 2001 . In 1991 , 75 @.@ 8 % of houses were centrally heated , compared with 89 @.@ 8 % in 2001 . The type of housing has also changed , with an increase from 15 @.@ 5 % to 19 @.@ 2 % in detached houses from 1991 to 2001 , an increase over the same years in semi @-@ detached houses from 30 @.@ 0 % to 33 @.@ 0 % , and a corresponding decrease in terraced houses from 44 @.@ 0 % to 37 @.@ 5 % . The percentage of dwellings in council tax bands A – B is , at 69 % , the highest in any Cheshire local authority . The percentages in bands E – F ( 8 % ) and G – H ( 1 % ) are the lowest .
= = Economy = =
Of Runcorn 's former industries , all but the chemical industry have disappeared . The industry was dominated for many years by ICI 's Chlor Chemical division ; since divested and taken over by Ineos . In Runcorn , Ineos manufactures chemicals including chlorine , chlorine @-@ containing compounds including vinyl chloride , heavy chemicals including alkalis , and fluorine @-@ containing compounds . A separate business within the same company manufactures salt from brine transported by pipeline from the saltfields of central Cheshire . The former ICI offices and laboratories now comprise the Heath Business and Technical Park , which provides office , laboratory , conference , and leisure facilities . To the east of the town , diverse industries have been developed including , because of the proximity to the motorway system , warehouses and distribution centres . The town continues to act as a port on the Manchester Ship Canal . There are two adjacent ports . Runcorn Docks is owned by the Manchester Ship Canal Company , which is part of the Peel Ports Group . The Port of Weston is owned by the Stobart Group . In March 2014 the UK 's largest incinerator for burning refuse @-@ derived fuel , managed by Viridor , commenced operation in Weston Point .
There has been a shift in employment from manufacturing to service industries . In 1991 , 34 % worked in the manufacturing sector and 61 % were in the service sector . By 2004 17 % were in manufacturing jobs and 78 % were in service jobs . This trend in the local region is demonstrated in this chart which shows the regional " gross value added " of Halton and Warrington at current basic prices , with figures in millions of pounds .
^ includes hunting and forestry
^ includes energy and construction
^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding
Runcorn has two shopping centres . The original shopping area was in the older part of the town on High Street , Regent Street and Church Street . This centre continues to exist , but with the coming of the new town , has declined . There is a small supermarket and some specialist shops , but with a higher @-@ than @-@ average proportion of charity shops and take @-@ away food outlets . A small market has been rebuilt adjacent to the old town bus station . In the centre of the new town area Runcorn Shopping Centre ( formerly Halton Lea ) is an enclosed shopping mall with an attached bus station . Adjacent to it is Trident Park containing shopping outlets and a cinema and further away is an Asda supermarket .
Servisair has its head office in Runcorn .
= = Landmarks and places of interest = =
The major landmark in the town is Halton Castle on the top of Halton Hill near the geographical centre of the town . Only ruins of the castle exist , but there are widespread views from the top of the hill . The interior of the castle grounds is open at advertised times . Incorporated in the castle walls is the Castle Hotel , which used to include a courthouse on the first floor . Another landmark is Norton water tower , built of Runcorn sandstone , 112 feet ( 34 m ) high , which holds 672 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 3 million litres ) of water and supplies water to Liverpool .
An important historical site and the major visitor centre in the town is Norton Priory , now a museum . The site contains the remains of a priory with adjacent gardens , formerly of a country house . Nearby are a walled garden , including a national collection of tree quinces , and an ice house .
Much of the architecture of the town is undistinguished , but there are listed buildings of some importance . The listed churches are All Saints Parish Church and Holy Trinity Church in the centre of the older part of the town , St Mary 's in Halton village , St John 's in Weston , and Christ Church in Weston Point . All Saints ' Church , a Grade II * listed building , dates from 1849 and was built by Anthony Salvin in red sandstone . The oldest existing houses are the Seneschal 's House in Halton village ( 1598 ) , Weston Old Hall ( 1607 ) , Brookfield Farmhouse ( 1691 ) and Halton Old Hall ( 1693 ) . Other outstanding houses include Runcorn Town Hall ( formerly Halton Grange ) , Camden House and Cottage in High Street and Bridgewater House near the ship canal .
A war memorial to those who lost their lives in the First and Second World Wars , as well as those killed later conflicts , is located at the end of Moughland Lane . There is a memorial in Castle Road , Halton village , commemorating residents of the village who served in the Boer War .
= = Culture = =
= = = Theatre and cinema = = =
The Brindley is a theatre and arts centre which opened in 2004 . It is situated in the old town centre and named after James Brindley , engineer of the adjacent Bridgewater Canal . It contains a proscenium theatre seating 420 and a multi @-@ purpose theatre seating 108 , The Studio , which doubles as a cinema . There is an exhibition space for art installations , a small café and multi @-@ purpose rooms . The centre is owned and administered by Halton Borough Council which runs community events in the building . In 2007 , it won the title of " Best Arts Project in the UK " at the National Lottery Awards . A multiplex cinema run by Cineworld is in Trident Park .
= = = Filmography = = =
Runcorn has been used for the shooting of films and television programmes . Some of the sequences in the first two series of the BBC police drama Merseybeat were filmed in and around the town . The BBC situation comedy Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps was set in Runcorn . External shots of the Waterloo Hotel in the area of High Street known as Top Locks ( which is known in the show as The Archer ) appear as well . The opening credits show the Silver Jubilee Bridge and Halton Castle . Drop Dead Gorgeous , a drama on BBC Three , was set in Runcorn . Norton Priory has been used as a location in films and television programmes .
= = = Media = = =
Runcorn is served by two weekly papers , the Runcorn Weekly News and the Runcorn World . The town is also home to Halton Community Radio , which broadcasts over the Runcorn and Widnes area on the frequency 92.3FM. This is a non @-@ commercial radio station which is run by volunteers . HCR was launched on 8 August 2008 , and currently has a five @-@ year licence to broadcast .
= = = The Runcorn Ferry = = =
Before the building of Runcorn Railway Bridge and its attached footbridge , the only way to cross the Mersey at or near Runcorn Gap , other than by the dangerous method of fording , was by ferry . The ferry has a history going back to the 12th century . The ferry was celebrated in the monologue entitled The Runcorn Ferry , written by Marriott Edgar and popularised by Stanley Holloway . It includes the lines :
= = Community facilities = =
The main library is at Halton Lea with a branch library in the old town centre . Runcorn has two locations offering One @-@ Stop @-@ Shop facilities ; one is Halton Direct Link in Halton Lea , and the other is in the old town library . Runcorn Direct Link also includes a Tourist Information Centre .
Runcorn Hill Local Nature Reserve has been developed on the site of a quarry and consists of heathland . Adjacent to it is a park which includes a bandstand , a model boating lake and sports facilities . Wigg Island is a nature reserve on a former industrial site . The reserve is on an island between the Manchester Ship Canal and the River Mersey and consists of open spaces and woodland with bird hides and pathways . Other nature reserves in the town are Murdishaw Valley , Oxmoor Woods and Ponds , and Dorchester Park . Further public open areas are Rock Park , Town Hall Park and Phoenix Park . Open areas in Runcorn form part of Mersey Forest , one of Britain 's community forests .
Runcorn 's hospital is Halton General Hospital , which is administered by the Warrington and Halton Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust . Originally planned as a District General Hospital , it was never large enough to provide a full range of services . Acute medical services have been transferred to Warrington Hospital and Halton General has become a centre for non @-@ emergency surgery and rehabilitation . Although it never had its own accident and emergency department the hospital has a minor injuries unit for basic emergency care . On the same site is the Cheshire and Merseyside NHS Treatment Centre , a purpose @-@ built hospital for orthopaedic surgery . Halton Haven Hospice is in the Murdishaw area of the town . The body responsible for planning health services in Runcorn , including primary care , is the Halton Clinical Commissioning Group .
= = Transport = =
When plans for Runcorn New Town were drawn up , they included three distinct types of road : local roads , expressways and the Busway . The expressways are intended to keep all through traffic off the local roads . This system links to the north by the A533 over the Silver Jubilee Bridge to Widnes and Merseyside , to the northeast to Warrington by the A56 , to the east to Northwich and north Cheshire by the A533 , and to the southeast by the A557 to the M56 and to Frodsham . The M56 links to the M6 and , to the north of Widnes , the A557 links to the M62 . The Busway is a system of roads for use by buses only , and bears no resemblance to guided busways or bus lanes in use elsewhere , as it is a totally separate road system , not running alongside ( or down the middle of ) existing roads . In addition , there is a network of dedicated cycleways in the town .
There are two railway stations . Runcorn Mainline Station , located in the old town , is on the Liverpool branch of the West Coast Main Line , and is managed by Virgin Trains , who provide services between Liverpool Lime Street and London Euston . London Midland run a service between Liverpool and Birmingham New Street that calls at the station . Runcorn East station , located in the Murdishaw district of the new town , is managed by Arriva Trains Wales , and provides services to Warrington , Manchester and Chester . Bus services are provided by Halton Transport and Arriva . National Express coaches call at Runcorn , and other coach services are provided by Selwyns Travel , and Anthony 's Travel , who are both based in the town .
The Silver Jubilee Bridge was widened in the mid @-@ 1970s by bolting a new pedestrian way to the side of the original structure and widening the roadways over the old footpaths . It is a bottleneck and becomes congested at peak travel times , and in the event of a breakdown or accident on the bridge , traffic in the area comes to a standstill . To resolve this problem , a second crossing of the Mersey is planned , to be known as the Mersey Gateway .
Runcorn is 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Liverpool John Lennon Airport and 22 miles ( 35 km ) from Manchester Airport .
= = Education = =
There are 29 primary schools in the town and one nursery school at the Grange . The five secondary schools are Ormiston Bolingbroke Academy ( formerly Halton High School ) , St Chad 's RC & CE High , the Grange , and the Heath and Sandymoor School . Two institutions , Halton College and Runcorn Sixth Form College , merged in 2006 to form Riverside College . There is one special school in the town , Cavendish School . There are opportunities for adult education in information technology at the Acorn Lifelong Learning Centre . Other courses for adults are held at different venues in the town .
= = = Performance table = = =
The following table shows the percentage of pupils gaining five GCSE A * – C level grades , including and excluding English and Maths in 2007 .
= = Religion = =
The 2001 census showed , that of the people living in the borough of Halton , 83 @.@ 8 % declared themselves to be Christian , 8 @.@ 7 % stated that they had " no religion , " and 7 @.@ 0 % made no religious claims at all . Those stating their religions as Buddhist , Hindu , Jewish , Islam or Sikh amounted to 0 @.@ 5 % .
The Anglican churches are part of the Diocese of Chester and the deanery of Frodsham . In Runcorn , the parish church is All Saints in the old town centre . Ten other Anglican churches are in the town . Five Roman Catholic churches can be found in Runcorn and are administered by the Diocese of Shrewsbury . There are three Methodist chapels and one Welsh Presbyterian chapel . Wicksten Drive Christian Centre is shared between the Church of England and the Methodists . Hallwood Ecumenical Parish in Beechwood and Palace Fields consists of 3 churches all recognised by the Church of England , the Methodists and the United Reformed Church . Norton Ecumenical Parish , covering Windmill Hill , Norton and Murdishaw , is served by an Ecumenical Partnership between St Berteline 's Church ( Anglican ) and Murdishaw Ecumenical Church ( Methodist run ) .
There is an Independent Baptist chapel , three independent Christian churches , and a LDS Church . The Jehovah 's Witnesses have two Kingdom Halls , and there is a Spiritualist church . In 2013 the former Waterloo Hotel was converted into a Buddhist temple by Wat Phra Singh UK .
= = Sports = =
The main sport played in Runcorn is football , with the town having two senior football teams – Runcorn Linnets FC and Runcorn Town FC – both playing in the North West Counties League , with the town also having a thriving Sunday League and Junior League . There is also an open age women 's team Runcorn Ladies FC , who have recently formed . They are affiliated to Liverpool FA , and play in the Liverpool County Women 's Open Age Division .
Runcorn Linnets were formed as a trust @-@ based team in 2006 from the now defunct Runcorn F.C. Halton . It has existed in various guises since 1918 , and its performance peaked in 1982 when it won the Alliance Premier League , then the highest division below the Football League . The club initially did not have their own ground so , up until the 2009 – 10 season , they took part in a groundshare with Witton Albion to play their home matches at Wincham Park , Northwich . In their first season the club gained promotion to Division 1 of the North West Counties League . In October 2009 planning permission was granted for the club to build a new ground in the Murdishaw area of Runcorn .
Runcorn Town was formed in 1970 as Mond Rangers FC with the club changing their name in 2005 in order to " try and bring a more professional look to the club in general , and increase support from both businesses and individuals in the local community . " After finishing in third place in the West Cheshire League at the end of the 2009 / 10 season , the club were elected to join the North West Counties League at their AGM , the highest level that they have ever played at .
Runcorn Cricket Club and Runcorn Hockey Club are based at the Runcorn Sports Club in Moughland Lane . Runcorn Rugby Union FC is based at Halton Sports Club in Murdishaw . There is an 18 hole golf course at Runcorn Golf Club in Clifton Road and a golf driving range at Sutton Fields . Runcorn Sports Club is a privately run sports club in Moughland Lane and provides facilities and coaching for cricket and hockey . Halton Sports Club is in Murdishaw Avenue . Privately run swimming pools are at Beechwood local centre and Stockham Lodge Raquet and Health Club . Adjacent to the latter are two artificial ski slopes administered by Runcorn Ski Centre . The Runcorn Rowing Club rows on the River Weaver Navigation near Clifton Village . The local authority runs several sports centres , including : Runcorn Swimming Pool ; Brookvale Recreation Centre , offering indoor sporting facilities ; and Phoenix Park , with outdoor sporting facilities . Other sports are also catered for . Runcorn also has its own professional wrestling training @-@ school ( The Runcorn Wrestling Academy ) based in Grangeway , set up in 2005 by Andy Baker and Neil Davis .
In the late 19th century , and prior to the 1895 schism , rugby union footballers from the now defunct Runcorn , Harry Collinge Speakman played during the 1888 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia and Samuel Houghton played for England . When the rugby football schism occurred in 1895 , Runcorn became founder members of the Northern Rugby Football Union ( now Rugby Football League ) . Runcorn played from the 1895 – 96 season through to the end of 1914 – 15 season , they won the Lancashire League in both the 1895 – 96 and 1899 – 1900 seasons , and were losing semi @-@ finalists in 1906 – 07 Rugby Football League Championship , and during the early part of the 20th century five rugby league players from the now defunct Runcorn played for both Great Britain , and England . Runcorn finish bottom of the league in the 1914 – 15 Northern Rugby Football Union season , and did not recommence playing following the aftermath of the First World War . Rugby league in the town is now represented by Runcorn RLC .
= = Notable people = =
= = = Arts and entertainment = = =
John Bishop ( born 1966 ) , comedian , spent part of his teenage years in Runcorn
Francis William Bourdillon ( 1852 – 1921 ) , poet born in Runcorn
Hall Caine ( 1853 – 1931 ) , novelist and playwright
Lewis Carroll ( 1832 – 1898 ) , writer of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , born near Runcorn
Phil Collins ( born 1970 ) , artist
Anna Keaveney ( 1949 – 2004 ) , actress
Kym Marsh ( born 1976 ) , singer and actress
Susan Nickson ( born 1982 ) , television writer and producer
Alistair Taylor ( 1935 – 2004 ) , assistant to Brian Epstein and General Manager of Apple Corps
Nicola Roberts ( born 1985 ) , singer and member of girl band Girls Aloud
Martin Roscoe ( born 1952 ) , classical pianist
Raymond Waring ( 1977 ) , actor
= = = Medical = = =
Nathan Alcock ( 1707 – 1779 ) , physician
= = = Military = = =
Thomas Alfred Jones ( 1880 – 1956 ) , awarded the Victoria Cross and Distinguished Conduct Medal during World War II
= = = Other = = =
Richard Brooke ( died 1569 ) , bought the manor of Norton
Sir John Chesshyre ( 1662 – 1738 ) , lawyer
Sir William Edward Dudley ( 1868 – 1938 ) , president of the Co @-@ operative Wholesale Society
Thomas Hazlehurst ( 1779 – 1842 ) , founder of soap and alkali manufacturer Hazlehurst & Sons
John Riley Holt ( 1918 – 2009 ) , Professor of Experimental Physics at Liverpool University who played a part in the development of the atom bomb
John Savage , 2nd Earl Rivers ( c . 1603 – 1654 ) , royalist
= = = Religious = = =
Thomas Alcock ( 1709 – 1798 ) , Vicar of Runcorn , writer , cider maker
Thomas Hazlehurst ( 1816 – 1876 ) , Methodist who paid for the construction of 12 chapels and three schools in the area
= = = Sports = = =
Graham Abel ( born 1960 ) , footballer
Scott Brown ( born 1985 ) , footballer
Shauna Coxsey ( born 1993 ) , professional rock climber
Robert Done ( 1904 – 1982 ) , footballer
Ray Dutton ( born 1945 ) , rugby league player
Jack Fish ( 1880 – 1940 ) , rugby league player
Samuel Houghton ( 1870 – 1920 ) , rugby union and rugby league player
Michael Jackson ( born 1973 ) , footballer
Kenny Lunt ( born 1979 ) , footballer
James McNulty ( born 1985 ) , footballer
Dick Padbury ( 1886 – unknown ) , rugby league player
Harry Speakman ( 1864 – 1915 ) , rugby union player
Robin Reid ( born 1971 ) , boxer
Lorna Webb ( born 1983 ) , professional cyclist
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= Mary Brewster Hazelton =
Mary Brewster Hazelton ( November 23 , 1868 – September 13 , 1953 ) was an American portrait painter . She attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston , where she was later an instructor . Among her other achievements , Hazelton was the first woman to win an award open to both men and women in the United States when she won the Hallgarten Prize from the National Academy of Design in 1896 . Her portrait paintings are in the collections of the Massachusetts State House , Harvard University , Peabody Essex Museum , and Wellesley Historical Society . The professional organizations that Hazelton was affiliated with included the Wellesley Society of Artists , of which she was a founding member , and The Guild of Boston Artists , of which she was a charter member . She lived her adult life with her sisters in the Hazelton family home in Wellesley , Massachusetts .
= = Early life = =
Mary Brewster Hazelton was born on November 23 , 1868 in Milton , Massachusetts to Dr. Isaac Hills Hazelton ( 1838 – 1929 ) and Mary Allen Brewster Hazelton ( 1843 – 1923 ) . A Harvard College graduate , Dr. Hazelton served for the United States Navy during the Civil War as an assistant surgeon . He was an innovator in the treatment of the mentally ill . Mary had a brother , Isaac Brewster ( I. B. ) Hazelton ( 1873 – 1943 ) , and two sisters , Olivia Bowditch Hazelton ( 1873 – 1967 ) and Margaret Page Hazelton ( 1876 – 1965 ) . The family moved to Wellesley , Massachusetts , in 1873 . She began making artwork in the 1880s , which she often signed with her nickname , " Daisy " . In 1886 , Hazelton graduated from Wellesley High School . The three sisters lived together in the family home at 319 Washington Street over the course of their lives . The house has been called " Clapp House " and " Hazelton House " .
= = Education = =
Hazelton attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston ( MFAB ) under Edmund Tarbell . She was Philip Hale 's assistant and completed her education at MFAB in 1892 . She was a drawing class assistant for Frank Weston Benson after graduation and the following year became an assistant drawing instructor . Both Benson and Tarbell were noted Boston Impressionists .
Rupert Hughes described Hazelton 's painting , Margaret , made by 1895 , as a " more than usually tender bit of Impressionism " . She studied with Impressionist painters in Paris and also studied in Spain , England , the Netherlands and Italy after winning the Paige Traveling Scholarship from the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston in 1899 . Hazelton was the organization 's first traveling scholar and received $ 800 each year of her two @-@ year study program .
= = Style = =
Hazelton was one of the women that collector Everette James identified as having " demonstrate [ d ] remarkable individual artistic skill " who attended the School of the Museum of Fine Arts , Boston in the late 19th @-@ century . This was at a time , though , that women were not recognized for their individual style and abilities . " Tarbellites " was a phrase used at the time that reflected the belief that women 's skill was derived from their mentors , like Edmund C. Tarbell . Greater public exposure has helped to highlight the individual and unique qualities of some of the women portrait painters " that would rival a Tarbell , Benson or De Camp , " according to James in Antiques Journal .
In his 2001 article Early Women Artists at the Guild of Boston Artists , Bob Jackman noted that Hazelton painted in a creative and assertive style that included " a loose Impressionist manner " that rivals the works of many other Boston painters . Her technical abilities in composition and use and capture of light are exemplified in the painting Two Sisters at the Piano that she made about 1894 .
= = Career = =
Women did not win non @-@ gender specific awards until 1896 when Hazelton won the National Academy of Design Hallgarten Prize for her oil painting In a Studio . It was determined to be the best oil painted made by a person under the age of 35 in the United States that year . The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston awarded her the first Paige Traveling Scholarship in 1899 . Hazelton won an Honorable Mention at the Pan @-@ American Exposition in Buffalo , New York in 1901 .
Hazelton had a studio at the old Harcourt Building in Boston in 1904 , when a severe fire burned the life 's work of several artists including Hazelton , Joseph DeCamp , and William M. Paxton . In the aftermath , a group of artists planned for a new building , which became Fenway Studios ( 30 Ipswich Street ) . Hazelton was among the initial group of artists that signed up , and arranged for studio 304 . From 1906 to 1940 , she had a studio at Fenway .
In 1912 , the Wellesley Hills First Congregational Church commissioned Hazelton , who was a member , to paint wall murals for the church . One mural depicts the four virtues — truth , charity , justice , and faith — in eight @-@ foot figures of three women and one man . For instance , the male figure carries a sword and scales to represent justice . She also created murals of the Four Evangelists and a representation of the Trinity .
During World War I , Hazelton designed a Liberty Loan campaign poster , using her painting Victory 's Record . She exhibited The Letter and Reverie at the Panama – Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco , California , in 1915 , where she won a bronze medal . She won the Popular Prize in Newport , Rhode Island in 1916 for The Lady in Black . She also won a prize for The Letter at Newport . John Singer Sargent considered her " one of the foremost portrait painters of her time " , according to Wellesley author Jennifer A. Jovin .
Hazelton was a Wellesley Society of Artists founder and treasurer , charter member of The Guild of Boston Artists , and an early member of the Copley Society . She was a member of the Concord Art Association , American Federation of Arts , and Connecticut Academy of Fine Arts .
= = Death = =
Hazelton suffered a stroke in 1952 , which required her to switch to painting with her left hand . She died at the Newton @-@ Wellesley Hospital on September 13 , 1953 .
In 1965 , the Wellesley Historical Society began purchasing paintings by Hazelton for its collection . Scrapbooks , correspondence , sketchbooks , diaries , photographs , and other materials are also held by the Wellesley Historical Society .
= = Collections = =
Harvard Club of Boston , Harvard University
John Adams , 1914 , after John Singleton Copley
Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts
Paul Jean Louis Azan , 1918 , oil on canvas
George Cheyne Shattuck , 1910 , copy after Gilbert Stuart
Dr. John Warren
Massachusetts General Hospital
William Appleton
Massachusetts State House , Boston , Massachusetts
William Stoughton , 1924
Peabody Essex Museum , Salem , Massachusetts
Francis Henry Appleton
Wellesley Historical Society , Massachusetts – Some of the portraits in their collection of 50 paintings are : Seldon L. Brown
Ralph Coburn
Herbert M. Hazelton
Margaret Page Hazelton
Mrs. John Oldham
= = Gallery = =
Paintings by Mary Brewster Hazelton
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= John J. Crittenden =
John Jordan Crittenden ( September 10 , 1787 – July 26 , 1863 ) was a politician from the U.S. state of Kentucky . He represented the state in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate and twice served as United States Attorney General in the administrations of William Henry Harrison , John Tyler and Millard Fillmore . He was also the 17th governor of Kentucky and served in the state legislature . Although frequently mentioned as a potential candidate for the U.S. presidency , he never consented to run for the office .
During his early political career , Crittenden served in the Kentucky House of Representatives and was chosen as speaker on several occasions . With the advent of the Second Party System , he allied with the National Republican ( later Whig ) Party and was a fervent supporter of Henry Clay and opponent of Democrats Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren . Jackson supporters in the Senate refused to confirm Crittenden 's nomination by John Quincy Adams to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1828 , but after his brief service as Kentucky Secretary of State , the state legislature elected him to the second of his four non @-@ consecutive stints in the U.S. Senate . Upon his election as president , William Henry Harrison appointed Crittenden as Attorney General , but 5 months after Harrison 's death , political differences prompted him to resign rather than continue his service under Harrison 's successor , John Tyler .
He was returned to the Senate in 1842 , serving until 1848 , when he resigned to run for governor , hoping his election would help Zachary Taylor win Kentucky 's vote in the 1848 presidential election . Taylor was elected , but Crittenden refused a post in his cabinet , fearing he would be charged with making a " corrupt bargain " , as Clay had been in 1825 . Following Taylor 's death in 1850 , Crittenden resigned the governorship and accepted Millard Fillmore 's appointment as attorney general .
As the Whig Party crumbled in the mid @-@ 1850s , Crittenden joined the Know Nothing ( or American ) Party . After the expiration of his term as attorney general , he was again elected to the U.S. Senate , where he urged compromise on the issue of slavery to prevent the breakup of the United States . As bitter partisanship increased the threat of secession , Crittenden sought out moderates from all parties and formed the Constitutional Union Party , though he refused the party 's nomination for president in the 1860 election . In December 1860 , he authored the Crittenden Compromise , a series of resolutions and constitutional amendments he hoped would avert the Civil War , but Congress would not approve them . Crittenden was elected to the House of Representatives in 1861 and continued to seek reconciliation between the states throughout his term . He declared his candidacy for re @-@ election to the House in 1863 , but died before the election took place .
= = Early life = =
John Jordan Crittenden was born September 10 , 1787 , near Versailles , Woodford County , Kentucky . He was the second child and first son of Revolutionary War veteran John Crittenden and his wife Judith Harris . John and Judith Crittenden had four sons and five daughters , all but one of whom survived infancy . On his father 's side , he was of Welsh ancestry , while his mother 's family was French Huguenot . His father had surveyed land in Kentucky with George Rogers Clark , and settled there just after the end of the American Revolution . Two of Crittenden 's brothers , Thomas and Robert , became lawyers , while the third , Henry , was a farmer .
Crittenden began a college preparatory curriculum at Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . He was then sent to a boarding school in Jessamine County . Among his classmates were Thomas Alexander Marshall and Francis P. Blair . Crittenden became especially close friends with Blair , and later political differences did little to diminish their friendship . After a year at boarding school , Crittenden moved to the Lexington , Kentucky , home of Judge George M. Bibb to study law . He began his tertiary studies at Washington College ( now Washington and Lee University ) in Lexington , Virginia . During his brief tenure there , he studied mathematics and belles @-@ lettres and became friends with Hugh Lawson White . Crittenden was dissatisfied with the curriculum at Washington College and matriculated to the College of William and Mary . He studied under St. George Tucker and became acquainted with John Tyler . Crittenden completed his studies in 1806 , and was admitted to the bar the following year . He began his practice in Woodford County , but as central Kentucky was well already supplied with able lawyers , he moved to Logan County , Kentucky , on the then western frontier and opened his practice in Russellville . At age twenty @-@ two , he was appointed by Governor Ninian Edwards of Illinois Territory as its attorney general . The following year , Edwards also made Crittenden his aide @-@ de @-@ camp . [ a ]
On May 27 , 1811 , Crittenden married Sarah O. Lee at her home in Versailles . Lee was a cousin of future U.S. President Zachary Taylor and aunt of US Senator Wilkinson Call . They had seven children before Sarah 's death in mid @-@ September 1824 . Among their children were Confederate major general George Crittenden and Union general Thomas Leonidas Crittenden . Their daughter Sallie Lee " Maria " Crittenden was the mother of John C. Watson , a Rear Admiral in the U.S. Navy during the late 19th century .
= = Early political career = =
Crittenden 's career as an elected official began in the Kentucky House of Representatives , where he represented Logan County from 1811 to 1817 . After the 1811 legislative session , he volunteered as an aide to General Samuel Hopkins in an expedition against the Indians . On the outbreak of the War of 1812 , Kentucky governor Charles Scott appointed him as an aide @-@ de @-@ camp for the First Kentucky Militia . In 1813 , he became an aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Governor Isaac Shelby , serving at the Battle of the Thames in Canada . Following the war , the governor issued him a special commendation for faithfulness in carrying out his orders . He then resumed his law practice in Russellville .
In 1814 , Governor Shelby appointed Crittenden to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by his former teacher , George M. Bibb ; later , however , Shelby learned that Crittenden was only twenty @-@ seven years old , three years shy of the constitutional age requirement for senators . Hence he returned to his seat in the Kentucky House , where was elected speaker over John Rowan . He would retain the position from 1815 to 1817 .
As speaker , Crittenden presided over a particularly tumultuous time in the legislature . In October 1816 , recently elected governor George Madison died . He was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Gabriel Slaughter . Slaughter immediately made two extremely unpopular appointments , and quickly fell out of favor with many Kentuckians . A group of legislators , led by John C. Breckinridge , pointed out that the Kentucky Constitution provided only that the lieutenant governor would serve as governor until a new gubernatorial election was held and a qualified successor was chosen . Slaughter , they claimed , was only the " acting governor " . The group presented a bill to the House that called for new elections . The bill was defeated , but Crittenden supported it .
Crittenden 's support of a new election was both popular and politically expedient . When the U.S. Senate term of Martin D. Hardin , one of Slaughter 's unpopular nominees , expired in 1817 , the Kentucky General Assembly chose Crittenden to fill the vacancy . Though he was the youngest member of the body , he served as the second @-@ ever chairman of the newly created Committee on the Judiciary . He was also a member of the Committee on Naval Affairs . During his term , he introduced legislation to reimburse and indemnify persons who were fined under the 1798 Sedition Act . He found state politics more interesting , however , and this fact , coupled with increased financial responsibilities incurred by the birth of his third and fourth children , prompted his decision to resign his seat on March 3 , 1819 .
= = = Legislative interim = = =
After leaving Congress , Crittenden moved to Frankfort , the state capital , to attract more legal clients and be nearer the center of the state 's political activity . Among his clients after moving to Frankfort were former Presidents Madison and Monroe , future Vice @-@ President Richard Mentor Johnson , and future governors James T. Morehead , John Breathitt , and Robert P. Letcher . During this period , he collaborated with Henry Clay in defending Charles Wickliffe , son of Robert C. Wickliffe . Wickliffe was charged with the murder of the editor of the Kentucky Gazette . Crittenden argued that the slaying was self @-@ defense , and Clay delivered a passionate closing argument . The jury returned a verdict of " not guilty " only minutes after the case was submitted to them .
In January 1820 , Crittenden and John Rowan were chosen to help resolve Kentucky 's boundary dispute with Tennessee . The boundary was supposed to run along the line at 36 degrees , 30 minutes north latitude , but when Dr. Thomas Walker surveyed it , he erroneously marked the line farther south . Crittenden and Rowan proposed either that the " Walker Line " remain the boundary from the Cumberland Mountains to the Tennessee River and Tennessee would compensate for the error west of the Tennessee River , or that the boundary be reset at 36 degrees , 30 minutes throughout . Tennessee 's commissioners rejected both proposals , asking instead that the Walker Line be accepted east of the Tennessee River and a more southerly line west of it , with reciprocal agreements between the states to honor existing land grants . Crittenden was inclined to accept the offer , but Rowan was not . The Kentucky commissioners proposed that the matter be submitted to arbitration , but Tennessee refused . In a report to the General Assembly , Crittenden recommended that Kentucky accept the Tennessee proposal . The legislators were swayed by Crittenden 's report , and the articles of agreement were signed on February 2 , 1820 .
Crittenden was elected to the board of trustees for Transylvania University in 1823 , possibly due to lobbying by Henry Clay . A year later , the faculty of the university awarded him an honorary doctor of laws . Crittenden also served as a trustee and attorney for the Kentucky Seminary in Frankfort . Crittenden used his influence in support of Clay in the 1824 presidential election until Clay was eliminated from contention . He then threw his support to Andrew Jackson until he learned that John Quincy Adams , if elected , would likely make Clay Secretary of State . Critics termed Adams ' alleged promise to Clay the " corrupt bargain " , but it resulted in Adams ' election . Upon his appointment as Secretary of State , Clay was prepared to recommend Crittenden to replace him as chief counsel in Kentucky for the Second Bank of the United States , but the bank chose not to hire a replacement .
= = = Old Court – New Court controversy = = =
Crittenden was drawn back into public service by the Old Court – New Court controversy . When legislation aimed at providing relief to the state 's debtors was struck down by the Kentucky Court of Appeals , supporters of the legislation in the General Assembly passed a bill abolishing the Court and creating a new court , which they stocked with sympathetic justices . Opponents of the legislation held that the Assembly 's action was unconstitutional , and for a time , both courts claimed authority as the court of last resort in the state . Though he had served as president of the New Court @-@ backed Bank of the Commonwealth since its formation in 1820 , Crittenden publicly identified himself with the Old Court supporters in April 1825 . In the legislative election of 1825 , friends called on Crittenden to seek election to the state House of Representatives . Many believed that he was the only Old Court supporter that commanded enough respect to win one of the two seats allotted to Franklin County , a bastion of the New Court . When Crittenden consented to run , New Court supporters nominated the state 's Attorney General Solomon P. Sharp and Lewis Sanders , a prominent lawyer . Crittenden and Sharp were elected to the two seats .
In the early hours of the morning of November 7 , 1825 , the very morning the legislature was to convene , Sharp was assassinated . Charges were made that Old Court supporters had instigated the murder . Crittenden tried to blunt these charges by introducing a resolution condemning Sharp 's murder and offering $ 3 @,@ 000 for the murderer 's capture . When assassin Jereboam O. Beauchamp was apprehended , it became clear that the motivation for the killing was personal , not political . ( Beauchamp 's wife had married him on the condition that he kill Sharp , who had refused to claim the child he had fathered with her previously . ) Despite this , Crittenden refused a request to represent Beauchamp in his murder trial because he wanted to avoid any implication in the matter .
The court controversy dominated the legislative session . Crittenden joined the Old Court majority in the House in passing a measure to abolish the New Court . The bill was killed in the Senate , however , by the tie @-@ breaking vote of Lieutenant Governor Robert B. McAfee . Crittenden later served on a committee of six to resolve the conflict , but to no avail . He was unwilling to accept a solution whereby all the justices resigned from both courts , and the governor would appoint a reorganized court made up equally of Old Court and New Court supporters . This position cost him the support of some New Court partisans that had voted for him in the previous election , and he was not returned to the House in 1826 . Ultimately , Old Court partisans gained control of both houses of the legislature , and the New Court was abolished permanently in December 1826 .
On November 15 , 1826 , Crittenden married Maria Knox Todd , a widow who was the daughter of Judge Harry Innes . Crittenden took Todd 's three children as his own , and the couple had two more children : John and Eugene . Todd 's daughter Catherine married her stepbrother , Crittenden 's son Thomas ; their son , John Jordan Crittenden III , was killed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn . Maria Knox Todd Crittenden died on September 8 , 1851 of an unknown illness .
= = Association with the National Republicans = =
As a result of the Old Court – New Court controversy , Kentucky 's politicians became divided between the Democrats and the National Republicans . Crittenden 's alliance with Henry Clay and his own personal political views put him squarely in the National Republican Party . Because of Crittenden 's support of his presidential bid , President Adams appointed him United States district attorney for the district of Kentucky in 1827 . In 1828 , Adams nominated him to replace Kentuckian Robert Trimble as an associate justice of the Supreme Court , but Jackson supporters in the Senate refused to confirm him . When Jackson defeated Adams in the 1828 presidential election , he removed Crittenden from his post as district attorney because of his association with Clay and his opposition to Jackson 's financial policies .
Crittenden supporters sought to make him the National Republican nominee for governor in the election of 1828 . Though his nomination was all but certain , Crittenden declined the opportunity , fearing that his association with Clay , who was losing popularity in the state , would cost his party the election . Instead , he threw his support behind Thomas Metcalfe , who went on to carry a very close election over Democrat William T. Barry . Crittenden instead sought another term in the Kentucky House , but was again denied the seat .
In 1829 , Crittenden was elected to the Kentucky House via a special election . He served as Speaker of the House for his entire term . In 1830 , he was the Whig nominee to replace John Rowan in the Senate . Secretly , the party wished to nominate Henry Clay , giving him a springboard from which to launch another presidential campaign , but it was unknown whether he would be able to secure enough votes for confirmation ; it was decided that Crittenden would be the nominee , and if the voting favored the Whigs by a large enough margin , Crittenden would withdraw and allow them to confirm Clay instead . The Democrats countered successively with Richard Mentor Johnson , John Rowan , Charles A. Wickliffe , and John Breathitt . None of them polled more than sixty @-@ four of the sixty @-@ nine votes needed for confirmation . Crittenden garnered sixty @-@ eight votes on fourteen different ballots , but he refused to vote for himself because he wanted Clay to be the nominee . Some of Crittenden 's supporters , however , refused to vote for Clay , and the seat was left vacant .
The following year , a clear majority of the House of Representatives were pledged to Crittenden for the open Senate seat . However , Clay allies pressured Crittenden to step aside and allow Clay to be the Whig nominee . Crittenden obliged , and Clay was elected by a margin of nine votes over Richard M. Johnson . Crittenden went on to manage both the unsuccessful gubernatorial campaign of Richard Aylett Buckner and the campaign to help Clay win Kentucky in the 1832 presidential election . After Clay 's defeat in 1832 , he offered to resign his Senate seat and allow Crittenden to succeed him , but Crittenden refused the offer . Later that year , Crittenden retired from the General Assembly .
= = Association with the Whigs = =
Crittenden was active in organizing the Whig Party from the remnants of the defunct National Republican Party in 1834 . On July 4 , 1834 , he called to order the party 's first organizational meeting in the state at Cove Spring , Kentucky . He was chosen as chair of the committee on resolutions and in a speech on July 5 , bitterly condemned President Jackson . Later in 1834 , Kentucky governor James T. Morehead appointed Crittenden Secretary of State . In the August elections , Whigs won a majority in both houses of the General Assembly . When the Assembly convened , they elected Crittenden to the U.S. Senate over Democrat James Guthrie by a vote of 94 – 40 .
Immediately upon taking his seat in the Senate , Crittenden was named to the Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on the Judiciary , probably due to Clay 's influence . Early in his term , Crittenden vociferously opposed Senator Thomas H. Benton 's proposal to spend the federal budget surplus on public land graduation and military fortifications along the eastern seaboard . He also blasted the Jackson administration for issuing the Specie Circular , requiring that all payment for government land be made in gold or silver . He pointed out that the principles of the circular had been presented in a resolution on the Senate floor , but had been tabled by a large majority . Crittenden maintained that the tabling of the resolution was a condemnation by the Senate , yet the administration issued the circular only months later , overstepping , as Crittenden saw it , the bounds of the executive branch 's authority . Crittenden debated the issue at length with Senator Benton , and Congress ultimately passed a bill requiring the government to accept the notes of specie @-@ paying banks for the purchase of government lands , but President Jackson employed his pocket veto to prevent it from becoming law .
During his term , Crittenden remained an outspoken critic of Jackson and his successor , Martin Van Buren . He supported Henry Clay 's plan for distributing proceeds from the sale of public lands among the states , and also joined Clay in opposing the administration @-@ backed Second Seminole War . One of the few administration proposals he supported was the recognition of the new Republic of Texas . During this period of Crittenden 's service in the Senate , the issue of slavery rose to prominence . Crittenden was regarded as a moderate on the issue , seeking to keep it out of politics altogether . In 1836 , he resisted petitions by the Quakers to abolish slavery in Washington , D.C. , but he also opposed radical pro @-@ slavery measures such as John C. Calhoun 's proposal to ban abolitionist literature from being delivered by mail in the Southern states .
In contrast to his usually conciliatory nature , Crittenden was drawn into a disagreement between congressmen Jonathan Cilley and William J. Graves that ended in a duel . On the floor of the House , Cilley had attacked the integrity of Whig newspaper editor James Watson Webb . Webb demanded a retraction of Cilley 's comments through his friend , Congressman Graves . When Cilley refused to receive the communication from Graves , Graves charged that Cilley was questioning Webb 's honor and challenged him to a duel . Graves , accompanied by Kentucky Congressman Richard Menefee and Virginia Congressman Richard Wise asked Crittenden to serve as a second for Graves in the duel ; Crittenden initially protested , but finally agreed . After two misses by both combatants , Cilley was killed on the third exchange . The House proposed the expulsion of Graves and the censure of the other participants ( excluding Crittenden , who was a senator and not subject to House censure ) . The resolutions of expulsion and censure were eventually tabled , but Crittenden personally felt the sting of what he considered an indirect censure and later regretted his actions .
= = = Harrison and Tyler administrations = = =
In the 1840 presidential election , Crittenden again encouraged Kentucky Whigs to support the nomination of Henry Clay . After Clay lost the nomination , Crittenden supported eventual victor William Henry Harrison . Crittenden was re @-@ elected to the Senate in 1840 even though he was widely expected to be named to a position in Harrison 's presidential cabinet . He was apparently given his choice of cabinet positions , and chose that of Attorney General . He resigned his Senate seat to take this post .
As attorney general , Crittenden issued only one notable opinion . The plaintiff in the case was an individual whose property had been damaged during Andrew Jackson 's invasion of what would become the Florida Territory in 1818 . The case was still being adjudicated in 1841 . A Florida court found in favor of the plaintiff and ordered the federal government to compensate him for the damages and to pay him interest on his claim from the time the damages were incurred . Treasury Secretary Thomas Ewing asked Crittenden whether the court had the authority to award interest and whether or not it should be paid . Crittenden opined that it did not , and Ewing did not pay the interest . Crittenden 's opinion was used as a precedent in similar cases by future attorneys general .
Only a week after being appointed by Harrison , Crittenden was dispatched to New York to mediate tensions with Great Britain over the sinking of the steamboat Caroline by a group of Canadian rebels . In this diplomatic endeavor , Crittenden was acting separately from his official duties as attorney general . He spoke with New York Governor William H. Seward and secured his promise to pardon Alexander McLeod , who had seized and burned the Caroline , if he were convicted of a crime in New York . Ultimately , McLeod was acquitted .
Shortly after the Caroline affair , President Harrison died and Vice @-@ President John Tyler ascended to the presidency . Tyler resisted Clay 's attempts to set the Whig agenda , and vetoed two bank bills against Crittenden 's advice . Crittenden and the other Whigs in Tyler 's cabinet — excepting Daniel Webster — resigned in protest of Tyler 's deviation from the traditional Whig agenda . Crittenden 's resignation was effective September 11 , 1841 . He returned to Kentucky with no political office and very little money . A group of his friends in Woodford County purchased his boyhood home and presented it to him as a gift on his return to Kentucky .
Crittenden was appointed to the United States Senate in 1842 , filling the vacancy caused by Clay 's resignation . In January 1843 , he was elected to a full term over Richard Mentor Johnson . The Whigs ' feud with President Tyler continued unabated , and some even talked of impeaching him , but Crittenden condemned that course of action . During the 27th and 28th Congresses , he served on the Committee on Military Affairs . He was an advocate of moderate protective tariffs and federal internal improvements . He opposed giving states the option to forgo apportionment , which would have allowed them to elect their congressmen at @-@ large .
= = = Polk administration = = =
Crittenden again supported Clay 's presidential bid in 1844 . Clay was widely considered the favorite not only for the Whig nomination , but to win the general election . None of the traditional campaign issues — Tyler 's " executive usurpation , " Clay 's " corrupt bargain " with John Quincy Adams , or the protective tariff — seemed to excite the electorate . However , the issue of the annexation of Texas changed the entire campaign . Clay made a tour of the South just before the Whig nominating convention and concluded that the sentiment in favor of annexation in that part of the country was not as strong as had been assumed in Washington , D.C. Acting on this belief , and against Crittenden 's advice , Clay sent a letter opposing annexation to Crittenden , asking him to have it published in the National Intelligencer .
Clay believed the Democrats would again nominate Martin Van Buren , who was ardently opposed to annexation , and this would keep annexation from becoming an issue in the campaign . Clay was nominated by acclamation at the Whig convention in Baltimore a week later . At the Democratic nominating convention a month later , however , Van Buren was unable to secure his party 's nomination , and the Democrats instead nominated James K. Polk , who strongly favored annexation . Clay tried to moderate his views on annexation , but his changes of position drew opposition from supporters of both sides of the issue as he attempted to find a middle ground . Polk went on to win the election in a close race . This was the last time Clay would be nominated for president , and many Whigs believed that , following Clay 's defeat , Crittenden was the new leader of their party .
In 1845 , the Senate took up the question of ending the joint occupancy of the Oregon Territory with Great Britain . Lewis Cass , a senator from Michigan , supported an immediate termination of the joint occupation agreement and maintained that a war with the British over the matter was inevitable . Crittenden disagreed , and insisted that Britain be given two years notice before the joint occupation of the territory was ended in order to allow time for a diplomatic resolution . Ultimately , Crittenden 's position prevailed , and a compromise with Britain was effected , setting the dividing line between the two nations ' claims at the 49th parallel north .
In 1846 , the United States entered the Mexican – American War in an attempt to gain control of Texas . Crittenden did not support the war , and after war was declared , he insisted that commissioners accompany the U.S. armies and attempt to broker peace at every opportunity . Throughout the war , he corresponded regularly with Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott . Crittenden 's sons , George and Thomas , both served in the war ; Thomas Crittenden served on Scott 's staff . President Polk consulted Crittenden regarding the terms of peace that should be accepted to end the war . Crittenden insisted that the terms of peace should not include the acquisition of territory to which the United States did not have a " just claim " , but the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo submitted to Congress in 1848 called for Mexico to give up not only its claims to Texas , but also to New Mexico , California , and all the territory in between . A few Whigs joined the Democratic majority in Congress to ratify the treaty and defeat the Wilmot Proviso , which would have banned slavery in the newly acquired territory .
Friends encouraged Crittenden to run for president in the 1848 election . A Nashville newspaper declared its support for him as early as 1846 . A Democratic senator from Rhode Island opined that Crittenden could win support from a sizable number of Democrats in addition to the support of his own party . George B. Kinkead desired to have the Kentucky General Assembly nominate Crittenden for president in 1847 . None of these overtures swayed Crittenden . " For Heaven 's sake don 't talk to me about the Presidency , " he said , rebuffing one early offer . Clay hoped Crittenden would again support him , but Crittenden concluded that Clay was no longer a viable candidate and threw his support behind Kentuckian Zachary Taylor . This decision caused a rift between the two friends , and they were not reconciled until years later when Clay lay on his deathbed .
= = = Campaigns of 1848 = = =
The Whig Party was also divided in Kentucky , not only between Clay and Taylor , but between gubernatorial candidates . William J. Graves , out of politics since his fatal shooting of Representative Cilley , had the backing of sitting Whig governor William Owsley , while Archibald Dixon had secured support from former Whig governor Robert P. Letcher . Letcher wrote to Crittenden that a Whig split and Democratic victory in the gubernatorial election would have an injurious effect on Whig hopes of carrying Kentucky in the 1848 presidential election ; another former Whig governor , Thomas Metcalfe , concurred . At the Whig nominating convention , both Graves and Dixon withdrew their names and a delegate from Logan County put forward Crittenden 's name without his consent . The nomination easily carried before Crittenden 's friends could block it . The governorship was less prestigious and paid less than Crittenden 's position in the Senate . He would also have to abandon his growing legal practice before the Supreme Court and would lose input on national issues of importance to him such as the territorial questions that grew out of the Mexican War . Nevertheless , he believed that his candidacy would unite the Whigs and help Taylor win Kentucky 's electoral votes in the general election . He accepted the nomination a week after it was made .
Elijah Hise , Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals , was the leading candidate for the Democratic gubernatorial nomination , but after the Whig nomination of Crittenden , Hise withdrew from consideration . The Democratic state convention then nominated Congressman Linn Boyd , but Boyd also declined the nomination . The Democrats were finally able to nominate Henderson lawyer Lazarus W. Powell . As Crittenden canvassed the state , his opponents charged him with disloyalty to Clay because he refused to support him in the 1848 election . Crittenden maintained that he supported Clay for the presidency over anyone else , but he had believed that Clay did not intend to seek the Whig nomination in 1848 . After Clay announced his candidacy , Crittenden said , he remained neutral in the Whigs ' choice . In the gubernatorial election , Crittenden defeated Powell by a vote of 65 @,@ 860 to 57 @,@ 397 . He resigned his Senate seat to assume the governorship .
With his own campaign at a close , Crittenden resumed direction of Taylor 's presidential campaign , dispatching accomplished Whig speakers to all parts of the country . After Taylor was elected , he offered Crittenden the post of Secretary of State . Appeals came in from both Whig and Democratic leaders across the country urging him to serve in the cabinet ; Taylor was inexperienced , and many felt that without Crittenden to guide him , his administration would fail . Taylor personally visited Crittenden in Frankfort on February 15 , 1849 , in hopes of persuading him to accept the appointment . Crittenden refused Taylor 's overtures , and Taylor similarly rejected Crittenden 's appeals to appoint his friend , Robert P. Letcher , as Postmaster General . Crittenden 's input is believed to have contributed significantly to the appointments of John M. Clayton as Secretary of State and Orlando Brown as Commissioner of Indian Affairs .
Crittenden 's reasons for refusing Taylor 's appointment were many . Partially , he declined out of respect for Clay 's feelings and partially he felt it would be viewed in the same way as Clay and Adams ' " corrupt bargain " in 1825 . Resigning the governorship also would have amounted to admitting to the Democrats ' charges that he only sought the office to help Taylor win the presidency . Finally , he had not been able to fully heal the breach in the Whig Party , and he wanted to remedy that situation .
= = = Gubernatorial administration = = =
During Crittenden 's term , he gave strong support to superintendent of public education , Robert Jefferson Breckinridge , who would come to be known as the " Father of public school system in Kentucky . " In response to Crittenden 's call for financial support for the improvement of public education , the General Assembly passed a common school law on February 26 , 1849 . This law established guidelines for several public officials regarding their administration of the common schools . The Assembly also reserved tolls collected on the Kentucky , Green , and Barren rivers for education , and passed a two percent property tax to fund the state 's schools .
Crittenden ordered the refurbishing of the state penitentiary , which had been damaged by a fire , and called for an extensive state geological survey . He also advised the creation of a sinking fund to retire the state 's debt . The state adopted a new constitution during Crittenden 's term , though Crittenden was not a delegate to the constitutional convention and apparently had little influence on the drafting of the document . Most Whigs opposed the calling of a constitutional convention because it would necessarily involve reapportionment of the state 's legislative districts and threaten Whig dominance in the General Assembly ; nevertheless , Crittenden belatedly supported the call for a convention during his 1848 gubernatorial campaign .
With the question of slavery becoming even more critical following the territorial acquisitions of the Mexican – American War , John C. Calhoun delivered an inflammatory address in December 1848 urging leaders of the southern states to resist " Northern aggression " , even if it meant secession from the Union . Crittenden strongly denounced secession in his annual messages to the legislature in 1848 and 1849 . In response , the state senate passed a resolution calling on Kentucky 's citizens to cherish the Union and resist any efforts to secede .
= = = Second term as attorney general = = =
Vice @-@ President Millard Fillmore ascended to the presidency upon Taylor 's death and offered Crittenden the post of Attorney General . Believing the rift in the Whig Party was now much improved , he accepted the offer and resigned the governorship in 1850 . Fillmore , an opponent of slavery , requested an opinion from Crittenden on the constitutionality of the fugitive slave law , one of the bills involved in the Compromise of 1850 . Specifically , he asked if the law suspended the writ of habeas corpus . Crittenden said that it did not , opining that it discharged a duty placed on Congress by the Constitution to return runaway slaves . Crittenden 's opinion was probably motivated by a desire to see the Compromise pass and avert further sectional tension . Fillmore , his misgivings assuaged , signed the bill , keeping the Compromise intact .
Questions regarding claims in Florida , some already considered by Crittenden during his first term as attorney general , continued during his second term . Specifically , some of the claimants objected to a legal provision , passed by Congress years after the Adams – Onís Treaty , that allowed the Secretary of the Treasury to refuse to pay claims awarded by Florida courts that he found not to be " just and equitable " . The claimants contended that this allowed an executive officer to overrule a judicial decision in violation of the doctrine of separation of powers . Crittenden held that the secretary 's ruling was just as much a judicial action as that of the Florida judges . Further , he reiterated his 1841 decision that no interest could be paid on claims arising from damages resulting from Jackson 's invasion . Despite this opinion , a Florida judge awarded interest to one of the claimants , and the government appealed the case to the Supreme Court , with Crittenden serving as the government 's counsel . The Court upheld Crittenden 's entire opinion in its ruling .
Crittenden was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Harvard University in 1851 . Later that year , he acted as Secretary of State during the illness of Daniel Webster . In this capacity , he wrote a vigorous warning to both Britain and France about interfering in the question of Cuban independence . He also encouraged adherence to the United States ' traditional policy of non @-@ interference in Europe during the celebrated visit of Hungarian revolutionary Louis Kossuth to the United States in 1851 .
In November 1851 , the General Assembly convened to elect a successor to Senator Joseph R. Underwood . Underwood , whose term would expire in 1853 , desired re @-@ election , and Whigs Charles S. Morehead and George Robertson had also announced their respective candidacies . Crittenden , whose term as attorney general also expired in 1853 , had publicly announced that he wished to return to the Senate after his service in President Fillmore 's cabinet , and upon learning this , Underwood and Morehead both withdrew from the race . Robertson was not expected to seriously challenge Crittenden , but following the withdrawals of the other candidates , Archibald Dixon entered the race . Historically an ally of Crittenden , Dixon 's entrance into the race after Crittenden 's announcement showed that he had switched his allegiance from Crittenden to Clay . Democrats , desirous to defeat Crittenden and embarrass the Whigs , pledged to vote against him at all costs , even if it meant electing Dixon . Crittenden 's friends , therefore , held back his name from nomination to spare him almost certain defeat . Balloting deadlocked for several days , with Clay supporters throwing their support to Dixon , Robertson , and Lieutenant Governor John B. Thompson , a compromise candidate . Another compromise was proposed whereby Clay , his health failing , would resign his Senate seat , creating two Senate vacancies and allowing both Dixon and Crittenden to be elected , but Clay refused to cooperate . Finally , on the night of December 11 , 1851 , the Whigs met in caucus and agreed to withdraw both Dixon and Crittenden and elect Thompson .
A week after the election , Clay resigned , but Crittenden now declined the appointment to fill his unexpired term . Instead , the legislature elected Dixon to the remainder of Clay 's term , set to expire in March 1855 . Three weeks before Clay 's death in 1852 , he sent for Crittenden , and the two were reconciled ; Critteden delivered a eulogy for Clay in September 1852 , publicly dispelling the feud . After Clay 's death , Crittenden became the most prominent Whig leader in Kentucky . He encouraged the party to support the nomination of Millard Fillmore for the presidency in 1852 , but the nomination ultimately went to Winfield Scott . Crittenden was proposed as the nominee for vice @-@ president , but he declined . Democrat Franklin Pierce carried the state by 2 @,@ 700 votes in the general election and Democrats also captured the governorship that year ; both were harbingers of the demise of the Whig Party in Kentucky .
= = = Return to the Senate = = =
On February 27 , 1853 , the twice @-@ widower Crittenden married his third wife , Elizabeth Moss . Moss was twice @-@ widowed , most recently to General William Henry Ashley . Moss was Crittenden 's wife until his death . Crittenden served as attorney general until the expiration of Fillmore 's term in 1853 . Following his service as attorney general , he returned to private life . He made a substantial amount of money establishing mining claims for his clients in the former Mexican territory .
In 1853 , the legislature was to elect a successor to Senator Dixon . Now satisfied that the feud between Clay and Crittenden had ended , Dixon did not seek re @-@ election , leaving Crittenden with no Whig opposition . On a joint vote of the two houses of the General Assembly , Crittenden was elected 78 – 59 over governor Lazarus Powell .
In the period between his election and his taking office , Crittenden was the lead defense counsel in the murder trial of Matt F. Ward , the son of one of Crittenden 's lifelong friends . Ward 's younger brother had been disciplined by the principal at Louisville Male High School the preceding November , and the elder Ward went to argue with the principal on behalf of his brother . In the ensuing encounter , Ward shot and killed the principal with a pistol . Public sentiment was heavily against Ward , and the trial was moved to Hardin County . During the week @-@ long trial , which began in April 1854 , Crittenden emphasized inconsistencies in the accounts of eyewitnesses and called prominent character witnesses such as Louisville mayor James Stephens Speed , Congressman William Preston , and Courier @-@ Journal editor George D. Prentice . He presented a case that Ward had acted in self @-@ defense . Because the prosecution sought the death penalty , Crittenden asserted that if the jury rendered an erroneous conviction , they would have no peace of mind knowing they had sentenced an innocent man to hang .
There was a tremendous public outcry when Ward was found not guilty . Newspapers across the nation condemned the verdict and Crittenden for his role in securing it . Only Prentice , in the Courier @-@ Journal , defended Crittenden and the Ward family . Several public meetings passed resolutions calling for Crittenden 's resignation from the Senate . After one such meeting , a mob gathered and Crittenden , Prentice , the Wards , and the twelve jurors were burned in effigy .
When he assumed his Senate seat in 1855 , Crittenden was sixty @-@ nine years old , the eldest member of that body . The Whig Party had practically dissolved by this time , and he joined many of his fellow Kentuckians in associating with the Know Nothing Party . Although he did not agree with all of the party 's principles , he would not associate with the Democrats , the party he had spent much of his career denouncing , nor would he associate with the new Republican Party because of their stance against slavery . Despite his misgivings about some of the party platform , he campaigned on behalf of Millard Fillmore , the party 's candidate in the 1856 presidential election .
In the early part of his term , Crittenden was concerned with quelling the violence in Kansas Territory . An opponent of the Kansas – Nebraska Act of 1854 , Crittenden also opposed repealing the Missouri Compromise unless the North agreed to substitute popular sovereignty for the exclusion of slavery north of the 36 ° 30 ' line . In early 1856 , he proposed sending General Winfield Scott to the Kansas Territory to ensure that fair elections were held there , but the proposal was blocked by the Pierce administration . He did not agree with all of the act proposed by Robert Toombs to allow for a constitutional convention in Kansas Territory , but he supported it as a step to bring peace there . He regarded the ratifications of both the Topeka Constitution and the Lecompton Constitution as invalid , and made one of the most highly regarded speeches of his career in opposition to the latter . His substitute bill that would have resubmitted the Lecompton Constitution to Kansas for another ratification vote was supported by Republicans , but it was ultimately defeated . So great was Crittenden 's influence after his actions on the Kansas question that Abraham Lincoln felt that Crittenden 's endorsement of Stephen Douglas cost Lincoln the Illinois senatorial election in 1858 .
= = Civil War = =
From 1858 to 1860 , Crittenden sought out moderates from all sections of the country to effect compromise on the territorial and slavery issues , thus averting war . In 1860 , he was named chair of the National Union Executive Committee , a group of congressmen and journalists who feared that sectional differences would destroy the Union . His efforts helped form the Constitutional Union Party later that year . Chosen as the keynote speaker at the party 's national convention on May 9 , 1860 , many urged him to become their nominee for president . At age seventy @-@ three , however , Crittenden was already contemplating retirement and instead orchestrated the nomination of John Bell , whom he actively supported in the 1860 presidential race .
Even after the election of Abraham Lincoln as president in 1860 , Crittenden rejected the idea that secession was inevitable and continued to work for the preservation of the Union . He believed that the current sectional crisis could — like all past disagreements in U.S. history — be resolved through compromise . However , he believed that this compromise must not be a simple legislative action , which could be altered or even repealed by a successive Congress , but amendments to the U.S. Constitution , which would be much more difficult to change . To that end , he proposed the Crittenden Compromise — a package of six constitutional amendments and four congressional resolutions — in December 1860 . Among the resolutions were a condemnation of Northern personal liberty laws and an assertion of the constitutionality of the fugitive slave law . The amendments would have restored the Missouri Compromise line and extended it to California as a line of demarcation between slave and free territories . Crittenden 's other amendments would have further guaranteed that slavery would remain legal indefinitely in Washington , D.C. , so long as it was legal in either Maryland or Virginia and that slaveholders would be reimbursed for runaway slaves . Also , the amendments denied Congress any power to interfere with the interstate slave trade or with slavery in the existing Southern states and made the fugitive slave law and Three @-@ Fifths Compromise perpetual in duration .
The compromise proposal was referred to a special committee proposed by Crittenden 's fellow Kentucky senator , Lazarus Powell . Though it was believed that Republicans in general , including their representatives on the committee , were disposed to accept Crittenden 's compromise or one substantially similar to it , President @-@ elect Lincoln had already instructed his trusted allies in the legislature to resist any plan to extend slavery into the territories . Consequently , when the committee held its first meeting , the Republican members blocked Crittenden 's plan and six others from coming to the floor for a vote . Despite their opposition , however , the Republicans presented no alternative plan . After the rejection of Crittenden 's plan in committee , Florida , Mississippi , Alabama , and Georgia followed South Carolina 's lead and passed ordinances of secession .
On January 3 , 1861 , Crittenden tried to salvage his plan by recommending to the full Senate that it be submitted to the people in referendum . It was widely believed that a referendum would recommend adoption of Crittenden 's plan , and Republicans in Congress used a variety of procedures to prevent a vote on allowing it . On January 16 , with procedural delays exhausted , New Hampshire Senator Daniel Clark moved to substitute for Crittenden 's plan a resolution stating that constitutional amendments were unnecessary to preserve the Union , and that enforcement of the Constitution and the present laws would eliminate the need for special sectional guarantees . With the senators from southern states ( both those that had seceded and those that had not ) refusing to vote , Republicans were left with a majority in the chamber and passed Clark 's substitute resolution , effectively killing Crittenden 's proposal .
Crittenden remained in Washington for a few weeks after Congress adjourned . Having learned that John Archibald Campbell , an Alabaman serving on the Supreme Court , had decided to resign in light of his state 's secession , President Lincoln proposed to appoint Crittenden to the vacant seat . Lincoln 's cabinet approved , and the nomination papers were drafted , but Campbell belatedly reconsidered his resignation , and by the time he definitely determined to resign , Lincoln had changed his mind regarding Crittenden 's nomination .
Having failed to secure compromise at the federal level , Crittenden returned to Kentucky in early 1861 , attempting to persuade his home state to reject the overtures of fellow southern states and remain in the Union . On May 10 , 1861 , a conference was held to decide Kentucky 's course in the war . Crittenden joined Archibald Dixon and S. S. Nicholas as Unionist representatives at the conference ; the Southern Rights position was represented by John C. Breckinridge , Governor Beriah Magoffin , and Richard Hawes . The conference failed to produce a united course of action , but adopted the policy of armed neutrality . Unionists in the legislature , however , feared that the state militia and its commander Simon Bolivar Buckner , had Confederate sympathies . To counter any threat that the militia would seize control of the state for the South , the General Assembly organized the Home Guard , a separate militia controlled by a five @-@ man , pro @-@ Union commission . Crittenden enlisted in the Home Guard as a private and was part of a group styled the " Union Defense Committee " that secured weapons for the Home Guard from the federal government .
In April , the General Assembly called a border states convention to be held in Frankfort in May . Slates of delegates were nominated by both the Unionists and Southern Rightists , but war broke out before the election of delegates ; the Southern Rights delegates withdrew from the election , and the Unionist slate , including Crittenden , was chosen by default . On May 27 , 1861 , Crittenden was chosen chair of the convention and called it to order . With war having largely precluded any good the meeting could have accomplished , only nine of Kentucky 's twelve delegates were present , along with four from Missouri ( out of seven elected ) , and one from Tennessee ( and his election was questionable ) ; Virginia , Maryland , and Delaware sent no delegates . Ultimately , the convention accomplished little beyond calling on the southern states to reconsider their secession and on the northern states to moderate their demands .
Against his father 's wishes , Crittenden 's son George resigned his position as a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Army to join the Confederate States Army ( in which he was promoted brigadier then major general ) , only to effectively lose his career in the early Confederate defeat at Mill Springs , Kentucky . George 's brother , Thomas Leonidas Crittenden , had been a member of Buckner 's State Guard , but joined the Union Army in September 1861 and was advanced to the rank of brigadier general , serving under Don Carlos Buell . Another son , Eugene , also served in the Union Army and attained the rank of colonel . One of John Crittenden 's grandsons , John Crittenden Coleman , enlisted with the Confederate Army , while another grandson , John Crittenden Watson , graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy and participated in David Farragut 's capture of New Orleans during the war .
= = = Service in the House of Representatives and death = = =
President Lincoln called a special session of Congress to convene July 4 , 1861 , and Kentucky held special elections in June to select congressmen for the special session . Crittenden had expressed his desire to retire from public service and initially refused pleas to become a candidate , but he finally consented to run in late May . He was elected over secessionist candidate William E. Simms ; in all , nine of Kentucky 's ten congressional districts selected Unionist candidates in the special election . Upon taking his seat , he was assigned to the Committee on Foreign Affairs . On July 10 , 1861 , he accompanied Simon B. Buckner on a visit to President Lincoln to secure a renewed commitment from Lincoln to respect Kentucky 's neutrality ; Lincoln agreed only to issue a declaration that he had no present designs on Kentucky but would not commit to restrict his future actions . In order to calm the fears of border state citizens concerned about the Union 's objectives in the war , he introduced the Crittenden – Johnson Resolution , which blamed the secessionist states for the war and stated that the object of the war was not the subjugation of those states , but the defense of the Constitution and the preservation of the Union . When those ends were achieved , the resolution stated , the war should cease . Kentucky Representative Henry C. Burnett asked that the question be divided . Burnett was one of only two votes against the portion of the resolution blaming the Southern states for the war ; the only dissent on the remaining portion came from Wisconsin 's John F. Potter and Ohio 's Albert G. Riddle . In the Senate , the resolution passed 30 – 5 , with Kentucky senators Breckinridge and Powell voting in the minority . In December 1861 the House refused , by a vote of 76 – 65 , to reaffirm the resolution .
After Congress adjourned in late July 1861 , Crittenden returned home to Frankfort , but soon had to flee the city as Confederate generals Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith invaded Kentucky , capturing both Frankfort and Lexington . He took up temporary residence at Louisville 's Galt House hotel and was still residing there when Union General William " Bull " Nelson was killed by a fellow soldier there in 1862 . He returned to his home in Frankfort shortly after the Battle of Perryville drove the Confederates from the state on October 8 , 1862 . Returning for the regular congressional session , he became the conduit through which many reports of unconstitutional military arrests in Kentucky were channeled . He spoke against the admission of West Virginia to the Union on the grounds that Virginia had not consented to the creation of the state from its territory . He also opposed the Emancipation Proclamation and the use of slaves as soldiers in the war .
When he returned to Kentucky following the 37th Congress , Crittenden 's health was failing , and he frequently complained of shortness of breath and chest pain . He had determined to retire from Congress , but once again , friends persuaded him to stand for re @-@ election . Shortly after his nomination , Crittenden and his wife were en route to an alum spring in Indiana to seek treatment to alleviate the symptoms of his failing health when he collapsed in Louisville . After remaining bedfast at the home of a local doctor , he returned home to Frankfort , where he died on July 26 , 1863 . He was interred at the State Cemetery in Frankfort . Among his other notable kinsmen were nephews Thomas Theodore Crittenden , congressman from Missouri , and Thomas Turpin Crittenden , a general in the Union Army . In Kentucky , Crittenden County and the town of Crittenden are named for him .
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= Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) =
" Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass . Harrison wrote the song as a tribute to Frank Crisp , a nineteenth @-@ century lawyer and the original owner of Friar Park – the Victorian Gothic residence in Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames , Oxfordshire , that Harrison purchased in early 1970 . Commentators have likened the song to a cinematic journey through the grand house and the grounds of the estate .
The recording features backing from musicians such as Pete Drake , Billy Preston , Gary Wright , Klaus Voormann and Alan White . It was co @-@ produced by Phil Spector , whose heavy use of reverb adds to the ethereal quality of the song . AllMusic critic Scott Janovitz describes " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " as offering " a glimpse of the true George Harrison – at once mystical , humorous , solitary , playful , and serious " .
Crisp 's eccentric homilies , which the former Beatle discovered inscribed inside the house and around the property , inspired subsequent compositions of Harrison 's , including " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " and " The Answer 's at the End " . Together with the Friar Park @-@ shot album cover for All Things Must Pass , " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " established an association between Harrison and his Henley estate that has continued since his death in November 2001 . The composition gained further notability in 2009 when it provided the title for Harrison 's posthumous compilation Let It Roll . My Morning Jacket lead singer Jim James and Dhani Harrison are among the artists who have covered the song .
= = Background = =
Since 1965 , George Harrison and his wife , Pattie Boyd , had lived in Kinfauns in Surrey , south of London . The house was a bungalow and too small to accommodate a home recording studio , so the couple began a year @-@ long search for a larger property , concentrating on an area west of London encompassing the counties of Berkshire and Oxfordshire . In January 1970 , Harrison purchased the 120 @-@ room Friar Park , set on 33 acres of land , just west of Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames . Previously the home of an order of Roman Catholic nuns , the Salesians of Don Bosco , the four @-@ storey house and its grounds were in a dilapidated state , and it was not until the start of March that the Harrisons moved from a worker 's cottage and into the main residence .
The house was built in the 1898 , on the site of a thirteenth @-@ century monastery , by Sir Frank Crisp , a successful City of London solicitor , microscopist and horticulturalist well known for his eccentricities . Harrison described Crisp as a cross between Lewis Carroll and Walt Disney . While compiling Harrison 's autobiography , I , Me , Mine , in the late 1970s , Derek Taylor observed that Harrison " frequently talks as if [ Crisp ] were still alive " . Clean @-@ up work during the first few months at Friar Park unearthed various legacies of Crisp 's time there , such as stone and wood engravings containing whimsical homilies , some of which the Salesian nuns had concealed or painted over . The 10 acres of Crisp 's formal gardens were so overrun with weeds that Harrison and his friend from the Hare Krishna movement , Shyamasundar Das , used World War II @-@ era flamethrowers to clear some of the land . Among the garden features was a series of tiered lakes connected by tunnels , to the south @-@ east of the house , and an Alpine rock garden topped by a 100 @-@ foot replica of the Matterhorn , to the north @-@ west .
On 17 March 1970 , despite the property 's state of disrepair , the Harrisons threw a party to celebrate Pattie 's 26th birthday and St Patrick 's Day . According to their friend and assistant Chris O 'Dell , the guest list comprised all the other Beatles and their wives , as well as insiders such as Derek and Joan Taylor , Neil Aspinall and his wife Susie , Peter Brown , and Klaus and Christine Voormann . In what was a rare social get @-@ together for the Beatles , three weeks before Paul McCartney announced he was leaving the band , the party was a " great success " , O 'Dell writes . Shortly afterwards , Harrison invited members of the London @-@ based Hare Krishna movement to help with the restoration work , primarily in the grounds of Friar Park , and accommodated the devotees and their families in a wing of the house . While satisfying Harrison 's spiritual convictions , these visitors proved less welcome to Boyd , who found herself shut out of her husband 's life .
= = Composition = =
Following the Beatles ' break @-@ up on 10 April 1970 , and having long discussed the possibility of recording a solo album of his songs , Harrison committed to the project over dinner at Friar Park with Boyd , O 'Dell and Terry Doran , his friend and temporary estate manager . The following month , Harrison performed a selection of his compositions in London for Phil Spector , his co @-@ producer on All Things Must Pass , one of which was " Everybody , Nobody " . With its reference to roads and the UK 's Highway Code , " Everybody , Nobody " has been described by musical biographer Simon Leng as Harrison 's first " motoring " song . Harrison soon completely rewrote the lyrics and took part of the melody for his first musical tribute to Crisp and Friar Park – titled " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " . The result , in Leng 's opinion , was a signpost to its composer 's future involvement in film , an interest that , like gardening and motorsport , would flourish in a dwelling that offered " privacy without imprisonment " .
Leng writes that the song 's lyrics read " like a movie script " , with verse one " panning " from the house outside to the garden :
Let it roll across the floor
Through the hall and out the door
To the fountain of perpetual mirth
Let it roll for all it 's worth ...
In his book The Words and Music of George Harrison , Ian Inglis similarly views the song as " a guided tour of the house and grounds " , with Harrison " pointing out features of particular interest " . After " scene two " ' s setting – " among the weeds " and inside Friar Park 's formal maze – the third verse focuses on the property 's grottos and extended woodland . Verse three includes the lines " Through ye woode , here may ye rest awhile / Handkerchiefs and matching tie " , the last of which Leng describes as Harrison 's " first clear reference " to Monty Python , his favourite comedy troupe .
The song 's " final scene " focuses on what Leng calls " the illusions within the illusion " , as the narrative returns to the interior of the house and the " real people " living there . The lyrics include mentions of housekeepers and " the spiritually awakened Lord and Lady " , Leng writes , before the scene " rolls off into the unknown beyond " :
Fools ' illusions everywhere
Joan and Molly sweeps the stair
Eyes that shining full of inner light
Let it roll into the night ...
Rather than people , Inglis views the first of these lines as a reference to the " many extraordinary features Crisp had installed " , among them " fantastic statues , bizarre gargoyles , illuminated caverns ... and hidden stepping @-@ stones " . In a song otherwise free of religiosity , theologian Dale Allison interprets " Fools illusions everywhere " as a typical Harrison statement regarding māyā – the illusory nature of human existence .
According to Harrison 's later recollection , Spector suggested that " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " might attract a few cover versions if he changed the lyrics . In I , Me , Mine , Harrison acknowledges that the song was " a piece of personal indulgence " , but " those words were written because that 's what it was " – a tribute to Frank Crisp . A number of Crisp 's homilies directly inspired other Harrison songs during the first half of the 1970s , such as " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " and " The Answer 's at the End " . Harrison went on to identify philosophically with Crisp , of whom he writes elsewhere in I , Me , Mine : " Sir Frank helped my awareness ; whatever it was I felt became stronger , or found more expression by moving into that house , because everything stepped up or was heightened . " Leng considers that the song , along with " All Things Must Pass " , predicts Harrison 's eventual " retreat into an internal musical dialogue , set amid the woods and gardens of Friar Park " , a change of perspective marked by his 1979 eponymous solo album .
= = Recording = =
Harrison 's solo performance of " Everybody , Nobody " for Phil Spector took place at Abbey Road Studios on 20 May 1970 , a recording since made available unofficially on the Beware of ABKCO ! bootleg . Harrison completed the rewrite , " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " , within a matter of weeks , judging by the appearance of pedal steel virtuoso Pete Drake on the session , which was held at Abbey Road between 26 May and early June . By late June , Drake was home in Nashville producing Ringo Starr 's second solo album , Beaucoups of Blues ( 1970 ) , the recording of which , author Bob Woffinden suggested in 1981 , " was probably completed more quickly than any one of the tracks on All Things Must Pass " . Part of the reason for Harrison taking so long to make his album was the interruption to recording caused by his frequent visits to Liverpool 's neurological hospital , where his mother was dying of cancer . Following her death on 7 July , Harrison invited his elder brothers Harry and Peter to live on the Friar Park estate and manage a team of full @-@ time gardeners and botanists .
The released recording of " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " , in Leng 's words , is as " an ethereal and echoey version of the Band 's minimalist melodicism " , in which Drake 's pedal steel guitar represents the " ectoplasmic " Crisp floating through the song , and Harrison " sounds like he 's recorded his vocal track in one of the park 's legendary caves " . The line @-@ up of musicians included three keyboards players , which Leng and author Bruce Spizer list as Bobby Whitlock ( on piano ) , Billy Preston ( organ ) and Gary Wright ( electric piano ) . Whitlock himself has stated that he played piano very rarely during the All Things Must Pass sessions , however . In his song @-@ by @-@ song discussion of the album , Whitlock offers a line @-@ up that includes Preston on piano and he writes of the other keyboard parts : " This track is swimming with the two Garys " – Wright and Gary Brooker .
Although Leng credits the song 's two acoustic guitar parts to Harrison alone , Spizer suggests that guitarist Peter Frampton may have supplied one of these parts . Playing the bass , as he did on most of All Things Must Pass , was Klaus Voormann , who would be another to find sanctuary at Friar Park . Harrison offered him refuge from the media in March and April 1971 , when reports had Voormann linked to a supposed Beatles offshoot band , along with Harrison , Starr and John Lennon .
While relatively free of the Wall of Sound production style found elsewhere on the album , the song 's " sense of the mysterious " is conveyed through Spector 's liberal use of reverb , Alan Clayson writes , particularly on Alan White 's snare drum and Harrison 's murmured backing vocals following verses two and four . The words that Harrison half @-@ sings are " Oh , Sir Frankie Crisp " ; this part and the lead vocal were overdubbed at Trident Studios in central London , at Spector 's suggestion . Aided by the swirling sound of Hammond organ , and Leslie treatment on the piano and pedal steel tracks , the effect of Spector 's production enshrouded " the whole tale in a reverb @-@ induced haze " , as Scott Janovitz of AllMusic puts it .
= = Release and reception = =
Delayed from its intended release date by over a month due to the extended period of production , All Things Must Pass was issued on Apple Records in late November 1970 to great acclaim . The triple album featured a cover photo of Harrison dressed in gardening attire , seated on the main lawn of Friar Park 's south garden and surrounded by four figures from Crisp 's extensive collection of Bavarian gnomes . Having been stolen " in about 1871 " , according to photographer Barry Feinstein , the figures had just been returned to Friar Park and placed on the grass . Commentators interpret Feinstein 's photo as representing Harrison 's removal from the Beatles ' collective identity , and the cover helped establish a synonymity between Harrison and Friar Park that Alan Clayson has described as equalling that between Queen Elizabeth II and Windsor Castle .
On release , " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " ' s lyrical affectations provoked comment from American reviewers in particular . Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone remarked that there were " lots of ' Ye 's ' to remind us it 's a ballad " , but identified the song as part of the album 's " musical core " , the " brooding essays on living , loving , and dying " . Village Voice contributor Nicholas Schaffner recognised it as an " olde English ballad " dedicated to what he mistakenly called " George 's 17th @-@ century castle " . To the NME 's Alan Smith , the track was a " meandering song @-@ tale ... which may take a little longer for me to appreciate " . Acknowledging that listeners in 1970 – 71 might have been " mystified " by Harrison 's lyrics , Bruce Spizer has written of this " catchy ballad " : " its beautiful melody and hook @-@ laden refrain ensured that it would be one of the album 's highlights . "
More recently , Clayson has described " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " as " [ c ] ouched in mediaeval expression " and the most " Beatle @-@ esque " of all the songs found on All Things Must Pass , featuring an arrangement that is " a breath of fresh air " . Former Mojo editor Mat Snow also acknowledges the cryptic quality of the lyrics – " unless one happened to know that George and Pattie had just moved to ... a magnificent Gothic pile near Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames " – and considers the song " hauntingly beautiful " . Less impressed , in The Rough Guide to the Beatles , Chris Ingham deems the track " drearily whimsical " and an example of how " the main song set [ on All Things Must Pass ] dips in the middle " .
Along with his description of it as a " rolling filmic snapshot " of Friar Park , Simon Leng views " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " as a " musical companion piece " to Feinstein 's album cover image : " [ The song ] conjures an allegorical dream world , populated by smirking gnomes ... a disembodied Victorian lawyer , and , in George Harrison , a refugee from the world 's attention . " Leng sees Harrison 's 1976 film clip for " Crackerbox Palace " as " the celluloid realization of the ' Let it Roll ' script " . Scott Janovitz likewise views the track as " a tour of the grounds " while praising its " darkly beautiful " melody . " Like no other Harrison song , " Janovitz adds , " ' The Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ' offers a glimpse of the true George Harrison – at once mystical , humorous , solitary , playful , and serious . "
= = Subsequent releases and cover versions = =
The title of Harrison 's only career @-@ spanning compilation album , Let It Roll : Songs by George Harrison ( 2009 ) , was derived from " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp ( Let It Roll ) " , which also appears on the album . Shortly after Harrison 's death on 29 November 2001 , My Morning Jacket lead singer Jim James recorded the track for his EP of George Harrison cover songs , Tribute To , issued in August 2009 .
In 2010 , the producers of CBS 's situation comedy How I Met Your Mother used " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " as a musical theme bookending season 6 of the show . Coinciding with the release of Martin Scorsese 's documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , a version of the song by Alessi 's Ark appeared on Harrison Covered , a tribute CD accompanying the November 2011 issue of Mojo magazine .
Los Angeles band Big Black Delta and Harrison 's son Dhani performed " Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp " on the US television show Conan in September 2014 . The performance was part of a week @-@ long promotion for George Harrison 's The Apple Years 1968 – 75 box set .
= = Personnel = =
The musicians who performed on the recording are believed to be as follows :
George Harrison – vocals , acoustic guitars , backing vocals
Pete Drake – pedal steel
Bobby Whitlock – piano
Billy Preston – organ
Gary Wright – electric piano
Klaus Voormann – bass
Alan White – drums
uncredited – tambourine
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= The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz =
The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz is a 2005 American @-@ Canadian television film directed by Kirk Thatcher and starring Ashanti and The Muppets with supporting roles done by Jeffrey Tambor , Quentin Tarantino , David Alan Grier , and Queen Latifah . The film was produced by Bill Barretta and written by Debra Frank , Steve L. Hayes , Tom Martin , and Adam F. Goldberg based on a story by Frank and Hayes .
A modernized adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , the story follows young Dorothy Gale , who works in her Aunt Em 's diner , but dreams of becoming a singer somewhere beyond her small Kansas town . Swept up by a tornado , in her trailer home with pet prawn Toto , she lands in Oz and embarks on a journey to meet the Wizard who can help make her dreams come true .
The film co @-@ produced by The Muppets Studio , Touchstone Television , and Fox Television Studios , in association with The Jim Henson Company . Right after Disney bought the rights to The Muppets in 2004 , pre @-@ production on The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz took place throughout February 2004 , and filming occurred during September 2004 . ABC made several changes to the film after the initial script was written , ultimately deciding to adapt plot elements from Baum 's original novel rather than the 1939 MGM film , The Wizard of Oz . As with the preceding Muppet films , The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz became a musical , and included five new songs written and composed by Michael Giacchino . The production marked the feature film debut of Eric Jacobson as the performer of Sam Eagle , a character originally performed by Frank Oz .
The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz premiered on April 27 , 2005 at the Tribeca Film Festival . The film 's television premiere was broadcast on ABC on May 20 , 2005 , as the final ABC Movie of the Week . Overall , the film ended up receiving negative reviews from critics . Most critics agreed that the film was too mature for young audiences , and that the cameo scenes and popular culture references were unnecessary .
= = Plot = =
Dorothy Gale ( Ashanti ) is an orphaned teenage girl living in a trailer park in Kansas . Her Aunt Em ( Queen Latifah ) and Uncle Henry ( David Alan Grier ) own a diner , to which Dorothy works for room and board . Her dream of becoming a singer is slim , but when waiting on some truckers Dorothy overhears that the Muppets are conducting a cross @-@ country show called " Star Hunt " and are looking for a backup singer . Aunt Em disapproves , but with Uncle Henry 's best wishes , she goes to the audition . However , the Muppets are about to end the audition , and Dorothy only manages to give them a demo CD that she created beforehand . In returning home , the civil defense sirens sound as a tornado is headed for Dorothy 's trailer park . When Aunt Em and Uncle Henry run into the county storm shelter for safety , Dorothy hurries back to her family 's mobile home to get Toto , her pet prawn . She does not make it out in time , and the two are swept by the tornado across the vast fields of Kansas . When Dorothy climbs out of the wreckage , she finds that Toto ( Pepé the King Prawn ) can talk and that she is no longer in Kansas .
Dorothy and Toto discover that they are in Munchkinland , a small town part of the vast Land of Oz . After discussing her situation with the town 's people , the Munchkins ( played by Rizzo the Rat and the other rats ) , she learns that the land 's ruler the Wizard , has the power to grant her wish of becoming a famous singer . She meets the Good Witch of the North ( Miss Piggy ) , and receives a pair of magic silver slippers from the Wicked Witch of the East ( Miss Piggy ) , the Witch of the North 's sister who was killed when Dorothy 's trailer fell on her . Soon after , she embarks on a journey with Toto on the yellow brick road to meet the Wizard of Oz , who lives in the Emerald City , the capital of Oz . On her journey , she meets three creatures : a Scarecrow ( Kermit ) , a Tin Thing ( Gonzo ) , and a Cowardly Lion ( Fozzie ) . They are also seeking the Wizard of Oz to give them a brain , heart , and courage , respectively . The group meets various obstacles involving a deep gorge where the Kalidah Critics ( Statler and Waldorf ) are heckling them and a Poppy Field Club run by Clifford which nearly puts them to sleep . After arriving at the Emerald City and meeting the Wizard , Dorothy and her friends are sent to retrieve the Wicked Witch of the West 's magic eye , a tool she uses to see anything she desires in the Land of Oz .
The group assumes that completing this task will result in the granting of their wishes . The Wicked Witch of the West ( Miss Piggy ) sees them coming and consults with her pet Foo @-@ Foo and her henchman Johnny Fiama . When the Wicked Witch of the West plans to have either her pack of 40 great man @-@ eating wolves , a flock of 40 crows of despair , a swarm of angry black bees , a group of vicious squirrels , or a group of bloodthirsty cockatoos to do away with them , Johnny tells her that the animals that work for her are unavailable due to various reasons . This forces her to resort to using her Magic Biker Cap to call Sal Minella and the other Flying Monkeys ( played by Sweetums , Crazy Harry , Black Dog , Calico , Old Tom , Spotted Dick , and Aretha from Fraggle Rock ) to deal with them . The Witch and the Flying Monkeys capture Dorothy and Lion while Scarecrow and Tin Thing are dismantled by the Flying Monkeys .
After being threatened to be killed by her , Toto calls the Munchkins , who set Dorothy free and hold up the witch . During the final battle , it cuts away to a scene where Quentin Tarantino is with Kermit , discussing ideas for how Dorothy can defeat the Wicked Witch of the West . Tarantino 's ideas are deemed too expensive and too violent for a Muppet movie , so they agree for Dorothy to do a powerful kick on the witch . Cutting back to the action , Dorothy kicks the witch into her own " bottled water bath " which contains tap water ( to which she is severely allergic ) . Angel Marie admitted that he filled the water bottles with tap water to restock them . This action causes the Wicked Witch of the West to melt as Johnny averts Foo @-@ Foo 's eyes . With the Wicked Witch of the West dead , Dorothy finds the magic eye unharmed and floating in the tub and grabs it .
Dorothy gains control of the Flying Monkeys by giving back the group 's Magic Biker Cap to Sal Minella . She has Scarecrow and Tin Thing rebuilt by the Flying Monkeys . Then she and her friends travel back to the Emerald City to have their wishes granted . When they all storm into the Wizard 's room , they discover it is merely a Hollywood effects stage and that the Wizard ( Jeffrey Tambor ) is just an ordinary man , pretending . He asked for the witch 's eye so that she could not see him for who he really was . Even so , he still proceeds to grant their wishes . Dorothy finally becomes a singer in the Land of Oz , but she realizes that all she ever really wanted was to go back home and be with her family . After traveling back to Munchkinland , she meets Glinda the Good Witch of the South ( Miss Piggy ) , who tells her that if she clicks her heels together three times , she will be able to go anywhere she desires , contrary to how the Good Witch of the North said to get to the Emerald City . She does so , saying " take me home to Aunt Em " .
She is then spun by the slippers ' charm into Kansas , and , much to her surprise , she finds out that Kermit was looking for her , saying that she had the best voice they heard on the whole search , and that she has been chosen to go on the Star Hunt . Dorothy , having been reunited with her aunt and uncle , and feeling that she is not ready to leave Kansas to become a real star , rejects , but Aunt Em says that she wants her to go with the Muppets on their Star Hunt , much to her even bigger surprise . She then sings " Good Life " on television with them as the film ends .
= = Cast = =
Ashanti as Dorothy Gale : A Kansas teen dreaming of leaving her home and becoming a singer .
Queen Latifah as Aunt Em : Dorothy 's aunt and co @-@ owner of the family diner in Kansas .
David Alan Grier as Uncle Henry : Dorothy 's uncle and co @-@ owner of the family diner .
Jeffrey Tambor as The Wizard of Oz : The legendary Wizard of Oz . This is Tambor 's second appearance in a Muppet film , the first being Muppets from Space .
Quentin Tarantino as Himself ( Extended version ) : In a short appearance with Kermit the Frog , Tarantino discusses ideas on how to stop the Wicked Witch of the West . Despite the fact that his role is small his name is still mentioned in the movie trailer and listed on the cover of both the Video and DVD .
Kelly Osbourne as Dorothy Gale ( post @-@ makeover ) ( Extended version ) : Appears in a brief cameo as Dorothy when she first comes out of the Magic Makeover Machine in Emerald City .
= = = Muppet performers = = =
Steve Whitmire as :
Kermit the Frog as Himself / Scarecrow : A scarecrow in search of a brain . Scarecrow is constantly mocked by the crows in Oz , as he is defenseless and cannot do anything to stop them . Prior to Dorothy 's journey , Kermit organizes a talent scout for a star for a new show . After Dorothy 's return , he hires her .
Beaker : He appears as an Emerald City Technician . Beaker also appears at the end in the Muppets ' show .
Rizzo the Rat as Mayor of Munchkinland / Himself . He occasionally aids Dorothy when she is in danger . Prior to Dorothy 's journey , Rizzo is seen assisting Bean Bunny in loading equipment into the Muppets ' bus . He returns for the Muppets ' show at the end of the film .
Statler as Kalidah Critic # 1 . He heckles Dorothy and her friends as they try to cross a log .
Dave Goelz as :
The Great Gonzo as the Tin Thing / Himself : A robot in search of a heart . Originally human , the Tin Thing was turned into a robot by the Wicked Witch of the West who was angry at him for asking to leave her palace and marry his fiancée , Camilla the Chicken . He also appears at the end of the film in the Muppets ' show .
Dr. Bunsen Honeydew : He appears as an Emerald City Technician . He also appears at the end of the film in the Muppets ' show .
Waldorf as Kalidah Critic # 2 . He and the other Kalidah Critic heckles Dorothy and her friends as they try to cross a log .
Zoot : He performs backup for the songs " Naptime " , and for the " The Witch is in the House " , and appears at the end of the film in the Muppets ' new show .
Bill Barretta as :
Pepé the King Prawn as Toto : Dorothy 's pet prawn and first companion on her journey . In Kansas , Toto was a prawn that lived in a fish bowl in Dorothy 's room . Strangely , Pepé doesn 't appear in the finale with the other Muppets .
Dr. Teeth : He performs " Naptime " , and also performs in " The Witch is in the House " . He appears again at the end of the film in the Muppets ' show .
Johnny Fiama : He appears as one of the henchmen of the Wicked Witch of the West , and is supposedly her love interest .
Lew Zealand : He briefly appears in Emerald City at the red carpet event , asking Dorothy to sign his boomerang fish .
The Swedish Chef : He provides the Bran Flakes for the Wizard .
Bubba the Rat : He assists the Mayor of Munchkin Land in getting Dorothy and the Lion out of Poppyfields .
Eric Jacobson as :
Miss Piggy as Herself : She appears early on with Kermit , and tries to get rid of Dorothy . She returns at the end of the film for the Muppets ' show .
as The Wicked Witch of the West : The Wicked Witch that terrifies all that meet her .
as The Tattypoo the Good Witch of the North : The Good Witch that gives Dorothy the silver slippers .
as The Glinda the Good Witch of the South : The other Good Witch that shows Dorothy how to get home .
as The Wicked Witch of the East : The original owner of the magic slippers who was killed by Dorothy 's falling mobile home .
Fozzie Bear as The Cowardly Bear / Himself : A nervous and frightened lion stand @-@ up comic that accompanies Dorothy and the others on their journey . Fozzie shows up at the end of the film in the Muppets ' show .
Animal : He performs in the songs " Naptime " and " The Witch is in the House " .
Sam Eagle : He appears as the Guardian of the Gates . Sam doesn 't appear in the Muppets ' show at the end of the film .
Brian Henson as :
Sal Manilla as Sal , a Flying Monkey : He accompanies Johnny for much of the film .
Kevin Clash as :
Clifford : He appears as the manager of the Poppy Field Club .
Mulch : He appears briefly in Poppyfields .
Black Dog as a Flying Monkey
John Kennedy as :
Angel Marie as a Flying Monkey : A servant of the Wicked Witch of the West .
Floyd Pepper : He performs in " Naptime " and " The Witch is in the House " .
Rickey Boyd as :
Scooter : He appears as the Wizard 's Assistant .
Crazy Harry as a Flying Monkey
Tyler Bunch as :
Janice : She performs in " Naptime " and " The Witch is in the House " .
Old Tom as a Flying Monkey
Pop and Treelo
Julianne Buescher as
Wizard 's Green Lady and Chicken Forms
John Henson as
Sweetums as a Flying Monkey : He provides the keys for the Cowardly Lion 's escape from his cage .
Mike Quinn as
Spotted Dick as a Flying Monkey
Allan Trautman as
Crow : He bothers the Scarecrow .
Old Tom as a Flying Monkey
Alice Dinnean as :
Camilla the Chicken : The Tin Thing 's girlfriend . The two are reunited later on in the film .
Foo @-@ Foo : Foo @-@ Foo appears as the pet of the Wicked Witch of the West .
Additional Muppets performed by Adam Behr , Jeny Cassidy , Drew Massey , Gord Robertson , Geoff Redknap , and James Rowley .
Steve Whitmire and Dave Goelz appear as audience members at Aunt Em 's Diner during the finale .
= = Production = =
When The Walt Disney Company acquired the Muppets franchise from The Jim Henson Company in February 2004 , the Muppets were re @-@ introduced to the public by marketing products and guest appearing on television shows such as Good Morning America and America 's Funniest Home Videos . After a new film titled The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz was announced by The Jim Henson Company , Fox Television Studios , Touchstone Television , and the Muppets Holding Company signed on to help produce it .
Filming took place throughout September 2004 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Before filming , ABC announced that the production would adapt elements from the original 1900 book , rather than the 1939 film. such as the Silver Shoes instead of the Ruby slippers . On August 25 , 2004 , it was announced that Hilary Duff , Jessica Simpson , and Ashanti had auditioned for the role of Dorothy Gale , but Ashanti had won the part . When asked about how she felt about working with the Muppets , Ashanti replied , " I love children , and to me , the Muppets are just like little kids . " She also stated , " The director had to give me a few pointers and tips for acting with them , but the most important thing that I learned was to keep eye contact . " Also in August 2004 , BBC News reported that Quentin Tarantino would appear in the film .
= = Music = =
Michael Giacchino , who had previously worked on a Muppet @-@ related project which is video game Muppet Monster Adventure and would become an Academy Award @-@ winning composer , worked with Jeannie Lurie , Adam Cohen , Debra Frank , and Steve Hayes to write five original songs for the film . The five songs created were " Kansas " , " When I 'm With You " , " It 's a Good Life " , " The Witch is in the House " , and " Nap Time " . " When I 'm With You " was later nominated for a Primetime Emmy in the Outstanding Music and Lyrics category , but lost to " Mary Jane / Mary Lane " from Reefer Madness . Ashanti and the Muppet cast , mainly Bill Barretta and Eric Jacobson , contributed the vocals for each of the songs . Ted Kryczko produced the album , Booker T. Washington White prepared the songs for recording , and Paul Silveira and Brandon Christy mixed the film 's songs .
= = = Soundtrack = = =
The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz official soundtrack was released on May 17 , 2005 . The album was an enhanced soundtrack titled Best of Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz as it was not a film @-@ specific soundtrack , but an album featuring the Muppets ' best songs from The Muppet Show as well as songs from the film .
Track listing
" ( Gotta Get Outta ) Kansas " - Ashanti
" When I 'm With You " – Ashanti , Kermit , Gonzo , Fozzie & Pepe
" The Witch Is in the House " – Miss Piggy with Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem
" Calling All Munchkins " – The Munchkin Tap @-@ Your @-@ Knuckles Choir
" Good Life " – Ashanti
" Nap Time " – Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem
" The Muppet Show Theme " – The Muppets
" Mah Nà Mah Nà " – Mahna Mahna & the Two Snowths
" Bein ' Green " – Kermit the Frog
" Rainbow Connection " – Kermit & Muppets With Sesame Street Gang
" Lady of Spain " – Marvin Suggs & his Muppaphone
" Halfway Down the Stairs " – Kermit & Robin
" What Now My Love ? " – Miss Piggy
" Tenderly " – Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem
" Happy Feet " – Kermit and the Frog Chorus
= = Release = =
The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz premiered on April 27 , 2005 at the Tribeca Film Festival . The television premiere was on May 20 , 2005 at 8 : 00pm on ABC in the US , where it was rated TV @-@ PG . It aired in Canada on CBC Television , and in the UK on December 18 , 2005 . In the US , the film 's official soundtrack was released on May 17 , 2005 . Buena Vista Home Entertainment released the DVD and VHS in both the US and in international territories . The film was released to Region 1 DVD and VHS on August 9 , 2005 . The Canadian Home Video Classification System rated the film G for all home video releases within Canadian territories . The Region 2 DVD was released on April 3 , 2006 . The film was rated U by the British Board of Film Classification , K @-@ 3 in Finland , and G in Australia . The DVD and VHS were released under the title Extended Version in the US and Anniversary Edition outside the US . The extended version contains 20 minutes of footage cut from the feature film , including the footage of the Kelly Osbourne and Quentin Tarantino cameos . The DVD and VHS included an extended interview with Quentin Tarantino , a blooper reel , and a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes look at the film guided by Pepe the Prawn . In the US , the DVD and VHS release of the film was in a 1 @.@ 33 : 1 ( fullscreen ) aspect ratio , whereas the international versions are in the original 1 @.@ 78 : 1 ( widescreen ) aspect ratio . During Macy 's annual Flower Show promotion , the store 's windows along Broadway displayed flower arrangements illustrating six scenes from the movie , while the store sold The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz @-@ related merchandise , such as plush dolls .
= = = Critical reception = = =
7 @.@ 75 million viewers watched The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz on its television premiere night in the United States ; it ranked as the forty @-@ second most @-@ watched television program of the week . Michael Schneider of Variety wrote that it " performed solidly ... particularly with adults 18 – 34 , teens and kids . " The film received negative reviews from critics . At Rotten Tomatoes , the movie currently holds a 38 % " rotten " rating , with an average of three out of eight critics giving the film a positive review .
For the film 's positive response , Kevin Carr stated that " When you dig down and actually find ( and watch ) the new Muppet material , some of the magic is still there . " MaryAnn Johanson of Flick Filosopher said that , " It 's not on a par with the Muppet movie madness of old , but it 's darn close . " According to the Bums Corner 's review the film was a " treat for all ages , and that it was a colorful , musical , humorous romp . " Keith Allen of Movie Rapture gave the film 2 @.@ 5 stars out of 3 , explaining that the film 's humor was surprisingly clever , and that the film would frequently make you laugh . Mutant Reviewers commented that although the Muppet deal with Walt Disney was " disappointing " , the film managed to be funny and witty .
For the film 's " negative " response , David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews warned that the film was " strictly for kids " Nusair stated that although Ashanti can sing , she cannot act . Joshua Tyler of Cinema Blend explained that Dorothy visiting the Wizard of Oz to become a star instead of going back home was a big mistake , and that it showed how shallow society has become . R.J. Carter of The Trades gave the film a B- , also stating that Dorothy 's wish to become a star was a selfish one . Ultimate Disney 's review found that the extended version of the film did more harm than good ; Andy Dursin of The Aisle Seat said that the original film was " dull " and that the extended version was actually an improvement . Cold Fusion Video felt that although the film was entertaining , it lacked the heart and wit of Jim Henson 's Muppet films . Bryan Pope of DVD Verdict said that the film drained the Muppets of their spirit and was slightly gratuitous . Techtite TV reviews felt that the film was done poorly on all levels , and that the film was on the higher end of TV @-@ PG .
Other reviewers felt that the film 's attempt to appeal to an older , more mature audience was ultimately a bad idea . Kerry Bennett of Parent Previews warned that it sometimes steered " dangerously off course " due to an excess of sexual content and violence . Referential humor to the marriage of Jennifer Lopez , Manolo Blahnik style silver shoes , and films such as Girls Gone Wild , The Passion of the Christ , Apocalypse Now , and Kill Bill : Volume 1 were seen as too mature . Cold Fusion Video judged the Kelly Osbourne cameo as " pointless " . Dursin contrasted the two guest appearances and found that the Tarantino cameo dragged the film down . Critics were split on the merits of ABC 's modernized adaptation to rely on plot elements from the original novel instead of the iconic 1939 film .
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= Mourning dove =
The mourning dove ( Zenaida macroura ) is a member of the dove family , Columbidae . The bird is also known as the turtle dove , American mourning dove or the rain dove , and was once known as the Carolina pigeon or Carolina Turtledove . It is one of the most abundant and widespread of all North American birds . It is also a leading gamebird , with more than 20 million birds ( up to 70 million in some years ) shot annually in the U.S. , both for sport and for meat . Its ability to sustain its population under such pressure is due to its prolific breeding ; in warm areas , one pair may raise up to six broods of two young each in a single year . The wings make an unusual whistling sound upon take @-@ off and landing , a form of sonation . The bird is a strong flier , capable of speeds up to 88 km / h ( 55 mph ) .
Mourning doves are light grey and brown and generally muted in color . Males and females are similar in appearance . The species is generally monogamous , with two squabs ( young ) per brood . Both parents incubate and care for the young . Mourning doves eat almost exclusively seeds , but the young are fed crop milk by their parents .
= = Taxonomy = =
The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove ( Zenaida auriculata ) and the Socorro dove ( Zenaida graysoni ) . Some authorities describe them as forming a superspecies and these three birds are sometimes classified in the separate genus Zenaidura , but the current classification has them as separate species in the genus Zenaida . In addition , the Socorro dove has at times been considered conspecific with the mourning dove , although several differences in behavior , call , and appearance justify separation as two different species . While the three species do form a subgroup of Zenaida , using a separate genus would interfere with the monophyly of Zenaida by making it paraphyletic .
There are five subspecies of mourning dove :
Eastern Z. m. carolinensis ( Linnaeus , 1766 )
Clarion Island Z. m. clarionensis ( C.H.Townsend , 1890 )
West Indian Z. m. macroura ( Linnaeus , 1758 )
Western Z. m. marginella ( Woodhouse , 1852 )
Panama Z. m. turturilla Wetmore , 1956
The ranges of most of the subspecies overlap a little , with three in the United States or Canada . The West Indian subspecies is found throughout the Greater Antilles . It has recently invaded the Florida Keys . The eastern subspecies is found mainly in eastern North America , as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas . The western subspecies is found in western North America , including parts of Mexico . The Panamanian subspecies is located in Central America . The Clarion Island subspecies is found only on Clarion Island , just off the Pacific coast of Mexico .
The mourning dove is sometimes called the " American mourning dove " to distinguish it from the distantly related mourning collared dove ( Streptopelia decipiens ) of Africa . It was also formerly known as the " Carolina turtledove " and the " Carolina pigeon " . The genus name was bestowed in 1838 by French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte in honor of his wife , Princess Zénaide , and macroura is from Ancient Greek makros , " long " and oura , " tail " . The " mourning " part of its common name comes from its call .
The mourning dove was thought to be the passenger pigeon 's closest living relative , based on morphological grounds . The mourning dove was even suggested to belong to the same genus , Ectopistes , and was listed by some authors as E. carolinensis .
= = Distribution = =
The mourning dove has a large range of nearly 11 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km2 ( 4 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . The species is resident throughout the Greater Antilles , most of Mexico , the Continental United States , and southern Canada . Much of the Canadian prairie sees these birds in summer only , and southern Central America sees them in winter only . The species is a vagrant in northern Canada , Alaska , and South America . It has been spotted as an accidental at least seven times in the Western Palearctic with records from the British Isles ( 5 ) , the Azores ( 1 ) and Iceland ( 1 ) . In 1963 , the mourning dove was introduced to Hawaii , and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona . The mourning dove also appeared on Socorro Island , off the western coast of Mexico , in 1988 , sixteen years after the Socorro dove was extirpated from that island .
= = Description = =
The mourning dove is a medium @-@ sized , slender dove approximately 31 cm ( 12 in ) in length . Mourning doves weigh 112 – 170 g ( 4 @.@ 0 – 6 @.@ 0 oz ) , usually closer to 128 g ( 4 @.@ 5 oz ) . The elliptical wings are broad , and the head is rounded . Its tail is long and tapered ( " macroura " comes from the Greek words for " large " and " tail " ) . Mourning doves have perching feet , with three toes forward and one reversed . The legs are short and reddish colored . The beak is short and dark , usually a brown @-@ black hue .
The plumage is generally light gray @-@ brown and lighter and pinkish below . The wings have black spotting , and the outer tail feathers are white , contrasting with the black inners . Below the eye is a distinctive crescent @-@ shaped area of dark feathers . The eyes are dark , with light skin surrounding them . The adult male has bright purple @-@ pink patches on the neck sides , with light pink coloring reaching the breast . The crown of the adult male is a distinctly bluish @-@ grey color . Females are similar in appearance , but with more brown coloring overall and a little smaller than the male . The iridescent feather patches on the neck above the shoulders are nearly absent , but can be quite vivid on males . Juvenile birds have a scaly appearance , and are generally darker .
All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and are not easily distinguishable . The nominate subspecies possesses shorter wings , and is darker and more buff @-@ colored than the " average " mourning dove . Z. m. carolinensis has longer wings and toes , a shorter beak , and is darker in color . The western subspecies has longer wings , a longer beak , shorter toes , and is more muted and lighter in color . The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs , a longer beak , and is grayer in color . The Clarion Island subspecies possesses larger feet , a larger beak , and is darker brown in color .
= = Habitat = =
The mourning dove occupies a wide variety of open and semi @-@ open habitats , such as urban areas , farms , prairie , grassland , and lightly wooded areas . It avoids swamps and thick forest . The species has adapted well to areas altered by humans . They commonly nest in trees in cities or near farmsteads .
= = Migration = =
Most mourning doves migrate along flyways over land . On rare occasions , mourning doves have been seen flying over the Gulf of Mexico , but this is exceptional . Spring migration north runs from March to May . Fall migration south runs from September to November , with immatures moving first , followed by adult females and then by adult males . Migration is usually during the day , in flocks , and at low altitudes . However , not all individuals migrate . Even in Canada some mourning doves remain through winter , sustained by the presence of bird feeders .
= = Sounds = =
This species ' call is a distinctive , plaintive cooOOoo @-@ woo @-@ woo @-@ woooo , uttered by males to attract females , and may be mistaken for the call of an owl at first . ( Close up , a grating or throat @-@ rattling sound may be heard preceding the first coo . ) Other sounds include a nest call ( cooOOoo ) by paired males to attract their mates to the nest sites , a greeting call ( a soft ork ) by males upon rejoining their mates , and an alarm call ( a short roo @-@ oo ) by either male or female when threatened . In flight , the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is hard to hear . The wing whistle is much louder and more noticeable upon take @-@ off and landing .
= = Reproduction = =
Courtship begins with a noisy flight by the male , followed by a graceful , circular glide with outstretched wings and head down . After landing , the male will approach the female with a puffed @-@ out breast , bobbing head , and loud calls . Mated pairs will often preen each other 's feathers .
The male then leads the female to potential nest sites , and the female will choose one . The female dove builds the nest . The male will fly about , gather material , and bring it to her . The male will stand on the female 's back and give the material to the female , who then builds it into the nest . The nest is constructed of twigs , conifer needles , or grass blades , and is of flimsy construction . Mourning doves will sometimes requisition the unused nests of other mourning doves , other birds , or arboreal mammals such as squirrels .
Most nests are in trees , both deciduous and coniferous . Sometimes , they can be found in shrubs , vines , or on artificial constructs like buildings , or hanging flower pots . When there is no suitable elevated object , mourning doves will nest on the ground .
See link below for : courtship dance and mating .
The clutch size is almost always two eggs . Occasionally , however , a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair , leading to three or four eggs in the nest . The eggs are white , 6 @.@ 6 ml ( 0 @.@ 23 imp fl oz ; 0 @.@ 22 US fl oz ) , 2 @.@ 57 – 2 @.@ 96 cm ( 1 @.@ 01 – 1 @.@ 17 in ) long , 2 @.@ 06 – 2 @.@ 30 cm ( 0 @.@ 81 – 0 @.@ 91 in ) wide , 6 – 7 g ( 0 @.@ 21 – 0 @.@ 25 oz ) at laying ( 5 – 6 % of female body mass ) . Both sexes incubate , the male from morning to afternoon , and the female the rest of the day and at night . Mourning doves are devoted parents ; nests are very rarely left unattended by the adults . When flushed from the nest , an incubating parent may perform a nest @-@ distraction display , or a broken @-@ wing display , fluttering on the ground as if injured , then flying away when the predator approaches it .
Incubation takes two weeks . The hatched young , called squabs , are strongly altricial , being helpless at hatching and covered with down . Both parents feed the squabs pigeon 's milk ( dove 's milk ) for the first 3 – 4 days of life . Thereafter , the crop milk is gradually augmented by seeds . Fledging takes place in about 11 – 15 days , before the squabs are fully grown but after they are capable of digesting adult food . They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging .
Mourning doves are prolific breeders . In warmer areas , these birds may raise up to six broods in a season . This fast breeding is essential because mortality is high . Each year , mortality can reach 58 % a year for adults and 69 % for the young .
The mourning dove is monogamous and forms strong pair bonds . Pairs typically reconvene in the same area the following breeding season , and sometimes may remain together throughout the winter . However , lone doves will find new partners if necessary .
= = Ecology = =
Mourning doves eat almost exclusively seeds , which make up more than 99 % of their diet . Rarely , they will eat snails or insects . Mourning doves generally eat enough to fill their crops and then fly away to digest while resting . They often swallow grit such as fine gravel or sand to assist with digestion . The species usually forages on the ground , walking but not hopping . At bird feeders , mourning doves are attracted to one of the largest ranges of seed types of any North American bird , with a preference for canola , corn , millet , safflower , and sunflower seeds . Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds , though they will push aside ground litter ; instead they eat what is readily visible . They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from there .
Mourning doves show a preference for the seeds of certain species of plant over others . Foods taken in preference to others include pine nuts , sweetgum seeds , and the seeds of pokeberry , amaranth , canary grass , corn , sesame , and wheat . When their favorite foods are absent , mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants , including buckwheat , rye , goosegrass and smartweed .
Mourning doves can be afflicted with several different parasites and diseases , including tapeworms , nematodes , mites , and lice . The mouth @-@ dwelling parasite Trichomonas gallinae is particularly severe . While a mourning dove will sometimes host it without symptoms , it will often cause yellowish growth in the mouth and esophagus that will eventually starve the host to death . Avian pox is a common , insect @-@ vectored disease .
The primary predators of this species are diurnal birds of prey , such as falcons and hawks . During nesting , corvids , grackles , housecats , or rat snakes will prey on their eggs . Cowbirds rarely parasitize mourning dove nests . Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests , and the mourning dove 's vegetarian diet is unsuitable for cowbirds .
= = Behavior = =
Like other columbids , the mourning dove drinks by suction , without lifting or tilting its head . It often gathers at drinking spots around dawn and dusk .
Mourning doves sunbathe or rainbathe by lying on the ground or on a flat tree limb , leaning over , stretching one wing , and keeping this posture for up to twenty minutes . These birds can also waterbathe in shallow pools or bird baths . Dustbathing is common as well .
Outside the breeding season , mourning doves roost communally in dense deciduous trees or in conifers . During sleep , the head rests between the shoulders , close to the body ; it is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as in many other species . During the winter in Canada , roosting flights to the roosts in the evening , and out of the roosts in the morning , are delayed on colder days .
= = Conservation status = =
The number of individual mourning doves is estimated to be approximately 475 million . The large population and its vast range explain why the mourning dove is considered to be of least concern , meaning that the species is not at immediate risk . As a gamebird , the mourning dove is well @-@ managed , with more than 20 million ( and up to 40 – 70 million ) shot by hunters each year .
= = As a symbol and in the arts = =
The eastern mourning dove ( Z. m. carolinensis ) is Wisconsin 's official symbol of peace . The bird is also Michigan 's state bird of peace .
The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle @-@ dove on plate 286 of Audubon 's Birds of America .
References to mourning doves appear frequently in Native American literature . Mourning dove imagery also turns up in contemporary American and Canadian poetry in the work of poets as diverse as Robert Bly , Jared Carter , Lorine Niedecker , and Charles Wright .
= = Closest related species = =
The mourning dove is a related species to the passenger pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius ) , which was hunted to extinction in the early 1900s . For this reason , the possibility of using mourning doves for cloning the passenger pigeon has been discussed .
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= Prince Alfred of Great Britain =
The Prince Alfred ( 22 September 1780 – 20 August 1782 ) was a member of the British Royal Family as the 14th child and 9th son of King George III and his queen consort Charlotte of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz . Alfred became ill after his inoculation against the smallpox virus ; his early death at the age of nearly two , along with the demise of his brother Prince Octavius six months later , was a shock to their parents . In his later bouts of madness King George would have imagined conversations with both of his youngest sons .
= = Life = =
Prince Alfred was born , on 22 September 1780 , at Windsor Castle , Windsor , England . His father was King George III , his mother Charlotte of Mecklenburg @-@ Strelitz . The prince was baptised by Frederick Cornwallis , The Archbishop of Canterbury , in the Great Council Chamber at St James 's Palace on 21 October 1780 . His godparents were The Prince of Wales ( his eldest brother ) , The Prince Frederick ( his second brother ) and The Princess Royal ( his eldest sister ) . As his parents ' fourteenth child and ninth son , his birth was no surprise but it did bring joy to his family , especially to his older sister Sophia , who , their sister Elizabeth reported , called the new baby her " grandson " .
= = = Death and aftermath = = =
In 1782 , Prince Alfred was inoculated against smallpox . The sickness proved too much for the baby and in June he was taken to Deal with his nurse Lady Charlotte Finch to recover . It was hoped that the sea air , bathing in the water , and horseback riding would improve his condition . While he was there , Alfred endeared himself to many , including an old woman whom he waved to . In spite of his charming disposition , he continued to break out in spots and his chest was troubling him . When he returned to Windsor in August 1782 , the doctors inspected him and realized that the boy had only weeks to live . After suffering bouts of fever and continuing problems with his chest , Prince Alfred died on 20 August 1782 , at Windsor Castle , Berkshire , not even two years old .
Although the household did not go into mourning ( it was not prescribed for royal children younger than fourteen ) , his parents took the loss harshly . According to Lady Charlotte Finch , the Queen " cried vastly " and was " very much hurt by her loss and the King also . " Alfred was buried at Westminster Abbey , though his remains were later moved to the Royal Vault in St. George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle on 11 February 1820 . His father continued to dwell on his death , and the sight of Alfred 's posthumous portrait in a family painting by Thomas Gainsborough nearly a year after Alfred 's death sent his three eldest sisters into tears . Six months after Alfred 's death , his elder brother Octavius succumbed to the smallpox virus , further devastating the king . During one of his bouts of madness in 1812 , George would have imaginary conversations with his two youngest sons .
His youngest sister Princess Amelia was conceived in the months after Alfred 's death , born almost exactly a year after he died . The first of George III and Queen Charlotte 's children to die , Alfred died nearly seventy five years before his older sister Mary , who was the last survivor of George III and Queen Charlotte 's fifteen children . Alfred is also unique among their first fourteen children for never being an older sibling while he was alive , as the only child younger than him was born after his death .
= = Titles , styles , honours and arms = =
= = = Titles and styles = = =
22 September 1780 – 20 August 1782 : His Royal Highness The Prince Alfred
= = Ancestry = =
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= United States Assay Commission =
The United States Assay Commission was an agency of the United States government from 1792 to 1980 . Its function was to supervise the annual testing of the gold , silver , and ( in its final years ) base metal coins produced by the United States Mint to ensure that they met specifications . Although some members were designated by statute , for the most part the commission , which was freshly appointed each year , consisted of prominent Americans , including numismatists . Appointment to the Assay Commission was eagerly sought after , in part because commissioners received a commemorative medal . These medals , different each year , are extremely rare , with the exception of the 1977 issue , which was sold to the general public .
The Mint Act of 1792 authorized the Assay Commission . Beginning in 1797 , it met in most years at the Philadelphia Mint . Each year , the President of the United States appointed unpaid members , who would gather in Philadelphia to ensure the weight and fineness of silver and gold coins issued the previous year were to specifications . In 1971 , the commission met , but for the first time had no gold or silver to test , with the end of silver coinage . Beginning in 1977 , President Jimmy Carter appointed no members of the public to the commission , and in 1980 , he signed legislation abolishing it .
= = History = =
= = = Founding and early days ( 1792 – 1873 ) = = =
In January 1791 , Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton submitted a report to Congress proposing the establishment of a mint . Hamilton concluded his report :
The remedy for errors in the weight and alloy of the coins , must necessarily form a part , in the system of a mint ; and the manner of applying it will require to be regulated . The following account is given of the practice in England , in this particular : A certain number of pieces are taken promiscuously out of every fifteen pounds of gold , coined at the Mint , which are deposited , for safe keeping , in a strong box , called the pix [ sic , more commonly " pyx " ] . This box , from time to time , is opened in the presence of the Lord Chancellor , the officers of the Treasury , and others , and portions are selected from the pieces of each coinage , which are melted together , and the mass assayed by a jury of the Company of Goldsmiths ... The expediency of some similar regulation seems to be manifest .
In response to Hamilton 's report , Congress passed the Mint Act of 1792 . In addition to setting the standards for the new nation 's coinage , Congress provided for an American version of the British Trial of the Pyx :
That from every separate mass of standard gold or silver , which shall be made into coins at the said Mint , there shall be taken , set apart by the Treasurer and reserved in his custody a certain number of pieces , not less than three , and that once in every year the pieces so set apart and reserved , shall be assayed under the inspection of the Chief Justice of the United States , the Secretary and Comptroller of the Treasury , the Secretary for the Department of State , and the Attorney General of the United States , ( who are hereby required to attend for that purpose at the said Mint , on the last Monday in July in each year ) ... and if it shall be found that the gold and silver so assayed , shall not be inferior to their respective standards herein before declared more than one part in one hundred and forty @-@ four parts , the officer or officers of the said Mint whom it may concern shall be held excusable ; but if any greater inferiority shall appear , it shall be certified to the President of the United States , and the said officer or officers shall be deemed disqualified to hold their respective offices .
The following January , Congress passed legislation changing the date on which the designated officials met to the second Monday in February . Meetings did not take place immediately ; the Mint was not yet striking gold or silver . Minting of silver began in 1794 and gold in 1795 , and some coins were saved for assay : the first Mint document mentioning assay pieces is from January 1796 and indicates that exactly $ 80 in silver had been put aside . The first assay commissioners did not meet until Monday , March 20 , 1797 , a month later than the prescribed date . Once they did , annual meetings took place each year until 1980 , except in 1817 as there had been no gold or silver struck since the last meeting ( until 1837 , the commission examined the coins since the last testing , rather than for a particular calendar year ) .
In 1801 , the usual meeting was delayed , causing Mint Director Elias Boudinot to complain to President John Adams that depositors were anxious for an audit so the Mint could release coins struck from their bullion . Numismatist Fred Reed suggested that the delay was probably due to poor weather , making it difficult for officials to travel from the new capital of Washington , D.C. , to Philadelphia for the assay . In response , on March 3 , 1801 , Congress changed the designation of officials required to attend to " the district judge of Pennsylvania , the attorney for the United States in the district of Pennsylvania , and the commissioner of loans for the State of Pennsylvania " . The meeting finally took place on April 27 , 1801 . The 1806 and 1815 sessions were delayed because of outbreaks of disease in Philadelphia ; the one in 1812 was held a month late because of a heavy snowstorm which prevented the commissioners from reaching the Mint . No meeting took place in 1817 ; a fire had damaged the Philadelphia Mint in January 1816 , and no gold or silver awaited the commission . In 1818 , Congress substituted the Collector of the Port of Philadelphia for the Pennsylvania loans commissioner as a member of the Assay Commission . With the Coinage Act of 1834 , Congress removed the automatic disqualification of Mint officers in the event of an unfavorable assay , leaving the decision to the president .
The Mint Act of 1837 established the Assay Commission in the form it would have for most of the remainder of its existence . It provided that " an annual trial shall be made of the pieces reserved for this purpose [ i.e. , set aside for the assay ] at the Mint and its branches , before the judge of the district court of the United States , for the eastern district of Pennsylvania , the attorney of the United States , for the eastern district of Pennsylvania , and the collector of the port of Philadelphia , and such other persons as the President shall , from time to time , designate for that purpose , who shall meet as commissioners , for the performance of this duty , on the second Monday in February , annually " . The usual procedure for members of the public to be named to the commission after public appointments began was for the Mint Director to send the president a list of candidates for his approval . According to Jesse P. Watson in his monograph on the Bureau of the Mint , the admission of members of the public to the Assay Commission meant " that permanency and high official dignity were no longer characteristic of the commission " .
In 1861 , as the American Civil War broke out , North Carolina joined the Confederate States . The Charlotte Mint , taken over by the Confederacy , eventually closed as the dies that had been shipped from the Philadelphia Mint wore out , and it could obtain no more . Nevertheless , 12 half eagles ( $ 5 gold coins ) were sent from Charlotte to Philadelphia , through enemy lines , in October 1861 . They were duly tested by the 1862 Assay Commission , and were found to be correct .
In 1864 , with the metal nickel , used in the cent in short supply , Mint Director James Pollock asked that year 's commission to opine on a substitute for the copper @-@ nickel used in the cent . The members endorsed French bronze ( 95 % copper and 5 % tin or zinc ) as a metal to be used in the cent and a proposed two @-@ cent piece . Pollock sent the conclusions to Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase , who forwarded them ( and draft legislation ) to Maine Senator William P. Fessenden , chairman of the Senate Finance Committee . The Coinage Act of 1864 was signed by President Abraham Lincoln on April 22 , 1864 .
= = = Later years ( 1873 – 1949 ) = = =
The Coinage Act of 1873 revised the laws relating to coinage and the Mint and retired several denominations including the two @-@ cent piece . The act also changed the officers required to serve on the Assay Commission :
That to secure a due conformity in the gold and silver coins to their respective standards of fineness and weight , the judge of the district court of the United States for the eastern district of Pennsylvania , the Comptroller of the Currency , the assayer of the assay @-@ office at New York , and such other persons as the President shall , from time to time , designate , shall meet as assay @-@ commissioners , at the mint in Philadelphia , to examine and test , in the presence of the Director of the Mint , the fineness and weight of the coins reserved by the several mints for this purpose , on the second Wednesday in February , annually .
The act also required the Mint to put aside one of every thousand gold coins struck , and one of every two thousand silver coins for the assay . It provided the procedure for putting the coins aside , sealing them in envelopes , and placing them in a pyx to be opened by the assay commissioners .
The 1881 Assay Commission found that approximately 3 @,@ 000 silver dollars struck at the Carson City Mint ( 1881 @-@ CC ) had been struck in .892 silver rather than the legally mandated .900 . It is unclear if the Treasury took any steps to attempt to recover the issued pieces . The 1885 commission detected a single silver dollar which was 1 @.@ 51 grains ( 0 @.@ 098 g ) below specifications , the permitted tolerance being 1 @.@ 50 grains ( 0 @.@ 097 g ) . In 1921 , the Assay Commission found that some coins struck at the Denver Mint were struck in .905 or .906 silver , above the legal .900 by more than the permitted tolerance . Investigation found that ingots which had been rejected and were intended for melting had instead been used for coin . In the early 20th century , the San Francisco Mint struck silver coins for the Philippines , then a US possession ; those pieces were included in the assay . Proof coins struck by the Mint for collectors were included in the assay ; pieces struck under contract with foreign governments were not .
The pyx was a rosewood box , 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) square , of European work , and sealed by heavy padlocks . It was not filled by the coins put aside for the 1934 Assay Commission , of which there were 759 with a total face value of $ 12 @,@ 050 . This had increased by 1940 to 79 @,@ 847 coins , all silver as gold coins were no longer being struck , and by 1941 , many reserved coins could not be kept in the pyx , instead being placed in packing boxes , overflowing with sealed envelopes . By the late 1940s , more than ten million coins were being struck each day at Philadelphia alone ; in 1947 , Congress reduced the number of silver coins required to be put aside for assay from one in 2 @,@ 000 to one in 10 @,@ 000 . This was done at the urging of the Department of the Treasury , as having to store so many assay coins was a burden to the Mint , and it felt that the number of coins available to the commission would still be sufficient .
= = = Final years and abolition ( 1950 – 1980 ) = = =
By the 1950s , there was considerable competition among numismatists to be appointed an assay commissioner . Appointees received no compensation , but the appointment was prestigious and carried with it a prized assay medal . The procedure was changed so that the Mint Director submitted the names of more individuals than would actually be appointed to the White House , where the final choices were made . It remained possible for the director to ask for special consideration for certain individuals . Later nominations were also screened by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and by the IRS . The Mint Director received nominations for assay commissioner from legislators , political organizations , government officials , and from members of the public .
In 1971 , for the first time , the Assay Commission had no silver coins to test ; none were struck by the Mint for circulation in 1970 . Although part @-@ silver Kennedy half dollars were struck in 1970 , they were only for collectors and were not put aside for assay . Commissioners could instead test 21 @,@ 975 dimes and 11 @,@ 098 quarters , all made from copper @-@ nickel clad , though as the Associated Press , reporting on the 1973 Assay Commission , put it , " a discovery of a bum coin hasn 't occurred in years . " Only one in every 100 @,@ 000 clad or silver @-@ clad pieces was put aside for the Assay Commission , and only one in every 200 @,@ 000 dimes . At the 1974 meeting , one copper @-@ nickel Eisenhower dollar was discovered which weighed 15 grains ( 0 @.@ 97 g ) below specification ; after reference to the rules , the coin was deemed barely within guidelines . Numismatist Charles Logan , in his 1979 article about the impending end of the Assay Commission , stated that this incident pointed out " the basic problem with the annual trial . First , the members were not exactly sure how their job was done , or what the requirements were . Second , they really did not want to report a fault in the coinage . Finally , even if the one dollar coin had been found faulty , [ it would have had ] little consequence , except to prompt greater vigilance at the Mint . "
In early 1977 , outgoing Mint Director Mary Brooks sent a list of 117 nominees to the new president , Jimmy Carter , from which it was expected that about two or three dozen names would be selected . Carter refused to make any public appointments , feeling the Assay Commission was unneeded given that the Mint performed the same work through routine internal checks and that the $ 2 @,@ 500 appropriated each year was a poor use of taxpayer money . Only government members served on the Assay Commission in 1977 – 1980 . Even so , hundreds of numismatists applied to be on the 1978 commission . Carter made no appointments that year ; the only members were those designated by statute .
The 1979 meeting , attended by the government @-@ employed commission members and Mint Director Stella Hackel Sims , was held eight days late on February 22 due to schedule conflicts . In June 1979 , Carter 's Presidential Reorganization Project recommended the abolition of the Assay Commission and two other small agencies . The report estimated that having an Assay Commission cost the federal government about $ 20 @,@ 000 and that the work was done better by vending machine manufacturers to avoid having their machines jam . In August , columnist Jack Anderson deemed the commission an example of wasteful spending in Washington , characterizing its activities , " more than a decade ago , the government stopped putting either gold or silver in its coins — but the commission continues to hold its annual luncheon meeting . Solemnly , the commissioners measure the amounts of nonprecious metals in U.S. coins , and strike a medal to commemorate their activities . This useless exercise costs the taxpayers about $ 20 @,@ 000 a year . " As coin collector and columnist Gary Palmer put it in 1979 , " who really cares if the weight of a cupro @-@ nickel quarter is off by a grain or two ? "
On March 14 , 1980 , Carter approved legislation abolishing the Assay Commission , as well as the other two agencies , as recommended by his Reorganization Project . The President wrote in a signing statement that with the end of gold and silver coinage , the need for the commission had diminished . Numismatic leaders objected to the ending of the commission , considering the expense small and the tradition worth keeping , although they concurred the commission " had become an anachronism " . At the time of its abolition , the Assay Commission was the oldest existing government commission . In 2000 and 2001 , New Jersey Congressman Steven Rothman introduced legislation to revive the Assay Commission , stating that re @-@ establishing the commission would assure public confidence in the gold , silver , and platinum bullion coins struck by the Mint . The bills died in committee .
= = Functions and activities = =
The general function of the Assay Commission was to examine the gold and silver coins of the Mint and ensure they met the proper specifications . Assay commissioners were placed on one of three committees in most years : the Counting , Weighing , and Assaying Committees . The Counting Committee verified that the number of each type of coin in packets selected from the pyx matched what Mint records said should be there . The Weighing Committee measured the weight of coins from the pyx , checking them against the weight required by law . The Assaying Committee worked with the Philadelphia Mint 's assayer as he measured the precious metal content of some of the coins . In some years there was a Committee on Resolutions — in 1912 , it urged that a leaflet be published for visitors to the Mint 's coin collection , and that a medal be struck to commemorate the collection . The full Assay Commission adopted that committee 's report .
Congress in 1828 had required that the weights kept by the Mint Director be tested for accuracy in the presence of the assay commissioners each year . By statute passed in 1911 , the commission was required to inspect the weights and balances used in assaying at the Philadelphia Mint , and to report on their accuracy . This included the government 's official standard pound weight that had been brought from the United Kingdom .
According to a description of the 1948 meeting , silver coins selected for assay were first placed between steel rollers until the thickness was reduced to .0001 inches ( 0 @.@ 0025 mm ) , and then were chopped into fine pieces and dissolved in nitric acid . The fineness of the silver in the coin could be determined by the amount of salt solution needed to precipitate all the silver in the liquid . Numismatist Francis Pessolano @-@ Filos described the work of the Assay Commission :
Using balances and weights , the commission weighed several examples of each type of coin , then used calipers to examine them for proper thickness , and finally , using various acids and solvents , determined the amount of alloy used in manufacture of the planchets . Ledgers and journal books on the mint were also examined . If there were any imperfections or deviations from the legal standards in the coins examined , the information was immediately sent to the president of the United States .
The commission operated under rules first adopted by the 1856 commission , and then passed down , year to year , and amendable by any Assay Commission , although in practice little change was made . Under the rules , the Director of the Mint called the assay commissioners to order , then introduced the federal judge who was an ex officio member , who presided over the meetings ; if the judge was absent , the members elected a chairman . The chairman divided the members into the committees . If there had been a change of officers at a mint , commissioners examined coins from before and after . After the committees completed their work , the members re @-@ assembled to report their findings and to vote on their report .
Every Assay Commission passed the coinage that it was called upon to examine . If pieces varying from the standard were found , that was also noted ; the 1885 Assay Commission reported the one substandard silver coin , which came from the Carson City Mint , but urged the president to take no action , noting that the coin was underweight by an amount too small to be measured by the scales at Carson City .
Remains of coins used in the assay were melted by the Mint ; those put aside for the Assay Commission that were not used were placed in circulation from Philadelphia , and were not marked or distinguished in any way . There were thousands of coins for the commission , of which only a few were assayed . Commissioners often purchased some of the remaining pieces as souvenirs , although commemorative coins could not be purchased if Congress had given the exclusive right to sell them to a sponsoring organization — they were instead destroyed .
= = Commissioners = =
Appointments of members of the public to the Assay Commission by the president are known to have been made as early as 1841 ; the final ones were made in 1976 . Many early commissioners were chosen for their scientific or intellectual attainments . Such qualifications were not required of later public appointees , who included such prominent figures as Ellin Berlin , wife of songwriter Irving Berlin . The first women to be appointed to the Assay Commission were Mrs. Kellogg Fairbanks of Chicago and Mrs. B.B. Munford of Richmond , Virginia , both in 1920 .
The recordholder for service as a commissioner is Herbert Gray Torrey , 36 times an assay commissioner between 1874 and 1910 ( missing only 1879 ) by virtue of his office as assayer of the New York Assay Office . The recordholder as a presidential appointee is Dr. James Lewis Howe , head of the Department of Chemistry at Washington and Lee University , 18 times an assay commissioner , serving in 1907 and then each year from 1910 to 1926 . An employee of the National Bureau of Standards was included in the presidential appointments each year ; he brought with him the weights used in the assay , which were checked by the agency in advance . Although no future president served as an assay commissioner , Comptroller of the Currency Charles G. Dawes was a commissioner in 1899 and 1900 ; he was Vice President of the United States from 1925 to 1929 .
Among those appointed was coin collector and Congressman William A. Ashbrook , 14 times an assay commissioner between 1908 and 1934 . Ashbrook 's presence on the 1934 Assay Commission has led to speculation that he might have used his position as an assay commissioner ( he left Congress in 1921 ) to secure one or more 1933 Saint @-@ Gaudens double eagles , almost all of which were melted due to the end of gold coinage for circulation . Assay commissioners were traditionally allowed to purchase coins from the pyx that were not assayed , and numismatic historian Roger Burdette speculates that Ashbrook , generally well @-@ treated by the Treasury Department due to his onetime congressional position , might have exchanged other gold pieces for the 1933 coins .
The three known specimens of the 1873 @-@ CC quarter , without arrows by the date , and the only known dime of that description , may have been salvaged from assay pieces , as the remainder of those coins had been ordered melted as underweight . A similar mystery attends the 1894 Barber dime struck at San Francisco ( 1894 @-@ S ) of which the published mintage is 24 , although it is not certain whether this total includes the one sent to Philadelphia to await the 1895 Assay Commission . The fact that one of the 1895 assay commissioners was Robert Barnett , chief clerk of the San Francisco Mint , has led numismatic writers Nancy Oliver and Richard Kelly to speculate that he may have been made an assay commissioner in order to retrieve the dime . The 1895 Assay Commission report confirms that the dime was there , as it was counted by the Counting Committee . The dime is not mentioned as having been either weighed or assayed ; Oliver and Kelly , in a May 2011 article in The Numismatist , suggest that Barnett used that privilege of assay commissioners to obtain the rarity . He is not known , however , to have written or spoken of the matter before his murder in 1904 .
In 1964 , former assay commissioners formed the Old Time Assay Commissioners Society ( OTACS ) . When President Carter stopped appointing public members to the commission in 1977 , the OTACS fundraised in an unsuccessful attempt to induce the government to continue that tradition . The society met annually through 2012 , usually at the site of the yearly convention of the American Numismatic Association ( ANA ) . With the number of surviving OTACS members at less than three dozen , the society plans no further meetings ; its 2012 session in conjunction with the ANA convention in Philadelphia included an event at the mint .
= = Medals = =
Assay Commission medals were struck from a variety of metals , including copper , silver , bronze , and pewter . The first Assay Commission medals were struck in 1860 at the direction of Mint Director James Ross Snowden . The initial purpose in having medals struck was not principally to provide keepsakes to the assay commissioners , but to advertise the Mint 's medal @-@ striking capabilities . The nascent custom lapsed when Snowden left office in 1861 .
Numismatists R.W. Julian and Ernest E. Keusch , in their work on Assay Commission medals , theorize that the resumption of Assay Commission medal striking in 1867 was at the request of Mint Engraver James B. Longacre to new Mint Director William Millward . Medals to be given to assay commissioners were struck each year after that until public members ceased to be appointed to the Assay Commission in 1977 .
Early assay medals featured on the obverse a bust of Liberty or figure of Columbia , and on the reverse a wreath surrounding the words " annual assay " and the year . The 1870 obverse , by Longacre 's successor William Barber , features Moneta surrounded by implements of the assay , such as scales and the pyx . The distinctive designs for each year would sometimes be topical — the 1876 medal bears a design for the centennial of American Independence , and 1879 's depicted the recently deceased Mint Director Henry Linderman . Beginning in 1880 , they most often featured the president or Treasury Secretary . The medals in 1901 and from 1903 to 1909 were rectangular , a style popular at the time . The 1920 reverse , by Engraver George T. Morgan , had a design which symbolized the ending of World War I ; in 1921 , an extra medal was struck in gold , given by the assay commissioners to outgoing President Woodrow Wilson as a mark of respect .
The 1936 issuance was a mule of the Mint 's medals for the president at the time , Franklin Roosevelt , and the first president , George Washington . Bearing the words , " annual assay 1936 " on the edge , the medal was prepared in this manner by order of Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross after Mint officials realized that they had forgotten to prepare a special design for an assay medal . The 1950 medal illustrates a meeting of three 1792 officeholders ( Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton , Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Chief Justice John Jay ) . Although they were officeholders designated by the Mint Act of 1792 , no assay took place until 1797 , by which time all three had left those offices . There was no specially designed medal in 1954 ; instead , the assay commissioners , who met in Philadelphia on Lincoln 's Birthday , February 12 , 1954 , chose to receive the Mint 's standard presidential medal depicting Abraham Lincoln , with the commissioner 's name on the edge . The final medals , 1976 and 1977 , were oval and of pewter . The 1977 medal , depicting Martha Washington , was not needed for presentation , as no public assay commissioners were appointed . They were presented to various Mint and other Treasury officials , and when there was public objection , more were struck and were placed on sale for $ 20 at the mints and other Treasury outlets in 1978 . Material was available for about 1 @,@ 500 medals , and they were initially not available by mail . They were still available in person , and by mail order , in 1980 .
All Assay Commission medals are extremely rare . Except for the 1977 medal , none is believed to have been issued in a quantity of greater than 200 , and in most years fewer than 50 were struck . Additional copies of several 19th @-@ century issues are known to have been illicitly struck ; the Mint ended such practices in the early 20th century . The obverse of the 1909 issue , depicting Treasury Secretary George Cortelyou , was reused as Cortelyou 's entry in the Mint 's series of medals honoring Secretaries of the Treasury . The later pieces were struck with a blank reverse , but in the early 1960s , the reverse design from the Assay Commission issue was used with the Cortelyou obverse , and an unknown number sold to the public . The restrikes are said to be less distinctly struck than the originals .
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= Fortifications of Mdina =
The fortifications of Mdina ( Maltese : Is @-@ Swar tal @-@ Imdina ) are a series of defensive walls which surround the former capital city of Mdina , Malta . The city was founded as Maleth by the Phoenicians in around the 8th century BC , and it later became part of the Roman Empire under the name Melite . The ancient city was surrounded by walls , but very few remains of these have survived .
The city walls were rebuilt a number of times , including by the Byzantine Empire in around the 8th century AD , the Arabs in around the 11th century , and the Kingdom of Sicily in the medieval period until the 15th century . Most of the extant fortifications were built by the Order of Saint John between the 16th and 18th centuries .
The city has withstood a number of sieges , and it was defeated twice – first by the Aghlabids in 870 and then by Maltese rebels in 1798 . Today , the city walls are still intact except for some outworks , and they are among the best preserved fortifications in Malta . Mdina has been on Malta 's tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1998 .
= = Punic @-@ Roman walls = =
The city of Mdina occupies the tip of a plateau located on high ground in the northern part of the island of Malta , far away from the sea . The site has been inhabited since prehistory , and by the Bronze Age it was a place of refuge since it was naturally defensible . The Phoenicians colonized Malta in around the 8th century BC , and they founded the city of Maleth on this plateau . It was taken over by the Roman Republic in 218 BC , becoming known as Melite . The Punic @-@ Roman city was about three times the size of present @-@ day Mdina , extending into a large part of modern Rabat . Melite 's walls had a thickness of around 5 m ( 16 ft ) and were surrounded by a 700 m ( 2 @,@ 300 ft ) -long ditch .
Very little remains of the Punic @-@ Roman walls of Melite still survive . The remains of a city gate or tower were discovered in Saqqajja in modern Rabat , about 5 m ( 16 ft ) below the current street level . Parts of the ditch have survived under present @-@ day St. Rita Street and the Church of St. Paul . The lower foundations of some Punic @-@ Roman ramparts , consisting of rusticated ashlar blocks three courses high still in situ , were found near the Magazine Curtain in the western part of Mdina . The only other remains of the ancient walls are Punic @-@ Roman masonry blocks which were reused in the medieval period . These include a wall around Greeks Gate , and some stones which were discovered in excavations at Inguanez Street and the Xara Palace .
= = Medieval walls = =
At some point following the fall of the Western Roman Empire , a retrenchment was built within the city , reducing it to its present size . This was done to make the city 's perimeter more easily defensible , and similar reductions in city sizes were common around the Mediterranean region in the early Middle Ages . Although it was traditionally assumed that the retrenchment was built by the Arabs , it has been suggested that it was actually built by the Byzantine Empire in around the 8th century , when the threat from the Arabs increased .
In 870 , Melite was captured by the Aghlabids , who massacred its inhabitants and " demolished its fortress " according to the chronicler Al @-@ Himyarī . This account further mentions that Malta remained almost uninhabited until it was resettled in around 1048 or 1049 by a Muslim community and their slaves , who built a settlement called Medina on the site of Melite . Archaeological evidence suggests that the city was already a thriving Muslim settlement by the beginning of the 11th century , so 1048 – 49 might be the date when the city was officially founded and its walls were constructed . The Byzantines besieged Medina in 1053 – 54 , but were repelled by its defenders .
Medina surrendered peacefully to Roger I of Sicily after a short siege in 1091 , and Malta was subsequently incorporated into the County and later the Kingdom of Sicily , being dominated by a succession of feudal lords . The fortifications of Mdina were rebuilt and modified a number of times over the following centuries . A castle known as the Castellu di la Chitati or the castrum civitas was built on the southeast corner of the city near the main entrance , probably on the site of an earlier Byzantine fort . The city withstood a siege by Hafsid invaders in 1429 .
By the 15th century , most of Mdina 's enciente had a system of double walls . The land front was flanked by four towers , one near Greeks Gate , another at the centre of the land front , the Turri Mastra ( also known as Turri dila bandiera ) near the main entrance and the Turri di la Camera at the southeast corner of the city . A barbican was built near Mdina 's main entrance sometime after 1448 . In the 1450s there were fears of a Barbary or Ottoman attack , so efforts were made to improve Mdina 's walls . The main ditch was completed , and the Castellu di la Chitati was partially demolished by royal licence in 1453 , due to its ruinous state and the excessive cost for its upkeep .
By 1474 , cannons had been introduced in Mdina . Other extensive preparations for an attack were made in the 1480s , when the fortifications were once again improved under the direction of Sicilian military engineers . At this point , some buildings in Rabat were demolished to clear the fortifications ' line of fire . By 1522 , the fortifications were being modernized with the construction of embrasures . However , the walls were still regarded as obsolete , since they lacked bastions and could not resist bombardment from modern artillery .
Most of the medieval walls of Mdina were gradually dismantled between the 1530s and 1720s , when the city 's fortifications were being upgraded by the Hospitallers . One of the most significant visible remnants of the medieval fortifications is the Greeks Gate and the surrounding curtain walls , which still retains its medieval form apart from the outer portal which was built in the 18th century . Parts of the double walls , including the remains of two gun loops , still stand between the gate and the Torre dello Standardo . Most of the northern and eastern walls date back to the medieval period , although some sections were rebuilt by the Hospitallers . The northern ramparts contain a medieval wall tower , while the remains of Byzantine antemurals and the foundations of a late 15th @-@ century artillery platform have been found in the eastern walls .
= = Hospitaller walls = =
When the Order of Saint John took over in Malta in 1530 , the nobles ceremoniously handed over the keys of the city to Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L 'Isle @-@ Adam . The Order settled in Birgu and Mdina lost its status as capital city , but L 'Isle @-@ Adam converted the remaining part of the Castellu di la Chitati into a palace , which became the meeting place of the civil administrative council known as the Università .
The first major upgrade of Mdina 's fortifications occurred in the 1540s , during the magistracy of Juan de Homedes y Coscon . Two new bastions were built at the extremities of the land front , possibly to designs of the military engineer Antonio Ferramolino . Parts of the eastern walls were also rebuilt en crémaillère , the only instance this style is found in Malta . The 15th @-@ century barbican in front of the main gate was demolished in 1551 since it obstructed the line of fire of the newly built bastions . That year , the city withstood a brief Ottoman attack .
Mdina was not attacked directly during the Great Siege of Malta , but it nonetheless played a crucial role in the siege . Ottoman general Lala Mustafa Pasha wanted to take over the poorly @-@ defended city first , but was overruled by Piali Pasha who wanted to attack Fort Saint Elmo . The fort was taken over after a month of heavy fighting , but the Ottomans had lost crucial time in doing so . On 7 August 1565 , the Order 's cavalry in Mdina attacked the unprotected Ottoman field hospital , which led in the invaders abandoning a major assault on the main fortifications in Birgu and Senglea . The Ottomans tried to take over the city in September so as to winter there , but abandoned their plans when Mdina fired its cannon , leading them to believe that the city had ammunition to spare .
After the siege , Maltese military engineer Girolamo Cassar drew up plans to reduce Mdina 's size by half and turning it into a fortress , but these were never implemented due to protests by the city 's nobles . The city 's main gate was reconstructed in the early 17th century , but the next major alterations were not made until the 1650s , when the large De Redin Bastion was built at the centre of the land front . Despite these modifications , by 1658 there were also proposals to abandon or demolish the entire fortress due to its state of disrepair , although these plans were opposed by the locals . In the late 17th century , some of Mdina 's medieval double walls began to be encased in sloping ramparts .
A major restoration of Mdina 's fortifications was undertaken in the 1720s by the French military engineer Charles François de Mondion , during the magistracy of António Manoel de Vilhena . L 'Isle @-@ Adam 's palace , including the remaining parts of the Castellu di la Chitati , were demolished to make way for Palazzo Vilhena , while the main gate was walled up and a new city gate was built in the Baroque style . A Baroque portal was also added to the Greeks Gate . The remaining medieval towers in the land front were demolished and the Torre dello Standardo was built on the site of the Turri Mastra , while the entire western walls of the city were demolished to make way for a single casemated curtain wall known as Magazine Curtain . D 'Homedes Bastion was modified with the addition of a bastionette , while traverse @-@ like batteries were built at the extremities of the land front . The city was further protected with the construction of outworks , including a covertway , two places @-@ of @-@ arms and a glacis .
Mondion also made further plans to strengthen Mdina 's fortifications , but they were not implemented since the Order focused on building its fortifications in the harbour area . The only major addition to the Mdina fortifications after Mondion 's reconstruction was Despuig Bastion , which was built during the reign of Ramon Despuig between 1739 and 1746 .
On 10 June 1798 , Mdina was captured by French forces without much resistance during the French invasion of Malta . A French garrison remained in the city , but a Maltese uprising broke out on 2 September of that year . The following day , rebels entered the city through a sally port in Despuig Bastion and massacred the garrison of 65 men . These events marked the beginning of a two @-@ year uprising and blockade , which ended in 1800 with Malta becoming a British protectorate .
Mdina 's fortifications remained in use during the British period , and some minor alterations such as the installation of gun emplacements were made in the 19th century . By the end of the century , the city was regarded as forming part of the defensive system of the Victoria Lines .
In the 1890s , the battery near St. Peter Bastion was demolished and a gateway known as the Għarreqin Gate was opened within the Magazine Curtain . This was done in order to facilitate access to the newly @-@ built railway station located nearby . The fortifications were included on the Antiquities List of 1925 .
Some of the countermine galleries in Mdina 's ditch were used as air raid shelters during World War II .
= = Recent history = =
Sections of the medieval walls of Mdina were rediscovered by Dr. Stephen C. Spiteri and Mario Farrugia while they were surveying the bastions in 2002 .
The first plans to undertake a major restoration of Mdina 's walls were made in 2006 , as part of a project that also included restoration of the fortifications of Valletta , Birgu and the Cittadella . In the case of Mdina , the main focus was to consolidate the terrain , since the city is built on a blue clay plateau which is prone to subsidence . The multimillion @-@ euro restoration was partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund . Works began in early 2008 by the Restoration Unit . The process of restoration was documented by Dr. Spiteri .
In 2011 , steel rods were inserted into D 'Homedes Bastion in order to prevent the walls from slipping down the clay slopes . The ditch was inaugurated as a public garden in March 2013 . All ERDF @-@ financed work was completed in late 2013 , but the Restoration Directorate later restored other parts of the fortifications , including the northern walls , St. Peter Bastion and the area around Greeks Gate . The project was fully completed in early 2016 .
Throughout the course of the restoration , a number of archaeological discoveries were made . Excavations along the eastern part of the city walls unearthed Byzantine antemurals and the base of a late 15th @-@ century cubete artillero ( artillery platform ) . In 2010 , remains of foundations of the Punic @-@ Roman walls were found when excavations were made along the Magazine Curtain . A late 14th @-@ century stone block bearing the coat of arms of Guglielmo Murina , possibly originating from the Castellu di la Chitati , was discovered in 2012 during the restoration of D 'Homedes Bastion . This block is now displayed at the Fortifications Interpretation Centre in Valletta .
= = Layout = =
The present configuration of Mdina 's fortifications consists of an irregular perimeter of curtain walls stiffened by a number of bastions . The northern , western and eastern walls are built on the perimeter of the natural plateau , so they were difficult to attack . The southern perimeter of the city is built on level ground , along what is now the border with Rabat . It was the only realistic direction to assault the city , and was hence known as the Mdina Land Front . The southern perimeter contains an arrowhead @-@ shaped bastion with rectangular orillons on each extremity , with a large pentagonal bastion in the centre :
St. Peter Bastion , also known as Greeks Gate Bastion – built in the 1550s during the magistracy of Juan de Homedes y Coscon
De Redin Bastion – built in the 1650s during the magistracy of Martin de Redin
D 'Homedes Bastion , also known as St. Paul Bastion or the belguardo del Palacio – built between the 1540s and 1551 during the magistracy of Juan de Homedes y Coscon It is further defended by a bastionette .
The two gates into the city , Mdina Gate and Greeks Gate , are located within the curtain walls of the land front . Remains of the medieval double walls as well as the 18th @-@ century Torre dello Standardo are located just within the city walls . The land front is surrounded by a deep ditch , and a traverse @-@ like battery is located in its eastern extremity .
Most of the eastern walls of the city consist of an en crémaillère enciente built in the mid @-@ 16th century , although parts of the walls date back to the medieval period . The pentagonal Despuig Bastion , built in the 1740s during the magistracy Ramon Despuig , is grafted below the walls on the northeastern corner of the city .
The northern walls of Mdina still retain their medieval form with a few Hospitaller modifications , and they contain the only surviving tower in the city walls . St. Mary 's Bastion or Ta ' Bachar Bastion , which was built in the 16th century , is grafted on the northwest corner of the city . This is linked to St. Peter Bastion by the Magazine Curtain , a long casemated curtain wall built in the 1720s in the western part of the city . The Għarreqin Gate , built by the British in the 19th century , is located within this curtain wall .
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= Werner Mölders =
Werner Mölders ( 18 March 1913 – 22 November 1941 ) was a World War II German Luftwaffe pilot and the leading German fighter ace in the Spanish Civil War . Mölders became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 100 aerial victories — that is , 100 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft , and was highly decorated for his achievements . He was instrumental in the development of new fighter tactics that led to the finger @-@ four formation . He died in an air crash in which he was a passenger .
Mölders joined the Luftwaffe in 1934 at the age of 21 . In 1938 , he volunteered for service in the Condor Legion , which supported General Francisco Franco 's Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War , and shot down 15 aircraft . In World War II , he lost two wingmen in the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain , but shot down 53 enemy aircraft . With his tally standing at 68 victories , Mölders and his unit , the Jagdgeschwader 51 ( JG 51 ) , were transferred to the Eastern Front in June 1941 for the opening of Operation Barbarossa . By the end of 22 June 1941 , the first day of Barbarossa , he had added another four victories to his tally and a week later , Mölders surpassed Manfred von Richthofen 's 1918 record of 80 victories . By mid @-@ July , he had 100 World War II victories .
Prevented from flying further combat missions for propaganda reasons , at the age of 28 Mölders was promoted to Oberst , and appointed Inspector General of Fighters . He was inspecting the Luftwaffe units in the Crimea when he was ordered to Berlin to attend the state funeral of Ernst Udet , the World War I flying ace . On the flight to Berlin , the Heinkel He 111 in which he was traveling as a passenger encountered a heavy thunderstorm during which one of the aircraft 's engines failed . While attempting to land , the Heinkel crashed at Breslau , killing Mölders and two others .
The German Wehrmacht of the Third Reich and the Bundeswehr of the Federal Republic of Germany both honoured him by naming two fighter wings , a destroyer and barracks after him . However , in 1998 , the German Parliament decided that members of the Condor Legion such as Mölders , should " no longer be honoured " . Therefore , in 2005 , the German Ministry of Defence decided to remove the name " Mölders " from the fighter wing still bearing his name .
= = Childhood , education and early career = =
Mölders was born on 18 March 1913 in Gelsenkirchen , the son of teacher Viktor Mölders and his wife Annemarie , née Riedel . He was the third of four children , with an older sister , Annemarie , an older brother , Hans , and a younger brother , Victor . After his father , a Reserve Leutnant in the King 's 145th Infantry Regiment , was killed in action on 2 March 1915 in the Argonne Forest in France , his mother moved the family into her parents ' house in Brandenburg an der Havel .
In Brandenburg , Mölders found a father figure in Chaplain Erich Klawitter , who instilled firm religious beliefs in him . From 1919 to 1931 , Mölders attended , first , the elementary school and then the Saldria @-@ Gymnasium , or secondary school . At school he discovered his love for water sports , especially rowing . He joined two rowing clubs , first the Saldria @-@ Brandenburg and later the Brandenburger Ruderclub , and enjoyed success at rowing @-@ regattas . He was also a member of the Bund Neudeutschland in der katholischen Jugendbewegung , a Catholic youth organisation . Mölders graduated from school in early 1931 with the Abitur ( diploma ) and expressed a desire to become an officer in the armed forces .
Mölders joined the II . / 2 infantry regiment of the Reichswehr in Allenstein , East Prussia on 1 April 1931 , serving as an officer cadet in the infantry . He attained the rank of Fahnenjunker @-@ Gefreiter on 1 October 1931 , rising to Fahnenjunker @-@ Unteroffizier on 1 April 1932 . After completing his basic military training in October 1932 , he transferred to the Military School Dresden . On 1 June 1933 , he successfully completed his training in Dresden and was promoted to ensign . He again was transferred , this time to the 1st Prussian Pioneer Battalion ( Infantry Regiment 2 ) at the Pioneer School in Munich . During his training years , Mölders made his first attempt to fulfil his dream of flying and volunteered for pilot training , but was declared unfit for flying . He tried again and was given conditional permission ( bedingt tauglich — with constraints ) to begin flight training .
After his promotion to Oberfähnrich on 1 February 1934 , Mölders began his pilot training at the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule ( German transport flying school ) in Cottbus , lasting from 6 February 1934 to 31 December 1934 . On 1 March 1934 , he was promoted to Leutnant and assigned to the recently established Luftwaffe . In the early stages of his pilot training , he suffered continually from nausea and vomiting , but he eventually overcame these problems and finished the course at the top of his class . The next phase of his military pilot 's training was from 1 January 1935 to 30 June 1935 at the combat flying school in Tutow and the Jagdfliegerschule ( fighter pilot school ) at Schleißheim near Munich . He received the newly created Pilot 's Badge of the Luftwaffe on 21 May 1935 .
On 1 July 1935 , Leutnant Mölders was posted to Fliegergruppe Schwerin ( I. / JG 162 " Immelmann " ) . On 7 March 1936 , during the remilitarisation of the Rhineland , Mölders and his squadron ( Staffel ) flew from Lippstadt across the Ruhr region ; his unit was the first to arrive in Düsseldorf . During this period , Mölders met Luise Baldauf , whom he was to marry a few years later , shortly before his death . On 20 April 1936 , Adolf Hitler 's birthday , numerous promotions were handed out , and Mölders advanced to Oberleutnant , effective as of 1 April 1936 . At the same time , he became leader of the fighter training squadron of the 2nd Group of Jagdgeschwader 134 " Horst Wessel " . This group was under the command of Major Theo Osterkamp , who became another of Mölders ' early mentors . Mölders was appointed squadron leader ( Staffelkapitän ) of the 1st squadron of Jagdgeschwader 334 on 15 March 1937 and served as an instructor in Wiesbaden .
= = Condor Legion = =
In 1936 , the Germans sent a Luftwaffe force , the Condor Legion , to assist the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War . Mölders volunteered for service , and arrived by sea in Cadiz on 14 April 1938 . He was assigned to the 3rd squadron of Jagdgruppe 88 ( J 88 ) commanded by Oberleutnant Adolf Galland . The unit , stationed at the Valencia – Ebro front , was equipped with the Heinkel He 51 , but later switched to the Messerschmitt Bf 109 B @-@ 2 . Mölders assumed command of the squadron on 24 May 1938 , when Galland returned to Germany . He claimed his first aerial victory , shooting down a Polikarpov I @-@ 15 " Chato " ( " Curtiss " to the Germans ) near Algar , on 15 July 1938 . Over the remaining months of the year , Mölders became the leading ace of the Condor Legion , shooting down 15 aircraft in Spain : two I @-@ 15 " Curtiss " , 12 I @-@ 16 " Rata " and one Tupolev SB ( one " Rata " claimed on 23 September 1938 was not confirmed ) .
In recognition of his exceptional performance as a commander and fighter pilot , Mölders was promoted to Hauptmann ( captain ) on 18 October 1938 , effective as of 1 October 1938 . He claimed his 14th and final confirmed aerial victory of the conflict by downing a Polikarpov I @-@ 16 " Rata " near Mola on 3 November 1938 and returned to Germany on 5 December 1938 . From 6 December 1938 until March 1939 , Mölders was a member of the 1st group of Jagdgeschwader 133 ( JG 133 ) and held a staff position with the Inspector of Fighters at the Reichsluftfahrtministerium ( Imperial Air Ministry ) in Berlin . His task was to devise new fighter pilot tactics . In March 1939 he was given command as Staffelkapitän of 1 . / JG 133 , taking over command from Oberleutnant Hubertus von Bonin . JG 133 was later renamed Jagdgeschwader 53 Pik As ( Ace of Spades ) .
For his achievements in Spain , Mölders was honoured with the Spanish Medalla de la Campaña and Medalla Militar on 4 May 1939 and the German Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords and Diamonds ( Spanienkreuz in Gold mit Schwertern und Brillanten ) on 6 June 1939 . The Condor Legion officially returned to Germany on 6 June 1939 and troops marched through Berlin to the Lustgarten , where the fallen were honoured . A formal state banquet for the most highly decorated soldiers was held in the marble gallery of the Reich Chancellery . Mölders was seated at table 1 , with General der Flieger Hugo Sperrle , General Don Antonio Aranda , General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano , Oberst Walter Warlimont , Oberstleutnant von Donat , Leutnant Reinhard Seiler and Oberfeldwebel Ignatz Prestele .
= = = Tactical innovations = = =
With other airmen in Spain , Mölders developed the formation known as the " finger @-@ four " . This improved the all @-@ round field of vision and combat flexibility of a flight ( Schwarm ) , enhanced mutual protection , and encouraged pilot initiative . In the " finger @-@ four " , the aircraft assumed positions corresponding to the fingertips of an outstretched hand . The fighters flew in two elements ( Rotten ) of two aircraft each ; two Rotten ( four aircraft ) made up a Schwarm ( swarm ) .
Mölders is often credited with inventing the cross @-@ over turn . An early version of the manoeuvre , as used by a " Vic " of five aircraft ( a tight formation forming the letter " V " ) , appeared in the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) Training Manual of 1922 , and the manoeuvre may even date back to 1918 . However , it had fallen into disuse due to the difficulty of performing it in a multi @-@ aircraft formation with the contemporary spacing of less than 100 feet ( 30 m ) between aircraft . The wide lateral separation of 1 @,@ 800 feet ( 550 m ) introduced by J 88 both necessitated such a turning manoeuvre , to enable a Schwarm to turn as a unit , and minimised the risk of midair collisions previously associated with it .
= = World War II = =
= = = Phoney War and the Battle of France = = =
At the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939 , Mölders ' Staffel was stationed in the west protecting Germany 's border in the Mosel – Saar – Pfalz region . On 8 September 1939 , Mölders ' fighter suffered an engine failure ; he crash @-@ landed , flipping the aircraft over and injuring his back . The injury kept him out of combat for several days . He returned to flying on 19 September . The following day , between Contz and Sierck , at the apex of the Dreiländereck , over the three borders area , he shot down his first aircraft of the war , a Curtiss P @-@ 36 ( according to other historians , it was one of a trio of French Hawk H @-@ 75As ) , of Groupe de Chasse II / 5 ( Sgt Queginer bailed out ) . Thanks to that victory , he earned the Iron Cross 2nd Class . He recalled his first victory :
On 26 September 1939 , JG 53 was ordered to form its III . Gruppe . Mölders relinquished command of 1 . / JG 53 to Oberleutnant Hans @-@ Karl Mayer and organised the formation of III . / JG 53 at Wiesbaden – Erbenheim ; within two weeks , Gruppenkommandeur Mölders reported that the Gruppe was conditionally operational with 40 pilots and 48 aircraft .
On 22 December , Mölders , leading four Bf 109s from III . / JG 53 , engaged three Hawker Hurricanes over the Saar River , between Metz and Thionville , that were trying to intercept an unidentified aircraft . Mölders and Hans von Hahn shot down two Hurricanes flown by Sergeants R.M. Perry and J. Winn , becoming the first German fighter pilots to shoot down a Hawker Hurricane . Mölders shot down another Hurricane on 2 April , when he forced Flight Lieutenant C.D. " Pussy " Palmer of No. 1 Squadron RAF , to bail out , and on 20 April , he destroyed a French Curtiss P @-@ 36 Hawk ( H @-@ 75A ) east of Saarbrücken .
By the time the Phoney War ended and Operation Case Yellow ( Fall Gelb , the invasion of France and the Low Countries on 10 May 1940 ) opened the Battle of France , Mölders ' tally of aerial victories on the Western Front had increased to nine . This number included one Bristol Blenheim , two Curtiss P @-@ 36 Hawks , two Morane @-@ Saulnier M.S.406s and four Hawker Hurricanes . On 14 May , while engaging enemy bombers over Sedan , Mölders was shot down , but bailed out safely . He claimed his 19th and 20th victories on 27 May 1940 , downing two Curtiss Hawks 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) southwest of Amiens . Subsequently , he became the first fighter pilot to be awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) and on 29 May 1940 was honourably mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht radio report , the first of 11 such mentions .
On 5 June 1940 , on his 133rd combat mission of the war , engaging in aerial combat for the 32nd time , Mölders was shot down near Compiègne at about 18 : 40 by Sous lieutenant René Pomier Layrargues , flying a French Air Force Dewoitine D.520. Mölders was taken prisoner but liberated three weeks later upon the armistice with France . While in French captivity , Mölders asked to shake hands with the pilot who had shot him down , and learned that Pomier @-@ Layrargues had been killed in action 30 minutes after their encounter . His initial experience in French captivity was harsh ; he sustained abrasions to his face and his Knight 's Cross was stolen from him . A French officer , Capitaine Giron , intervened , ensured he was treated fairly , and returned the stolen medal . When a French soldier was later sentenced to death by the Germans for beating Mölders , Mölders approached Hermann Göring and requested clemency , which was granted .
= = = Battle of Britain = = =
Returning to Germany , Mölders was promoted to Major on 19 July 1940 and took command the following day of Jagdgeschwader 51 ( JG 51 ) from the recently promoted Generalmajor Theo Osterkamp . At the time , JG 51 were based at Saint @-@ Inglevert , Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais , France . Mölders flew his first combat sortie with JG 51 on 28 July , attacking a No. 41 Squadron Supermarine Spitfire flown by Flying Officer A.D.J. Lovell . On this mission , according to legend , Mölders was hit in a dogfight over Dover by the South African ace Sailor Malan , sustaining three splinter wounds in the lower leg , one in the knee and one in the left foot . Oberleutnant Richard Leppla shot down the pursuing Spitfire , and Mölders was able to make an emergency landing at Wissant , France . Recent research suggests Mölders was actually wounded in combat by Flight Lieutenant J.T ( John Terence ) " Terry " Webster DFC in a Spitfire of 41 Squadron . Webster was killed in action on 5 September 1940 . Mölders wounds , although not serious , kept him from further operational flying for a month . Generalmajor Osterkamp briefly led the Geschwader again during Mölders ' convalescence . On 7 August 1940 , Mölders returned to the Geschwader without medical clearance for combat , to participate in Operation Eagle Attack ( code name Adlertag ) . Adolf Hitler had issued Führer Directive no . 17 ( Weisung Nr. 17 ) on 1 August 1940 ; the strategic objective was to engage and defeat the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) so as to achieve air superiority in preparation for Operation Sea Lion ( Unternehmen Seelöwe ) , the proposed amphibious invasion of Great Britain .
Mölders returned to approved operational flying status and flew his next two combat missions on 28 August 1940 . His aide and wingman , Oberleutnant Kircheis , was shot down and taken prisoner during one of these missions ; Oberleutnant Georg Claus took his place . Mölders claimed two Hurricanes on 31 August and was mentioned again in the Wehrmachtbericht . Oberleutnant Victor Mölders , his younger brother , who had been appointed Staffelkapitän of the 2 . / JG 51 on 11 September , was shot down and taken prisoner of war on 7 October 1940 by Archie McKellar . Two Spitfires of No. 92 Squadron RAF ( Sgt PR Eyles and P / O HP Hill both killed ) were shot down near Dungeness on 20 September increased Mölders ' tally of aerial victories to 40 . He was the first fighter pilot to reach this number during the war and was awarded the 2nd Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ) on 21 September 1940 . The award was presented by Adolf Hitler on 23 September in the new Reichskanzlei in Berlin . After the award ceremony , Hermann Göring invited Mölders to his hunting lodge in the Rominter Heide .
Mölders returned to his unit by the end of September and continued to win aerial victories . On 11 October , Mölders claimed his 43rd victory . The 66 Squadron Spitfire I X4562 was flown by Pilot Officer J. H. T. Pickering , who bailed out , wounded , over Canterbury . Three Hurricanes on 12 October brought his tally to 51 victories , and he received a preferential promotion to Oberstleutnant in recognition of his 50 victories on 25 October 1940 . While a severe bout of influenza then kept him grounded for a few weeks , his wingman in over 60 aerial combats , Oberleutnant Georg Claus , was killed over the Thames . On 1 December , Mölders claimed his last and 55th victory of 1940 , 25 of which occurred in the Battle of France and 30 in the Battle of Britain .
Mölders and members of JG 53 spent a couple of weeks of R & R skiing in the Vorarlberg before continuing operations against the RAF over the Channel and occupied France during early 1941 . His new wingman from January 1941 was Oberleutnant Hartmann Grasser . Mölders claimed his first aerial victory after the lengthy vacation on 10 February 1941 ; his tally reached 60 on 26 February and stood at 68 when the Geschwader was recalled from the Channel front . His logbook showed 238 combat missions plus an additional 71 reconnaissance flights ; he had engaged in aerial combat 70 times .
= = = Eastern Front = = =
In June 1941 , JG 51 and the majority of the Luftwaffe were transferred to the Eastern Front in preparation for Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union . On the first day of combat operations , 22 June 1941 , Mölders shot down three Tupolev SB bombers and one Curtis Hawk , earning him the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern ) . Mölders was only the second German serviceman to receive this award ; Adolf Galland , Fighter Squadron Commodore ( Geschwaderkommodore ) of Jagdgeschwader 26 " Schlageter " ( JG 26 ) , had received one the day before . The award was presented by Adolf Hitler on 3 July 1941 in the Wolfsschanze Hitler 's Headquarters in Rastenburg . On 30 June , Mölders had become the highest @-@ scoring fighter pilot in the history of aerial warfare after downing five Soviet bombers and bringing his tally to 82 , two more than the record set in World War I by the " Red Baron " , Manfred von Richthofen .
On 12 July 1941 , JG 51 under the leadership of Mölders reported that it had destroyed 500 Soviet aircraft since the beginning of hostilities against the Soviets on 22 June , and had suffered three casualties . That day , JG 51 also reported its 1,200th aerial victory of the war , the credit going to Hauptmann Leppla . Three days later , on 15 July 1941 , Mölders surpassed the C mark , claiming victories Nos. 100 and 101 , and celebrated with a victory roll over the airfield . The following day he received news that he had been awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub , Schwertern und Brillanten ) . Mölders was the first of 27 German servicemen to receive this award . The diamonds added to the Knight 's Cross were introduced officially on 28 September 1941 , more than two months after Mölders earned the award . Mölders was promoted to Oberst on 20 July 1941 , effective immediately , and banned from further combat flying . Surrendering command of JG 51 to Major Friedrich Beckh he was transferred to the Reich Air Ministry , a temporary position he held until 6 August 1941 . Mölders was summoned to the Wolfsschanze again , where he received the Diamonds from Adolf Hitler on 26 July 1941 . On 7 August 1941 , he was appointed Inspector of Fighters ( Inspekteur der Jagdflieger ) .
= = = High command = = =
An Oberst at 28 , Mölders was appointed Inspector General of Fighters , a post responsible for deciding the ongoing tactical and operational doctrine of the Luftwaffe 's fighter strategies . Returning to Russia in September 1941 , he set up a command post at Chaplinka airfield , from where he flew in his personal Fieseler Fi 156 Storch ( stork ) on tours of the Jagdwaffe and personally directed German fighter operations .
Mölders also flew unofficially on missions , and actively commanded his old unit , JG 51 , for several more months . On 9 August 1941 , he took Herbert Kaiser on a " teaching " mission against a formation of Il @-@ 2 Sturmoviks . Mölders showed Kaiser how to shoot them down . He recalled later : " He positioned himself off to one side of @-@ and some distance away from @-@ the last Il @-@ 2 in a formation of six . He then turned in quickly and opened fire at the enemy 's cockpit from an angle of some 30 degrees . The Il @-@ 2 immediately burst into flames and crashed . ' Do you see how it 's done ? ' , Oberst Mölders ' voice came over the R / T. ' Right , now you take the next one . ' I carried out the same manoeuvre and , sure enough , the next Il @-@ 2 went down on fire . ' And again ! ' It was like being on a training flight . Another short burst and the third Il @-@ 2 was ablaze . The whole lesson had lasted no more than 12 minutes ! " In this way , Kaiser scored his 23rd and 24th kills . But because Mölders was officially banned from operational flying , the first Soviet aircraft was never officially credited to him . Within the next two months , it is speculated that Mölders unofficially shot down around another 30 Soviet aircraft . At least six of Mölders ' unofficial victories are recorded in his fellow pilots ' private log books .
= = = Death = = =
On 22 November 1941 , Mölders travelled as a passenger in a Heinkel He 111 of Kampfgeschwader 27 " Boelcke " from the Crimea to Germany to attend the funeral of his superior , Ernst Udet , who had committed suicide . Attempting to land at Breslau during a thunderstorm , the aircraft crashed . Mölders , pilot Oberleutnant Kolbe and flight engineer Oberfeldwebel Hobbie were killed . Major Dr. Wenzel and radio operator Oberfeldwebel Tenz survived the crash landing . Dr. Wenzel sustained a broken arm and leg as well as a concussion , and Tenz a broken ankle . Mölders ' fatal injuries included a broken back and a crushed ribcage . Accident investigators then and since have speculated whether Mölders would have survived the crash if he had used his seat belt .
Mölders was given a state funeral in Berlin on 28 November 1941 . His coffin was laid out in the honour court of the Imperial Air Ministry . The guard of honour consisted of Johann Schalk , Günther Lützow , Walter Oesau , Joachim Müncheberg , Adolf Galland , Wolfgang Falck , Herbert Kaminski and Karl @-@ Gottfried Nordmann . Mölders was buried next to Ernst Udet and Manfred von Richthofen at the Invalidenfriedhof in Berlin . The 8 @.@ 8 cm flak in Berlin Tiergarten fired a salute ; Hermann Göring gave the eulogy .
= = Personal life and character = =
Mölders was well known for his strength of character . His men nicknamed him " Vati " ( Daddy ) , in recognition of his paternal attitude toward them , and the care he took of their well @-@ being . He was a devoutly religious individual who demanded that all Allied aviators captured by those under his command be treated civilly , and often would invite captured pilots to dine with him .
Mölders married Luise Baldauf , née Thurner , the widow of a friend who had been killed in active service , on 13 September 1941 . Erich Klawitter , Mölders ' childhood mentor , performed the religious ceremony in Falkenstein , Taunus . Witnesses to the wedding included Leutnant Erwin Fleig and Oberleutnant Hartmann Grasser . The marriage produced a posthumous daughter , Verena .
Third Reich authorities disapproved of his choice of a Catholic marriage ceremony , performed by Klawitter . Klawitter had been barred from membership in the Reichskulturkammer ( Reich Culture Chamber ) and was considered politically unreliable after a 1936 breach of the Pulpit Law , a remnant of the 1870s Kulturkampf that among other religions barred Catholics from criticizing the state from the pulpit .
= = Legacy = =
Werner Mölders ' old unit , Jagdgeschwader 51 , was renamed " Mölders " in his honour , on 22 November 1941 , only hours after his death . Its members were entitled to wear the " Mölders " cuffband . His death , however , was also put to other uses . Shortly after Mölders died , the British Intelligence agency dropped a flyer over Germany . The so @-@ called Möldersbrief ( Mölders @-@ letter ) was a copy of correspondence supposedly written by Mölders to the provost of Schwerin . In this letter , he expressed his strong belief in Catholicism and stated that , especially in the face of death , many supporters of National Socialism still find strength and courage with Catholicism .
Mölders ' premature death , just shortly after Udet 's own suicide , was too great an opportunity for Sefton Delmer , the chief of the British black propaganda in the Political Warfare Executive ( PWE ) , to ignore . His idea was to use Mölders ' popularity in Germany , distributing a letter thus creating the assumption that Mölders strong belief led him to oppose the Nazi regime in Germany . The letter was extremely well conceived . It did not bluntly call for opposition against the state . It never even mentioned the National Socialists by name but rather used metaphors like " the godless " . Nevertheless , every German reader knew what was meant .
The letter caused a stir in the upper echelons of the Nazi regime . In his diaries , Joseph Goebbels , Reich Minister of Propaganda , assumed that someone in the German Catholic church organisation wrote , and distributed , the letter . A bounty of 100 @,@ 000 Reichsmark , posted by the Führer himself , revealed no clues to its origins . Even the strongest repressive actions could not hinder the distribution of the letter .
= = = Post @-@ war honours = = =
The Invalidenfriedhof , where Mölders is buried , lay in East Berlin and in 1975 East German officials ordered all the graves leveled . After the 1990 German reunification , Mölders ' grave was rebuilt and rededicated on 11 October 1991 by Mölders ' school friend and Domherr of the St. Hedwig 's Cathedral , Heribert Rosal . The ceremony was witnessed by guests from the United States , Great Britain , Austria , Spain and Hungary .
After the war , on 13 April 1968 , a destroyer of the Bundesmarine ( Federal German Navy ) was christened Mölders in Bath , Maine ( USA ) . It was in service between 1969 and 2003 . As of 24 June 2005 , it is the central attraction at the Navy Museum in Wilhelmshaven . On 9 November 1972 , a base of a battalion of the 34th Signal Regiment of the Bundeswehr ( Federal German Army ) in Visselhövede received the name " Mölders " . Most recently , the Fighter Wing 74 ( Jagdgeschwader 74 ) , stationed in Neuburg an der Donau , received the name " Mölders " in 1973 . Fighter Ace Generalleutnant Günther Rall presented the cuffbands .
= = = Reversal of honours = = =
Mölders ' career and legacy offer an example of the challenges posed in placing the heroism of the German armed forces in the post @-@ war cultural , political and social setting . In 1998 , on the occasion of the 61st anniversary of the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War , the German Parliament decided that members of the Condor Legion , such as Mölders , should " no longer be honoured " . In 2005 , the German Ministry of Defence ( Bundesministerium der Verteidigung ) decided to remove the name " Mölders " from the JG 74 . The decision was confirmed on 11 March 2005 by the Federal Minister of Defence Peter Struck , and at 10 : 00 , the flags and cufftitles were removed .
Mölders ' supporters challenged the ruling , and pointed out that Mölders had been posted to Spain well after the bombing of Guernica . They pointed to his equivocal political attitude towards National Socialism and his unequivocal moral commitment to Catholicism . Not only did he have a Catholic religious marriage ceremony but Klawitter , regarded by the Third Reich as politically " unreliable , " had performed the ceremony . Furthermore , Mölders had joined the Catholic youth organisation Bund Neudeutschland ( Union for New Germany ) on 1 October 1925 and had been a youth leader of the organisation from 1929 to 1931 . The Third Reich clearly had considered the Bund Neudeutschland as a threat : The Völkischer Beobachter ( The People 's Observer , the official newspaper of the party ) had reported on 26 January 1938 that the Bund had been outlawed for its proven subversive activities against the Reich , based on the Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten zum Schutz von Volk und Staat ( Reich Presidential Decree for the Protection of People and State ) of 28 February 1933 . Despite petitions from politicians and high @-@ ranking active and retired servicemen , among them Horst Seehofer , Günther Rall and Jörg Kuebart , the Office for Military History ( MGFA ) noted that Mölders ' membership in the Bund Neudeutschland did not provide sufficient evidence of his having been critical of the regime , but rather showed the contrary and concluded that it was questionable whether Mölders had distanced himself enough from National Socialism before his death in 1941 . Consequently , the decision remained in force .
Other evidence has surfaced illustrating Mölders ' ambiguous relationship with the National Socialist regime . Mölders may have been in contact with bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen , who was highly critical of the Nazi regime . Von Galen publicly criticised the regime for the Gestapo 's tactics and the deportation and euthanasia of the mentally ill . According to the diary kept by Heinrich Portmann , von Galen 's secretary and chaplain , Mölders threatened to return his awards if von Galen 's euthanasia accusation turned out to be true . Furthermore , Portmann stated that Hitler had asked Mölders during the presentation of the Diamonds to the Knight 's Cross if there was anything he wished for . Mölders reportedly responded , " Please leave the bishop of Münster alone . " Hitler assured him that " Yes , nothing will happen to the bishop of Münster . " The MGFA concluded in 2004 that this story was most likely false . The MGFA revised its position again on 28 June 2007 , concluding that there had been contact between Mölders and von Galen .
Evidence also demonstrates Mölders ' propensity to value friendships over political expediency . According to Viktor Mölders , his brother had saved Georg Küch , one of Werner Mölders ' closest friends , who had been classified as a half @-@ Jew by the Nuremberg Laws , from death in the concentration camps . Mölders ' and Küch 's friendship dated to their school days at the Saldria @-@ Gymnasium in Brandenburg an der Havel . Küch 's mother , Alice née Siegel , was of Jewish birth . Küch 's father , Richard Küch , owned and operated a pharmacy in Brandenburg . Georg , himself a pharmacy student , was expelled from university under the Nuremberg Laws , just two semesters shy of his graduation . In 1940 , Richard Küch fell ill , and owning and operating the pharmacy became a bureaucratic problem for the family . Georg Küch contacted his friend Mölders in mid @-@ February 1941 , asking for help . Werner Mölders immediately responded to Küch on 16 February 1941 , stating that he had taken care of the matter and asking Küch not to pursue the issue on his own . When Richard Küch died in June 1941 , his wife was able to sell the pharmacy for fair market value . Normally , since she was Jewish , it would have been confiscated . She also remained exempt from wearing the detested yellow badge until late 1943 . She was then taken to the Theresienstadt concentration camp , where she worked as a cook . Georg Küch , Alice Küch , and Georg 's sister Friedel survived the Holocaust . Friedel Küch repeatedly stated that Werner Mölders had been responsible for protecting the family ; the mantle of his protection had persisted beyond his death . The MGFA ruled this assertion " highly speculative , " and did not investigate further .
= = Summary of career = =
= = = Awards = = =
Wehrmacht Long Service Award 4th Class ( 2 October 1936 )
Medal for the Campaign of 1936 − 1939 ( Medalla de la Campaña 1936 − 1939 or Medalla de la Campaña ) ( Spain , 4 May 1939 )
Military Medal ( Medalla Militar ) ( Spain , 4 May 1939 )
Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords and Diamonds ( 6 June 1939 )
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold and Diamonds
Wound Badge in Black
Pilot / Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds ( August 1940 )
Iron Cross ( 1939 )
2nd Class ( 20 September 1939 )
1st Class ( 2 April 1940 )
Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves , Swords and Diamonds
Knight 's Cross ( 29 May 1940 ) as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of III . / Jagdgeschwader 53
2nd Oak Leaves ( 21 September 1940 ) as Major and Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 51
2nd Swords ( 22 June 1941 ) as Oberstleutnant and Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 51
1st Diamonds ( 15 July 1941 ) as Oberst and Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 51
Mentioned eleven times in the Wehrmachtbericht
= = = Promotions = = =
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= Brainard Homestead State Park =
Brainard Homestead State Park , and alternatively Brainerd Homestead State Park , is a 25 acre undeveloped Connecticut state park located in the town of East Haddam , Connecticut , United States . A farmhouse was built on the site by Timothy Green in 1842 before being purchased by Selden Tyler Brainerd in March 1854 . The ownership of the property was willed to Geraldine W. Hayden . Upon her death in 1929 , the property was willed to the State of Connecticut with the condition that William Brainerd be able to use the property for life . William Brainerd died in 1936 , the buildings were later dismantled , but the Brainard Homestead State Park was established prior to May 1 , 1932 . The undeveloped park is said to offer bird watching , sports fields and hiking according to the Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection . As of 2012 , the fields were noted to be actively farmed and there were no established trails for hiking .
= = History = =
The known history of Brainard Homestead State Park begins in 1842 when Timothy Green constructed a farmhouse on the property . Green never lived in the farmhouse , but leased it to Jonathan Morgan . In March 1854 , the property was sold to Selden Tyler Brainerd . Brainerd with his wife , Harriet , raised five children in the 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) by 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) farmhouse . At some point ownership of the property was transferred to Geraldine W. Hayden in a will . In March 1929 , Hayden died and willed the property to the State of Connecticut so that the homestead could be utilized as a memorial to her grandfather . A report by the Connecticut State Park and Forest Commission noted that it was not an ideal situation due the concerns about identifying a proposed site in advance and establishing the adaptability of the land for public use . The report also notes that Mrs. Hayden was unknown to the commissioners and despite the land having significant liabilities was waiting to become a state park by 1930 . The delay in its transformation stemmed from a request that William Brainerd , one of Selden and Harriet 's sons , have life use of the property . William Brainerd died in 1936 and the terms of the will were completed . At a later date , the State of Connecticut dismantled the buildings and established the Brainard Homestead State Park .
Land use records show that two fields on the farm were once leased and used by Mortimer Gelston , but the fields surrounding or on the Brainard Homestead State Park continue to be actively farmed . Leary writes that the park preserves the Brainard Homestead and notes that the foundations and cellar pits are visible and provides a picture of the fieldstone foundation .
The establishment date of the Brainard Homestead State Park is unknown , but it predates the death of William Brainard . The 1934 State of Connecticut Register and Manual lists the Brainard Homestead State Park as the 39th State Park and consists of 25 acres . Though it is unspecific , the 1932 State of Connecticut Register and Manual notes that there were 40 state parks as of May 1 , 1932 .
= = Activities = =
The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection website highlights three activities for Brainard Homestead State Park : bird watching , field sports and hiking . In 2004 , Leary noted that the open fields were perfect for field sports and picnics . Use of field for sports seem to have ended soon after because a geocache placed within Brainard Homestead State Park and referenced on the Geocaching website notes that the fields were used for farming . In 2012 , the " The A to Z of CT State Parks " Tumblr website noted that the fields were unusable and were currently being farmed . The Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection website continues to note the park 's " field sports " use as of 2014 . Also " The A to Z of CT State Parks " states that there were no established trails for hiking . Leary writes that there are limited views of the Connecticut River in winter , but the foliage in summer " precludes much of a vista . " Al Braden writes in his book that the park provides access to the Salmon River with parking , boat ramp and docks , but this is the " Salmon River Boat Launch East Haddam " and not a part of the state park .
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= Tropical Storm Nicole ( 2010 ) =
Tropical Storm Nicole was a short @-@ lived and unusually asymmetric tropical cyclone that caused extensive rainfall and flooding in Jamaica during the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season . It was the sixteenth tropical cyclone and the fourteenth named storm of the season , as well as the last of a record eight tropical storms to form in September . Originating from a broad monsoonal low , Nicole became a tropical depression over the northwestern Caribbean Sea on September 28 . It maintained an unusual structure as it tracked northeastward , with a poorly defined wind circulation and few thunderstorms near its center . Nicole approached the coast of Cuba as a weak tropical storm , losing its status as a tropical cyclone over the territory on September 29 . The remnants emerged over the Bahamas and eventually became absorbed by a separate extratropical system .
Due to Nicole 's atypical structure , the strongest thundershowers were well removed from the center ; most of the weather activity occurred over the north @-@ central Caribbean . In Jamaica , the storm triggered widespread power outages across more than 288 @,@ 000 residences . Extreme precipitation of up to 37 @.@ 42 inches ( 940 mm ) caused disastrous flooding in several parishes , severely damaging or destroying 528 houses . The devastation extended to the island 's farmland and environment , which suffered from expansive water pollution . In all , Nicole wrought an estimated $ 240 million ( 2010 USD ) in damage throughout Jamaica , and there were sixteen fatalities . Elsewhere , minor flooding occurred in Cuba , Florida , and the Cayman Islands . The remnants of the storm contributed to a large disturbance along the East Coast of the United States , causing additional damage and deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
In late September 2010 , a wide band of disturbed weather and low pressure associated with the monsoon trough and remnant tropical moisture from Tropical Storm Matthew meandered over the northwestern Caribbean Sea . With a broad upper ridge anchored along the Yucatán coast , diffluence aloft in the vicinity of the disturbance provided focus for the development of scattered convection . The National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) noted an environment supportive of tropical development , and by September 27 a broad surface low formed amid the convection . The next day , surface pressures steadily dropped as sustained winds around the low increased to near tropical storm force . Throughout the development process , moderate westerly wind shear over the region caused the disturbance to exhibit a rather asymmetric structure ; it developed an elongated low @-@ pressure center by September 28 , well to the northwest of its strongest wind field . Despite the asymmetry , the NHC initiated advisories on a tropical depression around 15 : 00 UTC that day , after surface and satellite observations revealed a sufficiently defined circulation center west of the deep convection . Post @-@ season reassessments , however , indicated that a tropical storm had in fact formed three hours earlier , about 75 miles ( 120 km ) south of Cuba 's Isle of Youth .
For most of its duration , Nicole maintained a generally northeastward motion , caught in the steering flow between a large mid- to upper @-@ level trough and an anticyclone to the west . Within hours of the storm 's formation , observations from a Hurricane Hunters flight confirmed a composition similar to the one initially discerned , with the strongest gusts and thunderstorms dislocated 250 mi ( 400 km ) east from the ill @-@ defined center . In comparison , the core consisted of light winds and sporadic convection — a structure rather characteristic of a North Indian Ocean monsoon depression . The system 's ambiguous nature led to disagreement among weather specialist over its classification : while the NHC maintained its tropical cyclone status , Cuban meteorologist José Rubiera stated that " no tropical storm exists over [ Cuba ] , or near it , " noting a lack of significant winds in the country 's vicinity .
Over the course of September 29 , radar data showed the convection increasing over the northern half of the storm ; bands of intense thunderstorms in the southeastern periphery also formed closer to the center , and weather buoys and ships in that region observed sustained tropical @-@ storm @-@ force winds . Around 12 : 00 UTC , Nicole attained an estimated peak intensity of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) winds and a minimum pressure of 995 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 38 inHg ) , just south of Cuba . Despite the increase in strength , Nicole 's circulation soon became exceedingly elongated and untrackable over central Cuba , prompting the NHC to declassify it as a tropical cyclone by 15 : 00 UTC . The remnant low began interacting with the neighboring trough that had steered Nicole in its tropical stages , resulting in significant amounts of precipitation along the southeastern coastlines of the United States . Accelerating toward the northeast , the system acquired frontal characteristics and became extratropical over the Bahamas by 0600 UTC , September 30 , twelve hours before merging with a developing system over eastern North Carolina . Lingering low pressure and broad cyclonic flow over the north @-@ central Caribbean in Nicole 's wake contributed to the development of Hurricane Paula in the first weeks of October .
= = Preparations = =
= = = Caribbean = = =
In anticipation of a tropical storm , warnings were issued for the Cayman Islands , the northwestern and central Bahamas , and the Cuban provinces of Matanzas , Cienfuegos , Villa Clara , Sancti Spíritus , and Ciego de Ávila on September 28 . However , the warnings were discontinued the following day after reports of the storm 's prompt dissipation . After forecasters warned of severe weather across the Cayman Islands , schools and government offices closed in low @-@ lying areas , and emergency teams cleaned out storm drains and readied shelters . Thunderstorms in Grand Cayman forced Cayman Airways to cancel all express flights to Cayman Brac and Little Cayman on October 29 ; weather @-@ resistant jet service was provided to stranded passengers . A marine warning was required for all three islands due to rough sea conditions .
In Jamaica , a flash flood warning remained in effect for flood @-@ prone regions for four days , ultimately discontinued on October 3 . Schools and several businesses , including the US Embassy in Kingston , closed on September 29 – 30 as the island braced for heavy rains . Public transit was suspended islandwide on the evening of September 29 , and shipping interests were cautioned to secure their vessels . At the height of the storm , army and police officials patrolled the island in case of emergencies .
= = = United States = = =
Tropical storm warnings were issued for the Florida Keys , the Florida Bay , and from the Jupiter Inlet coast southward to Cape Sable on September 28 . A tropical storm watch was in place for the mainland north from the Jupiter Inlet to the Sebastian Inlet and north of East Cape Sable to Chokoloskee . The warnings and watch were discontinued the next day , after a direct impact was no longer expected . At the time , a flood watch remained in effect for Palm Beach , Broward , Miami @-@ Dade , Collier , and Monroe counties into September 30 . An airport weather warning was issued for Orlando International Airport and Executive Airport on September 28 ; arriving flights were put on hold , and pilots rerouted to other airports if possible . Eight Southwest Airlines flights were diverted to the airports of Tampa and Jacksonville , and one JetBlue flight to West Palm Beach . Though airport officials later reported normalized conditions , an additional 26 flights were canceled at Miami International Airport the next day .
In Brunswick and New Hanover counties , North Carolina , officials readied shelters on September 29 to accommodate stranded residents unable to access their homes . Multiple schools in New Hanover and Pender County remained closed the next morning due to worsening storm conditions from the disturbance succeeding Nicole . At the threat of prolonged rainfall , a flood watch was issued for Kent County , Maryland , from September 30 to October 1 . Also in the area , the National Weather Service declared both a coastal flood advisory and wind advisory for September 30 .
= = Impact = =
= = = Jamaica = = =
For several days , Nicole and its precursor disturbance brought great amounts of rainfall to much of Jamaica . A maximum total of 37 @.@ 42 inches ( 940 mm ) was recorded in Belleisle , Westmoreland Parish , from September 26 to 30 ; most other parishes received over 12 in ( 300 mm ) during this time . With a return period of 30 years , these quantities tripled the monthly rainfall average for September at several locations . Though the broad @-@ scale wind regime over the island remained gentle , the storm 's intense convective bands produced three microbursts — small downdrafts of intense winds . Following the degradation of river banks and waterways , the heaviest impact was due to landslides and particularly severe flooding across numerous communities , primarily in the southern parishes .
The disaster affected a total of 507 @,@ 831 people ; it resulted in 16 deaths — 14 of which confirmed — and 42 injuries . In Saint Andrew Parish 's Sandy Park , a house next to a street gully succumbed to the effects of the storm ; five bodies were recovered near the site , while the remaining missing inhabitant was later presumed dead . Elsewhere in Saint Andrew , three construction workers were killed when the shed in which they were sleeping caved in . A girl was crushed to death under the weight of a collapsed board house in Saint Catherine Parish . Rushing waters in different parts of the island swept away three people , all of whom drowned . A waterspout hit Westmoreland Parish 's capital of Savanna @-@ la @-@ Mar amid a microburst , tearing the roofs off buildings and hospitalizing five residents . In the wake of the storm , a body was recovered from debris along a road in Saint Catherine . Nationwide , floods trapped hundreds of residents in their homes . The obstruction of roads and bridges isolated various communities across seven of the island 's parishes .
Jamaica 's infrastructure was devastated in the deluge , accounting for most of the material damage on the island . At the height of the storm , more than 288 @,@ 000 residences lost power due to downed electricity lines and poles , and over 40 percent of the island 's water supply was disrupted . Dozens of bridges collapsed under the force of swollen rivers and creeks . In Kingston , underpasses suffered severe flooding as prolonged rainfall overwhelmed storm drains ; subsequent surface inundations left several of the city 's roads impassable . Destruction to the transport infrastructure was especially extensive in Westmoreland , Saint Elizabeth , and Hanover parishes , though overall 543 of the island 's principle roads sustained some degree of damage . The value of costs linked to the infrastructure neared J $ 20 billion ( US $ 235 @.@ 4 million ) .
Nicole wreaked widespread property damage , encompassing 2 @,@ 169 houses : 474 sustained severe damage , while 54 were beyond repair . The losses totaled J $ 274 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 2 million ) , J $ 75 @.@ 6 million ( US $ 890 @,@ 000 ) hereof required to replace destroyed housing units . With much of its crops and livestock washed away , the island 's agricultural sector suffered about J $ 576 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 6 @.@ 8 million ) in losses , including 40 percent of the season 's banana produce . The storm had a discernible impact on the environment , which plays a crucial role in the Jamaica 's economy and tourism . Surface runoffs and spills along industrial zones and sewage systems infiltrated wide stretches of land , leading to scattered pollution , coastal erosion , and deterioration in the ecosystems of the affect regions . In addition , light damage occurred to vegetation as evidenced by uprooted trees .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
While intensifying offshore , Nicole 's outer bands produced heavy downpours over drought @-@ stricken Cuba . Locally , rain along the southeastern coast was particularly high ; a 48 @-@ hour total of 9 @.@ 22 inches ( 235 mm ) fell at Cape Cruz , in the mountainous Granma Province . The region briefly observed gale @-@ force winds , gusting to 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) at Guantánamo Bay . Throughout eastern Cuba , 300 people sought refuge during the storm . As rivers overflowed in Granma , eight houses collapsed and more than 300 others endured flooding in the coastal town of Pilón . Several roads were obstructed , with part of the highway between Granma and Santiago de Cuba destroyed . The floods resulted in 5 @,@ 000 lbs ( 2 @.@ 5 tons ) of losses in crops and livestock . These effects were nevertheless considered minor , and the rains helped alleviate a persistent dry spell in the country .
In the Cayman Islands , gusts to 51 mph ( 82 km / h ) stirred up a rough sea with 8 – 10 ft ( 2 @.@ 5 – 3 m ) high waves , causing light erosion along south and western shores . Though heavy rainfall over the region was widespread , the greatest quantities fell on Grand Cayman , where the Owen Roberts International Airport recorded 9 @.@ 02 in ( 229 mm ) of rain over a period of two days . The storm flooded low @-@ lying areas , caused roof leaks , and knocked out the power in parts of eastern Grand Cayman , but overall damage across the islands was limited .
Despite initial threats of heavy thunderstorms and strong gusts , Florida was spared a direct impact from Nicole . The storm only skirted the state with showers ; a rainfall total of 12 @.@ 71 inches ( 323 mm ) was recorded at North Key Largo , though the mainland received considerably less . Street flooding occurred in Miami Beach and the northern Florida Keys , but only one residence sustained damage . Similarly , inclement weather spread over parts of the Bahamas without significant consequences .
= = = Post @-@ tropical system = = =
The extratropical remnants of Nicole retained plenty of moisture and ultimately combined with a large low @-@ pressure system slowly tracking up the US East Coast . The resultant disturbance produced torrential thunderstorms over entire coastlines and inland as far north as Canada , resulting in widespread power outages and shattering numerous precipitation records throughout the region . The most extreme weather was concentrated over Eastern North Carolina ; in the week of September 24 – October 1 , most communities recorded rainfall totals of 8 – 10 in ( 200 – 250 mm ) . Wilmington measured 22 @.@ 54 inches ( 573 mm ) of rain , the most it had received over a five @-@ day period since 1871 , while Kinston recorded 15 in ( 380 mm ) during that time . The rains caused widespread flooding exacerbated by overflowing creeks and rivers , surrounding and isolating several homes . About 150 roads were closed due to the hazardous conditions ; traffic accidents across the state nonetheless resulted in seven deaths .
In the Mid @-@ Atlantic , the event broke daily rainfall records for September 30 at several locations including the Norfolk , Baltimore – Washington , and Ronald Reagan Washington airports , which recorded 7 @.@ 85 in ( 199 mm ) , 6 @.@ 02 in ( 153 mm ) , and 4 @.@ 66 in ( 118 mm ) respectively . In Maryland , two buses collided amid the stormy weather , injuring 26 passengers . With localized estimates of up to 8 in ( 200 mm ) , the state of New York experienced some of its most historic rainfall ; an official 4 @.@ 24 in ( 108 mm ) shattered the 24 @-@ hour record for any calendar day in Binghamtom . Flash floods throughout the state led to one drowning and about US $ 10 @,@ 000 in damage . Considerable flooding also occurred in Vermont and Pennsylvania , with a 24 @-@ hour rainfall maximum of 10 @.@ 5 in ( 265 mm ) observed in Moscow . Farther north , the remnant low enhanced a pressure gradient over southern New England , generating strong winds that knocked out power in Litchfield County . Rainfall there additionally caused minor flooding . In Quebec , torrents following 3 @.@ 5 in ( 90 mm ) of rainfall inundated basements and caused two drownings . Despite the deaths and damage , the rains alleviated prolonged drought conditions in those regions .
= = Aftermath = =
On October 5 , a national disaster was declared for Jamaica due to the effects of Nicole . In response , the USAID 's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance provided US $ 50 @,@ 000 for the purchase and delivery of relief supplies and fuel for emergency vehicles . About J $ 4 million ( US $ 46 @,@ 800 ) was donated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries to the Greenhouse Growers Association for the repair of greenhouses . In conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization , an estimated J $ 12 million ( US $ 140 @,@ 400 ) was made available to initiate the planting of about 50 @,@ 000 crop seedlings . The Veterinary Division provided financial assistance to livestock farmers and dispatched animal technicians providing prophylactic medication and vitamins to avert foot rot disease in small ruminants , including goats and sheep . The cost of the medication was estimated at J $ 2 million ( US $ 23 @,@ 400 ) . The Banana Board 's Catastrophe Fund , which at the time comprised J $ 50 million ( US $ 585 @,@ 000 ) , delivered both monetary support and human resources to local banana and plantain farmers .
Eleven days after the storm , the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies allocated CHF150,644 ( US $ 156 @,@ 221 ) to sustain the Jamaica Red Cross in distributing aid to about 500 families — or 2 @,@ 500 beneficiaries — in need of life supplies . In late December 2010 , the Jamaica – Canadian Association in Toronto , Canada raised a total of CDN $ 10 @,@ 153 @.@ 87 ( US $ 10 @,@ 221 @.@ 33 ) in relief funds to assist flood victims . The Hanover Parish Council requested J $ 30 million ( US $ 351 @,@ 000 ) to assist the Saint James Parish Council and other municipal authorities across the country in post @-@ storm clean @-@ up and beautification work . A grant of J $ 279 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 26 million ) was approved for the reconstruction of a major roadway section in Westmoreland Parish .
In spite of the timely relief efforts , Nicole 's effects were still felt for months in its wake . The gross domestic product for Jamaica , which had been suffering from a substantially slow economic growth rate , further declined following the extensive storm damage . The agriculture sector sustained slight losses from reduced egg production due to the traumatizing effects on farm chickens , and the storm 's impact contributed to below @-@ standard levels of holiday season consumption .
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= John Madden Football ' 93 =
John Madden Football ' 93 is a 1992 sports video game developed by Blue Sky Productions ( later Looking Glass Studios ) and Electronic Arts and published by EA Sports Network . Based on the sport of American football , the game puts the player in control of a football team in modes such as tournament play and sudden death . It was officially endorsed by John Madden .
The game 's Sega Genesis version was developed by Blue Sky Productions , which was simultaneously creating Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss . John Madden Football ' 93 adds new animations and features , and it allows players to play as and against famous teams such as the Oakland Raiders of 1976 . Aside from Madden Football 64 , the game was the last in the Madden franchise to lack the NFL license , which was featured in Madden NFL ' 94 onward .
With over one million units in sales , John Madden Football ' 93 was a commercial success . Critics awarded the game high scores and praised its updated graphics ; but several reviewers complained that little had changed since John Madden Football ' 92 . Royalties from the game funded the expansion of Blue Sky Productions , and the company 's director , Paul Neurath , later commented that the size of these royalties led Electronic Arts to develop future Madden titles in @-@ house .
= = Gameplay = =
John Madden Football ' 93 is an adaptation of American football that takes place from an isometric perspective in a two @-@ dimensional environment . The player begins each match by selecting such variables as the game mode , weather conditions and team . Game modes include 16 @-@ team tournaments and sudden death , among other things . In addition to the game 's single @-@ player mode , two @-@ player competitive and cooperative modes are available . Unlike prior games in the series , a coin toss at the beginning of every match determines which team will defend each goal , and which team will kick off .
Between every down , the player selects a formation , play and , on defense , coverage shell from a menu . The game contains fifty @-@ five offensive plays and seventy @-@ one defensive plays , such as screen and play @-@ action passes , blitzes and man @-@ to @-@ man defense . During a down , the player may control one team member at a time or allow the entire team to execute a play automatically . On offense , depending on the play , the player controls the quarterback , running back or kicker . After a pass , control automatically changes to the ball receiver . On defense , the player may at any time switch control between any members of the team . Instant replay is available to review plays .
New features in John Madden Football ' 93 include no @-@ huddle offense , overturning certain calls made by referees , taunting , stumbling , head @-@ butting and one @-@ handed catches . As with its predecessors , the game features updated statistics for the twenty @-@ eight NFL teams in the game , based on their performance in the previous season . In addition to these teams , eight famous team line @-@ ups , such as the Oakland Raiders of 1976 and the Dallas Cowboys of 1977 , are available . Two " All @-@ Madden Greats " teams are compiled from the best players in the history of the sport . No official player or team names , colors , or stadium names are used . A rental @-@ only version of the game , John Madden Football : Championship Edition , uses only " championship caliber " line @-@ ups from the 1966 @-@ 1991 era . Although it still lacks official names , this version features correct team colors .
= = Development = =
John Madden Football ' 93 was developed for the Sega Genesis by Blue Sky Productions ( credited as " Looking Glass Technology " ) , which was simultaneously working on Ultima Underworld : The Stygian Abyss . The game was not a port , but was rather an original work by the company . They were approached by Electronic Arts soon after production on Ultima Underworld began , an event that company head Paul Neurath later attributed to contacts he had within the publisher , thanks to his involvement with the Electronic Arts project Chuck Yeager 's Advanced Flight Trainer . Neurath said that Electronic Arts was dissatisfied with the work that another studio had been doing on John Madden Football ' 93 , and that the publisher was " scrambling to find a [ replacement ] team " to meet the game 's rapidly approaching deadline . Blue Sky received the source code of John Madden Football ' 92 and had to develop a sequel in five months . Neurath later said that development was " part out @-@ of @-@ house and part in @-@ house " . The game 's visuals were made by Doug Wike , who also created graphics for Ultima Underworld . In 1991 , Neurath contracted the outside programmer Mark Lesser , who had previously worked on Mean 18 , to develop the game 's technical aspects . According to Lesser , this was necessary because none of Blue Sky 's employees had experience programming for the Sega Genesis .
Neurath believed that Blue Sky introduced " some nice improvements " to the franchise . A preview in Mega noted that the game had " a lot of added animation " compared to its predecessors . A writer for Mega Drive Advanced Gaming believed that " the most obvious addition is the digitised speech " , which did not appear in the game 's Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) version . In its November 1992 issue , Electronic Gaming Monthly estimated that the game was " 100 % complete " . The game 's Genesis and SNES versions were released at the same time . As with earlier John Madden Football titles , John Madden Football ' 93 lacks the NFL license , which prevented the inclusion of official teams , colors , player names and stadiums . Sega 's competing title , the Joe Montana @-@ endorsed NFL Sports Talk Football ' 93 , had received the license that year .
= = Reception = =
John Madden Football ' 93 was a commercial success , with over one million copies sold . It has been cited as the highest @-@ selling game developed by Looking Glass Studios , and Neurath later called it " one of the most successful games I 've ever worked on " . Paul Mellerick of Mega commented that " the only noticeable difference between [ John Madden Football ' 93 ] and its two predecessors is the animation " . He wrote that this new animation " makes the game incredibly good to look at " and that new motions like stumbling increase the game 's difficulty . Although he believed that the " two @-@ player mode is just as exciting as ever " , he was disappointed by the lack of a full @-@ season mode , which he called " unforgivable " in light of this feature 's appearance in Sega 's NFL Sports Talk Football ' 93 . He concluded that John Madden Football ' 93 was " the best game the Mega Drive has to offer " , but he wrote , " If you own John Madden Football ' 92 , or even the original John Madden American Football for that matter , then you should ignore this game completely " .
A writer for GamePro noted that John Madden Football ' 93 was " at first glance " largely identical to its predecessor ; but he believed that , " once you get down to serious business , you 'll notice a wealth of All @-@ Star enhancements " . He wrote that the " game play is now faster and smoother " , and that " the graphics are sharper , more detailed , and even better animated " . He believed that " Electronic Arts has [ ... ] made the best even better " , and he concluded , " John Madden Football ' 93 is even more fun to play than Madden ' 92 " . The staff of Mean Machines Sega called the game " hopelessly redundant " and " very , very disappoint [ ing ] " , and they believed that the John Madden Football series was " on its last legs " . They considered the game to be arguably worse than its predecessors , largely because of framerate problems . The reviewers concluded that it was " not a bad game at all " , but they suggested that readers buy " the slightly better John Madden Football ' 92 if [ they are ] after the definitive American Football game " .
Reviewing the SNES version of John Madden Football ' 93 , a GamePro writer believed that it was " a major improvement " over the previous SNES John Madden Football title . He wrote that the game 's visuals were the biggest leap , particularly after the " slow and chunky " graphics of the earlier release . He enjoyed its sound effects , but he noted the lack of voice clips present in the Genesis version . He concluded that the series was now roughly even across the two consoles , and he wrote that the game was " a strong candidate for SNES Sports Cart of the Year " . A writer for Nintendo Power wrote , " Madden ' 93 is easy to play and has the feel of the real game " . He believed that the most noticeable additions were the new teams and " new play options " , although he found it " awkward " to select plays . He finished , " Really the only thing missing is an option to play an entire season " . Carl Rowley of N @-@ Force called the visuals " sharper than ever " and believed that the character sprites were " small but well defined " . He found that the game played " brilliantly " , and he praised the instant replay feature as " superb " and " amazing " . He wrote that his " only niggle is the lack of sampled speech " , which he considered to be " a bit of a let down " . Finishing his review , Rowley wrote that the game was the " best American football game available " .
= = = Legacy = = =
After the game 's development concluded , programmer Mark Lesser was contracted by Electronic Arts to work on NHL ' 94 , a series that he remained on " for many years " . Neurath said that the royalties Blue Sky ( later Looking Glass Studios ) received from John Madden Football ' 93 " were quite substantial " , and that " it was really the royalties of Madden more than anything else [ ... ] that allowed us to grow the [ company ] " . Neurath believed that the size of these royalties led Electronic Arts to develop future Madden games in @-@ house , in order to maximize profit . Aside from Madden Football 64 , John Madden Football ' 93 was the last game in the Madden franchise to lack the NFL license , which the series first obtained with Madden NFL ' 94 . In 2012 , Michael Rundle wrote in The Huffington Post that John Madden Football ' 93 " really set the bar " for the franchise , and he believed that its gameplay was superior to that of Madden NFL 13 .
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= Beyond Fantasy Fiction =
Beyond Fantasy Fiction was a US fantasy fiction magazine edited by H. L. Gold , with only ten issues published from 1953 to 1955 . The last two issues carried the cover title of Beyond Fiction , but the publication 's name for copyright purposes remained as before .
Although not a commercial success , it included several significant short stories by distinguished authors , such as Isaac Asimov , Ray Bradbury and Philip K. Dick . The publication has been described by critics as a successor to the tradition of Unknown , a fantasy magazine that ceased publication in 1943 . It was noted for printing fantasy with a rational basis such as werewolf stories that included scientific explanations . A selection of stories from Beyond was published in paperback form in 1963 , also under the title Beyond .
James Gunn , a historian of science fiction , regarded the magazine as the best of the fantasy magazines launched in the early 1950s , and science fiction encyclopedist Donald H. Tuck contended it printed very good material . Not every critic viewed Beyond as completely successful , however ; P. Schuyler Miller , in a 1963 review , commented that the stories were most successful when they did not try to emulate Unknown .
= = History and significance = =
Beyond Fantasy Fiction was a fantasy @-@ oriented companion to the more successful Galaxy Science Fiction , which launched in 1950 ; Beyond had been planned by editor H. L. Gold from the time Galaxy was launched , but it had to wait until Galaxy was firmly established . Beyond 's first issue , dated July 1953 , included an editorial by Gold in which he laid out the magazine 's scope , excluding ( in his words ) only " the probably possible " and " the unentertaining " . Gold recruited Sam Merwin , who had recently quit as editor of Fantastic Universe , to help in editing , though the masthead of both magazines listed Gold as editor . A typical issue of Beyond included several stories that were long enough to be listed as novellas or novelettes , with the contents augmented with shorter works , usually for a total of at least seven stories .
The first issue featured Theodore Sturgeon , Damon Knight , Frank M. Robinson , and Richard Matheson . Other writers who appeared in the magazine included Jerome Bixby , John Wyndham , James E. Gunn , Fredric Brown , Frederik Pohl ( both under his own name and with Lester del Rey under the joint pseudonym " Charles Satterfield " ) , Philip José Farmer , Randall Garrett , Zenna Henderson , and Algis Budrys .
Five of the ten covers were surrealist , which was an unusual artistic choice for a genre magazine . The cover painting for the first issue was by Richard M. Powers ; Gold was one of the very few American magazine editors to use his work , though Powers was prolific in providing artwork for paperback covers . In addition to Powers , René Vidmer and Arthur Krusz ( among others ) contributed cover art . The magazine also carried interior artwork , usually multiple illustrations , for almost every story ; in addition , each story included a facsimile of the author 's signature , set at the end of the text . The best @-@ known interior artist Beyond used was Ed Emshwiller , though there were several other regular artists . The magazine carried almost no non @-@ fiction , though there were occasional " filler " pieces to occupy spaces at the end of stories . The publication contained no book reviews , and only the first issue carried an editorial .
The magazine was not commercially successful : at that time circulation figures were not required to be published annually , as they were later , so the actual circulation figures are not known . Its demise after less than two years can be attributed in part to the decreasing popularity of fantasy and horror fiction . In a 1958 advertisement in Galaxy for complete sets of the magazine for $ 3 @.@ 50 , the publisher described Beyond as " a princely experiment to determine whether there were enough readers to support a truly handsome , fantastically high @-@ quality fantasy fiction magazine . There weren 't " , " as the rest of the country seemed to be ... out of town at the time and missed it on the newsstands " .
= = Reception = =
According to science @-@ fiction historian Donald H. Tuck , Beyond published " some very good material , " with appearances by many well @-@ known authors , and the magazine is often cited as being the successor to the unusual fantasy tradition of Unknown . Author James Gunn said of the new fantasy magazines that appeared in the 1950s that " the best of these was Beyond , created by Horace Gold as a companion fantasy magazine to Galaxy , which he had created three years before . Beyond Fantasy Fiction aimed at the same rationalized fantasy niche that Unknown had established and to which Gold had contributed stories . " Not everyone thought the magazine was completely successful in emulating Unknown , however ; P. Schuyler Miller , reviewing an anthology drawn from the pages of Beyond , was generally approving but commented that " Except for Budrys , Pohl , Brown and Sturgeon , these stories from Beyond are rather self @-@ conscious . They are best when they are not trying to be like Unknown . " Miller 's assessment of the magazine overall was that it " made a pass at the same position [ as Unknown ] but didn 't make it . "
Beyond 's selection of stories has been described by science fiction historian Michael Ashley as " seeking to achieve … high quality fantasy fiction acceptable to all readers " ; he adds that Beyond was more successful than Fantastic Science Fiction , a competitor in this niche , because Gold " had a clearer vision and was more determined … to achieve it . … despite sales problems , Gold persisted in publishing fiction that sought to stretch the boundaries of imagination . "
Several significant or widely reprinted stories appeared during Beyond 's short history :
" … And My Fear Is Great … " , by Theodore Sturgeon ( July 1953 )
" The Wall Around the World " , by Theodore R. Cogswell ( September 1953 )
" Kid Stuff " , by Isaac Asimov ( September 1953 )
" The Watchful Poker Chip " , by Ray Bradbury ( March 1954 ) . Generally reprinted under the title " The Watchful Poker Chip of H. Matisse "
" Sine of the Magus " , by James E. Gunn ( May 1954 )
" The Green Magician " , by L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt ( November 1954 ) . Part of the Incompleat Enchanter series
" Upon the Dull Earth " , by Philip K. Dick ( November 1954 )
Although no Hugo Awards were presented in 1954 , the 2004 World Science Fiction Convention awarded " Retro Hugos " for that year . Two Beyond stories appeared as runners @-@ up : Sturgeon 's " … And My Fear Is Great … " placed third in the novella category , and Cogswell 's " The Wall Around the World " fifth in the novelette category . In addition , Gold placed fifth in the editor category , though this recognized his work at Galaxy as well as at Beyond .
= = Bibliographic details = =
The publisher was Galaxy Publishing Corporation , New York . The magazine was initially titled Beyond Fantasy Fiction , and this remained the title on the masthead throughout the ten @-@ issue run . However , issue 9 changed the title to simply Beyond Fiction on the cover , spine , and table of contents . Issue 10 used the new , shorter title on the cover and spine , but reverted to Beyond Fantasy Fiction for the table of contents . As a result , the magazine is often listed as having changed its name for the last two issues .
The magazine began as a 160 @-@ page digest , priced at 35 cents . The price stayed the same throughout the run , but the page count was cut to 128 for the eighth issue , September 1954 . The magazine was bimonthly , but issues 9 and 10 did not carry month and year dates , which has led different bibliographers to catalogue them in different ways . However , the masthead for these issues indicates that the magazine remained bimonthly , and so they are now usually catalogued as November 1954 and January 1955 , respectively ; the copyright dates on the last two issues correspond to these dates . The volume numbering was completely regular ; volume 1 had six numbers , and volume 2 ceased with its fourth number . The stories were printed in the two @-@ column format usual to digest magazines .
A British edition of the magazine ran for four issues on a bimonthly schedule starting in November 1953 and finishing in May 1954 . These copied the first four issues of the US version , with slightly cut contents . They were numbered 1 to 4 but were not dated . Ten years after the magazine folded , nine stories from Beyond were collected into the 160 @-@ page paperback Beyond , published in 1963 by Berkley Books ( F712 ) and edited by Thomas Dardis ( who was not credited on the book ) .
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= HMS Majestic ( 1895 ) =
HMS Majestic was a Majestic @-@ class pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy . Commissioned in 1895 , she was the largest predreadnought launched at the time . She served with the Channel Fleet until 1904 , following which she was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet . In 1907 , she was part of the Home Fleet , firstly assigned to the Nore Division and then with the Devonport Division . From 1912 , she was part of the 7th Battle Squadron .
When World War I broke out Majestic , together with the rest of the squadron , was attached to the Channel Fleet during the early stages of the war before being detached for escort duties with Canadian troop convoys . She then had spells as a guard ship at the Nore and the Humber . In early 1915 , she was dispatched to the Mediterranean for service in the Dardanelles Campaign . She participated in bombardments of Turkish forts and supported the Allied landings at Gallipoli . On 27 May 1915 , she was torpedoed by a U @-@ boat at Cape Helles , sinking with the loss of 49 men .
= = Design = =
Majestic was laid down at the Portsmouth Dockyard in February 1894 . She was launched on 31 January 1895 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the Royal Navy less than a year later , in December 1895 . The ship was 421 feet ( 128 m ) long overall and had a beam of 75 ft ( 23 m ) and a draft of 27 ft ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) . She displaced up to 16 @,@ 060 t ( 15 @,@ 810 long tons ; 17 @,@ 700 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines powered by eight coal @-@ fired cylindrical boilers . By 1907 – 1908 , she was re @-@ boilered with oil @-@ fired models . Her engines provided a top speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) at 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) . The Majestics were considered good seaboats with an easy roll and good steamers , although they suffered from high fuel consumption . She had a crew of 672 officers and enlisted men .
The ship was armed with four BL 12 @-@ inch Mk VIII guns in twin turrets , one forward and one aft . The turrets were placed on pear @-@ shaped barbettes ; six of her sisters had the same arrangement , but her sisters Caesar and Illustrious and all future British battleship classes had circular barbettes . Majestic also carried twelve QF 6 @-@ inch / 40 guns . They were mounted in casemates in two gun decks amidships . She also carried sixteen QF 12 @-@ pounder guns and twelve QF 2 @-@ pounder guns . She was also equipped with five 18 in ( 460 mm ) torpedo tubes , four of which were submerged in the ship 's hull , with the last in a deck @-@ mounted launcher . Majestic and the other ships of her class had 9 inches ( 229 mm ) of Harvey armour , which allowed equal protection with less cost in weight compared to previous types of armour . This allowed Majestic and her sisters to have a deeper and lighter belt than previous battleships without any loss in protection . The barbettes for the main battery were protected with 14 in ( 360 mm ) of armour , and the conning tower had the same thickness of steel on the sides . The ship 's armoured deck was 2 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 5 in ( 64 to 114 mm ) thick .
= = Operational history = =
HMS Majestic commissioned into the Channel Squadron on 12 December 1895 , and served at the Portsmouth division . She was present at the Fleet Review at Spithead for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria on 26 June 1897 , and was later flagship to Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Harry Rawson , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Channel Fleet . Captain George Egerton was appointed in command on 28 June 1899 , and paid off in April 1901 , when Captain Edward Eden Bradford was appointed in command as she became the flagship of Rear @-@ Admiral Arthur Wilson , who had been appointed Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Channel Squadron . She was present at the Coronation Review for King Edward VII on 16 August 1902 . She underwent a refit at Portsmouth from February to July 1904 , and then became a unit of the Atlantic Fleet when a reorganisation resulted in the Channel Fleet becoming the Atlantic Fleet in January 1905 . On 1 October 1906 , she paid off into reserve at Portsmouth .
Majestic recommissioned at Portsmouth on 26 February 1907 to become flagship of the Nore Division in the new Home Fleet , stationed at the Nore . She began a refit later that year in which she received radio and new fire control systems . When the flag was transferred to another ship in January 1908 , she became a private ship in the Nore Division . In June 1908 , Majestic transferred to the Devonport Division of the Home Fleet , stationed at Devonport . Her refit was completed in 1909 , and in March 1909 she transferred to the 3rd Division at Devonport , then in August 1910 to the 4th Division at Devonport , where she underwent another refit in 1911 . In May 1912 , Majestic became part of the 7th Battle Squadron in the 3rd Fleet at Devonport . On 14 July 1912 she collided with her sister ship Victorious during manoeuvres , suffering no serious damage .
= = = World War I = = =
Upon the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Majestic and the rest of the 7th Battle Squadron were assigned to the Channel Fleet . Majestic underwent a refit in August and September 1914 , then covered the passage of the British Expeditionary Force to France in September 1914 . She was detached from the 7th Battle Squadron from 3 October 1914 to 14 October 1914 to escort the first Canadian troop convoy . At the end of October 1914 , Majestic was transferred to the Nore to serve as guard ship there . On 3 November 1914 , she transferred to the Humber to serve as guard ship there . In December 1914 she became a unit of the Dover Patrol , and combined with battleship Revenge to bombard German coastal artillery from off of Nieuwpoort , Belgium , on 15 December 1914 . In January 1915 , she was based at Portland .
= = = = Dardanelles campaign = = = =
In February 1915 , Majestic was assigned to participate in the upcoming Dardanelles Campaign to open the Turkish Straits , and she departed early that month under the command of Captain H. F. G. Talbot to join the Mediterranean Fleet . Upon arriving at Malta , she was fitted with what was termed " mine @-@ catching " gear so that she could serve as a " mine @-@ bumper " . She joined the Dardanelles force on 24 February 1915 , and on 26 February 1915 departed Tenedos to bombard the Ottoman Turkish inner forts at the Dardanelles that morning . On 26 February 1915 , Majestic and battleships Albion and Triumph became the first Allied heavy ships to enter the Turkish Straits during the campaign , firing on the inner forts from 0914 until 1740 hours . Majestic took a hit below the waterline , but was able to continue operations and patrolled the area again on 27 February 1915 . She supported the early landings , shelling the forts from 1125 until 1645 hours on 1 March 1915 and again while patrolling on 3 March 1915 . She arrived at Mudros on 8 March 1915 .
On 9 March 1915 , Majestic circumnavigated the entrance to the Dardanelles and bombarded Ottoman Turkish positions from 1007 until 1215 hours . She returned to Tenedos on 10 March 1915 , patrolled off the Dardanelles again on 15 March 1915 , and again returned to Tenedos on 16 March 1915 . Majestic participated in the final attempt to force the straits by naval power alone on 18 March 1915 . She opened fire on Fort 9 at 1420 hours and also engaged Turkish field guns hidden in woods . She shelled Fort 9 until she ceased fire at 18 : 35 ; the fort meanwhile fired on the mortally damaged battleship Ocean . Majestic was hit four times , twice in her lower tops and twice on her forecastle , and returned to Tenedos at 2200 hours with one dead and some wounded crew members . Majestic returned to patrol duties on 22 March 1915 . She shelled Turkish positions on 28 March 1915 from 0950 to 1015 and from 1250 to 1340 hours and again opened fire on 14 April at 1458 hours . On 18 April , she fired on the abandoned British submarine E15 aground near Fort Dardanos and in danger of being captured ; two picket boats , one from Majestic and one from Triumph , destroyed E15 with torpedoes , although the boat from Majestic was itself sunk by Turkish shore batteries while retiring . Majestic returned to Tenedos on 21 April 1915 .
On 25 April 1915 , Majestic was back in action , signalling London that Allied landings had begun at Gallipoli and supporting them with coastal bombardments until 1915 hours . She brought 99 wounded troops aboard at 2110 hours and recovered all her boats before anchoring off Gallipoli for the night . On 26 April 1915 , she was back in action early , opening fire at 0617 hours . On 27 April 1915 she exchanged fire with Turkish guns , with several Turkish shells achieving very near misses before both sides ceased firing at 1130 hours . On 29 April 1915 she again was anchored off Gallipoli . Majestic relieved Triumph as flagship of Admiral Nicholson , commanding the squadrons supporting the troops ashore off Cape Helles , on 25 May 1915 .
= = = Loss = = =
On 27 May 1915 , while stationed off W Beach at Cape Helles , Majestic became the third battleship to be torpedoed off the Gallipoli peninsula in two weeks . Around 0645 hours , Commander Otto Hersing of the German submarine U @-@ 21 fired a single torpedo through the defensive screen of destroyers and anti @-@ torpedo nets , striking Majestic and causing a huge explosion . The ship began to list to port and in nine minutes had capsized in 54 feet ( 16 m ) of water , killing 49 men . Her masts hit the mud of the sea bottom , and her upturned hull remained visible for many months until it was finally submerged when her foremast collapsed during a storm .
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= Spoken For =
Spoken For is the second studio album by Christian rock band MercyMe . Released on October 1 , 2002 , Spoken For sold 28 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , debuting at number 41 on the Billboard 200 ; it also peaked at number two on the Christian Albums chart and number six on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart . The album received a generally positive reception from critics , some of whom praised the album as being both a lyrical and musical progression from their debut album Almost There . Several critics also noted a shift in sound from Almost There , describing Spoken For as having a roots rock sound . At the 34th GMA Dove Awards , Spoken For was nominated for Pop / Contemporary Album of the Year ; the album was certified Gold by the RIAA in October 2003 .
Three singles were released in promotion of Spoken For . The lead single and title track , " Spoken For " , peaked at number one on the Radio & Records Christian AC and INSPO charts . The second single from the album , " Word of God Speak " , spent a record 23 weeks at the top of the Billboard Christian Songs chart , and also topped the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart and the Radio & Records Christian AC and INSPO charts . " The Change Inside of Me " was released as the final single from the album , and peaked at number eight on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart .
= = Background and recording = =
All songs on the album were written and composed by MercyMe personnel , Bart Millard , Jim Bryson , Robby Shaffer , Mike Scheuchzer , Nathan Cochran , and Pete Kipley . Mark Stuart also contributed to " All the Above " .
Discussing the progression from MercyMe 's first album Almost There to the songs on Spoken For , MercyMe 's lead singer Bart Millard said in an interview : " Our goal early on was to make sure our songs were ' singable ' and make sure they fit on power point because we wanted to write songs for corporate worship . Spoken For is filled with songs that I pray the church will use . " He added that this album leaned more toward rock than Almost There . Millard said of the origin of the album title : " Over the last year I ’ ve been consumed with the idea that God is so crazy in love with us — just knowing that we are part of something bigger and we worship a God who ’ s in complete control no matter how good or bad things get . The phrase " spoken for " really stuck with me . "
Spoken For was recorded in several locations : Luminous Sound in Dallas , Texas , The Sound Kitchen in Franklin , Tennessee , Indigo Room in Franklin , Tennessee , HydeAway Sound Lab in Jeckyll Island , Georgia , The Scwoodio in Greenville , Texas , Mountain View Recorders in Glorieta , New Mexico , and Playground Recording in Wylie , Texas . It was mastered by Richard Dodd at Vital Recordings , and mixed by F. Reid Shippen at Recording Arts in Nashville , Tennessee , with the exceptions of " All Because of This " , " Word of God Speak , and " Love of God " , ( which were mixed at Salvo Mix by Salvo ) , and " Go " ( which was mixed by J. R. McNeely ) .
= = Composition = =
MercyMe had considered themselves a rock band when they started out . On Spoken For they have progressed to sound " like a solid roots rock band " while retaining an " inspirational adult contemporary sound . " Several critics described the overall sound of the album as roots rock , also regarding Spoken For as a progression or shift beyond the sound of Almost There . The lyrical content has been described as ' refreshingly deep ' and ' thoughtful ' . The instrumentation on Spoken For includes electric guitar , acoustic guitar , bass guitar , and keyboard ; string instruments are also present . The songs on Spoken For are generally guitar @-@ driven , although " Word of God Speak " features only piano and strings over Millard 's vocals .
" Spoken For " , the title track , " offers a look at Jesus recognizing His children at heaven ’ s gate " and has been referred to as ' worshipful ' . Among the individual tracks on the album , " The Change Inside of Me " has been described as " firmly on the pop side of adult contemporary music " , as well as " upbeat pop / rock " . " All The Above " has also been described as ' pop ' ; lyrically , it describes " the elation that rang through the heavens when we became children of God " . " Your Glory Goes On " is also an upbeat pop / rock song . " Crazy " is described as a driving ballad " which explores the merits of heaven over earth " , with its opening bars sounding " a little like a slower version of The Police 's " Every Little Thing She Does Is Magic " . " Come One , Come All " sounds like a cross between the sounds of Sonicflood and John Mellencamp .
= = Singles = =
" Spoken For " was released as the lead single from Spoken For ; it peaked at number one on the Radio & Records Christian AC and INSPO charts , spending seven and six weeks respectively at the top of the charts . It also peaked at number six on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . " Word of God Speak " was released as the second single from the album , and peaked at number one on the Billboard Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts , as well as at number one Radio & Records Christian AC and INSPO charts , and at number 25 on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . " Word of God Speak " spent 23 weeks atop the Christian Songs chart , a record for that chart . A third and final single , " The Change Inside pf Me " , peaked at number eight on the Christian CHR chart .
= = Release = =
Spoken For was released on October 1 , 2002 . It sold 23 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , debuting at number 41 on the Billboard 200 and number two on the Christian Albums chart and at number six on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart . Spoken For ranked at number ten on the 2003 year @-@ end Christian Albums chart , and at number 20 on the 2004 year @-@ end Christian Albums chart . It also ranked at number 46 on the 2000s decade @-@ end Christian Albums chart . The RIAA certified Spoken For Gold in 2003 , signifying shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Critical reception = =
Critical reception to Spoken For was generally positive . Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday gave the album four out of five stars , comparing the album favorably to MercyMe 's previous material . Marcia Bartenhagen of CCM Magazine gave the album a positive review , noting a progression in musical focus , songwriting , and vocals . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today praised the album for its cohesiveness , and found the album an improvement upon the band 's debut album Almost There in its songwriting ; he also praised what he regarded as a shift to a roots rock musical style . Tony Cummings of Cross Rhythms gave the album seven out of ten stars , praising the songs as being " beautifully crafted " . Wendy Lee Nentwig of Crosswalk.com praised the band 's musical and lyrical growth since their debut effort , as well as the " passionate intensity and emotion " of lead singer Bart Millard 's vocals .
Marcia Bartenhagen of CCM Magazine concluded : " While not a perfect sophomore effort , as the group occasionally sways to the triteness so often found on AC / pop projects , MercyMe has progressed in musical focus , songwriting and vocals . "
Spoken For was nominated for Pop / Contemporary Album of the Year at the 34th GMA Dove Awards .
= = Track listing = =
( Credits lifted from the album liner notes )
= = Personnel = =
( Credits lifted from the album liner notes )
= = Charts and certifications = =
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= Flying Eagle cent =
The Flying Eagle cent is a one @-@ cent piece struck by the Mint of the United States as a pattern coin in 1856 , and for circulation in 1857 and 1858 . The coin was designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre , with the eagle in flight based on the work of Longacre 's predecessor , Christian Gobrecht .
By the early 1850s , the large cent ( about the size of a half dollar ) being issued by the Mint was becoming both unpopular in commerce and expensive to coin . After experimenting with various sizes and compositions , the Mint decided on an alloy of 88 % copper and 12 % nickel for a new , smaller cent . After the Mint produced patterns with an 1856 date and gave them to legislators and officials , Congress formally authorized the new piece in February 1857 .
The new cent was issued in exchange for the worn Spanish colonial silver coin that had circulated in the U.S. until then , as well as for its larger predecessor . So many cents were issued that they choked commercial channels , especially as they were not legal tender and no one had to take them . The eagle design did not strike well , and was replaced in 1859 by Longacre 's Indian Head cent .
= = Inception = =
The cent was the first official United States coin to be struck at the Philadelphia Mint in 1793 . These pieces , today known as large cents , were made of pure copper and were about the size of a half dollar . They were struck every year , except 1815 due to a shortage of metal , but were slow to become established in commerce . Worn Spanish colonial silver pieces were then commonly used as money throughout the United States .
The Mint then struck silver or gold in response to deposits by those holding bullion , and made little profit from those transactions . By the 1840s , profits , or seignorage , from monetizing copper into cents helped fund the Mint . In 1849 , copper prices rose sharply , causing the Department of the Treasury to investigate possible alternatives to the large one @-@ cent pieces . The cent was unpopular in trade ; as it was not a legal tender , nobody had to take it , and banks and merchants often refused it . The cent was disliked for its large size as well . In 1837 , the eccentric New York chemist Lewis Feuchtwanger had experimented with a smaller cent size in making model coins as part of a plan to sell his alloy ( similar to base @-@ metal German silver ) to the government for use in coinage . His pieces circulated as hard times tokens in the recession years of the late 1830s and early 1840s .
By 1850 , it was no longer profitable for the Mint to strike cents , and on May 14 , New York Senator Daniel S. Dickinson introduced legislation for a cent made out of billon , copper with a small amount of silver . At the time , it was widely felt that coins should contain a large proportion of their face value in metal . The coin would be annular ; that is , it would have a hole in the middle . The Mint struck experimental pieces , and found that it was difficult to eject such pieces from the presses where they were struck , and that it was expensive to recover the silver from the alloy . Provisions for a smaller cent were dropped from the legislation that gave congressional approval for the three @-@ cent piece in 1851 . Numismatic historian Walter Breen suggested that one factor in rejecting the holed coins was that they reminded many of Chinese cash coins with their minimal purchasing value . A drop in copper prices in 1851 and early 1852 made the matter of a smaller cent less urgent at the Department of the Treasury , which supervised Mint activities .
Copper prices resurged in late 1852 and into 1853 past the $ 0 @.@ 40 per pound that the Mint viewed as the break @-@ even point for cent manufacture after considering the cost of production ; 1 pound ( 0 @.@ 45 kg ) of copper made 42 ⅔ large cents . In 1853 , patterns using a base @-@ metal alloy were struck using a quarter eagle obverse die , about the size of a dime . Some of the proposed alloys contained the metal nickel . Also considered for use in the cent was " French bronze " ( 95 % copper with the remainder tin and zinc ) and various varieties of German silver . In his 1854 annual report , Mint Director James Ross Snowden advocated the issue of small , bronze cents , as well as the elimination of the half cent , which he described as useless in commerce . A number of pattern cents were struck in 1854 and 1855 . These featured various designs , including several depictions of Liberty and two adaptations of work by the late Mint chief engraver , Christian Gobrecht : one showing a seated Liberty , which Gobrecht had placed on the silver coins in the 1830s , and another of a flying eagle , which Gobrecht had created based upon a sketch by Titian Peale .
= = Preparation = =
In early 1856 , Snowden proposed legislation to allow him to issue a smaller cent , but leaving the size and metallic composition up to him and Secretary of the Treasury James Guthrie . Under the plan , the new piece would be legal tender , up to ten cents . It would be issued in exchange for the old Spanish silver still circulating in the United States . In the exchange , the Spanish silver would be given full value ( 12 ½ cents per real , or bit ) when normally such pieces traded at about a 20 % discount due to wear . The loss the government would take on the trade would be paid for by the seignorage on the base @-@ metal pieces . The new cents would also be issued for the old cents , and in exchange for the same value in half cents — that denomination was to be discontinued . The bill was introduced in the Senate on March 25 , 1856 . The old cent weighed 168 grains ( 10 @.@ 9 g ) ; on April 16 , the bill was amended to provide for a cent of at least 95 % copper weighing at least 96 grains ( 6 @.@ 2 g ) and passed the Senate in that form .
While the legislation was being considered , Mint Melter and Refiner James Curtis Booth was conducting experiments on alloys that might be appropriate for the new cent . In July 1856 , Snowden wrote to Guthrie , proposing an alloy of 88 % copper and 12 % nickel as ideal and suggesting amendments to the pending bill that would accomplish this . Booth also wrote to Guthrie to boost the alloy ; both men proposed a weight of 72 grains ( 4 @.@ 7 g ) as convenient as 80 cents would equal a troy pound ( 373 g ) , although the avoirdupois pound ( 454 g ) was more commonly used for base metals .
The Mint 's chief engraver , James B. Longacre , was instructed to prepare designs for pattern coins . Initially , Longacre worked with Liberty head designs such as were common at the time , but Snowden asked that a flying eagle design be prepared . This occurred as Booth 's experiments continued ; the first cent patterns with the flying eagle design were about the size of a quarter . To promote the new alloy , the Mint had 50 half cents struck in it , and had them sent to Washington for Treasury officials to show to officials and congressmen . In early November 1856 , Longacre prepared dies in what would prove to be the final design , depicting a flying eagle on the obverse and a wreathed denomination on the reverse , in the size sought by Booth .
The Mint struck at least several hundred patterns using Longacre 's flying eagle design in the proposed composition . In an effort to secure public acceptance of the new pieces , these were distributed to various congressmen and other officials , initially in November 1856 . Two hundred were sent to the House Committee on Coinage , Weights and Measures , while four were given to President Franklin Pierce . At least 634 specimens were distributed , and possibly several thousand ; extra were available on request . This was the origin of the highly collectable 1856 Flying Eagle cent , which is considered by numismatists as part of the Flying Eagle series although it was actually a pattern or transition piece , not an official coin , as congressional approval had not yet been granted . Additional 1856 small cents were later struck by Snowden for illicit sale , and to exchange for pieces the Mint sought for its coin collection .
In December 1856 , Snowden wrote to Missouri Representative John S. Phelps , hoping for progress with the legislation , and stating that he was already " pressed on all hands , and from every quarter , for the new cent — in fact , the public are very anxious for its issue " . When the legislation , amended to include the weight and alloy the Mint had decided on , was debated in the House of Representatives on December 24 , it was opposed by Tennessee Congressman George Washington Jones over the legal tender provision ; Jones felt that under the Constitution , only gold and silver should be made legal tender . Phelps defended the bill on the ground that Congress had the constitutional power to regulate the value of money , but when the bill was brought back up to be considered on January 14 , 1857 , the legal tender provision had been removed . This time , the bill was opposed by New York Congressman Thomas R. Whitney , who objected to a provision in the bill that legalized the Mint 's practice of designing and striking medals commissioned by the public , feeling that the government should not compete with private medallists . The provision was removed , and the bill passed the following day . The House version was then considered by the Senate , which debated it on February 4 , and passed it with a further amendment allowing the redemption of the Spanish coins for a minimum of two years . The House agreed to this on February 18 , and President Pierce signed the bill on the 21st . The act made foreign gold and silver coins no longer legal tender , but Spanish dollars were redeemable at their nominal value for two years in exchange for the new copper @-@ nickel cents . The half cent was abolished . The new pieces would be the same size ( 19 mm ) , though somewhat heavier , than cents are today .
In anticipation of the success of the legislation , most of the 333 @,@ 456 large cents struck in 1857 never left the Philadelphia Mint , and were later melted . Snowden purchased a new set of rollers and other equipment so that the Mint could produce its own cent planchets , the first time it had done so in over 50 years . Although the legislation was still a day from final passage , Snowden recommended Longacre 's designs to Guthrie on February 20 . Guthrie approved them on the 24th , though he requested that the edge of the coin be made less sharp ; Snowden promised to comply . Flying Eagle cents were struck beginning in April 1857 and were held pending official release . The Mint stored the pieces pending accumulation of a sufficient supply ; in mid @-@ May , Snowden notified Philadelphia newspapers that distribution would begin on May 25 .
= = Design = =
Longacre 's obverse of an eagle in flight is based on that of the Gobrecht dollar , struck in small quantities from 1836 to 1839 . Although Gobrecht 's model is not known with certainty , some sources state that the bird in flight was based on Peter the eagle , a tame bird fed by Mint workers in the early 1830s until it was caught up in machinery and killed . The bird was stuffed , and is still displayed at the Philadelphia Mint .
Despite its derivative nature , Longacre 's eagle has been widely admired . According to art historian Cornelius Vermeule in his book on U.S. coins , the flying eagle motif , when used in the 1830s , was " the first numismatic bird that could be said to derive from nature rather than from colonial carving or heraldry " . Vermeule described the Flying Eagle cent 's replacement , the Indian Head cent , as " far less attractive to the eye than the Peale @-@ Gobrecht flying eagle and its variants " . Sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens , when commissioned in 1905 to provide new designs for American coinage , sought to return a flying eagle design to the cent , writing to President Theodore Roosevelt , " I am using a flying eagle , a modification of the device which was used on the cent of 1857 . I had not seen that coin for many years , and was so impressed by it that I thought if carried out with some modifications , nothing better could be done . It is by all odds the best design on any American coin . " Saint @-@ Gaudens did return the flying eagle to American coinage , but his design was used for the reverse of the double eagle rather than the cent .
The wreath on the reverse is also derivative , having been previously used on Longacre 's Type II gold dollar of 1854 , and the three @-@ dollar piece of the same year . It is composed of leaves of wheat , corn , cotton and tobacco , thus including produce associated with both the North and the South . The cotton leaves are sometimes said to be maple leaves ; the two types are not dissimilar , and maple leaves are more widely known than cotton leaves . An ear of corn is also visible .
= = Release , production , and collecting = =
The Philadelphia Mint released the new cents to the public on May 25 , 1857 . In anticipation of large popular demand , Mint authorities built a temporary wooden structure in the courtyard of the Philadelphia facility . On the morning of the date of release , hundreds of people queued , one line for those exchanging Spanish silver for cents , the other for those bringing in old copper cents and half cents . From 9 am clerks paid out cents for the old pieces ; outside the Mint precincts , early purchasers sold the new cents at a premium . Snowden wrote to Guthrie , " the demand for them is enormous ... we had on hand this morning $ 30 @,@ 000 worth , that is three million pieces . Nearly all of this amount will be paid out today . " The 1856 specimen became publicly known about the time of issuance , and had the public checking their pocket change ; 1856 small cents sold for as much as $ 2 by 1859 . The public interest in the new cents set off a coin collecting boom : in addition to seeking the rare 1856 cent , some tried to collect sets of large cents back to 1793 , and found they would have to pay a premium for the rarer dates .
The Mint had trouble striking the new design . This was due to the hard copper @-@ nickel alloy and the fact that the eagle on one side of the piece was directly opposite parts of the reverse design ; efforts to bring out the design more fully led to increased die breakage . Many Flying Eagle cents show weaknesses , especially at the eagle 's head and tail , which are opposite the wreath . In 1857 , Snowden suggested the replacement of the eagle with a head of Christopher Columbus . Longacre replied that as there had been objections to proposals to place George Washington on the coinage , there would also be to a Columbus design . Despite the difficulties , the 17 @,@ 450 @,@ 000 Flying Eagle cents struck at Philadelphia in 1857 constituted the greatest production of a single coin in a year at a U.S. mint to that time .
In 1858 , the Mint tried to alleviate the breakage problem using a new version of the cent with a shallower relief . This attempt led to the major variety of the series , as coins of the revised version have smaller letters in the inscriptions than those struck earlier . The two varieties are about equally common , and were probably struck side by side for some period as the Mint used up older dies . Efforts to conserve dies were the probable cause of another variety , the 1858 / 7 , as 1857 @-@ dated dies were overstruck to allow them to be used in the new year .
The Mint prepared pattern coins with a much smaller eagle in 1858 , which struck well , but which officials disliked . Snowden directed Longacre to prepare various patterns that he could select from for a new piece to replace the Flying Eagle cent as of January 1 , 1859 . The Mint produced between 60 and 100 sets of twelve patterns showing various designs ; these were circulated to officials and also were quietly sold by the Mint over the next several years . Longacre 's design showing Liberty wearing an Indian @-@ style headress was adopted , with a wreath with lower relief for the reverse of the Indian Head cent , solving the metal flow issues . On November 4 , 1858 , Snowden wrote to the Treasury Department , stating that the Flying Eagle cent had proved " not very acceptable to the general population " as they felt the bird was not true to life , and that the Native American design would " giv [ e ] it the character of America " .
By September 1857 , the volume of Spanish silver coming to the Mint had been so large that Snowden gave up the idea of being able to pay for it just with cents , authorizing payment with gold and silver coins . On March 3 , 1859 , the redemption of the foreign pieces was extended for an additional two years . As commerce was choked with the new cents , Congress repealed this provision in July 1860 , though Snowden continued the practice for more than a year without authorization from Congress . Bankers Magazine for October 1861 reported the end of the exchange , and quoted the Philadelphia Press : " the large issue of the new nickel cents has rendered them almost as much of a nuisance as the old Spanish currency " . According to Breen , " the foreign silver coins had been legal tender , receivable for all kinds of payments including postage stamps and some taxes ; the nickel cents were not . They quickly filled shopkeepers ' cashboxes to the exclusion of almost everything else ; they began to be legally refused in trade . " The glut was ended by the hoarding of all federal coinage in the wake of the economic upset caused by the Civil War .
After the war , the hoarded Flying Eagle cents re @-@ entered circulation . Many remained there only a few years , being pulled out from among the new bronze cents in Treasury Department redemption programs in the 1860s and 1870s — thirteen million copper @-@ nickel cents were retired by exchange for other base @-@ metal coinage . By the 1880s , it was a rarity in circulation . Today , Flying Eagle cents are relatively inexpensive in well @-@ worn grades . The 2015 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins lists the 1857 , 1858 large letters , and 1858 small letters each at $ 28 in Good @-@ 4 condition , the lowest collectable grade . The 1856 is $ 7 @,@ 000 in that grade , rising to $ 22 @,@ 000 in uncirculated MS @-@ 63 . The 1858 / 7 starts at $ 75 in G @-@ 4 , rising to $ 10 @,@ 000 in MS @-@ 63 . An 1856 cent in MS @-@ 66 condition sold at auction in January 2004 for $ 172 @,@ 500 .
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= Looking After Our Own =
" Looking After Our Own " is the second episode of the British espionage television series Spooks . It first aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 20 May 2002 . The episode was written by series creator David Wolstencroft , and directed by Bharat Nalluri . The episode focuses on MI5 's efforts in bringing down right @-@ wing leader Robert Osbourne ( Kevin McNally ) , who is believed to be planning a series of race riots across the UK .
The storyline was originally slated for the finale of the first series , but was pushed forward when the producers were pressured to deliver the story to the BBC . Filming took two weeks , around December 2001 . After its original broadcast , the episode was viewed by over eight million Britons , a decline of one million from the first episode , but was still the strongest performer in its time slot . The episode marked the death of a main character , Helen Flynn ( Lisa Faulkner ) , which was met with considerable controversy due to its perceived violence ; at 250 complaints , it marked the highest number of complaints for a television programme in 2002 .
= = Plot = =
MI5 suspect that right @-@ wing leader Robert Osbourne is planning a series of race riots in the UK . A team led by Danny Hunter ( David Oyelowo ) attempts to bug his home , only to find it impossible because of the home 's high @-@ tech countersurveillance equipment . What MI5 does find is that Osbourne abuses his wife Claire ( Debra Stephenson ) ; believing Claire is vulnerable for recruitment , Section D start " Operation Greensleeves " and tasks a " runner " to befriend her before recruiting . However , vetting did not pick up on the runner 's alcoholism after she becomes involved in a road traffic accident while inebriated . Harry Pearce ( Peter Firth ) appoints Tom Quinn ( Matthew Macfadyen ) and junior administrative officer Helen Flynn ( Lisa Faulkner ) to step in and pose as a married couple who are substitute tutors at the same Romford community college Claire is attending .
The two initially succeed , and are invited to dinner with Osbourne at his home . However , during their visit , Osbourne catches Helen out by addressing Tom as her boyfriend rather than husband ; Helen 's improvising makes Osbourne more suspicious of the two . Later , one of Osbourne 's contacts , Nick Thomas ( Tom Goodman @-@ Hill ) , is revealed to be freelance journalist Kieran Harvey . When Osbourne discovers this , he has Harvey murdered . Tom and Helen gain Claire 's trust and recruit her ; she agrees to help the two in exchange for a £ 600 @-@ a @-@ week account and transport to anywhere in the world .
In the meantime , a cargo of illegal immigrants from Chechnya is intercepted by HM Customs and Excise ; the traffickers throw their cargo overboard , drowning them . Believing the traffickers will change their routes , Tessa Phillips ( Jenny Agutter ) and Zoe Reynolds ( Keeley Hawes ) investigate and discover a link between the shipment and Osbourne . With the information gathered from " Greensleeves " , they discover that Osbourne intends to choke the asylum system by overcrowding the holding centres , and after his followers stir up the race riots , Osbourne would encourage independent Member of Parliament ( MP ) Bill Watson ( Jasper Jacob ) to raise the issue of asylum seekers in the House of Commons .
Tom and Helen prepare to move out , but are kidnapped by Osbourne 's gang and taken to the kitchen of his waste management plant for interrogation . Knowing they are MI5 officers , Osbourne demands everything Tom knows about their operation ; when Tom fails to cooperate , Osbourne forces Helen 's hand , followed by her head into a deep fryer , before shooting her . Before Tom can suffer the same fate , Claire throws a cigarette into the vat , which ignites , buying Tom time to escape and return to Thames House . However , Tom and Harry are disgusted to hear that the powers @-@ that @-@ be will take no action against Osbourne , in order to track the movements of all far @-@ right groups . At the end of the episode . Harry has Osbourne assassinated . Bill Watson receives photographs of the dead refugees washed up on a beach , presumably sent by MI5 , along with a note reading " are you happy with your wash ? "
= = Production = =
= = = Writing and pre @-@ production = = =
The episode 's storyline , including Helen 's death , was meant to be in the first series finale . However , by then , the second episode was not yet written , and series producer Kudos were due to deliver the story to the BBC in one month . As a result , the episode was brought forward to the second slot . Since the first episode began Spooks " with a bang " , series creator and writer David Wolstencroft , was under pressure to top the efforts of the first episode with the second , but not by much . During the writing stage , he introduced a story arc involving Danny Hunter and his obsession with money and spending , apparently mirroring the writer ; the arc was created for the temptations that the officers may have . In the original screenplay , Danny was to spend on his mother .
Wolstencroft included some suggestions from his friends and girlfriend . An early scene was to take place in a shower room , but was rewritten when the producers thought it would be " too racy " for a 9 : 00 p.m. audience . In another instance , a long sequence would take place at sea concerning the smugglers dropping off illegal immigrants into the water ; the scenes were cut before filming due to time constraints . Also , before deciding on waste disposal , Osbourne was originally going to head a security company . The funeral scene towards the end of the episode was inspired by The Godfather II . In the end , the script was rewritten four times before the BBC took the final version of the episode .
Kevin McNally was cast as the antagonist Robert Osbourne ; McNally was chosen because the producers thought he would be perfect to play the part , as is the case with Debra Stephenson , who portrayed his wife . Child actor Daniel Chenery , who played the part of their son , Sammy , was chosen due to his likeness of a younger version of McNally . Also , Simon Crawford Collins 's wife made a cameo appearance as a BT operator .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming took place over a 13 to 14 days period in December 2001 . It was not filmed on order of the script ; the scenes set around the Osbourne residence for instance , were all filmed at once , during two to three days , though during the episodes , the scenes took place in separate parts of the episode . Parts of the introduction scenes , where Danny 's team break into Osbourne 's house , was actually filmed on the Grid set . Parts of the sequence were originally filmed without sound ; the sound would later be added during post production . The footage of the drowned immigrants found at the shore were shot by the second unit headed by producer Simon Crawford Collins on a pebbled courtyard in Kensington to double as a beach .
Some of the exterior scenes at night were filmed with the street wet down so that the lights could kick off the ground . Also in the episode , the editing suite , where the series was edited , was used as a set . The West12 shopping centre in Shepherd 's Bush , London was used in one scene as an airport , as well as the shopping centre itself in another . The Chadford Community College was filmed at a rugby club . The safe house Tom and Helen were appointed to was filmed in two separate locations . One of those locations was used before in the Mary Kane interrogation scene in the pilot episode " Thou Shalt Not Kill " . In one scene where Tom was driving to the operation the car was in fact towed ; an error was made in the episode where the car looked taller than the other cars on the road during the shoot .
= = = Helen Flynn death scene = = =
Wolstencroft wrote the death scene with the intention of giving the audience the impression that no one in the series is safe . According to producer Jane Featherstone , the idea to kill off a main character involved a female getting " her head set on fire " later in the series , but she decided " let 's move the most dramatic thing you 've got to episode two and kill off the only actress the audience recognise [ Faulkner was considered the only recognisable cast member when the series was introduced ] and then you 've got them hooked . " Matthew Macfadyen stated that the shooting of the death scene , although not emotionally draining , was rather tough , and gruelling to perform . The part where Osbourne forces Flynn 's arm into the fryer was done with a rubber arm made to double Faulkner 's arm . Furthermore , the " oil " was in fact cold tea with food colour .
Director Bharat Nalluri wanted as little of the torture to be seen as possible , because he wanted the sequence to be more psychological to make it easier to frighten the audience , since they know the physicality of being burnt , whereas if Helen was shot , not as many would . Producer Stephen Garrett wanted to show a more realistic sense of violence , rather than a fantastical " cartoon violence " " in which blows to the head with iron bars leave small bruises rather than crushed skulls , gunshot wounds leave neat abrasions in conveniently fleshy parts of the anatomy rather than eviscerating their victims ; and fights that would hospitalise Mike Tyson are walked away from with barely a mark . "
= = Broadcast , reception and controversy = =
The episode was first broadcast on 20 May 2002 , during the 9 to 10 pm time slot . It achieved overnight viewing figures of 7 @.@ 8 million , with a 35 per cent audience share . Ratings were down over one million from the pilot episode the previous week . Regardless " Looking After Our Own " won its time slot ; the finale episode of ITV1 drama Helen West came second , with 4 @.@ 9 million viewers and a 21 per cent share . The final numbers posted on the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board website went up slightly to 8 @.@ 1 million viewers , making the episode the ninth most viewed BBC One broadcast , and the nineteenth most viewed broadcast in total the week it aired .
The episode attracted controversy following the demise of Helen Flynn after her hand and head were forced into a deep fryer . The death scenes attracted over 250 complaints , 154 of them to the television watchdog , the Broadcasting Standards Commission , the highest number of complaints for a television programme in 2002 . In the wake of the complaints , BBC insiders had admitted that the scenes " clearly disturbed " some of the viewers , but also defended their decision to show the scene as it would show the audience " the kind of threat which might be faced by agents engaged in the fight against terrorism . " The Broadcasting Standards Commission stated that despite the shocking content ; " in the context was acceptable and important for the later narrative , " however the watchdog still criticised the BBC for failing to warn viewers of the violence to come . Garrett refuted this , stating : " Not only was there a clear warning before the programme began , but for anyone who missed that , the subject matter of the episode ( a conspiracy to stir up inter @-@ racial violence perpetrated by a man who clearly beat his wife ) was hardly the stuff of which chirpy little bucolic fantasies are made . "
Wolstencroft stated that after watching the episode with his friends , they both commended and criticised his work : " I got some angry phone calls from my friends the next day saying ' how could you , but well done , but how could you , but she was so nice , but how could you , but well done ' . " Oyelowo also responded to the controversy , believing that it came from a result of Faulkner 's male fans . Comedian Charlie Brooker however , commended the scene , as well as the series in general , stating in his Guardian column : " The moment her head was forced into the deep @-@ fat @-@ fryer , viewers reared on the formulaic , it 'll @-@ be @-@ alright @-@ in @-@ the @-@ end blandness of cookie @-@ cutter populist dramas like Casualty and Merseybeat sat up and blinked in disbelief : here was a major BBC drama series that actually had the nerve to confound expectation . " In a January 2010 poll , fans of the show voted Helen 's death as the " most shocking death scene " in the series , drawing 49 % of the votes .
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= Do or Die ( Thirty Seconds to Mars song ) =
" Do or Die " is a song by American rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars , featured on their fourth studio album Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams ( 2013 ) . Written and produced by lead vocalist Jared Leto , " Do or Die " explores the feeling of standing up and living one 's dreams . The song is styled in electronic rock and imbued with elements of arena rock . It was serviced to mainstream radio in July 2013 in Europe , and was released as a promotional single in the United States in March 2014 . A version of the song remixed by Dutch music producer Afrojack was digitally released in March 2014 and later included on the deluxe edition of Afrojack 's debut studio album Forget the World ( 2014 ) .
" Do or Die " received positive reviews from music critics , who hailed its musical diversity and its grand and euphoric nature . It charted in some nations due to digital sales from the parent album . The accompanying music video , directed by Leto , features live footage of Thirty Seconds to Mars onstage as well as stories from their fans , personally interviewed by Leto . The video garnered general acclaim from critics , who lauded its atmosphere and simplicity . The song was included in the setlist of the band 's Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour and the subsequent Carnivores Tour .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Do or Die " was written and produced by Jared Leto . It was engineered by Jamie Reed Schefman and mixed by Serban Ghenea . John Hanes engineered it for mixing at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach , Virginia . The song was recorded at The International Centre for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences of Sound in Los Angeles , California and mastered by Howie Weinberg and Dan Gerbarg at Howie Weinberg Mastering . Thirty Seconds to Mars unveiled six songs from their fourth studio album Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams , including " Do or Die " , during a preview event held at the Electric Lady Studios in New York City on March 14 , 2013 .
" Do or Die " is an electronic rock song with influences and elements from arena rock . It opens with a female voiceover introducing the song 's title in the Chinese language , after which there is an electronic introduction . This is followed by the sound of guitars , drum beats and synthesizers . After the first verse , the pre @-@ chorus follows , with Leto voicing the line , " I will never forget the moment " . The full @-@ throated chorus then follows , which features heavy use of synthesizers and drums . The song includes a contribution from the band 's fans , credited as the Knights of the White Shadow , who provide additional vocals recorded at the band 's studio .
In an interview with PureVolume , Leto explained that the song is " about standing up and living out your dreams " . Markos Papadatos , in his review for Digital Journal , called it an " upbeat " song which " deals with one taking their own stance on their beliefs , and living life to the fullest " . In a preview of the record , Jeff Benjamin from Fuse described the song by saying that the band goes " the synthy dance route on the track 's intro before fire @-@ alarm guitars and pummeling drums roar in and smash the Korg keyboards to bits " .
= = Release = =
" Do or Die " was released as a promotional single in Europe in July 2013 through Virgin Records . The song debuted at number 98 on the Ultratip chart of Belgium 's Flemish region on August 24 . The following week , it jumped to number 73 and peaked at number 40 on September 21 . On August 30 , 2013 , it debuted at number 75 on the Ö3 Austria Top 40 . In the Czech Republic , the song entered the national airplay chart at number 91 on the week ending October 20 , 2013 . In Slovakia , it debuted at number 67 on September 22 , 2013 and eventually peaked at number 29 on January 26 , 2014 . Polydor Records released " Do or Die " in the United Kingdom on September 9 , 2013 . It entered the UK Rock Chart at number 38 . After four weeks , the song peaked at number seven on the issue dated September 28 , 2013 . " Do or Die " was used by Major League Baseball as the theme song for the 2013 Major League Baseball Postseason .
In March 2014 , it was announced that Dutch music producer Afrojack and Thirty Seconds to Mars had collaborated on a remixed version of the song . It became commercially available for download in March 2014 and was later included on the deluxe edition of Afrojack 's debut studio album Forget the World . Leto described the collaboration by saying , " It was a lot of fun , and it 's kind of our little summer song . I think it 's good to do things that are unexpected . It keeps it exciting and collaboration is always an interesting thing . " The remixed version of " Do or Die " entered the Dutch Top 40 at number 53 on April 19 , 2014 . After five weeks , it peaked at number 42 . The song debuted at number 46 on US Dance / Electronic Songs and reached a peak of number 33 on June 7 , 2014 .
In the United States , " Do or Die " was sent to modern rock radio on March 17 , 2014 , after the release of " City of Angels " . It entered the Billboard Alternative Songs chart at number 39 and peaked at number 20 on the issue dated October 11 , 2014 . It debuted on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart at number 40 on August 9 .
= = Critical reception = =
" Do or Die " received generally positive reviews from music critics . Emily Zemler , of Billboard , wrote that between the album 's " eclectic experimentation " and " voiceless soundscapes " , the band " slotted in this propulsive rocker , an arena @-@ ready anthem " . She considered " Do or Die " to be one of the album 's " most straightforward tracks " . Dan Slessor of Alternative Press praised it as one of the album 's highlights , in which Thirty Seconds to Mars exercises their capacity for writing " titanic choruses full of sweeping drama in a manner that is almost untouchable " . Brent Faulkner from PopMatters gave a mixed response , writing that the song " relies on a familiar beat as well as liberal layering " . Writers for Contactmusic commended " Do or Die " as one of the standout songs on Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams and a " slow @-@ burning hit of epic , synth @-@ heavy electronica " .
Kaitlyn Hodnicki from Stature magazine was impressed with the song , calling it one of the album 's more upbeat tracks , which " blooms into another epic soundscape led by [ Leto 's ] vocals and some brilliantly used electronic elements " . She felt that the fans ' vocal contribution to the song harks back to previous album This Is War without sounding " cliché or overdone " . Sarah O ' Hara from Lowdown also responded positively to the track , writing that " glorious chants fuel the uplifting ' Do or Die ' " . In a mixed review , John Watt from Drowned in Sound called the song " half @-@ baked synth @-@ rock . " Markos Papadatos from Digital Journal rated it an A and wrote that " the band soars as whole on this tune " , calling Leto 's vocals " raw , powerful and captivating . "
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
The music video for " Do or Die " was directed by Leto , who was credited as pseudonym Bartholomew Cubbins . Leto developed its concept as a companion piece to the music video of " Closer to the Edge " ( 2010 ) , shot during the Into the Wild Tour . " Do or Die " was filmed in the summer of 2013 , during a European leg of the Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour and features live footage of Thirty Seconds to Mars onstage as well as fan commentary . It premiered on August 5 , 2013 .
Leto personally interviewed the band 's fans , termed as the Echelon , who shared stories about the importance of music in their lives , some personal struggles and their own dreams . In an interview with MTV News , the frontman explained that he was inspired by the will to document the personal changes experienced by the band and its audience . " Most of the interviews " , Leto explained , " I did myself , so they 're really intimate . It 's me , it 's them , and it 's the camera . What I 've found is , that if you talk to everybody long enough , you find an incredible story . Every single person has a moment in their life , something that they 've found a solution for , a story to tell . Some are funny , some are really intriguing , and if you ask the right questions , you get interesting answers . "
The music video begins with a German boy who Leto had previously met in Berlin . He spoke about the loss of his father and how he had played a Thirty Seconds to Mars song at the funeral . After Leto again met the German fan again at a concert in Austria , he asked him to share his story on camera . Leto explained , " At the show in Austria , where there were tens of thousands of people , and I ran into him and interviewed him ; he was the first interview of the summer , and he shared this story about losing his father , and what it taught him , it was really an organic and serendipitous and beautiful way to begin . He shared a really personal part of himself and we 're really grateful to him , and that continued throughout all the interviews . "
= = = Reception = = =
Upon its release , the video received general acclaim from critics and fans . James Montgomery from MTV described it as a love @-@ letter to the band 's fans and a document of life on the road . He also considered it the " spiritual sequel to their stirring 2010 live clip " for " Closer to the Edge " . Karen Bliss of Noisecreep was impressed with the video and opened her review by writing , " Thirty Seconds to Mars never fails to impress with what they can do within the confines of a music video . " She believed that its simplicity turned out to be " impactful , touching and uniting " . Garon Cockrell from The Pratt Tribune gave the video a positive review , calling it " excellent " . John Walker from MTV felt that throughout the fans ' personal struggles " music has helped these individuals persevere and continue to enjoy life . Likewise , Thirty Seconds to Mars seem so moved by the audience 's emotions every time they perform live , ' Do or Die 's concept seems to be that they want to return the favor . "
Writers for MuchMusic noticed the band 's tradition for producing unconventional music videos and praised " Do or Die " calling it " another epic " short film . Markos Papadatos of Digital Journal found it " compelling and visually striking " , noticing real @-@ life people from all over the world telling their " moving stories " about their aspirations and dreams . Sean Fitz @-@ Gerald , writing for Mashable , called the video " an inspiring anthem featuring heartfelt , fan @-@ filmed messages " .
= = Live performances = =
" Do or Die " was first performed at special concerts , dubbed as Church of Mars , in May 2013 , shortly before the release of the album . The song later became a set @-@ fixture of the Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour , usually appearing as the penultimate song before " Up in the Air " . However , after the festival tour in June 2013 , which saw the band travel to Rock am Ring and Rock im Park as headline act , the song was moved to the middle of the setlist , usually played before Leto 's acoustic B @-@ stage set . " Do or Die " was also included in the Carnivores Tour , which Thirty Seconds to Mars co @-@ headlined with Linkin Park , and usually appeared approximately halfway through the set . Reviewing a concert , Payal Patel from AXS called " Do or Die " a " sweeping rock anthem " , while Ben Jolley of the Nottingham Post described a performance of the song as energetic and inspirational .
On September 23 , 2014 , Thirty Seconds to Mars performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , featuring a ten @-@ person choir . During the performance , Leto swung a flag bearing messages in support of certain social goals , and invited the audience to join the band on stage towards the finale , as confetti fell from the ceiling . Markos Papadatos , writing for Digital Journal , commented that the performance was another indication that Jared Leto is one of the " most charismatic live performers " in contemporary rock and that Thirty Seconds to Mars " is always able to put on a high @-@ energy show " .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Performed by Thirty Seconds to Mars
Written and produced by Jared Leto
Recorded at The International Centre for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences of Sound , Los Angeles , California
Additional vocals by Knights of the White Shadow
Audio engineering by Jamie Reed Schefman
Mixed by Serban Ghenea
Engineered for Mix by John Hanes at Mixstar Studios , Virginia Beach , Virginia
Mastered by Howie Weinberg and Dan Gerbarg at Howie Weinberg Mastering , Los Angeles , California
Credits adapted from Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Illmatic =
Illmatic is the debut studio album by American rapper Nas , released on April 19 , 1994 , by Columbia Records . After signing with the label with the help of MC Serch , Nas recorded the album in 1992 – 1993 at Chung King Studios , D & D Recording , Battery Studios , and Unique Recording Studios in New York City . Its production was handled by DJ Premier , Large Professor , Pete Rock , Q @-@ Tip , L.E.S. and Nas himself . Styled as a hardcore hip hop album , Illmatic features multi @-@ syllabic internal rhymes and inner @-@ city narratives based on Nas 's experiences in Queensbridge , New York .
The album debuted at # 12 on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart , selling 59 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . However , its initial sales fell below expectations and its five singles failed to achieve significant chart success . Despite the album 's low initial sales , Illmatic received rave reviews from most music critics , who praised its production and Nas ' lyricism . On January 17 , 1996 , the album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , and on December 11 , 2001 it earned a Platinum certification after shipping one million copies in the United States .
Since its initial reception , Illmatic has been recognized by writers and music critics as a landmark album in East Coast hip hop . Its influence on subsequent hip hop artists has been attributed to the album 's production and Nas ' lyricism . It also contributed to the revival of the New York City rap scene , introducing a number of stylistic trends to the region . The album is widely regarded as the greatest hip hop album of all time , appearing on numerous best album lists by critics and publications .
= = Background = =
As a teenager , Nas wanted to pursue a career as a rapper and enlisted his best friend and neighbor , Queensbridge , Queens @-@ native Willy " Ill Will " Graham , as his DJ . He initially went by the nickname " Kid Wave " before adopting the alias " Nasty Nas " . At 15 , he met producer Large Professor from Flushing , and was introduced to his group Main Source . Nas made his recorded debut with them , performing the opening verse on " Live at the Barbeque " from their 1991 album Breaking Atoms . Nas subsequently made his solo debut on his 1992 single " Halftime " for the soundtrack to the film Zebrahead . The single added to the buzz surrounding Nas , earning him comparisons to influential golden age rapper Rakim . Despite his buzz in the underground scene , Nas did not receive an offer for a recording contract , being rejected by major rap labels such as Cold Chillin ' and Def Jam Recordings . Nas and Ill Will continued to work together , but their partnership was cut short when Graham was murdered by a gunman in Queensbridge on May 23 , 1992 ; Nas 's brother was also shot that night , but survived . Nas has cited that moment as a " wake @-@ up call " for him .
In mid 1992 , MC Serch , whose group 3rd Bass had dissolved , began working on a solo project and approached Nas . At the suggestion of producer T @-@ Ray , Serch collaborated with Nas for " Back to the Grill " , the lead single for Serch 's 1992 solo debut album Return of the Product . At the recording session for the song , Serch discovered that Nas did not have a recording contract and subsequently contacted Faith Newman , an A & R executive at Sony Music Entertainment . As Serch recounted , " Nas was in a position where his demo had been sittin ' around , ' Live at the Barbeque ' was already a classic , and he was just tryin ' to find a decent deal ... So when he gave me his demo , I shopped it around . I took it to Russell first , Russell said it sounded like G Rap , he wasn 't wit ' it . So I took it to Faith . Faith loved it , she said she 'd been looking for Nas for a year and a half . They wouldn 't let me leave the office without a deal on the table . "
Once MC Serch assumed the role of executive producer for Nas 's debut project , he attempted to connect Nas with various producers . Based on his buzz at the time , numerous New York @-@ based producers were eager to work with him and went to Power House Studios with Nas . Among those producers was DJ Premier , recognized at the time for his raw , aggressive production with jazz @-@ based samples and heavy scratching , and for his work with rapper Guru as a part of hip hop duo Gang Starr . After his production on Lord Finesse & DJ Mike Smooth 's Funky Technician ( 1990 ) and Jeru the Damaja 's The Sun Rises in the East ( 1994 ) , Premier began recording exclusively at D & D Studios in New York City before working with Nas on Illmatic .
= = Recording = =
Prior to recording , DJ Premier had listened to Nas 's debut single , later stating " When I heard ' Halftime ' , that was some next shit to me . That 's just as classic to me as ' Eric B For President ' and ' The Bridge ' . It just had that type of effect . As simple as it is , all of the elements are there . So from that point , after Serch approached me about doing some cuts , it was automatic . You 'd be stupid to pass that up even if it wasn 't payin ' no money . " Serch later noted the chemistry between Nas and DJ Premier , recounting that " Primo and Nas , they could have been separated at birth . It wasn 't a situation where his beats fit their rhymes , they fit each other . " While Serch reached out to DJ Premier , Large Professor contacted Pete Rock to collaborate with Nas on what became " The World Is Yours " . Shortly afterwards , producers Q @-@ Tip and L.E.S. chose to work on the album . Nas 's father , Olu Dara , also contributed with a cornet solo on " Life 's a Bitch " , which features rapper AZ .
In an early promotional interview , Nas claimed that the name " Illmatic " ( meaning " beyond ill " or " the ultimate " ) was a reference to his incarcerated Queensbridge friend , Illmatic Ice . Nas later described the title name as " supreme ill . It 's as ill as ill gets . That shit is a science of everything ill . " At the time of its recording , expectations in the hip hop scene were high for Illmatic . In a 1994 interview for The Source , which dubbed him " the second coming " , Nas spoke highly of the album , saying that " this feels like a big project that 's gonna affect the world [ ... ] We in here on the down low [ ... ] doing something for the world . That 's how it feels , that 's what it is . For all the ones that think it 's all about some ruff shit , talkin ' about guns all the time , but no science behind it , we gonna bring it to them like this . " AZ recounted recording on the album , " I got on Nas ' album and did the ' Life 's a Bitch ' song , but even then I thought I was terrible on it , to be honest . But once people started hearing that and liking it , that 's what built my confidence . I thought , ' OK , I can probably do this . ' That record was everything . To be the only person featured on Illmatic when Nas is considered one of the top men in New York at that time , one of the freshest new artists , that was big . " During the sessions , Nas composed the song " Nas Is Like " , which he later recorded as a single for his 1999 album I Am … .
Concerning the recording of the album 's opening song " N.Y. State of Mind " , producer DJ Premier later stated " Nas — he 's one of our saviors now . When we did ‘ N.Y. State of Mind , ’ at the beginning when he says , ‘ Straight out the dungeons of rap / Where fake niggas don ’ t make it back , ’ then you hear him say , ‘ I don ’ t know how to start this shit , ’ ’ cause he had just written it . He 's got the beat running in the studio , but he doesn ’ t know how he 's going to format how he 's going to convey it . So he 's going , ‘ I don ’ t know how to start this shit , ’ and I ’ m counting him in [ to begin his verse ] . One , two , three . And then you can hear him go , ‘ Yo , ’ and then he goes right into it . " DJ Premier later discussed the unexpectedness of Nas 's delivery during the recording , stating " He didn ’ t know how he was gonna come in , but he just started going because we were recording . I ’ m actually yelling , ‘ We ’ re recording ! ’ and banging on the [ vocal booth ] window . ‘ Come on , get ready ! ’ You hear him start the shit : Rappers … . And then everyone in the studio was like , ‘ Oh , my God ’ , ’ cause it was so unexpected . He was not ready . So we used that first verse . And that was when he was up and coming , his first album . So we was like , ' Yo , this guy is gonna be big . ' "
= = Themes = =
Illmatic contains discerning treatment of its subject matter : gang rivalries , desolation , and the ravages of urban poverty . Nas , who was twenty years old when the album was released , focuses on depicting his own experiences , creating highly detailed first @-@ person narratives that deconstruct the troubled life of an inner city teenager . One writer describes the theme of the album as a “ [ S ] tory of a gifted writer born into squalor , trying to claw his way out of the trap . It 's somewhere between The Basketball Diaries and Native Son … . ” The narratives featured in Illmatic originate from Nas 's own experiences as an adolescent growing up in Queensbridge , as the lyrics allude to the housing projects located in the Long Island City @-@ section of Queens , New York . Nas said in an interview in 2001 : “ When I made Illmatic I was a little kid in Queensbridge trapped in the ghetto . My soul was trapped in Queensbridge projects . ” In a 2012 interview , he explained his inspiration for exploring this subject matter :
" [ W ] hen my rap generation started , it was about bringing you inside my apartment . It wasn 't about being a rap star ; it was about anything other than . I want you to know who I am : what the streets taste like , feel like , smell like . What the cops talk like , walk like , think like . What crackheads do — I wanted you to smell it , feel it . It was important to me that I told the story that way because I thought that it wouldn 't be told if I didn 't tell it . I thought this was a great point in time in the 1990s in [ New York City ] that needed to be documented and my life needed to be told . "
When depicting life in the projects , Nas alternates from moments of pain and pleasure to frustration and braggadocio . The columnist for OhWord.com wrote : " [ His ] narrative voice swerves between personas that are cynical and optimistic , naïve and world @-@ weary , enraged and serene , globally conscious and provincial " . Music writer Jeff Weiss of Pitchfork describes the " enduring image " often associated with Nas 's narrated stream of consciousness : " [ A ] baby @-@ faced Buddha monk in public housing , scribbling lotto dreams and grim reaper nightmares in dollar notebooks , words enjambed in the margins . The only light is the orange glow of a blunt , bodega liquor , and the adolescent rush of first creation . Sometimes his pen taps the paper and his brain blanks . In the next sentence , he remembers dark streets and the noose . " Critic and blogger Kenny Waste comments on the significance of Queensbridge as a setting in Illmatic , writing , “ The songs are made up largely of recollections or Nas describing his emotions , which range from feeling trapped to overt optimism about his abilities to escape the ' hands of doom ' . But they always remain within the walls of his Queensbridge home . ”
Along with its narratives , Illmatic is also distinct for its many portrayals and descriptions of places , people , and interactions . In his songs , Nas often depicts the corners and boulevards of Queensbridge , while mentioning the names of streets , friends , local crews and drug dealers , and utilizing vernacular slang indigenous to his hometown . Poet and author Kevin Coval describes this approach to songwriting as that of a “ hip @-@ hop poet @-@ reporter ... rooted in the intimate specificity of locale . ” Commenting on Nas 's use of narrative , Sohail Daulatzai , Professor of Film and Media Studies at University of Southern California , compares the album to cinema , citing its " detailed descriptions , dense reportage , and visually stunning rhymes ... " In Born to Use Mics : Reading Nas 's Illmatic , he writes : " Like the 1965 landmark masterpiece film The Battle of Algiers , which captured the Algerian resistance against French colonialism , Illmatic brilliantly blurred the lines between fiction and documentary , creating a heightened sense of realism and visceral eloquence for Nas 's renegade first @-@ person narratives and character @-@ driven odes . ”
= = = Drug violence = = =
Many of the themes found in Illmatic revolve around Nas ’ s experience living in an environment where poverty , violence , and drug use abound . Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s , residents of Queensbridge experienced intense violence , as the housing development was overrun by the crack epidemic . Illmatic contains imagery inspired by this prevalence of street crime . In " N.Y. State of Mind " , Nas details the trap doors , rooftop snipers , street corner lookouts , and drug dealers that pervade his urban dreamscape . Sohail Daulatzai describes this language as " chilling " and suggests that it “ harrowingly describes and imagines with such surreal imagery , with so much noir discontent and even more fuck @-@ you ambition , the fragile and tenuous lives of ghetto dwellers … ” Author Adam Mansbach interprets Nas 's violent aesthetics as a metaphoric device meant to authenticate the rough edges of his persona : " Nas 's world and worldview are criminal and criminalized . Hence , he uses metaphoric violence as a central trope of his poetic . ” Writer and musician Gregory Tate regards this violent imagery as part of a trend towards dark subject matter that came to prevail among East Coast rappers in the hardcore hip hop scene . He writes , “ [ S ] ome of the most memorably dark , depressive but flowing lyrics in hip hop history were written by Nas , Biggie , and members of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan on the death knell of the crack trade .
Other writers , such as Mark Anthony Neal , have described these lyrical themes as a form of “ brooding introspection ” , disclosing the tortured dimensions of drug crime and its impressions on an adolescent Nas . Critic Sam Chennault wrote , " Nas captures post @-@ crack N.Y.C. in all its ruinous glory ... [ r ] ealizing that drugs were both empowering and destructive , his lyrics alternately embrace and reject the idea of ghetto glamour " . According to Steve Juon of RapReviews.com , Nas " illustrates the Queensbridge trife life of his existence [ sic ] , while at the same time providing hope that there is something greater than money , guns and drugs . " Richard Harrington of The Washington Post described Nas 's coming @-@ of @-@ age experience as " balancing limitations and possibilities , distinguishing hurdles and springboards , and acknowledging his own growth from roughneck adolescent to a maturing adult who can respect and criticize the culture of violence that surrounds him .
= = = Artistic credibility = = =
The content of Illmatic is also informed by notions of artistic authenticity . The promotional press sheet that accompanied the album 's release implied Nas ’ s refusal to conform to commercial trends , stating : “ While it 's sad that there 's so much frontin ' in the rap world today , this should only make us sit up and pay attention when a rapper comes along who 's not about milking the latest trend and running off with the loot . ” At the time of the album 's release , the hip hop community was embroiled in a debate about artistic authenticity and commercialism in popular music . Rapper Common , describes in the preface to Born to Use Mics : Reading Nas 's Illmatic the concerns that were felt by him and his contemporaries : “ It was that serious for so many of us . We didn ’ t just grow up with hip hop ; we grew up with hip @-@ hop as hip @-@ hop was also growing , and so that made for a very close and intimate relationship that was becoming more and more urgent – and we felt it . Our art was being challenged in many ways as the moneymen began to sink their teeth into us . ”
In the context of this debate , music writers have interpreted Illmatic as an admonishment for hip hop purists and practitioners . In the opening track , " The Genesis " , Nas bemoans the lack of legitimacy among other MCs in the projects , insisting that he has " Been doin ' this shit since back then . " Citing songs such as “ Life 's a Bitch ” , Guthrie Ramsay Jr. argues that Nas “ set a benchmark for rappers in an artistic field consumed by constantly shifting notions of ' realness ' , authenticity , and artistic credibility . " Sohail Daulatzai writes : " Though Illmatic was highly anticipated release , far from under the radar , Nas 's taking it back to ' the dungeons of rap ' was … a kind of exorcism or purging ( ' where fake niggas don ’ t make it back ' ) that was at the very least trying to claim a different aesthetic of resistance and rebellion that was all too aware of hip @-@ hop 's newfound mainstream potential . "
= = = Musical endowment = = =
In addition to its lyrical content , many writers have commented on the thematic significance of Illmatic 's musical endowments . “ Drawing on everything from old school hip @-@ hop , to blues , to fairly avant @-@ garde jazz compositions , ” writes music blogger Kenny Waste , “ the sampling choices within Illmatic reflect an individual with not only a deep appreciation for but also a deep knowledge of music . ” Musicologist and pianist Guthrie Ramsay Jr. describes Illmatic as “ an artistic emblem ” that “ anchors itself in the moment while reminding us that powerful musical statements often select past material and knowledge for use in the present and hope for the future . ” Kevin Coval considers the sampling of artists Craig G and Biz Markie in ' Memory Lane ' as an attempt to build upon the hip hop tradition of Queens , most notably the Juice Crew All Stars . These samples are intended to serve as tributes to “ Nas 's lyrical forebearers [ sic ] and around @-@ the @-@ way influences . He is repping his borough ’ s hip hop canon . ” The involvement of older artists , including Nas ’ s father , has also been cited as a formative influence in the making of Illmatic . Author Adam Mansbach argues , “ It 's the presence of all these benevolent elders – his father and the cadre of big brother producers steering the album – that empowers Nas to rest comfortably in his identity as an artist and an inheritor of tradition , and thus find the space to innovate . ”
Music writers have also characterized the album 's contents as a commentary on hip @-@ hop 's evolution . As Princeton University professor Imani Perry writes , Illmatic “ embodies the entire story of hip @-@ hop , bearing all of its features and gifts . Nas has the raw lyrics of old schoolers , the expert deejaying and artful lyricism of the 1980s , the slice of hood life , and the mythic ... The history of hip @-@ hop up to 1994 is embodied in Illmatic . ” In the song , " Represent " , Nas alludes to the Juice Crew 's conflict with Boogie Down Productions , which arose as a dispute over the purported origins of hip hop . Princeton University professor Eddie S. Glaude Jr. claims that this " situates Queensbridge and himself within the formative history of hip @-@ hop culture . " The opening skit , ' The Genesis , ' also contains an audio sample of the 1983 film , Wild Style , which showcased the work of early hip @-@ hop pioneers such as Grand Master Flash , Fab Five Freddy , and the Rock Steady Crew . After the music of Wild Style is unwittingly rejected by one of his peers , Nas admonishes his friend about the importance of their musical roots . Kenny Waste suggests that embedded deep within this track " is a complex and subtle exposition on the themes of Illmatic . ” Similarly , Professor Adilifu Nama of California State University Northridge writes , “ ’ [ T ] he use of Wild Style ... goes beyond a simple tactic to imbue Illmatic with an aura of old @-@ school authenticity . The sonic vignette comments on the collective memory of the hip hop community and its real , remembered , and even imagined beginning , as well as the pitfalls of assimilation , the importance of history , and the passing of hip @-@ hop 's ' age of innocence ' . ”
= = Lyricism = =
Illmatic has been noted by music writers for Nas 's unique style of delivery and lyrical & poetic substance . His lyrics contain layered rhythms , multi @-@ syllabic compounded rhymes , internal half rhymes , assonance , and ear @-@ bending enjambment . Music critic Marc Lamont Hill of PopMatters elaborates on Nas 's lyricism and delivery throughout the album , stating " Nas ' complex rhyme patterns , clever word play , and impressive vocab took the art [ of rapping ] to previously unprecedented heights . Building on the pioneering work of Kool G Rap , Big Daddy Kane , and Rakim , tracks like ' Halftime ' and the laid back ' One Time 4 Your Mind ' demonstrated a [ high ] level of technical precision and rhetorical dexterity . " Hill cites " Memory Lane ( Sittin ' in da Park ) " as " an exemplar of flawless lyricism " , while critic Steve Juon wrote that the lyrics of the album closer , " It Ain 't Hard to Tell " , are " just as quotable if not more @-@ so than anything else on the LP – what album could end on a higher note than this ? " :
Focusing on poetic forms found in his lyrics , Princeton University professor Imani Perry describes Nas 's performance as that of a " poet @-@ musician " indebted to the conventions of jazz poetry . She suggests that Nas 's lyricism might have been shaped by the " black art poetry album genre , " pioneered by Gil Scott @-@ Heron , The Last Poets , and Nikki Giovanni . Chicago @-@ based poet and music critic Kevin Coval attributes Nas 's lyricism to his unique approach to rapping , which he describes as a " fresh @-@ out @-@ the @-@ rhyme @-@ book presentation " : " It 's as if Nas , the poet , reporter , brings his notebook into the studio , hears the beat , and weaves his portraits on top with ill precision . " Coval also comments on the rapper 's vignettes of inner @-@ city life , which are depicted using elaborate rhyme structures : " All the words , faces and bodies of an abandoned post @-@ industrial , urban dystopia are framed in Nas 's tightly packed stanzas . These portraits of his brain and community in handcuffs are beautiful , brutal and extremely complex , and they lend themselves to the complex and brillantly compounded rhyme schemes he employs . "
= = Production = =
Illmatic also garnered praise for its production . According to critics , the album 's four major producers ( Large Professor , DJ Premier , Pete Rock , and Q @-@ Tip ) extensively contributed to the cohesive atmospheric aesthetic that permeated the album , while still retaining each 's individual , trademark sound . ' For instance , DJ Premier 's production on the album is noted by critics for his minimalist style , which featured simple loops over heavy beats . Charles Aaron of Spin wrote of the producers ' contributions , " nudging him toward Rakim @-@ like @-@ rumination , they offer subdued , slightly downcast beats , which in hip hop today means jazz , primarily of the ' 70s keyboard @-@ vibe variety " . Q magazine noted that " the musical backdrops are razor sharp ; hard beats but with melodic hooks and loops , atmospheric background piano , strings or muted trumpet , and samples ... A potent treat . " One music critic wrote that " Illmatic is laced with some of the finest beats this side of In Control Volume 1 " .
The majority of the album consists of vintage funk , soul , and jazz samples . Commenting on the album and its use of samples , Pitchfork ' s Jeff Weiss claims that both Nas and his producers found inspiration for the album 's production through the music of their childhood : " The loops rummage through their parent 's collection : Donald Byrd , Joe Chambers , Ahmad Jamal , Parliament , Michael Jackson . Nas invites his rolling stone father , Olu Dara to blow the trumpet coda on " Life 's a Bitch " . Jazz rap fusion had been done well prior , but rarely with such subtlety . Nas didn 't need to make the connection explicit — he allowed you to understand what jazz was like the first time your parents and grandparents heard it . " Similarly , journalist Ben Yew comments on the album 's nostalgic sounds , " The production , accentuated by infectious organ loop [ s ] , vocal sample [ s ] , and synthesizer @-@ like pads in the background , places your mind in a cheerful , reminiscent , mood . "
= = Content = =
= = = Tracks 1 – 5 = = =
The intro , " The Genesis " , is composed as an aural montage that begins with the sound of an elevated train and an almost @-@ inaudible voice rhyming beneath it . Over these sounds , a snatch of dialogue , two men arguing . It samples Grand Wizard Theodore 's " Subway Theme " from the 1983 film Wild Style , the first major hip hop motion picture . Nas made another ode to Wild Style , while shooting the music video for his single , " It Ain 't Hard to Tell " , on the same stage as the finale scene for the film . His verse on " Live at the Barbeque " is played in the background of " The Genesis " . According to music writer Mickey Hess , in the intro , " Nas tells us everything he wants us to know about him . The train is shorthand for New York ; the barely discernible rap is , in fact , his " Live at the Barbeque " verse ; and the dialogue comes from Wild Style , one of the earliest movies to focus on hip hop culture . Each of these is a point of genesis . New York for Nas as a person , ' Live at the Barbeque ' for Nas the rapper , and Wild Style , symbolically at least , for hip hop itself . These are my roots , Nas was saying , and he proceeded to demonstrate exactly what those roots had yielded . "
Setting the general grimy , yet melodic , tone of the album , " N.Y. State of Mind " features a dark , jazzy piano sample by DJ Premier . It opens with high @-@ pitched guitar notes looped from jazz and funk musician Donald Byrd 's " Flight Time " ( 1972 ) , while the prominent groove of piano notes was sampled from the Joe Chambers composition " Mind Rain " ( 1978 ) . The lyrics of " N.Y. State of Mind " have Nas recounting his participation in gang violence and philosophizing that " Life is parallel to Hell , but I must maintain " , while his rapping spans over forty bars . " N.Y. State of Mind " focuses on a mind state that a person obtains from living in Nas 's impoverished environment in New York City . Critic Marc Hill of PopMatters wrote that the song " provides as clear a depiction of ghetto life as a Gordon Parks photograph or a Langston Hughes poem . "
In other songs on Illmatic , Nas celebrates life 's pleasures and achievements , acknowledging violence as a feature of his socio @-@ economic conditions rather than the focus of his life . " Life 's a Bitch " contains a sample of The Gap Band 's hit " Yearning for Your Love " ( 1980 ) , and has guest vocals from East New York @-@ based rapper AZ . It also features Nas 's father , legendary jazz player Olu Dara , playing trumpet as the music fades out . A columnist for OhWord.com wrote that Dara 's contribution to the song provides a " beautifully wistful end to a track that feels drenched in the dying rays of a crimson sunset over the city . " " The World Is Yours " provides a more optimistic narrative from Nas 's viewpoint , as he cites political and spiritual leader Gandhi as an influence in its verse , in contrast to the previous Scarface references of " N.Y. State of Mind " . While citing " Life 's a Bitch " as " possibly the saddest hip @-@ hop song ever recorded " , Rhapsody 's Sam Chennault wrote that " The World Is Yours " " finds optimism in the darkest urban crevices " . " The World Is Yours " was named the seventh greatest rap song by About.com.
= = = Tracks 6 – 10 = = =
The nostalgic " Memory Lane ( Sittin ' in da Park ) " contains a Reuben Wilson sample , which comprises the sound of a Hammond organ , guitar , vocals and percussion , and adds to the track 's ghostly harmonies . Spence D. of IGN wrote that the lyrics evoke " the crossroads of Old School and New School . " " One Love " is composed of a series of letters to incarcerated friends , recounting mutual acquaintances and events that have occurred since the receiver 's imprisonment , and address unfaithful girlfriends , emotionally tortured mothers , and underdog loyalty . The phrase " one love " signifies street loyalty in the song . After delivering " shout @-@ outs to locked down comrades " , Nas chastises a youth who seems destined for prison in the final verse , " Shorty 's laugh was cold blooded as he spoke so foul / Only twelve tryin to tell me that he liked my style [ ... ] Words of wisdom from Nas , try to rise up above / Keep a eye out for Jake , shorty @-@ wop , one love " . Produced by Q @-@ Tip , " One Love " samples the double bass and piano from the Heath Brothers ' " Smilin ' Billy Suite Part II " ( 1975 ) and the drum break from Parliament 's " Come In Out the Rain " ( 1970 ) , complementing the track 's mystical and hypnotic soundscape .
" One Time 4 Your Mind " features battle rhyme braggadocio by Nas . With a similar vibe as " N.Y. State of Mind " , the rhythmic " Represent " has a serious tone , exemplified by Nas ' opening lines , " Straight up shit is real and any day could be your last in the jungle / get murdered on the humble , guns will blast and niggaz tumble " While the majority of the album consists of funk , soul and jazz samples , " Represent " contains a sample of " Thief of Bagdad " by organist Lee Erwin from the 1924 film of the same name . Nas discusses his lifestyle in an environment where he " loves committin ' sins " and " life ain 't shit , but stress , fake niggas and crab stunts " , while describing himself as " The brutalizer , crew de @-@ sizer , accelerator / The type of nigga who be pissin ' in your elevator " . " It Ain 't Hard to Tell " is a braggadocio rap : " Vocals 'll squeeze glocks , MC 's eavesdrop / Though they need not to sneak / My poetry 's deep , I never fail / Nas 's raps should be locked in a cell " It opens with guitars and synths of Michael Jackson 's " Human Nature " ( 1983 ) ; the song 's vocals are sampled for the intro and chorus sections , creating a swirling mix of horns and tweaked @-@ out voices . Large Professor looped in drum samples from Stanley Clarke 's " Slow Dance " ( 1978 ) and saxophone from Kool & the Gang 's " N.T. " ( 1971 ) .
= = Artwork = =
On the vinyl and cassette pressings of Illmatic , Nas replaces the traditional Side A and Side B division with " 40th Side North " and “ 41st Side South , ” respectively – the main streets that form the geographic boundaries that divide the Queensbridge housing projects . Professor Sohail Daulatzai views this labeling as significant , since it transforms Illmatic into " a sonic map . " The album serves as the legend for Nas ’ s ghetto cartography , as he narrates his experiences and those who live in the Queensbridge ” In a 2009 interview with XXL , Nas discussed the purpose behind the album artwork among other promotional efforts , stating " Really the record had to represent everything Nasir Jones is about from beginning to end , from my album cover to my videos . My record company had to beg me to stop filmin ' music videos in the projects . No matter what the song was about I had ' em out there . That 's what it was all about for me , being that kid from the projects , being a poster child for that , that didn ’ t exist back then . "
= = = Album cover = = =
The album cover of Illmatic features a picture of Nas as a child , which was taken after his father , musician Olu Dara , returned home from an overseas tour . The original cover was intended to have a picture of Nas holding Jesus Christ in a headlock , reflecting the religious imagery of Nas 's rap on " Live at the Barbeque " ; " When I was 12 , I went to hell for snuffing Jesus " .
The accepted cover , designed by Aimee Macauley , features a photo of Nas as a child superimposed over a backdrop of a New York city block , taken by Danny Clinch . In a 1994 interview , Nas discussed the concept behind the photo of him at age 7 , stating " That was the year I started to acknowledge everything [ around me ] . That 's the year everything set off . That 's the year I started seeing the future for myself and doing what was right . The ghetto makes you think . The world is ours . I used to think I couldn 't leave my projects . I used to think if I left , if anything happened to me , I thought it would be no justice or I would be just a dead slave or something . The projects used to be my world until I educated myself to see there 's more out there . " As yet , Nas has not pointed to any outside influence for the artwork of his album cover . Yet according to Ego Trip , the cover of Illmatic is " reputedly " believed to have been inspired by a jazz album , Howard Hanger Trio 's A Child Is Born ( 1974 ) -- whose cover also features a photograph of a child , superimposed on an urban landscape .
Since its release , the cover art of Illmatic has also gained an iconic reputation - having been subject to numerous parodies and tributes . Music columnist Byron Crawford later called the cover for Illmatic " one of the dopest album covers ever in hip @-@ hop . " Commenting on the cover 's artistic value , Rob Marriott of Complex writes , " Illmatic 's poignant cover matched the mood , tone , and qualities of this introspective album to such a high degree that it became an instant classic , hailed as a visual full of meaning and nuance . " XXL magazine called the album cover a " high art photo concept for a rap album " and described the artwork as a " noisy , confusing streetscape looking through the housing projects and a young boy superimposed in the center of it all . " The XXL columnist also compared the cover to that of rapper Lil Wayne 's sixth studio album Tha Carter III ( 2008 ) , stating that it also " reflects the reality of disenfranchised youth today . "
On the song " Shark Niggas ( Biters ) " from his debut album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx ... ( 1995 ) , rapper Raekwon with Ghostface Killah criticized the cover of The Notorious B.I.G. ' s Ready to Die ( 1994 ) , which was released a few months after Illmatic , for featuring a picture of a baby with an afro , implying that his cover had copied the idea from Nas . This generated longstanding controversy between the rappers , resulting in an unpublicized feud which Nas later references in his 2002 album God 's Son , on the song " Last Real Nigga Alive . "
= = Commercial performance = =
Illmatic was released on April 19 , 1994 through Columbia Records in the United States . The album also featured international distribution that same year in countries including France , the Netherlands , Canada and the United Kingdom . In its first week of release , Illmatic made its debut on the Billboard 200 albums chart at number 12 , while selling 59 @,@ 000 copies . In spite of this , initial record sales fell below expectations . The album 's five radio singles failed to obtain considerable Billboard success , as each single did not gain significant charting on the Billboard Hot 100 . The lead single " Halftime " only charted on the Hot Rap Singles chart at number 8 , while " Life 's a Bitch " did not chart at all . The album also suffered from extensive bootlegging prior to its release . " Regional demand was so high , " writes music critic Jeff Weiss , " that Serch claimed he discovered a garage with 60 @,@ 000 bootlegged copies . " While initial sales were low , the album was eventually certified gold in sales by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 17 , 1996 after shipping 500 @,@ 000 copies ; the RIAA later certified Illmatic platinum on December 11 , 2001 , following shipments in excess of one million copies . As of April 20 , 2014 , the album sold 1 @,@ 686 @,@ 000 copies in the US . In April 2002 , the album was also certified gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for shipments in excess of 50 @,@ 000 copies in Canada .
= = Critical reception = =
Illmatic received universal acclaim from contemporary music critics , who hailed it as a hip hop masterpiece . NME called its music " rhythmic perfection " , and Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune cited it as the best hardcore hip hop album " out of the East Coast in years " . Dimitri Ehrlich of Entertainment Weekly credited Nas for giving his neighborhood " proper respect " while establishing himself and said that the clever lyrics and harsh beats " draw listeners into the borough 's lifestyle with poetic efficiency . " Touré , writing for Rolling Stone , hailed Nas as an elite rapper because of his articulation , detailed lyrics , and Rakim @-@ like tone , all of which he said " pair [ Illmatic 's ] every beautiful moment with its harsh antithesis . "
Christopher John Farley of Time praised the album as a " wake @-@ up call to [ Nas ' ] listeners " and commended him for rendering rather than glorifying " the rough world he comes from " . USA Today 's James T. Jones IV cited his lyrics as " the most urgent poetry since Public Enemy 's " and also commended Nas for honestly depicting dismal ghetto life without resorting to the sensationalism and misogyny of contemporary gangsta rappers . Richard Harrington of The Washington Post praised Nas for " balancing limitations and possibilities , distinguishing hurdles and springboards , and acknowledging his own growth from roughneck adolescent to a maturing adult who can respect and criticize the culture of violence that surrounds him " .
In a mixed review , Heidi Siegmund of the Los Angeles Times found most of Illmatic hampered by " tired attitudes and posturing " , and interpreted its acclaim from East Coast critics as " an obvious attempt to wrestle hip @-@ hop away from the West " . Charles Aaron of Spin felt that the comparisons to Rakim " will be more deserved " if Nas can expand on his ruminative lyrics with " something more personally revealing " . In his review for Playboy , Robert Christgau called it " New York 's typically spare and loquacious entry in the post @-@ gangsta sweepstakes " and recommended it to listeners who " crave full @-@ bore authenticity without brutal posturing " .
A February 19 , 2014 Village Voice cover story ranked Illmatic as the Most New York City album ever .
= = = The Source = = =
Upon its release , The Source gave Illmatic a five mic rating , their highest rating and a prestigious achievement at the time , given the magazine 's influence in the hip hop community . Jon Shecter , co @-@ founder of The Source , had received a copy of the album eight months before its scheduled release , after which he raved about it , and soon lobbied for it to receive a five mic rating . In his twitter blog , Schecter recounts hearing Illmatic in a meeting with editors on the staff :
It 's about 9pm … I get to the office and I gather all the heads in the conference room . I remember who was there : @ MatteoGlen [ the twitter account of Matty C , then The Source 's " Unsigned Hype " editor ] @ CeeWild [ twitter account of Chris Wilder , another editor ] , @ FrozenFiles [ twitter account of Schott ' Free ' Jacobs , another contemporary editor ] . Everyone is nodding their heads , eyes wide , mouths open , it 's hip @-@ hop paradise . We had a pretty shitty system in there but it didn ’ t matter , I pop in the tape and the powerful musical magic emits from the speakers . When those funky / eerie / powerful xylophone notes from ' One Love ' come on , I remember @ FrozenFiles is literally lying on the floor … He can ’ t comprehend how good it is . None of us can . It 's the best shit we ’ ve heard in our lives … Internally , we start debating how we ’ re gonna handle this . I say right away that it 's gotta get a " 5 "
Eventually , the review for Illmatic was handled by the magazine 's columnist Minya Oh ( then writing under the nom de plume , " shortie " ) , who shared Schecter 's enthusiasm for Nas 's album . In her review of Illmatic , Minyah wrote , " I must maintain this is one of the best hip @-@ hop albums I have ever heard " and wrote of its content , " Lyrically , the whole shit is on point . No cliched metaphors , no gimmicks . Never too abstract , never superficial . " She also commented on the impact of Nas 's " poetic realism " writing : “ Nas ’ images remind me of the personal memories and people , both passed and present … All this may sound like melodrama but it not just me . I 've been hearing similar responses all over . While ' Memory Lane ' is my shit , my homies claim ' The World Is Yours , ' and if you 've got peoples doing time , then ' One Love ' may hit you the hardest . " . With the backing of Schecter and the other editors on the staff , Minya awarded Illmatic with the magazine 's highest rating .
= = = = Controversy = = = =
At the time , it was unheard of for a debuting artist to receive the coveted rating . Author Matthew Gasteier writes , “ It 's difficult to overestimate the impact of receiving the five out of five mics , the first such rating given to any new release by the magazine since its then @-@ editor Reginald Dennis put a moratorium on them . " Reginald Dennis , former music editor of the magazine and XXL co @-@ founder , later recounted , " Awarding records 5 mics – classic status – has always been , on some levels , troubling to me . I mean , we are not only saying that a particular piece of music is superior to everything that is out now , but it will be better than most things released in the future as well [ ... ] I only gave one 5 under my watch and it went to Nas 's Illmatic . " Dennis cited it as " the only time I ever broke the ' no 5 ' rule " and added , " I told Jon that we 'd work all of that stuff out when it was time to review the album . But everyday , Jon was like , ' yo , this album is 5 mics — seriously , Reg , 5 mics ! '
The rating did not come without its share of controversy . Reginald Dennis described to the reaction that followed Minya Oh 's review : " I was happy , Jon was happy , Nas was happy , everybody was happy — except for all of the people who felt that The Chronic should have also gotten a 5 . " Only two years prior , Dr. Dre 's groundbreaking The Chronic failed to earn the coveted rating , despite redefining the musical landscape of hip hop . It was later revealed that while everybody at the magazine knew it was an instant classic , they decided to comply with the strict policy of staying away from a perfect rating . Subsequently , when Nas 's album was exempted from this moratorium , many fans pointed to this decision as a confirmation of journalistic bias towards East Coast hip hop . Despite receiving criticism over his staff 's earlier review of The Chronic , Reginald Dennis continues to defend the decision to award Illmatic with the magazine 's highest rating : " I ’ m just happy that Illmatic is universally acclaimed as a classic , so no one can accuse me of dropping the ball ... And if I hadn ’ t gone through what I did with The Chronic , I wouldn ’ t have had the flexibility to allow for the bending of my policy . So I think it all worked out well . ”
= = = Retrospect = = =
Since its initial reception , Illmatic has been viewed by music writers as one of the quintessential hip hop recordings of the 1990s , while its rankings near the top of many publications ' " best album " lists in disparate genres have given it a reputation as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time . Jon Pareles of The New York Times cited Illmatic as a " milestone in trying to capture the ' street ghetto essence ' " . The album has been described by a number of writers and critics as " classic " . Chris Ryan , writing in The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , called Illmatic " a portrait of an artist as a hood , loner , tortured soul , juvenile delinquent , and fledgling social critic , " and wrote that it " still stands as one of rap 's crowning achievements " . Similar to The Source 's initial sentiment , XXL later gave the album a classic " XXL " rating in a retrospective review . In a retrospective review for MSN Music , Christgau said the record was " better than I thought at the time for sure — as happens with aesthetes sometimes , the purists heard subtleties principled vulgarians like me were disinclined to enjoy " , although he still found it inferior to The Notorious B.I.G. ' s debut album Ready to Die ( 1994 ) . In 2002 , Prefix Mag 's Matthew Gasteier re @-@ examined Illmatic and its musical significance , stating :
Illmatic is the best hip @-@ hop record ever made . Not because it has ten great tracks with perfect beats and flawless rhymes , but because it encompasses everything great about hip @-@ hop that makes the genre worthy of its place in music history . Stylistically , if every other hip @-@ hop record were destroyed , the entire genre could be reconstructed from this one album . But in spirit , Illmatic can just as easily be compared to Ready to Die , It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back , and Enter the Wu @-@ Tang as it can to Rites of Spring , A Hard Day 's Night , Innervisions , and Never Mind the Bollocks . In Illmatic , you find the meaning not just of hip @-@ hop , but of music itself : the struggle of youth to retain its freedom , which is ultimately the struggle of man to retain his own essence .
Illmatic has been included in numerous publications ' " best album " lists in disparate genres . Pitchfork listed the album at number 33 on its list of the Top 100 Albums of the 1990s , and the publication 's columnist Hartley Goldstein called the album " the meticulously crafted essence of everything that makes hip @-@ hop music great ; it 's practically a sonic strand of the genre 's DNA . " It was listed as one of 33 hip hop / R & B albums in Rolling Stone 's " Essential Recordings of the 90s " . It was ranked number five in " The Critics Top 100 Black Music Albums of All Time " and number three in Hip Hop Connection 's " Top 100 Readers Poll " . The album was also ranked number four in Vibe 's list of the Top 10 Rap Albums and number two on MTV 's list of The Greatest Hip Hop Albums of All Time . In 1998 , it was selected as one of The Source 's 100 Best Rap Albums . In 2003 , Rolling Stone ranked the album number 400 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time ; it was ranked number 314 in a revised list in 2012 . On March 30 , 2004 , Illmatic was remastered and re @-@ released with a bonus disc of remixes and new material produced by Marley Marl and Large Professor , in commemoration of its tenth anniversary . Upon its 2004 re @-@ release , Marc Hill of PopMatters dubbed it " the greatest album of all time " and stated , " Ten years after its release , Illmatic stands not only as the best hip @-@ hop album ever made , but also one of the greatest artistic productions of the twentieth century . " The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die .
= = Legacy and influence = =
= = = East Coast Hip @-@ Hop = = =
Illmatic has been noted as one of the most influential hip hop albums of all time , with pundits describing it as an archetypal East Coast hip hop album . Jeff Weiss of Pitchfork writes : " No album better reflected the sound and style of New York , 94 . The alembic of soul jazz samples , SP @-@ 1200s , broken nose breaks , and raw rap distilled the Henny , no chaser ideal of boom bap . " Citing Illmatic as part of a string of notable albums released in 1994 , David Drake of Stylus Magazine writes " This was the critical point for the East Coast , a time when rappers from the New York area were releasing bucketloads of thrilling work " . John Bush of Allmusic compares Illmatic to another DJ Premier production , The Sun Rises in the East ( 1994 ) , as " one of the quintessential East Coast records " . Along with the critical acclaim of the Wu @-@ Tang Clan 's debut album Enter the Wu @-@ Tang ( 36 Chambers ) ( 1993 ) and the success of The Notorious B.I.G. ' s debut Ready to Die ( 1994 ) , Illmatic was also instrumental in restoring interest in the East Coast hip hop scene . " Rarely has the birthplace of hip @-@ hop , " wrote Rob Marriott of Complex , " been so unanimous in praise of a rap record and the MC who made it . " As Nas later recounted : " It felt amazing to be accepted by New York City in that way ... at the time a lot of West Coast hip @-@ hop was selling ; East Coast wasn 't selling as much , especially for a new artist . So back then you couldn 't tell in the sales , but you could tell in the streets " .
= = = = Production = = = =
Illmatic has been noted as a creative high point for East Coast hip hop , since it featured production from renowned New York @-@ based producers Large Professor , Pete Rock and DJ Premier . The album solidified the reputation of these producers , whose contributions to Illmatic became influential in shaping the soundscape of New York 's regional scene . According to music writer Rob Marriott , Illmatic helped to establish DJ Premier as " the go @-@ to producer for the jazz @-@ and @-@ blues @-@ inflected knock that became so central to East Coast sound . "
Following the album 's release , hip hop artists increasingly began to draw upon a broad stable of producers for their projects . At the time , the assembly of big @-@ name producers was unprecedented , since most hip hop albums had primarily been the work of one dedicated producer and sometimes an embedded production team . Yet author Adam Mansbach reflects on the impact of Illmatic 's noteworthy producers , writing : " The psychological impact on the listener of having all these elite producers – some of whom , like Q @-@ Tip , really weren ’ t known yet for doing outside production work at all – coming together to lace the debut of this kid from Queensbridge was tremendous . " This same template would also be used by other successful East Coast rappers . In an article on New York hip hop , Mosi Reeves of Creative Loafing wrote that " Nas ' Illmatic . . . is the first to draw together top hip hop producers in the recording industry . That formula , most successfully mined by the late Notorious B.I.G. ( 1997 's Life After Death ) , Puff Daddy ( 1997 's No Way Out ) and Jay @-@ Z ( 1998 's Vol . 2 ... Hard Knock Life ) , is what most N.Y. prospects still use today . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times writes that after Illmatic 's release , “ [ I ] t became commonplace for rappers to search around for different producers who could enhance their sound . "
Yet while hip @-@ hop artists continue to draw upon this template for album production , the practice has earned some criticism . In an article titled , " How Nas ' " Illmatic " Ruined Hip @-@ Hop , " Insanul Ahmed of Complex argues that one " unintended consequence " of Illmatic was the overall decline in the cohesion and quality of rap albums : " Next thing you knew , rap albums started having a different producer for every song . And like a film that has a different director for every scene , albums became unfocused affairs . This also meant that producers weren ’ t tied to artists anymore . "
= = = = Queensbridge = = = =
Illmatic is also credited with reviving the Queensbridge rap scene . Once home to prestigious pioneers such as Marley Marl , MC Shan , Roxanne Shanté , Queensbridge had been one of the most productive hip hop scenes in the country during the 1980s . In an April 2006 article , an XXL columnist wrote of the history and impact of the Queensbridge hip hop scene , stating " Since the 1980s , New York City 's Queensbridge Housing Projects has been documented perhaps better than any other geographic location . Starting with super producer Marley Marl 's dominant Juice Crew in the ’ 80s all the way through ’ 90s mainstays like Nas , Cormega and Capone , the Bridge has produced the highest per @-@ capita talent of any ’ hood . " Yet during the early 1990s , the Queensbridge rap scene was otherwise stagnant . According to Nas : " I was coming from the legacy of Marley Marl , MC Shan , Juice Crew kind of vibe . Knowing these guys out in the neighborhood . At that time , the Queensbridge scene was dead . Dropping that album right there said a lot for me to carry on the legacy of the Queensbridge pioneers . "
Following Illmatic 's release , Queensbridge returned to prominence after years of obscurity , with the ascendancy of the influential hardcore rap group , Mobb Deep ( who gained credibility due to their affiliation with Nas ) and later with the emergence of the trend @-@ setting duo , Capone @-@ n @-@ Noreaga . Nas appeared on Mobb Deep 's critically acclaimed studio album The Infamous ( 1995 ) . Furthermore , the album is credited with launching the career of the East New York @-@ based rapper , AZ . AZ , who gained instant exposure and underground credibility due to his appearance on " Life 's a Bitch " , became a frequent collaborator of Nas , who appeared on his debut album Doe or Die ( 1995 ) .
= = = = Decline of Alternative Hip @-@ Hop = = = =
Illmatic was one of the first major recordings to emerge from New York 's burgeoning hardcore hip hop scene , at a time when much of East Coast hip hop was still dominated by alternative hip hop acts such as A Tribe Called Quest and De La Soul ( groups often known for their jazz @-@ inspired production and playful sensibilities ) . Adam Heimlich of The New York Press comments on the appeal of alternative hip @-@ hop in New York City 's music scene , and points out that , " In 1994 , there appeared likely to be more money ( and definitely more cultural rewards ) in working with Arrested Development or Digable Planets . "
Yet according to Heimlich , Illmatic provided an " explosive , explicit rejection of the cultural assimilation of most previous hip @-@ hop , " due to its rugged use of language and its uncompromising portrayal of crime . Heimlich cites Nas ' role in the resurgent hardcore movement , writing : " [ Nas ] came on the scene as hardcore 's golden child . Along with Wu @-@ Tang Clan , Nas and Mobb Deep . . . all but invented 90s New York rap , back when the notion of an ' East Coast gangsta ' still meant Schoolly D or Kool G. Rap . Those three ... designed the manner and style in which New York artists would address what Snoop and Dre had made rap 's hottest topics : drugs and violence . " Similarly , Duke University Professor , Mark Anthony Neal , writes , “ Nas was at the forefront of a renaissance of East Coast hip hop ” in which “ ... a distinct East Coast style of so @-@ called gangsta rap appeared , ” as heard in similarly styled recordings such as Wu @-@ Tang Clan 's “ C.R.E.A.M. ” and Notorious B.I.G. ' s " Everyday Struggle " .
According to Steve Huey of Allmusic , while Illmatic contains strong elements of jazz rap , it nonetheless signaled a major regional shift towards hardcore aesthetics , marking " the beginning of a shift away from Native Tongues @-@ inspired alternative rap . " Professor Sohail Dalautzai of the University of Southern California comments on Illmatic 's indebtedness to hardcore hip hop : “ [ B ] ecause in bridging the gap and embodying the street swagger of Kool G Rap , the metaphysics of Rakim , and the revolutionary lumpen philosophies of Ice Cube , Nas ... unified the disparate threads of urban rebellion that were conflagrating from hip @-@ hop 's street corner ciphers . ”
= = = = West Coast Hip @-@ Hop = = = =
The critical acclaim surrounding the album also helped to shift attention away from the melodious , synth @-@ driven , and funk @-@ induced G @-@ funk subgenre , which dominated the charts for some time after Dr. Dre 's The Chronic ( 1992 ) . Citing the example of Snoop Dogg 's wildly popular Doggystyle ( released six months prior to Nas ' debut ) author Matthew Gasteier writes , " The first thing immediately noticeable about the [ Source magazine ] review , is that , like essentially every other review about Illmatic in publications like Vibe , Spin , Rolling Stones , and The New York Times , it mentions Snoop Doggy Dogg 's Doggystyle in the first paragraph . " That nearly every reviewer felt the need to contextualize their response to Illmatic within the frame of West Coast G @-@ Funk " is a reminder of just how pervasive the style was within the hip hop world and the music community as a whole . "
Yet according to writer Mickey Hess , Illmatic was among those East Coast records that helped " create sparse , rough and rugged soundscapes that clearly differed from Dre 's multi @-@ layered melodies . " As Allmusic 's Steve Huey writes , " It helped spearhead the artistic renaissance of New York hip hop in the post @-@ Chronic era , leading a return to street aesthetics . " Contrasting these aesthetics with the themes found in G @-@ Funk , writer and filmmaker Dream Hampton writes , " Illmatic was a dirty bomb thrown at the orchestral sonic soundtrack that was The Chronic ... This wasn ’ t a backyard bikini barbeque where the Ohio Players and DJ Quik were mashed up ; this was a three @-@ month bid on Rikers Island , a dirty dice game , blunts of brown Brooklyn sparked in the park after dark . "
Despite these regional differences , Hampton credits Illmatic with providing a common artistic ground for rappers on the West Coast and East Coast rap scenes . In the 2009 essay " Born Alone , Die Alone , " she recounts the album 's impact on West Coast artist , Tupac Shakur . While working as a journalist for The Source in 1994 , Hampton covered three court cases involving Tupac . Around this time , she received an advance @-@ copy of Illmatic and immediately dubbed a cassette version for Tupac , who became " an instant convert " of the album . The next day , she writes , Tupac " arrived in his assigned courtroom blasting Illmatic so loudly that the bailiff yelled at him to turn it off before the judge took his seat on the bench . " In her essay , Hampton implies that Nas ' lyricism might have influenced Tupac 's acclaimed album , Me Against the World , which was recorded that same year .
West Coast artist The Game also recounts the impact of Illmatic for fans like himself outside of New York . In his collaboration with Nas on " Hustlers " ( 2006 ) , he retells an episode taking place during his youth , where he decided to shoplift both Illmatic and The Chronic : " 1995 , eleven years from the day / I 'm in the record shop with choices to make Illmatic on the top shelf , The Chronic on the left , homie / Wanna cop both but only got a twenty on me / So fuck it , I stole both , spent the twenty on a dub @-@ sack / Ripped the package of Illmatic and bumped that / For my niggas it was too complex when Nas rhymed / I was the only Compton nigga with a New York State of Mind "
= = = Lyricism = = =
During the time of its release , Illmatic brought a renewed focus on lyricism to hip hop — hearkening back to the heyday of Kool G Rap , Big Daddy Kane , and Rakim . Music journalist Kelefa Sanneh of The New York Times wrote of Illmatic , stating that Nas " perfected a dense , rat @-@ a @-@ tat rhyme style that built upon the legacy of 1980s pioneers like Rakim and Big Daddy Kane . " In his book To the Break of Dawn : A Freestyle on the Hip Hop Aesthetic , William Jelani Cobb writes of Nas ' impact on lyricism and the comparisons to eminent rapper Rakim at the time :
Nas , the poetic sage of the Queensbridge projects , was hailed as the second coming of Rakim — as if the first had reached his expiration date . [ ... ] Nas never became ' the next Rakim , ' nor did he really have to . Illmatic stood on its own terms . The sublime lyricism of the CD , combined with the fact that it was delivered into the crucible of the boiling East @-@ West conflict , quickly solidified [ his ] reputation as the premier writer of his time .
Despite its initial low sales , the album had a profound impact on the hip hop underground circuit , and marked a major stylistic change in hip hop music by introducing a new standard of lyricism . Before the album 's release , hip @-@ hop lyricism was mostly defined by two popular forms . One was characterized by a fast @-@ paced ragga @-@ flow accompanied with a whimsical , often nonsensical lyrical delivery , and had been popularized by the Brooklyn @-@ based groups Das EFX and The Fu @-@ Schnickens . The other was characterized by a slurred " lazy drawl " that sacrificed lyrical complexity for clarity and rhythmic cadence , and was exemplified by West Coast hip hop emcees including Snoop Doggy Dogg and Warren G. However , Nas ' content , verbal pace , and intricate internal rhyme patterns inspired several rappers to modify their lyrical abilities . Music critic Rob Marriott notes , " [ R ] appers like Mobb Deep , Tragedy Khadafi , Nature , Cormega , Noreaga , Capone , Raekwon , Ghostface , and even the Windy City wordsmith Common seemed to find new inspiration in Nas ' self awareness , internal rhyme schemes , and mastery of street detail . " Marriott also describes the impact of Illmatic 's " poetic approach " on Jay @-@ Z , writing : " The Brooklyn MC switched his style up from his fast @-@ talking Jaz @-@ O days enough to produce Reasonable Doubt , an album marked by Nas @-@ like introspection ... "
Many rappers have taken note of Illmatic 's influence on their lyricism . Ghostface Killah recounted , “ When I used to listen to Nas back in the days , it was like , ‘ Oh shit ! He murdered that . ’ That forced me to get my pen game up ... The whole Illmatic album forced you to go ahead and do shit ... It was inspiration . " Detroit rapper Elzhi states , " [ A ] round the time Nas did Illmatic , it made me wanna step my game up ... He 's one of the reasons I did go off into storytelling because his pictures were so vivid . When he displayed his rhyme schemes and his word play and his songs , it made me wanna create visual pictures as well . " Casey Veggies also recounts the impact Nas ' lyricism had on his own work as an underground rapper in the 2000s : “ I [ got into ] Illmatic when I was 14 , 15 . I didn ’ t get onto to it till late , but when I did , that 's probably the only thing I listened to for six months to a year ... After I got heavy on Illmatic , I put out Sleeping In Class ( 2010 ) . That 's when I really tried to sharpen my skills and get better . ”
= = = = Hip @-@ Hop poetry = = = =
In addition to his rapping , Nas achieved significance for his poetic use of language . Professor Adilifu Nama of California State University Northridge writes , “ With Illmatic , hip @-@ hop witnessed the birth of an urban griot telling hard @-@ boiled tales of ghetto alienation and triumph like a spoken @-@ word of a Chester Himes novel " Author and music writer Todd Boyd wrote of Nas ' urban realism , stating that his " poetic lyrics are some of the most poignant words ever to describe the postindustrial urban experience . His spoken @-@ word like delivery and his vivid use of metaphor placed him at the top of the game in terms of overall skills as an MC and as a cultural commentator . " An OhWord.com columnist similarly described Nas as a " genius introvert who rose out of the rubble of Reaganomics to bless the mic with a forward brand of introspective , redemptive street poetry " . Princeton University professor Imani Perry also describes Illmatic as " ars poetica , a definitive statement for the art of hip @-@ hop poetry . "
According to author and poet Kevin Coval , Nas “ raise [ d ] the bar for MCs ” by advancing his lyricism “ from punch lines and hot lines to whole thought pictures manifest in rhyme form . ” Together with Paul Beatty ’ s seminal collection of poems , Joker Joker Deuce ( 1994 ) Coval cites the release of Illmatic as a " generational moment " that marked the development of hip hop poetry . Just as hip @-@ hop poetics were being written and published for the first time on paper , Nas provided a sonic production that definitively captured " the poetic response " to hip hop music . “ It is from this point on , ” he writes , “ that style , technique and craft merge with collage / pastiche , braggadocio , stark portrait @-@ painting from the margins , frenetic , fun and funny wordplay , and the rupture of linear storytelling schemes . These become tropes in a burgeoning school of American letters that 's moving toward an aesthetics of hip @-@ hop poetics . "
Many of the poetic tropes found in Illmatic have also become terms and phrases within hip @-@ hop lexicon . " ' The World Is Yours , ' Nas ' reference to the blimp in Scarface , " writes Rob Marriott , " has remained a trope hip @-@ hop has taken to heart ... Even the word " Illmatic " itself [ ... ] became synonymous with anything surprisingly excellent , street @-@ born and / or out of left field . " In 2013 , music writer Jeff Weiss commented on the extensive vernacular usage of Illmatic , writing : " The phrases and images are so deeply rooted in rap consciousness to have become cliché . Over the last 19 years , a million secret handshakes and scratched hooks have been executed to lines from Illmatic . "
= = = Hip @-@ Hop artists = = =
Many respected mainstream and underground rappers have acknowledged Illmatic 's influence . These wide range of artists include the battle rappers , SunN.Y. and Reef The Lost Cauze , conscious rappers Talib Kweli and Lupe Fiasco , the producers Just Blaze and 9th Wonder , as well as the platinum @-@ selling artists Wiz Khalifa , Alicia Keys and The Game , who makes references to the album on his debut , The Documentary In 2006 , Illmatic was featured in a list of acclaimed hip hop albums , compiled by Clipse . Malice , a member of the hip hop duo , claimed : " Illmatic captured the whole New York state of mind for me . It embraced everything I knew New York to be . The album had 10 songs , all of them flawless . Me and my homies got great memories of rolling around listening to that , huslin ' , smokin ' , chillin ' . That embodied everything that was right with hip @-@ hop . That CD never came out my deck . " Speaking in 2012 , British producer , DJ Semtex described Illmatic as " an exemplary album of perfection that forced the evolution of lyricism and production values within hip hop . Eighteen years later it remains omnipotent . "
In 2006 , Marc Mac of the electronic music duo 4hero , produced a cover version of " The World Is Yours " as part of his jazz and hip @-@ hip fusion project , The Visioneers . Lyrics from Illmatic have also been sampled by other rappers , most notably Big L 's " Ebonics " ( which samples " It Ain 't Hard to Tell " ) , Milkbone 's " Keep It Real " ( which samples " Life 's a Bitch " ) , Real Live 's " Real Live Shit " ( which samples " It Ain 't Hard to Tell " ) , Damu the Fudgemunk 's " Prosper " ft . Raw Poetic ( which samples " N.Y. State of Mind " ) , Blu & Exile 's " In Remembrance " ( which samples " The World Is Yours " and " One Love " ) , Mac Miller 's " Nikes On My Feet " ( which samples " The World Is Yours " ) and Jay @-@ Z 's " Rap Game / Crack Game " ( which samples " Represent " ) and " Dead Presidents II " ( which samples " The World Is Yours " ) .
= = = = Legacy and tributes = = = =
Since its release , Illmatic has become a benchmark for upcoming rappers whose albums are widely anticipated by critics . Hip hop pundits have viewed debut albums as crucial in generating publicity and shaping the legacy of an artist 's career . Given the historic anticipation and acclaim surrounding Nas ' debut , Illmatic has become a byword for this sort of phenomenon . As one columnist for the Complex Magazine writes , " Think about the question that pops into your head whenever a new rapper drops his first album : ' Is it the next Illmatic ? ' " In 2012 , the release of Kendrick Lamar 's album , Good Kid , M.A.A.D City , drew comparisons to Illmatic from critics and journalists . In an interview with 2 Dope Boyz , Lamar commented on these comparisons , stating :
“ Illmatic ? For people to even put my album in the light of that , is an accomplishment . It 's crazy to even be mentioned with it but it 's scary at the same time ... That era – I wanna say the age range now would be 30 , 30 to 40 – they can recognize this was the album . Illmatic ’ s the album for the ’ 90s era when I was growing up ... it 's just a weird feeling to be in that same type of light , ‘ cus it takes a whole lot of responsibility to keep that up in the long run and longevity , and that 's something I don ’ t have yet … so Illmatic will always be # 1 . ”
Illmatic has also been cited as a musical template for other hip hop artists . Common 's critically acclaimed album Be ( 2005 ) has been said to have been molded after Illmatic . In 2010 , underground hip hop artist Fashawn released the mixtape Ode to Illmatic to " pay homage , ' cause Illmatic was one of them kinda albums that really impacted my life ” . Detroit rapper Elzhi released a remake of Illmatic titled Elmatic ( 2011 ) . Taking note of a trend of tributes to Illmatic in 2011 , Richard Watson of The Guardian wrote , " To quote Nasir Jones himself ... ' It Ain 't Hard To Tell ' why today 's rappers are paying tribute to his debut album . Illmatic has become a totem , a work that both looked back into hip @-@ hop history and pointed towards its future . "
= = = Intellectual response = = =
Illmatic has also received notable attention from scholars and authors outside the music industry . Since its release , the album has become the subject of scholarship within academic and literary circles . In 2009 , as part of the 33 ⅓ book series , author Matthew Gasteier published a deconstruction of Illmatic , that focuses on the dualities that inform its narratives . In 2012 , playwright Shaun Neblett created a tribute play titled Homage 3 : Illmatic , which tells the story of an aspiring artist and explores the themes found in Nas ' debut . " [ A ] s its title suggests , " writes one reviewer , " ... the play is completely based on and acts as a tribute to Nas ’ Illmatic album . The rappers ’ bars come alive on stage through Homage 3 , which deliberately shows how intellectually well @-@ versed Nas truly is , and much bigger than that , how much Hip @-@ Hop has to offer , culturally , outside of the radio , clubs and the street . "
Illmatic is also the focus of a significant work of hip @-@ hop scholarship , Born to Use Mics : Reading Nas 's Illmatic ( 2009 ) , edited by Michael Eric Dyson and Sohail Daulatzai . With contributions from figures such as Greg Tate , Adam Mansbach , Eddie Glaude , Dream Hampton , Marc Lamont Hill , and Suheir Hammad , Born to Use Mics ... is the first academic project to assemble a group of scholars , poets , filmmakers , journalists , novelists , and musicians to reflect on a specific hip hop album . In the introduction , Daulatzai explains the singular focus on Illmatic , writing :
[ S ] ome might ask , why Illmatic ? Why not Boogie Down Productions ’ Criminal Minded , Public Enemy ’ s It Takes a Nation to Hold Us Back , or Ice Cube ’ s AmeriKKKa 's Most Wanted ? No doubt these were great albums , coming at a moment when hip hop was cutting its teeth on social commentary and refining its ear on dusty breaks , hard snares , and sonic mayhem . But there is something about Illmatic that transcends the categories that have ever existed about hip @-@ hop . Something complex about its simplicity , something elusive that we felt we wanted to explore . Straight up though , Illmatic is just a dope album , embodying everything that is hip @-@ hop while mastering what matters most : beats and rhymes .
= = = = Hip @-@ Hop debates = = = =
Illmatic has also helped to shape the attitudes and perceptions of hip hop fans , who cherish it as a music template that defines the genre 's conventions . As music critic Jeff Weiss writes , “ Illmatic is the gold standard that boom @-@ bap connoisseurs refer to in the same way that Baby Boomers talk about Highway 61 Revisited . The evidence they point to when they want to say : this is how good it can be . ” New York Times columnist Jon Caramanica also credits the album with inadvertently spawning hip hop 's counterculture . " Illmatic " he writes , " mobilized a national network of dissidents craving something true to the streets but eager to distance themselves from what was beginning to be perceived as a scourge – gangster rap . " According to Caramanica , Nas ' debut was received by these fans as a " rebuke " towards trends that were beginning to shape mainstream rap : " the pop crossover , the exuberant production values , [ and ] the splintering of rap into blithe and concerned wings . "
For this reason , Caramanica considers Illmatic to be " unusually significant to the intellectual development of the [ hip @-@ hop ] genre " yet he also remains critical of the divisiveness spawned by its " zealots . " In his essay , " ' Night Time is More Trife Than Ever ' : The Many Misuses of Nas , " he writes : " Illmatic is responsible for countless pointless ' rap versus hip @-@ hop debates , ' a shocking amount of hip @-@ hop self @-@ righteousness , the emergence of the backpack movement as something more than a regional curio , and the persistence of the idea that lyricism is the only standard great rap music should be held to . " Commenting on these polarized debates , Jeff Weiss suggests that Illmatic is " best heard by ignoring the dogma , culture wars , Nas clones , and would @-@ be saviors that have accreted since April of 1994 . Who cares whether it 's the greatest rap album of all @-@ time or not ? It 's an example of how great rap can be , but not necessarily the way it should be . " '
= = = Subsequent work by Nas = = =
While its success helped Nas ' career immeasurably , hip hop aficionados have cited the album as his inextricable " gift and curse " . Due to its critical fame , Nas ' subsequent studio albums have been weighed against Illmatic , despite all of them outselling his debut . Against this standard , they are often critically deemed as mediocre follow @-@ ups . After manager Steve Stoute convinced Nas to aim his efforts in a more commercial direction for his follow @-@ up album It Was Written ( 1996 ) , he enlisted the production team Trackmasters , who were known for their mainstream work at the time . It was criticized for its embrace of gangsta / mafioso themes and materialistic subject matter , but proved to be a commercial success , selling over three million copies . Critics gave it mixed reviews , and general consensus was that it failed to live up to the classic status of Illmatic . Many fans of Illmatic labeled his subsequent efforts as ' selling out ' , due to his crossover sensibilities ( e.g. his participation with the hip hop group The Firm ) and radio @-@ friendly hits aimed at the pop charts , such as " If I Ruled the World ( Imagine That ) " ( 1996 ) and " Hate Me Now " ( 1999 ) .
When he released his third and fourth studio albums , I Am … and Nastradamus ( 1999 ) , which underwent editing due to bootlegging of the recording sessions , many fans and critics feared that his career was deteriorating , as both albums received further criticism for their commercially oriented sound . Reflecting this widespread perception in the hip hop community and adding to his ongoing feud with Nas at the time , Jay @-@ Z mocked him in the song " Takeover " ( 2001 ) for having a " one hot album [ Illmatic ] every ten year average " . A journalist writing for The Source commented on the demanding legacy of Nas ' debut : " Blame excellence , blame perfection and aggression . Blame one of hip @-@ hop 's most beautiful moments for the prison that traps Nasir Jones today – blame Illmatic . " Nas , however , made something of a comeback with his fifth album Stillmatic ( 2001 ) and the acclaimed follow @-@ up God 's Son ( 2002 ) , as well as The Lost Tapes ( 2002 ) , a compilation of previously unreleased tracks from the I Am … and Nastradamus sessions . Afterwards , his subsequent albums have all been well received by critics . Nevertheless , most fans have regarded Illmatic as his definitive album .
In 2011 , Nas performed the album in its entirety at Rock the Bells music festival . The show featured the album 's personnel , including Pete Rock , DJ Premier , and AZ , and a stage design depicting the urban landscape of Queensbridge , with graffiti @-@ lined streets , a subway entrance , and models of Queensbridge 's housing project . In 2012 , he also performed the album in its entirety at South by Southwest music festival , with the same personnel and stage design . Illmatic will be reissued as a deluxe CD bundled with a 48 @-@ page hardcover book featuring photos , reproduced artwork , lyrics , and liner notes courtesy of The Source founder Jon Schecter .
In 2014 Nas announced Illmatic XX , the 20th Anniversary Edition of the original album Illmatic , released April 15 , 4 days prior to the 20th Anniversary of the original 's release date ( April 19 ) . Illmatic XX includes a remastered version of Illmatic , an extra disc of demos , remixes , and unreleased records from that era of Nas ' career . He also announced his plans for a tour where he will perform the whole album front to back on each stop .
= = Track listing = =
= = = Samples = = =
= = Personnel = =
Faith N. - Executive Producer
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Accolades = =
The information regarding accolades attributed to Illmatic is adapted from Acclaimed Music .
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= Siege of Constantinople ( 717 – 718 ) =
The Second Arab siege of Constantinople in 717 – 718 ( 98 – 100 AH ) was a combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire , Constantinople . The campaign marked the culmination of twenty years of attacks and progressive Arab occupation of the Byzantine borderlands , while Byzantine strength was sapped by prolonged internal turmoil . In 716 , after years of preparations , the Arabs , led by Maslama ibn Abd al @-@ Malik , invaded Byzantine Asia Minor . The Arabs initially hoped to exploit Byzantine civil strife and made common cause with the general Leo III the Isaurian , who had risen up against Emperor Theodosius III . Leo , however , tricked them and secured the Byzantine throne for himself .
After wintering in the western coastlands of Asia Minor , the Arab army crossed into Thrace in early summer 717 and built siege lines to blockade the city , which was protected by the massive Theodosian Walls . The Arab fleet , which accompanied the land army and was meant to complete the city 's blockade by sea , was neutralized soon after its arrival by the Byzantine navy through the use of Greek fire . This allowed Constantinople to be resupplied by sea , while the Arab army was crippled by famine and disease during the unusually hard winter that followed . In spring 718 , two Arab fleets sent as reinforcements were destroyed by the Byzantines after their Christian crews defected , and an additional army sent overland through Asia Minor was ambushed and defeated . Coupled with attacks by the Bulgars on their rear , the Arabs were forced to lift the siege on 15 August 718 . On its return journey , the Arab fleet was almost completely destroyed by natural disasters and Byzantine attacks .
The siege 's failure had wide @-@ ranging repercussions . The rescue of Constantinople ensured the continued survival of Byzantium , while the Caliphate 's strategic outlook was altered : although regular attacks on Byzantine territories continued , the goal of outright conquest was abandoned . Historians consider the siege to be one of history 's most important battles , as its failure postponed the Muslim advance into Southeastern Europe for centuries .
= = Background = =
Following the first Arab siege of Constantinople ( 674 – 678 ) , the Arabs and Byzantines experienced a period of peace . After 680 , the Umayyad Caliphate was in the throes of the Second Muslim Civil War and the consequent Byzantine ascendancy in the East enabled the emperors to extract huge amounts of tribute from the Umayyad government in Damascus . In 692 , as the Umayyads emerged as victors from the Muslim Civil War , Emperor Justinian II ( r . 685 – 695 and 705 – 711 ) re @-@ opened hostilities . The result was a series of Arab victories that led to the loss of Byzantine control over Armenia and the Caucasian principalities , and a gradual encroachment upon Byzantine borderlands . Year by year , the Caliphate 's generals , usually members of the Umayyad family , launched raids into Byzantine territory and captured fortresses and towns . After 712 , the Byzantine defensive system began to show signs of collapse : Arab raids penetrated further and further into Asia Minor , border fortresses were repeatedly attacked and sacked , and references to Byzantine reaction in the sources become more and more scarce . In this , the Arabs were aided by the prolonged period of internal instability that followed the first deposition of Justinian II in 695 , in which the Byzantine throne changed hands seven times in violent coups . In the words of the Byzantinist Warren Treadgold , " the Arab attacks would in any case have intensified after the end of their own civil war ... With far more men , land and wealth than Byzantium , the Arabs had begun to concentrate all their strength against it . Now they threatened to extinguish the empire entirely by capturing its capital . "
= = Opening stages of the campaign = =
The Arab successes opened the way for a second assault on Constantinople , an undertaking already initiated under Caliph al @-@ Walid I ( r . 705 – 715 ) . Following his death , his brother and successor Sulayman ( r . 715 – 717 ) took up the project with increased vigour , according to Arab accounts because of a prophecy that a Caliph bearing the name of a prophet would capture Constantinople ; Sulayman ( Solomon ) was the only member of the Umayyad family to bear such a name . According to Syriac sources , the new Caliph swore " to not stop fighting against Constantinople before having exhausted the country of the Arabs or to have taken the city " . The Umayyad forces began assembling at the plain of Dabiq north of Aleppo , under the direct supervision of the Caliph . As Sulayman was too sick to campaign himself , however , he entrusted command to his brother Maslama ibn Abd al @-@ Malik . The operation against Constantinople came at a time when the Umayyad state was undergoing a period of continuous expansion to the east and west . Muslim armies advanced into Transoxiana , India and the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania .
Arab preparations , especially the construction of a large fleet , did not go unnoticed by the worried Byzantines . Emperor Anastasios II ( r . 713 – 715 ) sent an embassy to Damascus under the patrician and urban prefect , Daniel of Sinope , ostensibly in order to plea for peace , but in reality to spy on the Arabs . Anastasios , in turn , began to prepare for the inevitable siege : the fortifications of Constantinople were repaired and equipped with ample artillery ( catapults and other siege weapons ) , while food stores were brought into the city . In addition , those inhabitants who could not stockpile food for at least three years were evacuated . Anastasios strengthened his navy and in early 715 dispatched it against the Arab fleet that had come to Phoenix — usually identified with modern Finike in Lycia , it may also be modern Fenaket across Rhodes , or perhaps Phoenicia ( modern Lebanon ) , famed for its cedar forests — to collect timber for their ships . At Rhodes , however , the Byzantine fleet , encouraged by the soldiers of the Opsician Theme , rebelled , killed their commander John the Deacon and sailed north to Adramyttium . There , they acclaimed a reluctant tax collector , Theodosius , as emperor . Anastasios crossed into Bithynia in the Opsician Theme to confront the rebellion , but the rebel fleet sailed on to Chrysopolis . From there , it launched attacks against Constantinople , until , in late summer , sympathizers within the capital opened its gates to them . Anastasios held out at Nicaea for several months , finally agreeing to resign and retire as a monk . The accession of Theodosios , who from the sources comes across as both unwilling and incapable , as a puppet emperor of the Opsicians provoked the reaction of the other themes , especially the Anatolics and the Armeniacs under their respective strategoi ( generals ) Leo the Isaurian and Artabasdos .
In these conditions of near @-@ civil war , the Arabs began their carefully prepared advance . In September 715 , the vanguard , under general Sulayman ibn Mu 'ad , marched over Cilicia into Asia Minor , taking the strategic fortress of Loulon on its way . They wintered at Afik , an unidentified location near the western exit of the Cilician Gates . In early 716 , Sulayman 's army continued into central Asia Minor . The Umayyad fleet under Umar ibn Hubayra cruised along the Cilician coast , while Maslama ibn Abd al @-@ Malik awaited developments with the main army in Syria .
The Arabs hoped that the disunity among the Byzantines would play to their advantage . Maslama had already established contact with Leo the Isaurian . French scholar Rodolphe Guilland theorized that Leo offered to become a vassal of the Caliphate , although the Byzantine general intended to use the Arabs for his own purposes . In turn , Maslama supported Leo hoping to maximize confusion and weaken the Empire , easing his own task of taking Constantinople .
Sulayman 's first objective was the strategically important fortress of Amorium , which the Arabs intended to use as a base the following winter . Amorium had been left defenceless in the turmoil of the civil war and would have easily fallen , but the Arabs chose to bolster Leo 's position as a counterweight to Theodosios . They offered the city terms of surrender if its inhabitants would acknowledge Leo as emperor . The fortress capitulated , but still did not open its gates to the Arabs . Leo came to the vicinity with a handful of soldiers and executed a series of ruses and negotiations to garrison 800 men in the town . The Arab army , thwarted in its objective and with supplies running low , withdrew . Leo escaped to Pisidia and , in summer , supported by Artabasdos , was proclaimed and crowned as Byzantine emperor , openly challenging Theodosios .
Leo 's success at Amorium was fortunately timed , since Maslama with the main Arab army had in the meantime crossed the Taurus Mountains and was marching straight for the city . In addition , as the Arab general had not received news of Leo 's double @-@ dealing , he did not devastate the territories he marched through — the Armeniac and Anatolic themes , whose governors he still believed to be his allies . On meeting up with Sulayman 's retreating army and learning what had transpired , Maslama changed direction : he attacked Akroinon and from there marched to the western coastlands to spend the winter . On his way , he sacked Sardis and Pergamon . The Arab fleet wintered in Cilicia . Leo , in the meantime , began his own march on Constantinople . He captured Nicomedia , where he found and captured , among other officials , Theodosios 's son , and then marched to Chrysopolis . In spring 717 , after short negotiations , he secured Theodosios 's resignation and his recognition as emperor , entering the capital on 25 March . Theodosios and his son were allowed to retire to a monastery as monks , while Artabasdos was promoted to the position of kouropalates and received the hand of Leo 's daughter , Anna .
= = Opposing forces = =
From the outset , the Arabs prepared for a major assault on Constantinople . The late 8th @-@ century Syriac Zuqnin Chronicle reports that the Arabs were " innumerable " , while the 12th @-@ century Syriac chronicler Michael the Syrian mentions a much @-@ inflated 200 @,@ 000 men and 5 @,@ 000 ships . The 10th @-@ century Arab writer al @-@ Mas 'udi mentions 120 @,@ 000 troops , and the account of Theophanes the Confessor 1 @,@ 800 ships . Supplies for several years were hoarded , and siege engines and incendiary materials ( naphtha ) were stockpiled . The supply train is said to have numbered 12 @,@ 000 men , 6 @,@ 000 camels and 6 @,@ 000 donkeys , while according to the 13th @-@ century historian Bar Hebraeus , the troops included 30 @,@ 000 volunteers ( mutawa ) for the Holy War ( jihad ) . Whatever the true numbers , the attackers were considerably more numerous than the defenders ; according to Treadgold , the Arab host may have outnumbered the entire Byzantine army . Little is known on the detailed composition of the Arab force , but it appears that it mostly consisted of and was led by Syrians and Jazirans of the elite ahl al @-@ Sham ( " People of Syria " ) , the main pillar of the Umayyad regime and veterans of the struggle against Byzantium . Alongside Maslama , Umar ibn Hubayra , Sulayman ibn Mu 'ad , and Bakhtari ibn al @-@ Hasan are mentioned as his lieutenants by Theophanes and Agapius of Hierapolis , while the later Kitab al- ' Uyun replaces Bakhtari with Abdallah al @-@ Battal .
Although the siege consumed a large part of the Caliphate 's manpower and resources , it was still capable of launching raids against the Byzantine frontier in eastern Asia Minor during the siege 's duration : in 717 , Caliph Sulayman 's son Daud captured a fortress near Melitene and in 718 Amr ibn Qais raided the frontier . On the Byzantine side , the numbers are unknown . Aside from Anastasius II 's preparations ( which may have been neglected following his deposition ) , the Byzantines could count on the assistance of the Bulgars , with whom Leo concluded a treaty that may have included alliance against the Arabs .
= = Siege = =
In early summer , Maslama ordered his fleet to join him and with his army crossed the Hellespont ( Dardanelles ) at Abydos into Thrace . The Arabs began their march on Cοnstantinople , thoroughly devastating the countryside , gathering supplies , and sacking the towns they encountered . In mid @-@ July or mid @-@ August , the Arab army reached Constantinople and isolated it completely on land by building a double siege wall of stone , one facing the city and one facing the Thracian countryside , with their camp positioned between them . According to Arab sources , at this point Leo offered to ransom the city by paying a gold coin for every inhabitant , but Maslama replied that there could not be peace with the vanquished , and that the Arab garrison of Constantinople had already been selected .
The Arab fleet under Sulayman ( often confused with the Caliph himself in the medieval sources ) arrived on 1 September , anchoring at first near the Hebdomon . Two days later , Sulayman led his fleet into the Bosphorus and the various squadrons began anchoring by the European and Asian suburbs of the city : one part sailed south of Chalcedon to the harbours of Eutropios and Anthemios to watch over the southern entrance of the Bosporus , while the rest of the fleet sailed into the strait , passed by Constantinople and began making landfall on the coasts between Galata and Kleidion , cutting the Byzantine capital 's communication with the Black Sea . But as the Arab fleet 's rearguard , twenty heavy ships with 2 @,@ 000 marines , was passing the city , the southerly wind stopped and then reversed , drifting them towards the city walls , where a Byzantine squadron attacked them with Greek fire . Theophanes reported that some went down with all hands , while others , burning , sailed down to the Princes ' Islands of Oxeia and Plateia . The victory encouraged the Byzantines and dejected the Arabs , who , according to Theophanes , had originally intended to sail to the sea walls during the night and try to scale them using the ships ' steering paddles . The same night , Leo drew up the chain between the city and Galata , closing the entrance to the Golden Horn . The Arab fleet became reluctant to engage the Byzantines , and withdrew to the safe harbour of Sosthenion further north on the European shore of the Bosporus .
The Arab army was well @-@ provisioned , with Arab accounts reporting high mounds of supplies piled up in their camp , and had even brought along wheat to sow and harvest the next year . The failure of the Arab navy to blockade the city , however , meant that the Byzantines too could ferry in provisions . In addition , the Arab army had already devastated the Thracian countryside during its march and could not rely on it for foraging . The Arab fleet and the second Arab army , which operated in the Asian suburbs of Constantinople , were able to bring in limited supplies to Maslama 's army . As the siege drew into winter , negotiations opened between the two sides , extensively reported by Arab sources but ignored by Byzantine historians . According to the Arab accounts , Leo continued to play a double game with the Arabs . One version claims that he tricked Maslama into handing over most of his grain supplies , while another claims that the Arab general was persuaded to burn them altogether , so as to show the inhabitants of the city that they faced an imminent assault and induce them to surrender . The winter of 718 was extremely harsh ; snow covered the ground for over three months . As the supplies in the Arab camp ran out , a terrible famine broke out : the soldiers ate their horses , camels , and other livestock , and the bark , leaves and roots of trees . They swept the snow of the fields they had sown to eat the green shoots , and reportedly resorted to cannibalism and eating their own excrement . Consequently , the Arab army was ravaged by epidemics ; with great exaggeration , the Lombard historian Paul the Deacon put the number of their dead of hunger and disease at 300 @,@ 000 .
The situation looked set to improve in spring when the new Caliph , Umar II ( r . 717 – 720 ) , sent two fleets to the besiegers ' aid : 400 ships from Egypt under a commander named Sufyan and 360 ships from Africa under Izid , all laden with supplies and arms . At the same time , a fresh army began marching through Asia Minor to assist in the siege . When the new fleets arrived in the Sea of Marmara , they kept their distance from the Byzantines and anchored on the Asian shore . The Egyptians were in the Gulf of Nicomedia near modern Tuzla and the Africans south of Chalcedon ( at Satyros , Bryas and Kartalimen ) . Most of the Arab fleets ' crews were composed of Christian Egyptians , however , and they began deserting to the Byzantines upon their arrival . Notified by the Egyptians of the advent and disposition of the Arab reinforcements , Leo launched his fleet in an attack against the new Arab fleets . Crippled by the defection of their crews , and helpless against Greek fire , the Arab ships were destroyed or captured along with the weapons and supplies they carried . Constantinople was now safe from a seaborne attack . On land too the Byzantines were victorious : their troops managed to ambush the advancing Arab army under a commander named Mardasan and destroy it in the hills around Sophon , south of Nicomedia .
Constantinople could now be easily resupplied by sea and the city 's fishermen went back to sea , as the Arab fleet did not sail again . Still suffering from hunger and pestilence , the Arabs lost a major battle against the Bulgars , who killed , according to Theophanes , 22 @,@ 000 . It is unclear , however , whether the Bulgars attacked the Arab encampment because of their treaty with Leo or whether the Arabs strayed into Bulgar territory seeking provisions , as reported by the Syriac Chronicle of 846 . Michael the Syrian mentions that the Bulgars participated in the siege from the beginning , with attacks against the Arabs as they marched through Thrace and subsequently on their encampment , but this is not corroborated elsewhere . The siege had clearly failed , and Caliph Umar sent orders to Maslama to retreat . After thirteen months of siege , on 15 August 718 , the Arabs departed . The date coincided with the feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos ( Assumption of Mary ) , and it was to her that the Byzantines ascribed their victory . The retreating Arabs were not hindered or attacked on their return , but their fleet lost more ships in a storm in the Marmara Sea while other ships were set afire by ashes from the volcano of Santorini , and some of the survivors were captured by the Byzantines , so that Theophanes claims that only five vessels made it back to Syria . Arab sources claim that altogether 150 @,@ 000 Muslims perished during the campaign , a figure which , according to the Byzantinist John Haldon , " while certainly inflated , is nevertheless indicative of the enormity of the disaster in medieval eyes " .
= = Aftermath = =
The expedition 's failure weakened the Umayyad state . As historian Bernard Lewis commented , " Its failure brought a grave moment for Umayyad power . The financial strain of equipping and maintaining the expedition caused an aggravation of the fiscal and financial oppression which had already aroused such dangerous opposition . The destruction of the fleet and army of Syria at the sea walls of Constantinople deprived the regime of the chief material basis of its power " . The blow to the Caliphate 's might was severe , and although the land army did not suffer losses in the same degree as the fleet , Umar is recorded as contemplating withdrawing from the recent conquests of Hispania and Transoxiana , as well as a complete evacuation of Cilicia and other Byzantine territories that the Arabs had seized over the previous years . Although his advisors dissuaded him from such drastic actions , most Arab garrisons were withdrawn from the Byzantine frontier districts they had occupied in the lead @-@ up to the siege . In Cilicia , only Mopsuestia remained in Arab hands as a defensive bulwark to protect Antioch . The Byzantines even recovered some territory in western Armenia for a time . In 719 , the Byzantine fleet raided the Syrian coast and burned down the port of Laodicea and , in 720 or 721 , the Byzantines attacked and sacked Tinnis in Egypt . Leo also restored control over Sicily , where news of the Arab siege of Constantinople and expectations of the city 's fall had prompted the local governor to declare an emperor of his own , Basil Onomagoulos . It was during this time , however , that effective Byzantine control over Sardinia and Corsica ceased . Besides this , the Byzantines failed to exploit their success in launching attacks of their own against the Arabs . In 720 , after a hiatus of two years , Arab raids against Byzantium resumed , although now they were no longer directed at conquest , but rather seeking booty . The Arab attacks would intensify again over the next two decades , until the major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Akroinon in 740 . Coupled with military defeats on the other fronts of the overextended Caliphate , and the internal instability which culminated in the Abbasid Revolution , the age of Arab expansion came to an end .
= = Historical assessment and impact = =
The second Arab siege of Constantinople was far more dangerous for Byzantium than the first as , unlike the loose blockade of 674 – 678 , the Arabs launched a direct , well @-@ planned attack on the Byzantine capital , and tried to cut off the city completely from land and sea . The siege represented a final effort by the Caliphate to " cut off the head " of the Byzantine Empire , after which the remaining provinces , especially in Asia Minor , would be easy to capture . The Arab failure was chiefly logistical , as they were operating too far from their Syrian bases , but the superiority of the Byzantine navy through the use of Greek fire , the strength of Constantinople 's fortifications , and the skill of Leo III in deception and negotiations also played important roles .
The failure of the Arab siege led to a profound change in the nature of warfare between Byzantium and the Caliphate . The Muslim goal of conquest of Constantinople was effectively abandoned , and the frontier between the two empires stabilized along the line of the Taurus and Antitaurus Mountains , over which both sides continued to launch regular raids and counter @-@ raids . In this incessant border warfare , frontier towns and fortresses changed hands frequently , but the general outline of the border remained unaltered for over two centuries , until the Byzantine conquests of the 10th century . Indeed , with the exception of the advance of the Abbasid army under Harun al @-@ Rashid up to Chrysopolis in 782 , no other Arab army would ever come within sight of the Byzantine capital again . Consequently , on the Muslim side the raids themselves eventually acquired an almost ritual character , and were valued mostly as a demonstration of the continuing jihad and sponsored by the Caliph as a symbol of his role as the leader of the Muslim community .
The outcome of the siege was of considerable macrohistorical importance . The Byzantine capital 's survival preserved the Empire as a bulwark against Islamic expansion into Europe until the 15th century , when it fell to the Ottoman Turks . Along with the Battle of Tours in 732 , the successful defence of Constantinople has been seen as instrumental in stopping Muslim expansion into Europe . As military historian Paul K. Davis wrote , " By turning back the Moslem invasion , Europe remained in Christian hands , and no serious Moslem threat to Europe existed until the fifteenth century . This victory , coincident with the Frankish victory at Tours ( 732 ) , limited Islam 's western expansion to the southern Mediterranean world . " Thus the historian John B. Bury called 718 " an ecumenical date " , while the Greek historian Spyridon Lambros likened the siege to the Battle of Marathon and Leo III to Miltiades . Consequently , military historians often include the siege in lists of the " decisive battles " of world history .
= = Cultural impact = =
Among Arabs , the 717 – 718 siege became the most famous of their expeditions against Byzantium . Several accounts survive , but most were composed at later dates and are semi @-@ fictional and contradictory . In legend , the defeat was transformed into a victory : Maslama departed only after symbolically entering the Byzantine capital on his horse accompanied by thirty riders , where Leo received him with honour and led him to the Hagia Sophia . After Leo paid homage to Maslama and promised tribute , Maslama and his troops — 30 @,@ 000 out of the original 80 @,@ 000 that set out for Constantinople — departed for Syria . The tales of the siege influenced similar episodes in Arabic epic literature . A siege of Constantinople is found in the tale of Omar bin al @-@ Nu 'uman and his sons in the Thousand and One Nights , while both Maslama and the Caliph Sulayman appear in a tale of the Hundred and One Nights from the Maghreb . The commander of Maslama 's bodyguard , Abdallah al @-@ Battal , became a celebrated figure in Arab and Turkish poetry as " Battal Gazi " for his exploits in the Arab raids of the next decades . Similarly , the 10th @-@ century epic Delhemma , related to the cycle around Battal , gives a fictionalized version of the 717 – 718 siege .
Later Muslim and Byzantine tradition also ascribed the building of Constantinople 's first mosque , near the city 's praetorium , to Maslama . In reality , the mosque near the praetorium was probably erected in about 860 , as a result of an Arab embassy in that year . Ottoman tradition also ascribed the building of the Arap Mosque ( located outside Constantinople proper in Galata ) to Maslama , although it erroneously dated this to around 686 , probably confusing Maslama 's attack with the first Arab siege in the 670s . The passing of the Arab army also left traces at Abydos , where " Maslama 's Well " and a mosque attributed to him were still known in the 10th century .
Eventually , following their repeated failures before Constantinople , and the continued resilience of the Byzantine state , the Muslims began to project the fall of Constantinople to the distant future . Thus the city 's fall came to be regarded as one of the signs of the arrival of the end times in Islamic eschatology . The siege became a motif in Byzantine apocalyptic literature as well , with decisive final battles against the Arabs before the walls of Constantinople being featured in the early 8th @-@ century Greek translation of the Syriac Apocalypse of Pseudo @-@ Methodius and the Apocalypse of Daniel , written either at about the time of the siege or a century later .
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