Subset (4)

wikitext-103-raw-v1 · 29.6k rows

Split (3)

train · 29.4k rows

page stringlengths 23 146k
= Disco Demolition Night = Disco Demolition Night was an ill @-@ fated baseball promotion that took place on July 12 , 1979 , at Comiskey Park in Chicago , Illinois . At the climax of the event , a crate filled with disco records was blown up on the field between games of the twi @-@ night doubleheader between the Chicago White Sox and the Detroit Tigers . Many of those in attendance had come to see the explosion rather than the games and rushed onto the field after the detonation . The playing field was damaged both by the explosion and by the rowdy fans to the point where the White Sox were required to forfeit the second game of the doubleheader to the Tigers . In the late 1970s , dance @-@ oriented disco music was very popular in the United States , particularly after being featured in hit films such as Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) . Despite its popularity , disco sparked a backlash from rock music fans . This opposition was prominent enough that the White Sox , seeking to fill seats at Comiskey Park during a lackluster season , engaged Chicago shock jock and anti @-@ disco campaigner Steve Dahl for the promotion at the July 12 doubleheader . Dahl 's sponsoring radio station was 97 @.@ 9 WLUP @-@ FM , so attendees would pay 98 cents and bring a disco record ; between games , Dahl would destroy the collected vinyl in an explosion . White Sox officials had hoped for a crowd of 20 @,@ 000 , about 5 @,@ 000 more than usual . Instead , at least 50 @,@ 000 people — including tens of thousands of Dahl 's adherents — packed the stadium , and thousands more continued to sneak in even after gates were closed . Many of the records were not collected by staff and were thrown like flying discs from the stands . After Dahl blew up the collected records , thousands of fans stormed the field and remained there until dispersed by riot police . The second game was initially postponed , but was forfeited to the Tigers the next day by order of American League president Lee MacPhail . Disco Demolition Night preceded , and may have helped precipitate , the decline of disco in late 1979 ; some scholars and disco artists have described the event as expressive of racism and homophobia while others have denied this connection . Disco Demolition Night remains well known as one of the most extreme promotions in major league history . = = Background = = = = = Musical = = = The genre known as disco , named for its popularity in discotheques , evolved in the early 1970s in inner @-@ city New York clubs , where disc jockeys would play imported dance music to get the crowd moving . With roots in African @-@ American and Latin American music , and in gay culture , disco became mainstream by the mid @-@ 1970s . Even white artists associated with a much more sedate style of music had disco @-@ influenced hits , such as Barry Manilow with " Copacabana " . By 1977 , disco was very popular in the United States , especially after the release that year of the hit movie Saturday Night Fever . This film starred John Travolta and featured music by the Bee Gees — the fact that both actor and performers were white and presented a heterosexual image did much to make disco widely popular . As Al Coury , president of RSO Records ( which had released the bestselling soundtrack album for the film ) put it , Saturday Night Fever " kind of took disco out of the closet . " Despite disco 's popularity , there were many who disliked it . Some felt the music too mechanical — Time magazine deemed it a " diabolical thump @-@ and @-@ shriek " . Others hated the music for the lifestyle associated with it , feeling that in the disco scene , personal appearance and style of dress were overly important . The media , in discussing disco , emphasized its roots in gay culture . According to historian Gillian Frank , " by the time of the Disco Demolition in Comiskey Park , the media commonly emphasized that disco was gay and cultivated a widespread perception that disco was taking over " . Performers who cultivated a gay image , such as the Village People ( described by Rolling Stone as " the face of disco " ) did nothing to efface these perceptions , and fears that rock music would die at the hands of disco increased after disco albums dominated the 21st Grammy Awards in February 1979 . In 1978 , New York 's WKTU @-@ FM , a low @-@ rated rock station , switched to disco and became the most popular station in the country ; this led other stations to try to emulate its success . In Chicago , a 24 @-@ year @-@ old Dahl was working as a disc jockey for local radio station WDAI when he was fired on Christmas Eve 1978 as part of the station 's switch from rock to disco ; Dahl was subsequently hired by rival album @-@ rock station WLUP , " The Loop " . Sensing an incipient anti @-@ disco backlash and playing off the publicity surrounding his firing ( he frequently mocked WDAI 's " Disco DAI " slogan on the air as " Disco DIE " ) , Dahl created a mock organization called " The Insane Coho Lips " , an anti @-@ disco army consisting of his listeners . According to Andy Behrens of ESPN , Dahl and his broadcast partner Garry Meier " organized the Cohos around a simple and surprisingly powerful idea : Disco Sucks " . According to Dahl , in 1979 , the Cohos were locked in a war " dedicated to the eradication of the dreaded musical disease known as DISCO " . In the weeks leading up to Disco Demolition Night , Dahl promoted a number of anti @-@ disco public events , several of which became unruly . When a discotheque in Linwood , Indiana , switched from disco to rock in June , Dahl showed up , as did several thousand Cohos , and the police had to be called . Later that month , Dahl and several thousand Cohos occupied a teen disco in the Chicago suburbs . At the end of June , Dahl urged his listeners to throw marshmallows at a WDAI promotional van , which was at a shopping mall where a teen disco had been built . The Cohos chased the van and driver and cornered them in a nearby park , though the situation ended without violence . On July 1 , a near @-@ riot occurred in Hanover Park , Illinois , when hundreds of Cohos could not enter a sold @-@ out promotional event , and fights broke out . Some 50 police officers were needed to control the situation . When disco star Van McCoy died suddenly on July 6 , Dahl marked the occasion by destroying one of his records , " The Hustle " , on the air . Dahl and Meier regularly mocked disco records on the radio . Dahl also recorded his own parody : " Do Ya Think I 'm Disco ? " , a satire of Rod Stewart 's disco @-@ oriented hit " Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? " This parody song presented discotheques as populated by effeminate men and frigid women . The lead character , named Tony like Travolta 's character in Saturday Night Fever , is unable to attract a woman until he abandons the disco scene , selling his three @-@ piece white suit at a garage sale and melting down his gold chains for a Led Zeppelin belt buckle . A number of anti @-@ disco incidents took place elsewhere in the first half of 1979 , showing that " the Disco Demolition was not an isolated incident or an aberration " . In Seattle , hundreds of rock fans attacked a mobile dance floor , while in Portland , Oregon , a disc jockey destroyed a stack of disco records with a chainsaw as thousands looked on and cheered . In New York , a rock deejay played Donna Summer 's sexualized disco hit , " Hot Stuff " ; he received protests from his listeners . = = = Baseball = = = Since the 1940s , Chicago White Sox owner Bill Veeck had been noted for using promotions to attract fan interest ; he stated " you can draw more people with a losing team plus bread and circuses than with a losing team and a long , still silence " . His son , Mike , was the promotions director for the White Sox in 1979 . Mike Veeck wrote in a letter to a fan before the season that team management intended to make sure that whether the White Sox won or lost , the fans would have fun . On May 2 , 1979 , the Detroit Tigers – Chicago White Sox game at Comiskey Park was rained out . Officials rescheduled it as part of a twi @-@ night doubleheader on July 12 . Already scheduled for the evening of July 12 was a promotion aimed at teenagers , who could purchase tickets at half the regular price . The White Sox had had a " Disco Night " at Comiskey Park in 1977 ; Mike Veeck , WLUP Sales Manager Jeff Schwartz , and WLUP Promotions Director Dave Logan discussed the possibility of an anti @-@ disco night promotion after Schwartz mentioned that the White Sox were looking to do a promotion with the station . The matter had also been brought up early in the 1979 season when Schwartz told Mike Veeck of Dahl and his plans to blow up a crate of disco records while live on the air from a shopping mall . During a meeting at WLUP , Dahl was asked if he would be interested in blowing up records at Comiskey Park on July 12 . Since the radio frequency of WLUP was 97 @.@ 9 , the promotion for " Disco Demolition Night " ( in addition to the offer for teenagers ) was that anyone who brought a disco record to the ballpark would be admitted for 98 cents . Dahl was to blow up the collected records between games of the doubleheader . = = Event = = In the weeks before the event Dahl invited his listeners to bring records they wanted to see destroyed to Comiskey Park . The disc jockey feared that the promotion would fail to draw people to the ballpark , and that he would be humiliated . The previous night 's attendance had been 15 @,@ 520 , and Comiskey Park had a capacity of 44 @,@ 492 . The White Sox were not having a good year , and were 40 – 46 going into the July 12 doubleheader . The White Sox and WLUP hoped for a crowd of 20 @,@ 000 people . Mike Veeck hired enough security for 35 @,@ 000 . Owner Bill Veeck was concerned the promotion might turn into a disaster and checked himself out of the hospital , where he had been undergoing tests . The elder Veeck 's fears were substantiated when he saw the people walking towards the ballpark that afternoon ; many carried signs that described disco in profane terms . The doubleheader sold out , leaving at least 20 @,@ 000 people outside the ballpark . Some were not content to remain there , leaping turnstiles , climbing fences , and entering through open windows . The attendance was officially reported as 47 @,@ 795 . Bill Veeck estimated that there were anywhere from 50 @,@ 000 to 55 @,@ 000 in the park — easily the largest crowd of his second stint as White Sox owner . The Chicago Police Department closed off @-@ ramps from the Dan Ryan Expressway near the stadium . Attendees were supposed to deposit their records into a large box , some 4 by 6 by 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 by 1 @.@ 8 by 1 @.@ 5 m ) tall ; once the box was overflowing , many people brought their discs to their seats . The first game was to begin at 6 pm , with the second game to follow . Lorelei , a model who did public appearances for WLUP and who was very popular in Chicago that summer for her sexually provocative poses in the station 's advertisements , threw out the first pitch . As the first game began , Mike Veeck got word that thousands of people were trying to get into the park without tickets . He sent his security personnel to the stadium gates to keep the would @-@ be gate crashers at bay . This left the field unattended , and fans began throwing the uncollected disco LPs and singles from the stands . Tigers outfielder Rusty Staub remembered that the records would slice through the air , and land sticking out of the ground . He urged teammates to wear batting helmets when playing their positions , " It wasn 't just one , it was many . Oh , God almighty , I 've never seen anything so dangerous in my life . " Attendees also threw firecrackers , empty liquor bottles , and lighters onto the field . The game was stopped several times because of the rain of foreign objects . Dozens of hand @-@ painted banners with such slogans as " Disco sucks " were hung from the ballpark 's seating decks . White Sox broadcaster Harry Caray could see groups of people , who were clearly music rather than baseball fans , wandering through the stadium . Others sat intently in their seats , awaiting the explosion . Mike Veeck later remembered an odor of marijuana in the grandstand and said of the attendees , " This is the Woodstock they never had . " The miasma permeated the press box , which both Caray and his broadcast partner , Jimmy Piersall , commented on over the air . The crowds outside the stadium threw records as well , or gathered them together and burned them in bonfires . Detroit won the first game , 4 – 1 . = = Explosion = = The first game ended at 8 : 16 pm ; at 8 : 40 Dahl , dressed in army fatigues and a helmet , emerged onto the playing surface together with Meier and Lorelei . They proceeded to center field where the vinyl @-@ filled box awaited , though they first did a lap of the field in a Jeep , showered ( according to Dahl , lovingly ) by his troops with firecrackers and beer . The large box containing the collected records had been rigged with explosives . Dahl and Meier warmed up the crowd , leading attendees in a chant of " disco sucks " . Lorelei recalled that the view from center field was surreal . On the mound , White Sox pitcher Ken Kravec , scheduled to start the second game , began to warm up . Other White Sox , in the dugout and wearing batting helmets , looked out upon the scene . Fans who felt events were getting out of control and who wished to leave the ballpark had difficulty doing so ; in an effort to deny the intruders entry , security had padlocked all but one gate . Dahl told the crowd , This is now officially the world 's largest anti @-@ disco rally ! Now listen — we took all the disco records you brought tonight , we got ' em in a giant box , and we 're gonna blow ' em up reeeeeeal goooood . Dahl set off the explosives , destroying the records and tearing a large hole in the outfield grass . With most of the security personnel still watching the gates per Mike Veeck 's orders , there was almost no one guarding the playing surface . Immediately , the first of what would be thousands of attendees rushed onto the field , causing Kravec to flee the mound and join his teammates in a barricaded clubhouse . Between 5 @,@ 000 and 7 @,@ 000 people are estimated to have taken the field . Some climbed the foul poles , others set records on fire , or ripped up the grass . The batting cage was destroyed ; the bases were pulled up and stolen . Among those taking the field was 21 @-@ year @-@ old aspiring actor Michael Clarke Duncan ; during the melee , Duncan slid into third base , had a silver belt buckle stolen , and went home with a bat from the dugout . As Bill Veeck stood with a microphone near where home plate had been , begging people to return to the stands , a bonfire raged in center field . Years later , Lorelei remembered that she had been waving to the crowd when she was grabbed by two of the bodyguards who had accompanied the Jeep and placed back in the vehicle . The party was unable to return to home plate because of the rowdy fans , so the Jeep was driven out of the stadium and through the surrounding streets , to the delight of the many Cohos outside the stadium who recognized the occupants . They were driven to the front of the stadium , ushered back inside , and taken up to the press room where they had spent most of the first game . Caray unsuccessfully attempted to restore order via the public address system . The scoreboard , flashing " PLEASE RETURN TO YOUR SEATS " , was ignored as was the playing of " Take Me Out to the Ball Game " . Some of the attendees were dancing in circles around the burning vinyl shards . Dahl offered his help to get the rowdy fans to leave , but it was declined . At 9 : 08 pm , Chicago police in full riot gear arrived to the applause of the baseball fans remaining in the stands . Those on the field hastily dispersed upon seeing the police . Thirty @-@ nine people were arrested for disorderly conduct ; estimates of injuries to those at the event range from none to over thirty . Bill Veeck wanted the teams to play the second game once order was restored . However , the field was so badly torn up that umpiring crew chief Dave Phillips felt that it was still unplayable even after White Sox groundskeepers spent an hour clearing away debris . Tigers manager Sparky Anderson refused to allow his players to take the field in any event due to safety concerns . Phillips called American League president Lee MacPhail , who postponed the second game to Sunday after hearing a report on conditions . Anderson , however , demanded that the game be forfeited to the Tigers . He argued that under baseball 's rules , a game can only be postponed due to an act of God , and that , as the home team , the White Sox were responsible for field conditions . The next day , MacPhail forfeited the second game to the Tigers 9 – 0 . In a ruling that largely upheld Anderson 's arguments , MacPhail stated that the White Sox had failed to provide acceptable playing conditions . = = Reaction and aftermath = = The day after , Dahl began his regular morning broadcast by reading the indignant headlines in the local papers . He mocked the coverage , " I think for the most part everything was wonderful . Some maniac Cohos got wild , went down on the field . Which you shouldn 't have done . Bad little Cohos . " Tigers manager Anderson stated of the events , " Beer and baseball go together , they have for years . But I think those kids were doing things other than beer . " Columnist David Israel of the Chicago Tribune commented on July 12 that he was not surprised by what had occurred , " It would have happened any place 50 @,@ 000 teenagers got together on a sultry summer night with beer and reefer . " White Sox pitcher Rich Wortham , a Texan , suggested , " This wouldn 't have happened if they had country and western night . " Although Bill Veeck took much of the public criticism for the fiasco , his son Mike suffered repercussions as the actual front @-@ office promoter behind it . Mike Veeck remained with the White Sox until late 1980 , when he resigned ; his father sold the team to Jerry Reinsdorf soon afterward . He was unable to find a job in baseball for several years , leading him to claim that he had been blackballed from the game . For several years , he worked for a jai @-@ alai fronton in Florida , battling alcoholism . As Mike Veeck related , " The second that first guy shimmied down the outfield wall , I knew my life was over ! " Mike Veeck has since become an owner of minor league baseball teams and in July 2014 the Charleston RiverDogs , of whom Veeck is president , held a promotion involving the destruction of Justin Bieber and Miley Cyrus merchandise . Dahl is still a radio personality in Chicago and also reaches his listeners through podcasting . The popularity of disco declined significantly in late 1979 and 1980 . Many disco artists continued , but record companies began labeling their recordings as dance music . Dahl stated in a 2004 interview that disco was " probably on its way out . But I think it [ Disco Demolition Night ] hastened its demise " . According to Frank , " the Disco Demolition triggered a nationwide expression of anger against disco that caused disco to recede quickly from the American cultural landscape " . Music critic Dave Marsh recalled his feelings after Disco Demolition Night , " It was your most paranoid fantasy about where the ethnic cleansing of the rock radio could ultimately lead . " Marsh , who wrote for Rolling Stone , was one of the few who at the time deemed the event an expression of bigotry , writing in a column , " white males , eighteen to thirty @-@ four are the most likely to see disco as the product of homosexuals , blacks , and Latins , and therefore they 're the most likely to respond to appeals to wipe out such threats to their security . It goes almost without saying that such appeals are racist and sexist , but broadcasting has never been an especially civil @-@ libertarian medium . " Nile Rodgers , producer and guitarist for the disco @-@ era group Chic , deemed the event akin to Nazi book burning . Gloria Gaynor , who had a huge disco hit with " I Will Survive " , stated , " I 've always believed it was an economic decision — an idea created by someone whose economic bottom line was being adversely affected by the popularity of disco music . So they got a mob mentality going . " Historian J. Zeitz suggests that while " an obvious explanation for the Disco Demolition Night riot might center on the desire of white , working @-@ class baseball fans to strike out against an art form that they associated with African Americans , gays and lesbians , and Latinos " , he notes that that demographic group ( from which many of the July 12 participants came ) swung wildly in the 1980 presidential primaries and election , first supporting liberal Massachusetts Senator Edward M. Kennedy in the Democratic primary , then the conservative Republican nominee , former California governor Ronald Reagan , in the general election , both times opposing President Jimmy Carter . " Viewed in this light , Disco Demolition Night supports an altogether different interpretation of the 1970s as a decade that saw ordinary Americans gravitate to radical grassroots alternatives , both left and right , out of frustration with the political center . " Concerning the event , University of East London professor Tim Lawrence also proposes that , " Following the unexpected commercial success of Saturday Night Fever , major record companies had started to invest heavily in a sound that their white straight executive class did not care for , and when the overproduction of disco coincided with a deep recession , the homophobic ( and also in many respects sexist and racist ) ' disco sucks ' campaign culminated with a record burning rally that was staged at the home of the Chicago White Sox in July 1979 . " Nevertheless , Harry Wayne Casey , singer for the disco act KC and the Sunshine Band , did not believe Disco Demolition Night itself was discriminatory , and stated his belief that Dahl was simply an idiot . Dahl himself rejects the notion that prejudice was his motivation for Disco Demolition Night . " The worst thing is people calling Disco Demolition homophobic or racist . It just wasn 't ... We weren 't thinking like that . " In 2014 Dahl stated that the racist / homophobic view of Disco Demolition Night stemmed from a 1996 VH1 documentary , The Seventies , which presented it in that light ; Mark W. Anderson , in response , suggested that the event gave the participants an opportunity " to say they didn 't like ... who they saw as the potential victors in a cultural and demographic war ... its [ sic ] hard to believe few if any of those who organized the event didn 't see that underlying reality for what it was " . The unplayed second game remains the last American League game to be forfeited . The last National League game to be forfeited was on August 10 , 1995 , when a baseball giveaway promotion at Dodger Stadium went awry , forcing the Los Angeles Dodgers to concede the game to the St. Louis Cardinals . According to baseball analyst Jeremiah Graves , " To this day Disco Demolition Night stands in infamy as one of the most ill @-@ advised promotions of all @-@ time , but arguably one of the most successful as 30 years later we 're all still talking about it . " = = Game results = = Game 1 : Game 2 forfeited to Detroit , 9 – 0 .
= Battle of Khafji = The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Gulf War . It took place in and around the Saudi Arabian city of Khafji , from 29 January to 1 February 1991 and marked the culmination of the Coalition 's air campaign over Kuwait and Iraq , which had begun on 17 January 1991 . Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein , who had already tried and failed to draw Coalition troops into costly ground engagements by shelling Saudi positions and oil storage tanks and firing Scud surface @-@ to @-@ surface missiles at Israel , ordered the invasion of Saudi Arabia from southern Kuwait . The 1st and 5th Mechanized Divisions and 3rd Armored Division were ordered to conduct a multi @-@ pronged invasion toward Khafji , engaging American , Saudi and Qatari forces along the coastline . These three divisions , which had been heavily damaged by Coalition aircraft in the preceding days , attacked on 29 January . Most of their attacks were repulsed by U.S. Marines as well as U.S. Army Rangers and Coalition aircraft , but one of the Iraqi columns occupied Khafji on the night of 29 – 30 January . Between 30 January and 1 February , two Saudi Arabian National Guard battalions and two Qatari tank companies attempted to retake control of the city , aided by Coalition aircraft and American artillery . By 1 February , the city had been recaptured at the cost of 43 Coalition servicemen dead and 52 wounded . Iraqi Army fatalities numbered between 60 and 300 , while an estimated 400 were captured as prisoners of war . Although the invasion of Khafji was initially a propaganda victory for the Ba 'athist Iraqi government , it was swiftly recaptured by Saudi and Qatari ground forces . The battle serves as a modern demonstration that air power in a supporting role to ground forces can be of great assistance in halting and defeating a major ground operation . = = Background = = On 2 August 1990 , the Iraqi Army invaded and occupied the neighboring state of Kuwait . The invasion , which followed the inconclusive Iran – Iraq War and three decades of political conflict with Kuwait , offered Saddam Hussein the opportunity to distract political dissent at home and add Kuwait 's oil resources to Iraq 's own , a boon in a time of declining petroleum prices . In response , the United Nations began to pass a series of resolutions demanding the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait . Afraid that Saudi Arabia would be invaded next , the Saudi government requested immediate military aid . As a result , the United States began marshalling forces from a variety of nations , styled the Coalition , on the Arabian peninsula . Initially , Saddam Hussein attempted to deter Coalition military action by threatening Kuwait 's and Iraq 's petroleum production and export . In December 1990 , Iraq experimented with the use of explosives to destroy wellheads in the area of the Ahmadi loading complex , developing their capability to destroy Kuwait 's petroleum infrastructure on a large scale . On 16 January , Iraqi artillery destroyed an oil storage tank in Khafji , Saudi Arabia , and on 19 January the pumps at the Ahmadi loading complex were opened , pouring crude oil into the Persian Gulf . The oil flowed into the sea at a rate of 200 @,@ 000 barrels a day , becoming one of the worst ecological disasters to that date . Despite these Iraqi threats , the Coalition launched a 38 @-@ day aerial campaign on 17 January 1991 . Flying an estimated 2 @,@ 000 sorties a day , Coalition aircraft rapidly crippled the Iraqi air defense systems and effectively destroyed the Iraqi Air Force , whose daily sortie rate plummeted from a prewar level of an estimated 200 per day to almost none by 17 January . On the third day of the campaign , many Iraqi pilots fled across the Iranian border in their aircraft rather than be destroyed . The air campaign also targeted command @-@ and @-@ control sites , bridges , railroads , and petroleum storage facilities . Saddam Hussein , who is believed to have said , " The air force has never decided a war , " nevertheless worried that the air campaign would erode Iraq 's national morale . The Iraqi leader also believed that the United States would not be willing to lose many troops in action , and therefore sought to draw Coalition ground troops into a decisive battle . In an attempt to provoke a ground battle , he directed Iraqi forces to launch Scud missiles against Israel , while continuing to threaten the destruction of oilfields in Kuwait . These efforts were unsuccessful in provoking a large ground battle , so Saddam Hussein decided to launch a limited offensive into Saudi Arabia with the aim of inflicting heavy losses on the Coalition armies . As the air campaign continued , the Coalition 's expectations of an Iraqi offensive decreased . As a result , the United States redeployed the XVIII Airborne Corps and the VII Corps 480 kilometers ( 300 mi ) to the west . The Coalition 's leadership believed that should an Iraqi force go on the offensive , it would be launched from the al @-@ Wafra oil fields , in Southern Kuwait . = = Order of battle = = The Iraqi Army had between 350 @,@ 000 and 500 @,@ 000 soldiers in theater , organized into 51 divisions , including eight Republican Guard divisions . Republican Guard units normally received the newest equipment ; for example , most of the estimated 1 @,@ 000 T @-@ 72 tanks in the Iraqi Army on the eve of the war were in Republican Guard divisions . The Iraqi Army in the Kuwaiti Theater of Operations ( KTO ) also included nine heavy divisions , composed mostly of professional soldiers , but with weapons of a generally lesser grade than those issued to the Republican Guard . Most non @-@ Republican Guard armored units had older tank designs , mainly the T @-@ 55 or its Chinese equivalents , the Type 59 and Type 69 . The remaining 34 divisions were composed of poorly trained conscripts . These divisions were deployed to channel the Coalition 's forces through a number of break points along the front , allowing the Iraqi Army 's heavy divisions and the Republican Guard units to isolate them and counterattack . However , the Iraqis left their western flank open , failing to account for tactics made possible by the Global Positioning System and other new technologies . In Saudi Arabia , the Coalition originally deployed over 200 @,@ 000 soldiers , 750 aircraft and 1 @,@ 200 tanks . This quickly grew to 3 @,@ 600 tanks and over 600 @,@ 000 personnel , of whom over 500 @,@ 000 were from the United States . = = = Iraqi forces = = = Earmarked for the offensive into Saudi Arabia was the Iraqi Third Corps , the 1st Mechanized Division from Fourth Corps and a number of commando units . Third Corps , commanded by Major General Salah Aboud Mahmoud ( who would also command the overall offensive ) , had 3rd Armored Division and 5th Mechanized Division , as well as a number of infantry divisions . Fourth Corps ' commander was Major General Yaiyd Khalel Zaki . The 3rd Armored Division had a number of T @-@ 72 tanks , the only non @-@ Republican Guard force to have them , while the other armored battalions had T @-@ 62s and T @-@ 55s , a few of which had an Iraqi appliqué armor similar to the Soviet bulging armor also known as " brow " laminate armor or BDD . During the battle of Khafji , these upgraded T @-@ 55s survived impacts from MILAN anti @-@ tank missiles . These divisions also had armored personnel vehicles such as the BMP @-@ 1 , scout vehicles such as the BRDM @-@ 2 , and several types of artillery . Also deployed along this portion of the front , though not chosen to participate in the invasion , were five infantry divisions that were under orders to remain in their defensive positions along the border . U.S. Marine Corps reconnaissance estimated that the Iraqi Army had amassed around 60 @,@ 000 troops across the border , near the Kuwaiti town of Wafra , in as many as 5 or 6 divisions . Infantry divisions normally consisted of three brigades with an attached commando unit , although some infantry divisions could have up to eight brigades – however most infantry divisions along the border were understrength , primarily due to desertion . Armored and mechanized divisions normally made use of three brigades , with each brigade having up to four combat battalions ; depending on the division type , these were generally a three to one mix , with either three mechanized battalions and one armored battalion , or vice versa . Given the size of the forces deployed across the border , it is thought that the Iraqi Army planned to continue the offensive , after the successful capture of Khafji , in order to seize the valuable oil fields at Dammam . The attack would consist of a four @-@ prong offensive . The 1st Mechanized Division would pass through the 7th and 14th Infantry Divisions to protect the flank of the 3rd Armored Division , which would provide a blocking force west of Khafji while the 5th Mechanized Division took the town . The 1st Mechanized and 3rd Armored divisions would then retire to Kuwait , while the 5th Mechanized Division would wait until the Coalition launched a counteroffensive . The principal objectives were to inflict heavy casualties on the attacking Coalition soldiers and take prisoners of war , who Saddam Hussein theorized would be an excellent bargaining tool with the Coalition . As the units moved to the Saudi border , many were attacked by Coalition aircraft . Around the Al @-@ Wafrah forest , about 1 @,@ 000 Iraqi armored fighting vehicles were attacked by Harrier aircraft with Rockeye cluster bombs . Another Iraqi convoy of armored vehicles was hit by A @-@ 10s , which destroyed the first and last vehicles , before systematically attacking the stranded remainders . Such air raids prevented the majority of the Iraqi troops deployed for the offensive from taking part in it . = = = Coalition forces = = = During the buildup of forces , the United States had built observation posts along the Kuwaiti @-@ Saudi border to gather intelligence on Iraqi forces . These were manned by United States Navy SEALs , Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance and Army Special Forces personnel . Observation post 8 was farthest to the east , on the coast , and another seven observation posts were positioned each 20 km ( 12 mi ) until the end of the " heel " , the geographic panhandle of southernmost Kuwait . Observation posts 8 and 7 overlooked the coastal highway that ran to Khafji , considered the most likely invasion route of the city . 1st Marine Division had three companies positioned at observation posts 4 , 5 and 6 ( Task Force Shepard ) , while the 2nd Marine Division 's 2nd Light Armored Infantry Battalion set up a screen between observation post 1 and the Al @-@ Wafrah oil fields . The U.S. Army 's 2nd Armored Division provided its 1st Tiger Brigade to give the Marines some much needed armored support . The Saudis gave responsibility for the defense of Khafji to the 2nd Saudi Arabian National Guard Brigade and a Qatari armored battalion , attached to Task Force Abu Bakr . The 5th Battalion of the 2nd Saudi Arabian National Guard Brigade set up a screen north and west of Khafji , under observation post 7 . At the time , a Saudi Arabian National Guard Brigade could have up to four motorized battalions , each with three line companies . The brigade had a nominal strength of an estimated 5 @,@ 000 soldiers . The Saudis also deployed the Tariq Task Force , composed of Saudi Arabian Marines and a battalion of Moroccan infantry . Two further task forces , Othman and Omar Task Forces , consisted of two Mechanized Ministry of Defense and Aviation Brigades , providing screens about 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) south of the border . The country 's main defenses were placed 20 km ( 12 mi ) south of the screen . The majority of the Arab contingent was led by General Khaled bin Sultan . The forces around Khafji were organized into the Joint Forces Command @-@ East , while Joint Forces Command @-@ North defended the border between observation post 1 and the Kuwaiti @-@ Iraqi border . = = Battle = = On 27 January 1991 , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein met in Basra with the two Iraqi army corps commanders who would lead the operation , and Major General Salah Mahmoud told him that Khafji would be his by 30 January . During his return trip to Baghdad , Saddam Hussein 's convoy was attacked by Coalition aircraft ; the Iraqi leader escaped unscathed . Throughout 28 January , the Coalition received a number of warnings suggesting an impending Iraqi offensive . The Coalition was flying two brand @-@ new E @-@ 8A Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System ( Joint STARS ) aircraft , which picked up the deployment and movement of Iraqi forces to the area opposite of Khafji . Observation posts 2 , 7 and 8 also detected heavy Iraqi reconnoitering along the border , and their small teams of air @-@ naval gunfire liaison Marines called in air and artillery strikes throughout the day . Lieutenant Colonel Richard Barry , commander of the forward headquarters of the 1st Surveillance , Reconnaissance and Intelligence Group , sent warnings about an impending attack to Central Command . CentCom leaders were too preoccupied with the air campaign to heed them however , and so the Iraqi operation came as a surprise . = = = Beginning of Iraqi offensive : 29 January = = = The Iraqi offensive began on the night of 29 January , when approximately 2 @,@ 000 soldiers in several hundred armored fighting vehicles moved south . The Gulf War 's first ground engagement was near observation post 4 , built on the Al @-@ Zabr police building . Elements of the Iraqi 6th Armored Brigade , ordered to take the heights above Al @-@ Zabr , engaged Coalition units at Al @-@ Zabr . At 20 : 00 hours , U.S. Marines at the observation post , who had noticed large groups of armored vehicles through their night vision devices , attempted to talk to battalion headquarters but received no response . Contact was not established until 20 : 30 hours , which prompted Task Force Shepard to respond to the threat . Coalition soldiers at observation post 4 opened fire on the Iraqi column , but this largely ineffective fire drew a heavy Iraqi response which forced the company to retire south , by order of its commanding officer . To cover the withdrawal , the company 's platoon of LAV @-@ 25s and LAV @-@ ATs ( anti @-@ tank variants ) moved to engage the Iraqi force . One of the anti @-@ tank vehicles opened fire , after receiving permission , at what it believed was an Iraqi tank . Instead , the missile destroyed a friendly LAV @-@ AT a few hundred meters in front of it . Despite this loss , the platoon continued forward and soon opened fire on the Iraqi tanks with the LAV @-@ 25s ' autocannons . The fire could not penetrate the tanks ' armor , but did damage their optics and prevented the tanks from fighting back effectively . Soon thereafter , a number of A @-@ 10 ground @-@ attack aircraft arrived but found it difficult to pinpoint enemy targets and began dropping flares to illuminate the zone . One of these flares landed on a friendly vehicle , and although the vehicle radioed in its position , it was hit by an AGM @-@ 65 Maverick air @-@ to @-@ ground missile that killed the entire crew except for the driver . Following the incident , the company was withdrawn and the remaining vehicles reorganized into another nearby company . With observation post 4 cleared , the Iraqi 6th Armored Brigade withdrew over the border to Al @-@ Wafrah under heavy fire from Coalition aircraft . Coalition forces had lost 11 troops to friendly fire and none to enemy action . While the events at observation post 4 were unfolding , the Iraqi 5th Mechanized Division crossed the Saudi border near observation post 1 . A Company of the 2nd Light Infantry Armored Battalion , which was screening the Iraqi unit , reported a column of 60 – 100 BMPs . The column was engaged by Coalition A @-@ 10s and Harrier jump jets . This was then followed by another column with an estimated 29 tanks . One of the column 's T @-@ 62 tanks was engaged by an anti @-@ tank missile and destroyed . Coalition air support , provided by A @-@ 10s and F @-@ 16s , engaged the Iraqi drive through observation post 1 and ultimately repulsed the attack back over the Kuwaiti border . Aircraft continued to engage the columns throughout the night , until the next morning . Another column of Iraqi tanks , approaching observation post 2 , were engaged by aircraft and also repulsed that night . An additional Iraqi column crossed the Saudi border to the East , although still along the coast , towards the city of Khafji . These Iraqi tanks were screened by the 5th Mechanized Battalion of the 2nd Saudi Arabian National Guard Brigade . This battalion withdrew when it came under heavy fire , as it had been ordered to not engage the Iraqi column . Elements of the 8th and 10th Saudi Arabian National Guard Brigades also conducted similar screening operations . Due to the order to not engage , the road to Khafji was left open . At one point , Iraqi T @-@ 55s of another column rolled up to the Saudi border , signaling that they intended to surrender . As they were approached by Saudi Arabian troops , they reversed their turrets and opened fire . This prompted air support from a nearby AC @-@ 130 , destroying 13 vehicles . Nevertheless , the Iraqi advance towards Khafji continued on this sector , despite repeated attacks from an AC @-@ 130 . Attempts by the Saudi commanders to call in additional air strikes on the advancing Iraqi column failed when the requested heavy air support never arrived . Khafji was occupied by approximately 00 : 30 on 30 January , trapping two six @-@ man reconnaissance teams from the 1st Marine Division in the city . The teams occupied two apartment buildings in the southern sector of the city and called artillery fire on their position to persuade the Iraqis to call off a search of the area . Throughout the night , Coalition air support composed of helicopters and fixed @-@ wing aircraft continued to engage Iraqi tanks and artillery . = = = Initial response : 30 January = = = Distressed by the occupation of Khafji , Saudi commander General Khaled bin Sultan appealed to American General Norman Schwarzkopf for an immediate air campaign against Iraqi forces in and around the city . However this was turned down because the buildings will make it difficult for aircraft to spot targets without getting too close . It was instead decided that the city would be retaken by Arab ground forces . The task fell to the 2nd Saudi Arabian National Guard Brigade 's 7th Battalion , composed of Saudi infantry and two Qatari tank companies attached to the task force . These were supported by U.S. Army Special Forces and Marine Reconnaissance personnel . The force was put under the command of Saudi Lieutenant Colonel Matar , who moved out by 17 : 00 hours . The force met up with elements of the U.S. 3rd Marine Regiment , south of Khafji , and were ordered to directly attack the city . The engagement of that night was to be the first battle the Qatari Army had seen in its entire history . A platoon of Iraqi T @-@ 55s attacked a Qatari tank company south of the city , leading to the destruction of three T @-@ 55s by Qatari AMX @-@ 30s , and the capture of a fourth Iraqi tank . Lacking any coordinated artillery support , artillery fire was provided by the 10th Marine Regiment . An initial attack on the city was called off after the Iraqi occupants opened up with heavy fire , prompting the Saudis to reinforce the 7th Battalion with two more companies from adjacent Saudi units . The attempt to retake the city had been preceded by a 15 @-@ minute preparatory fire from U.S. Marine artillery . However Iraqi fire did manage to destroy one Saudi V @-@ 150 armored personnel carrier . Meanwhile , 2nd Saudi Arabian National Guard Brigade 's 5th Battalion moved north of Khafji to block Iraqi reinforcements attempting to reach the city . This unit was further bolstered by the 8th Ministry of Defense and Aviation Brigade , and heavily aided by Coalition air support . Although fear of friendly fire forced the 8th Ministry of Defense and Aviation Brigade to pull back the following morning , Coalition aircraft successfully hindered Iraqi attempts to move more soldiers down to Khafji and caused large numbers of Iraqi troops to surrender to Saudi forces . That night , two U.S. Army heavy equipment transporters entered the city of Khafji , apparently lost , and were fired upon by Iraqi troops . Although one truck managed to turn around and escape , the two drivers of the second truck were wounded and captured . This led to a rescue mission organized by 3rd Battalion 3rd Marine Regiment , which sent a force of 30 men to extract the two wounded drivers . Although encountering no major opposition , they did not find the two drivers who had , by this time , been taken prisoner . The Marines did find a burnt out Qatari AMX @-@ 30 , with its dead crew . That same night , a U.S. Air Force AC @-@ 130 was shot down by an Iraqi surface @-@ to @-@ air missile ( SAM ) , killing the aircraft 's crew of 14 . The interdiction on the part of Coalition aircraft and Saudi and Qatari ground forces was having an effect on the occupying Iraqi troops . Referring to Saddam Hussein 's naming of the ground engagement as the " mother of all battles " , Iraqi General Salah radioed in a request to withdraw , stating , " The mother was killing her children . " Since the beginning of the battle , Coalition aircraft had flown at least 350 sorties against Iraqi units in the area and on the night of 30 – 31 January , Coalition air support also began to attack units of the Iraqi Third Corps assembled on the Saudi border . = = = Recapture of Khafji : 31 January – 1 February = = = On 31 January , the effort to retake the city began anew . The attack was launched at 08 : 30 hours , and was met by inaccurate Iraqi fire which knocked @-@ out two Saudi V @-@ 150 wheeled vehicles . The 8th battalion of the Saudi brigade was ordered to deploy to the city by 10 : 00 hours , while 5th Battalion to the north engaged another column of Iraqi tanks attempting to reach the city . The latter engagement led to the destruction of around 13 Iraqi tanks and armored personnel carriers , and the capture of 6 more vehicles and 116 Iraqi soldiers , costing the Saudi battalion two dead and two wounded . The 8th Battalion engaged the city from the northeast , linking up with 7th Battalion . These units cleared the southern portion of the city , until 7th Battalion withdrew south to rest and rearm at 18 : 30 hours , while the 8th remained in Khafji . The 8th continued clearing buildings and by the time the 7th had withdrawn to the south , the Saudis had lost approximately 18 dead and 50 wounded , as well as seven V @-@ 150 vehicles . Coalition aircraft continued to provide heavy support throughout the day and night . A veteran of the Iran @-@ Iraq War later mentioned that Coalition airpower " imposed more damage on his brigade in half an hour than it had sustained in eight years of fighting against the Iranians . " During the battle , an Iraqi amphibious force was sent to land on the coast and move into Khafji . As the boats made their way through the Persian Gulf towards Khafji , American and British aircraft caught the Iraqi boats in the open and largely destroyed the Iraqi amphibious force . The Saudi and Qatari units renewed operations the following day . Two Iraqi companies , with about 20 armored vehicles , remained in the city and had not attempted to break out during the night . While the Saudi 8th Battalion continued operations in the southern portion of the city , the 7th Battalion began to clear the northern sector of the city . Iraqi resistance was sporadic and most Iraqi soldiers surrendered on sight ; as a result , the city was recaptured on 1 February 1991 . = = Aftermath = = During the battle , Coalition forces incurred 43 fatalities and 52 injured casualties . This included 25 Americans killed , 11 of them by friendly fire along with 14 airmen killed when their AC @-@ 130 was shot down by Iraqi SAMs . The Americans also had two soldiers wounded and another two soldiers were captured in Khafji . Saudi and Qatari casualties totaled 18 killed and 50 wounded . Two Qatari AMX @-@ 30s main battle tanks and between seven and ten lightly armored Saudi V @-@ 150s were knocked out . Most of the V150s were knocked out by RPG @-@ 7 fire in close @-@ range fighting inside the town of Khafji , although one of the two that was a catastrophic kill was hit by a 100mm main gun round from a T @-@ 55 . Iraq listed its casualties as 71 dead , 148 wounded and 702 missing . U.S. sources present at the battle claim that 300 Iraqis lost their lives , and at least 90 vehicles were destroyed . Another source suggests that 60 Iraqi soldiers were killed and at least 400 taken prisoner , while no less than 80 armored vehicles were knocked out ; however these casualties are attributed to the fighting both inside and directly north of Khafji . Whatever the exact casualties , the majority of three Iraqi mechanized / armored divisions had been destroyed . The U.S. Army 's 2nd Armored Division 's 1st Tiger Brigade claims 181 destroyed or captured enemy tanks , 148 APCs , 40 artillery pieces , 27 AA emplacements , 263 Iraqi dead and 4 @,@ 051 captured after 100 hours of combat . The Iraqi capture of Khafji was a major propaganda victory for Iraq : on 30 January Iraqi radio claimed that they had " expelled Americans from the Arab territory " . For many in the Arab world , the battle of Khafji was seen as an Iraqi victory , and Hussein made every possible effort to turn the battle into a political victory . On the other side , confidence within the United States Armed Forces in the abilities of the Saudi and Qatari armies increased as the battle progressed . After Khafji , the Coalition 's leadership began to sense that the Iraqi Army was a " hollow force " and it provided them with an impression of the degree of resistance they would face during the Coalition 's ground offensive that would begin later that month . The battle was also a major propaganda victory for Saudi Arabia , which had successfully defended its territory . Despite the success of the engagements between 29 January and 1 February , the Coalition did not launch its main offensive into Kuwait and Iraq until the night of 24 – 25 February . The invasion of Iraq was completed about 48 hours later . The Battle of Khafji served as a modern example of the ability of air power to serve a supporting role to ground forces . It offered the Coalition an indication of the manner in which Operation Desert Storm would be fought , but also hinted at future friendly @-@ fire casualties which accounted for nearly half of the American dead .
= Marshalsea = The Marshalsea ( 1373 – 1842 ) was a notorious prison in Southwark ( now London ) , just south of the River Thames . It housed a variety of prisoners over the centuries , including men accused of crimes at sea and political figures charged with sedition , but it became known , in particular , for its incarceration of the poorest of London 's debtors . Over half the population of England 's prisons in the 18th century were in jail because of debt . Run privately for profit , as were all English prisons until the 19th century , the Marshalsea looked like an Oxbridge college and functioned as an extortion racket . Debtors in the 18th century who could afford the prison fees had access to a bar , shop and restaurant , and retained the crucial privilege of being allowed out during the day , which gave them a chance to earn money for their creditors . Everyone else was crammed into one of nine small rooms with dozens of others , possibly for years for the most modest of debts , which increased as unpaid prison fees accumulated . The poorest faced starvation and , if they crossed the jailers , torture with skullcaps and thumbscrews . A parliamentary committee reported in 1729 that 300 inmates had starved to death within a three @-@ month period , and that eight to ten were dying every 24 hours in the warmer weather . The prison became known around the world in the 19th century through the writing of the English novelist Charles Dickens , whose father was sent there in 1824 , when Dickens was 12 , for a debt to a baker . Forced as a result to leave school to work in a factory , Dickens based several of his characters on his experience , most notably Amy Dorrit , whose father is in the Marshalsea for debts so complex no one can fathom how to get him out . Much of the prison was demolished in the 1870s , though parts of it were used as shops and rooms into the 20th century . A local library now stands on the site . All that is left of the Marshalsea is the long brick wall that marked its southern boundary , the existence of what Dickens called " the crowding ghosts of many miserable years " recalled only by a plaque from the local council . " [ I ] t is gone now , " he wrote , " and the world is none the worse without it . " = = Background = = = = = Etymology , Marshalsea Court = = = Marshalsea or marshalcy referred to the office of a marshal , derived from the Anglo @-@ French mareschalcie . Marshal originally meant farrier , from the Old Germanic marh ( horse ) and scalc ( servant ) , later a title bestowed on those presiding over the courts of Medieval Europe . Marshalsea was originally the name of the Marshalsea Court . The prison was built to hold prisoners brought before that court and the Court of the King 's Bench , to which Marshalsea rulings could be appealed . Also called the Court of the Verge , and the Court of the Marshalsea of the Household of the Kings of England , the Marshalsea court was a jurisdiction of the royal household that , from around 1290 , governed household members who lived within the verge , defined as within 12 miles ( 19 km ) of the king . From 1530 to 1698 the verge was usually 12 miles around the Palace of Whitehall , the royal family 's main residence . But the Marshalsea was an ambulatory court that moved around the country with the king , dealing with trespass , contempt and debt , and increasingly it came to be used by people not connected to the royal household . = = = Southwark = = = Southwark was settled by the Romans around 43 CE . It served as an entry point into London from southern England , particularly along Watling Street , the Roman road from Canterbury ; this ran into what is now Southwark 's Borough High Street and from there north to old London Bridge . The area became known for its travellers and inns , including Geoffrey Chaucer 's Tabard Inn . The itinerant population brought with it poverty , prostitutes , bear baiting , theatres ( including Shakespeare 's Globe ) and prisons . In 1796 there were five prisons in Southwark – the Clink , King 's Bench , Borough Compter , White Lion and the Marshalsea – compared to 18 in London as a whole . = = = Prisons in England = = = Until the 19th century imprisonment in England was not viewed as a punishment in itself , except for minor offences such as vagrancy . Prisons simply held people until their creditors had been paid or their fate decided by judges ; options included execution ( ended 1964 ) , flogging ( 1962 ) , the stocks ( 1872 ) , the pillory ( 1830 ) , the ducking stool ( 1817 ) , joining the military , or penal transportation to America or Australia ( 1867 ) . In 1774 there were just over 4 @,@ 000 prisoners in Britain , half of them debtors , out of a population of six million . ( In 2010 there were over 85 @,@ 000 prisoners in England and Wales out of a population of 56 million . ) Eighteenth @-@ century prisons were effectively lodging houses . Poorly maintained and often filthy , they might consist of a couple of rooms in a cellar . Before the Gaols Act 1823 , then the Prisons Act of 1835 and 1877 , they were administered by the royal household , the aristocracy and the bishops , and run for profit by private individuals who bought the right to manage and make money from them . Prisoners had to pay rent , feed and clothe themselves and , in the larger prisons , furnish their rooms . One man found not guilty at trial in 1669 was not released because he owed prison fees from his pre @-@ trial confinement , a position supported by the judge , Matthew Hale . Jailers sold food or let out space for others to open shops ; the Marshalsea contained several shops and small restaurants . Prisoners with no money or external support faced starvation . If the prison did supply food to its non @-@ paying inmates , it was purchased with charitable donations — donations sometimes siphoned off by the jailers — usually bread and water with a small amount of meat , or something confiscated as unfit for human consumption . Jailers would load prisoners with fetters and other iron , then charge for their removal , known as " easement of irons " ( or " choice of irons " ) ; this became known as the " trade of chains . " The prison reformer John Howard travelled around the country in the 1770s inspecting jails , and presented his research in The State of the Prisons in England and Wales ( 1777 ) . In a jail owned by the Bishop of Ely , Howard wrote , prisoners had ten years earlier been kept chained to the floor on their backs , with spiked collars round their necks and iron bars over their legs . The Duke of Portland had a one @-@ room cellar in Chesterfield that housed four prisoners , with no straw or heat , which had not been cleaned for months . Lord Arundel owned a jail in Penzance , where Howard found a debtor in a room 11 ft x 11 ft and 6 ft high , with a small window . The door of the room had not been opened for four weeks . = = = Debt in England = = = Before the Bankruptcy Act of 1869 , debtors in England were routinely imprisoned at the pleasure of their creditors . Around 10 @,@ 000 people in England and Wales were in prison for debt in 1641 , often for small amounts . In the 18th century debtors comprised over half the prison population : 945 of London 's 1 @,@ 500 prisoners in 1779 were debtors . Other European countries had legislation limiting imprisonment for debt to one year , but debtors in England were imprisoned until their creditors were satisfied . When the Fleet Prison closed in 1842 , two debtors were found to have been there for 30 years . Prisoners would often take their families with them , which meant that entire communities sprang up inside the debtors ' jails . The community created its own economy , with jailers charging for room , food , drink and furniture , or selling concessions to others , and attorneys charging fees in fruitless efforts to get the debtors out . Prisoners ' families , including children , often had to find employment simply to cover the cost of the imprisonment . Legislation began to address the problem from 1649 onwards , but it was slow to make a difference . Helen Small writes that , under George III ( 1760 – 1820 ) , new legislation prevented debts of under 40 shillings leading to jail ( £ 409 in 2014 ) , but even the smallest debt would exceed that once lawyers ' fees were added . Under the Insolvent Debtors Act 1813 , debtors could request release after 14 days by taking an oath that their assets did not exceed £ 20 , but if a creditor objected they had to stay inside . Even after years in prison , the debt remained to be paid . = = First Marshalsea ( 1373 – 1811 ) = = = = = Overview , sources = = = The Marshalsea occupied two buildings on the same street in Southwark . The first dated back to the 14th century at what would now be 161 Borough High Street , between King Street and Mermaid Court . By the late 16th century the building was crumbling . In 1799 the government reported that it would be rebuilt 130 yards ( 119 m ) south on what is now 211 Borough High Street . Measuring around 150 by 50 feet ( 46m x 15m ) , with a turreted front lodge , the first Marshalsea was set slightly back from Borough High Street . There is no record of when it was built . Historian Jerry White writes that it existed by 1300 , but according to Ida Darlington , editor of the 1955 Survey of London , there is a mention of " the good men of the town of Suthwerk " being granted a licence in 1373 to build a house on Southwark 's High Street to hold prisoners appearing before the Marshalsea of the King 's household . Darlington writes that earlier mentions of a Marshalsea prison may refer to other prisons , one kept by the Knight Marshal at York and another at Canterbury . There is a reference to the Marshalsea prison in Southwark being set on fire in 1381 by Wat Tyler during the Peasants ' Revolt . Most of the first Marshalsea , as with the second , was taken up by debtors ; in 1773 debtors within 12 miles of Westminster could be imprisoned there for a debt of 40 shillings . Jerry White writes that London 's poorest debtors were housed in the Marshalsea . Wealthier debtors arranged to be moved – regularly securing their removal from the Marshalsea by writ of habeas corpus – to the Fleet or the King 's Bench , both of which were more comfortable . The prison also held a small number of men being tried at the Old Bailey for crimes at sea . The Marshalsea was technically under the control of the Knight Marshal , but was let out to others who ran it for profit . For example , in 1727 the Knight Marshal , Sir Philip Meadows , hired John Darby , a printer , as prison governor , who in turn leased it to William Acton , a butcher ( who was later tried for murdering three of its prisoners ) . Acton had previously worked as one of the prison 's turnkeys . He paid Darby £ 140 a year ( roughly £ 18 @,@ 780 ) for a seven @-@ year lease , giving him the right to act as resident warden and chief turnkey , and an additional £ 260 for the right to collect rent from the rooms , and sell food and drink . Much of our information about the first Marshalsea is about the prison in the early 18th @-@ century , courtesy of three sources . John Baptist Grano ( 1692 – c . 1748 ) , one of George Frederick Handel 's trumpeters at the opera house in London 's Haymarket , was jailed there for a debt of £ 99 ( £ 12 @,@ 000 today ) , and kept a detailed diary , A Journal of My Life inside the Marshalsea , of his 458 @-@ day incarceration from 30 May 1728 until 23 September 1729 . The other two key sources are a 1729 report by a parliamentary committee , led by James Oglethorpe MP , on the state of the Fleet and the Marshalsea , and the subsequent murder trial that year of William Acton , the Marshalsea 's chief jailor . = = = Master 's side = = = By the 18th century , the prison had separate areas for its two classes of prisoner : the master 's side , which housed about 50 rooms for rent , and the common or poor side , consisting of nine small rooms , or wards , into which 300 people were confined from dusk until dawn . Room rents on the master 's side were ten shillings a week in 1728 , with most prisoners forced to share . John Baptist Grano paid 2s 6d ( two shillings and six pennies ) for a room with two beds on the master 's side , shared with three other prisoners : Daniel Blunt , a tailor who owed £ 9 , Benjamin Sandford , a lighterman from Bermondsey who owed £ 55 , and a Mr. Blundell , a jeweller . Women prisoners who could pay the fees were housed in the women 's quarters , known as the oak . The wives , daughters and lovers of male prisoners were allowed to live with them , if someone was paying their way . Known as the castle by inmates , the prison had a turreted lodge at the entrance , with a side room called the pound , where new prisoners would wait until a room was found for them . The front lodge led to a courtyard known as the park . This had been divided in two by a long narrow wall , so that prisoners from the common side could not be seen by those on the master 's side , who preferred not to be distressed by the sight of abject poverty , especially when they might themselves be plunged into it at any moment . There was a bar run by the governor 's wife , and a chandler 's shop run in 1728 by a Mr and Mrs Cary , both prisoners , which sold candles , soap and a little food . There was a coffee shop run in 1729 by a long @-@ term prisoner , Sarah Bradshaw , and a steak house called Titty Doll 's run by another prisoner , Richard McDonnell , and his wife . There was also a tailor and a barber , and prisoners from the master 's side could hire prisoners from the common side to act as their servants . The prison reformer John Howard visited the Marshalsea on 16 March 1774 . He reported that there was no infirmary , and that the practice of " garnish " was in place , whereby new prisoners were bullied into giving money to the older prisoners upon arrival . Five rooms on the master 's side were being let to a man who was not a prisoner ; he had set up a chandler 's shop in one of them , lived in two others with his family , and sublet two to prisoners . During Howard 's visit , the tap room , or beer room , had been let to a prisoner who was living " within the rules " or " within the liberty " of the King 's Bench prison ; this meant that he was a King 's Bench inmate who , for a fee , was allowed to live outside , within a certain radius of the prison . Although legislation prohibited jailers from having a pecuniary interest in the sale of alcohol within their prisons , it was a rule that was completely ignored . Howard reported that , in the summer of 1775 , 600 pots of beer were brought into the Marshalsea one Sunday from a public house , because the prisoners did not like the beer in the tap room . = = = Common side = = = Prisoners on the master 's side rarely ventured to the common side . John Baptist Grano went there just once , on 5 August 1728 , writing in his diary that , " I thought it would have kill 'd me . " There was no need for other prisoners to see it , John Ginger writes . It was enough that they knew it existed to keep the rental money , legal fees and other gratuities flowing from their families , fees that anywhere else would have seen them living in the lap of luxury , but which in the Marshalsea could be trusted merely to stave off disease and starvation . By all accounts , living conditions in the common side were horrific . In 1639 prisoners complained that 23 women were being held in one room without space to lie down , leading to a revolt , with prisoners pulling down fences and attacking the guards with stones . Prisoners were regularly beaten with a " bull 's pizzle " ( a whip made from a bull 's penis ) , or tortured with thumbscrews and a skullcap , a vice for the head that weighed 12 lb ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) . What often finished them off was being forced to lie in the strong room , a windowless shed near the main sewer , next to cadavers awaiting burial and piles of night soil . Dickens described it as " dreaded by even the most dauntless highwaymen and bearable only to toads and rats . " One apparently diabetic army officer who died in the strong room – he had been ejected from the common side because inmates had complained about the smell of his urine – had his face eaten by rats within hours of his death , according to a witness . When William Acton ran the jail in the 1720s , the income from charities , collected to buy food for inmates on the common side , was directed instead to a group of trusted prisoners who policed the prison on Acton 's behalf . The same group swore during Acton 's trial in 1729 for murder that the strong room was the best room in the house . Ginger writes that Acton and his wife , who lived in a comfortable apartment near the lodge , knew they were sitting on a powder keg : " When each morning the smell of freshly baked bread filled ... the yard ... only brutal suppression could prevent the Common Side from erupting . " = = = 1729 Gaols Committee = = = The common side did erupt after a fashion in 1728 when Robert Castell , an architect and debtor in the Fleet prison , who had been living in lodgings outside the jail within the rules , was taken to a " sponging house " after refusing to pay a higher prison fee to the Fleet 's notorious warden , Thomas Bambridge . Sponging houses were private lodgings where prisoners were incarcerated before being taken to jail ; they acquired the name because they squeezed the prisoner 's last money out of him . When Castell arrived at the sponging house on 14 November he was forced to share space with a man who was dying of smallpox , and as a result became infected and died less than a month later . Castell had a friend , James Oglethorpe , a Tory MP who years later founded the American colony of Georgia . Oglethorpe began to ask questions about the treatment of debtor prisoners , and a group of debtors , perhaps at Oglethorpe 's instigation , lodged a complaint about their treatment with the mayor of London and his aldermen , who interviewed the Fleet 's warden on 21 December 1728 . In February 1729 the House of Commons appointed a parliamentary committee , the Gaols Committee , chaired by Oglethorpe , to examine conditions in the Fleet and Marshalsea . The committee visited the Fleet on 27 February and the Marshalsea on 25 March . William Hogarth accompanied the committee on its visit to the Fleet , sketching it , then painting it in oil ( left ) . The painting was commissioned by Sir Archibald Grant , MP for Aberdeenshire , standing third from the right . The man in irons is thought to be Jacob Mendez Solas , a Portuguese prisoner . The committee was shocked by the prisoners ' living conditions . In the Fleet they found Sir William Rich , a baronet , in irons . Unable to pay the prison fee , he had been burned with a red @-@ hot poker , hit with a stick and kept in a dungeon for ten days for having wounded the warden with a shoemaker 's knife . In the Marshalsea they found that prisoners on the common side were being routinely starved to death : All the Support such poor Wretches have to subsist on , is an accidental Allowance of Pease , given once a week by a Gentleman , who conceals his Name , and about Thirty Pounds of Beef , provided by the voluntary Contribution of the Judge and Officers of the Marshalsea , on Monday , Wednesday , and Friday ; which is divided into very small Portions , of about an Ounce and a half , distributed with One @-@ Fourth @-@ part of an Half @-@ penny Loaf ... When the miserable Wretch hath worn out the Charity of his Friends , and consumed the Money , which he hath raised upon his Cloaths , and Bedding , and hath eat his last Allowance of Provisions , he usually in a few Days grows weak , for want of Food , with the symptoms of a hectick Fever ; and when he is no longer able to stand , if he can raise 3d to pay the Fee of the common Nurse of the Prison , he obtains the Liberty of being carried into the Sick Ward , and lingers on for about a Month or two , by the assistance of the above @-@ mentioned Prison Portion of Provision , and then dies . = = = Trial of William Acton = = = As a result of the Gaols Committee 's inquiries , several key figures within the jails were tried for murder in August 1729 , including Thomas Bambridge of the Fleet and William Acton of the Marshalsea . Given the strongly worded report of the Gaols Committee , the trials were major public events . Ginger writes that , when the Prince of Wales 's bookseller presented his bill at the end of that year , two of the 41 volumes on it were accounts of William Acton 's trial . = = = = Case of Thomas Bliss = = = = The first case against Acton , before Mr. Baron Carter , was for the murder in 1726 of Thomas Bliss , a carpenter and debtor . Unable to pay the prison fees , Bliss had been left with so little to eat that he had tried to escape by throwing a rope over the wall , but his pursuers severed it and he fell 20 feet into the prison yard . Wanting to know who had supplied the rope , Acton beat him with a bull 's pizzle , stamped on his stomach , placed him in the hole ( a damp space under the stairs ) , then in the strong room . Originally built to hold pirates , the strong room was just a few yards from the prison 's sewer . It was never cleaned , had no drain , no sunlight , no fresh air — the smell was described as " noisome " — and was full of rats and sometimes " several barrow fulls of dung . " Several prisoners told the court that it contained no bed , so that prisoners had to lie on the damp floor , possibly next to corpses awaiting burial . But a group of favoured prisoners Acton had paid to police the jail told the hearing there was indeed a bed . One of them said he often chose to lie in there himself , because the strong room was so clean ; the " best room on the Common side of the jail , " said another . This despite the court 's having heard that one prisoner 's left side had mortified from lying on the wet floor , and that a rat had eaten the nose , ear , cheek and left eye of another . Bliss was left in the strong room for three weeks wearing a skullcap ( a heavy vice for the head ) , thumb screws , iron collar , leg irons , and irons round his ankles called sheers . One witness said the swelling in his legs was so bad that the irons on one side could no longer be seen for overflowing flesh . His wife , who was able to see him through a small hole in the door , testified that he was bleeding from the mouth and thumbs . He was given a small amount of food but the skullcap prevented him from chewing ; he had to ask another prisoner , Susannah Dodd , to chew his meat for him . He was eventually released from the prison , but his health deteriorated and he died in St. Thomas ’ s Hospital . = = = = Other cases , acquittal = = = = The court was told of three other cases . Captain John Bromfield , Robert Newton and James Thompson all died after similar treatment from Acton : a beating , followed by time in the hole or strong room , before being moved to the sick ward , where they were left to lie on the floor in leg irons . So concerned was Acton for his reputation that he requested the indictments be read out in Latin , but his worries were misplaced . The government wanted an acquittal to protect the good name of the Knight Marshal , Sir Philip Meadows , who had hired John Darby as prison governor , who in turn had leased the prison to Acton . Acton 's favoured prisoners had testified on his behalf , introducing contradictory evidence that the trial judge stressed to the jury . A stream of witnesses spoke of his good character , including a judge , an MP , his butcher , brewer , confectioner and solicitor – his coal merchant thought Acton " improper for the post he was in from his too great compassion " – and he was found not guilty on all charges . The Gaols Committee had managed to draw attention to the plight of England 's prisoners , but reform had eluded them . = = = Notable prisoners = = = Though most of the prisoners in the Marshalsea were debtors , the prison was second in importance only to the Tower of London . From the 14th century onwards , minor political figures were held there instead of in the Tower , mostly for sedition . William Hepworth Dixon wrote in 1885 that it was full of " poets , pirates , parsons , plotters ; coiners , libellers , defaulters , Jesuits ; vagabonds of every class who vexed the souls of men in power ... " The Marshalsea became the main holding prison for Roman Catholics suspected of sedition during the Elizabethan era . Bishop Bonner , the last Roman Catholic Bishop of London , was imprisoned there in 1559 , supposedly for his own safety , until his death 10 years later . William Herle , a spy for Lord Burghley , Elizabeth I 's chief adviser , was held there in 1570 and 1571 . According to Robyn Adams , the prison leaked both physically and metaphorically . In correspondence about Marshalsea prisoners Herle suspected of involvement in a plot to kill the Queen , he wrote of a network within the prison for smuggling information out of it , which included hiding letters in holes in the crumbling brickwork for others to pick up . Intellectuals regularly found themselves in the Marshalsea . The playwright Ben Jonson , a friend of Shakespeare , was jailed in 1597 for The Isle of Dogs , a play that was immediately suppressed , with no extant copies ; on 28 July that year the Privy Council was told it was a " lewd plaie that was plaied in one of the plaie houses on the Bancke Side , contaynynge very seditious and sclandrous matter . " The poet Christopher Brooke was jailed in 1601 for helping 17 @-@ year @-@ old Ann More marry John Donne without her father 's consent . George Wither , the political satirist , wrote his poem " The Shepherd 's Hunting " in 1614 in the Marshalsea ; he was held for four months for libel over his Abuses Stript and Whipt , 20 satires criticizing revenge , ambition and lust , one of them directed at the Lord Chancellor . Nicholas Udall , vicar of Braintree and headmaster of Eton College , was sent there in 1541 for buggery and suspected theft , though his appointment in 1555 as headmaster of Westminster School suggests the episode did his name no lasting harm . When Sir John Eliot , Vice @-@ Admiral of Devon , was moved to the Marshalsea in 1632 from the Tower of London for questioning the right of the King to tax imports and exports , he described it as leaving his palace in London for his country house in Southwark . The jurist John Selden was jailed there in 1629 for his involvement in drafting the Petition of Right , a document limiting the actions of the King , regarded as seditious although it had been passed by Parliament . Colonel Thomas Culpeper ended up in the Marshalsea in 1685 or 1687 for striking the Duke of Devonshire , William Cavendish , on the ear . = = Second Marshalsea ( 1811 – 1842 ) = = = = = Overview = = = When the prison reformer James Neild visited the first Marshalsea in December 1802 , just 34 debtors were living there , along with eight wives and seven children . Neild wrote that it was in " a most ruinous and insecure state , and the habitations of the debtors wretched in the extreme . " There had been riots in the prison in 1749 and 1768 . The government acknowledged in 1799 that it had fallen into a state of decay , and a decision was made to rebuild it 130 yards south ( 119 m ) , at 150 High Street ( now called Borough High Street ) , on the site of the White Lion prison , also known as the Borough Gaol . This was on the south side of Angel Court and Angel Alley , two narrow streets that no longer exist . Costing £ 8 @,@ 000 to complete ( £ 523 @,@ 509 in 2013 ) , the new prison opened in 1811 with two sections , one for Admiralty prisoners under court martial , and one for debtors , with a shared chapel that had been part of the White Lion . = = = Debtors = = = Like the first Marshalsea , the second was notoriously cramped . In 1827 , 414 out of its 630 debtors were there for debts under £ 20 ; 1 @,@ 890 people in Southwark were imprisoned that year for a total debt of ₤ 16 @,@ 442 . The debtors ' section consisted of a brick barracks , a yard measuring 177 × 56 ft ( 54 m x 17 m ) , a kitchen , a public room , and a tap room or snuggery , where debtors could drink as much beer as they wanted , at fivepence a pot in 1815 . Philpotts reports that , by the early 19th century , most debtors spent only months in the prison ; on 19 April 1826 it held 105 debtors , 99 of whom had been there for less than six months and the other six for less than a year . The barracks was less than 10 yards wide and 33 yards long ( 9 m x 30 m ) and was divided into eight houses , each with three floors , containing 56 rooms in all . Each floor had seven rooms facing the front and seven in the back . There were no internal hallways . The rooms were accessed directly from the outside via eight narrow wooden staircases , a fire hazard given that the stairs provided the sole exit and the houses were separated only by thin lathe and plaster partitions . Women debtors were housed in rooms over the tap room . The rooms in the barracks ( the men 's rooms ) were 10 ft . 10 ins ( 3 @.@ 3 m ) square and 8 – 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 4 – 2 @.@ 7 m ) high , with a window , wooden floors and a fireplace . Each housed two or three prisoners , and as the rooms were too small for two beds , prisoners had to share . Apart from the bed , prisoners were expected to provide their own furniture . The anonymous witness complained in 1833 : " 170 persons have been confined at one time within these walls , making an average of more than four persons in each room – which are not ten feet square ! ! ! I will leave the reader to imagine what the situation of men , thus confined , particularly in the summer months , must be . " Much of the prison business was run by a debtors ' committee of nine prisoners and a chair ( a position held by Dickens ' father ) . The committee was responsible for imposing fines for rules violations , an obligation they met with enthusiasm . Debtors could be fined for theft ; throwing water or filth out of windows or into someone else 's room ; making noise after midnight ; cursing , fighting or singing obscene songs ; smoking in the beer room 8 – 10p. am or 12 – 2p. pm ; defacing the staircase ; dirtying the privy seats ; stealing newspapers or utensils from the snuggery ; urinating in the yard ; drawing water before it had boiled ; and criticizing the committee . As dreadful as the Marshalsea was , it kept the creditors away . Debtors could even arrange to have themselves arrested by a business partner to enter the jail when it suited them . Historian Margot Finn writes that discharge could therefore be used as a punishment ; one debtor was thrown out in May 1801 for " making a Noise and disturbance in the prison . " = = = Garnish and chummage = = = New prisoners were expected to pay garnish when they arrived , a donation to the prisoners ' committee . When the commissioners reported to parliament between 1815 and 1818 , male prisoners were paying five shillings and sixpence , increased to eight shillings and sixpence by the time the anonymous witness was writing in 1833 . Women were asked for a smaller sum . This allowed them to use the snuggery , where water could be boiled and meals cooked , and candles and newspapers obtained . Prisoners failing to pay were declared defaulters by the prison crier , had their names written up in the kitchen , and were sent to Coventry . After paying garnish , prisoners were given a " chum ticket , " which told them which room was theirs and which prisoners they would be chumming with . They would often spend the first night in the infirmary until a room could be made ready , and sometimes three or four nights walking around the yard before a chum could be found , though they were already being charged for the room they did not have . English professor Trey Philpotts writes that the newest arrival was usually placed with the youngest prisoner who was living alone . A wealthier prisoner could pay his roommate to go away – " buy out the chum " – for half @-@ a @-@ crown a week in 1818 , while the outcast chum would sleep in the tap room or find another room to rent in the prison . The only prisoners not expected to pay chummage were debtors who had declared themselves insolvent by swearing an oath that they had assets worth less than 40 shillings . If their creditors agreed , they could be released after 14 days , but if anyone objected , they remained confined to the poor side of the building , near the women 's side , receiving a small weekly allowance from the county and money from charity . = = = Admiralty prisoners = = = The Admiralty division housed a few prisoners under naval courts @-@ martial for mutiny , desertion , piracy , and what the deputy marshal preferred in 1815 to call " unnatural crimes . " Unlike other parts of the prison that had been built from scratch in 1811 , the Admiralty division – as well as the northern boundary wall , the dayroom and the chapel – had been part of the old Borough gaol and were considerably run down . The cells were so rotten they were barely able to confine the prisoners ; in 1817 one actually broke through his cell walls . The low boundary wall meant that Admiralty prisoners were often chained to bolts fixed to the floor in the infirmary . They were supposed to have a separate yard to exercise in , so that criminals were not mixing with debtors , but in fact the prisoners mixed often and happily , according to Dickens . The parliamentary committee deplored this practice , arguing that Admiralty prisoners were characterized by an " entire absence of all control , " and were bound to have a bad effect on the debtors . The two groups would retreat to their own sections during inspections , Dickens wrote : [ T ] he smugglers habitually consorted with the debtors ... except at certain constitutional moments when somebody came from some Office , to go through some form of overlooking something , which neither he nor anybody else knew anything about . On those truly British occasions , the smugglers , if any , made a feint of walking into the strong cells and the blind alley , while this somebody pretended to do his something ; and made a reality of walking out again as soon as he hadn 't done it – neatly epitomizing the administration of most of the public affairs , in our right little , tight little island . = = = Women = = = The presence of wives , lovers and daughters was taken for granted . Visitors could come and go freely , and even live with the prisoners , without being asked who they were . Female prisoners were allowed to mix freely with the men . Some of the rooms were let to prostitutes . The prison gates were closed from ten at night until eight the next morning , with a bell warning visitors half an hour before closing time , and an officer walking around the prison calling , " Strangers , women and children all out ! " According to the anonymous eyewitness , women in the Marshalsea were in constant moral danger : " How often has female virtue been assailed in poverty ? Alas how often has it fallen , in consequence of a husband or a father having been a prisoner for debt ? " The prison doctor would visit every other day to attend to prisoners , and sometimes their children – to " protect his reputation , " according to a doctor testifying in 1815 to a parliamentary commission – but would not attend to their wives . This left women to give birth alone or with the help of other prisoners . The doctor told the commission he had helped just once with a birth , and then only as a matter of courtesy , because it was not included in his salary . = = = Closure and abolition = = = The Marshalsea was closed by an Act of Parliament in 1842 , and on 19 November that year the inmates were relocated to the Bethlem hospital if they were mentally ill , or to the King 's Bench Prison , at that point renamed the Queen 's Prison . On 31 December 1849 the Court of the Marshalsea of the Household of the Kings of England was abolished , and its power transferred to Her Majesty 's Court of Common Pleas at Westminster . The buildings and land were auctioned off in July 1843 and purchased for £ 5 @,@ 100 by W. G. Hicks , an ironmonger . The property consisted of the keeper 's house , the canteen ( known as a suttling house ) , the Admiralty section , the chapel , a three @-@ story brick building and eight brick houses , all closed off from Borough High Street by iron gates . Imprisonment for debt was finally outlawed in England in 1869 , except in cases of fraud or refusal to pay , and in the 1870s the Home Office demolished most of the prison buildings , though in 1955 parts of it were still in use by George Harding & Sons , hardware merchants . Dickens visited what was left of the Marshalsea in May 1857 , just before he finished Little Dorrit . He wrote in the preface : Some of my readers may have an interest in being informed whether or no any portions of the Marshalsea Prison are yet standing . I did not know , myself , until the sixth of this present month , when I went to look . I found the outer front courtyard , often mentioned in this story , metamorphosed into a butter shop ; and then I almost gave up every brick of the jail for lost . Wandering , however , down a certain adjacent " Angel Court , leading to Bermondsey , " I came to " Marshalsea Place : " the houses in which I recognised , not only as the great block of the former prison , but as preserving the rooms that arose in my mind 's eye when I became Little Dorrit 's biographer ... A little further on , I found the older and smaller wall , which used to enclose the pent @-@ up inner prison where nobody was put , except for ceremony . But , whosoever goes into Marshalsea Place , turning out of Angel Court , leading to Bermondsey , will find his feet on the very paving @-@ stones of the extinct Marshalsea jail ; will see its narrow yard to the right and to the left , very little altered if at all , except that the walls were lowered when the place got free ; will look upon the rooms in which the debtors lived ; and will stand among the crowding ghosts of many miserable years . = = = Location of the prison remains = = = The building on the site of the prison houses Southwark Council 's John Harvard Library and Local Studies Library , at 211 Borough High Street , just north of the junction with Tabard Street . All that remains of the Marshalsea is the brick wall that marked the southern boundary of the prison , separating it from St George 's churchyard , now a small garden . It can be reached by underground on the Northern line to Borough tube station , or by train to London Bridge station . The surviving wall runs along an alleyway that was part of the prison , now called Angel Place . The name Angel Place has led to confusion because there were two alleyways on the north side of the Marshalsea ( Angel Court and Angel Alley ) , the first of which Dickens refers to when giving directions to the prison remains in 1857 . See Richard Horwood 's 18th century map , which shows Angel Court / Angel Alley near the Borough Goal [ sic ] , marked by the number 2 . The wall is marked on the garden side , on what would have been the external wall of the prison , by a plaque from the local council . There is also a paving stone with information about Dickens 's father . The Cuming Museum has one of the prison 's pumps and the Dickens House Museum one of its windows .
= Bert Olmstead = Murray Albert Olmstead ( September 4 , 1926 – November 16 , 2015 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played for the Montreal Canadiens , Chicago Black Hawks and Toronto Maple Leafs in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Olmstead began his career with the Black Hawks in 1949 . In December 1950 , he was traded to the Montreal Canadiens via Detroit . Olmstead had his best statistical years playing for Montreal , leading the league in assists in 1954 – 55 with 48 , and setting a league record for assists with 56 the following season . Olmstead was claimed in an Intra @-@ League Draft by Toronto Maple Leafs in 1958 , and played there until his retirement in 1962 . In the 1967 – 68 season , Olmstead served as coach of the expansion Oakland Seals . Olmstead played in the Stanley Cup final in 11 of his 14 seasons in the NHL , winning it five times . He won it four times with Montreal , in 1953 , and from 1956 to 1958 , and once with Toronto , in 1962 , which was his last season . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985 . = = Early life = = Olmstead was born in Sceptre , Saskatchewan , a small village with a population of less than 200 , in southwestern Saskatchewan . In 1944 , at the age of 18 , he moved to Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan , to play junior hockey . In his first year , Olmstead and the Moose Jaw Canucks challenged for the Memorial Cup , after finishing the playoffs with a 15 – 1 record . They were unsuccessful in the series against the St. Michael 's Majors . Olmstead had 10 goals and eight assists in the 17 playoff games he played . He played another season in Moose Jaw , before being assigned to the Kansas City Pla @-@ Mors of the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) by the Chicago Black Hawks . = = Playing career = = = = = Chicago Black Hawks = = = Olmstead played three full seasons for Kansas City , and part of another , later in 1950 , for the Milwaukee Sea Gulls . In the 1946 – 47 season , Olmstead joined the Pla @-@ Mors , finishing the season with 42 points in 60 games . In 1948 – 49 , the Canadiens , who had originally sponsored him and owned his rights , traded him to the Chicago Black Hawks . The same season , Olmstead made his NHL debut , called up after scoring 33 goals and 44 assists , for 77 points , in 52 games with the Pla @-@ Mors . He played nine games for the Black Hawks and collected two assists . Olmstead played the entire following season for the Black Hawks , appearing in 70 games and scoring 20 goals . Olmstead split the 1950 – 51 season between four teams , playing for all but one of them . He began the season playing for the Black Hawks franchise , playing 15 games in the NHL and 12 in the USHL , for the Milwaukee Sea Gulls . On December 2 , 1950 , Olmstead , with Vic Stasiuk , was traded to the Detroit Red Wings , in exchange for Lee Fogolin and Steve Black . On December 19 , 1950 , 17 days after the trade to Detroit , he was traded again , without ever suiting up for the Red Wings , to Montreal , for Leo Gravelle . Olmstead would never leave the NHL until his retirement in 1962 , playing 39 games that season on a line with Maurice Richard and Elmer Lach , scoring 38 points . Olmstead also appeared in 11 playoff games , collecting six points , as the Canadiens lost the best @-@ of @-@ seven Stanley Cup finals to the Toronto Maple Leafs in five games . = = = Montreal Canadiens = = = Olmstead and the Canadiens appeared in the Stanley Cup finals again in the 1951 – 52 season , losing to the Detroit Red Wings ; after recording 35 points in 69 regular season games , Olmstead was limited to an assist in 11 playoff games . In his third season with the Canadiens , Olmstead won the Stanley Cup for the first time . Earning 45 points in 69 games , he was named to the Second All @-@ Star Team . On the last game of the season , Olmstead bodychecked Gordie Howe , stopping him from tying Maurice Richard 's record of 50 goals in a season . Olmstead played all the 70 games in the next two seasons , scoring 52 and 58 points in the 1953 – 54 and 1954 – 55 seasons , respectively . The Canadiens lost to the Red Wings once more in the Stanley Cup finals , in both seasons . In the 1954 – 55 season , Olmstead led the league in assists , with 48 , as Montreal lost another Stanley Cup Final to Detroit . The 1955 – 56 season saw the start of Montreal 's five consecutive Stanley Cup championships . In that season , Olmstead played on a line with Jean Beliveau and Bernie " Boom Boom " Geoffrion . He set a record for assists , with 56 , and also scored eight points in game , recording four goals and four assists , tying Rocket Richard 's record . This record would be broken in 1976 by Darryl Sittler , who scored six goals and four assists , for ten points . As well as winning the Stanley Cup , Olmstead was again named to the Second All @-@ Star Team . Olmstead won two more Stanley Cups in the 1956 – 57 and 1957 – 58 seasons . After the conclusion of the 1957 – 58 seasons , doctors informed him that he had no strength left in his knees , and that he should contemplate retirement . As a result of this prognosis , the Canadiens left Olmstead unprotected in the Intra @-@ League Draft , and he was claimed by Billy Reay , the head coach of the Canadiens ' chief rival , the Toronto Maple Leafs . = = = Toronto Maple Leafs = = = Early in the 1958 – 59 season , Punch Imlach , the assistant general manager of the Leafs , fired Reay , installed himself as head coach , and appointed Olmstead as the playing assistant coach . This meant that while Imlach coached the team during games , Olmstead was in charge of the practices ; however , Olmstead only lasted three months as assistant coach , resigning to devote more time to improving his play . The same season , the Leafs went on a long winning streak in order to qualify for the playoffs , but they lost to the Canadiens in the finals . After losing in the Finals the next season , and falling short of the Finals the next season , Olmstead won his fifth and final Stanley Cup in 1962 , missing two months of the season with a broken shoulder , and being limited to only four out of the 12 playoff games . = = Retirement = = Following his fifth Stanley Cup win , with Toronto , the New York Rangers claimed Olmstead in the Intra @-@ League Draft on June 4 , 1962 . This came as a surprise to Olmstead , who refused to report to the team . The Canadiens offered to acquire him from the Rangers , within a month ; Olmstead demanded an immediate trade . Since no deal came , he retired at the age of 35 . During his 14 @-@ year NHL career , Olmstead scored 181 goals and 421 assists , for 602 points ; in the playoffs , he collected 59 points , in 115 games . In his 14 seasons , Olmstead appeared in the Stanley Cup final 11 times . He won five times , four of them with the Montreal Canadiens , and once with the Toronto Maple Leafs . After retiring from playing , Olmstead attempted coaching . In the 1965 – 66 season , Olmstead coached the Vancouver Canucks , of the WHL ; he finished with a 33 – 35 – 4 record , for a .486 winning percentage . In the 1967 – 68 season , Olmstead coached the expansion Oakland Seals , in the NHL . Olmstead did not last the full season , stepping aside after 64 games , having only won 11 games , with a .297 winning percentage . = = Legacy = = Known as " Dirty Bertie " because of his physical playing style , Olmstead was a power forward , making hard hits and winning battles in the corners . He was not a very good skater , and thus he had to compromise with his bodychecking . Olmstead was not regularly involved in fights , but in the ones he participated , the majority were started with his hits . Olmstead was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1985 . Olmstead , with his wife Nora , visited the town of Okotoks , Alberta on August 13 , 2005 , with the Stanley Cup . He had previously declined to spend a day with it , believing that it was being given to much older winners only because of the lockout . Olmstead also noted , at the end of the day , that he was happy to have the Stanley Cup again . Olmstead died at his home in High River , Alberta on November 16 , 2015 , due to complications from a stroke . = = Career statistics = = = = Coaching record = =
= The Daily Show = The Daily Show ( also known as The Daily Show with Jon Stewart from 1999 until 2015 , and The Daily Show with Trevor Noah as of 2015 ) is an American news satire and talk show television program , which airs each Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central and on The Comedy Network in Canada . The half @-@ hour @-@ long show premiered on July 21 , 1996 , and was hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17 , 1998 . Jon Stewart then took over as the host from January 11 , 1999 until August 6 , 2015 , making the show more strongly focused on politics and the national media , in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn 's tenure . Stewart was succeeded by Trevor Noah , whose tenure premiered on September 28 , 2015 . The Daily Show is the longest @-@ running program on Comedy Central ( counting all three tenures ) , and has won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards . Describing itself as a fake news program , The Daily Show draws its comedy and satire from recent news stories , political figures , media organizations , and often uses self @-@ referential humor as well . During Stewart 's tenure , the show typically opened with a long monologue , relating to recent headlines and frequently featured exchanges with one or more Daily Show correspondents , who adopted absurd or humorously exaggerated takes on current events against Stewart 's straight man persona . The final segment was devoted to a celebrity interview , with guests ranging from actors and musicians to nonfiction authors and political figures . The program is popular among young audiences , with organizations such as the Pew Research Center suggesting that 74 % of regular viewers are between 18 and 49 , and that 10 % of the audience watch the show for its news headlines , 2 % for in @-@ depth reporting , and 43 % for entertainment , compared with 64 % who watch CNN for the news headlines . Critics have chastised Stewart for not conducting sufficiently hard @-@ hitting interviews with his political guests , some of whom he may have lampooned in previous segments . Stewart and other Daily Show writers have responded to such criticism by saying that they do not have any journalistic responsibility and that as comedians their only duty is to provide entertainment . Stewart 's appearance on the CNN show Crossfire picked up this debate , where he chastised the CNN production and hosts for not conducting informative and current interviews on a news network . = = Format = = = = = Opening segment = = = Each episode begins with announcer Drew Birns announcing the date and the introduction , " From Comedy Central 's World News Headquarters in New York , this is The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , " later changing to reflect Trevor Noah as the new host . Previously , the introduction was " This is The Daily Show , the most important television program , ever . " The host then opens the show with a monologue drawing from current news stories and issues . Previously , the show had divided its news commentary into sections known as " Headlines " , " Other News " , and " This Just In " ; these titles were dropped from regular use on October 28 , 2002 and were last used on March 6 , 2003 . = = = Correspondent segments = = = The monologue segment is often followed by a segment featuring an exchange with a correspondent — typically introduced as the show 's " senior " specialist in the subject at hand — either at the anchor desk with the host or reporting from a false location in front of a greenscreen showing stock footage . Their stated areas of expertise vary depending on the news story that is being discussed , and can range from relatively general ( such as Senior Political Analyst ) to absurdly specific ( such as Senior Casual Racism Correspondent ) . The cast of correspondents is quite diverse , and many often sarcastically portray extreme stereotypes of themselves to poke fun at a news story , such as " Senior Latino Correspondent " or " Senior Youth Correspondent " . They typically present absurd or humorously exaggerated takes on current events against the host 's straight man . While correspondents stated to be reporting abroad are usually performing in @-@ studio in front of a greenscreen background , on rare occasions , cast members have recorded pieces on location . For instance , during the week of August 20 , 2007 , the show aired a series of segments called " Operation Silent Thunder : The Daily Show in Iraq " in which correspondent Rob Riggle reported from Iraq . In August 2008 , Riggle traveled to China for a series of segments titled " Rob Riggle : Chasing the Dragon " , which focused on the 2008 Beijing Olympics . Additionally , Jason Jones traveled to Iran in early June 2009 to report on the Iranian elections , and John Oliver traveled to South Africa for the series of segments " Into Africa " to report on the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In March 2012 , John Oliver traveled to Gabon , on the west African coast , to report on the Gabonian government 's decision to donate $ 2 million to UNESCO after the United States cut its funding for UNESCO earlier that year . Correspondent segments feature a rotating supporting cast , and involve the show 's members traveling to different locations to file comedic reports on current news stories and conduct interviews with people related to the featured issue . Topics have varied widely ; during the early years of the show they tended toward character @-@ driven human interest stories such as Bigfoot enthusiasts . Since Stewart began hosting in 1999 , the focus of the show has become more political and the field pieces have come to more closely reflect current issues and debates . Under Kilborn and the early years of Stewart , most interviewees were either unaware or not entirely aware of the comedic nature of The Daily Show . However , since the show began to gain popularity — particularly following its coverage of the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections — most of the subjects now interviewed are aware of the comedic element . = = = Recurring segments = = = Some segments have recurred periodically , such as " Back in Black " with Lewis Black , " This Week in God " and " Are You Prepared ? ! ? " with Samantha Bee , " Trendspotting " with Demetri Martin , " Wilmore @-@ Oliver Investigates " with John Oliver and Larry Wilmore , " You 're Welcome " and more recently " Money Talks " with John Hodgman . Since the 2003 invasion of Iraq , a common segment of the show has been dubbed " Mess O ' Potamia " , focusing on the United States ' policies in the Middle East , especially Iraq . Elections in the United States were a prominent focus in the show 's " Indecision " coverage throughout Stewart 's time as host . ( The title " InDecision " is a parody of NBC News ' " Decision " segment . ) During the 2000 , 2004 , and 2008 elections , the show went on the road to record week @-@ long specials from the cities hosting the Democratic and Republican National Conventions . For the 2006 U.S. midterm elections , a week of episodes was recorded in the contested state of Ohio . The " Indecision " coverage of the 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , and 2010 elections all culminated in live Election Night specials . On March 1 , 2011 , Stewart aired the first installment of Indecision 2012 . On September 19 , 2012 , Stewart opened with a segment called " Chaos On Bullsh * t Mountain " in which he blasted Fox News for its coverage of a leaked video of Mitt Romney talking about 47 percent of Americans who don ’ t pay income taxes . With Noah as host , one new recurring segment has been " What the Actual Fact " , with correspondent Desi Lydic examining statements made by presidential candidates at the debates . = = = Celebrity interviews = = = In the show 's third act , the host conducts an interview with a celebrity guest . Guests come from a wide range of cultural sources , and include actors , musicians , authors , athletes , pundits and political figures . Since Stewart became host , the show 's guest list has tended away from celebrities and more towards non @-@ fiction authors and political pundits , as well as many prominent elected officials . While in the show 's earlier years it struggled to book high @-@ profile politicians — in 1999 , for an Indecision 2000 segment , Steve Carell struggled to talk his way off Republican candidate John McCain 's press overflow bus and onto the Straight Talk Express — it has since risen in popularity , particularly following the show 's coverage of the 2000 and 2004 elections . In 2006 , Rolling Stone described The Daily Show under Stewart as " the hot destination for anyone who wants to sell books or seem hip , from presidential candidates to military dictators " , while Newsweek calls it " the coolest pit stop on television " . Prominent political guests have included U.S. President Barack Obama , Vice President Joe Biden , former Presidents Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton , former British Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown , former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf , Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , Bolivian President Evo Morales , Jordanian King Abdullah II , and former Mexican President Vicente Fox . The show has played host to former and current members of the Administration and Cabinet as well as members of Congress . Numerous presidential candidates have appeared on the show during their campaigns , including John McCain , John Kerry and Barack Obama . = = = Closing segment = = = In a closing segment , there is a brief segue to the closing credits in the form of the host introducing " Your Moment of Zen " , a humorous piece of video footage without commentary that has been part of the show 's wrap @-@ up since the series began in 1996 . The segment often relates to a story covered earlier in the episode , but occasionally is merely a humorous or ridiculous clip . Occasionally , the segment is used as a tribute to someone who has died . In October 2005 , following The Colbert Report 's premiere , a new feature ( sometimes referred to as the toss ) was added to the closing segment in which Stewart would have a short exchange with " our good friend , Stephen Colbert at The Colbert Report " , which aired immediately after . The two would have a scripted comedic exchange via split @-@ screen from their respective sets . In 2007 , the " toss " was cut back to twice per week , and by 2009 was once a week before gradually being phased out . It was used on the 2014 mid @-@ term election night and again just before the final episode of The Colbert Report on December 18 , 2014 , and returned upon the premiere of The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore . Stewart then regularly tossed to Wilmore at the end of his Monday night episodes . = = Studio = = The host sits at his desk on the elevated island stage in the style of a traditional news show . The show relocated from its original New York studio in late @-@ 1998 to NEP Studio 54 in New York City 's Hell 's Kitchen neighborhood , where it remained until 2005 , when the studio was claimed by The Colbert Report . On July 11 , 2005 , the show premiered in its new studio , NEP Studio 52 , at 733 11th Avenue , a few blocks west of its former location . The set of the new studio was given a sleeker , more formal look , including a backdrop of three large projection screens . The traditional guests ' couch , which had been a part of the set since the show 's premiere , was done away with in favor of simple upright chairs . The change was initially not well @-@ received , spawning a backlash among some fans and prompting a " Bring Back the Couch " campaign . The campaign was mentioned on subsequent shows by Stewart and supported by Daily Show contributor Bob Wiltfong . The couch was eventually featured in a sweepstakes in which the winner received the couch , round @-@ trip tickets to New York , tickets to the show , and a small sum of money . On April 9 , 2007 the show debuted a new set . The projection screens were revamped ( with one large screen behind Stewart , while the smaller one behind the interview subject remained the same ) , a large , global map directly behind Stewart , a more open studio floor , and a J @-@ shaped desk supported at one end by a globe . The intro was also updated ; the graphics , display names , dates , and logos were all changed . = = Production = = The show 's writers begin each day with a morning meeting where they review material that researchers have gathered from major newspapers , the Associated Press , cable news television channels and websites , and discuss headline material for the lead news segment . Throughout the morning they work on writing deadline pieces inspired by recent news , as well as longer @-@ term projects . By lunchtime , Stewart — who describes his role as that of a managing editor — has begun to review headline jokes . The script is submitted by 3 pm , and at 4 : 15 there is a rehearsal . An hour is left for rewrites before a 6 pm taping in front of a live studio audience . While the studio capacity is limited , tickets to attend tapings are free and can be obtained if requested far enough in advance . The Daily Show typically tapes four new episodes a week , Monday through Thursday , forty @-@ two weeks a year . The show is broadcast at 11 PM Eastern / 10 PM Central , a time when local television stations show their news reports and about half an hour before most other late @-@ night comedy programs begin to go on the air . The program is rerun several times the next day , including a 7 : 30 PM Eastern / 6 : 30 PM Central prime time broadcast . = = History = = = = = Craig Kilborn 's tenure ( 1996 – 98 ) = = = The Daily Show was created by Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg and premiered on Comedy Central on July 22 , 1996 , having been marketed as a replacement for Politically Incorrect ( a successful Comedy Central program that had moved to ABC earlier that year ) . Aiming to parody conventional newscasts , it featured a comedic monologue of the day 's headlines from anchor Craig Kilborn ( a well @-@ known co @-@ anchor of ESPN 's SportsCenter ) , as well as mockumentary style on @-@ location reports , in @-@ studio segments and debates from regular correspondents Winstead , Brian Unger , Beth Littleford , and A. Whitney Brown . = = = = Common segments = = = = Common segments included " This Day in Hasselhoff History " and " Last Weekend 's Top @-@ Grossing Films , Converted into Lira " , in parody of entertainment news shows and their tendency to lead out to commercials with trivia such as celebrity birthdays . Another commercial lead @-@ out featured Winstead 's parents , on her answering machine , reading that day 's " Final Jeopardy ! " question and answer . In each show , Kilborn would conduct celebrity interviews , ending with a segment called " Five Questions " in which the guest was made to answer a series of questions that were typically a combination of obscure fact and subjective opinion . These are highlighted in a 1998 book titled The Daily Show : Five Questions , which contains transcripts of Kilborn 's best interviews . Each episode concluded with a segment called " Your Moment of Zen " that showed random video clips of humorous and sometimes morbid interest such as visitors at a Chinese zoo feeding baby chickens to the alligators . Originally the show was recorded without a studio audience , featuring only the laughter of its own off @-@ camera staff members . A studio audience was incorporated into the show for its second season , and has remained since . = = = = Differences between Kilborn 's version and Stewart 's version = = = = The show was much less politically focused than it later became under Jon Stewart , having what Stephen Colbert described as a local news feel and involving more character @-@ driven humor as opposed to news @-@ driven humor . Winstead recalls that when the show was first launched there was constant debate regarding what the show 's focus should be . While she wanted a more news @-@ driven focus , the network was concerned that this would not appeal to viewers and pushed for " a little more of a hybrid of entertainment and politics " . The show was slammed by some reviewers as being too mean @-@ spirited , particularly towards the interview subjects of field pieces ; a criticism acknowledged by some of the show 's cast . Describing his time as a correspondent under Kilborn , Colbert says , " You wanted to take your soul off , put it on a wire hanger , and leave it in the closet before you got on the plane to do one of these pieces . " One reviewer from The New York Times criticized the show for being too cruel and for lacking a central editorial vision or ideology , describing it as " bereft of an ideological or artistic center ... precocious but empty . " = = = = Craig Kilborn 's departure = = = = There were reports of backstage friction between Kilborn and some of the female staff , particularly the show 's co @-@ creator Lizz Winstead . Winstead had not been involved in the hiring of Kilborn , and disagreed with him over what direction the show should take . " I spent eight months developing and staffing a show and seeking a tone with producers and writers . Somebody else put him in place . There were bound to be problems . I viewed the show as content @-@ driven ; he viewed it as host @-@ driven , " she said . In a 1997 Esquire magazine interview , Kilborn made a sexually explicit joke about Winstead . Comedy Central responded by suspending Kilborn without pay for one week , and Winstead quit soon after . In 1998 , Kilborn left The Daily Show in order to replace Tom Snyder on CBS 's The Late Late Show . He claimed the " Five Questions " interview segment as intellectual property , disallowing any future Daily Show hosts from using it in their interviews . Correspondents Brian Unger and A. Whitney Brown left the show shortly before him , but the majority of the show 's crew and writing staff stayed on . Kilborn 's last show as host aired on December 17 , 1998 , ending a 386 episode tenure . Reruns were shown until Jon Stewart 's debut four weeks later . Kilborn made a short appearance on Jon Stewart 's final edition of the Daily Show saying " I knew you were going to run this thing into the ground . " = = = Jon Stewart 's tenure ( 1999 – 2015 ) = = = = = = = Shift in content = = = = Comedian Jon Stewart took over as host of the show , which was retitled The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , on January 11 , 1999 . Stewart had previously hosted Short Attention Span Theater on Comedy Central , two shows on MTV ( You Wrote It , You Watch It and an eponymous talk show ) , as well as a syndicated late @-@ night talk show , and had been cast in films and television . In taking over hosting from Kilborn , Stewart retained much of the same staff and on @-@ air talent , allowing many pieces to transition without much trouble , while other features like " God Stuff " , with John Bloom presenting an assortment of actual clips from various televangelists , and " Backfire " , an in @-@ studio debate between Brian Unger and A. Whitney Brown , evolved into the similar pieces of " This Week in God " and Stephen Colbert and Steve Carell 's " Even Stevphen " . Since the change , a number of new features have been , and continue to be , developed . The ending segment " Your Moment of Zen " , previously consisting of a random selection of humorous videos , was diversified to sometimes include recaps or extended versions of news clips shown earlier in the show . The show 's theme music , " Dog on Fire " by Bob Mould , was re @-@ recorded by They Might Be Giants shortly after Stewart joined the show . Stewart served not only as host but also as a writer and executive producer of the series . Instrumental in shaping the voice of the show under Stewart was former editor of The Onion Ben Karlin who , along with fellow Onion contributor David Javerbaum , joined the staff in 1999 as head writer and was later promoted to executive producer . Their experience in writing for the satirical newspaper , which uses fake stories to mock real print journalism and current events , would influence the comedic direction of the show ; Stewart recalls the hiring of Karlin as the point at which things " [ started ] to take shape " . Describing his approach to the show , Karlin said , " The main thing , for me , is seeing hypocrisy . People who know better saying things that you know they don 't believe . " Under Stewart and Karlin The Daily Show developed a markedly different style , bringing a sharper political focus to the humor than the show previously exhibited . Then @-@ correspondent Stephen Colbert recalls that Stewart specifically asked him to have a political viewpoint , and to allow his passion for issues to carry through into his comedy . Colbert says that whereas under Kilborn the focus was on " human interest @-@ y " pieces , with Stewart as host the show 's content became more " issues and news driven " , particularly after the beginning of the 2000 election campaign with which the show dealt in its " Indecision 2000 " coverage . Stewart himself describes the show 's coverage of the 2000 election recount as the point at which the show found its editorial voice . " That 's when I think we tapped into the emotional angle of the news for us and found our editorial footing , " he says . Following the September 11th attacks , The Daily Show went off the air for nine days . Upon its return , Stewart opened the show with a somber monologue , that , according to Jeremy Gillick and Nonna Gorilovskaya , addressed both the absurdity and importance of his role as a comedian . Commented Stewart : They said to get back to work , and there were no jobs available for a man in the fetal position . . . . We sit in the back and we throw spitballs – never forgetting the fact that it is a luxury in this country that allows us to do that . . . . The view from my apartment was the World Trade Center . Now it 's gone . They attacked it . This symbol of American ingenuity and strength and labor and imagination and commerce and it is gone . But you know what the view is now ? The Statue of Liberty . The view from the south of Manhattan is now the Statue of Liberty . You can 't beat that . Gillick and Gorilovskaya point to the September 11 attacks and the beginning of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as the point at which Jon Stewart emerged as a trusted national figure . Robert Thompson , the director of the Bleier Center for Television and Popular Culture at Syracuse University , recalled of this period , " When all the news guys were walking on eggshells , Jon was hammering those questions about WMDs . " = = = = Broadening the role of the correspondent = = = = During Stewart 's tenure , the role of the correspondent has broadened to encompass not only field segments but also frequent in @-@ studio exchanges . Under Kilborn , Colbert says that his work as a correspondent initially involved " character driven [ field ] pieces — like , you know , guys who believe in Bigfoot . " However , as the focus of the show has become more news @-@ driven , correspondents have increasingly been used in studio pieces , either as experts discussing issues at the anchor desk or as field journalists reporting from false locations in front of a green screen . Colbert says that this change has allowed correspondents to be more involved with the show , as it has permitted them to work more closely with the host and writers . = = = = Popularity and critical respect = = = = The show 's 2000 and 2004 election coverage , combined with a new satirical edge , helped to catapult Stewart and The Daily Show to new levels of popularity and critical respect . Since Stewart became host , the show has won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards and two Peabody Awards , and its ratings have steadily increased . In 2003 , the show was averaging nearly a million viewers , an increase of nearly threefold since the show 's inception as Comedy Central became available in more households . By September 2008 , the show averaged nearly two million viewers per night . Senator Barack Obama 's interview on October 29 , 2008 , pulled in 3 @.@ 6 million viewers . = = = = In the political spectrum = = = = The move towards greater involvement in political issues and the increasing popularity of the show in certain key demographics have led to examinations of where the views of the show fit in the political spectrum . Adam Clymer , among many others , has argued that The Daily Show is more critical of Republicans than Democrats . Stewart , who voted Democratic in the 2004 presidential election , says that the show does have a more liberal point of view , but that it is not " a liberal organization " with a political agenda and its duty first and foremost is to be funny . He acknowledges that the show is not necessarily an " equal opportunity offender " , explaining that Republicans tended to provide more comedic fodder because " I think we consider those with power and influence targets and those without it , not . " In an interview in 2005 , when asked how he responded to critics claiming that The Daily Show is overly liberal , Stephen Colbert , also a self @-@ proclaimed Democrat , said in an interview during the Bush Administration , when the Republicans held a majority in the House and Senate : " We are liberal , but Jon 's very respectful of the Republican guests , and , listen , if liberals were in power it would be easier to attack them , but Republicans have the executive , legislative and judicial branches , so making fun of Democrats is like kicking a child , so it 's just not worth it . " Stewart is critical of Democratic politicians for being weak , timid , or ineffective . He said in an interview with Larry King , prior to the 2006 elections , " I honestly don 't feel that [ the Democrats ] make an impact . They have forty @-@ nine percent of the vote and three percent of the power . At a certain point you go , ' Guys , pick up your game . ' " He has targeted them for failing to effectively stand on some issues , such as the war in Iraq , describing them as " incompetent " and " unable ... to locate their asses , even when presented with two hands and a special ass map . " Karlin , then the show 's executive producer , said in a 2004 interview that while there is a collective sensibility among the staff which , " when filtered through Jon and the correspondents , feels uniform , " the principal goal of the show is comedy . " If you have a legitimately funny joke in support of the notion that gay people are an affront to God , we 'll put that motherfucker on ! " On November 17 , 2009 , Vice President Joe Biden appeared on the show , making him the first sitting vice president to do so . On October 27 , 2010 , President Barack Obama became the first sitting U.S. president to be interviewed on the show , wherein Obama commented he " loved " the show . Obama took issue with Stewart 's suggestion that his health care program was " timid . " After the United States Senate failed to pass and the media failed to cover the James Zadroga 9 / 11 Health and Compensation Act , which would provide health monitoring and financial aid to sick first responders of the September 11 attacks , Stewart dedicated the entire December 16 , 2010 , broadcast to the issue . During the next week , a revived version of the bill gained new life , with the potential of being passed before the winter recess . Stewart was praised by both politicians and affected first responders for the bill 's passage . According to Syracuse University professor of television , radio and film Robert J. Thompson , " Without him , it 's unlikely it would 've passed . I don 't think Brian Williams , Katie Couric or Diane Sawyer would 've been allowed to do this . " = = = = Writers ' strike = = = = Due to the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , the show went on hiatus on November 5 , 2007 . Although the strike continued until February 2008 , the show returned to air on January 7 , 2008 , without its staff of writers . In solidarity with the writers , the show was referred to as A Daily Show with Jon Stewart rather than The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , until the end of the strike . As a member of the Writers Guild of America , Stewart was barred from writing any material for the show himself which he or his writers would ordinarily write . As a result , Stewart and the correspondents largely ad @-@ libbed the show around planned topics . In an effort to fill time while keeping to these restrictions , the show aired or re @-@ aired some previously recorded segments , and Stewart engaged in a briefly recurring mock feud with fellow late @-@ night hosts Stephen Colbert and Conan O 'Brien . The strike officially ended on February 12 , 2008 , with the show 's writers returning to work the following day , at which point the title of The Daily Show was restored . = = = = Stewart 's absence in 2013 = = = = Starting in June 2013 Jon Stewart took a twelve @-@ week break to direct Rosewater , a drama about a journalist jailed by Iran for four months . John Oliver replaced Stewart at the anchor desk for two months , to be followed by one month of reruns . Oliver received positive reviews for his hosting , leading to his departure from the show in December 2013 for his own show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver , which debuted April 27 , 2014 on HBO . = = = = Jon Stewart 's departure = = = = On February 10 , 2015 , Stewart announced that he would be leaving the show later in the year . Comedy Central indicated in a statement that The Daily Show would continue without Stewart , saying it would " endure for years to come " . On June 25 , 2015 , Comedy Central announced that to lead up to Stewart 's final episode , it would hold " Your Month of Zen " — an online marathon streaming every episode of Stewart 's tenure from June 26 to August 6 , 2015 . On August 6 , 2015 , Stewart 's final episode aired as an hour @-@ long special in three segments . The first featured a reunion of a majority of the correspondents and contributors from throughout the show 's history as well as a pre @-@ recorded " anti @-@ tribute " ( mocking Stewart ) from various frequent guests and " friends " of the show . The second segment featured a pre @-@ recorded tour of the Daily Show production facility and studio introducing all of the show 's staff and crew . The final segment featured a short farewell speech from Stewart followed by the final " Moment of Zen " ( being ' his own ' moment of zen ) : a performance of " Land of Hope and Dreams " and " Born to Run " by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band . = = = Trevor Noah 's tenure ( 2015 – present ) = = = On March 30 , 2015 , it was announced that Trevor Noah would replace Stewart as host of The Daily Show . Stewart 's last show was on August 6 , 2015 . Trevor Noah 's first show was on September 28 , 2015 with comedian Kevin Hart as his first guest . Noah 's premiere episode was simulcast by Viacom on Comedy Central , Nick @-@ at @-@ Nite , Spike , MTV , MTV2 , mtvU , VH1 , VH1 Classic , BET , Centric , CMT , TV Land , and Logo TV . On December 8 , 2015 , former host Jon Stewart returned to The Daily Show for the first time in an extended length show to return attention to extending the James Zadroga 9 / 11 Health and Compensation Act , otherwise referred to as 9 / 11 First Responders Bill , which Stewart enumerated had been blocked by Paul Ryan and Mitch McConnell for political reasons . In January 2016 , The Daily Show utilizes a modified version of the show 's theme , composed by Timbaland and King Logan . In addition to changes in the tone of the show , Noah has also implemented stylistic changes to the show , with an updated set , new graphics and his monologue often taking place while standing in front of a screen , as opposed to sitting at the desk . = = Correspondents , contributors , and staff = = The show 's correspondents have two principal roles : experts with satirical senior titles that Stewart interviews about certain issues , or hosts of field reporting segments which often involve humorous commentary and interviews relating to a current issue . The current team of correspondents collectively known as " The Best F # @ king News Team Ever " includes Ronny Chieng , Jordan Klepper , Desi Lydic , Hasan Minhaj , and Roy Wood , Jr . Contributors such as Lewis Black and Kristen Schaal appear on a less frequent basis , often with their own unique recurring segment . Ben Karlin says that the on @-@ air talent contribute in many ways to the material they perform , playing an integral role in the creation of their field pieces as well as being involved with their scripted studio segments , either taking part early on in the writing process or adding improvised material during the rehearsal . The show has featured a number of well @-@ known comedians throughout its run and is notable for boosting the careers of several of these . Scott Dikkers , editor @-@ in @-@ chief of The Onion , describes it as a key launching pad for comedic talent , saying that " I don 't know if there 's a better show you could put on your resume right now . " Steve Carell , who was a correspondent between 1999 and 2005 before moving on to a movie career and starring television role in The Office , credits Stewart and The Daily Show with his success . In 2005 , the show 's longest @-@ serving correspondent , Stephen Colbert , became the host of the spin @-@ off The Colbert Report , earning critical and popular acclaim . Colbert would host the program until he was chosen to replace David Letterman as host of CBS 's Late Show in 2015 . Ed Helms , a former correspondent from 2002 to 2006 , also starred on NBC 's The Office and was a main character in the 2009 hit The Hangover . After filling in as host during Stewart 's two @-@ month absence in 2014 , John Oliver went on to host his own show on HBO , Last Week Tonight with John Oliver . In 2016 , former correspondent Samantha Bee launched her own late @-@ night talk show Full Frontal with Samantha Bee . Jason Jones , another former correspondent , serves as executive producer for the show . In June 2010 , actress @-@ comedian Olivia Munn began a tryout period on the show as a correspondent . Her credentials were questioned by Irin Carmon of the website Jezebel , who suggested that Munn was better known as a sex symbol than as a comedian . Carmon 's column was denounced by Munn and the Daily Show 's female writers , producers , and correspondents , 32 of whom posted a rebuttal on the show 's website in which they asserted that the description of the Daily Show office given by the Jezebel piece was not accurate . Munn appeared as a Daily Show correspondent in a total of 16 episodes , from June 2010 to September 2011 . Wyatt Cenac had a tumultuous tenure on the show , revealing in a July 2015 interview on WTF with Marc Maron , that his departure from The Daily Show stemmed in part from a heated argument he had with Jon Stewart over a June 2011 Daily Show bit about Republican Presidential candidate Herman Cain . In March 2015 , it was announced that Jason Jones would be leaving to produce a show on TBS that he and his wife Samantha Bee wrote . Bee departed The Daily Show on April 30 , 2015 , and they created together Full Frontal with Samantha Bee . Behind the scenes , Adam Chodikoff has been credited with finding key television footage and sound bites . = = = Guest hosts = = = Samantha Bee and Jason Jones , 1 episode ( October 7 , 2014 ) Steve Carell , 7 episodes ( February 21 , 2001 , Mar. 27 – 29 , 2001 , Apr 2 & 4 , 2001 , and May 1 , 2001 ) Stephen Colbert , 11 episodes ( January 24 , 2001 , Feb 20 & 22 , 2001 , Mar. 26 – 27 , 2001 , Apr 3 & 5 , 2001 , May 2 – 3 , 2001 , March 6 , 2003 , and July 6 , 2004 ) Rob Corddry , 1 episode ( February 9 , 2006 ) Vance DeGeneres , 2 episodes ( Feb. 26 – 27 , 2001 ) John Oliver , 33 episodes ( June 10 , 2013 to August 15 , 2013 , and November 13 , 2014 ) Mo Rocca , 1 episode ( February 27 , 2001 ) Nancy Walls , 2 episodes ( February 21 , 2001 and March 29 , 2001 ) = = Reception = = Television ratings from 2008 show that the program generally drew 1 @.@ 45 to 1 @.@ 6 million viewers nightly , a high figure for cable television . By the end of 2013 The Daily Show 's ratings hit 2 @.@ 5 million viewers nightly . In demographic terms , the viewership is skewed to a relatively young and well @-@ educated audience compared to traditional news shows . A 2004 Nielsen Media Research study commissioned by Comedy Central put the median age at 35 . During the 2004 U.S. presidential election , the show received more male viewers in the 18- to 34 @-@ year @-@ old age demographic than Nightline , Meet the Press , Hannity & Colmes and all of the evening news broadcasts . Because of this , commentators such as Howard Dean and Ted Koppel posit that Stewart serves as a real source of news for young people , regardless of his intentions . The show 's writers reject the idea that The Daily Show has become a source of news for young people . Stewart argues that Americans are living in an " age of information osmosis " in which it is close to impossible to gain one 's news from any single source , and says that his show succeeds comedically because the viewers already have some knowledge about current events . " Our show would not be valuable to people who didn 't understand the news because it wouldn 't make sense , " he argues . " We make assumptions about your level of knowledge that ... if we were your only source of news , you would just watch our show and think , ' I don 't know what 's happening . ' " A 2006 study published by Indiana University tried to compare the substantive amount of information of The Daily Show against prime time network news broadcasts , and concluded that when it comes to substance , there is little difference between The Daily Show and other news outlets . The study contended that , since both programs are more focused on the nature of " infotainment " and ratings than on the dissemination of information , both are broadly equal in terms of the amount of substantial news coverage they offer . As the lines between comedy show and news show have blurred , Jon Stewart has come under pressure in some circles to engage in more serious journalism . Tucker Carlson and Daily Show co @-@ creator Lizz Winstead have chastised Stewart for criticizing politicians and newspeople in his solo segments and then , in interviews with the same people , rarely taking them to task face @-@ to @-@ face . In 2004 , Winstead expressed a desire for Stewart to ask harder satirical questions , saying , " When you are interviewing a Richard Perle or a Kissinger , if you give them a pass , then you become what you are satirizing . You have a war criminal sitting on your couch — to just let him be a war criminal sitting on your couch means you are having to respect some kind of boundary . " She has argued that The Daily Show 's success and access to the youth vote should allow Stewart to press political guests harder without fearing that they will not return to the show . In 2010 , Winstead had changed her views , commenting that since 2004 , Stewart did some of the hardest @-@ hitting interviews on TV . Stewart said in 2003 that he does not think of himself as a social or media critic and rejects the idea that he has any journalistic role as an interviewer . During Stewart 's appearance on CNN 's Crossfire , Stewart criticized that show and said that it was " hurting America " by sensationalizing debates and enabling political spin . When co @-@ host Carlson argued that Stewart himself had not asked John Kerry substantial questions when Kerry appeared on The Daily Show , Stewart countered that it was not his job to give hard @-@ hitting interviews and that a " fake news " comedy program should not be held to the same standards as real journalism . " You 're on CNN ! " Stewart said , " The show that leads into me is puppets making crank phone calls ! What is wrong with you ? " Media critic Dan Kennedy says that Stewart came off as disingenuous in this exchange because " you can 't interview Bill Clinton , Richard Clarke , Bill O 'Reilly , Bob Dole , etc . , etc . , and still say you 're just a comedian . " A 2004 study into the effect of The Daily Show on viewers ' attitudes found that participants had a more negative opinion of both President Bush and then Democratic presidential nominee John Kerry . Participants also expressed more cynical views of the electoral system and news media . Political scientists Jody Baumgartner and Jonathan Morris , who conducted the study , state that it is not clear how such cynicism would affect the political behavior of the show 's viewers . While disillusionment and negative perceptions of the presidential candidates could discourage watchers from voting , Baumgartner and Morris say it is also possible that discontent could prompt greater involvement and that by following the show , viewers may potentially become more engaged and informed voters , with a broader political knowledge . Rachel Larris , who has also conducted an academic study of The Daily Show , disputes the findings of Baumgartner and Morris . Larris argues that the study measured cynicism in overly broad terms , and that it would be extremely hard to find a causal link between viewing The Daily Show and thinking or acting in a particular way . Bloggers such as Marty Kaplan of The Huffington Post argue that so long as Stewart 's comedy is grounded in truth , responsibility for increased cynicism belongs to the political and media figures themselves , not the comedian who satirizes them . Stewart himself says that he does not perceive his show as cynical . " It 's so interesting to me that people talk about late @-@ night comedy being cynical , " he says . " What 's more cynical than forming an ideological news network like Fox and calling it ' fair and balanced ' ? What we do , I almost think , is adorable in its idealism . " Stewart has said that he does not take any joy in the failings of American government , despite the comedic fodder they provide . " We 're not the guys at the craps table betting against the line , " he said on Larry King Live . " If government suddenly became inspiring ... we would be the happiest people in the world to turn our attention to idiots like , you know , media people , no offense . " In July 2009 , Time magazine held an online poll entitled " Now that Walter Cronkite has passed on , who is America 's most trusted newscaster ? " Jon Stewart won with 44 % of the vote , 15 points ahead of Brian Williams in second place with 29 % . Stewart downplayed the results on the show stating " It was an Internet poll and I was the ' None of the above ' option " . In December 2013 , TV Guide ranked Jon Stewart 's run on the show at # 53 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . = = = Effectiveness as a news source = = = In late 2004 , the National Annenberg Election Survey at the University of Pennsylvania ran a study of American television viewers and found that fans of The Daily Show had a more accurate idea of the facts behind the 2004 presidential election than most others , including those who primarily got their news through the national network evening newscasts and through reading newspapers . However , in a 2004 campaign survey conducted by the Pew Research Center those who cited comedy shows such as The Daily Show as a source for news were among the least informed on campaign events and key aspects of the candidates ' backgrounds while those who cited the Internet , National Public Radio , and news magazines were the most informed . Even when age and education were taken into account , the people who learned about the campaigns through the Internet were still found to be the most informed , while those who learned from comedy shows were the least informed . In a survey released by the Pew Research Center in April 2007 , viewers who watch both The Colbert Report and The Daily Show tend to be more knowledgeable about news than audiences of other news sources . Approximately 54 % of The Colbert Report and The Daily Show viewers scored in the high knowledge range , followed by Jim Lehrer 's program at 53 % and Bill O 'Reilly 's program at 51 % , significantly higher than the 34 % of network morning show viewers . The survey shows that changing news formats have not made much difference on how much the public knows about national and international affairs , but adds that there is no clear connection between news formats and what audiences know . The Project for Excellence in Journalism released a content analysis report suggesting that The Daily Show comes close to providing the complete daily news . = = Episodes = = = = Awards and nominations = = Under host Jon Stewart , The Daily Show rose to critical acclaim . It has received two Peabody Awards for its coverage of the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections . Between 2001 and 2015 , it has been awarded 21 Primetime Emmy Awards in the categories of Outstanding Variety , Music , or Comedy Series ( winner for 10 consecutive years from 2003 to 2012 ) and Outstanding Writing for a Variety , Music , or Comedy Program , and a further seven nominations . The show has also been honored by GLAAD , the Television Critics Association , and the Satellite Awards . America ( The Book ) : A Citizen 's Guide to Democracy Inaction , the 2004 bestseller written by Stewart and the writing staff of The Daily Show , was recognized by Publishers Weekly as its " Book of the Year " , and its abridged audiobook edition received the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . In September 2010 , Time magazine selected the series as one of " The 100 Best TV Shows of All @-@ TIME " . = = Global editions = = The Daily Show airs on various networks worldwide ; in addition , an edited version of the show called The Daily Show : Global Edition is produced each week specifically for overseas audiences . It has been airing outside of the U.S. on CNN International and other overseas networks since September 2002 . This edition runs for half an hour and contains a selection of segments including one guest interview from the preceding week 's shows , usually from the Monday or Tuesday episode . Stewart provides an exclusive introductory monologue in front of an audience , usually about the week 's prevalent international news story , and closing comments without an audience present . When aired on CNN International , the broadcast is prefaced by a written disclaimer : " The show you are about to watch is a news parody . Its stories are not fact checked . Its reporters are not journalists . And its opinions are not fully thought through . " Between 2001 and 2006 , Westwood One broadcast small , ninety @-@ second portions of the show to various radio stations across America . In Canada , The Daily Show is aired on The Comedy Network ( a cable channel similar to Comedy Central ) , in simulcast with the Comedy Central airing , as well as on the CTV broadcast network at 12 : 05 a.m. local time , following late local newscasts . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the digital television channel More4 used to broadcast episodes of The Daily Show Tuesday through Friday evenings with the Global Edition , which is uncensored , airs on Mondays ; regular episodes air the evening following their U.S. airing . More4 was the first international broadcaster to syndicate entire Daily Show episodes , though they made edits to the program due to content , language , length or commercial references . The program was also available to watch via the internet video on demand service 4oD . However , the ' toss ' to The Colbert Report was usually included even though it was aired on FX , another channel . In addition , the placement of commercial breaks followed the UK format , with one break midway through the show rather than several short breaks at various points . When The Daily Show was on hiatus , either re @-@ runs or alternative content were aired . Since January 2011 , only the Global Edition is broadcast . In July 2012 Comedy Central announced that The Daily Show would be shown on Comedy Central Extra in the same format as previously on More4 , with episodes shown 24 hours after airing in the U.S. The show aired on the channel from July 2012 to April 2015 . The Global Edition of the week of July 20 , 2011 was not aired in the UK as it included a segment mocking Rupert Murdoch 's appearance before the House of Commons Culture , Media and Sport Committee in relation to the News International phone hacking scandal . Parliamentary rules ban parliamentary proceedings from being broadcast in a satirical context . Stewart dedicated a segment of the show on August 2 , 2011 to lampooning the censorship of the episode in Britain . In May that year , The Daily Show mocked the ban on using footage of the Royal Wedding in a satirical context with an animated video that showed Paddington Bear , Gollum and Adolf Hitler as guests at the wedding , and depicted its attendants engaging in various forms of violent and sexual behavior . Stewart later discussed the ban with guest Keira Knightley . The Daily Show is aired in India on Comedy Central India . The Daily Show is aired on Australian Pay TV channel , The Comedy Channel , weeknights at 6 : 30pm . Free @-@ to @-@ air digital channel ABC2 began broadcasting the show without commercial breaks in March 2010 , but discontinued in January 2011 when The Comedy Channel obtained exclusive rights ; episodes were also available on the network 's online service ABC iView shortly after airing . The Comedy Channel ( as well as ABC2 during 2010 ) air the show together with The Colbert Report , and both air the Global Edition on Mondays and the regular edition Tuesday through Friday . The Global Edition was previously shown weekend late nights on SBS before moving to Network TEN . In Portugal , it airs with no commercial breaks . In North Africa and the Middle East , the Daily Show has been broadcast since 2008 on Showtime Arabia . The regular as well as the Global Edition episodes can currently be seen on OSN First HD , which also broadcasts The Colbert Report . However episodes are often edited if they contain topics deemed inappropriate for the region . Episodes of the U.S. version are also available online the next day at Comedy Central 's official Daily Show website , although this service is not available in all countries . However , clips for UK and Ireland viewers became available on the UK Comedy Central website in December 2011 . = = Spin @-@ offs = = = = = The Colbert Report = = = A spin @-@ off , The Colbert Report , was announced in early May 2005 . The show starred former correspondent Stephen Colbert , and served as Comedy Central 's answer to the programs of media pundits such as Bill O 'Reilly . Colbert , Stewart , and Ben Karlin developed the idea for the show based on a series of faux television commercials that had been created for an earlier Daily Show segment . They pitched the concept to Comedy Central chief Doug Herzog , who agreed to run the show for eight weeks without first creating a pilot . The Colbert Report premiered on October 17 , 2005 and aired following The Daily Show for nine years . Initial ratings satisfied Comedy Central and less than three weeks after its debut the show was renewed for a year . The Colbert Report was produced by Jon Stewart 's production company , Busboy Productions . In 2014 it was announced that Colbert would leave Comedy Central to host The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on CBS in 2015 , following the retirement of David Letterman . The final episode of The Colbert Report aired on December 18 , 2014 . = = = The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore = = = On May 9 , 2014 it was announced that contributor Larry Wilmore was selected to host a late @-@ night talk show on Comedy Central , to replace The Colbert Report following Colbert 's departure from the network . The show is titled The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore and is produced by Busboy Productions . It premiered on January 19 , 2015 , and airs Mondays through Thursdays at 11 : 30 PM ( EST ) following The Daily Show . = = = The Daily Show : Nederlandse Editie = = = A local spin @-@ off of the show called The Daily Show : Nederlandse Editie ( The Daily Show : Dutch Edition ) premiered on the Dutch Comedy Central on January 31 , 2011 . The program is similar to the original , except with Dutch news and a Dutch view on international news . The show is hosted by comedian Jan @-@ Jaap van der Wal , who was a team captain on Dit was het nieuws , the Dutch edition of Have I Got News For You . The first episode featured a guest appearance by Jon Stewart ( recorded at the New York studio ) , who gave his official blessing for the show . This is also the first and still only franchise of The Daily Show . The ' Dutch Edition ' didn 't make it past the test run of 12 episodes due to lack of viewers . = = = Books = = = America ( The Book ) : A Citizen 's Guide to Democracy Inaction , published in 2004 , is a book written by Jon Stewart and other writers of The Daily Show that parodies and satirizes American politics and worldview . Earth ( The Book ) : A Visitor 's Guide to the Human Race , published in 2010 , is a book written by Jon Stewart and other writers of The Daily Show and is similar in style to America ( The Book ) , but focuses on planet and human culture instead of the history of America . = = Unofficial versions = = The Daily Show ’ s satirical format has inspired international versions unaffiliated with Comedy Central . The Persian @-@ language satire program Parazit was directly inspired by The Daily Show with the hosts even making a guest appearance on the January 20 , 2011 , episode of The Daily Show . In Germany , the heute @-@ Show has aired on ZDF since 2009 . The name is derived from the main ZDF news program heute . In Egypt , the show Al Bernameg is modeled after The Daily Show as well . Host Bassem Youssef even imitates Jon Stewart 's mannerisms , such as using his mug as a comedic prop . In Iraq , Albasheer Show is a reduced version ( with no celebrity interviews ) and is hosted by the Iraqi journalist / comedian Ahmad Al @-@ Basheer ; commenting and criticizing local political issues . In Israel , the Daily Show was one of the main inspirations for Eretz Nehederet , a popular Israeli satire . During the 2009 Portuguese legislative election campaign , Portuguese comedy group Gato Fedorento hosted Gato Fedorento Esmiúça os Sufrágios , a satirical news show modeled after The Daily Show ’ s election coverage segments , which attracted immediate public attention after securing the key political candidates as guests . In Croatia , Montirani proces , a short @-@ lived satirical program heavily inspired by The Daily Show ran for six episodes in 2016 , before being controversially cancelled by the newly appointed conservative administration of the Croatian Radiotelevision .
= History of the National Hockey League ( 1992 – present ) = The National Hockey League ( NHL ) has endured a tumultuous period of history in recent years . It has grown from 22 teams in 1992 to 30 today as the league expanded across the United States . Repeated labour conflicts interrupted play in 1992 , 1994 – 95 , 2004 – 05 and 2012 – 13 ; the second lockout caused the entire 2004 – 05 NHL season to be canceled , the first time in North American history that a sports league has canceled an entire season in a labour dispute . Five franchises have relocated during this time : the Minnesota North Stars became the Dallas Stars ( 1993 ) , the Quebec Nordiques became the Colorado Avalanche ( 1995 ) , the Winnipeg Jets became the Phoenix Coyotes ( 1996 ) , the Hartford Whalers became the Carolina Hurricanes ( 1997 ) , and the Atlanta Thrashers became the second franchise known as the Winnipeg Jets ( 2011 ) . The Coyotes would later rebrand themselves as the Arizona Coyotes following the 2013 – 14 season . In 1993 , the Montreal Canadiens celebrated the Stanley Cup 's 100th anniversary with their 24th championship . They remain the last Canadian team to capture the trophy . The 1994 New York Rangers broke the Curse of 1940 , winning their first title in 54 years . The renaissance of the Original Six would continue as the Detroit Red Wings ( Stanley Cup winners in 1997 , 1998 , 2002 and 2008 ) , Chicago Blackhawks ( winners in 2010 , 2013 and 2015 ) and Boston Bruins ( winners in 2011 ) broke lengthy Cup droughts of 42 , 49 and 39 seasons , respectively . Meanwhile , the NHL 's southern expansion , often maligned by Canadians and fans in the Northeastern United States , has led to championships by the Dallas Stars , Tampa Bay Lightning , Carolina Hurricanes and Anaheim Ducks in the last decade , with the Los Angeles Kings following suit . Manon Rheaume became the first female player in the NHL when she suited up for the Lightning in a 1992 pre @-@ season game . Wayne Gretzky passed Gordie Howe as the NHL 's all @-@ time leading scorer in 1994 when he scored his 802nd career goal . Mario Lemieux overcame Hodgkin 's lymphoma to finish his NHL career with more than 1 @,@ 700 points and two championships , and now owns the Pittsburgh Penguins . Today 's NHL is led by arguably its two biggest young stars : Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins and Alexander Ovechkin of the Washington Capitals . The Canada Cup gave way to the World Cup of Hockey in 1996 , while NHL players first competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics . To promote itself worldwide , the NHL played regular season games in Japan in 1996 , and throughout Europe since 2007 . The league played its first outdoor regular season game between the Canadiens and the host Edmonton Oilers in 2003 and which led to the creation of three series of outdoor games : the Heritage Classic , Winter Classic and Stadium Series . Increased use of defence @-@ focused systems contributed to decreased scoring in the late 1990s , leading some to argue that the NHL 's talent pool had been diluted by the 1990 expansion plan . The league has attempted several times to alter its rules to increase scoring . It began awarding teams a single point for losing in overtime in 1999 , hoping to reduce the number of tie games . In 2005 , ties were eliminated altogether as the penalty shootout was introduced to ensure that all games have a winner . = = Background = = As the 1990s began , players were uneasy with the closeness between National Hockey League Players Association ( NHLPA ) executive director Alan Eagleson and the teams ' owners . As a result , Eagleson stepped down in December 1991 , and was replaced by Bob Goodenow . Four years later , the Federal Bureau of Investigation indicted Eagleson on charges of racketeering , fraud , embezzlement , kickbacks and obstruction of justice over allegations that he stole millions of dollars from the NHLPA . Eagleson pleaded guilty in 1998 in a plea bargain and was fined US $ 1 million and sentenced to 18 months in prison . He subsequently resigned from the Hockey Hall of Fame . Four months after replacing Eagleson , Goodenow and the NHLPA launched the first NHL strike on April 1 , 1992 . It lasted ten days and resulted in the players receiving larger playoff bonuses , increased control over the licensing of their likenesses and improved rights to free agency . It also led the owners to dismiss league president John Ziegler and replace him on an interim basis with Gil Stein . Goodenow called the strike a major moment , stating " I don 't think the owners took the players seriously and it wasn 't until the strike that they understood the players were serious . " As part of the deal , the league also agreed to have each team play two games per season for the following two years in neutral site locations , partially to help gauge markets for potential expansion . Desiring a fresh start , the owners replaced Stein with Gary Bettman in February 1993 . Formerly a senior vice president of the National Basketball Association , Bettman replaced the position of president with that of commissioner . He was given the task of selling the game to the American market , ending labor unrest , completing expansion plans , and modernizing the league . = = Expansion = = The Tampa Bay Lightning and Ottawa Senators joined the league in 1992 – 93 as part of the owners ' 1990 plan to expand the NHL to 28 teams within a decade . The Lightning made NHL history when goaltender Manon Rheaume played a period of an exhibition game for them on September 23 , 1992 . Rheaume became the first woman to play in an NHL game . She also became the first woman to sign a professional hockey contract , doing so with the Lightning 's farm team , the Atlanta Knights . One year later , the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Florida Panthers began play as the NHL 's 25th and 26th franchises . They were established as part of the NHL 's attempt to regain a U.S. network television presence by expanding into southern North America . The league expected that bringing in Blockbuster Video 's Wayne Huizenga to own the Panthers , and The Walt Disney Company to own the Mighty Ducks would raise its profile . The NHL 's southward push continued in 1993 when the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas , Texas to become the Dallas Stars . The NHL celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Stanley Cup in 1993 . That year 's finals featured Patrick Roy and the Montreal Canadiens against Wayne Gretzky and the Los Angeles Kings . After losing the first game , the Canadiens rallied from a late deficit to win game two in overtime after the Kings ' Marty McSorley was penalized for using an illegal stick . Montreal scored on the power play , sending the game into overtime . Montreal won games three and four in overtime en route to winning the series in five games . The Canadiens won an NHL @-@ record ten consecutive overtime games in the 1993 playoffs . The New York Rangers ended their " Curse of 1940 " after 54 years by winning the 1994 Stanley Cup in seven games over the Vancouver Canucks . The Rangers ' championship was the last hurrah for the great Edmonton Oilers dynasty of the 1980s , as there were seven ex @-@ Oilers on the team , including Mark Messier , who became the first ( and to this date , the only ) player to win Stanley Cups as the captain for two franchises , having captained the Oilers to the last of their five Stanley Cups in 1990 . The Rangers ' victory also resulted in the first Russian names to be engraved on the Stanley Cup : Alexei Kovalev , Alexander Karpovtsev , Sergei Nemchinov , and Sergei Zubov . The global audience of 285 million in 120 countries that watched the Rangers ' victory included a huge European audience , including those watching across the former Soviet Union . This Stanley Cup win was the highest @-@ rated single CBC Sports program in history to that point . = = = 1994 – 95 lockout = = = Four months later , the players were locked out by the owners due to the lack of a Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) . The 1994 – 95 NHL lockout lasted 104 days and resulted in the season 's being shortened from a planned 84 games to 48 . The owners wanted to control salary growth and insisted on a salary cap , changes to free agency and salary arbitration . The union instead proposed a luxury tax system that would penalize teams that spent above a set figure on player salaries . The negotiations were at times bitter , as defenceman Chris Chelios famously issued a veiled threat against Bettman , suggesting that he should be " worried about [ his ] family and [ his ] well @-@ being " , because " some crazed fans , or even a player [ ... ] might take matters into their own hands and figure they get Bettman out of the way . " The lockout entered its fourth month in January 1995 and approached a deadline that would have canceled the season when the two sides agreed to an 11th @-@ hour deal . The owners failed to achieve a full salary cap , but the union agreed to a cap on rookie contracts , changes to the arbitration system and restrictive rules for free agency that would not grant a player the unrestricted right to choose where he played until age 31 . The deal was initially seen as a victory for the owners . The agreement was not enough to save two teams in Canada 's smallest NHL markets . The revenue disparity between large and small market teams , exacerbated by the falling value of the Canadian dollar , led the Winnipeg Jets to relocate to Phoenix , Arizona in 1996 , becoming the Coyotes one year after the Quebec Nordiques moved to Denver , Colorado to become the Colorado Avalanche . Hoping to prevent other teams from leaving Canada , and citing the cost of doing business in American dollars while taking revenue in Canadian dollars , the NHL set up a currency assistance plan to support the remaining small market Canadian teams in 1996 . The Hartford Whalers became the third former World Hockey Association team to relocate in 1997 , moving to Raleigh , North Carolina , to become the Carolina Hurricanes . = = Dead puck era = = Following the 1994 – 95 lockout , the NHL entered a prolonged period of offensive decline . Throughout the 1980s , 7 @.@ 6 goals were scored per game on average . That figure had dropped below six goals per game by the 1994 – 95 season , and to 5 @.@ 19 by 1998 – 99 . There have been many arguments put forth as to what caused this decline . A common claim is that the drop in offence was due to dilution of talent caused by 1990s expansion , a position former player Brett Hull endorsed . Increased use of the neutral zone trap and similar defensive systems were also blamed . The New Jersey Devils have often been criticized for popularizing the trap , using it to win the Stanley Cup in 1995 . This period has been called the dead puck era . The Canada Cup gave way to the World Cup of Hockey in 1996 , an NHL @-@ sanctioned eight team international tournament featuring the top professionals in the world . The inaugural tournament saw the United States upset the favored Canadians in a three @-@ game final . That same year , the Avalanche won their first Stanley Cup in their first season in Denver , sweeping the Florida Panthers . One year later , the Detroit Red Wings ended a 42 @-@ year drought , capturing their first Stanley Cup since 1955 . The team 's celebration was cut short , as defenseman Vladimir Konstantinov and team masseur Sergei Mnatsakanov were seriously injured when their limousine crashed six days following the victory . The Red Wings dedicated the 1997 – 98 season to the two . Upon repeating as champions in 1998 , they brought Konstantinov , who had suffered severe brain damage in the crash , out in a wheelchair to celebrate with the team on the ice . The NHL added four expansion teams to increase the total number of clubs to 30 . Continuing its expansion into the southern United States , the Nashville Predators joined the league in 1998 , followed by the Atlanta Thrashers in 1999 . The Minnesota Wild and Columbus Blue Jackets then began play in 2000 . On April 16 , 1999 , Wayne Gretzky played his final NHL game , retiring as the league 's all @-@ time scoring leader and holding 61 NHL records . His number , 99 , was retired league @-@ wide the following season . The usual three @-@ year waiting period between a player 's retirement and his induction into the Hockey Hall of Fame was waived , and he was inducted in 1999 . For marketing reasons , the NHL agreed to participate in the Winter Olympics starting in 1998 . NHL players first competed at the Nagano Games . Led by goaltender Dominik Hasek , the tournament was won by the Czech Republic . Hasek , who finished the tournament with a 0 @.@ 97 goals @-@ against average and a .961 save percentage over six games , was the leading goaltender of the 1990s . His run of consecutive Vezina Trophies from 1994 to 1999 was interrupted only once , in 1996 by Jim Carey of the Washington Capitals . Hasek won another Vezina Trophy in 2001 , and two consecutive Lester B. Pearson and Hart Trophies in 1997 and 1998 . The Panthers ' trip to the Stanley Cup final in 1996 began a trend in which southern @-@ based teams frequently appeared in the championship round . The Dallas Stars won the 1999 Stanley Cup over the Buffalo Sabres in controversial fashion : Brett Hull scored the Cup @-@ winning goal in overtime of game six despite arguments that his foot was in the goal crease , which under the rules at the time would have disallowed the goal . The Stars returned to the finals in 2000 , falling to the New Jersey Devils . The Hurricanes first played in the finals in 2002 , losing to the Red Wings , while the Mighty Ducks reached the final in 2003 , falling to the Devils . In 2004 , the Tampa Bay Lightning defeated the Calgary Flames to win the Cup . The Lightning win in 2004 was seen as the end to the Devils / Avalanche / Red Wings Stanley Cup era , as all three teams won a combined 8 Stanley Cups between 1995 and 2003 . The Edmonton Oilers hosted the NHL 's first regular season outdoor hockey game , the Heritage Classic , on November 22 , 2003 . The game against the Canadiens was held at Commonwealth Stadium before a then @-@ record crowd of 57 @,@ 167 fans who endured temperatures as low as − 19 ° C ( − 2 ° F ) . = = = Mario Lemieux = = = When they selected him as the first overall draft pick in 1984 , the Pittsburgh Penguins hoped that Mario Lemieux would improve the team 's fortunes on the ice , and increase interest in the team in the Pittsburgh market . Lemieux , who had scored 133 goals in his final season of junior hockey , recorded his first NHL goal in his first game on his first career shot against the Boston Bruins . On December 31 , 1988 , Lemieux scored five goals , one in each of the five different ways possible : even strength , on the power play , short handed , on a penalty shot and into an empty net , a feat no player in league history has duplicated . Injuries and illness plagued Lemieux throughout his career . He played only 26 regular season games in 1990 – 91 after surgery to repair a herniated disc in his back , but returned in time to score 44 points in the playoffs in leading the Penguins to their first Stanley Cup . Lemieux continued to struggle with back trouble the next season , though he still won the scoring title , and his second consecutive playoff MVP award in leading the Penguins to their second championship in 1992 . In 1993 , he was diagnosed with cancer . Lemieux endured 22 radiation treatments in 30 days to treat non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma . Only 12 hours after his final treatment , Lemieux returned to the Penguins , scoring a goal in his first game back . A second surgery on his back cost Lemieux most of the 1993 – 94 season , and the entire 1994 – 95 campaign . As a result of his injuries , Lemieux retired in 1997 . He was immediately inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame ; the three @-@ year waiting period was waived by the Hall . Inspired by his son Austin 's desire to see him play , Lemieux returned to the NHL in 2000 – 01 , earning an assist on a Jaromir Jagr goal 33 @-@ seconds into his return , and scoring one himself in the 2nd period . He also became the first player @-@ owner in NHL history ; he had bought the Penguins in the summer of 1999 to save them from bankruptcy . Lemieux finished the season with 35 goals and 76 points in 43 games . Lemieux continued to battle injuries , missing the majority of the first @-@ half of the 2001 – 02 season , however he returned to action in time to captain Team Canada to its first gold medal in 50 @-@ years at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Injuries again forced his retirement , as Lemieux finally ended his career on January 24 , 2006 with 690 goals and 1 @,@ 723 points in 915 games . Despite his injuries , it has been argued that Lemieux was the greatest player in NHL history . Hall of Famer Bobby Orr said that Lemieux was the most skilled player he had ever seen , while Mike Gartner said that if he had remained healthy , Lemieux would have scored 1 @,@ 000 goals . = = 2004 – 05 lockout = = By 2004 , the owners were claiming that player salaries had grown much faster than revenues , and that the league as a whole lost over US $ 300 million in 2002 – 03 . Upon the expiry of the collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) , Gary Bettman announced that the players were again locked out to start the 2004 – 05 season . As with the 1994 – 95 lockout , the owners were demanding a salary cap , which the players were unwilling to consider until the season was on the verge of being lost . The players , for their part , offered a 24 % salary rollback to keep the free @-@ market system that was already in place . On February 16 , 2005 , after a series of last minute offers failed , Bettman announced the cancellation of the entire season , making the NHL first major North American league to cancel an entire season because of a labor stoppage . The season 's cancellation led union president Trevor Linden and senior director Ted Saskin to take charge of negotiations from executive director Bob Goodenow . By early July , the two sides had agreed to a new CBA . The deal featured a hard salary cap , linked to a fixed percentage of league revenues , a 24 % rollback on salaries , and unrestricted free agency beginning after seven years of service . The loss of the 2004 – 05 season led the NHL to institute a special lottery to determine the order of the 2005 draft , as there were no standings to base a drafting order from . The Pittsburgh Penguins won the lottery , and selected Sidney Crosby , a highly prized prospect whose arrival to the NHL had been greatly anticipated . Crosby and the Washington Capitals ' Alex Ovechkin , the 2004 first overall pick , were expected to become the faces of the NHL as the league entered a new era . Ovechkin was named the Calder Memorial Trophy winner as rookie of the year in 2005 – 06 , while Crosby 's presence helped Pittsburgh 's attendance increase by 33 % , over 4 @,@ 000 fans per game . = = Recent years = = In the 2005 – 06 season , Ovechkin and Crosby began their careers . In their first three seasons , they each won both the Art Ross and Hart trophies ; Crosby captured both in 2007 and Ovechkin in 2008 . The 2006 Stanley Cup Finals was the first time that franchises that originally played in the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) met in the Stanley Cup Final , as the Oilers lost a seven @-@ game series to the Hurricanes . The following season , the Senators lost the finals in five games to the Ducks . The three @-@ year streak of Canadian teams in the finals was halted in the 2007 – 08 season , when the Red Wings defeated the Penguins for their fourth Stanley Cup in 11 years . The Penguins returned the favor in the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals , winning in Game 7 for their third Stanley Cup , most by any post @-@ 1967 expansion team . The first half of the 2010s was dominated by either the Chicago Blackhawks or the Los Angeles Kings . The Blackhawks , whose last Cup win was in 1961 , won three Stanley Cups in 2010 , 2013 and 2015 , while the Kings , who have not won a Cup since entering the league in 1967 , won their first two Cups in 2012 and 2014 , the former of which made them the first and only eighth @-@ seed to win the Cup . The only team other than the Blackhawks or the Kings to win the Cup during this period were the Boston Bruins , who won the Cup in 2011 , their first since 1972 . The Bruins and Blackhawks also met in the first all @-@ Original Six final since 1979 , which took place in 2013 . The success of the Heritage Classic led the NHL to schedule more outdoor games . The Sabres hosted the 2008 NHL Winter Classic on New Year 's Day 2008 , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in a shootout before a crowd of 71 @,@ 217 at Ralph Wilson Stadium . The second Winter Classic was held January 1 , 2009 at Wrigley Field in Chicago between the Blackhawks and Red Wings . On January 1 , 2010 at Fenway Park in Boston the third Winter Classic was held with the Bruins defeating the Philadelphia Flyers 2 @-@ 1 in overtime . The following year the Winter Classic was held in Pittsburgh 's Heinz Field , with the Washington Capitals beating the Penguins 3 @-@ 1 , and on January 2 , 2012 ( January 1 of that year was a Sunday ) , the New York Rangers defeated the Flyers 3 @-@ 2 at Philadelphia 's Citizens Bank Park . For the 2013 – 14 season , six outdoor games are scheduled in five cities , beginning with the 2014 NHL Winter Classic at Detroit 's Michigan Stadium , and then the 2014 NHL Stadium Series at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles , Yankee Stadium in New York City , and Soldier Field in Chicago , before concluding with the 2014 NHL Heritage Classic at Vancouver 's BC Place . To date , a total of 15 games have been played outdoors since 2003 , with three more scheduled during the 2015 – 16 season . Intending to promote the game worldwide , the league sent the San Jose Sharks and Calgary Flames to begin the 1998 – 99 season with two games in Tokyo , Japan . Since 2007 , the NHL has been sending teams to Europe to start each season . The Los Angeles Kings met the Ducks at the O2 Arena in London , England to start the 2007 – 08 season . A year later , four teams were sent to Prague , Czech Republic and Stockholm , Sweden . One of those teams , the Rangers , also participated in the inaugural Victoria Cup , defeating the Kontinental Hockey League 's Metallurg Magnitogorsk 4 – 3 in a single game . Another four teams opened the 2009 – 10 season in Stockholm and Helsinki , Finland . In 2010 , Vancouver hosted the Winter Olympics , the first time an NHL city has hosted the event since the league began participating . The NHL 's participation in future games remains in doubt , as it had expressed a desire not to participate in the 2014 games in Sochi , Russia . However , the NHL players did ultimately participate in those games . The players strongly favour continued participation in the Olympics . The third World Cup of Hockey is expected to take place in 2011 , seven years after the 2004 tournament . Due to the 2010 Olympics , the Canucks underwent the longest road trip in NHL history , with 14 games over 6 weeks , from January 27 to March 13 , 2010 , to allow General Motors Place to be used for ice hockey during the Winter Games . It marked the first time that an NHL @-@ sized rink was used during the Winter Olympics . GM Place was " Canada Hockey Place " during the games , as the IOC prohibits advertising , including corporate sponsorship , within Olympic venues . Despite these successes after the lockout , a couple of teams still had financial difficulties . The Phoenix Coyotes eventually filed for bankruptcy in May 2009 after incurring several hundred million dollars of losses . The league then took control over the team later that year in order to stabilize the club 's operations , with the hopes of eventually reselling it to a new owner who would be committed to stay in the Phoenix market . Meanwhile , the City of Glendale , Arizona , home of the team 's Jobing.com Arena , financially kept the team afloat , paying $ 25 million to the NHL to cover the club 's losses for the 2010 – 11 season , and another $ 25 million for the 2011 – 12 season . The league eventually sold the team in 2013 to Renaissance Sports & Entertainment ( RS & E ) , a group of Canadian investors . After also suffering financial losses and ownership struggles , the Atlanta Thrashers were eventually sold to True North Sports and Entertainment in 2011 , who then relocated the team to Winnipeg , a stark reversal of the league 's attempts to expand into the southern United States . Initially replacing the Thrashers in the Eastern Conference 's Southeast Division , as part of a realignment to four divisions , the Jets were moved to the Western Conference 's Central Division before the 2013 – 14 season . The Detroit Red Wings and Columbus Blue Jackets were then assigned to the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic and Metropolitan divisions , respectively . = = = 2012 – 13 lockout = = = The NHL again entered lockout in 2012 , cancelling the first 526 games , about 43 % of the season , until at least December 30 , 2012 . Just after 5 am on January 6 , 2013 , after approximately 16 continuous hours of negotiating , the NHL and the player 's union reached a tentative deal on a new collective bargaining agreement to end the lockout . The first games of the season were held on January 19 . = = Rules and innovations = = Hoping to reduce the number of tie games during the regular season , the NHL decided that beginning in the 1999 – 2000 season , in any game tied after regulation time , both teams would be guaranteed one point , while the team that won in overtime would earn a second point . The theory was that rather than playing conservatively to earn a point for a tie , teams would press for the extra point for the overtime win . In the 2005 – 06 season the NHL eliminated tie games altogether , as the shootout was introduced to decide all regular season games tied after the five @-@ minute overtime period . The shootout has proven controversial ; critics have called it a gimmick , and expressed fierce opposition to any suggestion of using it to decide playoff games , though the league has not pushed for this to happen . It has also been argued that teams are playing it safe , taking no chances in regulation in order to bring the game to overtime , where they are each guaranteed a point . The shootout also has many supporters , among them Phoenix head coach Dave Tippett , who stated that many fans enjoy it . The shootout was one of several rule changes made in 2005 as the league attempted to increase offence following the lockout . The two @-@ line pass rule was eliminated , allowing teams to pass from their defensive zone to anywhere in the neutral zone . Previously , such passes could only be made to their own half of the neutral zone . The rule was intended to encourage long breakout passes and create more breakaways . Teams that commit an icing infraction are no longer allowed to make a line change before a faceoff , and goaltenders are now prohibited from playing the puck in the end @-@ zone corners behind the goal line . They are allowed to play the puck directly behind the net , within the trapezoid marked by diagonal lines from the goal line to the end boards . One of the most controversial changes was the league 's zero @-@ tolerance policy on obstruction penalties . The league hoped that the game could be opened up if it cracked down on " clutching and grabbing " . The tighter regulations have met with complaints about the legitimacy of some calls , that players are diving to draw penalties , and that officials are not calling enough penalties . The changes initially led to a sharp increase in scoring . Teams combined to score 6 @.@ 1 goals per game in 2005 – 06 , more than a goal per game higher than in the 2003 – 04 season . This represented the highest single @-@ season increase in offence since 1929 – 30 . However , scoring has rapidly declined since , approaching pre @-@ lockout totals in 2007 – 08 . = = Timeline = =
= Edmund FitzAlan , 9th Earl of Arundel = Edmund FitzAlan , 9th Earl of Arundel ( 1 May 1285 – 17 November 1326 ) was an English nobleman prominent in the conflict between Edward II and his barons . His father , Richard FitzAlan , 8th Earl of Arundel , died on 9 March 1301 , while Edmund was still a minor . He therefore became a ward of John de Warenne , Earl of Surrey , and married Warenne 's granddaughter Alice . In 1306 he was styled Earl of Arundel , and served under Edward I in the Scottish Wars , for which he was richly rewarded . After Edward I 's death , Arundel became part of the opposition to the new king Edward II , and his favourite Piers Gaveston . In 1311 he was one of the so @-@ called Lords Ordainers who assumed control of government from the king . Together with Thomas , Earl of Lancaster , he was responsible for the death of Gaveston in 1312 . From this point on , however , his relationship to the king became more friendly . This was to a large extent due to his association with the king 's new favourite Hugh Despenser the Younger , whose daughter was married to Arundel 's son . Arundel supported the king in suppressing rebellions by Roger Mortimer and other Marcher Lords , and eventually also Thomas of Lancaster . For this he was awarded with land and offices . His fortune changed , however , when the country was invaded in 1326 by Mortimer , who had made common cause with the king 's wife , Queen Isabella . Immediately after the capture of Edward II , the queen , Edward III 's regent , ordered Arundel executed , his title forfeit and his property confiscated . Arundel 's son and heir Richard only recovered the title and lands in 1331 , after Edward III had taken power from the regency of Isabella and Mortimer . In the 1390s , a cult emerged around the late earl . He was venerated as a martyr , though he was never canonised . = = Family and early life = = Edmund FitzAlan was born in the Castle of Marlborough , in Wiltshire , on 1 May 1285 . He was the son of Richard FitzAlan , 8th Earl of Arundel , and his wife , Alice of Saluzzo , daughter of Thomas I of Saluzzo in Italy . Richard had been in opposition to the king during the political crisis of 1295 , and as a result he had incurred great debts and had parts of his land confiscated . When Richard died in 09 / 03 / 1301 , Edmund 's wardship was given to John de Warenne , Earl of Surrey . Warenne 's only son , William , had died in 1286 , so his daughter Alice was now heir apparent to the Warenne earldom . Alice was offered in marriage to Edmund , who for unknown reasons initially refused her . By 1305 he had changed his mind , however , and the two were married . In April 1306 , shortly before turning twenty @-@ one , Edmund was granted possession of his father 's title and land . On 22 May 1306 , he was knighted by Edward I , along with the young Prince Edward – the future Edward II . The knighting was done in expectation of military service the Scottish Wars , and after the campaign was over , Arundel was richly rewarded . Edward I pardoned the young earl a debt of £ 4 @,@ 234 . This flow of patronage continued after the death of Edward I in 1307 ; in 1308 Edward II returned the hundred of Purslow to Arundel , an honour that Edward I had confiscated from Edmund 's father . There were also official honours in the early years of Edward II 's reign . At the new king 's coronation on 25 February 1308 , Arundel officiated as chief butler ( or pincerna ) , a hereditary office of the earls of Arundel . = = Opposition to Edward II = = Though the reign of Edward II was initially harmonious , he soon met with opposition from several of his earls and prelates . At the source of the discontent was the king 's relationship with the young Gascon knight Piers Gaveston , who had been exiled by Edward I , but was recalled immediately upon Edward II 's accession . Edward 's favouritism towards the upstart Gaveston was an offence to the established nobility , and his elevation to the earldom of Cornwall was particularly offensive to the established nobility . A group of magnates led by Henry de Lacy , Earl of Lincoln , forced Gaveston into exile in 1308 . By 1309 , however , Edward had reconciled himself with the opposition , and Gaveston was allowed to return . Arundel joined the opposition at an early point , and did not attend the Stamford parliament in July 1309 , where Gaveston 's return was negotiated . After Gaveston returned , his behaviour became even more offensive , and opposition towards him grew . In addition to this , there was great discontent with Edward II 's failure to follow up his father 's Scottish campaigns . On 16 March 1310 , the king had to agree to the appointment of a committee known as the Lords Ordainers , who were to be in charge of the reform of the royal government . Arundel was one of eight earls among the twenty @-@ one Ordainers . The Ordainers once more sent Gaveston into exile in 1311 , but by 1312 he was back . Now the king 's favourite was officially an outlaw , and Arundel was among the earls who swore to hunt him down . The leader of the opposition – after Lincoln 's death the year before – was now Thomas , Earl of Lancaster . In June 1312 Gaveston was captured , tried before Lancaster , Arundel and the earls of Warwick and Hereford , and executed . A reconciliation was achieved between the king and the offending magnates , and Arundel and the others received pardons , but animosity prevailed . In 1314 Arundel was among the magnates who refused to assist Edward in a campaign against the Scottish , resulting in the disastrous English defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn . = = Return to loyalty = = Around the time of Bannockburn , however , Arundel 's loyalty began to shift back towards the king . Edward 's rapprochement towards the earl had in fact started earlier , when on 2 November 1313 , the king pardoned Arundel 's royal debts . The most significant factor in this process though , was the marriage alliance between Arundel and the king 's new favourites , the Despensers . Hugh Despenser the Younger and his father Hugh Despenser the elder were gradually taking over control of the government , and using their power to enrich themselves . While this alienated most of the nobility , Arundel 's situation was different . At some point in 1314 – 1315 , his son Richard was betrothed to Isabel , daughter of Hugh Despenser the Younger . Now that he found himself back in royal favour , Arundel started receiving rewards in the form of official appointments . In 1317 he was appointed Warden of the Marches of Scotland , and in August 1318 , he helped negotiate the Treaty of Leake , which temporarily reconciled the king with Thomas of Lancaster . With Arundel 's change of allegiance came a conflict of interest . In August 1321 , a demand was made to the king that Hugh Despenser and his father , Hugh Despenser the elder , be sent into exile . The king , facing a rebellion in the Welsh Marches , had no choice but to assent . Arundel voted for the expulsion , but later he claimed that he did so under compulsion , and also supported their recall in December . Arundel had suffered personally from the rebellion , when Roger Mortimer seized his castle of Clun . Early in 1322 , Arundel joined King Edward in a campaign against the Mortimer family . The opposition soon crumbled , and the king decided to move against Thomas of Lancaster , who had been supporting the marcher rebellion all along . Lancaster was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge in March , and executed . In the aftermath of the rebellion , the Despensers enriched themselves on the forfeited estates of the rebels , and Hugh Despenser the elder was created Earl of Winchester in May 1322 . Also Arundel , who was now one of the king 's principal supporters , was richly rewarded . After the capture of Roger Mortimer in 1322 , he received the forfeited Mortimer lordship of Chirk in Wales . He was also trusted with important offices : he became Chief Justiciar of North and South Wales in 1323 , and in 1325 he was made Warden of the Welsh Marches , responsible for the array in Wales . He also extended his influence through marriage alliances ; in 1325 he secured marriages between two of his daughters and the sons and heirs of two of Lancaster 's main allies : the deceased earls of Hereford and Warwick . = = Final years and death = = In 1323 , Roger Mortimer , who had been held in captivity in the Tower of London , escaped and fled to France . Two years later , Queen Isabella travelled to Paris on an embassy to the French king . Here , Isabella and Mortimer developed a plan to invade England and replace Edward II on the throne with his son , the young Prince Edward , who was in the company of Isabella . Isabella and Mortimer landed in England on 24 September 1326 , and due to the virulent resentment against the Despenser regime , few came to the king 's aid . Arundel initially escaped the invading force in the company of the king , but was later dispatched to his estates in Shropshire to gather troops . At Shrewsbury he was captured by his old enemy John Charlton of Powys , and brought to Queen Isabella at Hereford . On 17 November – the day after Edward II had been taken captive – Arundel was executed , allegedly on the instigation of Mortimer . According to a chronicle account , the use of a blunt sword was ordered , and the executioner needed 22 strokes to sever the earl 's head from his body . Arundel 's body was initially interred at the Franciscan church in Hereford . It had been his wish , however , to be buried at the family 's traditional resting place of Haughmond Abbey in Shropshire , and this is where he was finally buried . Though he was never canonised , a cult emerged around the late earl in the 1390s , associating him with the 9th @-@ century martyr king St Edmund . This veneration may have been inspired by a similar cult around his grandson , Richard FitzAlan , 11th Earl of Arundel , who was executed by Richard II in 1397 . Arundel was attainted at his execution ; his estates were forfeited to the crown , and large parts of these were appropriated by Isabella and Mortimer . The castle and honour of Arundel was briefly held by Edward II 's half @-@ brother Edmund , Earl of Kent , who was executed on 3 September 1330 . Edmund FitzAlan 's son , Richard , failed in an attempted rebellion against the crown in June 1330 , and had to flee to France . In October the same year , the guardianship of Isabella and Mortimer was supplanted by the personal rule of King Edward III . This allowed Richard to return and reclaim his inheritance , and on 8 February 1331 , he was fully restored to his father 's lands , and created Earl of Arundel . = = Issue = = Edmund and Alice had at least seven children : = = Ancestry = =
= Manor Farm , Ruislip = Manor Farm is a 22 @-@ acre ( 8 @.@ 9 ha ) historic site in Ruislip , Greater London . It incorporates a medieval farm complex , with a main old barn dating from the 13th century and a farm house from the 16th . Nearby are the remains of a motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle believed to date from shortly after the Norman conquest of England . Original groundwork on the site has been dated to the 9th century . Ownership of the site passed to the King 's College , Cambridge in the 15th century , with whom it remained until 1931 . At this point Manor Farm was included in the sale of Park Wood as a gift to the people of Ruislip . The Great Barn and Little Barn were recognised by a member of the Royal Society of Arts in 1930 as in need of conservation . The site continued as a working farm until 1933 . Throughout 2007 and 2008 , the site was restored with National Lottery funding , and has become a heritage area for the London Borough of Hillingdon . Manor Farm is within the Ruislip Village Conservation Area . Events are regularly held within the 13th @-@ century Great Barn and around the rest of the site . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = What remains of the motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle can be seen today in part of the moat and bank on the site . Today , the moat on the site is a scheduled monument , believed to have been extended to create an oval area upon which a wooden castle covering 350 foot ( 110 m ) by 200 foot ( 61 m ) was built , presumably for the landowner , Ernulf de Hesdin . He was given control of the manor of Ruislip shortly after the Norman conquest , in recognition of his loyalty to William the Conqueror . The castle is believed to have been built between 1066 and 1087 , but does not appear in the 1086 Domesday Book and so could have been demolished or changed significantly . It may never have been finished . Ruislip parish was owned by the Benedictine Bec Abbey of Normandy between 1096 and 1404 during which time the prior built a home for himself on the site , surrounded by a moat . During the 16th century , the remains of the motte @-@ and @-@ bailey site were used as the gardens of the Manor Farm House when it was built . In 1888 the moat extension was filled in by Henry James Ewer , who farmed on the site . The moat 's shape and the presence of traces of a fortified building have allowed this part of the site to be dated to the 11th century . However , the castle is believed to have been built around 1066 then either demolished or changed significantly as it does not appear as a castle in Domesday Book . The farm buildings date back to the 13th century with the Great Barn the most prominent . The barn is the second largest such structure in Middlesex after another in Harmondsworth . The Great Barn is constructed of English oak from the nearby Ruislip Woods . It was built to a design known as an aisled barn , whereby smaller out @-@ shoots run alongside the main supports underneath one main roof . = = = Ownership = = = Studies by English Heritage have found that the site originally functioned not only as the manorial court hall for Ruislip , but also as a working farm . The main building was built over two existing structures , possibly to accommodate the new lessee of the manor , Robert Drury , a former Speaker of the House of Commons . The study concluded this was most likely achieved by a team of masons and carpenters . Manor Farm was also known as Ruislip Court until the 19th century . In 1451 , ownership of the farm passed with the rest of Ruislip to King 's College , Cambridge who remain titular Lords of the Manor . King 's completed two surveys of the manor during their ownership , in 1565 and 1750 . The Farm House was built from locally produced bricks , tiles and timber in the 16th century , and served as the manorial court until 1925 when the last court was held . Work in the 18th and 19th centuries saw the windows and doorways replaced , while an extended kitchen was installed . The kitchen extension was replaced in 1958 as part of a general refurbishment of the house . Manor Farm and Park Wood were nearly demolished in the early 1900s to make way for a new development planned in partnership with King 's College and the Ruislip @-@ Northwood Urban District Council . A town planning competition was won by A & J Soutar from Wandsworth , who suggested a symmetrical design across the parish which would have seen a total of 7 @,@ 642 new homes built . St. Martin 's church would have been the only example of historical architecture left in Ruislip . An outline map of the new development proposal was made public on 30 November 1910 with few objections . A Local Board inquiry followed on 17 February 1911 which required negotiations with landowners to allow for a full planning scheme to be compiled . This was presented in February 1913 with an adaptation of the original Soutars plan and received approval from the Local Government Board in September 1914 . Three roads with residential housing , Manor Way , Windmill Way and Park Way were completed before the outbreak of the First World War when all construction work was halted . It was not resumed until 1919 , though the plan was substantially scaled back as work slowed throughout the next decade . The protection of Manor Farm and the local woods from redevelopment was eventually confirmed in January 1930 , after a visit by a member of the Royal Society of Arts to choose buildings that should be conserved . The Great Barn and Little Barn were selected , along with the old Post Office , the Old Bell public house and the Priest 's House of the local church . The woods , part of the centre of the manor of Ruislip along with Ruislip village square , were included when King 's College sold the land to the district in February 1931 . Park Wood was sold for £ 28 @,@ 100 with Manor Farm and the old Post Office included as a gift to the people of Ruislip . King 's had wished to also present the wood as a gift but was required by the University and College 's Act to receive payment as it was the trustee of the land . Middlesex County Council contributed 75 % of the cost as the urban district council argued that many of those who would make use of the land would be recreational day trippers from outside the district . Under a 999 @-@ year lease , the council agreed to maintain the wood and ensure no new buildings were constructed without the permission of the county council . An area of the wood to the south was not included in the lease agreement and three residential roads were later constructed on it . In 1932 , the two cart sheds on either side of the lane leading into the farm were removed . That year , Councillor T. R. Parker purchased a plot of land on the site from King 's College . Manor Farm continued as a working farm until the following year , when the local council began to sell off much of the land surrounding the buildings for housing developments . Councillor Parker presented his land to the Ruislip Village Trust as the site of a future public hall , and the Trust passed it to the urban district council in 1964 stipulating that that would be the sole use . The council obliged and the Winston Churchill Hall was built in 1965 . A smaller barn built in the 16th century , the Little Barn , was converted to a library and opened on 2 November 1937 . The original cowbyre was destroyed by fire in 1979 and was rebuilt as an exhibition centre . An archaeological excavation was carried out by the Museum of London Archaeological Service in 1997 around the Farm House . This discovered the remains of the old priory were beneath the house , as this had been the bailey , surrounded by the motte . = = = Restoration = = = The site was refurbished with funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund in April 2007 with the work completed in June the following year . This included the renovation of the Grade II listed Manor Farm library as part of a borough @-@ wide programme by the London Borough of Hillingdon . The Duck Pond Market began in the Great Barn in December 2008 , following the refurbishment , and runs once a month . Winston Churchill Hall , not included in the original restoration work , received a £ 370 @,@ 000 grant from Hillingdon Council in March 2011 to enable its refurbishment . = = = Comparable structures = = = Other moated medieval farm complexes survive in the nearby area at Headstone Manor and ( without a surviving moat ) at Pinner Park . Traces of a moat survived at Harmondsworth Great Barn until 1968 .
= The Cartridge Family = " The Cartridge Family " is the fifth episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 2 , 1997 . It was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Pete Michels . In the episode , Homer purchases a gun to protect his family , of which Marge disapproves . Homer begins to show extremely careless gun usage causing Marge to leave him when she catches Bart using the gun without their permission . The episode was intended to show guns in a neutral way , and faced some problems with the censors because of the subject matter . Critical reaction was mostly positive . = = Plot = = The Simpsons attend a soccer match between Mexico and Portugal . When the game starts , the crowd begins to lose interest and a violent football riot ensues . After the riot spreads throughout the town , Marge fears for the family and tells Homer to pay for a Home Security System . Finding out that the system will cost $ 500 , Homer decides to save money by buying a firearm instead . After the five @-@ day waiting period , Homer surprises Marge with his new revolver from a local gun store . Marge is horrified and demands that he get rid of the gun at once . Homer persuades Marge to come with him to the local National Rifle Association meeting to try to get her to change her mind , but after the meeting , she remains unconvinced . Marge reveals just how uncomfortable with the gun she is , and begs Homer to get rid of it . Homer promises to do so , but instead hides it in the vegetable crisper . Later , Bart and Milhouse discover the loaded firearm and play with it in the kitchen . Marge steps into the kitchen just in time to stop them , and berates Homer for breaking his promise , by giving Homer an ultimatum . After this , she promptly leaves with some suitcases and the children and checks into a motel . That night , Homer hosts an NRA meeting at his house but the other members are far from impressed by his reckless gun usage and he is kicked out of the association . Realizing what his behavior has cost him , Homer goes to the motel where Marge and the children are spending the night , meaning to reconcile . Homer and Marge make up , after Homer explains he has finally gotten rid of the gun . While leaving , Snake arrives to rob the desk clerk . Homer pulls out his gun and Marge is angry with him for lying again , but while he tries to apologize , Snake snatches the gun . The other NRA members arrive and foil Snake . Homer finally says he does not trust himself and asks Marge to throw the gun away herself . However , just as Marge is about to throw away the gun , she sees a reflection of herself holding it and decides to keep it . = = Production = = This was the first episode to air which was executive produced by Mike Scully . Sam Simon pitched an episode for one of the first seasons which saw Homer getting a gun and nobody wanting him to have it . The episode concluded with Homer foiling a robbery and stating that although guns bring destruction , it worked for him . However , this episode was pitched by Scully for either season seven or eight , before being used for season nine . This provided the basic outline , and John Swartzwelder wrote the script . A lot of lines in the episode put guns in a positive light , as the staff felt that they could not just make an episode about how bad they were . Several of the staff , including Swartzwelder , are " pro gun " , although others , such as Matt Groening , are completely against them . The episode was designed to be non @-@ biased and to portray each side of the argument equally . Scully noted that if there is any message in the episode it is that a man like Homer should not own a gun . The censors were nervous about some of the episode 's subject matter , such as Homer pointing the gun in Marge 's face , and Bart aiming the gun at Milhouse with the apple in his mouth , but ultimately let it go . The opening sequence where soccer is portrayed as the most boring sport imaginable was intended to show that soccer was more boring on television than live , but both Michels and Groening enjoy the game . The referee at the game is a caricature of the janitor at Film Roman , who supplied director Pete Michels with every piece of soccer information he needed to design the episode . Pelé also makes an appearance at the match , although he is voiced by Hank Azaria . The episode closes with music from The Avengers . After the music had been recorded , Scully felt that it did not suit the ending and so wished to change it to something else . However , it was too late in production to get the full orchestra back to do a recording , and union rules meant that previous recordings could not be reused . = = Cultural references = = The chalkboard gag references the Richard Gere gerbil urban legend . The gun shop is based on the shop that the Los Angeles Police Department went to during the North Hollywood bank robbery to acquire more ammunition . The title of this episode is a play on the name of 1970s television series The Partridge Family . The end music is the theme to the 1960s series The Avengers , and the song playing when Homer is sitting and watching things go by while he is waiting five days for his gun is " The Waiting " by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers . Petty rarely lets his music be used on television , but being a fan of The Simpsons , he allowed them to use it . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " The Cartridge Family " finished 26th in ratings for the week of October 27 – November 2 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 5 , equivalent to approximately 10 @.@ 3 million viewing households . It was the third highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network , following The X @-@ Files and King of the Hill . The episode received several positive reviews , being included in the Herald Sun 's list of the top twenty The Simpsons episodes . It was also named the fifth best episode in the show 's history in an article by The Florida Times @-@ Union . The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette also praised the episode , calling The Simpsons " the only sitcom in memory to treat gun control with any fairness " . On the other hand , the episode has been criticized by several outlets . The staff received several complaints from the NRA about the portrayal of the organization in the episode , despite the fact that the Springfield NRA revokes Homer 's membership for his irresponsible behavior . Ian Jones and Steve Williams criticized the episode , calling it " a messy , unfocused lampooning of gun culture " . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , found that it was " one of the most politically unambiguous episodes ever " , but that " [ it ] is very dull and the plot isn 't sustainable " . The episode was not initially aired on the United Kingdom satellite channel Sky1 due to scenes of flagrant gun misuse , yet was aired several times on BBC Two in an earlier evening timeslot . The episode was also included on the Too Hot for TV VHS and DVD , along with " Treehouse of Horror IX " , " Natural Born Kissers " , and " Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy " .
= You Only Move Twice = " You Only Move Twice " is the second episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 3 , 1996 . The episode , based on a story idea by Greg Daniels , has three major concepts : the family moves to a new town ; Homer gets a friendly , sympathetic boss ; and that boss , unbeknownst to Homer , is a supervillain . Bart , Lisa , and Marge each have individual secondary storylines . It was directed by Mike B. Anderson and written by John Swartzwelder . The episode title is a reference to the James Bond film You Only Live Twice , and many elements of the episode parody the Bond films , with a character modeled after Bond making a cameo appearance . Setting the second and third acts in a new town , Cypress Creek , required the animators to create entirely new layouts and background designs . Albert Brooks , in his fourth Simpsons appearance , guest stars as the voice of Hank Scorpio , who is one of the most popular one @-@ time characters on The Simpsons . The episode was very well received by critics and IGN named " You Only Move Twice " the best episode of the eighth season and Albert Brooks as one of the best guest stars in the history of the show . = = Plot = = Waylon Smithers is offered a job at the Globex Corporation . When he refuses , the offer is passed down to Homer , the next @-@ longest @-@ employed individual at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant . He informs his family that the new job pays better and provides free health @-@ care for the family , but involves moving to Cypress Creek . The Simpson family originally opposes the move , but after they watch a promotional video about the planned community , they agree that it is much better than Springfield . Abandoning their house , the Simpsons pack up and leave town . Shortly after the Simpsons arrive at their new house in Cypress Creek , they meet Homer 's new boss , Hank Scorpio , who is very amiable and seems like the perfect boss . After giving Homer a tour of the company , Scorpio tells him that his job is to motivate the employees in the nuclear division . Meanwhile , Bart starts school , but he finds that his new class is far above the standards of Springfield Elementary . When his teacher discovers that Bart cannot read cursive writing , he places him in a remedial class , much to Bart 's shock . Lisa goes for a nature walk and discovers that she is allergic to all of the plants around Cypress Creek . Marge tries to go about her daily chores , but the house does everything automatically . This ends up depressing her to the point where Marge starts drinking a glass of wine to cope with her depression . However , Homer does an excellent job motivating his team in the nuclear division , and productivity increases by 2 % thanks to his skills , which makes his family very proud of him . Despite his success , Homer notices after a few days that his team members are starting to get overworked . He decides that the solution is to get them hammocks and visits Scorpio to ask where he can purchase some . Scorpio begins to tell Homer of " the Hammock district " , but he is interrupted by some urgent business . It turns out that Scorpio is a criminal mastermind formulating a plot ( known as Project Arcturus ) to take over the East Coast with a doomsday device , as he turns to a screen and threatens the United Nations Security Council by declaring that he has got hold of the doomsday device and that they have 72 hours to meet his demand of gold . To prove his intent , he blows up the 59th Street Bridge . Despite being in the same room , Homer appears oblivious to Scorpio 's nefarious plan as he was looking outside the window . Another time was when Homer was in Globex Headquarters trying to get something from a vending machine , Scorpio has managed to capture a secret agent named Mr. Bont , who is attempting to stop him in his tracks . Scorpio intends to have Bont killed with a laser , but Bont uses a coin to free himself from his restraints before attempting to flee . However , Homer , who is unaware of events and believes that Bont is a ' loafer ' , easily knocks him down , allowing Scorpio 's soldiers to shoot the agent . A proud Scorpio happily thanks Homer for a job well done . At dinner , Homer proudly tells of his successes at work , but discovers that his family hates Cypress Creek because of their current problems and want to go back to Springfield . At first , Homer is opposed to this , saying that he has been doing a great job for the first time in his life , but nobody else is happy . Dejected , Homer decides to visit Scorpio back at Globex Headquarters . His visit coincides with an assault by the U.S. military , but Homer still remains oblivious to what is taking place . He finds Scorpio , explains the situation , and asks what to do . Scorpio advises Homer that he should do what is best for his family , asking him only to kill someone on the way out . As Homer dejectedly walks away , Scorpio straps on a flamethrower and attacks the remaining U.S. troops , making them flee . The next day , the family returns to Springfield , as Scorpio succeeds in his plot and seizes control of the East Coast . Homer , who previously confided to Scorpio his dream of owning the Dallas Cowboys , expresses disappointment when he instead discovers the Denver Broncos practicing ineptly on his front lawn as a present from his former boss . = = Production = = The original concept for the episode came from a story idea by Greg Daniels and the writing staff came up with three major concepts . The first involves the Simpson family moving out of Springfield , which the writers initially hoped would fool the audience into thinking it was a permanent move . As a result , they tried to work in as many characters as they could during the first act of the episode to make it seem that the family really was leaving . The second involved Homer getting a new job for an employee @-@ friendly boss in comparison to the tyrannical Mr. Burns . The third was that Homer 's new boss would be a supervillain resembling Ernst Stavro Blofeld . This element was meant to be in the background and Homer would be ignorant to it . The writers sought to give every family member their own story . The writing staff spent some time arguing over whether to include in the episode the depressing idea of Marge becoming an alcoholic . There was originally another involving Grampa Simpson , wherein he is left behind in Springfield and receives recorded greeting phone calls . The plot went on for four sequences , all of which were cut from the episode for time constraints but later included in the DVD release . Cypress Creek was called " Emerald Caverns " during most of production , but the name was changed because the writers felt that " Cypress Creek " had more of a " Silicon Valley " feel . The show 's writers did not worry too much about perfecting Scorpio 's lines because they knew Brooks would rewrite or ad lib new ones . Entire parts of Scorpio 's dialogue , such as his hammock speech , are Brooks 's lines and not the writers ' . Dan Castellaneta described how , after he prepared something for Homer to say in response to Brooks 's new Scorpio lines , Brooks would deliver totally different lines in the next take . Josh Weinstein said Homer 's reactions are exactly like someone talking to Albert Brooks . In all , his recordings amounted to over two hours in length . Brooks voiced the character Russ Cargill in The Simpsons Movie and for " about a week " , he was to reprise the role of Scorpio , but the staff felt that creating a new character was a better idea . The animators needed to design completely new sets for the episode . Christian Roman , John Reiss , and Mike Anderson storyboarded the episode . In the original animatic , Santa 's Little Helper and Snowball II were not present , so the animators went back and added them , even though they are not a part of the story . It is a common misconception that Scorpio 's design was modeled after Richard Branson , which it was not . The final design , which underwent an overhaul , was hailed by the writers as " the perfect madman " . All of the students in Bart 's remedial class were initially given hair modeled on Ralph Wiggum 's , but the staff felt that the children looked " kinda troubled " , so their designs were altered . The man whom Homer tackles , Mr. Bont , was initially supposed to just be James Bond , but Fox , concerned about a lawsuit , would not let them use it . The writers went with " Bont " because they felt it was the most similar name that they could legally use . = = Cultural references = = The final scene at Globex contains several references to action and James Bond films . The episode title and many references are from the Bond film You Only Live Twice , as well as an allusion to A View to a Kill . A character modeled after Sean Connery 's Bond is tackled by Homer and killed after a parody of the laser scene from Goldfinger . Mrs. Goodthighs from the 1967 James Bond parody Casino Royale makes an appearance in the episode and can be seen attacking a character modeled after U.S. Army general Norman Schwarzkopf . The sign at the elementary school displays " http : / / www.studynet.edu " . Weinstein called it " one of the show 's most obviously dated jokes " because the idea of a school having its own website was almost a novelty in 1996 . The song at the end of the show , written by Ken Keeler , is a parody of various Bond themes . Keeler originally wrote it to be three seconds longer and sound more like the Goldfinger theme , but the final version was shorter and the lyrics were sped up . The writers wanted the song to be sung by Shirley Bassey , who sang several Bond themes , but they could not get her to record the part . At the start of the episode Smithers is singing " I work for Monty Burns " to the tune of Guys and Dolls . = = Reception = = Hank Scorpio is arguably the most popular Albert Brooks @-@ voiced character . In 2006 , Albert Brooks was named the best Simpsons guest star by IGN , who cited Scorpio as his best role . The Phoenix.com compiled their own list , placing Brooks in the first position . In his book Planet Simpson , author Chris Turner says Brooks is second only to Phil Hartman among Simpsons guest stars and that " Brooks brings hilarious satirical seamlessness to Scorpio 's paradoxical nature " . He also writes that the delivery of Scorpio 's final line seals Brooks 's place in Simpsons history . The Simpson family 's new street address , 15201 Maple Systems Road , is writer Ken Keeler 's favorite street name in the show . IGN also named the episode the best of the eighth season , saying the episode " is a wonderful example of slowly building up the comedy [ ... ] it 's impossible to fathom this one not being very high up on any list of the best Simpsons episodes of all time . " Robert Canning gave the episode a " Masterful " score of ten out of ten , saying the episode " may well be the greatest Simpsons episode of all time . In my book , it 's at least tied , " with " Marge vs. the Monorail " . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , the authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , called it " a tremendous episode " saying it had " some really good moments , most of them involving Bart , Lisa , and Marge 's loathing for Cypress Creek . The remedial kids are fab ( especially Warren ) and Lisa 's second chipmunk encounter is inspired . Scorpio is a good character , especially his Christopher Walken @-@ esque killing spree . " They also stated that the owl grabbing the chipmunk during Lisa 's trip to the forest is one of the all @-@ time greatest sight gags in the show 's history . Chris Turner would also say that the remedial boy Gordy 's line may be " the broadest parody of a Canadian accent in the history of American pop culture " . Ben Rayner of the Toronto Star included " You Only Move Twice " on his list of the best episodes of The Simpsons . In his review of The Complete Eighth Season DVD set , Raul Burriel described it as one of the " most clever episodes the series has ever given us . " In its original broadcast , " You Only Move Twice " finished 50th in ratings for the week of October 28 – November 3 , 1996 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 5 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 2 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files .
= New Jersey Route 7 = Route 7 is a state highway in the northern part of New Jersey in the United States . It has two sections , an east – west alignment running from U.S. Route 1 / 9 Truck in Jersey City to Route 21 in Belleville , and a north – south alignment running from the Newark / Belleville to the Nutley / Clifton border . The New Jersey Department of Transportation lists Route 7 as a single north – south highway with a small gap between the alignments . The entire highway has a combined length of 9 @.@ 46 mi ( 15 @.@ 22 km ) . The southern section of Route 7 , which runs from Jersey City to Belleville , passes through industrial areas , the New Jersey Meadowlands , Arlington Memorial Park , and some residential and business areas . West of the interchange with County Route 508 in Kearny , Route 7 is the Belleville Turnpike , a historic road created in 1759 . The northern section of Route 7 runs north through residential and business areas of Belleville and Nutley into Clifton , where it turns west and crosses back into Nutley , briefly turning to the north to come to its northern terminus . A portion of the route in Nutley is municipally maintained while the portion within Clifton is maintained by Passaic County . The two separate sections of Route 7 are linked by County Route 506 ( Rutgers Street ) in Belleville , which is signed as Route 7 despite the fact it is not officially part of the route . Route 7 was established in 1927 to run from Jersey City to Paterson , replacing Pre @-@ 1927 Route 11 between Belleville and Paterson . The routing was amended in 1929 to head to Route 3 in Wallington and was extended north to Route 6 ( now U.S. Route 46 ) in East Paterson in 1949 . In 1953 , the route was modified to follow its current alignment . = = Route description = = = = = Southern section = = = The first section of Route 7 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 1 @-@ 9 Truck and County Route 645 ( Charlotte Avenue ) in Jersey City , Hudson County , heading to the west on a four @-@ lane highway that is signed east – west . The route crosses the Hackensack River on the Wittpenn Bridge into Kearny . Route 7 interchanges with County Route 659 ( Fish House Road ) and widens to a six @-@ lane divided highway . The route than passes by industrial areas and a railroad yard and then interchanges with County Route 508 . Past this interchange , Route 7 becomes the four @-@ lane , divided Belleville Turnpike , with the eastern end of the Newark Turnpike running in the division between the two sides of Route 7 . It then becomes an undivided two @-@ lane road , heading northwest , narrowing to two lanes before it passes through the New Jersey Meadowlands , under the mainline of the New Jersey Turnpike ( Interstate 95 ) and then the western spur of the New Jersey Turnpike a short distance later . Route 7 continues northwest , widens , with a painted media , as it passes through two large cemeteries on the border of Hudson County ( Kearny ) to the south and Bergen County ( North Arlington ) to the north , though the route itself is signed north – south along that border . After an intersection with Schuyler Avenue ( which runs as Hudson County Route 507 to the south of Route 7 and Bergen County Route 130 to the north of Route 7 ) , the road turns NNW , narrowing again to two lanes undivided . In this portion of the route , it had a concurrency with County Route 507 ( both Bergen and Hudson counties ) . It keeps this configuration for about a half mile , as it still runs along the Kearny / North Arlington border . At that point , it meets the southern terminus of State Route 17 ( Ridge Road ) and the northern terminus of Hudson County Route 697 ( Kearny Avenue ) . Past this intersection , County Route 507 turns away from Route 7 , becoming concurrent with Route 17 @.@ by heading north on River Road , while Route 7 continues along Bellevill Turnpike for another half mile , Route 7 continues another half mile west , crossing the Passaic River on a lift bridge , known as the Belleville Turnpike Bridge or Rutgers Street Bridge , into Belleville , Essex County , where the local street name changes from Belleville Turnpike to Rutgers Street . The first section of Route 7 ends at an intersection with Main Street underneath Route 21 . = = = Gap in the route = = = The intersection of Main St and Rutgers Street in Belleville forms the end of one section of Route 7 ( signed north , directionally west ) . Rutgers Street is named for Colonel Henry Rutgers , an American Revolutionary War hero and benefactor of what is now Rutgers University . For its entire length , Rutgers carries Essex County Route 506 , which ends , like Rutgers Street itself , at the Rutgers Street Bridge . Prior to turning onto Rutgers Street , CR @-@ 506 runs along Washington Street concurrent with the northern section of Route 7 . Though the northern section of Route 7 begins a few blocks south , it is not readily recognized ( minimal signing ) . As CR @-@ 506 runs concurrently with it here , and then turns down Rutgers for the short distance that bridges the gap between the two Route 7 sections , Rutgers / 506 is often viewed as if it continues Route 7 , while the short portion of the northern section that lies south of Rutgers is sometimes seen as a spur , even though it is part of the main route . Rutgers ' identity has become so closely aligned with Route 7 , that though it is not officially part of Route 7 , Rutgers , from Washington Avenue to Main Street , is signed as if it is part of Route 7 . = = = Northern section = = = The second section of Route 7 , designated a north – south road , heads north on Washington Avenue from the Second River crossing on the Newark / Belleville border , passing through a business district . The route intersects County Route 506 ( Belleville Avenue ) , and that county route then forms a concurrency with Route 7 along the next block of Washington Avenue , to the intersection with Rutgers Street . At that point , County Route 506 heads to the east , ending at the intersection of Main Street , Rutgers Street , and bridge to Belleville ( which is also the other section of Route 7 ) . Route 7 is not signed on Washington Avenue between the Second River bridge and Rutgers Street , except on some overhead signs suspended from traffic signals . From the Rutgers Street intersection , Route 7 continues along Washington Avenue for about a mile and a half before reaching Nutley , still continuing on Washington Avenue into Nutley . At the intersection with County Route 646 ( Park Avenue ) , Route 7 turns into a municipally maintained road and enters a more residential area . Upon intersecting County Route 606 ( Kingsland Road ) , Route 7 crosses into Clifton , Passaic County and heads to the west on county @-@ maintained Kingsland Street signed east – west . Kingsland , carrying Route 7 , crosses back into Nutley , regaining state maintenance . When Kingsand becomes County Route 644 at the intersection with Cathedral Avenue , Route 7 turns north from Kingsland onto Cathedral Avenue and comes to its terminus at Orange St in Nutley . However , signage continues to indicate Route 7 up to the terminus of Cathedral Avenue at interchange with Route 3 at the intersection of Cathedral Avenue , Passaic Avenue , and Ward Avenue . = = History = = The Belleville Turnpike , which is the majority of the southern portion of Route 7 , was created in 1759 as a turnpike made out of cedar logs . This road was chartered in 1808 . It served as a part of the Underground Railroad route for escaped slaves to get to Jersey City . The northern segment of Route 7 was originally a part of Pre @-@ 1927 Route 11 , which was legislated in 1917 to run from Newark to Paterson . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 7 was designated to run from Jersey City to Paterson , replacing Pre @-@ 1927 Route 11 between Belleville and Paterson . In 1929 , the routing was amended to run from Route 25 ( now U.S. Route 1 / 9 Truck ) in Jersey City to Route 3 in Wallington . Route 7 was extended north in 1949 to continue to Route 6 ( now U.S. Route 46 ) in East Paterson ( now Elmwood Park ) . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 7 was legislated onto its current alignment , with the northern terminus moved to the Nutley / Clifton border . The route was also realigned to head south on Washington Avenue between the Newark border and Rutgers Street in Belleville on what was Route 11N , a remnant of Pre @-@ 1927 Route 11 , making Route 7 discontinuous . County Route 506 used to follow the southern portion of Route 7 but has been truncated to the intersection with Routes 7 and 21 in Belleville . = = Major intersections = = = = = Southern section = = = = = = Northern section = = =
= The King of Fighters ' 94 = The King of Fighters ' 94 ( officially abbreviated KOF ' 94 ) is a fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo @-@ based arcade system in 1994 , as the inaugural game in The King of Fighters series . The game was soon also released for the Neo Geo home console systems , including a Neo @-@ Geo CD version . In 2008 , KOF ' 94 was one of sixteen games included in SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Wii . KOF ' 94 is a crossover featuring characters from SNK 's previous fighting game properties Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting . It also includes revised versions of characters from their pre @-@ Neo Geo games Ikari Warriors and Psycho Soldier , as well as original characters created specifically for the game . The plot features the creation of a new King of Fighters tournament created by the criminal Rugal Bernstein . SNK developed KOF ' 94 with the initial idea of using several games from the company in order to attract gamers who played these games . The characters ' designs , as well as its innovative gameplay system based on using teams of three members , were both well received . The success of the game allowed SNK to produce a long collection of sequels in The King of Fighters series . In 2004 , to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the series , SNK released a remake titled The King of Fighters ' 94 Re @-@ Bout . It features the original game and a new version with higher resolution graphics . = = Gameplay = = The basic gameplay system of KOF ' 94 is similar to SNK 's previous games like the Fatal Fury series , Art of Fighting and Samurai Shodown . The game uses a four attack button configuration similar to Fatal Fury 2 and Fatal Fury Special , that consists of light punch , light kick , strong punch and strong kick . Like in Fatal Fury 2 , specialized techniques are performed by pressing buttons in combination , allowing the player to dodge an opponent 's attack or to launch a character 's powerful knockdown attack . As with most other fighting games , each character has a set of basic , unique , and special moves that can be performed by the player with a specific series of joystick and button inputs . Each player has a power gauge at the bottom of the screen which charges when the character is blocking or taking attacks . It can also be filled manually , although it leaves the character vulnerable to an attack , by pressing and holding three buttons at the same time . Once the power gauge is filled , the player 's basic attacks become stronger for a short period . When the characters are in this state , their players can also perform the character 's Super Move , which immediately consumes the entire power gauge . The players can also access their character 's Super Move when the life gauge is 75 % empty and flashing red like in Fatal Fury 2 . Use of taunt moves can reduce the opponent 's power gauge , slow down their manual charging , and stop them reaching the maximum level . Notably , KOF ' 94 innovated the genre by replacing a traditional round @-@ based format used in preceding fighting games with a format consisting of 3 @-@ on @-@ 3 team based matches dubbed the Team Battle System . Instead of choosing a single character , the player selects from one of eight available teams , each consisting of three members . Before each match , the players choose the order in which each of their team member enters the battle . When the match begins , the members chosen to go first on their respective teams will fight . When one character is defeated , the following member of the same team will take his or her place , while the character on the other team will have a small portion of their life restored ( if energy was lost during the previous round ) . If a character is losing a match against the opponent , then the player can call one of the remaining teammates standing on the sidelines to jump in and perform a support attack . The match ends when all three members of either team lose . = = Plot = = The rich and notorious arms and drug trafficker , as well as a skilled and ruthless fighter , Rugal Bernstein has become bored with the lack of competition , so he decides to host a new King of Fighters tournament . He has his secretary travel to eight destinations around the world to invite fighters to compete in his new tournament . Unlike the previous KOF tournaments depicted in the Fatal Fury series , the new King of Fighters is a team tournament , with eight teams of three , each representing a different nationality . = = = Characters = = = Most characters come from other SNK games , such as Team Italy , which is composed of the three player characters from the original Fatal Fury ( Terry Bogard , Andy Bogard and Joe Higashi ) . The leading duo from Art of Fighting , Ryo Sakazaki and Robert Garcia , are featured with their mentor and Ryo 's father , Takuma Sakazaki , who make up Team Mexico . Team Korea includes Kim Kaphwan from Fatal Fury 2 as the leader of two convicts he is trying to reform ( Chang Koehan and Choi Bounge ) . Team England is a mix of female fighters from Fatal Fury 2 ( Mai Shiranui ) and the Art of Fighting series ( Yuri Sakazaki and King ) . The two heroes from Psycho Soldier ( Athena Asamiya and Sie Kensou ) form Team China along with their mentor , Chin Gentsai . Team Brazil composes of Ikari Warriors characters Ralf Jones and Clark Still , as well as their commanding officer , Heidern . The game also features two teams composed entirely of original characters : Team Japan , including Kyo Kusanagi , Benimaru Nikaido and Goro Daimon ; and Team USA composed of Heavy D ! , Lucky Glauber and Brian Battler . = = Development = = According to an interview with veteran designers of The King of Fighters series , the prototype version of the game was a side @-@ scrolling beat ' em up , titled Survivor . It would only use core characters from the Art of Fighting and Fatal Fury series , specifically allowing players to play Robert Garcia and Terry Bogard for location testing . However , the idea was eventually abandoned . Since SNK were attached to the idea of the two @-@ series crossover , they eventually agreed to make their idea into a fighting game . Characters from Ikari Warriors and Psycho Soldier were also added to the roster . The concept of a three @-@ man team was one of the ideas kept from the side @-@ scrolling version . The title " The King of Fighters " was re @-@ used from the subtitle of the first Fatal Fury game , Fatal Fury : King of Fighters . The King of Fighters series director Toyohisa Tanabe asserted that the Art of Fighting and Fatal Fury fighters were added specifically for adults , and the newer KOF characters were aimed to appeal to younger and newer audiences . Characters such as Benimaru Nikaido and Chang Koehan were added to have an off @-@ beat variety to the cast , which he has previously deemed to be too serious . SNK artist C.A.C Yamasaki commented that although the lead programmer thought the game would not sell well , he believed it would eventually become popular . Ten people arrived at the first location test , but larger numbers came to subsequent tests . The SNK staff also had troubles with advertising the game due to a lack of money and some of their ads were noted to be of a poor quality . Designers wanted a new , " snazzy " lead character who would easily fight Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting characters . He was named Kyo Kusanagi in order to relate him with the Yamata no Orochi legend . The boss character , Rugal Bernstein , was developed to be " the mightiest ( most violent ) and most evil boss character ever " . The game was developed to have a " Fugitive Team " composed of Chang , Choi , and an unknown criminal , but Kim Kaphwan was placed in their team . The English Team was composed of King from Art of Fighting along with Billy Kane and Big Bear from the first and second Fatal Fury games . Designers had several problems with Big Bear concerning capacity and the Art of Fighting staff insisted on adding Yuri Sakazaki to KOF . Yuri replaced Billy Kane , and later Mai Shiranui took Big Bear 's place to form the England Team ( later known as Women Fighters in the following games ) . Most of the characters from other games were meant to have some of their moves changed or removed in order to balance them with KOF 's new characters . However , designers focused in adjusting the imbalance of certain characters without removing any move . In the end , creators of the series noted that the Art of Fighting characters were the strongest ones in the game . Nevertheless , other characters such as Terry and Andy Bogard became the ones who got the designers ' utmost attention and were given new moves . = = Release = = = = = Neo Geo systems = = = The King of Fighters ' 94 was released in Japanese arcades on August 25 , 1994 . Home versions of the game were released later that same year for the Neo Geo ROM cartridge based system on October 1 and for the Neo Geo CD on November 2 . In 2012 , KOF ' 94 was announced to be included in the set of twenty pre @-@ loaded games being shipped with SNK Playmore 's new handheld game console Neo @-@ Geo X , but it was ultimately replaced by The King of Fighters ' 95 . = = = Emulations = = = On November 6 , 2007 , the Neo Geo version was made available for download on the Wii 's Virtual Console download service , for a price of 900 Wii Points . The North American and European versions followed on November 23 , 2007 and January 7 , 2008 , respectively . In 2008 , an emulation of the game is included in the compilations SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 and The King of Fighters Collection : The Orochi Saga , both released for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Wii . It was also released by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable on December 21 , 2010 , as one of the first games in the NEOGEO Station line @-@ up . = = = Remake = = = A remake , titled The King of Fighters ' 94 Re @-@ Bout , was released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan only on December 28 , 2004 , commemorating the tenth anniversary of the franchise . Re @-@ Bout features the original 1994 game and an enhanced version featuring higher resolution graphics , a Team Edit option feature similar to the later KOF games , the ability to play as Saisyu Kusanagi and Rugal Bernstein , arranged music , new stages and an online versus mode . SNK Playmore commented that they received negative fan feedback regarding the game 's simple upscaling and smoothing of character sprites , so they decided to create brand new high resolution sprites for the following games in the series . A North American version was meant to released for the Xbox . It was actually completed and was even reviewed by some publications , but was then canceled on March 23 , 2006 for an undisclosed reason . = = = Related media = = = The game received a variety of licensed media released in Japan in 1994 – 1995 : The original soundtrack The King of Fighters ' 94 ( PCCB @-@ 00162 ) and the arranged soundtrack The King of Fighters ' 94 Arrange Sound Trax ( PCCB @-@ 00165 ) , both released by Pony Canyon . The art book The King of Fighters ' 94 ( GMC @-@ 2 ) published as part of the Gamest Mook series by Shinseisha . The Laser Disc audio and video release The King of Fighters ' 94 ( PCLP @-@ 00539 ) by Pony Canyon LD . Several manga published in the Gamest Comics collection by Shinseisha : A yonkoma manga by various artists , titled The King of Fighters ' 94 4 @-@ Koma Ketteiban ( ISBN 4 @-@ 88199 @-@ 150 @-@ 7 ) . A selection of illustrations and short strips by various artists , titled The King of Fighters ' 94 Comic Anthology ( ISBN 4 @-@ 88199 @-@ 196 @-@ 5 ) . Ryo Takamisaki 's six @-@ volume adaptation series titled The King of Fighters ' 94 Gaiden ( beginning with ISBN 4 @-@ 88199 @-@ 168 @-@ X ) . = = Reception = = The game was well received , with reviews generally praising the deep combat system and the matching up of fighters from different SNK franchises , though the inability to choose team lineups in Team Battle Mode was a near @-@ universal complaint among critics . A reviewer for Next Generation argued that King of Fighters ' 94 was a particularly worthwhile arcade game , since the three @-@ character teams meant the player would effectively get three lives for each credit , providing a high value per quarter at a time when most arcade games were much more expensive than they had been in the past . Reviewing the Neo Geo home version , GamePro remarked that the character selection is massive , but very unbalanced , and that most of the new characters are " goofy looking " and underpowered compared to the other fighters . They nonetheless concluded that " The King of Fighters is the very best non @-@ Shodown game available for the Neo Geo , and it 's one of the most playable fighting games ever " , citing enjoyable gameplay additions such as the dodge move and juggle combos . In a review of the Virtual Console release , Lucas M. Thomas of IGN praised KOF ' 94 for its graphics , including fluid animation and vibrant colors , but concluded that buyers might be better off waiting for the improved sequels to arrive on the Virtual Console . According to IGN 's Jeremy Dunham , the game " was essentially a cross between Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting , " with a faster control response . He added commented that the creation of three @-@ on @-@ three battles was an advanced feature for a game from 1994 and the idea of ' borrowing ' characters from other games from the company was also innovative . Reviewing the Virtual Console release , Dan Whitehead of Eurogamer identified the use of characters from multiple franchises and the Team Battle Mode as the most distinctive points . He concluded the game to be " a solid , technical fighting game that , like most SNK outings , skews more towards the hardcore player than the casual punching aficionado . " According to Kyle Knight of Allgame , the graphics and sounds , while better than most games of the time , were subpar by SNK standards . He concluded The King of Fighters ' 94 is " a very good fighting game , but it lacks some refinements that would have made it great . " Electronic Gaming Monthly gave KOF ' 94 its Game of the Year awards in the categories " Best Fighting Game " and " Best Neo @-@ Geo Game " of 1994 ; additionally , Mai Shiranui was awarded the title of " Hottest Game Babe " of the year . In Japan , the game was awarded the title of " Best Game of 1994 " in the Eighth Annual Grand Prize by the arcade magazine Gamest , also placing first in the categories of " Best Competitive Fighting Game " and " Best Direction " , fifth in " Best Graphics " , and third in " Best VGM " ( several characters from the game were also featured in their list of 1994 's top 50 , including Athena at # 3 , Kyo at # 4 , Yuri at # 7 , King at # 8 and Mai at # 10 ) . The game was acclaimed in a number of retrospective articles and top lists by several publications . G4 noted that The King of Fighters ' 94 was regarded by some fans as the " Street Fighter beater " and was unique due to its team system . Maximum similarly called it " the first beat @-@ em @-@ up to offer more than the Street Fighter series " and said that the game " helped spearhead the SNK renaissance " . 1UP.com lauded the game for its large and well @-@ balanced cast of characters , calling it " a hell of a cast in 1994 " . In 2010 , UGO.com listed it among the Top 25 Fighting Games of All Time , while GamePlayBook ranked it as the seventh best 2D fighting game ever made . Complex writers ranked it as the eighth best fighting game of all time in 2011 , as well as the eleventh all @-@ time best SNK fighting game in 2012 , commenting that " the unique team selection and elimination style matches of the series made their origin in this great ' 90s fighter . "
= Mackensen @-@ class battlecruiser = The Mackensen class was the last class of battlecruisers to be built by Germany in World War I. The design initially called for seven ships , but three of them were redesigned as the Ersatz Yorck class . Of the four ships of the Mackensen class , Mackensen , Graf Spee , and Prinz Eitel Friedrich were launched , and Fürst Bismarck was not — but none were completed , after wartime shipbuilding priorities were redirected towards U @-@ boat — and the ships were broken up in the early 1920s . The lead ship of the class was named for August von Mackensen , a prominent military commander during the war . In response to the Mackensen @-@ class ships , the British Royal Navy laid down the Admiral @-@ class battlecruisers , all but one of which would eventually be cancelled ; the sole survivor , HMS Hood , was completed after the end of the war . The design of the Mackensens was a much improved version of the previous Derfflinger class . The most significant improvement was a new , more powerful 35 cm ( 14 in ) gun , compared to the 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) gun of the earlier ships . The Mackensen @-@ class ships also featured more powerful engines that gave the ships a higher top speed and a significantly greater cruising range . The Mackensen design provided the basis for the subsequent Ersatz Yorck class , armed with 38 cm ( 15 in ) main @-@ battery guns , after the Battle of Jutland in 1916 made the need for the larger guns clear . = = Design = = The fourth and final Naval Law , passed in 1912 , governed the building program of the German navy during World War I. The Imperial Naval Office ( Reichsmarineamt ) decided the Navy should construct one battleship and one battlecruiser every year between 1913 and 1917 , with an additional unit of both types in 1913 and 1916 . Design work on the new class began in 1912 , with construction intended to begin in the 1914 budget year . The question about the main battery for the new battlecruisers was the most pressing ; the previous Derfflinger class was armed with 30 @.@ 5 @-@ centimeter ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns , though some consideration had been given to redesigning the last two ships — SMS Lützow and Hindenburg — with 35 cm ( 14 in ) guns . The 35 cm guns were of course heavier than the 30 @.@ 5 cm guns , but there were problems with enlarging the new ships to accommodate the heavier armament . The Imperial dry docks were deep enough only for ships with a draft of 9 m ( 30 ft ) , and simply accepting an increased displacement on the same hull as the Derfflinger class would entail a reduction in speed . This meant that an increase in displacement would necessitate a longer and wider hull to keep any increases in draft minimal and avoid reducing the speed . The constraints on enlarging the hull were compounded by restrictions on width imposed by the locks of the canal in Wilhelmshaven . As a result , Großadmiral ( Grand Admiral ) Alfred von Tirpitz , the head of the RMA , prohibited a design displacement greater than 30 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 29 @,@ 526 long tons ) . The initial design was approved on 30 September 1912 , though the heads of the General Navy Department — Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Günther von Krosigk and Konteradmiral ( Rear Admiral ) Reinhard Scheer — and the Weapons Department head , Vizeadmiral Gerhard Gerdes , had to submit any revisions they deemed were necessary . The design staff suggested using triple or even quadruple gun turrets to keep the displacement under the 30 @,@ 000 @-@ ton limit . Another suggested alternative was to use six 38 cm ( 15 in ) guns in twin turrets , one forward and two aft ; Wilhelm II accepted that design on 2 May 1913 , though Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , the commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet , preferred the 30 @.@ 5 cm gun of the Derfflinger @-@ class ships . As a compromise , the new battlecruisers were to be armed with eight 35 cm ( 13 @.@ 8 inch ) guns . The question of whether the new ships should be powered entirely by oil @-@ fired boilers was less controversial . The design staff was generally in agreement with the standard practice of using coal @-@ fired boilers for two @-@ thirds of the power plant , with the remainder being oil @-@ fired boilers . Coal @-@ fired boilers were preferred because the coal , stored in the sides of the ship , provided additional protection , particularly for the battlecruisers , which carried less armor than their battleship counterparts . The finalized design was approved on 23 May 1914 . = = = General characteristics = = = The Mackensen @-@ class ships were 223 m ( 731 ft 8 in ) long and had a beam of 30 @.@ 4 m ( 99 ft 9 in ) and a draft of 9 @.@ 3 m ( 30 ft 6 in ) forward and 8 @.@ 4 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) aft . The ships were designed to displace 31 @,@ 000 t ( 30 @,@ 510 long tons ) on a standard load , and up to 35 @,@ 300 t ( 34 @,@ 742 long tons ) fully laden . The Mackensens ' hulls were composed of longitudinal steel frames , over which the outer hull plates were riveted . This was the same type of construction as in the preceding Derfflinger @-@ class battlecruisers , and was intended to save weight compared to the traditional method of construction , which incorporated both longitudinal and transverse frames . The ships ' hulls contained 18 watertight compartments and a double bottom that ran for 92 percent of the length of the hull . This was significantly greater than the older Derfflinger @-@ class ships , which had a double bottom for only 65 percent of the length of the hull . Experience with previous battlecruiser designs led to the adoption of a continuous upper deck , which raised the level of the deck aft . This was necessary because the aft decks of earlier designs were usually awash when steaming at high speed , even in calm seas . The ships were also equipped with a bulbous bow to reduce drag on the hull , the first time the feature was used in the German Navy . The ships as designed required a crew of 46 officers and 1 @,@ 140 enlisted sailors . Service as a squadron flagship would increase that number by an additional 14 officers and 62 sailors . The vessels carried a number of small boats , including two picket boats , one barge , two launches , two cutters , and three yawls . = = = Machinery = = = The ships of the Mackensen class were equipped with four sets of marine @-@ type turbine engines , each of which drove a three @-@ bladed screw propeller that was 4 @.@ 2 m ( 13 ft 9 in ) in diameter . The turbines mounted in Fürst Bismarck were equipped with Föttinger fluid transmission , while those on the other three ships were two sets of direct @-@ coupled turbines with geared transmissions . The ships had 24 coal @-@ fired marine @-@ type single ended boilers and eight oil @-@ fired marine @-@ type boilers . The power plants were designed to provide 88 @,@ 769 shaft horsepower ( 66 @,@ 195 kW ) and 295 revolutions per minute . Maximum speed was rated at 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . The ships were equipped with a pair of rudders mounted side by side , as opposed to the tandem rudders used on the Derfflinger @-@ class ships . The ships ' turbines were equipped with Föttinger gears , which significantly improved performance at cruising speeds and provided a corresponding increase in range of about 20 percent . The vessels were designed to store 800 t ( 790 long tons ) of coal and 250 t ( 250 long tons ) of oil in purpose @-@ built storage spaces ; the hull areas between the torpedo bulkhead and the outer wall of the ship were used to store additional fuel . Maximum fuel capacity was 4 @,@ 000 t ( 3 @,@ 900 long tons ) of coal and 2 @,@ 000 t ( 2 @,@ 000 long tons ) of oil . This was estimated to give a range of up to about 8 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 000 km ; 9 @,@ 200 mi ) at a cruising speed of 14 kn ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . Electrical power on the vessels was provided by eight diesel generators that put out 2 @,@ 320 kilowatts at 220 volts . = = = Armament = = = The Mackensens were equipped with a main battery of eight new 35 cm SK L / 45 guns in four twin gun turrets . The turrets were mounted in superfiring pairs fore and aft of the main superstructure . The guns were placed in Drh LC / 1914 mountings , which could elevate to 20 degrees and depress to − 5 degrees . The guns were supplied with a total of 720 armor @-@ piercing shells , or 90 per gun . The weapons were designed to fire 600 kg ( 1 @,@ 323 lb ) shells at a rate of fire of around 2 @.@ 5 shots per minute . The shells were fired with a muzzle velocity of 820 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 700 ft / s ) . As with other heavy German guns , these weapons used a fore propellant charge in a silk bag with a main charge in a brass case . These guns could hit targets out to a maximum distance of 23 @,@ 300 m ( 25 @,@ 500 yd ) . The ships ' secondary battery consisted of fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) SK L / 45 quick @-@ firing guns mounted in armored casemates along the central superstructure . Each gun was supplied with 160 rounds , and had a maximum range of 13 @,@ 500 m ( 44 @,@ 300 ft ) , though this was later extended to 16 @,@ 800 m ( 55 @,@ 100 ft ) . The guns had a sustained rate of fire of 7 rounds per minute . The shells were 45 @.@ 3 kg ( 99 @.@ 8 lb ) , and were loaded with a 13 @.@ 7 kg ( 31 @.@ 2 lb ) RPC / 12 propellant charge in a brass cartridge . The guns fired at a muzzle velocity of 835 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 740 ft / s ) . The guns were expected to fire around 1 @,@ 400 shells before they needed to be replaced . The ships were also armed with eight 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 45 in ) L / 45 Flak guns in single pedestal mounts . Four were arranged around the rear superfiring main battery turret and the other four around the forward conning tower . The Flak guns were emplaced in MPL C / 13 mountings , which allowed depression to − 10 degrees and elevation to 70 degrees . These guns fired 9 kg ( 19 @.@ 8 lb ) shells , and had an effective ceiling of 9 @,@ 150 m ( 30 @,@ 020 ft ) at 70 degrees . As was standard for warships of the period , the Mackensens were equipped with submerged torpedo tubes . There were five 60 cm ( 24 in ) tubes : one in the bow , and two on each flank of the ship . The torpedoes were the H8 type , which were 9 m ( 30 ft ) long and carried a 210 kg ( 463 lb ) Hexanite warhead . The torpedoes had a range of 8 @,@ 000 m ( 8 @,@ 700 yd ) when set at a speed of 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) ; at a reduced speed of 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) , the range increased significantly to 15 @,@ 000 m ( 16 @,@ 000 yd ) . = = = Armor = = = The Mackensen @-@ class ships were protected with Krupp cemented steel armor , as was the standard for German warships of the period . Specific figures for the arrangement of the armor layout have not survived , but according to naval historian Erich Gröner " The outfit of Krupp armour was similar to that of the [ preceding ] Derfflinger class " . The figures listed here are those for the Derfflinger class . They had an armor belt of 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) thickness in the central citadel of the ship , where the most important parts of the vessel were located . This included the ammunition magazines and the machinery spaces . The belt was reduced in less critical areas , to 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) forward and 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) aft . The belt tapered down to 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) at the bow , though the stern was not protected by armor at all . A 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) torpedo bulkhead ran the length of the hull , several meters behind the main belt . The main armored deck ranged in thickness from 30 mm in less important areas to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) in the sections that covered the more critical areas of the ship . The forward conning tower was protected with heavy armor : the sides were 300 mm thick and the roof was 130 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) . The rear conning tower was less well armored ; its sides were only 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) , and the roof was covered with 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of armor plate . The main battery gun turrets were also heavily armored : the turret sides were 270 mm ( 11 in ) and the roofs were 110 mm ( 4 @.@ 3 in ) . The 15 cm guns had 150 mm worth of armor plating in the casemates ; the guns themselves had 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) shields to protect their crews from shell splinters . = = Construction and cancellation = = Seven ships were originally planned in the class : Mackensen , Graf Spee , Prinz Eitel Friedrich , Ersatz A , and three other vessels . The last three ships were redesigned as the Ersatz Yorck class , leaving four ships to be built to the Mackensen design . The first two ships were ordered on 14 August 1914 , shortly after the outbreak of World War I. Mackensen was funded through the 1914 budget , while funding for Graf Spee came from the war budget . Mackensen — ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Victoria Louise , as a replacement for the old protected cruiser Victoria Louise — was named after Generalfeldmarschall ( Field Marshal ) August von Mackensen . The ship was laid down on 30 January 1915 at Blohm & Voss in Hamburg , under construction number 240 . She was launched on 21 April 1917 ; at the small launching ceremony , Generaloberst ( Colonel General ) Josias von Heeringen gave the speech and the ship was christened by Mackensen 's wife . Construction was halted about 15 months before she would have been completed . The British mistakenly believed the ship to have been completed , and so they included the ship on the list of vessels to be interned at Scapa Flow instead of the fleet flagship Baden . Mackensen was stricken from the German navy , according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , on 17 November 1919 . She was sold for scrap and eventually broken up in 1922 at Kiel @-@ Nordmole . Graf Spee was named for Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee , the commander of the German East Asia Squadron ; he was killed when his squadron was annihilated at the Battle of the Falkland Islands in 1914 . Graf Spee was laid down on 30 November 1915 in the Schichau yards in Danzig ( now Gdańsk , Poland ) , under the provisional name Ersatz Blücher , to replace the large armored cruiser Blücher that had been sunk at the Battle of Dogger Bank in January 1915 . She was launched on 15 September 1917 . At the launching ceremony , Großadmiral Prince Heinrich gave the speech and Spee 's widow Margarete christened the ship . Construction stopped about 12 months away from completion ; Graf Spee was the furthest along of all four ships when work was halted . She too was struck on 17 November 1919 ; on 28 October 1921 the unfinished hull was sold for 4 @.@ 4 million Marks and broken up in Kiel @-@ Nordmole . Prinz Eitel Friedrich , ordered as Ersatz Freya ( a replacement for SMS Freya ) was named for one of Kaiser Wilhelm II 's sons , Eitel Friedrich . She was laid down on 1 May 1915 at Blohm & Voss under construction number 241 . She was 21 months away from completion when she was launched to clear the slip on 13 March 1920 and was broken up at Hamburg in 1921 . At the launching ceremony , dockyard workers named the ship Noske , after Reichswehr Minister Gustav Noske . Ersatz A , which might have been named Fürst Bismarck for the famous German chancellor Otto von Bismarck , was laid down on 3 November 1915 at the Wilhelmshaven Imperial Shipyard under construction number 25 . She was about 26 months from completion when work ended . She was never launched ; instead , the vessel was broken up on the slip in 1922 . Experience at the Battle of Jutland led the RMA to conclude that ships with 38 cm guns , heavier armor , and a higher top speed were necessary . The Mackensen design was used as the basis for the Ersatz @-@ Yorck class , which incorporated the larger guns and more armor for the main battery turrets and barbettes . More powerful engines were unavailable to compensate for the extra weight , so the designers were forced to accept a reduced speed . Nevertheless , like the Mackensens , the three ships ordered under the Ersatz @-@ Yorck design were never completed . In response , the British ordered the four Admiral @-@ class battlecruisers , though the British designed the class under the mistaken impression that the Mackensen class would be armed with 38 @.@ 6 cm ( 15 @.@ 2 in ) guns and would be capable of 30 knots ( 56 km / h ; 35 mph ) . Three of the four Admiral @-@ class ships were cancelled ; only HMS Hood was completed after the end of the war . The primary reason construction halted on the four ships was the shifting of construction materials and manpower from capital ships to U @-@ boats in the last two years of the war . The RMA filed a report dated 1 February 1918 stating that capital ship construction had ground to a halt primarily for this reason .
= Nemesis ( Stargate SG @-@ 1 ) = " Nemesis " is the last episode from season 3 of the science fiction television series Stargate SG @-@ 1 . Written by Robert C. Cooper and directed by Martin Wood , the episode first aired in the United Kingdom on Sky One on February 11 , 2000 , and had its American premiere on Showtime on March 8 , 2000 . The episode sets up the Replicators as a new major enemy , ending in a cliffhanger that is resumed in the season 4 premiere " Small Victories " . " Nemesis " was the first SG @-@ 1 episode to be filmed entirely on 35 mm film before the series switched from 16 mm film to 35 mm film for all purposes in season 4 . A visual effects milestone for the series , the episode was nominated for an Emmy Award in the " Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series " category , and won a Leo Award for " Best Overall Sound in a Dramatic Series " . = = Plot = = The SG @-@ 1 team gets leave time as Daniel Jackson ( Michael Shanks ) had his appendix removed . Just after Major Carter ( Amanda Tapping ) declines Colonel O 'Neill 's ( Richard Dean Anderson ) invitation to go fishing , O 'Neill is beamed aboard the cloaked Asgard ship Beliskner orbiting Earth . Encountering bug @-@ like robots , O 'Neill learns from the dying Asgard , Thor , that the creatures are called Replicators . They ingest the ship 's alloys in order to self @-@ replicate and will eventually land on Earth in the search of more raw material . O 'Neill contacts Stargate Command with a request to beam up explosives , however , General Hammond ( Don S. Davis ) also sends along Carter and Teal 'c ( Christopher Judge ) against O 'Neill 's wishes . An Earth shuttle may be sent to pick them up later . SG @-@ 1 plan to steer the vessel towards Earth to vaporize it during atmospheric reentry . Because the Replicators prevent SG @-@ 1 from retaking the bridge , Carter and Thor suggest placing an elementary naqahdah @-@ enhanced bomb on the deceleration drive . When Teal 'c leaves the spaceship to place the bomb on the outside of the hull , his airtank blows , however , Carter manages to beam him back on board . Thor , whose vitals crash at this moment , is put into a stasis pod to preserve his life . While SG @-@ 1 waits for the right time to detonate the bomb , they must devise a plan to get off the ship . They eventually beam Stargate Command 's Stargate on @-@ board and intend to travel to the planet P3X @-@ 234 before returning home using Earth 's secondary gate ( " Touchstone " ) . After Teal 'c has dialed the gate manually , O 'Neill detonates the bomb , crashing the ship in the Pacific Ocean . The last shot of the episode shows a Replicator crawling on remains of the sinking spaceship . = = Production = = The season 3 finale " Nemesis " was written by Robert C. Cooper and directed by Martin Wood . After the first three seasons of Stargate SG @-@ 1 had been filmed on 16 mm film ( although scenes involving visual effects had always been shot on 35 mm film for various technical reasons ) , " Nemesis " was the first episode filmed entirely on 35 mm film . Stargate SG @-@ 1 switched to 35 mm film for all purposes at the beginning of season 4 . The visual effects team used the episode to experiment with the design of the Replicators , a new recurring enemy to whom the character Thor had first alluded in the early season 3 episode " Fair Game " . " Nemesis " featured more visual effects than any previous episode , but was excelled by the season 4 premiere , " Small Victories " , which showed the best computer @-@ generated shots of " Nemesis " in its " Previously on " segment . Visual effects supervisor James Tichenor considered the few episodes with big visual effects budgets the most likely works to contain visual cues that impress Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( Emmy Awards ) voters . Tichenor claimed that effective visual effects do not call attention to themselves and instead rely on the actors ' reactions to nonexistent things . Daniel Jackson 's appendicitis reflected Michael Shanks ' real @-@ world condition at the end of season 3 . During the last shooting day of " Crystal Skull " , Shanks suffered an appendicitis attack , which he had first misinterpreted as food poisoning from the Thanksgiving dinner . While Robert C. Cooper desperately tried to rewrite the script of " Nemesis " , producer Brad Wright contrived elaborate storylines to reduce Shanks ' involvement in the episode . Cooper eventually decided to use a common health issue to explain Daniel 's absence from the episode 's action scenes . Shanks appeared in four scenes set at Stargate Command , although he also provided the voice of the Asgard Thor in post @-@ production . Although much of Daniel 's and O 'Neill 's exchange in the infirmary was improvised , critic Jo Storm speculated in his book Approaching The Possible that Daniel 's question in the infirmary bed to O 'Neill ( " Did you get a haircut ? " ) may reflect the actors ' hairstyles which had significantly changed since the season 2 finale ; the lines may have been added to appease the many viewers who had commented on the characters ' new looks on the online boards . " Nemesis " was the last episode before actor Christopher Judge started sporting a small blond beard for several episodes in season 4 . = = Reception = = " Nemesis " first aired in the United Kingdom on Sky One on February 11 , 2000 , and had its American premiere on Showtime on March 8 , 2000 . In Germany , " Nemesis " was held back from season 3 and aired as the first hour of the season 4 premiere . Airing in American broadcast syndication during the 2001 May sweeps , " Nemesis " had a 2 @.@ 7 / 2 @.@ 8 household rating , which helped Stargate SG @-@ 1 's placement as second among first @-@ run entertainment hours ( a second airing after a premiere on an American subscription channel is not regarded as an off @-@ network rerun ) and placed fifth overall in the U.S. syndication market . " Nemesis " was nominated for an Emmy in the " Outstanding Special Visual Effects " category in 2000 , but lost to the X @-@ Files episode " First Person Shooter " ; the other competitors were Star Trek : Voyager episodes " Life Line " and " The Haunting of Deck Twelve " , and the X @-@ Files episode " Rush " . " Nemesis " won a Leo Award for " Best Overall Sound In A Dramatic Series " in 2000 . Jo Storm wrote that the " cleverly disguised action mini @-@ arc " gives insight into the imperfection of the Asgard and that the " foreign , creepy " Replicators are " conquerors who make the Goa 'uld look nice by comparison " . He felt that the episode had " all the classic elements of fiction " , and lauded Robert C. Cooper 's storytelling idea to take the Stargate from the SGC and Don S. Davis 's following " best nonspeaking moment " . In Storm 's mind , the visual effects were well @-@ placed and did not overthrow the story , but he wondered about the " ubiquitous Sam / Jack interest " . If not interpreted as " flirtatiousness " , Carter could be " truly touched at being let into the ' inner circle ' of [ O 'Neill 's ] life , and finally being ' one of the guys ' " .
= Forest Whitaker = Forest Steven Whitaker III ( born July 15 , 1961 ) is an American actor , director , and producer . He has earned a reputation for intensive character study work for films such as Bird , Platoon , Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai and Lee Daniels ' The Butler , for his work in independent films and for his recurring role as LAPD Internal Affairs Lieutenant Jon Kavanaugh on the Emmy Award @-@ winning television series The Shield . He is set to portray Saw Gerrera in the Star Wars spin @-@ off film , Rogue One : A Star Wars Story . Whitaker won the Academy Award , British Academy Film Award , Golden Globe Award , National Board of Review Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and various critics groups awards for his performance as Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film The Last King of Scotland . = = Early life = = Whitaker was born July 15 , 1961 , in Longview , Texas . His family moved to Carson , California when he was four . His father , Forest Steven Jr . , was an insurance salesman . Forest 's mother , Laura Francis ( née Smith ) , was a special education teacher who put herself through college and earned two master 's degrees while raising her children . Whitaker has two younger brothers , Kenn and Damon , and an older sister , Deborah . His first role as an actor was the lead in Dylan Thomas ' play , Under Milk Wood . Whitaker then attended Cal Poly Pomona on a football scholarship , but due to a debilitating back injury , he changed his major to music ( voice ) . He toured England with the Cal Poly Chamber Singers in 1980 . While still at Cal Poly , he briefly changed his major to drama . He was accepted to the Music Conservatory at the University of Southern California to study opera as a tenor , and subsequently was accepted into the University 's Drama Conservatory . He graduated from USC in 1982 . He also earned a scholarship to the Berkeley , California branch of the Drama Studio London . Whitaker also pursued a degree in The Core of Conflict : Studies in Peace and Reconciliation at New York University 's Gallatin School of Individualized Study . = = Career = = = = = Film work = = = Whitaker has a long history of working with well @-@ regarded film directors and fellow actors , as well as working in direct @-@ to @-@ video films alongside novice actors such as Lil Wayne , Maggie Grace and 50 Cent . In his first onscreen performance of note , he had a supporting role playing a high school football player in the 1982 film version of Cameron Crowe 's coming @-@ of @-@ age teen @-@ retrospective , Fast Times at Ridgemont High . He co @-@ starred and interacted alongside Judge Reinhold , Phoebe Cates , Sean Penn and Robert Romanus . In 1986 , he appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film , The Color of Money ( with Paul Newman and Tom Cruise ) , and in Oliver Stone 's Platoon . The following year , he co @-@ starred with Robin Williams in the comedy Good Morning , Vietnam . In 1988 , Whitaker played in the film Bloodsport alongside Jean @-@ Claude Van Damme and he had his first lead role starring as musician Charlie " Bird " Parker in the Clint Eastwood @-@ directed film , Bird . To prepare himself for the part , he sequestered himself in a loft with only a bed , couch , and saxophone , having also conducted extensive research and taken alto sax lessons . His performance , which has been called " transcendent , " earned him the Best Actor award at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival and a Golden Globe nomination . Whitaker continued to work with a number of well @-@ known directors throughout the 1990s . He starred in the 1990 film Downtown with Anthony Edwards and Penelope Ann Miller . Neil Jordan cast him in the pivotal role of " Jody " , a captive British soldier in his 1992 film , The Crying Game where Whitaker used an English accent . Todd McCarthy , of Variety , described Whitaker 's performance as " big @-@ hearted , " " hugely emotional , " and " simply terrific . " In 1994 , he was a member of the cast that won the first ever National Board of Review Award for Best Acting by an Ensemble for Robert Altman 's film , Prêt @-@ à @-@ Porter . He gave a " characteristically emotional performance " in Wayne Wang and Paul Auster 's 1995 film , Smoke . Whitaker played a serene , pigeon @-@ raising , bushido @-@ following , mob hit man in Ghost Dog : The Way of the Samurai , a 1999 film written and directed by Jim Jarmusch . Many consider this to have been a " definitive role " for Whitaker . In a manner similar to his preparation for Bird , he again immersed himself in his character 's world — he studied Eastern philosophy and meditated for long hours " to hone his inner spiritual hitman . " Jarmusch has told interviewers that he developed the title character with Whitaker in mind ; the New York Times review of the film observed that " [ I ] t 's hard to think of another actor who could play a cold @-@ blooded killer with such warmth and humanity . " Whitaker next appeared in what has been called one of the worst films ever made , the 2000 production of Battlefield Earth , based on the novel of the same name by L. Ron Hubbard . The film was widely criticized as a notorious commercial and critical disaster . However , Whitaker 's performance was lauded by the film 's director , Roger Christian , who commented that , " Everybody 's going to be very surprised " by Whitaker , who " found this huge voice and laugh . " Battlefield Earth won seven Razzie Awards ; Whitaker was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor , but lost to his co @-@ star , Barry Pepper . Whitaker later expressed his regret for participating in the film . In 2001 , Whitaker had a small , uncredited role in the Wong Kar @-@ wai @-@ directed The Follow , one of five short films produced by BMW that year to promote its cars . He co @-@ starred in Joel Schumacher 's 2002 thriller , Phone Booth , with Kiefer Sutherland and Colin Farrell . That year , he also co @-@ starred with Jodie Foster in Panic Room . His performance as the film 's " bad guy " was described as " a subtle chemistry of aggression and empathy . " Whitaker 's 2006 portrayal of Idi Amin in the film , The Last King of Scotland earned him positive reviews by critics as well as multiple awards and honors . To portray the dictator , Whitaker gained 50 pounds , learned to play the accordion , and immersed himself in research . He read books about Amin , watched news and documentary footage featuring Amin , and spent time in Uganda meeting with Amin 's friends , relatives , generals , and victims ; he also learned Swahili and mastered Amin 's East African accent . His performance earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor , making him the fourth African @-@ American actor in history to do so , joining the ranks of Sidney Poitier , Denzel Washington , and Jamie Foxx . For that same role , he was also recognized with the British Academy Film Award , Golden Globe Award , National Board of Review Award , Screen Actors Guild Award , and accolades from the Broadcast Film Critics Association , London Film Critics ’ Circle Award , Los Angeles Film Critics Association , National Society of Film Critics , and New York Film Critics Circle among others . In 2007 , Whitaker played Dr. James Farmer Sr. in The Great Debaters , for which he received an Image Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor . In 2008 , Whitaker appeared in three films , first as a business man known only as Happiness , who likes butterflies , in the film The Air I Breathe . He also portrayed a rogue police captain in Street Kings , and a heroic tourist in Vantage Point . In 2013 , after languishing in several limited releases and independent features such as Freelancers and Pawn , Whitaker has enjoyed a bit of career resurgence , having played the lead role in Lee Daniels ' The Butler , which has become one of his greatest critical and commercial successes to date . Whitaker also starred in the film Black Nativity , alongside Jennifer Hudson , Angela Bassett , and Jacob Latimore . He also co @-@ starred with Arnold Schwarzenegger in 2013 's The Last Stand , playing an FBI agent chasing an escaped drug cartel leader . Whitaker has been confirmed as a castmember in the upcoming Star Wars anthology film Rogue One . = = = Television work = = = After completing several films in the early 1980s , Whitaker gained additional roles in multiple television shows . On the series , Diff 'rent Strokes , he played a bully in the 1985 episode " Bully for Arnold " . That same year , Whitaker also played the part of a comic book salesman in the Amazing Stories episode " Gather Ye Acorns " . He appeared in the first and second parts of North and South in 1985 and 1986 . Throughout the 1990s , Whitaker mainly had roles in television films which aired on HBO , including Criminal Justice , The Enemy Within , and Witness Protection . From 2002 to 2003 , Whitaker was the host and narrator of 44 new episodes of the Rod Serling classic , The Twilight Zone , which lasted one season on UPN . After working in several film roles , he returned to television in 2006 when he joined the cast of FX 's police serial The Shield , as Lieutenant Jon Kavanaugh , who was determined to prove that the lead character , Vic Mackey , is a dirty cop . As opposed to his previous character work , Whitaker stated that he merely had to draw on his childhood years growing up in South Central Los Angeles for the role . He received rave reviews for his performance — Variety called it a " crackling @-@ good guest stint " — and he reprised the role in the show 's 2007 season . In the fall of 2006 , Whitaker started a multi @-@ episode story arc on ER as Curtis Ames , a man who comes into the ER with a cough , but quickly faces the long @-@ term consequences of a paralyzing stroke ; he sues , then takes out his anger on Dr. Luka Kovač , who he blames for the strokes . Whitaker received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for his performance in the series . Also in 2006 , Whitaker appeared in T.I. ' s music video " Live in the Sky " alongside Jamie Foxx . Whitaker was cast in the Criminal Minds spin @-@ off , Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior , that was subsequently cancelled by CBS on May 17 , 2011 . = = = Theatre = = = Whitaker made his Broadway debut in 2016 in a revival of Eugene O 'Neill 's play Hughie at the Booth Theatre , directed by Michael Grandage . = = = Producing and directing = = = Whitaker branched out into producing and directing in the 1990s . He co @-@ produced and co @-@ starred in A Rage in Harlem in 1991 . He made his directorial debut with a grim film about inner @-@ city gun violence , Strapped , for HBO in 1993 . In 1995 , he directed his first theatrical feature , Waiting to Exhale , which was based on the Terry McMillan novel of the same name . Roger Ebert observed that the tone of the film resembled Whitaker 's own acting style : " measured , serene , confident . " Whitaker also directed co @-@ star Whitney Houston 's music video of the movie 's theme song , " Exhale ( Shoop Shoop ) " . Whitaker continued his directing career with the 1998 romantic comedy , Hope Floats , starring Sandra Bullock and Harry Connick , Jr . He directed Katie Holmes in the romantic comedy , First Daughter in 2004 while also serving as executive producer ; he had previously co @-@ starred with Holmes in Phone Booth in 2002 . He had previously gained experience as the executive producer of several made @-@ for @-@ television movies , most notably the 2002 Emmy @-@ award winning Door to Door , starring William H. Macy . He produced these projects through his production company , Spirit Dance Entertainment , which he shut down in 2005 to concentrate on his acting career . Whitaker and his partner Nina Yang Bongiovi produced the film Fruitvale Station , which won the Grand Jury Prize and the Audience Award for U.S. dramatic film at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival , as well as Repentance ( 2014 ) and Dope ( 2015 ) . = = = JuntoBox Films = = = Whitaker plays an active role as co @-@ chair of JuntoBox Films since his initial involvement as co @-@ chair with the collaborative film studio starting in March 2012 . JuntoBox was developed as a social @-@ media platform for filmmakers and fans to share ideas to create films and then collaborate to make them . Since Whitaker joined as co @-@ chair , five projects have been greenlit for production . = = Honors = = In addition to the numerous awards Whitaker won for his performance in The Last King of Scotland , he has also received several other honors . In September 2006 , the 10th Annual Hollywood Film Festival presented him with its " Hollywood Actor of the Year Award , " calling him " one of Hollywood 's most accomplished actors . " He was honored at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival 2007 , where he received the American Riviera Award . Previously , in 2005 , the Deauville ( France ) Festival of American Film paid tribute to him . On April 16 , 2007 , Whitaker was the recipient of the 2,335th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the motion pictures industry at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard . He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from Xavier University of Louisiana in 2009 at the 82nd Commencement Ceremony . He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters from California State University , Dominguez Hills on May 16 , 2015 . = = Personal life = = In 1996 , Whitaker married actress Keisha Nash , whom he met on the set of Blown Away . The Whitakers have four children : two daughters together ( Sonnet and True ) , and his son ( Sergio Hyatt ) and her daughter ( Autumn ) from previous relationships . On Inside the Actors Studio , Whitaker said that a genetic test indicated he was of Igbo descent through his patrilineal line , and of Akan descent through his matrilineal line . Whitaker studies yoga and has a black belt in kenpō . He also trains in the Filipino martial art of Kali , under Dan Inosanto . Inosanto is best known for having been a student of the late Bruce Lee and has trained actors such as Denzel Washington and Brandon Lee . Whitaker 's left eye ptosis has been called " intriguing " by some critics and " gives him a lazy , contemplative look . " Whitaker has explained that the condition is hereditary and that he has considered having surgery to correct it , not for cosmetic reasons but because it affects his vision . = = Activism = = = = = Charity work = = = Whitaker , who is a vegetarian , recorded a public service announcement with his daughter , True , promoting vegetarianism on behalf of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) . He is also a supporter and public advocate for Hope North , a boarding school and vocational training center in northern Uganda for escaped child soldiers , orphans , and other young victims of the country 's civil war . = = = Politics = = = In politics , Whitaker supported and spoke on behalf of Senator Barack Obama in his 2008 presidential campaign . On April 6 , 2009 , he was given a chieftaincy title in Imo State , Nigeria . Whitaker , who was named a chief among the Igbo community of Nkwerre , was given the title Nwannedinamba of Nkwerre , which means A Brother in a Foreign Land . Whitaker was inducted as a UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Peace and Reconciliation , in a ceremony at UNESCO headquarters on June 21 , 2011 . As Goodwill Ambassador , Whitaker works with UNESCO to support and develop initiatives that empower youths and keep them from entering or remaining in cycles of violence . At the induction ceremony , U.S. Ambassador to UNESCO David Killion described Whitaker as a " perfect choice as a Goodwill Ambassador ... He has exemplified compassion in every area of his life , with humility and grace . He does this because it 's the right thing to do . " In 2010 , Whitaker received the Artist Citizen of the World Award ( France ) . In May 2011 , Whitaker co @-@ founded the International Institute for Peace ( IIP ) at Rutgers University in Newark , New Jersey . Launched during the international Newark Peace Education Summit , IIP ’ s mission is to develop programs and strategic partnerships to address cutting @-@ edge issues such as increasing citizen security through community @-@ building ; the role of women and spiritual and religious leaders in peace @-@ building ; the impact of climate change ; and the reduction of poverty . IIP operates under the auspices of UNESCO as a Category 2 Center . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = =
= Glass Joe = Glass Joe ( グラス・ジョー , Gurasu Jō ) is a fictional French boxer from Nintendo 's Punch @-@ Out ! ! video game series . He first appeared in the arcade game Punch @-@ Out ! ! in 1984 and three years later in the NES game of the same name . His most recent appearance was in the Wii installment of Punch @-@ Out ! ! . He was originally designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES game . He is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game . He is the player 's first opponent in all of his roles and is famous for his weakness and cowardice . These elements are considered by critics to be stereotypes of French people . These characteristics were emphasized by the developer of the Wii game which included cutscenes which depict Glass Joe in French settings . Glass Joe is considered one of the most well @-@ known characters in the Punch @-@ Out ! ! series and a Nintendo icon . His name has been used to describe poor performance by sportspeople and teams . = = Concept and creation = = Glass Joe is a 38 @-@ year @-@ old French flyweight boxer who hails from Paris . He stands at 177 @.@ 8 centimeters ( 5 ' 10 ' ' ) and weighs in at 49 @.@ 9 kilograms ( 110 lbs . ) . His win record is one win to 99 losses . He is the weakest opponent and the first players encounter in any of his roles . His mediocrity has been attributed to poor blocking and reaction time . He possesses several negative stereotypes of French people . The character was designed by Shigeru Miyamoto for the original Punch @-@ Out ! ! arcade game . The name " Glass Joe " was conceived by Genyo Takeda as a play on his glass jaw . Glass Joe 's appearance was revised by Makoto Wada for the NES Punch @-@ Out ! ! . The character is voiced by Christian Bernard in the Wii game ; much of his dialogue in between matches consists of counting to ten in French . Next Level Games ( the developer of the Wii game ) introduced cutscenes which depicted Glass Joe as a fashionable Frenchman . They also showed him in front of the Arc de Triomphe and the Eiffel Tower ( both Parisian landmarks ) The designers had croissants burst from Glass Joe as he is knocked out . = = Appearances = = Glass Joe 's debut was in the first Punch @-@ Out ! ! game for the arcades in 1984 . His role was to give young players a sense of accomplishment which motivated them to spend more money to try and beat the more difficult opponents . Glass Joe later appeared in Punch @-@ Out ! ! for the NES in 1987 . While he did not appear in the SNES game 's sequel , he opened a boxing school for potential fighters . Gabby Jay ( the game 's first opponent ) attended this school and got his first and only win against Glass Joe . Glass Joe 's most recent appearance was in Punch @-@ Out ! ! for the Wii in 2009 . He was one of the first characters revealed in pre @-@ release material . The Wii Punch @-@ Out ! ! has a mode called " Title Defense " which featured a more difficult version of Glass Joe among other opponents . This mode has Glass Joe wear a protective headgear due to a doctor 's recommendation after an X @-@ ray was done on his skull . = = Reception = = Glass Joe has come to be considered one of Punch @-@ Out ! ! ' s signature characters . He was included in a series of trading cards which depict various Punch @-@ Out ! ! boxers . Both UGO 's Chris Plante and G4TV 's " jmanalang " considered the fight with Glass Joe one of the most memorable NES moments . Plante felt that it was even more memorable than the in @-@ game fight with Mike Tyson . GameDaily 's Chris Buffa called Glass Joe one of the most unappreciated Nintendo characters and said that he wanted to see him succeed . His name has been used as a derogatory term for sportspeople who perform poorly such as Derek Anderson , Ahmad Bradshaw , and the players for the North Penn football team . The name has also been used by ESPN 's Bill Simmons to describe his disappointment with the heavyweight championship fight between boxers Wladimir Klitschko and Chris Byrd . When asked who among his boxing opponents most reminded him of Glass Joe , Mike Tyson said Bruce Seldon whom he claimed he didn 't even need to hit . Yahoo ! Sports ' Mike Oz created the " Glass Joe Title " ( awarded for poor performance in the MLB ) . He has so far awarded it to the Los Angeles Angels , the New York Mets , the New York Yankees , and the Atlanta Braves . Glass Joe 's French characteristics have been discussed by critics such as writer Sumantra Lahiri and Eurogamer 's Oli Welsh . IGN 's Craig Harris felt that the NES game focused more on his weaknesses and that the Wii game emphasized his stereotypes . A member of the Retronauts podcast also felt that he was defined more by his weakness than his nationality until he learned more about French stereotypes . Chris Buffa felt that the stereotypes could be considered offensive while Giant Bomb 's Ryan Davis felt that there was nothing legitimately offensive . = = = Difficulty = = = Glass Joe is considered noteworthy for his weakness . Writers have used him as a test of the usability of NES controllers such as the U @-@ Force and the Power Glove . Hardcore Gamer 's Nikola Suprak compared Glass Joe to the Super Mario enemy Goomba , which was featured alongside Glass Joe on a Nintendo Power list of their " favorite punching bags . " GamesRadar editor Mikel Reparaz included him in his list of the " 13 unluckiest videogame bastards " and gave respect to the fact that he never gives up . His appearance in the " Title Defense " mode of the Wii Punch @-@ Out ! ! received attention for his increased difficulty . Official Nintendo Magazine 's Chris Scullion praised the fight and felt it proved that the Wii game would not be too easy .
= Boone Carlyle = Boone Carlyle is a fictional character who was played by Ian Somerhalder on the ABC drama television series Lost , which chronicles the lives of the survivors of a plane crash in the south Pacific . Boone is introduced in the pilot episode as the stepbrother of fellow crash survivor Shannon Rutherford . He tries to contribute as much as he can to the safety of the castaways and eventually becomes John Locke 's protégé . Also , unlike many other characters of the first season , who were rewritten based on their actors , Boone was largely the same through production . Somerhalder did not want to shoot a pilot ; however , he jumped at the opportunity once he found out he would be working with co @-@ creator / executive producer J.J. Abrams . The character was generally well received by critics and fans ; USA Today described Boone as a " callow , privileged young man striving for maturity . " Boone dies from his injuries after being crushed inside a falling plane . = = Arc = = = = = Before the crash = = = Boone is born in October , 1981 , the son of wealthy Sabrina Carlyle , the head of a wedding company . When Boone was ten years old , Sabrina marries Adam Rutherford , who has an eight @-@ year @-@ old daughter named Shannon . When Boone is twenty years old , he becomes the chief operating officer of his mother 's business in New York City . Boone harbors a fondness for his stepsister , which develops into a romantic attraction . When Boone learns of Shannon ’ s financial difficulties after her father ’ s death he offers to give her money , but she does not accept . Boone " rescues " Shannon several times from abusive relationships by paying the boyfriends to leave her . One such rescue attempt leads Boone to Sydney , Australia in September 2004 , where he learns the relationships are actually scams concocted by Shannon to get his money and attention . Boone is deeply hurt by the deception . Boone and Shannon have sex after her Australian boyfriend runs away with her money . The next day , they board Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 to return to the United States . = = = In the island = = = Boone unsuccessfully tries to perform CPR on an unconscious Rose Henderson , which he claims to have learned from when he was a lifeguard , but Jack Shephard convinces him to retrieve a pen , unnecessarily . Boone maintains a generally helpful attitude and remains protective of Shannon ( although he criticizes her for her affectedness ) . His protective attitude combines with jealousy when she develops feelings for Sayid Jarrah , and Boone unsuccessfully attempts to discourage the relationship . Boone is drawn to the hunting and survival skills of John Locke , a fellow castaway . He becomes Locke ’ s apprentice and begins to distance himself from the other survivors . Boone and Locke find a metal hatch while tracking the kidnapped Claire Littleton and Charlie Pace . The two excavate the hatch , keeping its existence a secret from the other survivors . Locke subjects Boone to a hallucinatory exercise on their twenty @-@ fourth day on the island allowing Boone to resolve his feelings for Shannon , in which Boone sees Shannon after she is killed by the monster . Forty @-@ one days after the crash , Boone and Locke discover a heroin runner 's Beechcraft stuck high in a tree canopy . Boone climbs up into the aircraft and finds a working radio in the cockpit , which he uses to transmit a Mayday signal . He receives a response to his message by a man , later revealed to be Bernard Nadler of the tail @-@ section survivors , but the aircraft unbalances and falls nose @-@ first to the ground . Boone sustains severe injuries and , despite Jack 's attempts to treat him , dies on November 2 , 2004 . Boone tries to pass a message to Shannon through Jack , but dies before he is able to finish the sentence . Somerhalder said the news of his character 's death was " pretty devastating " , which is notable for being the first death of a major character on the series . Almost four weeks later , Locke experiences a self @-@ induced hallucination , where a longer @-@ haired Boone appears and pushes Locke around in a wheelchair in an imaginary Sydney International Airport , where the other survivors are present but acting in different roles . Boone tells Locke someone in the airport was in serious danger . Close to the end of the hallucination , Locke finds Eko 's stick covered in blood and Boone appears bloody and injured . He tells Locke " They 've got him . You don 't have much time . " In the Oceanic Six 's cover story , Boone was one of the ones who survived the initial crash , but soon died of internal injuries . = = = In the alternate timeline = = = In the alternate timeline , Shannon does not go back with Boone . In " LA X " , Boone goes back alone on Flight 815 and sits beside Locke , where he finds out about Locke supposedly going on a Walkabout in Australia . In a parallel with the island timeline , Boone tells Locke if they crashed , he would follow him . Once the plane lands , Boone shakes Locke 's hand and exits the plane . Boone reappears in the final episode of Lost . In " The End " , we see Hurley and Sayid talking in a car on a dark street , and they witness a thug beating up a guy ( Boone ) outside of a bar . Shannon shouts " Leave my brother alone , " and Sayid gets out of the car to intervene . His and Shannon 's memories are restored the moment they touch . Boone , having conspired with Hurley to bring Shannon and Sayid together , wanders over to the car . He jokes with Hurley about how he had to take a beating and " thanks for taking your time . " He also comments how difficult it was to get Shannon to return from Australia with him , but he and Hurley agree the effort was worth it for this moment to have her and Sayid 's memories restored . Boone is one of the first people Jack greets in the church where everyone reunites to move on to the afterlife together . = = Characteristics = = USA Today described Boone as " a callow young man who had been toughened by island challenges . " Variety called him " hot @-@ headed " , while Entertainment Weekly wrote he was " even @-@ tempered " . Boone 's quick decisions with good intentions are often rash . On his sixth day on the island , Joanna Miller drowns . As soon as he finds out she is drowning , he immediately tries to save her , although he does not succeed and almost becomes a casualty himself . While trying to take on a leadership role , Boone steals the camp 's water ; however , his plan backfires and the survivors turn on him . When Boone suspects Sawyer has Shannon 's medicine , he attempts to steal it . Aside from Shannon , he was closest to John Locke , who acted as a father figure and mentor to the younger , inexperienced Boone and who , unlike others including Shannon , tried to help him do his part on the island . Boone similarly is one of the few to trust Locke 's guidance and made Locke feel like the hero he had always wanted to be . Boone reflects aspects of Locke 's personality , such as his desire to have a unique purpose and his willingness to believe in the unlikely . Boone always offers to help his fellow survivors , joining the party trying to send a radio distress call on the second day , helping Sayid triangulate Danielle Rousseau 's distress signal on the eighth day , searching for the abducted Claire Littleton on the sixteenth day and standing guard for the return of Ethan Rom on the twenty @-@ eighth day . IGN wrote " he appeared to be both integral and counterproductive to their survival " and " Boone appeared to be a pure and honest guy who tried to help people on the island and attempted to carry his own weight among the seemingly @-@ unscathed survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 . " = = Development = = Unlike many other characters of the first season , who were rewritten based on their actors , Boone was largely the same through production . He was originally going to be named Boone Anthony Markham V , going by the nickname , " Five . " In the script for the pilot , the writers ran a search and replace to change Boone 's name so when Jack counted to five , the script read , " One , two , three , four , Boone . " Somerhalder did not want to shoot a pilot ; however , he jumped at the opportunity once he found out he would be working with co @-@ creator / executive producer J.J. Abrams . Somerhalder was paid between $ 20 @,@ 000 and $ 40 @,@ 000 an episode , initially received the third highest billing in the credits , before the producers decided to list the main cast alphabetically . Boone has appeared in a total of twenty @-@ five episodes , and his voice has been heard in a twenty @-@ sixth episode . Boone has physically appeared in three episodes since the first season with the credit of " special guest star . " He returned for the flashbacks of Shannon , Nikki Fernandez and Paulo and Locke 's hallucination . In Nikki 's third season flashback , the producers did not ask Somerhalder to cut his hair for two days of work and had him wear a wig , making his hair noticeably longer than it should have been . There is some confusion over the spelling of Boone 's last name . While " Carlyle " appears on Boone 's checkbook and grave , " Carlisle " appears on the subtitles for " Hearts and Minds . " In the original outline of the eleventh episode , Locke was to be accompanied by two guest characters to search for Claire and discover the Hatch . In the final product , Boone accompanied Locke , a choice leading to Boone 's death . While the executive producers have stated Somerhalder took the news of his character 's death professionally , Somerhalder has said he found it " pretty devastating . " Boone 's death is notable as the first death of a major character on the series . According to executive producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse , Boone 's death made sense from a story perspective to fuel the rivalry between Jack and Locke and lead to the events in the season finale . Following Somerhalder 's departure from the show , ABC signed him to another one @-@ year contract . Somerhalder stated being a part of Lost was " the greatest experience " of " the greatest year of his life . " = = Reception = = BuddyTV called Boone a fan " favorite . " After three episodes had aired , an article in USA Today called Somerhalder " camera @-@ friendly . " A poll was run by ComingSoon.net in spring 2005 on the favorite of the fourteen main Lost characters , in which Boone placed seventh with 4 @.@ 3 % of over 2000 votes . After his death , a TV Guide critic wrote she misses Boone 's " very pretty eyes . " IGN ranked Boone as the tenth best character of the first three seasons of Lost . Somerhalder co @-@ won the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award for " Best Ensemble - Drama Series . He was also nominated in the category of " TV : Choice Breakout Performance – Male " in the 2005 Teen Choice Awards , but lost to Desperate Housewives ' Jesse Metcalfe , who plays John Rowland . While starring on Lost , Somerhalder was voted one of " 20 Teens Who Will Change the World " by Teen People , despite being 26 years old at the time . Teen People also called him " the next Johnny Depp . " He placed ninth on TV Guide 's " Top Ten Hunks " list .
= Half @-@ Life 2 : Survivor = Half @-@ Life 2 : Survivor is an arcade game based on the science fiction first @-@ person shooter video game , Half @-@ Life 2 . It was released on June 28 , 2006 on Taito 's Type X + arcade system , with a 32 " widescreen high definition LCD . The game 's player character is controlled with joysticks and floor pedals , and offers three game modes : Story , Battle , and Mission , each with different objectives . The game was met with a generally positive reception . Reviewers found it interesting to play the game in an arcade environment , and considered the shift to an arcade setting an excellent introduction of the Half @-@ Life series of video games to Japan . = = Gameplay = = Players control their movement using two joysticks ( one for each hand ) and floor pedals . Three gameplay modes are available : Story , which approximates the events of the original game ; Mission , which forces networked players to work cooperatively toward a goal ; and Battle , which parallels the deathmatch content of the original game . Up to eight players — either local players or individuals in other networked arcades — can participate in the Battle and Mission modes . In Story mode , players advance through partial combat scenes from the original game , following neon @-@ lit guiding arrows . Each chapter has several levels with goals such as " Kill the Combine " or " Find your way to the goal " . When goals are completed , the player is taken to next level . When players finish all the levels of the chapter , the game ends . Progress can be saved on a removable card to allow the player to choose a new chapter at the next visit . Aside from the G @-@ Man introductory cut @-@ scene , Half Life 2 : Survivor does not incorporate any of Half @-@ Life 2 's story elements , levels , or physics @-@ based puzzles . In Mission mode , there are three objective maps with three difficulties : normal , hard , and super hard . Map goals include " Collect gems " , " Destroy Zombie spawning points " , and " Escape " . A Battle mode is also available in the game . It is essentially four @-@ on @-@ four team match . Players can choose between two different factions : the Combine and the Human Resistance . Both factions have four classes of troops : Ranger , Soldier , Sniper , and Engineer . = = Development = = The game uses content common to the Xbox and PC releases , although the game focuses on the set pieces that characterized the original game . Half @-@ Life 2 : Survivor was first revealed to the public by Taito in a private exhibition in Tokyo on November 29 , 2005 . It was originally meant to be released in March 2006 but it was pushed back to June 28 , 2006 . The game is only available in Japan . The game runs on a machine based on Taito 's Type X unit , an arcade system built with PC components , which runs on the Windows XP Embedded operating system . The game machine 's cabinet uses a 32 @-@ inch LCD screen which runs at a resolution of 1360x768 pixels . The machine also has a 5 @.@ 1 @-@ channel surround sound system , and it uses a smart card for storing player data . Because the game is network @-@ enabled , players in different arcades are able to play with each other . A maximum of eight players can play in the same match ; robots are used to fill in empty player slots if there are fewer than eight human players . = = Reception = = Reception to the transposition of the Half @-@ Life series to an arcade setting was generally positive . The stylistic shift from the earlier , more traditional gameplay style to the newer , multi @-@ point arcade control scheme was a significant stylistic shift , one reviewer calling the gameplay " weird and disorienting " , but still concluding it to be very enjoyable overall . The video games review website , Video Games Blogger , considered the port to an arcade setting " interesting and totally unexpected " , and concluded its review by commenting that the arcade game could possibly increase interest in first @-@ person shooter video games in Japan , a country considered to be more interested in arcade @-@ style games .
= Playa de Oro virus = Playa de Oro virus ( OROV ) is a probable species of hantavirus found in the rodents Oryzomys couesi and Sigmodon mascotensis in the Mexican state of Colima . The former is thought to be the main host . The sequences of parts of the virus 's RNA @-@ based genome have been determined ; they differ by 7 – 10 % in amino acid composition and 22 – 24 % in nucleotide composition from closely related viruses . Playa de Oro virus was identified as a new species in 2008 and is most closely related to Bayou virus , Catacamas virus , Muleshoe virus , and Black Creek Canal virus , found in other species of Oryzomys and Sigmodon . Catacamas virus is found in a different population of Oryzomys couesi , and the presence of different viruses in these two species has been used as an argument for classifying the two populations of the host as separate species . = = History and occurrence = = Playa de Oro virus was first identified in rodents collected in 2004 as part of a survey of wild mammals at Playa de Oro in Manzanillo , Colima , western Mexico . The discovery was published in 2008 by Yong @-@ Kyu Chu and colleagues . Among 600 small mammals , antibodies against the hantavirus Sin Nombre virus were found in 23 individuals ( out of 358 studied ) of Oryzomys couesi , a rice rat that was the most common species found , six ( out of 87 ) of the cotton rat Sigmodon mascotensis , and one ( out of 77 ) of the pygmy mouse Baiomys musculus . In addition , twelve O. couesi and one S. mascotensis yielded hantavirus RNA . Viruses were found in males more often than in females . Because the amino acid sequences in sequenced parts of the virus 's genome differed by as much as 7 to 10 % from closely related hantaviruses , Chu and colleagues identified the virus found at Playa de Oro as a new species , called Playa de Oro virus or OROV . Although the authors could not prove that the virus fulfilled all the criteria for identifying a new virus species , they argued that it was likely that it did fulfill those criteria . It is currently treated as a probable species in the Hantavirus genus . = = Virology = = Hantaviruses have a genome that consists of three segments of single @-@ stranded , negative @-@ sense RNA ( see RNA virus : Replication ) , called the large ( L ) , medium ( M ) , and small ( S ) segments . The entire S segment and a fragment of the M segment have been sequenced . The S segment consists of 1953 bases , of which 1287 ( starting at position 43 ) code for the nucleocapsid protein . In addition , a second 192 @-@ base open reading frame occurs in the middle of this sequence ( starting at position 122 ) , as in several other hantaviruses . Among three specimens of O. couesi , the sequence in this segment differed by only 1 % , and all changes were silent mutations . The amino acids of the S segment differ by 7 to 10 % from those of the related hantaviruses Bayou virus ( BAYV ; from the marsh rice rat , Oryzomys palustris ) , Catacamas virus ( CATV ; from a Honduras population of Oryzomys couesi ) , and Black Creek Canal virus ( BCCV ; from the hispid cotton rat , Sigmodon hispidus ) . The nucleotide sequence differs by 24 % from those viruses . Among 1537 @-@ base fragments of the sequence of the M segment , several variable sites were observed , including some non @-@ silent mutations . The sequence differs by 8 to 10 % from BAYV , CATV , and BCCV in terms of amino acids and by 22 % in terms of nucleotides . = = = Epidemiology and effects = = = Because OROV occurs frequently in Oryzomys couesi , Chu and colleagues suggested that it is the primary host of the virus and that infections in Sigmodon mascotensis are the result of spillover between these two rodent species , which occur closely together . Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome , the disease caused by hantaviruses such as Sin Nombre virus , has never been reported in Mexico , but antibodies against hantaviruses have been found in human blood samples in Yucatán and various wild rodents are known to be reservoirs of hantavirus species . Thus , there is a potential risk of OROV infection in humans . Before the discovery of OROV , one hantavirus species had been identified in Mexico — El Moro Canyon virus from the small rodent Reithrodontomys megalotis . = = = Relationships = = = According to phylogenetic analyses based on the sequences of both the S and M segments , OROV is most closely related to the clade formed by BAYV , CATV , BCCV , and Muleshoe virus ( MUL ; from the hispid cotton rat ) . In 2009 , Piet Maes and colleagues proposed that the closely related BAYV , BCCV , and MUL be united into a single species . Chu and colleagues were surprised to find that the same species , Oryzomys couesi , harbored different viruses ( OROV and CATV ) , though noted that the subspecies infected by the two viruses were different . In 2010 , Delton Hanson and colleagues suggested on the basis of various lines of evidence , including the presence of different hantaviruses , that western Mexican populations of Oryzomys couesi represent a different species , Oryzomys mexicanus .
= The Boat Race 1980 = The 126th Boat Race took place on 5 April 1980 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . It was won by Oxford in the closest finish for a century , despite one of their oarsman collapsing before the end of the race . In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by five lengths , and in the Women 's Boat Race , Oxford were victorious . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 miles ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in the previous year 's race . However Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 56 . The race was sponsored for fourth time by Ladbrokes . It was the last race to be commentated on BBC Radio by John Snagge . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Cambridge coach Graeme Hall was stroke for the Light Blues in the 1968 race , racing against Oxford coach Daniel Topolski who was bowman for the Dark Blues that year . Cambridge Boat Club president John Woodhouse noted : " We have cut down the number of formal dinners with old Blues and old coaches , and we have tried to keep the evenings quiet . " = = Crews = = The Oxford crew featured three Old Blues , Chris Mahoney , Mike Diserens , and Boris Rankov , who was rowing in his third University Boat Race . In J.S. Palmer and A.G. Phillips , Cambridge 's crew contained two Blues returning from the previous year 's race . Hugh Laurie was following the tradition of his father , former Light Blue president and Olympic gold medallist Ran , who had won the Boat Race in 1934 , 1935 and 1936 . = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start on the Surrey station . The race started at 4 @.@ 45 pm . Following a clash soon after the start , and another at Harrods , the crews were level . Despite Oxford 's number seven , Thomas Barry , losing part of his blade , his crew established a lead and defended it against a higher rating Cambridge . Umpire Alan Burrough allowed the race to continue , despite the clash and close steering . By Barnes Bridge , Oxford 's bowman , Steve Francis , son of author Dick Francis , was exhausted and " had more or less stopped rowing " . Cambridge 's push continued but Oxford passed the finishing post with a canvas ' advantage , the closest finish of the century . Francis was treated for exhaustion , but was later diagnosed with hepatitis . In the reserve race , Isis beat Goldie by five lengths , their first victory in four years . In the 35th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Oxford triumphed , only their second victory in twenty years . = = Reaction = = It was the first time Oxford had won five consecutive races since 1913 and was the " closest finish since at least the turn of the century . " Laurie recalls his attempts to emulate his father 's rowing career as " feeble " . Rankov , rowing in the third of his six Boat Races , recalls the race as one of his most memorable . He continued : " It was unbelievable . They kept coming at us and every time we tried to get away nothing happened . " Woodhouse lamented : " All I can say is that we shouldn 't have lost by so much . " BBC reporter Snagge , commentating on his last Boat Race , remarked : " An absolutely cracking race ... a grand battle . "
= Does Anybody Hear Her = " Does Anybody Hear Her " is a song recorded by Christian rock band Casting Crowns , released by Beach Street Records , Reunion Records , and Provident Label Group . Written by Mark Hall and produced by Mark A. Miller , it was released on September 23 , 2006 as the third single from the band 's 2005 album Lifesong . An alternative CCM and adult contemporary song , " Does Anybody Hear Her " relates the story of a girl who is being pushed away by the Christian church as well as the message that condemning other people is wrong . " Does Anybody Hear Her " received positive reviews from most music critics , many of whom praised the song 's lyrical theme . It was successful on Christian radio , peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts ; it also topped the Radio & Records Christian AC and Soft AC / Inspirational charts . It ranked at number thirty @-@ three on the 2000s decade @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart and number forty @-@ six on the 2000s decade @-@ end Hot Christian Songs chart . = = Background and production = = According to lead vocalist Mark Hall , " Does Anybody Hear Her " is about a girl " who is making all the wrong decisions and about how " and how the Christian church is not there for her . Hall began writing the song around 2000 about a girl in his youth group ; it ultimately encompassed around 15 @-@ 20 girls who due to their father not being there for them tried to find intimacy elsewhere , ultimate " [ giving ] themselves away to the first person who loves them " . Hall said that " We [ the Christian church ] attach identities to people , saying , ' It ’ s too late to reach this person , ' or ' This person here , there ’ s still some good there , so we should try on this one , ' or ' This one ’ s a lost cause , we just need to get him out of here ' . That ’ s a scary place to live if you ’ re that person — if you didn ’ t make the church ’ s ' list ' " . " Does Anybody Hear Her " was written by Mark Hall . It was produced by Mark A. Miller and recorded and mixed by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . Additional recording was done at Lifesong Studio in McDonough , Georgia . The song was mastered by Richard Dodd and engineered by Dale Oliver and John Lewis Lee III . The strings on the song were arranged by Bobby Huff and were recorded at Little Big Studio by Boeho Shin and Daewoo Kim . = = Composition = = " Does Anybody Hear Her " is a song with a length of four minutes and twenty @-@ eight seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , it is set in common time in the key of F major ( although the band usually performs the song live in the key of E major ) and has a tempo of 77 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of C4 to the high note of F5 . A ballad , " Does Anybody Hear Her " is an alternative CCM and adult contemporary song . Lyrically , the song relates the story of a young woman who is being pushed away by the Christian church . It delivers the message that condemning other people is wrong and that the Christian church is being too judgmental of pregnant teenagers . = = Critical reception = = " Does Anybody Hear Her " received positive reviews from most music critics . Kim Jones of About.com called the song her favorite off of Lifesong . Jared Johnson of Allmusic praised the song as an example of " Mark Hall 's artistic balladry " . Deborah Evans Price of Billboard described it as " potent " . David McCreary of CCM Magazine felt that the song 's " softer cadence " didn 't diminish its " hard @-@ hitting message " . Although describing it as " poignant " , Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today felt the song was too broad in scope . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout described " Does Anybody Hear Her " as " a step backwards from the opening tracks [ of Lifesong ] " but felt that its musical tone " still works in the grand scheme of the song 's message " . = = Release and chart performance = = " Does Anybody Hear Her " was released to Christian AC and Soft AC / Inspirational radio on September 23 , 2006 . It debuted at number twenty @-@ four on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs for the chart week of November 4 , 2006 . It advanced to number five in its seventh chart week and to number four in its twelfth chart week . In its fifteenth chart week , " Does Anybody Hear Her " hit the number one position , which it held for six consecutive weeks . In total , it spent thirty @-@ three weeks on the Hot Christian Songs chart . It also peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Christian AC and Radio & Records Christian AC and Soft AC / Inspirational charts . " Does Anybody Hear Her " ranked at number eighty @-@ nine on the 2006 year @-@ end Radio & Records Christian AC chart . It ranked at number eight on the 2007 year @-@ end Billboard Hot Christian AC chart and at number ten on the 2007 year @-@ end Hot Christian Songs chart , as well as at number eight on the 2007 year @-@ end Radio & Records Christian AC chart and number thirteen on the 2007 year @-@ end Soft AC / Inspirational chart . On the decade @-@ end Billboard charts , " Does Anybody Hear Her " ranked at number thirty @-@ three on the Hot Christian AC chart and number forty @-@ six on the Hot Christian Songs chart . = = Live performances = = Casting Crowns performed " Does Anybody Hear Her " as the fourth song on their set list at a concert on November 12 , 2005 at the Stabler Arena in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania . They performed it as the eleventh song on their setlist at a concert on February 4 , 2010 at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri . As part of an acoustic set at a concert on February 28 , 2010 in Hershey , Pennsylvania . = = Track listing = = Digital download " Does Anybody Hear Her " – 4 : 28 = = Credits and personnel = = Credits lifted from the album liner notes of Lifesong . = = Charts = = = = Release and radio history = =
= Pennsylvania Route 63 = Pennsylvania Route 63 ( PA 63 ) is a 37 @.@ 4 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 60 @.@ 2 km ) state highway located in the Philadelphia , Pennsylvania area . The western terminus of the route is at PA 29 in Green Lane , Montgomery County . The eastern terminus is at Interstate 95 ( I @-@ 95 ) in Bensalem Township , Bucks County . The route heads through a mix of suburban and rural areas of northern Montgomery County as a two @-@ lane road , passing through Harleysville , before coming to an interchange with I @-@ 476 ( Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension ) in Towamencin Township . From this point , PA 63 continues through predominantly suburban areas of eastern Montgomery County as a two- to four @-@ lane road , passing through Lansdale , Maple Glen , Willow Grove , and Huntingdon Valley . Upon entering Northeast Philadelphia , the route follows Red Lion Road and U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) before heading southeast on a freeway called Woodhaven Road to I @-@ 95 . What would become PA 63 was originally designated as Legislative Route 198 in 1911 , running from Green Lane to Northeast Philadelphia . When first designated , PA 63 ran from PA 29 in Green Lane to US 611 ( now PA 611 ) in Willow Grove , following its current alignment . In 1928 , it was extended east to PA 532 in Northeast Philadelphia , following Edge Hill Road , Terwood Road , and Welsh Road to Bethayres , where the route continued along Philmont Avenue to PA 532 . By 1940 , PA 63 was moved to its current alignment between Willow Grove and Bethayres and was realigned to follow Byberry Road to PA 532 . The former alignment of PA 63 on Edge Hill Road and Terwood Road became PA 163 , which was removed by 1950 . In the 1950s , the Woodhaven Road freeway was planned to serve Northeast Philadelphia , connecting I @-@ 95 to PA 63 at Philmont Avenue , with a further extension to I @-@ 276 ( Pennsylvania Turnpike ) in Southampton once planned . The freeway was completed to Evans Street just west of US 1 in the 1960s and PA 63 was extended along Byberry Road and Woodhaven Road to end at I @-@ 95 . In the 1980s , PA 63 was rerouted to use Red Lion Road and US 1 to reach Woodhaven Road . Plans to extend Woodhaven Road through the rest of Northeast Philadelphia remain , but have been on hold due to community opposition and financial constraints . = = Route description = = = = = Green Lane to Lansdale = = = PA 63 begins at a " T " intersection with PA 29 in the borough of Green Lane in Montgomery County . From this intersection , the route heads southeast as two @-@ lane undivided Main Street , passing by several homes . After crossing Upper Ridge Road , the road crosses into Marlborough Township and becomes Sumneytown Pike . PA 63 continues through rural areas with some development , passing through the community of Sumneytown . Upon crossing Unami Creek , the route enters Upper Salford Township and heads into forested areas , where PA 63 meets the southern terminus of PA 563 ( Ridge Road ) . Following that intersection , the road passes through a mix of farmland , woodland , and residential developments . The route crosses over the East Branch of Perkiomen Creek before crossing into Lower Salford Township . At this point , PA 63 becomes Main Street and heads into the community of Harleysville , where it passes through suburban residential neighborhoods before heading into a commercial area , crossing PA 113 ( Harleysville Pike ) . In the area of this intersection , PA 63 is briefly a divided highway . After PA 113 , the road passes through the center of Harleysville . The road turns south , becoming a three @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane before it heads to the southeast again as a two @-@ lane road , continuing past a mix of farm fields and residential and commercial development . PA 63 bypasses the community of Mainland to the northeast with two westbound lanes and one eastbound lane before entering Towamencin Township near a crossing of Skippack Creek . In Towamencin Township , PA 63 widens to four lanes and is called Sumneytown Pike again , passing woods and development before reaching an interchange with I @-@ 476 ( Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension ) . Southeast of I @-@ 476 , the route enters a commercial area , where the highway turns northeast onto Forty Foot Road , a five @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane . PA 63 passes through suburban areas , narrowing to three lanes before widening back to five lanes . Along this stretch , the route passes southeast of Christopher Dock Mennonite High School . A short distance later , PA 63 turns southeast onto Welsh Road and Forty Foot Road continues northeast toward Hatfield as PA 463 . Along two @-@ lane Welsh Road , PA 63 forms the border between Hatfield Township to the northeast and Towamencin Township to the southwest . The road heads through residential neighborhoods . At the intersection with Squirrel Lane , PA 63 briefly forms the border between Lansdale to the northeast and Towamencin Township to the southwest before fully entering Lansdale and becoming Main Street . The road passes a mix of homes and businesses before coming to the northern terminus of PA 363 ( Valley Forge Road ) . After the PA 363 intersection , the road runs through the downtown of Lansdale , where the route crosses SEPTA ’ s Lansdale / Doylestown Line near the Lansdale Transportation Center . The road leaves downtown and heads into areas of homes and businesses . At a crossing of Wissahickon Creek , PA 63 forms the border between Lansdale to the northeast and Upper Gwynedd Township to the southwest before running along the border of Montgomery Township and Upper Gwynedd Township after crossing North Wales Road . = = = Lansdale to Willow Grove = = = At North Wales Road , PA 63 again becomes Welsh Road and passes several businesses as a four @-@ lane divided road . The route becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road again as it passes between business parks to the northeast and farms and woods to the southwest ahead of an intersection with US 202 Bus . ( Dekalb Pike ) . Upon intersecting US 202 , PA 63 forms the border between Montgomery Township to the northeast and Lower Gwynedd Township to the southwest . The road passes through a mix of residential and commerciaal development , widening into a three @-@ lane road with two westbound lanes and one eastbound lane . PA 63 becomes the border between Horsham Township and Lower Gwynedd Township and crosses PA 309 ( Bethlehem Pike ) , with jughandles controlling the movements from PA 309 to PA 63 . The route narrows back to two lanes as it passes residential subdivisions , becoming the border between Horsham Township to the northeast and Upper Dublin Township to the southwest at the Tennis Avenue intersection . Upon reaching the community of Maple Glen , PA 63 passes businesses and crosses PA 152 ( Limekiln Pike ) and Norristown Road . Past Maple Glen , the road continues past more homes , along with a few farms . Farther southeast , the route widens into a three @-@ lane road with one eastbound lane and two westbound lanes as it passes near business parks . PA 63 soon widens to four lanes , with two lanes in each direction . The road becomes a five @-@ lane road with a center left @-@ turn lane as it comes to the Blair Mill Road intersection , at which point it forms the border between Upper Moreland Township to the northeast and Upper Dublin Township to the southwest . The road becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway that soon becomes undivided as it crosses over the Pennsylvania Turnpike ( I @-@ 276 ) and Norfolk Southern ’ s Morrisville Line before heading into a mix of residential and commercial areas as a five @-@ lane road again . Upon forming the border between Upper Moreland Township and Abington Township , PA 63 becomes Moreland Road , briefly becoming a divided highway . The route heads into the community of Willow Grove as a five @-@ lane road . The road enters a business area , becoming a divided highway again as it passes to the northeast of the Willow Grove Park Mall . The road crosses Easton Road and becomes undivided as it crosses SEPTA ’ s Warminster Line . The route passes a mix of homes and businesses as it comes to an intersection with PA 611 ( Old York Road ) . = = = Willow Grove to Bensalem = = = At this point , PA 63 heads into wooded residential areas as a two @-@ lane road . At the intersection with Edge Hill Road , the route turns southwest onto that road and fully enters Abington Township , eventually turning southeast onto Old Welsh Road . The road curves to the east and crosses into Lower Moreland Township . The road becomes Welsh Road again and widens to four lanes as it enters a mix of residential and commercial establishments in the community of Huntingdon Valley , crossing Pennypack Creek . Upon crossing PA 232 ( Huntingdon Pike ) , the route becomes Philmont Avenue and narrows back to two lanes . PA 63 turns south onto Red Lion Road and crosses SEPTA ’ s West Trenton Line as it continues through wooded residential subdivisions , making a turn to the southeast into Philadelphia . PA 63 enters the Northeast Philadelphia section of the city a short distance past the Pine Road intersection . PA 63 widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway and passes between the Island Green Country Club ( site of the former Budd Company Red Lion plant ) and residential and industrial developments to the south . The road continues through a mix of residential and commercial development as it crosses PA 532 ( Bustleton Avenue ) . East of PA 532 , the route passes over CSX ’ s Trenton Subdivision and comes to an intersection with US 1 ( Roosevelt Boulevard ) . PA 63 turns left and follows a concurrency with US 1 , which at this point is a wide boulevard with local @-@ express lanes . The road carries a 3 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 lane configuration as it heads northeast through areas of businesses and industrial parks . After intersecting Byberry Road , the concurrency with US 1 ends at a cloverleaf interchange , where PA 63 heads southeast onto the six @-@ lane Woodhaven Road freeway , which is lined with frontage roads . Woodhaven Road carries the route between an industrial park to the northeast and residential neighborhoods to the southwest as it comes to the Thornton Road interchange . Past here , the freeway passes residential areas on both sides and has interchanges with Academy Road and Knights Road . At this point , the surroundings along PA 63 become commercial as it comes to the Franklin Mills Boulevard / Millbrook Road interchange that provides access to the Philadelphia Mills shopping mall . Within the interchange , the road is temporarily four lanes wide . The frontage roads end past that interchange as Woodhaven Road turns south to cross Poquessing Creek and head into Bensalem Township in Bucks County . Upon entering Bucks County , PA 63 has an interchange with US 13 . A short distance south of US 13 , PA 63 ends at an interchange with I @-@ 95 at exit 35 . This interchange also has access to the park and ride at the Cornwells Heights Station on Amtrak ’ s Northeast Corridor and SEPTA ’ s Trenton Line . Two portions of PA 63 are part of National Highway System : between I @-@ 476 and Sumneytown Pike in Towamencin Township and from Norristown Road in Maple Glen east to I @-@ 95 in Bensalem Township . = = History = = In 1911 , what would become PA 63 was designated as Legislative Route 198 between Green Lane and Philadelphia . By 1927 , PA 63 was designated to run from PA 29 in Green Lane to US 611 ( now PA 611 ) in Willow Grove , following its current alignment . PA 63 was extended east to PA 532 in Philadelphia in 1928 , following its current alignment between US 611 and Edge Hill Road in Willow Grove . From this intersection , the road followed Edge Hill Road and Terwood Road east before following Welsh Road to an intersection with PA 163 / PA 232 in Bethayres and following Philmont Avenue between PA 163 / PA 232 and PA 532 . By 1930 , PA 63 had seven auxiliary routes : PA 163 , PA 263 , PA 363 , PA 463 , PA 563 , PA 663 , and PA 763 . PA 63 was moved to its current alignment between Willow Grove and Bethayres by 1940 , with the former alignment of the route between these two points becoming a rerouted PA 163 . Also by this time , PA 63 was rerouted to follow Byberry Road between Philmont Avenue and PA 532 . By 1950 , the PA 163 designation was removed from Edge Hill Road and Terwood Road . In 1954 , the Philadelphia City Planning Commission planned a freeway named Woodhaven Road to run from I @-@ 95 in Bensalem Township northwest to Lower Moreland Township , passing through Northeast Philadelphia . Construction on Woodhaven Road began in 1962 with completion between I @-@ 95 and US 13 in 1963 and northwest past US 1 to Evans Street in 1966 . Following the completion of the freeway , PA 63 was extended east onto it . By 1983 , PA 63 was rerouted to use Red Lion Road and US 1 between Philmont Avenue and Woodhaven Road instead of Byberry Road . The PA 63 freeway was at one time proposed to continue north from Northeast Philadelphia to the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Southampton . From here , the freeway would become known as the Cross County Expressway and serve the PA 611 corridor , utilizing the Doylestown Bypass as it continued north to the PA 33 freeway near Easton . The freeway south of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was planned to cost $ 68 million and be finished by 1975 while the part north of there was planned to be completed by 1985 . However , this freeway was never built . Meanwhile , plans still existed to extend Woodhaven Road from Evans Street to the Montgomery County border at Philmont Avenue . This extension had been approved by the Federal Highway Administration in 1968 and PennDOT had torn down 28 homes in the Somerton neighborhood in order to build the road . The Woodhaven Road extension was cancelled in the late 1970s due to funding issues and opposition from Lower Moreland Township residents who did not want to see increased congestion from the extension . In 1998 , the Woodhaven Road extension resurfaced as a means to relieve traffic along Byberry Road . This proposed extension was to continue west only to PA 532 ( Bustleton Avenue ) . However , Lower Moreland Township officials again voiced their opposition that the extension would increase traffic on area roads . In addition , residents in the Westwood development blocked the proposed road . PennDOT removed the Woodhaven Road extension from its long @-@ range plans in 1996 . Despite this , plans for extending Woodhaven Road resurfaced in 2001 when local officials began discussing the extension with PennDOT . Various options for the extension were created , including extending the freeway as far as Philmont Avenue and possibly PA 232 ( Huntingdon Pike ) as well as widening and improving adjacent roads including PA 532 ( Bustleton Avenue ) and Byberry Road . In addition , the project also calls for replacing the weight @-@ restricted Byberry Road bridge over a CSX rail line . After putting the Woodhaven Road project on hold due to budget issues , PennDOT brought it back again as a parkway that is to continue west to PA 532 , with an estimated cost of $ 30 million . Under this proposal , the railroad bridge is to be replaced , with Byberry Road terminating at cul @-@ de @-@ sacs on both sides . The current Woodhaven Road extension plan continues to face opposition from area residents who fear increased traffic . In June 2011 , the portion of PA 63 in Mainland between Freed Road and Old Forty Foot Road was shifted to a new alignment to the northeast , with the old alignment becoming Mainland Road . = = Major intersections = = = = PA 63 Alternate Truck = = Pennsylvania Route 63 Alternate Truck is a truck route around a weight @-@ restricted bridge over the Unami Creek in Marlborough Township , on which trucks over 30 tons and combination loads over 40 tons are prohibited . The route follows PA 29 , Park Avenue , Schwenksville Road , and Old Skippack Road . It was signed in 2013 . = = Related routes = = PA 163 was a route designated between 1930 and 1940 to connect PA 73 in Philadelphia to PA 63 / PA 232 in Bethayres . Between 1940 and 1950 , the route was redesignated to connect Willow Grove to Bethayres along Edge Hill Road and Terwood Road . PA 263 is a route that connects PA 611 in Willow Grove to PA 32 in Centre Bridge . PA 363 is a route that connects US 422 in Audubon to PA 63 in Lansdale . PA 463 is a route that connects PA 63 in Hatfield Township to PA 611 in Horsham . PA 563 is a route that connects PA 63 in Upper Salford Township to PA 412 in Nockamixon Township . PA 663 is a route that connects PA 100 in Pottstown to PA 309 / PA 313 in Quakertown . PA 763 was a route that connected PA 263 in Hatboro to PA 232 in Lower Moreland Township , following Byberry Road . It was created by 1930 with the designation removed by 1940 .
= The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword = The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword is an action @-@ adventure game for the Wii home console , developed and published by Nintendo . The sixteenth mainline entry in the The Legend of Zelda series , it was released worldwide in November 2011 . Taking the role of series protagonist Link , players navigate the the skies around the floating island of Skyloft and the land below it , completing quests that advance the story and solving environmental and dungeon @-@ based puzzles . Gameplay mechanics and combat , the latter focusing on attacking and blocking with sword and shield , are reliant on the Wii MotionPlus expansion device . Skyward Sword takes place at the beginning of the Zelda continuity , detailing the origins of the Master Sword , a recurring weapon within the series . The current incarnation of Link , resident of a floating town called Skyloft , heads on a quest to rescue his childhood friend Zelda after she is kidnapped and spirited to the Surface , an abandoned land below the clouds . Armed with the Goddess Sword and aided by a spirit named Fi , Link must ensure Zelda 's safety and stop Ghirahim as he attempts to resurrect his master . Development lasted around five years , beginning after the release of Twilight Princess in 2006 . Multiple earlier Zelda games influenced the developers , including Twilight Princess , Ocarina of Time and Majora 's Mask . Many aspects of the game 's overworld and gameplay were designed to streamline and populate the experience for players . The art style was influenced by the work of impressionist painters including Paul Cézanne . The implementation of Wii MotionPlus proved problematic for the developers , to the point where it was nearly discarded . The music , composed by a team led by Hajime Wakai and supervised by Koji Kondo , was the first Zelda title to use a live orchestra for majority of the tracks . First revealed in 2009 , it was initially planned for release the following year before being delayed to 2011 to further refine and expand it . The game was a critical and commercial success , receiving perfect scores from multiple journalistic sites , winning and receiving nominations for numerous industry and journalist awards , and selling over three million copies worldwide . Feedback on the game later influenced the development of the next entry for home consoles , Breath of the Wild . = = Gameplay = = The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword is an action @-@ adventure video game in which players take on the role of series protagonist Link through a series of overworlds populated by monsters and navigating dungeons featuring puzzles and further enemies including dedicated bosses . Link is controlled using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk , and the Wii MotionPlus expansion device is required to play . The greater majority of gameplay mechanics revolve around use of motion controls : these include camera control with the Nunchuck and general hotkey actions and movement linked to the Wii Remote . Jumping across gaps and scaling ledges happen automatically within context . The Nunchuck is also used to make Link perform a forward roll . In addition to his standard pace , Link can sprint for short distances . Sprinting and other actions such as climbing and carrying heavy objects is limited by a stamina meter , which recharges after a few seconds when not performing actions that drain it . When depleted entirely , Link 's movement speed is reduced and he is left vulnerable until the meter refills . Standard navigation takes place from a third @-@ person perspective , while the Dowsing search function switches to a first @-@ person view : Dowsing scans an area for a selected object , with new Dowsing objectives appearing depending on game context . Fighting enemies , which appear in both the overworld and dungeons , relies on Link 's use of his sword and shield . Link 's sword movements are mapped to the direction the Wii Remote is flicked by the player , and other moves include a forward thrust and a stab . Enemy movements are designed to anticipate and block Link 's combat movements . By raising the Wii Remote , the sword gathers energy which can be unleashed in a Skyward Strike . Skyward Strikes are also used to trigger environmental elements such as magical switches . The shield is controlled with the Nunchuck : when the shield is raised , it can be used to reflect attacks . Spin attacks and Finishing Blows are activated by swinging both the Wii Remote and Nunchuck . Link 's health is represented with Hearts , with Link taking damage whenever he is hit : if he loses all Hearts , the game ends . The game takes place on the floating island of Skyloft and surrounding airborne islands ; and the three Surface overworlds where the majority of the main adventure takes place . Side quests for the town 's citizens are unlocked as the game progresses . The different areas of the Surface are accessed through portals in the clouds . Side quests for characters of the Surface are also available , and sometimes mandatory for completing the main quest . The Skyloft overworld is navigated with a great bird called a Loftwing , while the Surface is navigated on foot . Marker beacons can be set on the map for Link to follow , and save points in the form of statues preserve Link 's progress up to that point . During his quest , Link is aided by the sword spirit Fi , who is able to give hints to the player for both environmental elements and enemies : for example , when an enemy is targeted and Fi is summoned , she will give the enemy 's characteristics and weaknesses . Traditional series items such as Bombs used for demolition and the Bow and Arrow for ranged attacks are available as Link progresses through the game , along with new additions such as a mechanical Beetle that flies to areas beyond Link 's reach for a variety of actions including activating switches ; and a whip for grabbing otherwise @-@ unreachable objects and levers . Link 's shield takes damage when blocking attacks fail , and may eventually break . Items and equipment can also be optionally upgraded using materials gathered from defeated monsters and within each overworld environment , making them stronger and more durable . In addition to consuming resources , Link must also pay for the upgrade with Rupees , the game 's currency which is scattered throughout the world . = = Synopsis = = Skyward Sword takes place at the beginning of the Zelda continuity : according to legend , three ancient Goddesses bestowed a great power capable of granting any wish : the Triforce . The Demon King Demise sought the Triforce , and lay waste to much of the land in his quest for it . The Goddess Hylia gathered the remaining people on a giant outcrop of rock and sent it into the sky beyond the clouds , allowing her to launch a full @-@ scale offensive against Demise allied with the land 's remaining benevolent races . She was victorious , but the land was severely damaged . Uncounted years later , the outcrop is known under the name of Skyloft , and its people believe the " Surface " below the clouds is a myth . In the present , knight @-@ in @-@ training Link passes his final exam despite the attempted interference of his class rival Groose , who considers himself a romantic rival for Link 's childhood friend Zelda . After passing the exam and on a celebratory flight together , Zelda is whisked away below the clouds by a dark tornado . After recovering back on Skyloft , Link is led to the island 's statue of Hylia by Fi , the spirit of the Goddess Sword residing within the statue . Link draws the sword , showing himself to be the prophesied hero who will finally destroy Demise . Opening a way to the Surface , Link is guided by Fi to the Sealed Temple , where he meets an old woman who tells him to track Zelda : this leads Link across the regions of Faron Woods , Eldin Volcano , and the Lanayru Desert . While he catches up with Zelda , he is prevented from returning her to Skyloft by Impa , a young woman guarding and guiding Zelda . Link is also confronted by Ghirahim , a self @-@ proclaimed Demon Lord working towards freeing Demise . At the Temple of Time in the Lanayru Desert , Link defends Zelda and Impa from Ghirahim , giving the two time to depart through a Time Gate into the past which Impa destroys as they pass through . Returning to the Temple of Hylia , Link is followed by Groose and the two end up on the Surface together . Link then has to defeat the Imprisoned , a monstrous form of Demise attempting to reach the Sealed Temple , after the old woman shows him a second dormant Time Gate . With the Imprisoned defeated , Link sets out to strengthen the Goddess Sword by passing trials set by the ancient Goddesses and using their gifts to find Sacred Flames to purify and strengthen the blade so the Time Gate can be awakened . Returning to find the Imprisoned attempting to break free , Link reseals it with help from Groose . Activating the Time Gate and traveling to the past , he finds Zelda and learns that she is the mortal reincarnation of Hylia : Hylia could not kill Demise and was too weakened from their battle to fend him off again , so she created the Goddess Sword and reincarnated as a mortal to find someone who would fulfill her duty by using the Triforce to wish Demise 's destruction , as only mortals can use the artifact . Zelda then seals herself inside a crystal to strengthen the seal on Demise , after granting her power to the Goddess Sword , evolving it into the true Master Sword . Link locates the Triforce on Skyloft and uses it to destroy Demise . With Demise dead , Zelda is freed , but Ghirahim arrives and kidnaps Zelda : though Demise is dead in the present , Ghirahim intends to use Zelda as a sacrifice to resurrect him in the past . Link pursues Ghirahim into the past and fights through his army . He then defeats Ghirahim , who turns out to be the spirit of Demise 's sword , but is unable to prevent Zelda 's soul from being used to reincarnate Demise ' humanoid form . Groose guards Zelda 's body while Link challenges Demise to single combat : Link triumphs , absorbing Demise 's essence into the sword , but not before Demise curses Link and Zelda 's bloodlines to be haunted by his reincarnated rage . To complete the sword 's seal , Link drives it into a pedestal in the Sealed Temple , with Fi accepting eternal slumber as a result . Groose , Link and the revived Zelda return to their time while Impa remains behind as she is a person of that time period and must watch over the Time Gate and Master Sword . In the present , the old woman greets them one last time before she dies and vanishes , revealing that she was Impa . The game ends with Zelda deciding to remain on the Surface to watch over the Triforce : she and Link together establish the kingdom of Hyrule . = = Production = = = = = Development and release = = = Skyward Sword began development in 2006 , after the release of The Legend of Zelda : Twilight Princess for GameCube and Wii . It was developed by Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development , a development division of series publisher Nintendo . Its producer was Eiji Aonuma , a major contributor to the Legend of Zelda series . His main preoccupation during these early stages was whether the developers could continue creating The Legend of Zelda titles using the same development mindset that had been used up to Twilight Princess . The game 's director was Hidemaro Fujibayashi : previously working as assistant director on The Legend of Zelda : Phantom Hourglass for the Nintendo DS , Skyward Sword was his first project for home consoles . He began work on Skyward Sword after finishing Phantom Hourglass , and continued working on the game alongside his work on The Legend of Zelda : Spirit Tracks . When Spirit Tracks was finished , Fujibayashi and the game 's development team transferred back to working on Skyward Sword . According to Aonuma , the team 's starting point for development was the Wii version of Twilight Princess : feeling they had not fully realized their goal of creating a vast and realistic world with Twilight Princess , they used their previous work as a foundation for the next title . They also sought to create a memorable experience equivalent to The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time , by that time considered the series ' most memorable title . Development lasted around five years , and according to series producer Shigeru Miyamoto , the game 's budget was considered quite high for a Nintendo project . The development time was initially estimated at three years , but difficulties and changes in the game 's development extended development time by a further two years : despite this , Miyamoto felt that this was not wasted development time as the first two years went into experimentation . By June 2011 , the game was complete aside from fine tuning and balancing its mechanics . A new Zelda title was first hinted at in April 2008 , when Miyamoto stated that the Zelda development team were reforming to create new games . Miyamoto later confirmed at the 2008 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) that a new Zelda was in development for the Wii . The game was officially unveiled at E3 2009 , although its official title remained unknown . Due to its in @-@ development state , Miyamoto could not show off gameplay as he had wished . Instead , he showed promotional art featuring Link and Fi . He also announced the game 's use of Wii MotionPlus , along with its planned 2010 release window . In a later interview , Aonuma 's comments on the game 's playability brought this release window into doubt . He also noted that his wish to focus on the new game meant that the release date of Spirit Tracks was shifted to the end of 2009 rather than its initial projected release in early 2010 . The game 's official title was announced at the event , along with its revised release period in 2011 and a playable demonstration . According to Miaymoto , the game was delayed from its planned 2010 release window as the staff felt that they would be releasing an unfinished product if they put the convenience of the company ahead of creating a quality experience . They used the extra year to both finish the core elements and polish up the game as a whole . Multiple promotional elements were created : a five @-@ part online comic was written and illustrated by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik under their Penny Arcade Presents series , and television commercials featuring actor and comedian Robin Williams and his daughter Zelda were made , playing on the actor 's stated love for the series . Skyward Sword released in all regions in November 2011 : it released in Europe on November 18 , North America on November 20 , Japan on November 23 , and Australia on November 24 . The game was released as both a standard edition and a limited deluxe edition that included a gold Wii Remote Plus . An anniversary CD was included with both editions containing orchestrated versions of various iconic musical pieces from the series . Following its release , a game @-@ breaking bug that corrupted save files if three late @-@ game events were taken in a certain order was discovered . Once revealed , Nintendo issued instructions on avoiding it and set up a special channel on their Wii site in Japan to gain feedback , along with offering to manually repair corrupted save files . = = = Scenario = = = The script for cinematic scenes was written by Naoki Mori , who joined the project for one and a quarter years in his role : the cinematic director was Shigeki Yoshida , who was brought on at the same time as and worked on the storyboards with Mori . The initial script was proposed by Fujibayashi based on his perception of the game 's structure . As the game 's theme was the use of the sword , and the sword most associated with the series was the Master Sword , the team decided to make it an origin story for the weapon . An early element was whether to incorporate the creation of Hyrule , while also needing to explain the creation of Skyloft : this initial stage of story development ended up being difficult as their initial story plans were full of contradictions to established series lore due to them wanting to create an origin story for the entire series . These issues were further complicated by the third year of development with the necessity of finalizing the gameplay and environments . Feigning illness , Fujibayashi shut himself away in a hotel room and wrote the synopsis in a single day . Mori wrote the dialogue based on Fujibayashi 's synopsis , who needed to work out the fine details with Fujibayashi . A scene Fujibayashi was intent on including was where Zelda jumped from the edge of Skyloft and Link caught her : this was fitted in for the two characters after the end of Link 's exam . The early part of the story was quite different from earlier Zelda titles , playing out in a similar way to a school drama . Once the script was finished , it was handed to Yoshida so his team could create the cinematics . The total number of cinematics was estimated as 79 , coming to over 120 minutes . The relationship between Link and Zelda was quite different from earlier incarnations , in particular the fact that Zelda was not a member of royalty . According to Aonuma , a recurring difficulty was how contrived the necessity for Link to rescue Zelda became with each passing installment , as their contact may only have been fleeting beforehand . In response to this , the team considered how to make the player care about Zelda and want to rescue her . Having the two characters as childhood friends both served this purpose and cut down on extraneous plot elements . They continued to encourage the player by having Link only just miss her on her early travels across the Surface . Mischievous elements were also added to Zelda 's personality by her pushing Link over an ledge : initially intended as a rule of three @-@ style gag , it was cut down to two during development . The figure of Hylia was a new addition to the world 's lore , although her existence was linked to Zelda , with the two being essentially the same character known under different names in subsequent ages . Groose , who acted as Link 's rival , was introduced to make the story more interesting within the school setting . Groose 's maturation during the course of the story was intended to help convey Link 's parallel growth as a character as he was otherwise mute and static . Fi was created before the implantation of Wii MotionPlus , when she was going to be part of some different undefined gameplay concepts unrelated to motion control . Her design was based on the design of the Master Sword , referencing her origins as the sword 's spirit . She also served as an alternative explanatory voice as Link was a silent protagonist . According to staff , Fi 's technical dialogue for each area of the game was written by different people , verbal inconsistencies arose that needed addressing , so Fujibayashi adjusted them all so she sounded consistent . Nearly all of Fi 's dialogue was ultimately written by Fujibayashi . Ghirahim was designed to be similar to the Dark Link character from Ocarina of Time : he could read Link 's movements , requiring players to think strategically to defeat him rather than simply swinging Link 's sword around randomly . Character designs were far more detailed than in previous Zelda titles . Clothing was frequently designed to complement backgrounds , such as Zelda 's pink and red dress in the opening . The game 's use of warm colors and brushstroke @-@ like aesthetics was inspired by impressionist artwork , pioneered in the 19th century by painters such as Claude Monet : a particular element cited by Miyamoto was the sky , which he called a tribute to the work of Paul Cézanne . The basic starting point for the art style was the fact of it being a fantasy world . The final version was referred to as a balance between the more overt cartoon styling of The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker and Twilight Princess , where the cartoon shading was transferred onto an older version of Link . The team settled this artstyle as it would properly portray the more exaggerated actions of some characters and general swordplay while preserving Link 's mature appearance . = = = Design = = = During development , the team faced a lot of problems when designing the game so it would be both familiar for series fans and fresh to old and new players . The pieces of gameplay experimentation meant that the development was " a more fundamental ground @-@ up process " than earlier titles such as The Wind Waker . Their earlier titles had involved lifting elements from earlier games and pasting them into a new entry , but for Skyward Sword the developers wanted to add a new play structure to avoid fans seeing it as more of the same . The original concept for gameplay using the Wii MotionPlus was proposed by Fujibayashi at a point when the team were already developing the gameplay around the console 's standard Wii Remote and Nunchuk control scheme . When first proposed , Aonuma was highly enthusiastic , and his wish to change to Wii MotionPlus meant that work on the game needed to begin all over again . The use of Wii MotionPlus proved challenging for the developers to implement , to the point where at one point Aonuma seriously considered dropping it from the game entirely . After the release of Wii Sports Resort , the team saw how motion controls could be used for swordplay : after talking with the development team , they were able to borrow the technology and used it to create the motion @-@ driven swordplay . The implementation of Wii MotionPlus meant that the enemy artificial intelligence needed to be able to counter it , adjusting their stances depending on the position of Link 's sword . When creating Link 's sword movements , the team initially wanted them to be as realistic as possible , but as this was being detrimental to the character 's portrayal , they had to include unrealistic movements to preserve the atmosphere . The Skyward Strike was initially born from Aonuma thinking up a possible mechanic of holding the sword still above Link : these also gave rise to the game 's title . Having sword fighting relying on Wii MotionPlus freed up other buttons on the controller , allowing the addition of the Dash sprinting option . So as not to interrupt the flow of gameplay , they incorporated other elements into the Dash function , such as scaling walls rather than just slamming into them . The Dowsing mechanic was created early on , based on the gameplay themes of discovery and exploration . Due to the introduction of Dowsing , the team did not have to create environmental landmarks for places and objects of importance as they had done in previous titles . So players would not get lost in the terrain , they also introduced the marker beacons . Items were designed so they could be visible in any area , such as the bright blue Bombs . They were also designed based on their original location : those from Skyloft used a bird motif , while those from other Surface regions used more intricate designs . The Beetle acted as a replacement for the Boomarang , as the team wanted an item that players could control . The Beetle and other pseudo @-@ technical items gave rise to the ancient mechanical theme that appeared in the Lanayru Desert region . At Miyamoto 's insistence , the more desirable items that were normally placed towards the end of a campaign were made available to players from an early stage . When designing items , the developers were faced with the usual problems of the interdependence of items and dungeons creating a chicken @-@ and @-@ egg scenario for the developers . The menu for Item access was also redesigned around the use of Wii MotionPlus . In past Zelda titles , the team had made numerous new fields for player exploration , but this time they limited the number of overworlds to three and expanded their content so players would be able to full appreciate them through repeated visits . The team also created the world based on their experiences with Twilight Princess : feeling that the overworld and dungeons were too large with puzzles too thinly dispersed , the team both sought to compact areas and have environmental puzzles in the overworld . The biggest difficulty was ensuring that players could reach areas quickly while still discovering new features and puzzles . The creation of the Skyloft overworld was due to difficulties connecting the three Surface @-@ based overworlds with each other due to drastically contrasting environments . The sky was initially going to be presented similar to the course selection screen from the Super Mario series , but this was changed to an overworld with its own quests and population so Link had a place where he could prepare for his adventures . An initial idea , when jumping down from the sky seemed unlikely to be approved , was to have a huge tower acting as a central hub , with the height at which Link jumped lengthening the duration of his free fall . Once the concept of traveling from the sky had been chosen instead , the Loftwing mounts were created so it looked and felt more rational to players . These overlapping gameplay mechanics triggered the creation of Skyloft , along with elements of the early game such as the Knight Academy . The continual movements and routines of Skyloft 's people were modeled after similar time @-@ driven mechanics from The Legend of Zelda : Majora 's Mask , with similar links between character @-@ specific side quests and the main narrative . Despite the aerial element , the mechanics necessary for free navigation meant a Loftwing racing minigame could not be implemented . Each Surface overworld had a specific theme : the forest overworld revolved around landforms altering gameplay , the volcano overworld focused around changing the rules of gameplay , while the desert overworld was themed around duality between past and present . The first areas , the Sealed Grounds and Faron Woods , were created so players could be eased into the game 's mechanics and navigation . While the forest areas were made to be mostly flat , the Eldin Volcano overworld was made with height differences in mind to provide a greater challenge . Elements in the volcano terrain included areas of lava , and slopes where Link 's sprinting ability would become necessary for reaching new areas . For the Lanayru Desert , the team created three different overworld zones due to its unique time shifting mechanics , triggered with Time Shift stones : this shifting between different zones was inspired by similar systems in Ocarina of Time and Twilight Princess . The portable Time Shift stones were one of many ideas included in the desert overworld as they did not fit with the forest or volcano environments . A difficult feature to include naturally was the remnants of Lanayru 's Ancient Civilization , which used electricity to power both its technology and citizens . Enemy types that recurred in all Surface @-@ based overworld areas were given slightly altered designs so they would be unique to each overworld . The Silent Realms were created as a new mechanic , filled with enemies that could not be defeated and relying on Link 's sprinting ability rather than his weapons or items . While they had experimented with indestructible enemies in Phantom Hourglass and Spirit Tracks , but this time it was changed by restricting Link 's options and actions . They also created a time limit for added strategy , as knowledge of the areas where the Spirit Realms were located was key to completing them . This was also why they were set up in areas players would already be familiar with . They were originally in the form of special dungeons , but this was discarded in favor of the familiar areas . = = = Audio = = = The game 's sound team consisted of ten people : five handling general sound design , and five handling music composition . Hajime Wakai acted as the game 's sound director and lead composer , with the other composers being Shiho Fujii , Mahito Yokota , and Takeshi Hama . Longtime series composer Koji Kondo had a supervisory role , only composing a single piece by himself : the music accompanying the prologue video describing the mythical origins of Demise and Hylia . He also helped in arranging the other composer 's pieces , using an electric piano and a Mac computer . Fujii was responsible for the music focused on environments , dungeons , boss battles : among her work was the music for Skyloft . She used art and environmental assets so that her compositions would fit in with their environments . A first for the Zelda series , the music was performed using a live orchestra rather synthesized instruments . It was the first time Nintendo EAD had used a live orchestra . Any previous orchestral elements in Twilight Princess , which amounted only to one track , were handled by their Tokyo division . Due to his experience , the department 's musical lead Yokota was brought on to help orchestrate the score . Aonuma initially did not think of using an orchestra , and was still sure the score would remain synthesized even after Wakai asked him about it . An orchestra was finally chosen after Miyamoto insisted upon it , a decision which surprised the entire team . Using the orchestra enabled a greater expression of emotion , which meant that they used it when creating scores for environments , cinematic scenes , and emotional moments within the story . Conversely , the team were given less freedom to adjust tracks as they had been able to with synthesized tracks . Something new they did for Skyward Sword was producing unique themes for specific characters such as Link and Zelda . They also added people singing songs , another element new to the series . One notable element was the game 's main theme " Ballad of the Goddess " , which was actually a reversed version of the recurring tune " Zelda 's Lullaby " . Due to the use of an orchestra and the sheer amount of extra work going into the sound design , the music team doubled in size from the standard five @-@ person group , and became the largest sound team at the time to have worked on a Nintendo game . The positive reception of the orchestral score within the company led to the creation of The Legend of Zelda 25th Anniversary Symphony Concert , a celebratory concert featuring orchestrated versions of classic Zelda themes . Music was also woven into the story and gameplay through the use of the harp Link receives , using a recurring theme within the series of music being a central part of the experience . In contrast to previous titles , the instrument could be played at any time rather than at specific times and places . = = Reception = = Skyward Sword received " universal " critical acclaim from multiple journalistic magazines and websites upon release : it received a score of 93 / 100 on aggregate site Metacritic based on 81 reviews . It was the site 's 10th highest scoring game of 2011 , and also ranked as the 6th best @-@ reviewed Wii game of all time . It received perfect scores from multiple publications : these included Famitsu , IGN , Eurogamer , Game Informer , Edge Magazine and VideoGamer.com. In the case of Famitsu , Skyward Sword was the third Zelda title and sixteenth video game in the magazine 's history to be given a perfect score at that time . Famitsu was highly positive , praising the overworld and gameplay : one reviewer felt that it would form the new standard for both the Zelda series and video games as a whole . Edge was highly positive about all aspects of the game aside from the player @-@ driven upgrade system , and even then it was not enough to spoil the experience for the reviewer . Nintendo Power gave it similar praise , saying that " it 's truly worthy of being called ' epic ' " . Ray Carsillo of Electronic Gaming Monthly appreciate the game 's nostalgic value , but found the motion control difficult to handle and kept the game from being truly great . Jose Otero , writing for 1UP.com , praised the developers for putting effort into moving away from Zelda tradition and called it one of the better games in the series , but said that those detrimental elements that remained such as side quests and some item usage made Skyward Sword " a weird middle ground filled with genuine surprises , inessential carry @-@ overs , and copy / paste quest structures " . GameSpot 's Tom McShea was notably less positive than other critics , praising the storyline , dungeons , enemies and visuals while faulting the controls for being unreliable and feeling that most of the experience felt both unnecessary and overly familiar . Destructoid 's Jonathan Holmes called Skyward Sword his new 3D game from the series , but noted that its exclusive use of motion controls would put off potential players . Oli Welsh of Eurogamer was highly positive , praising the controls , gameplay experience and additional elements such as upgrades : he gave particular praise to the game 's visuals , which were impressive despite hardware limitations . Game Informer 's Phil Kollar echoed both general praise of the gameplay and presentation , and minor issues experienced with the motion controls : he concluded by saying that Nintendo had fulfilled its initial promises for the Wii with Skyward Sword . GamesRadar 's Carolyn Gudmundson called it " perfectly balanced mix of innovation and classic Zelda gameplay " despite minor control issues . GameTrailers noted that , despite its many strengths such as a believable relationship between Link and Zelda , Skyward Sword represented the series ' " first gray hairs " due to some of its mechanics feeling dated in the modern gaming landscape . IGN 's Richard George felt that the game returned The Legend of Zelda to being a revolutionary series in the gaming industry , praising almost every aspect of the game with the exception of the soundtrack , which he felt did not live up to series standards despite its quality . Joystiq writer Griffin McElroy noted that a lot of the game 's content seemed unnecessary and extravagant , but said that beneath this surface lay " the best Zelda game of all time " . Steve Hogarty of Official Nintendo Magazine shared many points of praise with other positive journalist reviews , calling it the greatest game in the series to date . VideoGamer.com 's Chris Schilling called it one of the best Zelda games , praising its motion controls , narrative and treatment of series tradition . = = = Awards = = = Following its release , Skyward Sword won numerous awards . At IGN 's " Best of 2011 " awards , it was awarded " Best Game " , " Best Graphics " , " Best Sound " and " Best Story " in the Wii category . It was also given the " Reader 's Choice " award in the " Best Overall Game " category : it was also among those nominated as the site 's " Game of the Year " . In Digital Trends ' similar awards , it was named as " Best Action @-@ Adventure " and " Best Wii Exclusive " , and was nominated for the site 's " Game of the Year " award . RPGamer 's own " Best of 2011 " awards named Skyward Sword " Best Console and PC Game " and awarded it for " Best Music " . It also received " Game of the Year " awards from Electronic Gaming Monthly , GameSpot , Edge and Nintendo Power . It received " Excellence " and " Most Valuable Character " awards from Famitsu , the latter being awarded for the protagonist Link . It received multiple nominations in 2012 at the D.I.C.E. Awards , Game Developers Choice Awards and the BAFTA Games Awards . At Spike , the game won awards for " Best Wii Game " and " Best Motion Game " . Skyward Sword has since been ranked among the best games developed for the Wii . = = = Sales = = = Upon its Japanese debut , Skyward Sword sold nearly 195 @,@ 000 units , reaching the top of sales charts . Sales quickly declined , dropping out of the Top 20 within a few weeks . By the end of December , it had sold less than 320 @,@ 000 units : this was below equivalent sales for other recent home console and portable Zelda titles . The game 's sales were strong overall going into January 2012 , with its largest sales coming from North America . Its first month sales in North America came to around 600 @,@ 000 units , nearly double its Japanese sales . In the UK , Skyward Sword was the seventh best @-@ selling game of November in the multiformat charts , stated as impressive given the waning popularity of the platform . It was also the region 's top @-@ selling Wii title during its week of release , supplanting the previous week 's top seller Just Dance 3 . It failed to reach the top @-@ five best @-@ selling Wii titles for that year . Its total worldwide first @-@ week sales came to 919 @,@ 119 units . According to Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils @-@ Aime , Skyward Sword was the fastest selling title in the series at that time . As of December 2011 , the game has sold 3 @.@ 41 million units worldwide : 380 @,@ 000 of these units were sold in Japan while 3 @.@ 04 million units were sold overseas . = = Legacy = = When development started on the next home console Zelda title , The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild , the developers wanted to improve on what they had achieved with Skyward Sword , along with creating a non @-@ linear world based on player complaints about the linearity of Skyward Sword . Aonuma and Fujibayashi both returned respectively as producer and director . Aonuma 's stated wish with Breath of the Wild was to make " to expand and make a better Skyward Sword " . In addition , Aonuma stated that it might be possible to create an HD remake of Skyward Sword for current hardware . = = = External references = = = = = = Primary references = = = Nintendo EAD ( 2011 @-@ 11 @-@ 18 ) . The Legend of Zelda : Skyward Sword . Wii . Nintendo .
= Blackdown Hills = The Blackdown Hills are a range of hills along the Somerset @-@ Devon border in south @-@ western England , which were designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) in 1991 . The plateau is dominated by hard chert bands of Upper Greensand with some remnants of chalk , and is cut through by river valleys . The hills support an extensive range of wildlife leading to the designation of 16 Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSIs ) . There is evidence of human occupation since the Iron Age . Fortifications include the remains of ancient hill forts , Norman motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castles and Second World War airfields . There are also religious buildings such as Dunkeswell Abbey and village churches . The hills are crossed by a network of minor roads with major transport routes including the M5 motorway running around the periphery . = = Natural region = = The Blackdowns form a natural region that has been designated as a national character area - No. 147 - by Natural England , the public body responsible for England 's natural environment . Neighbouring natural regions are : the Devon Redlands to the west , the Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes to the north , the Mid Somerset Hills to the northeast , the Yeovil Scarplands to the east and the Marshwood and Powerstock Vales to the southeast . = = Geography = = Straddling the borders of Somerset and Devon , the Blackdown Hills AONB covers an area of 370 square kilometres ( 143 sq mi ) . Heavily cut with sharp valleys , the hills reach their highest point of 315 metres ( 1 @,@ 033 ft ) above sea level at Staple Hill in Somerset . The hills in the southern part of the area , near Honiton in Devon , are more gentle . The Blackdown Hills are a sparsely populated area ; much of the land is used for dairy farming . The River Culm rises at a spring ( grid reference ST2205016050 ) near Culmhead and flows west through Hemyock , then Culmstock to Uffculme before joining the River Exe on the north @-@ western outskirts of Exeter . The name of the river is thought to mean ' knot ' or ' tie ' , in reference to the river 's twists and loops ; or is derived from a Celtic river @-@ name meaning winding stream . The River Otter rises near Otterford , where a stream feeds the Otterhead lakes : ( ST225152 ) . It then flows south for 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) through East Devon to the English Channel at the western end of Lyme Bay . The Permian and Triassic sandstone aquifer in the Otter Valley is one of Devon 's largest groundwater sources , supplying drinking water to Taunton . The other rivers are the River Yarty and the Corry Brook . Villages in the northern , Somerset part of the hills include Staple Fitzpaine , Buckland St Mary , Whitestaunton , Wambrook and Churchstanton . The larger , more southerly area in Devon includes Dunkeswell , Upottery , Smeatharpe , Hemyock , Blackborough , Yarcombe , Membury , Stockland , Sheldon and Cotleigh . = = Geology = = The geology of the Blackdown Hills together with the adjoining East Devon AONB is unique in south @-@ west England , forming part of the only extensive outcrop of Upper Greensand in the region . The Blackdown Hills form a flat plateau dominated by hard chert bands , made up of clay with flints , of Upper Greensand with some remnants of chalk . The cretaceous rocks rest over eroded Jurassic and Triassic beds , with an outcrop of Rhaetian beds . In the western areas the Upper Greensand is devoid of calcareous material but the sands yield fossils of marine bivalves and gastropods ( snails ) preserved in silica . = = Climate = = Along with the rest of south @-@ west England , the Blackdown Hills have a temperate climate that is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England . The mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and shows a seasonal and a diurnal variation , but because of the modifying effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom ( UK ) . January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) and 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . July and August are the warmest months , with mean daily maxima around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . December is normally the most cloudy month and June the sunniest . High pressure over the Azores often brings clear skies to south @-@ west England , particularly in summer . Cloud often forms inland , especially near hills . The average annual sunshine totals around 1 @,@ 600 hours . Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection . In summer , convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds , and a large proportion of rain falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year . Average rainfall is around 35 – 60 inch ( 900 – 1500 mm ) . About 10 @-@ 20 days of snowfall is typical . From November to March , mean wind speeds are highest ; winds are lightest from June to August . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west . = = Ecology = = There are 16 Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSIs ) in the Blackdown Hills ranging from the 156 @-@ hectare ( 390 @-@ acre ) Black Down and Sampford Commons to Reed Farm pit at just less than 1 @-@ hectare ( 2 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ) . In total they cover 640 hectares ( 1 @,@ 600 acres ) , or just under 2 % of the AONB . Of these SSSIs 79 % are deemed by English Nature to be being positively managed . SSSI is a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom , selected by Natural England , for areas with particular landscape and ecological characteristics . It provides some protection from development , from other damage , and ( since 2000 ) from neglect , under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 . The grasslands , heathland , meadows and mire support extensive populations of birds such as barn owls ( Tyto alba ) and nightjar , with butterflies including marbled white ( Melanargia galathea ) , green hairstreak ( Callophrys rubi ) and the gatekeeper butterfly ( Pyronia tithonus ) . The flora includes the heath spotted @-@ orchid ( Dactylorhiza maculata ) , corky fruited water dropwort ( pimpinelloides ) , green @-@ winged orchid ( Anacamptis morio ) , heather ( Calluna vulgaris ) , lousewort ( Pedicularis ) and birds foot trefoil ( Lotus corniculatus ) . The hedgerows and woodlands are made up of ash , hazel ( Corylus ) , grey willow ( Salix cinerea ) and pedunculate oak ( Quercus robur ) which support populations of dormouse ( Gliridae ) , common lizards , siskin , stinking iris ( Iris foetidissima ) and the purple hairstreak butterfly ( Neozephyrus quercus ) . The rivers and streams are home to kingfisher , otter and the Daubenton 's bat . Blackdown and Sampford Commons have extensive surviving examples of the heathland , carr woodland and marshy grassland habitats that have developed on the acidic soils overlying the Greensand and Keuper Marls of the Blackdown Hills . The heathland supports a typical invertebrate fauna , including a wide variety of butterfly species , and with spiders notably abundant . The site is regionally important for birds which favour heathland habitats . Quants , a grassland clearing in a forestry plantation well known for its butterflies including Duke of Burgundy , marsh fritillary and wood white , is a candidate for Special Area of Conservation ( cSAC ) . These are designated under the European Commission Habitats Directive ( 92 / 43 / EEC ) as internationally important habitats . = = History = = Palaeoenvironmental studies have shown that organic material began to accumulate on the Blackdown Hills in the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods with areas of open meadow , grass land with small woodland components being identified . There are several Bronze Age burial sites including Robin Hood 's Butts near Otterford . Notable archaeological sites include the Iron Age hill forts at Membury Castle , Hembury and Castle Neroche . Hembury is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure near Honiton . It dates to the late fifth and early fourth millennia BC and is believed to have been the capital of the Dumnonii tribe . The fort is situated on a promontory to the north of and overlooking the River Dart at approx 178 m ( 584 ft ) above sea level . It has given its name to some of the earliest Neolithic pottery in southern Britain . An Iron Age hill fort was later built on the same site . There has been archaeological evidence found on the site of Roman Military occupation , suggesting a Fort within the existing Iron Age site . It is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument . Fourteen hill slope enclosures , dating from the Iron Age have been identified on the Blackdown Hills , and prehistoric remains , from about 100 BC , have been found in Hemyock . Castle Neroche is a Norman motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle on the site of an earlier hill fort near Staple Fitzpaine . The hill rises to 260 metres ( 853 ft ) on the northern escarpment of the Blackdown Hills . The castle was probably built by Robert of Mortain in the 11th century and probably went out of use in the 12th century . Around the crossroads at Staple Fitzpaine there are several large sandstone boulders . They are called devilstones and are said to have been thrown by the Devil from Castle Neroche . According to legend if you prick them with a pin they draw blood . English word ' Stapol ' means pillar or post and it is thought likely that this gave the village the first part of its name . The second part of the name comes from the Fitzpaine family who owned the manor between 1233 and 1393 . A Roman bath house and Edwardian folly in the village of Whitestaunton were excavated by the archaeological television programme Time Team . There is also evidence of iron workings in the Romano @-@ British period , at Dunkeswell , which radiocarbon dating has placed in the 2nd century . It has been suggested that these and other iron @-@ based technologies gave the hills a fairly industrial landscape during the Romano @-@ British period , providing a source of the name Blackdown Hills . Local iron ores were smelted at Hemyock in small bloomeries ( furnaces ) to produce pure iron until the Middle Ages . At Simonsburrow a battle between the native Britons and King Ine 's Saxon army , put an end ( temporarily ) to the Kings expansion to the west . In 710 , Ine and Nothhelm fought against Geraint of Dumnonia , according to the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle ; John of Worcester states that Geraint was killed in this battle . Ine 's advance brought him control of what is now Devon , the new border with Dumnonia being the river Tamar . Just to the north of Culmstock , at Culmstock Beacon , is one of a chain of Elizabethan beacons built to warn of possible invasion by the Spanish Armada . On 5 November 1380 , King Richard II granted Sir William and Lady Margaret Asthorpe a licence to crenellate the Hemyock manor house , meaning the permission to fortify it . Over the centuries , Hemyock Castle had many notable owners including Lord Chief Justice Sir John Popham . During the English Civil War it was held for Parliament , subjected to a brief but brutal siege and eventually slighted to destroy its military value . Parts of the castle walls , towers and moat still remain . They are a scheduled ancient monument and include displays of history and archaeology . The castle was also owned by General Sir John Graves Simcoe the first lieutenant @-@ governor of Upper Canada in 1792 . He is buried at Wolford Chapel near Dunkeswell . The chapel is now owned by the Province of Ontario . Early attempts were made by Charles I to enclose parts of the Blackdowns in the 1630s however this was opposed by the local lord and the commoners . He managed to enclose 1 @.@ 634 acres ( 6 @,@ 610 m2 ) and soon sold these , but many of the hedges and fences were removed during the English Civil War . This was followed by further attempts at enclosure in 1658 but again only about a third was successfully enclosed , which remained the situation until 1833 when the rest of the hills were enclosed . Coldharbour Mill was built around 1800 to exploit the available water power of the River Culm and was used for wool and yarn production until its commercial closure in 1981 . It is now managed by an educational trust and plays a role in telling the industrial history of the area . The Wellington Monument is located on Wellington Hill at grid reference ST137171 , 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) south of Wellington , Somerset . It was erected to celebrate the Duke of Wellington 's victory at the Battle of Waterloo . The foundation stone was laid in 1817 , on land belonging to the Duke , but the monument was not completed until 1854 . Its design was inspired by an Egyptian obelisk , but in the shape of the type of bayonet used by Wellington 's armies . It is now owned by the National Trust , and is floodlit at night . The artist Robert Polhill Bevan worked in the Blackdown Hills from 1912 – 1925 as a guest of landowner and amateur artist Harold Harrison . Until the end of his life Bevan continued to paint in the Bolham valley and nearby Luppitt his angular style sitting well with the strong patterning of the landscape . Many of the images that he produced in the area are now in national museums . In the Second World War , airbases were built at Dunkeswell , Upottery and Culmhead . Dunkeswell Aerodrome ( IATA : N / A , ICAO : EGTU ) was built in the Second World War by the RAF , briefly used by the USAF , and then the Fleet Airwing 7 of the USN . It was the only American Navy air base commissioned on UK soil during the Second World War . According to local legend , the Holman Clavel Inn is the home of a hearth spirit called Chimbley Charlie . = = Government and politics = = The Blackdown Hills have , since 1991 , been designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . As they have the same landscape quality , AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales . AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks : the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 . However , National Parks , unlike AONBs , have their own authorities and have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development . By contrast , there are very limited statutory duties imposed on local authorities within an AONB . Further regulation and protection of AONBs was added by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 . The total population of the Blackdown Hills AONB in 2001 was 13 @,@ 300 ; of which 10 @,@ 500 live in Devon and 2 @,@ 800 within Somerset . Many of the villages have their own parish councils which have some responsibility for local issues . The Blackdown Hills AONB is managed by a partnership of public bodies , local organisations and voluntary groups with an active interest in the hills . Funding is provided by Devon and Somerset County Councils , East Devon , Mid Devon , South Somerset and Taunton Deane Councils and Natural England . The AONB straddles the borders of three parliamentary constituencies : Tiverton and Honiton , Taunton Deane and Yeovil . The area is also part of the European Parliament 's South West England constituency . = = Religious sites = = Dunkeswell Abbey , a Cistercian monastery and offshoot of Forde Abbey , was founded in 1201 by William Briwere . The abbey was closed in 1539 and granted to Lord Russell . It was mostly demolished promptly , though a section remained in domestic use until the 19th century . In 1842 , a parish church was built on a part of the site . Some surviving fragments of monastery include the partial end wall of the cellerars range and parts of a gatehouse . Some carved fragments survive within the Victorian era church . The Church of St Peter in Staple Fitzpaine was originally built in the Norman style , and has a Norman doorway reset in the south aisle . The chancel dates from the 14th century ; the north aisle was added and the church refenestrated in the 15th century . The tower dates from about 1500 . The south porch and the vestry are much more recent , dating from 1841 . The crenellated 3 @-@ stage tower , has merlons pierced with trefoil headed arches set on a quatrefoil pierced parapet . The church has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building . = = Transport = = The Blackdown Hills are crossed by a network of minor roads . There are several major roads including the A30 , A303 and A35 . The M5 motorway is at the northwestern boundary of the AONB . The Bristol to Exeter line and the remains of the Grand Western Canal run , quite close in places , to the west of the M5 motorway but do not pass through the Blackdown Hills . The Culm Valley Light Railway opened in 1876 , having been built by local enterprise . The line was purchased by the Great Western Railway , which had operated it from the start , in 1880 . The line closed to passengers in 1963 but served the milk depot at Hemyock until its closure in 1975 . Dunkeswell Aerodrome ( IATA : N / A , ICAO : EGTU ) is now a busy civilian airfield with a mix of light aircraft , microlights and parachuting . = = Economy = = The Blackdown Hills AONB is unique in that there are no towns or cities within its boundary . Employment opportunities are concentrated in the surrounding towns and in a number of small @-@ scale industrial parks — notably around Dunkeswell airfield . A resurgence of interest in local and sustainable food production has led to significant growth in the number and variety of small @-@ scale food and drink businesses in the area in recent years . Tourism is also a significant contributor to the local economy with visitors attracted by activities such as walking and riding . The Blackdown Hills Business Association was established as a member organisation in 2002 to encourage and support all businesses that are based in or serve the Blackdown Hills . Membership stands at around 400 businesses .
= On My Way ( Glee ) = " On My Way " is the fourteenth episode and winter finale of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the fifty @-@ eighth overall . Written by Roberto Aguirre @-@ Sacasa and directed by Bradley Buecker , the episode aired on Fox in the United States on February 21 , 2012 . It features New Directions competing against the Dalton Academy Warblers at the Regionals show choir competition , Rachel ( Lea Michele ) and Finn ( Cory Monteith ) moving up their wedding , the return of special guest stars Jeff Goldblum and Brian Stokes Mitchell as Rachel 's fathers , and the attempted suicide of Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) . The episode received a strong and varied reaction from reviewers . Most heaped praise on the scenes featuring Karofsky , both the events leading up to his suicide attempt and when Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) visited him in the hospital . However , many felt the strength of this storyline unbalanced the episode , and the rest of the episode , particularly the Regionals competition and the Rachel and Finn wedding storyline , did not measure up . The final scene , which ended with Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) being in a potentially fatal car crash , was controversial . The only song that was given a strongly enthusiastic reception was " Cough Syrup " , which was sung by Blaine ( Darren Criss ) and used to soundtrack the Karofsky suicide sequence . The other songs , all performances for the Regionals competition , received a mixture of reviews . Five of the six singles released from this episode charted on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 ; the mash @-@ up of " Fly " and " I Believe I Can Fly " performed by New Directions charted the highest in the US , while " What Doesn 't Kill You ( Stronger ) " performed by the Troubletones as part of the New Directions set charted the best of the five in Canada . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 7 @.@ 46 million American viewers and received a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership was up from " Heart " , which aired the previous week . = = Plot = = With the Regionals Competition imminent , Dalton Academy Warblers captain Sebastian Smythe ( Grant Gustin ) threatens to post a sexually explicit photoshopped picture of Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) on the Internet unless New Directions co @-@ captain Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) withdraws from the competition . Rachel , who believes that her performance is crucial to her admission to NYADA , refuses to do so , which angers Finn . Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) is outed at his school and subsequently bullied by his teammates in the locker room . He is also mercilessly attacked online . Karofsky , devastated , attempts suicide by hanging , but is saved in time by his father . The news causes shock at his old school , McKinley High : Members of the staff believe they could have done more to help him when he had been a student there , while Kurt blames himself for ignoring Karofsky 's repeated phone calls that week . It also shocks Sebastian , who had cruelly rebuffed Karofsky at a gay bar , and he destroys the photos of Finn , thus abandoning his attempt at blackmail . New Directions coach Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) has all of the members reveal something they are looking forward to in the future , to remind them that no matter how low they think their lives have sunk , they should not forget what is ahead of them . Rachel and Finn apologize to each other , and decide to get married the day after Regionals . Regionals opens with the Warblers performing two songs , " Stand " and " Glad You Came " , and the second group , the Golden Goblets , are strong performers as well . In the choir room , before New Directions goes on , Finn announces that he and Rachel are getting married afterward , and tells the group to live each day as if it is their last . New Directions opens their set with a mash @-@ up of " Fly " and " I Believe I Can Fly " , which is followed by a Troubletones performance of " What Doesn 't Kill You ( Stronger ) " . Rachel ends the set by performing " Here 's to Us " , and New Directions wins the competition , with the Warblers finishing second . Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) asks cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) to allow her to rejoin the Cheerios , but Sue refuses , although she confides in Quinn that she is pregnant . However , following Regionals , she changes her mind , and gives Quinn a cheerleading uniform . Quinn also changes her mind about Finn and Rachel 's marriage and tells Rachel that she now supports it , and hopes it isn 't too late to be a bridesmaid . Hiram Berry ( Jeff Goldblum ) and Burt Hummel ( Mike O 'Malley ) attempt to devise a last @-@ minute scheme to derail the wedding . Rachel is reluctant to start without Quinn , who has driven home to pick up her bridesmaid 's dress , and texts Quinn to find out where she is . Quinn is responding to Rachel 's text when a truck crashes into the driver 's side of her car . = = Production = = " On My Way " is the second episode to be written by co @-@ producer Roberto Aguirre @-@ Sacasa , whose first episode was this season 's " The First Time " ; the episode was directed by co @-@ executive produce Bradley Buecker . The cast began work on the episode on January 30 , 2012 ; the final two numbers for the previous episode , " Heart " , were filmed on the following day , January 31 , 2012 . The Regionals competition scenes concluded the filming for the episode , and were shot on the two days ending February 8 , 2012 . Special guest stars Jeff Goldblum and Brian Stokes Mitchell return as Rachel 's fathers Hiram and LeRoy Berry . Other recurring guest stars include glee club members Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) , Rory Flanagan ( Damian McGinty ) and Sugar Motta ( Vanessa Lengies ) , Dalton Academy Warbler Sebastian Smythe ( Grant Gustin ) , Kurt and Finn 's parents Burt Hummel ( Mike O 'Malley ) and Carole Hudson @-@ Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) , former McKinley student Dave Karofsky ( Max Adler ) and his father Paul ( Daniel Roebuck ) , Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , football coach Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) , and new McKinley transfer student Joe Hart ( Samuel Larsen ) . Glee co @-@ creator Ian Brennan appeared in the episode as a Regionals competition judge named Svengoobles , a parody of the character Svengoolie . NeNe Leakes , who plays coach Roz Washington , was announced by a Fox press release as guest starring in the episode , and Leakes and Chris Colfer both tweeted a picture of the two of them together from the set during the filming of the Regionals competition , but the scenes shot with Leakes did not appear in the episode as broadcast , nor was she credited . A scene between Rachel and Quinn , which was shown during a promo for the episode , also did not appear , having been cut " for time " , but it was released as a YouTube video on August 2 , 2012 , by executive producer Ryan Murphy . The episode features performances of cover versions of eight songs , and seven of them are being released as six singles , available for downloading , with the two @-@ song mash @-@ up released as one single . The songs on the singles include " Cough Syrup " by Young the Giant , performed by Darren Criss ; " Glad You Came " by The Wanted and " Stand " by Lenny Kravitz , performed by the Dalton Academy Warblers ; Kelly Clarkson 's " What Doesn 't Kill You ( Stronger ) " performed by the Troubletones , a mash @-@ up of " Fly " by Nicki Minaj featuring Rihanna with R. Kelly 's " I Believe I Can Fly " performed by New Directions ; and " Here 's to Us " by Halestorm , performed by Michele and New Directions . The eighth song is performed by a glee club from the school Our Lady of Perpetual Sorrow : Eric Barnum 's setting of Lord Byron 's poem " She Walks in Beauty " . The vocal rendition comes from a 2008 recording by University of Redlands ' Madrigal Singers . The soundtrack uses the original " Chapel of Love " by The Dixie Cups during the episode 's final sequence ; the song was briefly covered by Hiram and LeRoy Berry in the previous episode , " Heart " . The teen suicide storyline , and the public service announcement broadcast during the episode for The Trevor Project , an organization that works to prevent LGBT suicide , resulted in a record number of calls to the project 's hotline and record traffic for its website . According to Trevor Project cofounder Peggy Rajski , because the show " worked in conjunction " with them , they were prepared in advance to handle the greater hotline traffic , which was " triple the [ usual ] number of calls " ; they also saw a nearly sevenfold increase to 10 @,@ 000 website visitors on the evening the program aired . The " idea for a character to get into a texting @-@ while @-@ driving accident " has been under consideration since April 2010 , and was inspired by the appearance of the show 's cast early that month on The Oprah Winfrey Show . At the time , the cast members signed contracts at Winfrey 's behest , pledging not to text while they were driving . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " On My Way " was first broadcast on February 21 , 2012 in the United States on Fox . It received a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and attracted 7 @.@ 46 million American viewers during its initial airing , an increase over the 2 @.@ 8 / 8 rating / share and 6 @.@ 99 million viewers of the previous episode , which was broadcast on February 14 , 2012 . Viewership increased slightly in Canada , where 1 @.@ 74 million viewers watched the episode on the same day as its American premiere . It was the fifteenth most @-@ viewed show of the week , down two slots but up about 1 % from the 1 @.@ 72 million viewers who watched " Heart " the previous week . In the United Kingdom , " On My Way " first aired on March 29 , 2012 , and was watched on Sky 1 by 763 @,@ 000 viewers . Viewership was down over 3 % from " Heart " , which attracted 792 @,@ 000 viewers when it aired the week before . In Australia , " On My Way " was broadcast on March 23 , 2012 . It was watched by 558 @,@ 000 viewers , which made Glee the fifteenth most @-@ watched program of the night , down from fourteenth two weeks before , when the previous episode , " Heart " , aired . Actual viewership declined less than 1 % from the 563 @,@ 000 viewers on March 9 , 2012 . = = = Critical reception = = = There was a strong and varied reaction to the episode by reviewers . Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone described it as " an emotional rollercoaster that at times may have been jarring or heavy @-@ handed , but overall did what a winter finale should : gave us plenty of surprises , while setting things up for the future " . IGN 's Robert Canning was " won over by a powerfully acted and directed story " and gave the episode a " great " rating of 8 @.@ 0 out of 10 ; he noted that " as is often the case , the smaller stories involving Karofsky and Quinn were more successful than larger arcs like Rachel and Finn 's " . Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle said that rather than " a million different storylines " there were a few " really good ones " and added , " It was chaos , but controlled chaos . " The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff wrote , " The sequence in which Karofsky prepared himself for death was , unquestionably , one of the best things Glee has ever done . " He added that it was " all the more a shame " that it occurred in an episode that did not know how to make effective use of " the impact of that moment " , and he gave the episode as a whole a " D " grade . In a similar vein , James Poniewozik of Time said , " the beginning of the episode was a very effective 15 minutes or so of television " , but said that was also the episode 's problem . Michael Slezak of TVLine noted that the show 's " audacity " allowed it " to tackle some of the most important issues of the day with a headiness and honesty that aren ’ t merely refreshing , but absolutely necessary " , and added , " If I ’ ve got any complaint with the episode , it would have to be that for a show that ’ s billed as a musical comedy , there certainly weren ’ t many laughs , and the musical interludes seemed like something of an afterthought " . In a similar vein , Billboard 's Rae Votta wrote , " Any thoughts that Glee is , in fact , a comedy should be soundly crushed by now . It 's a fantastical reality , and sometimes you laugh at that , but other times you cry . " The sequence where Karofsky attempts suicide was greatly praised on many levels ; Slezak called it " as devastating as anything I ’ ve seen on TV this year " . Canning wrote that " the initial locker room scene was heartbreaking " and " Max Adler 's subtle facial expressions were brilliant " . Crystal Bell of HuffPost TV applauded Adler " for doing such an amazing job " on the suicide scene . She stated , " I would have preferred if Karofsky 's story line would have been the focus of the entire episode . " BuddyTV 's John Kubicek was critical of the entire storyline , and wrote that teen suicide was " one of those incredibly sensitive issues " that " shouldn 't be taken on so directly by a light , silly musical comedy like Glee " . VanDerWerff commented that " as the show got the little details of Karofsky 's desperate act just right , the whole thing took on a weight " , and singled out the scene " where the teachers talked about what had happened and the smash cut to Karofsky 's father screaming at him to get up " as " heart @-@ wrenching " ; he added , " This was the Glee I had first loved , the Glee that could blend music and romance and comedy and highly volatile drama into one cocktail " , though he also said that the episode had failed to " pay off those emotions " . Bell declared that " best scene in the entire episode is when Kurt visits Karofsky in the hospital " . Joseph Brannigan Lynch of Entertainment Weekly called it " one of the most touching scenes of this season " and " guileless , well @-@ acted and eye @-@ watering " . Votta wrote , " As always , Kurt and Karofsky 's scenes shine as the strongest in whichever episode they 're featured . " MTV 's Kevin P. Sullivan wrote that the episode " jammed in Regionals , something that used to matter " , and did so without any " meaningful buildup to the competition " . Poniewozik described the competition showdown as " unconnected with the episode we began watching " , and Canning said that " Regionals just got in the way " and the performances " did a disservice to what was going on with Karofsky " . Votta characterized the McKinley victory as " so secondary to the point of this episode that it feels completely anticlimactic " , and VanDerWerff summarized , " When New Directions hoists that trophy aloft at the end , it ’ s about the least compelling victory for the group yet . " VanDerWerff said that Morrison had " a nice moment when he underplays the scene where he talks about how Will once contemplated suicide after getting caught cheating on a test " , though while Lynch thought the " idea of the scene was nice " , it was " more awkward than meaningful " . Slezak called it " the worst moment of the episode " , and criticized the " utter lack of context " regarding what else Will might have been going through . Kubicek described it as an " embarrassingly uncomfortable speech " , and Will 's implicit comparison of cheating on a test to the stresses of teenage homosexuality was " just wrong " . VanDerWerff thought that the next part of the sequence had " a smallness , a realness to the scene that 's kind of beautiful , really " , and that it feels " like they 're actual high school kids " ; Votta commented that " as the kids admit all the things they are looking forward to " , it reminds viewers why they are " rooting for this ragtag bunch " . The wedding of Rachel and Finn did not excite interest among reviewers . Votta said the plot " continues to feel exhausting " and was " small in comparison to the other threads going on " , and Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal called it the " most preposterous of all " the storylines . VanDerWerff wrote , " I can buy that Finn and Rachel would be that stupid as to think getting married would perk everybody right on up " , as could Votta , who likened it to " people needing to find [ something ] positive to focus " on , " even if that supposedly positive thing is its own train wreck " . The Washington Post 's Jen Chaney wondered why the showed " squander [ ed ] the presence of Jeff Goldblum and Brian Stokes Mitchell for the second week in a row " . Bell lauded the " brilliant conversation between Quinn and Sue toward the end where Sue told Quinn that she admired her " . Lynch though that Kurt was " out of line " when he " declared Quinn didn 't know what it was like to truly suffer " . He noted that she was " kicked out of her house and disowned by her father while pregnant " and added , " she 's suffered plenty for a teenager " . He said about the episode 's final scene , which ended as the car Quinn was driving was about to be hit by a rapidly moving truck , " you can 't help but feel sucker @-@ punched when something like this happens " . Flandez called it a " cowardly ending " , but Canning praised the " good cliffhanger " , and the " subtle enough " storytelling that did not " telegraph anything " before the closing sequence . A number of reviewers praised Sebastian 's villainous ways despite his decision to abandon his blackmail attempt . Futterman noted that people had just gotten " used to the idea of a well @-@ played villain on the show " , while Amy Reiter of The Los Angeles Times expressed doubt about a complete conversion : " We 'll see how long that lasts . " Slezak called him a " gem when it comes to delivering spicy one @-@ liners " , though he was less enthusiastic about the character 's vocal solos , as was Canning , who nevertheless hailed Sebastian as a " fine nemesis " . Absent more screen time for the Karofsky storyline , Bell said that the episode " felt more like a PSA " as it " plugged everything from The Trevor Project to Lady Gaga 's Born This Way Foundation " . Flandez stated that " this incredibly monumentous message of hope became sullied with unexpected product placements : Edible Arrangements , Peanut Butter & Co . , even Sex and the City 3 . " Sullivan was unsure whether the God Squad 's plan to bring " an Edible Arrangement to Karofsky " was a " poorly timed joke or product placement " , but deemed it " regrettable either way " . = = = Music and performances = = = The musical performances were given a mixed response by reviewers . Canning wrote that " the performances of the episode didn 't measure up " to the non @-@ musical material , and " were bland and flat " , while Chaney characterized them as " often lackluster " and added that they were part of " the most boring regionals competition ever " . Hankinson , however , called it a " night of very solid performances " . Chaney said that Criss " did a fine job " with the first number , " Cough Syrup " , which was sung during the Karofsky suicide sequence , and gave it a " B " . Futterman said Blaine " flawlessly deliver [ ed ] the vocal " . Lynch called it a " chilling rendition " that was " hard to shake " and gave it an " A − " , the same grade given by Slezak , who wrote , " taken on its own , Blaine 's vocal was strong and passionate — perhaps better than the original " . Hankinson said it was the " best " of the episode , and added that the " scene was really , really well done and carried maximum emotional punch " . The Regionals songs by the Warblers were given a lukewarm reception . " Stand " was characterized by Lynch as " bouncy fun , but in a bland , forgettable sense " , and " Glad You Came " as " rather unmemorable " ; both songs received a " B − " grade . Slezak gave the two songs a " C + " , and called Sebastian 's lead vocals " as bland as a bowl of plain lasagna noodles " , and Canning described his as " a weak voice that doesn 't deliver a very convincing performance " . Votta described " Stand " as " lackluster and mild " , but called " Glad You Came " the " strongest Warbler number since Blaine 's defection " . She added , " It 's catchy and well @-@ choreographed , and if Sebastian 's addition to the Warblers spurred them to finally take their in @-@ Dalton dance @-@ heavy and exuberant performance style to competition , then it 's a welcome one . " Hankinson noted that the Warblers " performed two wonderful songs " that were new to him . Flandez and Chaney , among others , wished it were Blaine leading the Warblers , not Sebastian . Chaney wrote that the mash @-@ up of " Fly " and " I Believe I Can Fly " was " an unexpectedly lovely mix " and gave it a " B + " . Futterman said it " seamlessly " wove the two " into an uplifting and thematically appropriate mash @-@ up " , and credited Santana and Blaine with " an impressive job on Minaj 's rap verses , while Rachel , Artie and Mercedes split tastefully understated solos " . Slezak credited " solid vocals from Artie , Finn , Rachel , and Mercedes , and some not terrible rapping from Blaine and Santana " , but he thought the number " lacked the epic scope you want from a Regionals showdown " and disliked the song " I Believe I Can Fly " ; his grade was a " B − " . Votta characterized the mashup as " just off " and " better visually than it is just to listen to the track " . Lynch said Santana had " attitude to spare " in her rap and New Directions " harmonized wonderfully on this very re @-@ listenable mash @-@ up " , and gave it a " B + " grade . Slezak said that the vocals on " What Doesn 't Kill You ( Stronger ) " were " fantastic " and graded the song an " A − " . Flandez called the Troubletones " fine , fierce and fabulous " , though Chaney wrote that the rendition was " a fairly routine take " . Chaney and Slezak both wondered about the extra girls in the number , but Lynch simply said , " Nice to get a little Troubletones action separate from ( but still part of ) the New Directions " . Lynch 's grade was a " B " , in part because Mercedes 's voice " seemed strangely buried " . Reviewers of " Here 's to Us " differed on what they felt worked and didn 't . Lynch said the song " seemed the wrong fit " for Rachel — " not horrible , but a misfire " — and gave it a " B − " . Chaney was more critical of the song itself when she gave her " C + " grade and described it as " so bland " that it " had little emotional impact " despite Michele 's " determined ferocity " . Votta called the number " pretty " but said the placement of the boys in the balconies was " cute but not really compelling as a staged performance " . Slezak stated that it was " hard to find any fault with Lea Michele 's vocal performances " and gave it a " B + " , and Futterman wrote , " It 's bouyant [ sic ] and celebratory , and Rachel kills it . " = = = Chart history = = = Of the six singles released for the episode , five debuted on US and Canadian top 100 charts . The mash @-@ up of " Fly " and " I Believe I Can Fly " was the highest debut in the US at number fifty @-@ six on the Billboard Hot 100 , followed by " Cough Syrup " at number sixty @-@ five , " What Doesn 't Kill You ( Stronger ) " at number sixty @-@ six , " Here 's to Us " at number seventy @-@ three and " Glad You Came " at number ninety . The chart order was different on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 , where " ( What Doesn 't Kill You ) Stronger " had the highest debut at number fifty @-@ one , " Fly / I Believe I Can Fly " debuted at number fifty @-@ nine , " Here 's to Us " at number sixty @-@ four , " Cough Syrup " at number sixty @-@ seven and " Glad You Came " at number seventy @-@ four . The singles also had an effect on the charting of the original versions of three of the songs . Kelly Clarkson 's " Stronger ( What Doesn 't Kill You ) " moved back into first place from fourth on the Billboard Hot 100 , and from fourth to third , equalling its previous best showing , on the Canadian Hot 100 . It was beaten there by The Wanted 's " Glad You Came " , which was that chart 's " greatest gainer " , and moved from number twenty @-@ six to number two , its highest position on the Canadian chart to date . " Glad You Came " also made a big jump in the US , and went from number eighteen to number five . " Cough Syrup " by Young the Giant debuted on both charts , at number ninety @-@ five in the US and number eighty @-@ two in Canada , and was the first time the group had been on the Billboard Hot 100 , though the song had previously " bubbled under " the chart at number 117 .
= She 's Done it Again = She 's Done it Again is a 1910 American silent short comedy written by Lloyd Lonergan and produced by the Thanhouser Company in New Rochelle , New York . A thief named Sikes decides to rob a society woman who falsely claimed to have been robbed when she in fact pawned her jewelry . A gentleman thief strikes and robs her , but no one believes her . The thief is caught only by a clever detective . The film was the third release of the Thanhouser company and featured the leading players , Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane . The film was met with positive reviews , but is presumed to be lost . = = Plot = = The official synopsis of the film survives in The Moving Picture World . It states : " Sikes , a gentleman of the Raffles order , reads in the paper that Mrs. Eldridge , a young society woman , who alleged that she had been robbed of her jewels , confessed that she had in reality pawned them - admitting that the robbery was a prearranged affair in which she played the leading role and her maid the supporting one . Sikes decides to have it appear that the lady robbed herself a second time . Disguised as a clergyman , he obtains the jewels . Naturally , everybody believes Mrs. Eldridge [ is lying ] again [ ... ] ! And then - a clever detective turns up and shows [ that the ] public opinion [ is ] mistaken by fastening the offense on the real offender . " It is likely that Anna Rosemond played the role of Mrs. Eldridge and that Frank H. Crane played the role of Sikes . = = Production = = The scenario was written by Lloyd F. Lonergan . Lonergan was the writer of both of the previous productions , The Actor 's Children and St. Elmo . This release marked the first comedy release of a scenario written by Lonergan and also the first comedy produced by the Thanhouser company . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman still employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser , averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915 . Film historian Q. David Bowers attributes the director of the production to Lloyd B. Carleton , the stage name of Carleton B. Little . He would direct a number of films for the Thanhouser Company before moving to the Biograph Company by the summer of 1910 . Bowers also credits Blair Smith as the cameraman . The two known credits in the film are for the leading players Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane . Rosemond was one of two leading ladies for the first year of the company and joined in the autumn of 1909 , their first year of productions . Crane was involved in the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company from 1909 . Crane was the first leading man of the company and acted in numerous productions before becoming a director at Thanhouser . = = Release and reception = = The film was released on March 29 , 1910 and was met with some positive reviews . The film was known to have an alternate or working title of The Liar and the Thief , which is credited by Bowers and appears in an index in the Moving Picture World . Another reference for the film instead shortens the name to Done it Again . Two reviews for the film would appear in Moving Picture World , with the first praising the release and using a testimonial by Ray Norton to support that it is a good comedy . The second review was more nuanced and descriptive by highlighting the original plot and stating , " The acting is sympathetic - one almost wants to say vigorous , and the photographer has performed his part satisfactorily . The combination of these elements has contributed to the success of the picture . " The film had advertisements announcing its showing in Pennsylvania and Indiana . The film is presumed lost , but a surviving film still exists from a quarter @-@ page advertisement in Billboard .
= Operation Hardboiled = Operation Hardboiled was a Second World War military deception . Undertaken by the Allies in 1942 , it was the first attempt at deception by the London Controlling Section ( LCS ) and was designed to convince the Axis powers that the Allies would soon invade German @-@ occupied Norway . The LCS had recently been established to plan deception across all theatres , but had struggled for support from the unenthusiastic military establishment . The LCS had little guidance in strategic deception , an activity pioneered by Dudley Clarke the previous year , and was unaware of the extensive double agent system controlled by MI5 . As a result , Hardboiled was planned as a real operation rather than a fictional one . Clarke had already found this approach to be wasteful in time and resources , preferring to present a " story " using agents and wireless traffic . Resistance to the operation by the chosen units meant that much of the preparation was not completed . Adolf Hitler ordered the reinforcement of Scandinavia in March and April 1942 , before Hardboiled was shelved in May . It is unclear to what extent the operation contributed to his decision . Despite its limited impact , the operation gave the LCS experience in planning deceptions , and laid the groundwork for future exploitation of Hitler 's belief that Northern Europe was strategically important . = = Background = = Strategic deception was a new topic for the Allies , having been pioneered in 1941 in Cairo by Dudley Clarke and his Advanced Headquarters ' A ' Force . Following a presentation in September by Clarke , the Joint Planning Staff of the British War Ministry decided that a special organisation should be set up to plan and execute deception operations . They recommended that a " controlling section " be set up to oversee strategic deception planning , which would then be put into practice at the operational level by the armed services . The idea was approved and Clarke was offered the role . After he declined , the Chiefs of Staff chose Colonel Oliver Stanley , the former Secretary of State for War , as the new Controlling Officer . Stanley had great difficulty in convincing the Allied military establishment , which was sceptical of strategic deception and resistant to the idea of a central planning authority , to take part in an operation . Despite obtaining a few staff officers , the London Controlling Section ( LCS ) was , in the words of one member , in a state of " near impotence " . In December 1941 Stanley received permission to plan the LCS 's first operation , following several months of pressure on the Allied command . = = Planning = = Hardboiled had no specific goal for the Allies , other than to convince the Germans of an imminent invasion threat against Norway . Clarke had already established that deception operations should have a clear idea of what the enemy was supposed to do ( rather than what they were expected to think ) . Stanley was unaware of this , not being in communication with Clarke 's department in Cairo . As a result , the objective for Hardboiled was chosen because the resources existed and it would not affect real future operations ( planners had already rejected Norway as a viable target ) , rather than for any strategic advantage it brought the Allies . Stanley was also unaware of the extensive double agent network under the control of the Twenty Committee , having merely been told that MI5 had an avenue through which to pass information to the enemy . Stanley at first proposed that the notional target should be Narvik or Trondheim . Allied commanders decided these were implausible targets because of their northern location and an amphibious landing at Stavanger was chosen , based on planning for Operation Dynamite ( a previously considered , and rejected , invasion of the country ) . The date of the fictional invasion was set for 1 May 1942 . Hardboiled was planned as a real operation , involving actual training and troop movements , culminating in the embarkation of a fake invasion . The plan relied on German intelligence , rumour and leaks to convey the deception to the enemy . Clarke and ' A ' Force had already discovered in previous operations that realistic training was wasteful , having found that much of the effort could be falsified using agents and wireless traffic . The LCS lacked guidance from Cairo and so made many of the same mistakes . The LCS also lacked knowledge of MI5 's Double @-@ Cross System and its double agents . The department were unaware that no uncontrolled German operatives were active in the UK , and so incorrectly believed any deception would have to be highly realistic to appear genuine . Before the operation could go into action , Stanley had one final objection ; he found the codename Hardboiled " silly " . LCS member Dennis Wheatley had picked it from a book of codewords , and explained to Stanley ( who was unaware ) that the name had been randomly selected so as to bear no relation to the operation 's aims . = = Operation = = The Royal Marines Division were earmarked for Hardboiled , trained in mountain warfare , and given cold weather equipment . Realistic invasion plans were drawn up and Norwegian currency was stockpiled . These preparations met with considerable resistance from the armed forces , who considered the operation to be a waste of effort . The need for soldiers in real operations and training meant that , in the end , a lot of the preparation never occurred . The LCS attempted passive deception as part of Hardboiled . Agents canvassed Norwegian refugees for information about Stavanger and for possible interpreters . The hope was that rumours would reach neutral countries and filter back to the German intelligence network . Some deception was also passed on via agents . = = Impact = = Hardboiled soon petered out as the Royal Marines were required for an amphibious operation in Madagascar in July 1942 . It had appeared effective , as during April and May the Germans had reinforced the region . Historian Joshua Levine notes that Hitler had a " near @-@ obsession with defence of Scandinavia " during this period and that it is unclear how much the operation had contributed to his strategy . Michael Howard , who wrote the official British history of strategic deception , attributes the lacklustre response to severe setbacks the Allies were then facing on every front , and writes that it is difficult to imagine the Germans believing that a major offensive operation was being planned . The operation did not give the Allies any tactical or strategic advantage ; Howard notes that it provided experience for the planners in handling deception and for the Twenty Committee in proving the worth of double agents . Terry Crowdy , writing in 2008 , argued that any experience that the LCS attained was limited by the lack of guidance from Cairo and knowledge of double agents . Dudley Clarke had already shown that the most effective method of deception involved the use of agents and faked wireless traffic , rather than major training and troop movements . Hardboiled was the first deception plan aimed at Norway . It led into several others , including Operation Tindall and Operation Solo , culminating in the 1944 Operation Fortitude North , one of the Allies ' largest and most successful deceptions . In May 1942 , John Bevan replaced Stanley as head of the LCS , after the latter had asked Winston Churchill for permission to re @-@ enter politics . At the same time , the committee was given much broader powers . Hardboiled was sidelined by the new regime , and had been dropped entirely from the LCS programme by the end of May .
= Exhumation and reburial of Richard III of England = The exhumation and reburial of Richard III began with the discovery of the king 's remains within the site of the former Greyfriars Friary Church in Leicester , England , in September 2012 . Following extensive anthropological and genetic testing , the remains of Richard III , the last English king killed in battle , were ultimately reinterred at Leicester Cathedral on 26 March 2015 . Richard III , the final ruler of the Plantagenet dynasty , was killed on 22 August 1485 in the Battle of Bosworth Field , the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses . His body was taken to Greyfriars Friary in Leicester , where it was buried in a crude grave in the friary church . Following the friary 's dissolution in 1538 and subsequent demolition , Richard 's tomb was lost . An account arose that Richard 's bones had been thrown into the River Soar at the nearby Bow Bridge . A search for Richard 's body began in August 2012 , initiated by the Looking for Richard project with the support of the Richard III Society . The archaeological excavation was led by the University of Leicester Archaeological Services , working in partnership with Leicester City Council . On the first day a human skeleton belonging to a man in his thirties was uncovered showing signs of severe injuries . The skeleton , which had several unusual physical features , most notably a severe curvature of the back was exhumed to allow scientific analysis . Examination showed that the man had probably been killed either by a blow from a large bladed weapon , probably a halberd , which cut off the back of his skull and exposed the brain , or by a sword thrust that penetrated all the way through the brain . Other wounds on the skeleton had probably occurred after death as " humiliation injuries " , inflicted as a form of posthumous revenge . The age of the bones at death matched that of Richard when he was killed ; they were dated to about the period of his death and were mostly consistent with physical descriptions of the king . Preliminary DNA analysis showed that mitochondrial DNA extracted from the bones matched that of two matrilineal descendants , one 17th @-@ generation and the other 19th @-@ generation , of Richard 's sister Anne of York . Taking these findings into account along with other historical , scientific and archaeological evidence , the University of Leicester announced on 4 February 2013 that it had concluded beyond reasonable doubt that the skeleton was that of Richard III . As a condition of being allowed to disinter the skeleton , the archaeologists agreed that , if Richard were found , his remains would be reburied in Leicester Cathedral . A controversy arose as to whether an alternative reburial site , York Minster or Westminster Abbey , would be more suitable . A legal challenge confirmed there were no public law grounds for the courts to be involved in that decision . Reinterment took place in Leicester on 26 March 2015 , during a televised memorial service held in the presence of the Archbishop of Canterbury and senior members of other Christian denominations . = = Death and initial burial = = Richard was killed fighting Henry Tudor at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 , the last major battle of the Wars of the Roses . The Welsh poet Guto 'r Glyn credited Richard 's death to Sir Rhys ap Thomas , a Welsh member of Henry 's army who was said to have struck the fatal blow . Following his death , Richard 's body was stripped naked and taken to Leicester where it was put on public display . The anonymous Ballad of Bosworth Field says that " in Newarke laid was hee , that many a one might looke on him " — almost certainly a reference to the collegiate Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady of the Newarke , a Lancastrian foundation on the outskirts of medieval Leicester . According to the chronicler Polydore Vergil , Henry VII " tarried for two days " in Leicester before leaving for London , and on the same date as Henry 's departure — 25 August 1485 — Richard 's body was buried " at the convent of Franciscan monks [ sic ] in Leicester " with " no funeral solemnity " . The Warwickshire priest and antiquary John Rous , writing between 1486 and 1491 , recorded that Richard had been buried " in the choir of the Friars Minor at Leicester " . Although later writers ascribed Richard 's burial to other places , the accounts of Vergil and Rous were seen by modern investigators as the most credible . = = = Burial site = = = In 1495 , ten years after the burial , Henry VII paid for a marble and alabaster monument to mark Richard 's grave . Its cost is recorded in surviving legal papers relating to a dispute over payment showing that two men received payments of £ 50 and £ 10.1s respectively to make and transport the tomb from Nottingham to Leicester . No first @-@ person descriptions of the tomb survive , but Raphael Holinshed wrote in 1577 ( perhaps quoting someone who had seen it in person ) that it incorporated " a picture of alabaster representing [ Richard 's ] person " . Sir George Buck 40 years later wrote that it was " a fair tomb of mingled colour marble adorned with his image " . Buck also recorded the epitaph inscribed on the tomb . Following the dissolution of Greyfriars in 1538 , the friary was demolished and the monument either was destroyed , or slowly decayed as a result of being exposed to the elements . The site of the friary was sold to two Lincolnshire property speculators and was later acquired by Robert Herrick , the Mayor of Leicester . Herrick built a mansion close to Friary Lane , on a site that is now buried under the modern Grey Friars Street , and turned the rest of the land into gardens . Although Richard 's monument had evidently disappeared by this time , the site of his grave was still known . The antiquary Christopher Wren ( father of Christopher Wren the architect ) recorded that Herrick erected a monument on the site of the grave in the form of a stone pillar three feet ( 1 m ) high carved with the words , " Here lies the Body of Richard III , Some Time King of England . " The pillar was visible in 1612 but had disappeared by 1844 . The cartographer and antiquarian John Speed wrote in his Historie of Great Britaine ( 1611 ) that local tradition held that Richard 's body had been " borne out of the City , and contemptuously bestowed under the end of Bow @-@ Bridge , which giveth passage over a branch of Soare upon the west side of the town . " His account was widely accepted by later authors . In 1856 a memorial plaque to Richard III was erected next to Bow Bridge by a local builder , stating , " Near this spot lie the remains of Richard III the last of the Plantagenets 1485 " . The discovery of a skeleton in 1862 in the river sediments near the bridge led to claims that Richard 's bones had been found , but closer examination showed they were probably those of a man in his early 20s and not Richard 's . The origin of Speed 's claim is unclear ; it was not attributed to any source , nor did it have any antecedents in other written accounts . The writer Audrey Strange suggests that the account may be a confused retelling of desecration of the remains of John Wycliffe in nearby Lutterworth in 1428 , when a mob disinterred him , burned his bones and threw them into the River Swift . The independent British historian John Ashdown @-@ Hill proposes that Speed made a mistake over the location of Richard 's grave and invented the story to account for its absence . If Speed had been to Herrick 's property he would surely have seen the commemorative pillar and gardens , but instead he reported that the site was " overgrown with nettles and weeds " and there was no trace of Richard 's grave . The map of Leicester drawn by Speed incorrectly shows Greyfriars where the former Blackfriars was , suggesting that he had looked for the grave in the wrong place . Another local legend arose about a stone coffin that supposedly held Richard 's remains , which Speed wrote was " now made a drinking trough for horses at a common Inn " . A coffin certainly seems to have existed ; John Evelyn recorded it on a visit in 1654 , and Celia Fiennes wrote in 1700 that she had seen " a piece of his tombstone [ sic ] he lay in , which was cut out in exact form for his body to lie in ; it remains to be seen at ye Greyhound [ Inn ] in Leicester but is partly broken . " William Hutton found in 1758 that the coffin , which had " not withstood the ravages of time " , was kept at the White Horse Inn on Gallowtree Gate . Although the coffin 's location is no longer known , its description does not match the style of late 15th @-@ century coffins , and it is unlikely to have had any connection with Richard . It is more likely that it was salvaged from one of the religious establishments demolished following the Dissolution . Herrick 's mansion , Greyfriars House , remained in the possession of his family until his great @-@ grandson Samuel sold it in 1711 . The property was subsequently divided and sold in 1740 ; three years later , New Street was built across the western part of the site . Many burials were discovered when houses were laid out along the street . A townhouse , 17 Friar Lane , was built on the eastern part of the site in 1759 and survives today . During the 19th century , the site became increasingly built on . In 1863 Alderman Newton 's Boys ' School built a schoolhouse on part of the site . Herrick 's mansion was demolished in 1871 , the present Grey Friars Street was laid through the site in 1873 , and more commercial developments , including the Leicester Trustee Savings Bank , were built . In 1915 the rest of the site was acquired by Leicestershire County Council which built offices on it in the 1920s and 1930s . The council relocated in 1965 when its new County Hall opened , and Leicester City Council moved in . The rest of the site , where Herrick 's garden had once been , was turned into a staff car park in about 1944 , but was not otherwise built on . In 2007 , a single @-@ storey building from the 1950s was demolished on Grey Friars Street giving archaeologists the opportunity to excavate and search for traces of the medieval friary . Very little was unearthed , except for a fragment of a post @-@ medieval stone coffin lid . The results of the dig suggested that the remains of the friary church were farther west than previously thought . = = Looking for Richard project = = The location of Richard III 's body has long been of interest to the members of the Richard III Society , a group established to bring about a reappraisal of the King 's tarnished reputation . In 1975 an article by Audrey Strange was published in the society 's journal , The Ricardian , suggesting that his remains were buried under Leicester City Council 's car park . The claim was repeated in 1986 , when historian David Baldwin suggested that the remains were still in the Greyfriars area . He speculated , " It is possible ( though now perhaps unlikely ) that at some time in the twenty @-@ first century an excavator may yet reveal the slight remains of this famous monarch . " In 2004 and 2005 , John Ashdown @-@ Hill tracked down two 17th @-@ generation matrilineal descendants of Richard III 's sister Anne of York . He concluded from his knowledge of the layout of Franciscan priories that the ruins of the priory church at Greyfriars were likely to lie under the car park and had not been built over . Although the Richard III Society remained interested in discussing the possible location of the king 's grave , they did not search for his remains . Individual members suggested possible lines of investigation , but neither the University of Leicester nor local historians and archaeologists took up the challenge , probably because it was widely thought that the grave site had been built over or the skeleton had been scattered , as John Speed 's account suggested . In 2004 and 2005 , Philippa Langley , secretary of the Scottish Branch of the Richard III Society , carried out research in Leicester in connection with a biographical Richard III screenplay . She became convinced that the car park was the key location for investigation and contacted Ashdown @-@ Hill after hearing of his DNA research . At her urging , he contacted the producers of Channel 4 's Time Team archaeology series to propose an excavation of the car park , but they declined as the dig would take longer than the standard three @-@ day window for Time Team projects . Three years later , another writer , Annette Carson , in her book Richard III : The Maligned King ( 2008 ) , independently came to the conclusion that his body probably lay under the car park . She joined forces with Langley and Ashdown @-@ Hill to carry out further research , in the course of which she found what she called a " smoking gun " — a medieval map of Leicester showing the Greyfriars Church at the north end of what was now the car park . In February 2009 , Langley , Carson and Ashdown @-@ Hill teamed up with Richard III Society members — Dr David Johnson and his wife Wendy — to launch a project with the working title Looking for Richard : In Search of a King , which Langley envisaged as a " landmark TV special " . Its premise was a search for Richard 's grave " while at the same time telling his real story " , with an objective " to search for , recover and rebury his mortal remains with the honour , dignity and respect so conspicuously denied following his death at the battle of Bosworth . " The project gained the backing of several key partners — Leicester City Council , Leicester Promotions ( responsible for tourist marketing ) , the University of Leicester , Leicester Cathedral , Darlow Smithson Productions ( responsible for the planned TV show ) and the Richard III Society . Funding for the initial phase of pre @-@ excavation research came from the Richard III Society 's bursary fund and members of the Looking for Richard project , with Leicester Promotions agreeing to pick up the £ 35 @,@ 000 cost of the dig . The University of Leicester Archaeological Services — an independent body with offices at the university — was appointed as the project 's archaeological contractor . = = Greyfriars project and excavations = = In March 2011 an assessment of the Greyfriars site began to identify where the monastery had stood , and which land might be available for excavation . A desk @-@ based assessment was conducted to determine the archaeological viability of the site , followed by a survey in August 2011 using ground @-@ penetrating radar ( GPR ) . The GPR results were inconclusive ; no clear building remains could be identified owing to a layer of disturbed ground and demolition debris just below the surface . The survey was useful in finding modern utilities crossing the site , such as pipes and cables . Three possible excavation sites were identified : the staff car park of Leicester City Council Social Services , the disused playground of the former Alderman Newton 's School and a public car park on New Street . It was decided to open two trenches in the Social Services car park , with an option for a third in the playground . Because most of the Greyfriars site had been built on , only seventeen per cent of its former area was available to excavate ; the area to be investigated amounted to just one per cent of the site , owing to the limitations of the project 's funding . The proposed excavation was announced in the June 2012 issue of the Richard III Society 's magazine , the Ricardian Bulletin , but a month later one of the main sponsors pulled out leaving a £ 10 @,@ 000 funding shortfall ; an appeal resulted in members of the several Ricardian groups donating £ 13 @,@ 000 in two weeks . A press conference held in Leicester on 24 August announced the start of the work . Archaeologist Richard Buckley admitted the project was a long shot : " We don 't know precisely where the church is , let alone where the burial site is . " He had earlier told Langley that he thought the odds were " fifty @-@ fifty at best for [ finding ] the church , and nine @-@ to @-@ one against finding the grave . " Digging began the next day with a trench 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) wide by 30 metres ( 98 ft ) long , running roughly north @-@ south . A layer of modern building debris was removed before the level of the former monastery was reached . Two parallel human leg bones were discovered about 5 metres ( 16 ft ) from the north end of the trench at a depth of about 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) , indicating an undisturbed burial . The bones were covered temporarily to protect them while excavations continued further along the trench . A second , parallel trench was dug next day to the south @-@ west . Over the following days , evidence of medieval walls and rooms was uncovered , allowing the archaeologists to pinpoint the area of the friary . It became clear that the bones found on the first day lay inside the east part of the church , possibly the choir , where Richard was said to have been buried . On 31 August , the University of Leicester applied for a licence from the Ministry of Justice to permit the exhumation of up to six sets of human remains . To narrow the search , it was planned that only the remains of men in their thirties , buried within the church , would be exhumed . The bones found on 25 August were uncovered on 4 September and the grave soil dug back further over the next two days . The feet were missing , and the skull was found in an unusual propped @-@ up position , consistent with the body being put into a grave that was slightly too small . The spine was curved in an S @-@ shape . No sign of a coffin was found ; the skeleton 's posture suggested the body had not been put in a shroud , but had been hurriedly dumped into the grave and buried . As the bones were lifted from the ground , a piece of rusted iron was found underneath the vertebrae . The skeleton 's hands were in an unusual position , crossed over the right hip , suggesting they were tied together at the time of burial , although this could not be established definitively . After the exhumation , work continued in the trenches over the following week , before the site was covered with soil to protect it from damage and re @-@ surfaced to restore the car park and playground to their former condition . = = Analysis of the discovery = = On 12 September , the University of Leicester team announced that the human remains were a possible candidate for Richard 's body , but emphasised the need for caution . The positive indicators were that the body was of an adult male ; it was buried beneath the choir of the church ; it had severe scoliosis of the spine possibly making one shoulder higher than the other . An object that appeared to be an arrowhead was found under the spine and the skull had severe injuries . = = = DNA evidence = = = After the exhumation the emphasis shifted from the excavation to laboratory analysis of the bones that had been recovered . Ashdown @-@ Hill had used genealogical research to track down matrilineal descendants of Anne of York , Richard 's older sister , whose matrilineal line of descent is extant through her daughter Anne St Leger . Academic Kevin Schürer subsequently traced a second individual in the same line . Ashdown @-@ Hill 's research came about as a result of a challenge in 2003 to provide a DNA sequence for Richard 's sister Margaret , to identify bones found in her burial place , the Franciscan priory church in Mechelen , Belgium . He tried to extract a mitochondrial DNA sequence from a preserved hair from Edward IV held by the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford but the attempt proved unsuccessful , owing to degradation of the DNA . Ashdown @-@ Hill turned instead to genealogical research to identify an all @-@ female @-@ line descendant of Cecily Neville , Richard 's mother . After two years he found a British @-@ born woman who had emigrated to Canada after World War II , Joy Ibsen ( née Brown ) , was a direct descendant of Richard 's sister , Anne of York ( and therefore Richard 's 16th @-@ generation great @-@ niece ) . Ibsen 's mitochondrial DNA was tested and found to belong to mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup J , which by deduction should be Richard 's mitochondrial DNA haplogroup . The mtDNA obtained from Ibsen showed that the Mechelen bones were not those of Margaret . Joy Ibsen , a retired journalist , died in 2008 , leaving three children : Michael , Jeff and Leslie . On 24 August 2012 , her son Michael ( born in Canada in 1957 , a cabinet maker based in London ) gave a mouth @-@ swab sample to the research team to compare with samples from the human remains found at the excavation . Analysts found a mitochondrial DNA match between the exhumed skeleton , Michael Ibsen , and an unnamed second direct maternal line descendant , who shares a relatively rare mitochondrial DNA sequence , mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J1c2c . The other living female @-@ line relative of Richard III , since named as New Zealander Wendy Duldig , is a 19th @-@ generation descendant of Anne of York ; their female lines of descent separated after Anne of York 's granddaughter Catherine Manners . Duldig 's mitochondrial DNA is a match apart from one mutation . Wendy Duldig has no surviving children . Despite the matching mitochondrial DNA , geneticist Turi King continued to pursue a link between the paternally @-@ inherited Y @-@ DNA and that of descendants of John of Gaunt . Four living male @-@ line descendants of Gaunt have been located , and their results are a match to each other . The Y @-@ DNA from the skeleton is somewhat degraded , but proved not to match any of the living male @-@ line relatives , showing that a false @-@ paternity event had happened somewhere in the 19 generations between Richard III and Henry Somerset , 5th Duke of Beaufort ; work by Turi King and others has shown that historical rates of false paternity are around 1 – 2 % per generation . = = = Bones = = = An osteological examination of the bones showed them to be in generally good condition and largely complete except for the missing feet , which may have been destroyed by Victorian building work . It was immediately apparent that the body had suffered major injuries , and further evidence of wounds was found as the skeleton was cleaned . The skull shows signs of two lethal injuries ; the base of the back of the skull had been completely cut away by a bladed weapon , which would have exposed the brain , and another bladed weapon had been thrust through the right side of the skull , striking the inside of the left side through the brain . Elsewhere on the skull , a blow from a pointed weapon had penetrated the crown of the head . Bladed weapons had clipped the skull and sheared off layers of bone , without penetrating it . Other holes in the skull and lower jaw were found to be consistent with dagger wounds to the chin and cheek . The multiple wounds on the king ’ s skull indicated that he was not wearing his helmet , which he may have removed or lost when he was on foot after his horse had become stuck in the marsh . One of his right ribs had been cut by a sharp implement , as had the pelvis . There was no evidence of the withered arm that afflicted the character in William Shakespeare 's play Richard III . Taken together , the injuries appear to be a combination of battle wounds , which were the cause of death , followed by post @-@ mortem humiliation wounds inflicted on the corpse . The body wounds show that the corpse had been stripped of its armour , as the stabbed torso would have been protected by a backplate and the pelvis would have been protected by armour . The wounds were made from behind on the back and buttocks while they were exposed to the elements , consistent with the contemporary descriptions of Richard 's naked body being tied across a horse with the legs and arms dangling down on either side . There may have been further flesh wounds not apparent from the bones . The head wounds are consistent with a 1485 poem by Guto 'r Glyn in which a Welsh knight , Sir Rhys ap Thomas killed Richard and " shaved the boar 's head " . It had been thought that this was a figurative description of Richard being decapitated , but the skeleton 's head had clearly not been severed . Guto 's description may instead be a literal account of the injuries that Richard suffered , as the blows sustained to the head would have sliced away much of his scalp and hair and slivers of bone . Other contemporary sources refer explicitly to head injuries and the weapons used to kill Richard ; the French chronicler Jean Molinet wrote that " one of the Welshmen then came after him , and struck him dead with a halberd " , and the Ballad of Lady Bessie recorded that " they struck his bascinet to his head until his brains came out with blood . " Such accounts would certainly fit the damage inflicted on the skull . Sideways curvature of his spine was evident as the skeleton was excavated . It has been attributed to adolescent @-@ onset scoliosis . Although it was probably visible in making his right shoulder higher than the left and reducing his apparent height , it did not preclude an active lifestyle , and would not have caused a hunchback . The bones are those of a male with an age range estimation of 30 – 34 , consistent with Richard , who was 32 when he died . = = = Radiocarbon dating and other scientific analyses = = = Two radiocarbon datings to find the age of the bones suggested dates of 1430 – 60 and 1412 – 49 — both too early for Richard 's death in 1485 . Mass spectrometry carried out on the bones found evidence of much seafood consumption , which is known to make radiocarbon dating samples appear older than they are . A Bayesian analysis suggested there was a 68 @.@ 2 % probability that the true date of the bones was between 1475 and 1530 , rising to 95 @.@ 4 % for between 1450 and 1540 . Although by itself not enough to prove that the skeleton was Richard 's , it was consistent with the date of his death . The mass spectrometry result indicating the rich seafood diet was confirmed by a chemical isotope analysis of two teeth , a femur and a rib . From the isotope analysis of carbon , nitrogen and oxygen in the teeth and bones the researchers discovered the diet included much freshwater fish and exotic birds such as swan , crane and heron , and a vast quantity of wine — all items at the high end of the luxury market . Close analysis of the soil immediately below the skeleton revealed that the man had been infested with roundworm parasites at the time of his death . The excavators found an iron object under the skeleton 's vertebrae and speculated it might be an arrowhead that had been embedded in its back . An X @-@ ray analysis showed it was a nail , probably of Romano @-@ British date , that by chance had been in the ground immediately under the grave or was in soil disturbed when it was dug and had nothing to do with the body . = = Identification of Richard III and other findings = = On 4 February 2013 , the University of Leicester confirmed that the skeleton was that of Richard III . The identification was based on mitochondrial DNA evidence , soil analysis , and dental tests , and physical characteristics of the skeleton consistent with contemporary accounts of Richard 's appearance . Osteoarchaeologist Jo Appleby commented : " The skeleton has a number of unusual features : its slender build , the scoliosis , and the battle @-@ related trauma . All of these are highly consistent with the information that we have about Richard III in life and about the circumstances of his death . " Caroline Wilkinson , Professor of Craniofacial Identification at the University of Dundee , led the project to reconstruct the face , commissioned by the Richard III Society . On 11 February 2014 , the University of Leicester announced a project headed by Turi King to sequence the entire genome of Richard III and Michael Ibsen — a direct female @-@ line descendant of Richard 's sister , Anne of York – whose mitochondrial DNA confirmed the identification of the excavated remains . Richard III is thus the first ancient person with known historical identity whose genome has been sequenced . A study published in Nature in December 2014 confirmed a perfect whole @-@ mitochondrial genome match between Richard 's skeleton and Michael Ibsen and a near @-@ perfect match between Richard and his other confirmed living relative . However , Y chromosome DNA inherited via the male line found no link with five other claimed living relatives , indicating that at least one " false @-@ paternity event " occurred in the generations between Richard and these men . One of these five was found to be unrelated to the other four , showing that another false @-@ paternity event had occurred in the four generations separating them . The story of the excavation and subsequent scientific investigation was told in a Channel 4 documentary , Richard III : The King in the Car Park , broadcast on 4 February 2013 . It proved a ratings hit for the channel , watched by up to 4 @.@ 9 million viewers , and won a Royal Television Society award . Channel 4 subsequently screened a follow @-@ up documentary on 27 February 2014 , Richard III : The Untold Story , which detailed the scientific and archaeological analyses that led to the identification of the skeleton as Richard III . The site was re @-@ excavated in July 2013 to learn more about the friary church , before building work on the adjacent disused school building . In a project co @-@ funded by Leicester City Council and the University of Leicester , a single trench about twice the area of the 2012 trenches was excavated . It succeeded in exposing the entirety of the sites of the Greyfriars presbytery and choir sites , confirming archaeologists ' earlier hypotheses about the layout of the church 's east end . Three burials identified but not excavated in the 2012 project were tackled afresh . One burial was found to have been interred in a wooden coffin in a well @-@ dug grave , while a second wooden @-@ coffined burial was found under and astride the choir and presbytery ; its position suggests that it pre @-@ dates the church . A stone coffin found during the 2012 excavation was opened for the first time , revealing a lead coffin inside . An investigation with an endoscope revealed the presence of a skeleton along with some head hair and fragments of a shroud and cord . The skeleton was at first assumed to be male , perhaps that of a knight called Sir William de Moton who was known to have been buried there , but later examination showed it to be of a woman — perhaps a high @-@ ranking benefactress . She may not necessarily have been local , as lead coffins were used to transport corpses over long distances . = = = Plans and challenges = = = The University of Leicester 's plan to inter Richard 's body in Leicester Cathedral was in keeping with British legal norms which hold that Christian burials excavated by archaeologists should be reburied in the nearest consecrated ground to the original grave and was a condition of the licence granted by the Ministry of Justice to exhume any human remains found during the excavation . The British Royal Family made no claim on the remains – Queen Elizabeth II was reportedly consulted but rejected the idea of a royal burial – so the Ministry of Justice initially confirmed that the University of Leicester would make the final decision on where the bones should be re @-@ buried . David Monteith , Canon Chancellor of Leicester Cathedral , said Richard 's skeleton would be reinterred at the cathedral in early 2014 in a " Christian @-@ led but ecumenical service " , not a formal reburial but rather a service of remembrance , as a funeral service would have been held at the time of burial . The choice of burial site proved controversial and proposals were made for Richard to be buried in places which some felt were more fitting for a Roman Catholic and Yorkist monarch . Online petitions were launched calling for Richard to be buried in Westminster Abbey , where 17 other English and British kings are interred ; York Minster , which some claimed was Richard 's own preferred burial site ; the Roman Catholic Arundel Cathedral ; or in the Leicester car park in which his body was found . Only two options received significant public support , with Leicester receiving 3 @,@ 100 more signatures than York . The issue was discussed in the Houses of Parliament ; the Conservative MP and historian Chris Skidmore proposed that a state funeral should be held , while John Mann , the Labour MP for Bassetlaw , suggested that the body should be buried in Worksop in his constituency – halfway between York and Leicester . All options were rejected in Leicester , whose mayor Peter Soulsby retorted : " Those bones leave Leicester over my dead body . " After legal action brought by the " Plantagenet Alliance " , a group representing claimed collateral descendants of Richard , his final resting place remained uncertain for nearly a year . The group , which described itself as " his Majesty 's representatives and voice " , called for Richard to be buried in York Minster , which they claimed was his " wish " . The Dean of Leicester called their challenge " disrespectful " , and said that the cathedral would not invest any more money until the matter was decided . Historians said there was no evidence that Richard III wanted to be buried in York . Mark Ormrod of the University of York expressed scepticism over the idea that Richard had devised any clear plans for his own burial . The standing of the Plantagenet Alliance was challenged . Mathematician Rob Eastaway calculated that Richard III may have millions of living collateral descendants , saying that " we should all have the chance to vote on Leicester versus York " . In August 2013 Justice Haddon @-@ Cave granted permission for a judicial review since the original burial plans ignored the common law duty " to consult widely as to how and where Richard III 's remains should appropriately be reinterred " . The judicial review opened on 13 March 2014 and was expected to last two days but the decision was deferred for four to six weeks . Lady Justice Hallett , sitting with Justice Ouseley and Justice Haddon @-@ Cave , said the court would take time to consider its judgment . On 23 May the High Court ruled there was " no duty to consult " and " no public law grounds for the court to interfere " , so reburial in Leicester could proceed . The litigation cost the defendants £ 245 @,@ 000 – far more than the cost of the original investigation . = = = Reburial and commemorations = = = In February 2013 , Leicester Cathedral announced a procedure and timetable for the reinterment of Richard 's remains . The cathedral authorities planned to bury him in a " place of honour " within the cathedral . Initial plans for a flat ledger stone , perhaps modifying the memorial stone installed in the chancel in 1982 , proved unpopular . A table tomb was the most popular option among members of the Richard III Society and in polls of Leicester people . In June 2014 the design was announced , in the form of a table tomb of Swaledale fossil stone . In June 2014 the statue of Richard III that had stood in Leicester 's Castle Gardens was moved to the redesigned Cathedral Gardens , which were reopened on 5 July 2014 . The reburial took place during a week of events between 22 and 27 March 2015 . The sequence of events included : Sunday 22 March 2015 : Richard 's bones were sealed in a lead @-@ lined ossuary and placed in a wooden coffin . The remains were moved from the University of Leicester to Leicester Cathedral via the site of the Battle of Bosworth at Fenn Hill Farm and through Dadlington , Sutton Cheney , Bosworth Battlefield Heritage Centre and Market Bosworth retracing part of Richard 's last journey . The coffin , made from English oak from the Duchy of Cornwall estate by Richard 's present @-@ day collateral mitochondrial relative Michael Ibsen , was transferred from a motor hearse to a four @-@ horse drawn hearse for entry into the city of Leicester . Monday 23 – Wednesday 25 March 2015 : Remains lay in repose in the cathedral . Waiting times to view the coffin were reported to exceed four hours . Monday 23 March 2015 : Cardinal Vincent Nichols , the Archbishop of Westminster , celebrated Mass for Richard III 's soul in Holy Cross Priory , Leicester , the Catholic parish church , and in Holy Cross Church . Thursday 26 March 2015 : Reburial in the presence of Archbishop of Canterbury , Justin Welby , and senior members of other Christian denominations . The service , shown live on Channel 4 , included memorial prayers for Richard III and the victims of Bosworth and other conflicts . Actor Benedict Cumberbatch , a distant relative of Richard III , read a poem written for the service by the poet laureate , Carol Ann Duffy . The Royal Family was represented by Sophie , Countess of Wessex , Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester , and his wife Birgitte , Duchess of Gloucester — Richard III was Duke of Gloucester before coming to the throne himself . Music during the service included a setting of Psalm 138 by Leonel Power ; Ghostly Grace , an anthem composed for the service by Judith Bingham ; a setting of Psalm 150 by Philip Moore ; and an arrangement of " God Save the Queen " by Judith Weir . Friday 27 March 2015 : Unveiling the tomb to the public , followed by commemorations across Leicester . = = Reactions = = After the discovery , Leicester City Council set up a temporary exhibition about Richard III in the city 's medieval guildhall . The council announced it would create a permanent attraction and subsequently spent £ 850 @,@ 000 to buy the freehold of St Martin 's Place , formerly part of Leicester Grammar School , in Peacock Lane , across the road from the cathedral . The site adjoins the car park where the body was found , and overlies the chancel of Greyfriars Friary Church . It was converted into a £ 4 @.@ 5 million visitor centre telling the story of Richard 's life , death , burial and rediscovery , with artefacts from the dig including Philippa Langley 's Wellington boots and the hard hat and high @-@ visibility jacket worn by archaeologist Mathew Morris on the day he found Richard 's skeleton . Visitors can see the grave site under a glass floor . The council anticipated that the visitor centre , which opened in July 2014 , would attract 100 @,@ 000 visitors a year . In Norway , archaeologist Øystein Ekroll hoped that the interest in the discovery of the English king would spill over to Norway . In contrast to England where , with the possible exception of Edward V , all the kings since the 11th century have now been discovered , in Norway about 25 medieval kings are buried in unmarked graves around the country . Ekroll proposed to start with Harald Hardrada , who was probably buried anonymously in Trondheim , beneath what is today a public road . A previous attempt to exhume Harald in 2006 was blocked by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage ( Riksantikvaren ) . Richard Buckley of the University of Leicester Archaeological Services , who said he would " eat his hat " if Richard was discovered , fulfilled his promise by eating a hat @-@ shaped cake baked by a colleague . Buckley later said : Cutting edge research has been used in the project and the work has really only just begun . The discoveries , such as the very precise carbon dating and medical evidence , will serve as a benchmark for other studies . And it is , of course , an incredible story . He 's a controversial figure , people love the idea he was found under a car park , the whole thing unfolded in the most amazing way . You couldn 't make it up .
= Phantom Phorce = Phantom Phorce is a remix album of Super Furry Animals ' 2003 record Phantom Power . The remixes had previously appeared on the DVD version of Phantom Power — they were re @-@ released as Phantom Phorce on the band 's own Placid Casual label as a way of ensuring the remixers would receive royalties for the tracks . The album features a commentary from the fictional ' Kurt Stern ' who appears between songs to discuss the re @-@ recording of Phantom Power under his guidance after being unhappy with the original . First editions of the album came packaged in a case that doubled as a paper model of a video game arcade cabinet , and included a bonus CD ; the Slow Life EP . Critical reaction to Phantom Phorce was generally positive . = = Origins , concept and music = = Phantom Phorce features remixes previously available on the DVD version of Phantom Power . According to drummer Dafydd Ieuan the band didn 't have the money to pay the artists involved for these remixes so , in order to provide them with royalties , promised to release an album featuring the tracks on their own label . The record features remixes of every track from 2003 's Phantom Power presented in sequence , along with extra versions of " Valet Parking " and " Hello Sunshine " which appear at the end of the album . The remixes vary from radical reworkings such as Killa Kella 's beatbox treatment of " Golden Retriever " and Wauvenfold 's " unrecognisable " version of " Sex , War and Robots " , to the likes of Mario Caldato Jr 's take on " Liberty Belle " and High Llamas ' " Valet Parking " which are merely " spruced up " . The remixes are interspersed with anecdotes from ' Kurt Stern ' ( actually the band 's road manager ) who supposedly made the decision to make these remixes after being unhappy with the original Phantom Power . According to bassist Guto Pryce this " running commentary is tongue in cheek , it 's our road manager pretending to be a producer , and he ends up sounding like a ... twat ! " These anecdotes give the actual release a different track listing from that which appears on the back of the album . = = Release and reception = = Initial copies of the album came bundled with the Slow Life EP in packaging which could be folded into the shape of a video game arcade cabinet , or " personal console " as described on the instructions section of the sleeve . The CDs themselves were housed in individual sleeves designed to look like 3 @.@ 5 " floppy disks . Zeth Lundy , reviewing the album for PopMatters , commented that he constructed the arcade cabinet with " sheer geeky delight " while CokeMachineGlow called the packaging " nostalgic but infuriating " . Phantom Phorce was also issued on gold @-@ coloured vinyl . Critical reaction to Phantom Phorce was generally positive with Uncut stating that the album features an " inspired overhaul " of tracks from Phantom Power , the Western Mail describing the record as a " mind @-@ bending collection that radically re @-@ works each track from the original record to create something entirely different , but equally appealing " and musicOMH calling it " an innovative and thoroughly enjoyable set of remixes " . Some reviews pointed out that the album compares favourably with other remix albums with The Guardian calling Phantom Phorce " stimulating and often rather beautiful , bucking the trend set by most other self @-@ indulgent and pointless remix albums " and the NME stating that " hearing a rock band get the remix treatment is usually a mildly diverting experience rather than a life @-@ changing one . So it 's an extremely pleasant surprise to be faced with a whole album of the buggers ... and be thoroughly entertained . " Q stated that the commentary by ' Kurt Stern ' was one of the best features of the album and The Times expressed surprise that these " ' amusing interludes ' between tracks are actually funny " , however Pitchfork Media found that ' Stern ' " gets in the way more than he helps " and claimed that , by the time the listener had heard the full album he or she would " likely consider redubbing it without [ ' Stern 's ' ] contributions " . Reviewing Phantom Phorce for DiSCORDER magazine , Jordie Yow called it " good , but not exceptional " and claimed that the remixes simply made him want to listen to the original versions of the tracks while website Angry Ape was scathing , calling the album a " bland & uninspiring package to put you off remixes for life " and suggested that it was merely a " cash @-@ in " by the band . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Super Furry Animals . = = Personnel = = The following people contributed to Phantom Phorce : = = = Band = = = Gruff Rhys – Lead vocals , rhythm guitar Huw Bunford – Lead guitar , backing vocals Guto Pryce – Bass guitar Cian Ciaran – Keyboards , backing vocals Dafydd Ieuan – Drums , backing vocals = = = Remixers = = = = = = Additional musicians = = = = = = Artwork = = = Pete Fowler – Illustration & design John Mark James – Illustration & design
= Windsor Locks , Connecticut tornado = The Windsor Locks , Connecticut tornado struck the towns of Windsor , Windsor Locks , and Suffield , Connecticut and Feeding Hills , Massachusetts on October 3 , 1979 . The short @-@ lived but intense tornado struck without warning and caused three deaths and 500 injuries . The storm , rated F4 on the Fujita scale , also caused more than $ 400 million in property damage along an 11 @.@ 3 @-@ mile ( 18 @.@ 2 km ) path , and ranks as the ninth most destructive tornado in American history . = = Storm synopsis = = The storm system that caused the tornado had produced severe weather , including two weak tornadoes , in eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey that morning . This was an unusual setup for a significant tornado , associated with a warm front near a low @-@ pressure center . A thunderstorm cell formed south of Long Island around 10 : 20 am , and became a supercell sometime later after interacting with a surface low @-@ pressure center . It turned north as a left @-@ moving supercell , meaning it moved left with respect to the mean atmospheric flow . Left @-@ moving supercells are very rare , as cyclonic storms usually turn to the right of the mean flow . It is unknown whether this leftward movement was due to an atmospheric interaction or terrain @-@ induced movement , as the storm moved straight up the Connecticut River valley . No tornado watches or warnings were issued before the storm struck . This was later determined to be because of missing atmospheric sounding data , as well as an incorrect assessment of the height of the tropopause , which led to an underestimation of the strength of the thunderstorm which produced the tornado . Although a severe thunderstorm warning was issued at 2 : 57 pm , very few people received the warnings in time . The tornado touched down in Poquonock , Connecticut , a village in the town of Windsor , just north of Hartford . Poquonock Elementary School was heavily damaged ; fortunately , students were sent home early at 1 : 30 pm on Wednesdays . Students at a Brownie meeting were led into a hallway just before the auditorium they had been in was destroyed . The historic Poquonock Community Church building had its roof ripped off . Miraculously , all but one of the stain glass windows from the old church were salvaged . The tornado traveled almost due north , an unusual direction for a tornado . The most severe damage occurred along River Road , Hollow Brook Road , Pioneer Drive and Settler Circle , where large frame houses were left " in splinters " . The tornado roughly followed Connecticut Route 75 just east of Bradley International Airport . The airport 's weather station recorded a wind gust of 39 m / s ( 87 mph ; 140 km / h ) as the tornado passed nearby . A United Airlines flight with 114 passengers was attempting to land as the tornado was passing the airport ; the pilot saw the tornado and was able to abort the landing just in time . The tornado then crossed the northern portion of the airport , where the New England Air Museum was located . More than 20 vintage aircraft were completely destroyed , with many more damaged . The museum 's hangar was also rendered unusable . The tornado moved north into Feeding Hills before dissipating near the Westfield city line , about five miles north of the Massachusetts state line . The tornado was accompanied by more than 7 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) of rain , and several instances of downburst winds . Damage from downburst winds was reported across the Connecticut River in Enfield . = = Aftermath = = Because there were no tornado warnings before the storm ( and it occurred in an area where tornadoes are rare ) , the initial damage reports claimed an explosion had damaged a roof . Soon , however , the storm 's nature and impact became apparent . Governor Ella Grasso lived just a block away from the tornado 's path , though she was in Hartford at the time of the storm . She declared an 8 pm – 5 am curfew in the days following the tornado . About 500 National Guardsmen were activated to prevent looting and direct traffic , and the area was declared a disaster area by President Carter . FEMA trailers were provided within a few days , and were used by many residents until reconstruction or repairs could be completed . In all , at least 38 businesses were damaged or destroyed , 65 homes were completely destroyed , and at least 75 homes were damaged . Twenty @-@ five tobacco sheds were " extensively damaged " . At the airport , at least 30 vintage aircraft were damaged or destroyed , as well as most of the state 's National Guard helicopters . The final damage total reached $ 200 million ( 1979 USD ) , or $ 442 million in 1997 dollars . Because of the vast scope of the damage , initially Windsor town officials feared many , possibly even hundreds , of people could have been killed . While there were many serious injuries , only three people were killed by the storm . Two victims , construction workers working in a bank parking lot , took shelter in a work truck when they saw the storm approach . The first victim was killed immediately by a piece of flying lumber , the other died a few weeks later from his injuries becoming the 3rd victim . The second victim was found the next day across the street from her obliterated house . Over 400 people were hospitalized , mostly for injuries from flying glass or the victims ' having been thrown by winds . = = Records = = The tornado was the costliest on record in the Northeastern United States , and the 10 @-@ costliest in US history . The three people who were killed made it the deadliest tornado in Connecticut since the 1878 Wallingford tornado .
= Traveling ( song ) = " Traveling " ( stylized as " traveling " ) is a song recorded by Japanese – American recording artist Utada Hikaru . It was released as the second single from her fourth studio and third Japanese language album , Deep River ( 2002 ) . The track was written and composed by Utada , whilst production was handled by Utada , her father Teruzane Utada , and long @-@ time collaborator Akira Miyake . Musically , " Traveling " is a dance @-@ pop song , influenced by house music . Lyrically , it discusses human activities and dreams . The song received positive reviews from most music critics . Many selected it as one of Utada 's best singles , and was complimented for its production and dance @-@ oriented composition . It was also successful in Japan , peaking at number one on both the Oricon Singles Chart and Tokyo Broadcasting System 's ( TBS ) Count Down TV singles chart . It was certified in two categories by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) , and was the second best selling single of the year 2001 . A music video was filmed for " Traveling " in 2001 , featuring Utada as a hostess travelling on a spacecraft with passengers . It has been performed on some of Utada 's tours , including Utada in Bokuhan ( 2004 ) and Utada United ( 2006 ) . = = Background and release = = " Traveling " was written and composed by Utada , whilst production was handled by Utada , her father Teruzane Utada , and long @-@ time collaborator Akira Miyake . This was Utada 's first original single to have been handled by Utada , her father , and Miyake since her single releases from her debut album First Love ( 1999 ) ; she had primarily worked with American producers , such as Rodney Jenkins , Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis for her second studio album Distance ( 2001 ) . The song included live instrumentation by Saito Mitsutaka , who played the bass guitar , and Tsunemi Kazuhide , who played synthesizers , while it was arranged by Utada and Kawano Kei . The song was recorded and mixed by Ugajin Masaaki and Matsui Atushi in 2001 at Bunkamura Studio , Shibuya , Tokyo . It was released as the second single from her fourth studio and third Japanese language album , Deep River ( 2002 ) . Since then , the song has been remastered and re @-@ released twice ; the first on April 1 , 2004 , and the second time on December 9 , 2014 for Utada 's first greatest hits album Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol . 1 ( 2003 ) . It was released as a CD single , in both Japan and China . Both formats included the original track , two remixes by PlanetB and Bahiatronic , plus the instrumental version . The artwork for the CD single 's were photographed by Utada 's husband at the time , Kazuaki Kiriya . It has a close @-@ up shot of Utada in front of a multi @-@ colored background . A promotional 12 " vinyl was released by Toshiba @-@ EMI in December 2001 , and included both the remixed tracks . Then on January 30 , 2002 , Toshiba @-@ EMI released " Traveling " as a DVD single , which included the " behind the scenes " video and the music video . The vinyls artwork was a screenshot taken by Kiriya . = = Composition = = Musically , " Traveling " is a dance @-@ pop song , influenced by house music . Kano , editor in chief for Rockin 'On Japan magazine noted elements of house music in the song 's composition . An editor for Amazon labelled the track a " party tune " . CD Journal staff member 's wrote that the song had a " speedy dance beat " . Similarly , rock musician and music journalist David Bertrand Wilson had reviewed the parent album Deep River , and described the composition as a dance song . Lyrically , it discusses human activities and dreams . Kano felt that although the song themes are about dreams and nightmares , he believed it should " be taken seriously " as he felt it intertwined with reality . The reviewer from Amazon stated that " Traveling " was proof that Utada was one of the most successful singer @-@ songwriters in Japanese music . = = Critical response = = " Traveling " received very positive reviews from music critics . Journalist and rock musician David Bertrand Wilson had reviewed the parent album with journalist John Alroy , and selected it as the album 's best track ; he believed that the song was a " consistently catchy [ melody ] " , one of the major factors that made the parent album " work " . Similarly , AllMusic 's David Jeffries selected the song as one of Utada 's best singles . Fellow Japanese recording artist Kyary Pamyu Pamyu contributed to The Guardian 's music playlist columns , and highlighted " Traveling " as one of Utada 's best songs ; she further stated in a detailed review : " People living outside Japan will also enjoy her creativity . It ’ s pop and yet a little bit dark and scary . I like the chemistry . " A reviewer from Amazon praised the track , calling it " perfect " . In another positive review , a critic from CD Journal complimented the dance composition , but favored the lyrical content as the best feature from the track . = = = Accolades = = = At the 16th Japan Gold Disc Awards , Utada won the Song of the Year award for " Traveling " ; she had also won another similar award that year for her single " Can You Keep a Secret ? " " . Similarly , she also received the Silver Award recognition at the 2003 Japanese Society for Rights of Authors , Composers and Publishers Awards ( JASRAC ) . In December 2015 , in honor of Utada 's comeback into the music business , Japanese website Goo.ne.jp hosted a poll for fans to rank their favourite songs by Utada out of 25 positions ; the poll was held in only twenty @-@ four hours , and thousands submitted their votes . As a result , " Traveling " was ranked at number seven with 71 votes in total . = = Commercial performance = = Commercially , " Traveling " was a success in Japan . It became her sixth single to debut at number one on the Oricon Singles Chart , with over 277 @,@ 100 units sold in its first week . It stayed at number one for a sole week , and spent a total of 20 weeks on that chart . By the end of 2002 , the single was ranked at number two on Oricon 's Annual 2002 chart , just behind Ayumi Hamasaki 's extended play H ; it sold 856 @,@ 140 units by the end of the year . This made it the second highest selling single by a female artist , just behind Hamasaki 's entry , but was the highest selling single that did not include any other b @-@ side or a @-@ side tracks . The single was certified million by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for physical shipments of one million units . The single debuted at number one on Tokyo Broadcasting System 's ( TBS ) Count Down TV chart during the chart week of December 8 , 2001 , her seventh non @-@ consecutive single to do so . It stayed at the top spot for two consecutive weeks . The single stayed in the chart for 20 weeks , and was ranked at number 26 and 39 on their 2001 and 2002 Annual Chart . Eight years after its initial release , " Traveling " entered the Billboard Adult Alternative Radio Songs chart at number 81 during the chart week of April 6 . It re @-@ entered the chart during the chart week of May 6 , 2015 , peaking at number 75 . It was certified gold by RIAJ for cellphone downloads of 100 @,@ 000 units . According to the Oricon Style database , it is Utada 's sixth highest selling single . The DVD single was a success on the Oricon DVD Chart , peaking at number one . The Oricon Style database ranks the DVD single as Utada 's second best selling DVD , just behind the live release of her Bohemian Summer 2000 Concert tour . As of May 2016 , it is the 51st best selling DVD in Japan , selling over 820 @,@ 000 units . = = Music video = = An accompanying music video was directed by Kazuaki Kiriya . It opens with the camera traveling through a tunnel full of lights , and includes the song 's title and Utada 's name . For the first part of the song , it has Utada singing into a microphone , whilst walking inside the head of a spacecraft . The spacecraft exits the station , and flies all over a futuristic cityscape . The first verse has Utada as a hostess on the spacecraft , helping and serving the passengers in a dancing manner ; the passengers are wearing theatrical clothing and headpieces that cover their faces . During the pre @-@ chorus , Utada sings in front of a forest @-@ like backdrop , whilst a stop @-@ motion animation of her is walking through the woods , observing disfigured creatures . The chorus has Utada and the passengers marching across a bridge , while continuous intercut scenes of Utada outside a party is seen . During the second verse , it has the spacecraft traveling past the moon , whilst Utada cleans up the mess the passengers left on their tables . By the second pre @-@ chorus , several passengers play ping pong , as Utada exercises . The second chorus has Utada dancing inside a party , whilst intercut scenes of different stop motion animations are seen . In the bridge section , it has a close @-@ up of Utada in front of a forest @-@ like backdrop again , and also has Utada sitting on a swing . The final chorus has the spacecraft falling onto the ground , and creates a vast field of flowers , trees , and grass . The final scene has the camera zooming out of the spacecraft next to a tree , riddled with vines and flowers . The music video and the behind the scenes video was included on her DVD compilation Single Clip Collection Vol . 3 ( 2000 ) . The video achieved success by critics and several award ceremonies . Japanese recording artist Kyary Pamyu Pamyu wrote for the The Guardian , and said that the video " is a strong interpretation of the music . " She also praised the video 's creativity . At the 17th Japan Gold Disc Awards , " Traveling " won the Music Video of the Year trophy . = = Live performances and promotion = = The single has been performed on majority of Utada 's concert tours . Its first performance was in 2004 , during her Bokuhan concert tour . It appeared on the live DVD , which was released on July 28 , 2004 . It was included on Utada 's debut English concert tour named Utada United , which was later included on the live DVD , released on December 20 , 2006 . The song was performed during Utada 's two date concert series Wild Life in December 2010 . Since the track 's release , it has appeared on three compilation releases : Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol . 1 ( 2003 ) , its 2014 remastered version , and a special bundle of the compilation and the vol . 2 collection on a USB . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Charts = = = = DVD charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Adventure Time = Adventure Time is an American animated television series created by Pendleton Ward for Cartoon Network . The series follows the adventures of a boy named Finn ( voiced by Jeremy Shada ) and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake ( voiced by John DiMaggio ) — a dog with the magical power to change shape and size at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Throughout the show , they interact with the other main characters Princess Bubblegum ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) , The Ice King ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) , and Marceline the Vampire Queen ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) . The series is based on a short produced for Nicktoons and Frederator Studios ' animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . After the short became a viral hit on the Internet , Cartoon Network commissioned a full @-@ length series that previewed on March 11 , 2010 , and officially premiered on April 5 , 2010 . The series was inspired by the fantasy role @-@ playing game Dungeons & Dragons and video games . It is produced using hand @-@ drawn animation ; episodes are created through the process of storyboarding . Multiple episodes are worked on concurrently with each individual episode taking roughly eight to nine months to complete . The Adventure Time cast record their lines in group recordings and the series regularly employs guest actors for minor and recurring characters . Each Adventure Time episode runs for about eleven minutes ; pairs of episodes are often telecast to fill half @-@ hour program slots . Six seasons of the program have been completed , the seventh is currently airing , and the show has been renewed for an eighth season , which is scheduled to air in the latter part of 2016 . As of October 2015 , a feature @-@ length film is in development . Since its debut , Adventure Time has been a ratings success for Cartoon Network , with the highest @-@ rated episodes having attracted over 3 million viewers . The show has received positive reviews from critics and — despite being aimed primarily at children — has developed a following among teenagers and adults . Adventure Time has won awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards , a Peabody Award , two Annie Awards , two British Academy Children 's Awards , a Motion Picture Sound Editors Award , a Pixel Award , and a Kerrang ! Award . The series has also been nominated for three Critics ' Choice Television Awards , two Annecy Festival Awards , a TCA Award , and a Sundance Film Festival Award , among others . A comic book spin @-@ off based on the series won an Eisner Award and two Harvey Awards . The series has also inspired various clothing items and related merchandise , video games , comic books , and DVD compilations . = = Premise = = Adventure Time follows the adventures of a boy , Finn the Human , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake the Dog , who has magical powers to change shape and to change size at will . The show 's creator Pendleton Ward describes Finn as a " fiery little kid with strong morals " ; Jake is based on Bill Murray 's character in Meatballs , Tripper Harrison . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo , where they interact with the show 's other main characters : Princess Bubblegum ( voiced by Hynden Walch ) , the sovereign of the Candy Kingdom ; the Ice King ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) , a menacing but largely misunderstood ice wizard ; and Marceline the Vampire Queen ( voiced by Olivia Olson ) , a thousand @-@ year @-@ old vampire and rock music enthusiast . = = Development = = = = = Concept and creation = = = According to series creator Pendleton Ward , the show 's style was influenced by his time attending the California Institute of the Arts ( CalArts ) and his experiences working as a writer and storyboard artist on The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . In an interview with Animation World Network , Ward said he strives to combine the series ' subversive humor with " beautiful " moments , using Hayao Miyazaki 's film My Neighbor Totoro as inspiration . Ward has also named Home Movies and Dr. Katz , Professional Therapist as influences , largely because both shows are " relaxing " and feature " conversational dialogue that feels natural [ and ] not over the top [ nor ] cartoony and shrill " . The show began as a stand @-@ alone animated short film that ran for seven minutes . Ward created the short almost entirely by himself , and concluded its production in early 2006 . The film was first broadcast on Nicktoons Network on January 11 , 2007 , and was re @-@ aired as part of Frederator Studios ' anthology show Random ! Cartoons on December 7 , 2008 . After its initial release , the short video became a viral hit on the Internet . Frederator Studios then pitched an Adventure Time series to Nicktoons Network , but the network rejected it twice . Eventually , the studio 's rights to commission a full series expired , and Frederator — the short 's production animation studio — pitched it to other channels . The studio approached Cartoon Network , which said it would be willing to produce a series if Ward could prove the short could be expanded into a full series while maintaining elements of the original 's pilot . Rob Sorcher , the chief content officer at Cartoon Network , was influential in getting the network to take a chance on the show ; he recognized the series as " something that felt really indie ... comic book @-@ y [ and ] really new " . Ward quickly rethought the concept of the pilot ; he wanted a potential series to be " fully realized " , rather than be characterized by the " pre @-@ school vibe " that permeated the original film . Ward 's college friends Patrick McHale and Adam Muto helped him produce a rough storyboard that featured Finn and Princess Bubblegum going on a spaghetti @-@ supper date . Cartoon Network was not happy with this story and asked for another . Ward then created a storyboard for the episode " The Enchiridion ! " , which was his attempt to emulate the style of the original Nicktoons short . Cartoon Network approved the first season in September 2008 , and " The Enchiridion ! " was the first episode to enter into production . Ward and his production team began storyboarding episodes and writing plot outlines . Cartoon Network was still concerned about the direction of the new series . During the pitch of an episode titled " Brothers in Insomnia " — which was eventually scrapped — McHale said the room was filled with executives from Cartoon Network . The pitch went well ; the production staff were soon inundated with questions about the stylistic nature of the series . Hoping to resolve these issues , Cartoon Network management hired three veteran animators who had worked on SpongeBob SquarePants : Derek Drymon ( who served as executive producer for the first season of Adventure Time ) , Merriwether Williams ( who served as head story editors for the show 's first and second seasons ) , and Nick Jennings ( who became the series ' long @-@ serving art director ) . Thurop Van Orman , the creator of The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack , was also hired to guide Ward and his staff for the first two seasons . One of the main changes from the pilot to the series was the emphasis placed on the background art . Dan " Ghostshrimp " James , a freelance illustrator who had also storyboarded on Flapjack , was tasked with designing the show 's world ; Ward told him to make the series look as though it took place " in a ' Ghostshrimp World ' " . James designed major locations , including Finn and Jake 's home , the Candy Kingdom , and the Ice Kingdom . During the production of season one , Ward assembled a storyboarding team for the series . He was drawn to " younger , inexperienced people " , and he used the Internet to help with his search . During this time , Phil Rynda , who worked as the series ' lead character designer for two and a half seasons , was hired . = = = Production = = = While many cartoons are based on script pitches to network executives , Cartoon Network allowed Adventure Time to " build their own teams organically " and communicate through the use of storyboards and animatics . Rob Sorcher said this novel approach was sanctioned because the company was dealing with " primarily visual people " , and that by using storyboards the writers and artists could learn and grow " by actually doing the work " . The storyboard artists generally work on an episode in pairs , independent from other storyboarders , which , according to freelance writer David Perlmutter in his book America Toons In , prevents creative ennui and results in no two episodes being " alike in either content or tone " . Many members of the series ' production staff have backgrounds in indie comics , and Pendleton Ward has called them " really smart , smartypants people " who were responsible for inserting more idiosyncratic and spiritual ideas into the series during its third and later seasons . In an interview with The A.V. Club , Ward said the writing process for the show usually begins with the writers telling each other what they had done the previous week in an attempt to find something humorous to build from . He also said , " a lot of the time , if we 're really stuck , we 'll start saying everything that comes to our mind , which is usually the worst stuff , and then someone else will think that 's terrible but it 'll give him a better idea and the ball just starts rolling like that " . Ward also said a major inspiration for the series is the fantasy role @-@ playing game Dungeons and Dragons of which many of the show 's writers were fans . Because of the busy schedule of writing and coordinating a television series , they no longer had time to play the game . Ward said because the writers were too busy , they would attempt to write stories they would " want to be playing D & D with " . Sometimes , the writers and storyboard artists convene and play writing games . One game is called exquisite corpse ; one writer starts a story on a sheet of paper , which is then folded and another writer tries to finish it . Ward said , " the ideas are usually terrible " . Storyboard artist Cole Sanchez said episode scripts are either created by expanding the good ideas produced by these writing games , or are based upon an idea proposed by a storyboard artist in the hope it can be developed into an episode . After the writers pitch stories , the ideas are compiled onto a two @-@ or @-@ three @-@ page outline that contain " the important beats " . The episodes are then passed to storyboard artists who are given a week to " thumbnail a storyboard " and fill in the details complete with action , dialogue , and jokes . Ward and his creative directors then review the storyboard and make notes . The artists are then given another week to implement the notes and clean up the episode . Storyboard writing and revising can take up to a month . Following the revisions , the voices for the episode are recorded and an animatic is compiled to reduce the running time to the necessary 11 minutes . Prop , character , and background designers then create and clean up the designs . After this , the animation process begins . The episodes ' design and coloring are done in Burbank , California . Animation is handled in South Korea by either Rough Draft Korea or by Saerom Animation . Animating an episode can take between three and five months . During this time , retakes , music scoring , and sound design are completed . Once the animation is finished , it is sent back to the United States where it is reviewed ; the staff look for mistakes in the animation or " things that didn 't animate the way [ the staff ] intended " . These problems are then fixed in Korea and the episode is finished . It takes between eight and nine months for each episode to be created ; because of this , multiple episodes are worked on concurrently . According to former lead character designer Phil Rynda , most pre @-@ production is done in Photoshop . The animation is hand @-@ drawn on paper which is then digitally composited and painted with digital ink and paint . The series has occasionally hired guest animators for certain episodes . For instance , the second season entry " Guardians of Sunshine " was partially rendered in 3 @-@ D to emulate the style of a video game . The fifth @-@ season episode " A Glitch is a Glitch " was written and directed by Irish filmmaker and writer David OReilly , and features his distinctive 3 @-@ D animation . Another fifth season episode , " James Baxter the Horse " featured animation courtesy of noted animator James Baxter . The sixth season episode Food Chain was written , storyboarded , and directed by Japanese anime director Masaaki Yuasa , and was animated entirely by Yuasa 's own studio . Another sixth season episode " Water Park Prank " features Flash animation by David Ferguson . A stop @-@ motion episode titled " Bad Jubies " , directed by Kirsten Lepore , aired near the middle of the show 's seventh season . Lindsay and Alex Small @-@ Butera , noted for their web animation series Baman Piderman , also contributed animation for the seventh season episode " Beyond the Grotto " . Ward described the show as a " dark comedy " and said he enjoys experiencing ambivalent emotions , such as the feeling of being " happy and scared at the same time " . Executive producer Fred Seibert compared the show 's animation style to that of Felix the Cat and various Max Fleischer cartoons , but said its world was also inspired by Dungeons and Dragons and video games . Ward intends the show 's world to have a physical logic rather than " cartoony slapstick " . Although magic exists in the story , the show 's writers try to create an internal consistency in the characters ' interactions with the world . In the United States , the series is rated TV @-@ PG ; Ward has said he does not want to push the show 's PG rating . He said , " I 've never really even thought about the rating ... we don 't like stuff that 's overly gross . We like cute stuff and nice things . " In an interview with Rolling Stone , Ward said he had stepped down as series showrunner sometime during the fifth season in favor of Muto . As a naturally introverted person , he found dealing with people every day to be exhausting . Adam Muto , a storyboard artist and creative director for the show since the first season , became the show 's new showrunner . Until late 2014 , Ward continued to work on the series as a storyboard artist and storyline writer . After November 2014 , he stopped writing episode stories and focused on producing an Adventure Time movie . = = = Cast = = = Voice actors for the series include : Jeremy Shada ( who portrays Finn the Human ) , John DiMaggio ( who portrays Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( who plays the Ice King ) , Hynden Walch ( who voices Princess Bubblegum ) , and Olivia Olson ( who voices Marceline the Vampire Queen ) . Ward provides voices for several minor characters and Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO in English , and Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant named Tree Trunks . The Adventure Time cast members record their lines together in group recordings rather than individually , with the goal of recording natural @-@ sounding dialogue . Hynden Walch has described these group recordings as being akin to " doing a play reading — a really , really out there play " . The series regularly employs guest actors for minor and recurring characters . The crew members cast people they are interested in working with . For instance , in a panel , both Adam Muto and Kent Osborne said the Adventure Time crew has been attempting to cast the entire cast of Star Trek : The Next Generation and The Office as various characters . = = = Setting and mythology = = = The show is set in a fictional continent called the " Land of Ooo " , in a post @-@ apocalyptic future about a thousand years after a nuclear holocaust called the " Great Mushroom War " . According to Ward , the show takes place " after the bombs have fallen and magic has come back into the world " . Before the series was fully developed , Ward 's intended the Land of Ooo to be simply " magical " . After the broadcast of " Business Time " , in which an iceberg containing reanimated business men floats to the surface of a lake , the show became post @-@ apocalyptic ; Ward said the production crew " just ran with it " . Ward later described the setting as " candyland on the surface and dark underneath " , and said he had never intended the Mushroom War and the post @-@ apocalyptic elements to be " hit over the head in the show " . He limited it to " cars buried underground in the background [ and other elements that do not ] raise any eyebrows " . Ward has said the post @-@ apocalyptic elements of the series were influenced by the 1979 film Mad Max . Kenny called the way in which the elements are worked into the plot " very fill @-@ in @-@ the @-@ blanks " , and DiMaggio said , " it 's been obvious the Land of Ooo has some issues " . The series has a canonical mythology — an overarching plot and backstory — that is expanded upon in various episodes . The backstory mainly involves the Mushroom War , the origin of the series ' principal antagonist the Lich , and the backstories of several of the series ' principal and recurring characters . Ward has said the details behind the Mushroom War and the series ' dark mythology form " a story worth telling " , and that he feels the show will " save it and continue to dance around how heavy the back @-@ history of Ooo is " . = = = Title sequence and music = = = When Ward was developing the show 's title sequences , the rough draft version consisted of quick shots and vignettes that were " just sort of crazy , nonsensical " , which alluded to the show 's theme of quirky adventures . These drafts included " the characters ... just punching random ghosts and monsters , jumping through anything and everything [ and ] there were a bunch of atomic bombs at the end of it " . Ward later called this version " really silly " . He sent the draft to Cartoon Network ; they did not enjoy it and wanted something more graphical like the introduction to The Brady Bunch . Inspired by the title sequences of The Simpsons and Pee @-@ wee 's Playhouse , Ward developed a new title sequence that featured a panning sweep of the Land of Ooo while a synthesizer note rose slowly until the main theme was played . Ward 's draft for this idea was handed to layout animators and the sequence evolved ; Ward added " silly character stuff on top of his pass " , and Pat McHale worked on the Ice King 's shot and gave him a " high school [ year ] book " smile . The crew also struggled to get the shadows in the shot featuring Marceline correct . After the panning sweep , the sequence cuts to the theme song as shots of Finn and Jake adventuring are shown . For this part of the sequence , Ward was inspired by the " simple " aspects of the introduction of the 2007 comedy film Superbad . When the theme mentions " Jake the Dog " and " Finn the Human " , the characters ' names are displayed next to their heads , with a solid color in the background . The sequence was finalized immediately before the series was aired . The show 's eponymous theme song is performed by Ward , who is accompanied by a ukulele . The theme first appeared in the pilot episode ; in this version Ward was accompanied by an acoustic guitar . In the version used in the series , Ward sings in a noticeably higher register ; this is because Ward felt it was necessary to match his singing with the higher key of the ukulele . The finalized version of the theme song was originally supposed to be a temporary version . Ward said , " I recorded the lyrics for the opening title in the animatics room where we have this little crummy microphone just so that we could add it to the titles and submit it to the network . Later , we tried re @-@ recording it and I didn 't like it ... I only liked the temp one ! " According to Ward , much of the series ' music has " hiss and grit " because one of the show 's original composers , Casey James Basichis , " lives in a pirate ship he 's built inside of an apartment [ and ] you can hear floorboards squeak and lots of other weird sounds " . As the show progressed , Basichis 's friend Tim Kiefer joined the show as an additional composer . The two currently work together on its music . The show 's title sequence and theme song have mostly stayed consistent throughout its run , with two exceptions . During the Fionna and Cake episodes , all of the characters featured in the sequence are gender @-@ bent and the theme is sung by former storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri . Similarly , the introduction of the miniseries Stakes places most of the emphasis on Marceline , and the theme song is sung by Olivia Olson . The series regularly features songs and musical numbers . Many of the cast members — including Shada , Kenny , and Olson — sing their characters ' songs . Characters often express their emotions in song ; examples of this include Marceline 's song " I 'm Just Your Problem " and Finn 's " All Gummed Up Inside " . Although the background music for the series is composed by Basichis and Kiefer , the songs sung by characters are often written by the storyboard artists . For instance , the " Fry Song " was written by storyboard artist Rebecca Sugar , who storyboarded its parent episode " It Came from the Nightosphere " . Frederator , Seibert 's production company , often posted demos and full versions of songs sung by the characters . The show also rarely but occasionally refers to popular music . = = Broadcast = = Each Adventure Time episode is about eleven minutes in length ; pairs of episodes are often telecast in order to fill a half @-@ hour program time slot . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = Since its debut , Adventure Time has been a ratings success for Cartoon Network . In March 2013 , it was reported that the show averages roughly 2 to 3 million viewers an episode . According to a 2012 report by Nielsen , the show consistently ranks first in its time slot among boys aged 2 to 14 . The show premiered on April 5 , 2010 , and was watched by 2 @.@ 5 million viewers . The episode was a ratings success ; according to a press release by Cartoon Network , the episode 's time slot saw triple @-@ digit percentage increases from the previous year . The program was viewed by 1 @.@ 661 million children aged 2 – 11 — a 110 percent increase from the previous year 's figures . It was watched by 837 @,@ 000 children aged 9 – 14 — an increase 239 percent on the previous year 's figures . Between the second and sixth seasons , the show 's ratings continued to grow ; the second season premiere was watched by 2 @.@ 001 million viewers ; the third season debut was watched by 2 @.@ 686 million , the fourth season premiere was watched by 2 @.@ 655 million ; the fifth season premiere was watched by 3 @.@ 435 million ; and the sixth season premiere was watched by 3 @.@ 321 million . The show 's seventh season opener , however , took a substantial ratings tumble , being watched by only 1 @.@ 07 million viewers . = = = Critical reviews = = = The show has received positive reviews from critics and has developed a strong following among children , teenagers , and adults ; fans are drawn to Adventure Time because of " the show 's silly humor , imaginative stories , and richly populated world " . Television critic Robert Lloyd , in an article for the LA Times , said the series was a good companion piece " to the network 's [ then ] currently airing Chowder and The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack . " He complimented the setting and compared the show to the two previously mentioned series , saying each takes place " in a fantastical land peopled with strange , somewhat disturbing characters and has at its center a young male person or person @-@ like thing making his way in that world with the help of unusual , not always reliable , mentors " . He also said the show is " not unlike CN 's earlier Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends , about a boy and his imaginary friend , though darker and stranger and even less connected to the world as we know it " . Lloyd also compared it to " the sort of cartoons they made when cartoons themselves were young and delighted in bringing all things to rubbery life " . In a review of the third season , Mike LeChevallier of Slate , wrote that the series " scores relatively high marks for storytelling , artwork , music , voice acting , and realization with its neatly wrapped , 11 @-@ minute packages of multicolored awesomeness " , awarding the third and fourth seasons a rating of four stars out of five . He said the show " scarcely appears to be trying too hard to attract attention , yet it does just that " . He also said , " the short @-@ form format leaves some emotional substance to be desired " , and that this was inevitable for a series with such short episodes . In a review of season four , LeChevallier complimented the show for " growing up " with its characters , and said " the show 's dialogue is among the best of any current animated series " . He concluded that the series has " strikingly few faults " . The A.V. Club reviewer Zack Handlen called Adventure Time " a terrific show [ that ] fits beautifully in that gray area between kid and adult entertainment in a way that manages to satisfy both a desire for sophisticated ( i.e. , weird ) writing and plain old silliness " . He concluded that the show was " basically what would happen if you asked a bunch of 12 @-@ year @-@ olds to make a cartoon , only it 's the best possible version of that , like if all the 12 @-@ year @-@ olds were super geniuses and some of them were Stan Lee and Jack Kirby and the Marx Brothers " . Robert Mclaughlin of Den of Geek said Adventure Time " is the first cartoon in a long time that is pure imagination " . He heavily complimented the show for " its non @-@ reliance on continually referencing pop culture ... and the general outlook is positive and fun " . Eric Kohn of IndieWire said the show " represents the progress of [ cartoon ] medium " in the current decade . Kohn said he enjoyed the way the show revels in " random , frequently adorable and effusive " aspects and " toys with an incredibly sad subtext " . Entertainment Weekly named Adventure Time number 20 on its " The 25 Greatest Animated Series Ever " list . In 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reviewer Darren Franich awarded the series an " A " and called it " a hybrid sci @-@ fi / fantasy / horror / musical / fairy tale , with echoes of Calvin and Hobbes , Hayao Miyazaki , Final Fantasy , Richard Linklater , Where the Wild Things Are , and the music video you made with your high school garage band " . Franich praised the series ' " consistently inventive " plotlines and its " vivid landscape " , as well as its continued maturation . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show , likening it to " World of Warcraft as recapped by Carl Jung " , and praised its unique approach to emotion , humor , and philosophy . Freelance writer David Perlmutter , in his book America Toons In , wrote favorably of Adventure Time , calling it " a more sophisticated blend of high and low comedy " . Perlmutter applauded the show 's voice acting , noting that " the dialogue delivery is far less frantic and rushed than it can be in other series " , and he also wrote positively of the show 's transcending of its source material . With this being said , he argued that the show 's vacillation between high and low comedy epitomizes the fact that Cartoon Network is " unsure of what direction to pursue " . He also noted that " while some of [ Adventure Time 's ] episodes work well , others simply [ are ] confusing . " = = = Industry impact = = = Heidi MacDonald of Slate has argued that Adventure Time 's scouting of indie comic creators has led to an " Animation Gold Rush " in which major studios are actively seeking under @-@ the @-@ radar talent for their shows . She also pointed out that Adventure Time has influenced the tone of modern comics , noting , " Where once young cartoonists overwhelmingly produced gloomy masculine self @-@ absorption and misanthropy in the tradition of Daniel Clowes or Chris Ware , these days many booths feature fantasy epics with colorful characters and invented worlds heavy on the talking animals . It shouldn 't be surprising that up @-@ and @-@ coming cartoonists are absorbing the Adventure Time aesthetic . " = = = Academic interest = = = Adventure Time has attracted academic interest for its examination of gender and gender roles . Emma A. Jane said although the two main characters are male and that many episodes involve them engaging in violent acts to save princesses , " Finn and Jake are part of an expansive ensemble cast of characters who are anything but stereotypical and who populate a program which subverts many traditional gender @-@ related paradigms " . She said the show features " roughly equal numbers of female and male characters in protagonist , antagonist , and minor roles " ; includes characters with no fixed gender ; uses " gendered ' design elements ' " such as eyelashes and hair to illustrate character traits rather than gender ; equally distributes traits regardless of gender ; privileges found , adoptive families or extended families ; frames gender in ways that suggest it is fluid ; and features elements of queer and transgender sub @-@ text . Carolyn Lesie agrees , saying , " despite having two male leads , Adventure Time is particularly strong when it comes to questioning and challenging gender stereotypes " . She uses Princess Bubblegum , BMO , and Fionna and Cake as examples of characters who refuse to be readily categorized and genderized . = = = Fandom = = = Since its debut , Adventure Time has amassed a steadily growing fandom . The show is often described as having a cult following among teenagers and adults ; Eric Kohn of Indiewire said while it began with a cult following , the series has " started to look like one of the biggest television phenomenons of the decade " . The show is popular at fan conventions , such as the San Diego @-@ hosted Comic Con. Reporter Emma @-@ Lee Moss said , " This year 's [ 2014 ] Comic @-@ Con schedule reflected Adventure Time 's growing success , with several screenings , a dramatic reading with the show 's voice talent and a special Adventure Time Cosplay ball " . The show is also popular with cosplayers , or performance artists who wear costumes and fashion accessories to represent characters from the Adventure Time universe . Moss wrote , " Looking into the crowd , it was clear that [ Finn 's ] distinctive blue shirt and white hat were being mirrored by hundreds of Cosplayers , male and female " . In an interview , Olivia Olson said , " Literally , anywhere you look , anywhere in your range , you 're going to see at least two people dressed up like Finn . It 's crazy . " = = = Accolades = = = = = = = Television = = = = = = = = Comics = = = = = = Related media = = = = = Comic books = = = On November 19 , 2011 , KaBOOM ! Studios announced plans for an Adventure Time comic book series written by independent web comic creator Ryan North , who wrote the series Dinosaur Comics . The series launched on February 8 , 2012 , with art by Shelli Paroline and Braden Lamb . In October 2014 , it was revealed that North had left the comic series after three years . His duties were assumed by Christopher Hastings , the creator of The Adventures of Dr. McNinja . After the success of the ongoing comic book line , several spin @-@ off mini @-@ series were launched . In April 2012 , a six @-@ issue miniseries titled Adventure Time : Marceline and the Scream Queens and written by Meredith Gran — who created the series Octopus Pie — was announced . It was launched in July 2012 and features the characters Marceline and Princess Bubblegum touring the Land of Ooo as a part of Marceline 's rock band Scream Queens . Another six @-@ issue mini @-@ series , Adventure Time with Fionna & Cake was launched in January 2013 . This series , drawn by Adventure Time series character designer and storyboard revisionist Natasha Allegri , follows the gender @-@ bent characters Fionna the Human and Cake the Cat from the episode " Fionna and Cake " . Other spin @-@ off comic series including Candy Capers , Flip Side , Banana Guard Academy , and Adventure Time : Ice King , have been released ; each written and illustrated by different writers and artists . One @-@ shot spin @-@ offs have also been announced ; the first , Spoooktacular # 1 , was released in October 2015 . A separate line of comics , officially denoted as graphic novels , have also been released . The first of these , titled Adventure Time : Playing with Fire , was written by Danielle Corsetto and illustrated by Zack Sterling . It was released in April 2013 , and focuses on Flame Princess ' " very first adventure " with Finn and Jake . Playing with Fire was followed by several other volumes , including : Pixel Princesses ( November 6 , 2013 ) , Seeing Red ( May 2 , 2014 ) , Bitter Sweets ( November 11 , 2014 ) , Graybles Schmaybles ( May 12 , 2015 ) , Masked Mayhem ( November 11 , 2015 ) , and The Four Castles ( May 17 , 2016 ) An eighth original graphic novel , entitled President Bubblegum , is slated for release in September 2016 . = = = Other literature = = = Other Adventure Time @-@ themed books have also been released . The Adventure Time Encyclopaedia , published on July 22 , 2013 , was written by comedian Martin Olson , who is the father of Olivia Olson and the voice of recurring antagonist Hunson Abadeer . This book was followed by Adventure Time : The Enchiridion & Marcy 's Super Secret Scrapbook ! ! ! , which was released on October 6 , 2015 . This book — written by Martin and Olivia Olson — is presented as a combination of the Enchiridion and Marceline 's secret diary . An official Art of ... book , titled The Art of Ooo was published on October 14 , 2014 ; it contains interviews with cast and crew members , and opens with an introduction by film @-@ maker Guillermo del Toro . There are also a series of prose novels published under the header " Epic Tales from Adventure Time " , including : The Untamed Scoundrel written by Adrianne Ambrose , and Queen of Rogues and The Lonesome Outlaw both written by Leigh Dragoon . These books were published under the pseudonym " T. T. MacDangereuse " . Two volumes with collections of the show 's title cards have also been released . = = = Video games = = = A video game based on the series was announced by Pendleton Ward on his Twitter account . The game , titled Adventure Time : Hey Ice King ! Why 'd You Steal Our Garbage ? ! ! , was developed by WayForward Technologies for Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS , and was released by D3 Publisher on November 20 , 2012 . Various video games , including Legends of Ooo , Fionna Fights , Beemo – Adventure Time , and Ski Safari : Adventure Time , have been released on the iOS App Store . In May 2013 , it was announced that a new game called Adventure Time : Explore the Dungeon Because I Don 't Know ! would be released . The game follows Finn and Jake as they strive " to save the Candy Kingdom by exploring the mysterious Secret Royal Dungeon deep below the Land of Ooo . " It was released in November 2013 . A video game titled Finn & Jake 's Quest was released on April 11 , 2014 , on Steam . Adventure Time : The Secret of the Nameless Kingdom was released on November 18 , 2014 , for Nintendo 3DS , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , and Microsoft Windows . Cartoon Network also released a multiplayer online battle arena ( MOBA ) game titled Adventure Time : Battle Party on Cartoonnetwork.com , on June 23 , 2014 . In April 2015 , two downloadable content packs for LittleBigPlanet 3 on PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 were released ; one contained Adventure Time costumes , the other contained a level kit with decorations , stickers , music , objects , a background and a bonus Fionna costume . In October 2015 , the fourth major Adventure Time video game , titled Finn & Jake Investigations , was released . It is the first in the series to feature full 3D graphics . A virtual reality game entitled Adventure Time : Magic Man 's Head Games was also released to Oculus Rift , HTC Vive , and PlayStation VR . Adventure Time characters will be added to the LEGO Dimensions game in September 2016 . = = = Other merchandise = = = Jazwares has produced an assortment of 2- , 5- , 10- , and 20 @-@ inch licensed action figures for the series , which were launched in late 2011 . " Grow Your Own " characters that expand when immersed in water were also released . Role playing toys have been produced ; a 24 @-@ inch " Finn Sword " was released first . Jazwares is also producing a " cuddle pillow " of Jake and Lumpy Space Princess . " Splat toys " of the same characters were released in early 2012 . Since the dramatic increase in popularity of the series , many graphic T @-@ shirts have been officially licensed through popular clothing retailers . Pendleton Ward hosted T @-@ shirt designing contests on two of these retailers ' websites . Other shirts can be purchased directly from Cartoon Network 's store . A collectible card game called Card Wars , inspired by the season four episode of the same name , has been released . On March 11 , 2016 , it was announced by Lego via Lego Ideas that an official Adventure Time Lego set from an idea by site user , aBetterMonkey , had met voting qualifications and was approved to be produced in cooperation with Cartoon Network . The set has been slated for an early 2017 release . = = = Film = = = In February 2015 , it was reported that a theatrical Adventure Time movie was being developed by Cartoon Network Studios , Frederator Films , and Warner Animation Group . The film is being executive produced and written by Pendleton Ward , and produced by Roy Lee and Chris McKay . In October 2015 , series producer Adam Muto confirmed that series creator Pendleton Ward was “ working on the premise ” for the film , but that there was “ nothing official to announce yet . ” = = Home media = = On September 27 , 2011 , Cartoon Network released the region 1 DVD My Two Favorite People , which features a random selection of 12 episodes from the series ' first two seasons . The success of this DVD led to the release of several other region @-@ 1 compilation DVDs , including : It Came from the Nightosphere ( 2012 ) , Jake vs. Me @-@ Mow ( 2012 ) , Fionna and Cake ( 2013 ) , Jake the Dad ( 2013 ) , The Suitor ( 2014 ) , Princess Day ( 2014 ) , Adventure Time and Friends ( 2014 ) , Finn the Human ( 2014 ) , Frost & Fire ( 2015 ) , The Enchiridion ( 2015 ) , Stakes ( 2016 ) , and Card Wars ( 2016 ) . In addition , seasons one through five have been released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray . On March 30 , 2013 , the first season of Adventure Time was made available on the Netflix Instant Watch service for online streaming ; the second season was made available on March 30 , 2014 . Both seasons were removed on March 30 , 2015 , although seasons one through six were eventually made available for streaming on Hulu on May 1 , 2015 .
= John Peckham = John Peckham ( / ˈpɛkəm / ; also Pecham ; c . 1230 – 8 December 1292 ) was Archbishop of Canterbury in the years 1279 – 1292 . He was a native of Sussex who was educated at Lewes Priory and became a Friar Minor about 1250 . He studied at the University of Paris under Bonaventure , where he would later teach theology . From his teaching , he came into conflict with Thomas Aquinas , whom he debated on two occasions . Known as a conservative theologian , he opposed Aquinas ' views on the nature of the soul . Peckham also studied optics and astronomy , and his studies in those subjects were influenced by Roger Bacon . In around 1270 , Peckham returned to England , where he taught at the University of Oxford , and was elected the provincial minister of England ( Minoriten ) in 1275 . After a brief stint in Rome , he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1279 . His time as archbishop was marked by efforts to improve discipline in the clergy as well as reorganize the estates of his see . Pluralism , or holding more than one clerical benefice , was one of the abuses that Peckham combatted . He served King Edward I of England in Wales , where he formed a low opinion of the Welsh people and laws . Before and during his time as archbishop , he wrote a number of works on optics , philosophy , and theology , as well as writing hymns . Numerous manuscripts of his works survive . On his death , his body was buried in Canterbury Cathedral , but his heart was given to the Franciscans for burial . = = Early life = = Peckham came from a humble family , possibly from Patcham in Sussex . He was born about 1230 and was educated at Lewes Priory . About 1250 , he joined the Franciscan order at Oxford . He then went to the University of Paris , where he studied under Bonaventure and became regent master , or official lecturer , in theology . While at Paris , he wrote a Commentary on Lamentations , which sets out two possible sermons . For years Peckham taught at Paris , where he was in contact with many of the leading scholars of his time , including Thomas Aquinas . He famously debated Aquinas on at least two occasions during 1269 and 1270 , during which Peckham defended the conservative theological position , and Thomas put forth his views on the soul . The Thomist doctrine of the unity of form was condemned after these debates . His theological works later were used by his pupil Roger Marston who in turn inspired Duns Scotus . Peckham also studied other fields , however ; and was guided by Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon 's views on the value of experimental science . Where Peckham met Bacon is not known , but it would have been at either Paris or Oxford . Bacon 's influence can be seen in Peckham 's works on optics ( the Perspectiva communis ) and astronomy . = = Return to England = = = = = Reorganization of the archdiocese = = = About 1270 , he returned to England to teach at Oxford , and was elected provincial minister of the Franciscans in England in 1275 . He did not long remain in that post , being summoned to Rome as lector sacri palatii , or theological lecturer at the papal palace . It is likely that he composed his Expositio super Regulam Fratrum Minorum , a work that included information on preaching , a subject that Peckham felt was of great importance . In 1279 he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Nicholas III who had prohibited the election of Robert Burnell , Edward I 's preferred candidate . He was provided ( appointed by the pope to the see ) on 25 January 1279 and consecrated on 19 February 1279 . Peckham laid stress on discipline , which often resulted in conflict with his clergy . His first episcopal act was calling a council at Reading in July 1279 to implement ecclesiastical reform , but Peckham 's specifying that a copy of Magna Carta should be hung in all cathedral and collegiate churches offended the king as an unnecessary intrusion into political affairs . Another ruling was on non @-@ residence of clergy in their livings . The only exception Peckham was prepared to make on non @-@ residence was if the clerk needed to go abroad to study . At the Parliament of Winchester in 1279 , the archbishop compromised and Parliament invalidated any regulation of the council dealing with royal policies or power . The copies of Magna Carta were taken down . One reason the archbishop may have backed down was that he was in debt to the Italian banking family of the Riccardi , who also were bankers to Edward and the pope , and Peckham was under threat of excommunication from the pope unless he repaid the loans . However , Peckham worked hard to reorganise the estates of the diocese , and held an inquiry in 1283 through 1285 into the revenues of the see . He set up administrative structures in the manors that divided them into seven administrative groups . Peckham , though , was almost continually in debt , and because he was a Franciscan , he had no personal property to help with his living expenses . He had inherited the diocesan debts that his predecessor had allowed to accumulate , and never managed to clear them . = = = Relations with the Welsh = = = Notwithstanding his other actions , Peckham 's relations with the king were generally good , and Edward sent him on a diplomatic mission to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in Wales . In 1282 he attempted to mediate between the Welsh and King Edward , but given that Edward would not budge on the main issues , it was a hopeless mission . In the end , Peckham excommunicated some of the Welsh who were resisting Edward , not unsurprising given Peckham 's views of the Welsh . Peckham visited the Welsh dioceses as part of his tour of all his subordinate dioceses . While there , Peckham criticised the Welsh clergy for their unchaste lives , conspicuous consumption , and heavy drinking . He also found the Welsh clergy to be uneducated , although he did order a Welsh @-@ speaking suffragan bishop to be appointed to help with pastoral duties in the diocese of Coventry and Lichfield . Peckham also criticised the Welsh people as a whole , contrasting their pastoral economy with the farming @-@ based economy of England , and finding the Welsh to be lazy and idle . As part of his diplomatic duties , Peckham wrote to Llywelyn , and in those letters the archbishop continued his criticisms of the Welsh people , this time condemning their laws as contrary to both the Old and New Testament . Peckham was particularly offended that Welsh laws sought to get parties to homicides or other crimes to settle their differences rather than the process of English law which condemned the criminal . Peckham also had problems with his subordinate Thomas Bek , who was Bishop of St David 's in Wales . Bek tried to revive a scheme to make St David 's independent from Canterbury , and to elevate it to metropolitan status . This had originally been put forth by Gerald of Wales around 1200 , but had been defeated by the actions of Hubert Walter , then the Archbishop of Canterbury . Bek did not manage even the four @-@ year fight that Gerald had managed , for Peckham routed him quickly . = = = Ecclesiastical matters = = = Skirmishes with Edward over clerical privileges , royal power , Peckham 's use of excommunication , and ecclesiastical taxation continued , but in October 1286 , Edward issued a writ entitled Circumspecte Agatis which specified what types of cases the ecclesiastical courts could hear . These included moral issues , matrimonial issues , disputes about wills and testaments , the correction of sins , and slander and physical attacks on the clergy . Peckham was very strict in his interpretations of canon law , and once wrote to Queen Eleanor that her use of loans from Jewish moneylenders to acquire lands was usury and a mortal sin . He also felt that Welsh laws were illogical and conflicted with Biblical teachings . He also mandated that the clerical tonsure worn by the clergy should not just include the top of the head , but also have the nape and over the ears shaved , which allowed the clergy to be easily distinguished from the laity . To help with this , the archbishop also forbade the clergy from wearing secular clothing , especially military garb . He also forbade an effort by the Benedictine order in England to reform their monastic rule , to allow more time for study and for more education for the monks . Peckham 's reason was that they were against custom , but he may also have had concerns that these reforms would have drawn recruits away from the Franciscans . At an ecclesiastical council held at Lambeth in 1281 , Peckham ordered the clergy to instruct their congregations in doctrine at least four times a year . They were to explain and teach the Articles of Faith , the Ten Commandments , the Works of Mercy , the Seven Deadly Sins , the Seven Virtues and the Sacraments . This command was issued as a canon , or law , of the council , and the group is known as the Lambeth Constitutions . Even later these constitutions were collected as the Ignorantia sacerdotum . The six doctrines comprised the minimum theological knowledge the archbishop considered necessary for the laity to know . The constitutions , which were originally in Latin , were the basis and inspiration for pastoral and devotional works throughout the remainder of the Middle Ages , and were eventually translated into English in the 15th century . The crime of " plurality , " or pluralism , which was the holding by one cleric of two or more benefices , was one of Peckham 's targets , as were clerical absenteeism and laxity in the monastic life . His main method of fighting these was a system of " visitation " of his subordinate dioceses and religious houses , which he used with an unprecedented frequency . This often resulted in conflicts over whether or not the archbishop had jurisdiction to conduct these visits , but Peckham was also papal legate , which added a layer of complexity to the resulting disputes . The numerous legal cases that resulted from his visitation policy strengthened the archiepiscopal court at the expense of the lower courts . Peckham also fought with Thomas de Cantilupe , Bishop of Hereford over the right to visit subordinate clergy . The quarrel involved an appeal over the jurisdiction of the archbishop , that Thomas sent to Rome in 1281 , but Thomas died before the case could be decided . Peckham also decreed that the clergy should preach to their flocks at least four times a year . Peckham often was in conflict with his subordinate bishops , mainly because of his efforts to reform them , but Peckham 's own attitude and handling of his clergy contributed to the problem . He once wrote to Roger de Meyland , the Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield " These things need your attention , but you have been absent so long that you seem not to care . We therefore order you , on receipt of this letter , to take up residence in your diocese , so that — even if you are not competent to redress spiritual evils — you may at least minister to the temporal needs of the poor . " The historian Richard Southern says that Peckham 's disputes with his suffragan bishops were " conducted in an atmosphere of bitterness and perpetual ill @-@ will " , which probably owed something to a " petulant strain in Peckham 's character " . Peckham 's conflicts started because his own ideals were those of a Franciscan , but most of his clergy were concerned with more mundane and materialistic affairs . These strains between the archbishop and his subordinates were intensified by clashes over ecclesiastical and secular authority , as well as Edward 's great need for income . Archbishop John Peckham was a notable anti @-@ semite . On August 19 , 1282 , in a letter to Richard Gravesend , Bishop of London , he ordered the Bishop to compel the Jews of London , using every instrument of ecclesiastical censure , to destroy all their synagogues except one within a brief time period to be determined by the Bishop . In a second letter he congratulates the Bishop because the Judaica perfidia is being overcome by the bishop 's attention and vigilance . = = Death and legacy = = A number of manuscripts of Peckham 's works on philosophy and biblical commentary remain extant . Queen Eleanor persuaded him to write for her a scholarly work in French , which was later described as " unfortunately rather a dull and uninspired little treatise . " His poem Philomena is considered one of the finest poems written in its time . Peckham died on 8 December 1292 at Mortlake and was buried in the north transept , or the Martyrdom , of Canterbury Cathedral . His heart , however , was buried with the Franciscans under the high altar of their London church . His tomb still survives . He founded a college at Wingham , Kent in 1286 , probably a college of canons serving a church . = = = Works = = = A number of his works have survived , and some have appeared in print in various times : Peckham is the earliest Archbishop of Canterbury to have his registers , the principal records of archiepiscopal administration , held at Lambeth Palace Library .
= Zombi 2 = Zombi 2 is a 1979 zombie film directed by Lucio Fulci . The film was adapted from an original screenplay by Dardano Sacchetti to serve as a sequel to George A. Romero 's Dawn of the Dead , released in Italy as Zombi . It stars Tisa Farrow , Ian McCulloch and Richard Johnson , and featured a score by frequent Fulci collaborator Fabio Frizzi . The film tells the story of a Caribbean island cursed by voodoo , whose dead residents rise as zombies to attack the living . A scientist 's daughter journeys to the island after her father 's boat turns up abandoned in New York City . Intended as a return to " classic zombie tales " by its writer , Zombi 2 was filmed in Italy , with further location shooting in New York and Santa Domingo . Produced on a small budget of ₤ 410 million , the film earned several times its production costs back in international gross . It attracted controversy upon its United Kingdom release , becoming listed as a " video nasty " ; however , later years have seen a greater appreciation for the film from critics . Frizzi 's score has also been released independently of the film , as well as being performed live on tour by the composer . = = Plot = = Investigating an abandoned boat in a New York harbour , a patrolman is killed by a zombie before his partner chases it overboard . The dead patrolman 's body is taken to the morgue . Anne Bowles ( Tisa Farrow ) is questioned by police , as the boat belonged to her father . She claims he is conducting research on Matul , a Caribbean island . A newspaper reporter , Peter West ( Ian McCulloch ) , is investigating the story . He and Bowles learn that Bowles ' father is suffering from a strange illness on the island . They hire a boat and two guides — Brian Hull ( Al Cliver ) and his wife Susan Barrett ( Auretta Gay ) — to reach Matul . Meanwhile , on Matul , Dr. David Menard ( Richard Johnson ) , and his wife Paola ( Olga Karlatos ) have been researching the phenomenon of zombie reanimation . Paola wishes to flee the island but Menard insists on staying . That night , Paola is alone in the house when a zombie tries to enter . She pushes the door shut but it breaks through with one arm . Paola is dragged through the hole and killed , with her eye being gouged out by splintered wood . Approaching Matul , Barrett dives in the ocean around the boat . She encounters a shark and flees behind a reef , only to be accosted by a submerged zombie . Surfacing , she reaches the boat while the shark and zombie attack each other . Eventually , the boat docks at Matul . Menard is alarmed to find that one of his colleagues has died of the zombie infection ; he waits for the body to reanimate before shooting it in the head . While digging a grave for the body , he hears gunfire and follows it to discover the boat group . Menard takes them back to his mansion , discovering Paola 's corpse being eaten by zombies . The group fends off an attack and escapes in a jeep , with West suffering an ankle injury when the vehicle veers off @-@ road . Resting in a jungle clearing , the group realise they have encountered a Conquistador @-@ era graveyard ; Barrett is killed when one of the corpses rises from the earth and bites out her throat . As more corpses reanimate , the group flees to a hospital , where Menard explains that the dead are rising as a result of a voodoo curse which he has been trying to stop . The hospital is besieged by zombies , and Menard is killed by one of his former staff . As the zombies attempt to enter , those being treated for infection inside the hospital also reanimate , killing several hospital staff who have stayed behind . As the dead outside breach the door , Bowles sets the building on fire . The undead Barrett attacks Hull but is shot in the head by West . Bowles , West and Hull escape to the boat and leave the island . At sea , Hull dies of his infection , and his body is locked in a cabin to be used as evidence of what has happened . However , as the boat approaches New York again , a radio broadcast reports that the city is under attack from zombies — the result of the initial attack in the harbour . = = Production = = = = = Pre @-@ production = = = Zombi 2 serves as a sequel to Zombi , a re @-@ edited Italian release of George A. Romero 's 1978 film Dawn of the Dead ; Zombi had been edited by Dario Argento and given a new score by the Italian band Goblin , and proved successful upon its release in Italy . As Italian copyright law allows any film to be marketed as a sequel to another work , the film was quickly greenlit and financed by producer Fabrizio De Angelis . Enzo G. Castellari was offered to direct Zombi 2 , but turned it down as he didn 't feel he would be the right director for a horror film . Director Lucio Fulci was De Angelis ' second choice for the project , and was hired based on his handling of violent scenes in his previous films Sette note in nero and Non si sevizia un paperino . Screenwriter Dardano Sacchetti had already worked with Fulci on Sette note in nero . Sacchetti has since stated that his initial script for Zombi 2 — originally written under the title Nightmare Island — had been influenced by The Island of Doctor Moreau and had been intended to return to " classic zombie tales " such as I Walked with a Zombie , The Walking Dead or Voodoo Island . Sacchetti began work on this script in July 1978 , before it was optioned by Angelis ' company Variety Films that December and re @-@ tooled as Zombi 2 . Lead star McCulloch was cast primarily on the success in Italy of the 1975 BBC television series Survivors , which had impressed producer Ugo Tucci . = = = Filming = = = Production occurred during June and July 1979 . Filming took place in Latina , Italy , as well as in New York City and Santo Domingo . Several of the actors ' contracts had specified being provided with trailers for the duration of production ; however , none were present when filming started and only Johnson was able to convince the producers to provide one . McCulloch and Johnson had known each other for many years by the time they collaborated on Zombi 2 , having first met while they were members of the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1962 , with the younger McCulloch coming to idolise Johnson 's work . = = Music = = The score to Zombi 2 was composed by Fabio Frizzi , who frequently scored Fulci 's works , including Sette note in nero , I quattro dell 'apocalisse and Sella d 'argento previously . Zombi 2 marked the first time the two had worked together on a straight horror movie as opposed to their previous spaghetti western and giallo thriller work ; Frizzi would go on to compose for many more horror films with and without Fulci . Frizzi 's work on Zombi 2 — particularly " Seq . 6 " , the sequence composed for the eye @-@ gouging scene — was inspired by the melody of The Beatles ' 1967 song " A Day in the Life " . Elsewhere in the score , Frizzi included Caribbean musical cues , which he noted were intended to " pleasantly deceive " the audience . A medley of the score was later included as part of Frizzi 's 2013 Fulci 2 Frizzi live tour , including the 2014 live album release Fulci 2 Frizzi : Live at Union Chapel . The score itself was released on vinyl by Death Waltz Records in 2015 , with new artwork by Tom Beauvais . = = = Track listing = = = All songs written and composed by Fabio Frizzi . = = Release = = Zombi 2 was first released in September 1979 in Italy , before being released in English @-@ speaking markets in 1980 . The film would go on to gross over ₤ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 worldwide , significantly higher than its ₤ 410 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 budget . Zombi 2 has also been released under the titles Sanguella , The Island of the Living Dead , Zombie Flesh Eaters , Zombie , Zombie The Dead Walk Among Us , Gli Ultimi Zombi , Woodoo , L 'Enfer de Zombies , Zombie 2 : The Dead Are Among Us and Nightmare Island . Upon its release in the United Kingdom on 2 January 1980 , the British Board of Film Classification required a total of one minute and forty @-@ six seconds of material to be cut in order to obtain an X rating ; its most recent home release on 1 August 2005 passed for an 18 rating with no cuts required . However , the 1980 release found itself classified as a " video nasty " , having been considered a breach of the Obscene Publications Act . This classification , and the de facto " ban " it involved , has subsequently been used for publicity when advertising future home releases Zombi 2 has been released several times on home video , beginning with a 1981 VHS version by VIPCO following the theatrical cuts directed by the BBFC . VIPCO produced an uncut release , marketed as the " strong uncut version " , on VHS the following year ; this is the release which was widely confiscated as a " video nasty " . Further VHS releases followed in 1991 and 1994 , with the latter being edited for widescreen viewing . The film was first released on DVD by VIPCO in 2004 , with minor cuts , and uncut by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 2005 . Other DVD releases include a 2004 version by Cornerstone Media , and a 2012 DVD and Blu @-@ ray version by Arrow Films . = = Reception = = Zombi 2 grossed higher in the domestic Italian box office than its predecessor , leading to future sequels — Fulci began directed Zombi 3 before illness forced him to hand over the reigns to Bruno Mattei and Claudio Fragasso , the latter of whom would also direct Zombi 4 . In a contemporary review , Tom Milne reviewed a 89 @-@ minute English @-@ language dub in the Monthly Film Bulletin and compared the film to Dawn of the Dead . While noting that the cast was competent and the film featured " sometimes effective make @-@ up work " , Milne opined that the film " lacks @-@ for all weaknesses of Romero 's film — even a tenth of the minatory charge harboured by Zombies . " The review noted that the censorship trimmed a " promisingly gruesome sequence " with a corpse undergoing an autopsy . In Italy , La Stampa described the film as " pedestrian " , as well finding it hard to bear Olga Karlatos ' character 's death scene . In a 2012 review for The Guardian , Phelim O 'Neill described the film as " the ultimate undead movie " , praising its commitment to gory scenes and convincing effects . O 'Neill felt that the film stood the passage of time well , and explained that this was " because it delivers , plain and simple " . He also highlighted Frizzi 's work on the score , and summed the film up as " a real influence on what followed " . Anne Billson , writing for The Daily Telegraph in 2013 , included Zombi 2 in her list of the top ten zombie films , describing its opening scenes as " sublimely creepy " and the eye @-@ gouging scene as " memorably nasty " . Writing for the Daily Mirror , James Kloda praised Fulci 's directing , finding that he consistently made evocative use of particular shots to accentuate the film 's action or horror . Kloda felt that the film " can often blind with its shock violence but is well worth the look " . Writing for AllMovie , Robert Firsching described Zombi 2 as a " relatively well made shocker " which " led to the zombie @-@ gore film becoming the dominant motif of 1980s Italian horror " . Firsching rated the film three stars out of five . Empire 's Kim Newman awarded the film two stars out of five , chalking up much of its " video nasty " reputation to the " eye gouging " scene , comparing this unfavourably to similar material in 1929 's Un Chien Andalou . Newman did compliment several sequences as interesting , particularly one underwater scene depicting a zombie attacking a shark , but found that overall the film did no " keep up the pace or plausability sufficiently " .
= New York State Route 195 = New York State Route 195 ( NY 195 ) was a 6 @.@ 20 @-@ mile ( 9 @.@ 98 km ) long north – south state highway located within the town of Lawrence in St. Lawrence County , New York , in the United States . The southern terminus of the route was at NY 11B in the hamlet of Nicholville . Its northern terminus was at U.S. Route 11 ( US 11 ) in the community of Lawrenceville . NY 195 was located in an extremely rural portion of the county and had only three intermediary intersections with other through traffic roads . NY 195 was first a piece of the former Route 30 , a legislative route designated by the state in 1908 . The route was replaced in 1924 , by NY 2 , the first set of signed state routes in New York , with a bypassed section near Lawrenceville being designated as NY 2A about two years later . NY 2 and NY 2A were decommissioned in 1927 for US 11 , leaving the route unnumbered for a few years . In the 1930 state highway renumbering , the Nicholville – Lawrenceville route was designated as NY 11B . By 1938 , NY 11B was realigned to Malone , and the route was replaced by NY 195 . The route was officially decommissioned by the New York State Department of Transportation on April 10 , 1980 , but the route remained under state control for two more years , until September 1 , 1982 , when the alignment was turned over to St. Lawrence County and designated as County Route 55 ( CR 55 ) and County Route 54 ( CR 54 ) . = = Route description = = NY 195 began at an intersection with NY 11B in the hamlet of Nicholville within the town of Lawrence . It headed north out of the community and into a series of cultivated fields . About quarter of the way between Nicholville and Lavery 's Corner , the fields gave way to forested areas , which themselves ceded to more fields near an intersection with Cady Road . NY 195 continued on to Lavery 's Corner , where it intersected with a pair of county highways and turned east toward Lawrenceville . On its way to Lawrenceville , the highway met Ferris Road , the last through route along NY 195 's routing excluding the roadway at its northern terminus . East of Ferris Road , NY 195 curved northeast to enter Lawrenceville , where it ended at US 11 . = = History = = In 1908 , the New York State Legislature created Route 30 , an unsigned legislative route extending from Niagara Falls to Rouses Point via Maple View , Potsdam and Lawrenceville . Route 30 followed what is now NY 11B east from Potsdam to Nicholville , where it turned north to follow modern County Route 55 ( CR 55 ) and CR 54 to Lawrenceville . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , NY 2 was assigned to most of legislative Route 30 between Maple View and Rouses Point . The lone exception was from Potsdam to Lawrenceville , where NY 2 followed a more northerly alignment via Winthrop and North Lawrence . The bypassed section of legislative Route 30 between Potsdam and Lawrenceville was designated as NY 2A by 1926 . The Nicholville – Lawrenceville segment of NY 2A was concurrent with NY 56 , another route assigned in the mid @-@ 1920s that extended from Massena in the northwest to Meacham Lake in the southeast via Winthrop and Saint Regis Falls . When NY 2 was redesignated as US 11 in 1927 , the NY 2A designation was eliminated and replaced with a realigned NY 56 from Potsdam to Nicholville . The Nicholville – Lawrenceville roadway was left unnumbered until the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York when it was designated as NY 11B . The designation was extended west to Potsdam by the following year . NY 11B was rerouted c . 1938 to continue east from Nicholville to Malone while its former routing north of Nicholville was designated as NY 195 . NY 195 remained unchanged up to April 10 , 1980 , when the designation was officially removed from the route . However , the highway remained under state jurisdiction until September 1 , 1982 , when ownership and maintenance of NY 195 's former routing was transferred from the state of New York to St. Lawrence County as part of a larger highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The alignment that NY 195 once followed is now part of CR 55 from Nicholville to Lavery 's Corner and part of CR 54 from Lavery 's Corner to Lawrenceville . = = Major intersections = = The entire route was in Lawrence , St. Lawrence County .
= The Experienced English Housekeeper = The Experienced English Housekeeper , is a cookery book by the English businesswoman Elizabeth Raffald ( 1733 – 1781 ) . It was first published in 1769 , and went through 13 authorised editions and at least 23 pirated ones . The book contains some 900 recipes for : soups ; main dishes including roast and boiled meats , boiled puddings , and fish ; desserts , table decorations and " little savory dishes " ; potted meats , drinks , wines , pickles , preserves and distilled essences . The recipes consist largely of direct instructions to the cook , and do not contain lists of ingredients . The book is illustrated with three fold @-@ out copper plate engravings . The book is noted for its practicality , departing from earlier practice in avoiding plagiarism , consisting instead almost entirely of direct instructions based on Raffald 's experience . It introduced the first known recipe for a wedding cake covered in marzipan and royal icing , and is an early use of barbecue . The book remains a reference for cookery writers . = = Context = = Raffald was born in Doncaster in 1733 . Between 1748 and 1763 she was employed as a housekeeper by several families , including the Warburtons of Arley Hall in Cheshire , where she met her future husband , John Rafford , Arley Hall 's head gardener . In 1763 the couple moved to Manchester , where Elizabeth opened a confectionery shop and John sold flowers and seeds at a market stall . They had 16 children , all girls . As well as her cookery book , she wrote a book on midwifery and ran a registry office in Manchester . In 1773 , she sold the copyright to the book to her publisher for £ 1400 , equivalent to about £ 160 @,@ 000 as of 2015 . Raffald writes in her Preface that she not only worked as a housekeeper " in great and worthy families " , but " had the opportunity of travelling with them " . The bibliographer William Carew Hazlitt observes that in this way she " widened her sphere of observation . " A 2005 article in Gastronomica described Raffald as " the most celebrated English cookery writer of the eighteenth century after Hannah Glasse . " = = Book = = = = = Contents = = = The following page numbers refer to the 4th edition of 1775 . Part I [ Soups , meat , fish , pies and puddings ] Chapter 1 : Soups . Page 1 Chapter 2 : Dressing Fish . Page 14 Chapter 3 : Roasting and Boiling . Page 52 Chapter 4 : Made Dishes . Page 79 Chapter 5 : Pies . Page 143 Chapter 6 : Puddings . Page 167 Part II [ Desserts and accompanying dishes ] Chapter 7 : Making Decorations for a Table . Page 186 Chapter 8 : Preserving . Page 209 Chapter 9 : Drying and Candying . Page 237 Chapter 10 : Creams , Custards , and Cheese @-@ Cakes . Page 247 Chapter 11 : Cakes . Page 264 Chapter 12 : Little Savory Dishes . Page 280 Part III [ Preserves , pickles , wines , distilled essences ] Chapter 13 : Potting and Collaring . Page 293 Chapter 14 : Possets , Gruel , & c . Page 308 Chapter 15 : Wines , Catchup , and Vinegar . Page 317 Chapter 16 : Pickling . Page 342 Chapter 17 : Keeping Garden @-@ Stuff , and Fruit . Page 358 Chapter 18 : Distilling . Page 364 [ Appendices ] A correct List of every Thing in Season in every Month of the Year . Page 368 Directions for a Grand Table . Page 381 Index . Page 383 [ Finis Page 397 ] = = = Approach = = = The book begins without a table of contents , though the three parts are described on the title page . The front matter consists of a dedication " To the Honourable Lady Elizabeth Warburton " , occupying two pages , a three @-@ page Preface to the First Edition , and a fold @-@ out plate of a suitable stove , complete with a " Description of the Plate " on the facing page . Plagiarism was combated in later editions ( from as early as 1775 ) with the declaration at the foot of the title page " N. B. No Book is genuine but what is signed by the Author " , and a matching handwritten signature in brownish @-@ black ink bracketing the heading of Chapter 1 . Each chapter begins with a section of " Observations " on the topic of the chapter ; thus , Chapter 3 has three pages of " Observations on Roasting and Boiling " . The observations are close to instructions , as " when you boil mutton or beef , observe to dredge them well with flour before you put them into the kettle of cold water , keep it covered , and take off the scum " . The rest of each chapter consists entirely of " receipts " ( recipes ) . These are usually named as instructions like " To roast a Pig " , " To make Sauce for a Pig " . Occasionally there is a comment , as in " A nice way to dress a Cold Fowl " . The names of dishes are overwhelmingly in English , even when the dish is in fact foreign ; thus " To make Cream Cakes " is the heading for the recipe for meringue , beginning " Beat the whites of nine eggs to a stiff froth , then stir it gently with a spoon , for fear the froth should fall " . Raffald is however not afraid to use foreign words for new techniques , as " to fricassee Lamb Stones " , " to barbecue a Pig " , " Bouillie Beef " , " Ducks a @-@ la @-@ mode " , " To fricando Pigeons " , " To ragoo Mushrooms " . In explanation of this , she writes in the Preface to the First Edition : And though I have given some of my dishes French names , as they are known only by those names , yet they will not be found very expensive , nor add compositions but as plain as the nature of the dish will admit of . The recipes themselves are written entirely as directions , without lists of ingredients . They are generally terse , the reader being assumed to know how to beat eggs and to separate the white from the yolk , to boil starchy foods in milk without burning the pan , or to make a " paste " ( pastry ) , all of which are required skills for this recipe for sago pudding : A SAGO PUDDING another way . Boil two ounces of sago till it is quite thick in milk , beat six eggs , leaving out three of the whites , put to it half a pint of cream , two spoonfuls of sack , nutmeg and sugar to your taste ; put a paste round your dish . = = = Illustrations = = = Official editions contained three engravings on pages that folded out , interspersed with the text . The first illustrated a stove ; the other two , suggested table layouts for the first course and for the second course . Raffald explains in her Directions for a GRAND TABLE that : being desirous of rendering it easy for the future , have made it my study to set out the dinner in as elegant a manner as lies in my power , and in the modern taste ; but finding I could not express myself to be understood by young house @-@ keepers , in placing the dishes upon the table , obliged me to have two copper @-@ plates ; as I am very unwilling to leave even the weakest capacity in the dark , it being my greatest study to render my whole work both plain and easy . The book , intended for " a burgeoning middle class that required explanation and elucidation " , provided an accurate description of how to serve an elegant meal à la française , complete with two fold @-@ out engravings of the layout of a table with 25 " prettily @-@ shaped " and symmetrically @-@ arranged serving @-@ dishes " laid in generous profusion on the table " , each annotated with the name of the appropriate recipe . It is not clear whether the term " cover " for the layout of such a " Grand meal " is an acknowledgement of the French couvert , as it may simply mean , with Hannah Glasse , " a large table to cover " . The layout for the second course contains the dishes ( from top ) : Pheasant , Snow balls , Crawfish in savory jelly , Moonshine , Pickl 'd Smelts , Marbl 'd Veal , Fish pond , Mince Pies , Globes of gold web with mottoes in them , Stewed Cardoon , Pompadore Cream , Roast Woodcocks , transparent pudding covered with a silver web , pea Chick with asparagus , Maccaroni , Stew 'd mushrooms , Pistacha Cream , Crocrant with Hot Pippins , Floating Island , Collared Pig , Pott 'd Lampreys , Rocky Island , Snipes in savory jelly , Burnt Cream , Roast 'd Hare . = = Influence = = = = = Contemporary = = = The Monthly Review , Or , Literary Journal of 1770 listed the book , commenting only that " The Reviewers are sorry to own , but their regard to truth obliges them to it , that there are subjects with which , alas ! they are too little acquainted , to pretend to be judges of what the learned may publish concerning them . " The Experienced English Housekeeper was " extremely successful " , going through 13 authorised editions and at least 23 pirated ones . To attempt to reduce the piracy , Raffald signed each copy on the first page of the main text in ink , and printed the message " N.B. No Book is genuine but what is signed by the Author " on the title page . Finally in 1773 , she sold the copyright to her publisher for £ 1400 , equivalent to about £ 160 @,@ 000 in 2015 . As well as direct piracy , the book inspired other " experienced housekeepers " to try to profit by publishing books of culinary advice . In 1795 , Sarah Martin published The New Experienced English Housekeeper , for the Use and Ease of Ladies ' Housekeepers , Cooks , & c. written purely for her own practice . Similarly , Susanna Carter entitled her 1822 book The Experienced Cook and Housekeeper 's Guide . It included 12 engravings " for the arrangement of dinners of two courses " . As an illustration of how familiar Raffald had made the idea of the experienced English housekeeper , The Critical Review , Or , Annals of Literature of 1812 wrote that " The arranging of a dinner @-@ table is attended in Iceland with little trouble , and would afford on scope for the display of the elegant abilities of an experienced English housekeeper . On the cloth was nothing but a plate , a knife and fork , a wine glass , and a bottle of claret , for each guest , except that in the middle stood a large and handsome glass @-@ castor of sugar , with a magnificent silver top . " = = = Firsts = = = The Experienced English Housekeeper was the first book to contain a recipe for what became the classic wedding cake complete with marzipan and royal icing . The Oxford English Dictionary of 1888 credited Raffald as one of the earliest sources in English to mention barbecue in cookery . = = = On modern cookery = = = The Cambridge Guide to Women 's Writing in English noted in 1999 that Raffald distinguishes her work as purely from practice , unlike books of untried recipes copied from elsewhere , and that she apologises for " the plainness of the style " in her introductory letter . The Guide observes , however , that " this is the essence of her lasting appeal , and her clarity and economy with words find an echo in the work of Eliza Acton a century later . " The cookery writer Sophie Grigson wrote in The Independent that her mother Jane made Raffald 's Orange Custards " every year when the Seville orange season was in full swing , a treat to look forward to . " In 2013 , Raffald 's former workplace , Arley Hall , brought some of her recipes including lamb pie , pea soup and rice pudding back to their tables . The general manager Steve Hamilton however said they would avoid Raffald 's turtle and calf 's foot pudding . = = Publication = = Raffald states in her Preface that she personally " perused [ every sheet ] as it came from the press , having an opportunity of having it printed by a neighbour , whom I can rely on " . She writes that " The whole work being now compleated to my wishes " , she must thank her friends and subscribers ; she states that over 800 of them contributed , " raising me so large a subscription , which far excells my expectations " . She was thus a self @-@ publisher .
= The Bourne Identity ( 2002 film ) = The Bourne Identity is a 2002 American @-@ German spy action thriller film adaptation of Robert Ludlum 's novel of the same name . It stars Matt Damon as Jason Bourne , a man suffering from extreme memory loss and attempting to discover his true identity amidst a clandestine conspiracy within the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) . The film also features Franka Potente , Chris Cooper , Clive Owen , Julia Stiles , Brian Cox and Adewale Akinnuoye @-@ Agbaje . This , the first in the Bourne film series , is followed by The Bourne Supremacy ( 2004 ) , The Bourne Ultimatum ( 2007 ) , The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) , and Jason Bourne ( 2016 ) . The film was directed by Doug Liman and adapted for the screen by Tony Gilroy and William Blake Herron . Although Robert Ludlum died in 2001 , he is credited as the film 's producer alongside Frank Marshall . Universal Pictures released the film to theatres in the United States on June 14 , 2002 , and it received a positive critical and public reaction . = = Plot = = In the Mediterranean Sea , Italian fishermen rescue an unconscious American ( Matt Damon ) floating adrift with two gunshot wounds in his back . They tend to his wounds , and when the man wakes , they find he suffers from dissociative amnesia . He has no memory of his own identity , while he retains his speech and finds himself capable of advanced combat skills and fluency in several languages . The skipper finds a tiny laser projector under the man 's hip that , when activated , gives a number of a safe deposit box in Zürich . Upon landing , the man heads to investigate the box . Arriving at the bank , the man finds the box contains a large sum of money in various currencies , numerous passports and identity cards with his picture on all of them , and a handgun . The man takes everything but the gun , and leaves , opting to use the name on the American passport , Jason Bourne . After Bourne 's departure , a bank employee contacts Operation Treadstone , a CIA black ops program . Treadstone 's head , Alexander Conklin ( Chris Cooper ) , contacts CIA Deputy Director Ward Abbott ( Brian Cox ) about the reappearance of Bourne . Abbott warns that Bourne , a CIA agent , had been assigned the silent assassination of exiled African dictator Nykwana Wombosi ( Adewale Akinnuoye @-@ Agbaje ) , but the attempt failed , and Bourne must be dealt with . Conklin activates three agents to take down Bourne : Castel ( Nicky Naude ) , Manheim ( Russell Levy ) , and the Professor ( Clive Owen ) , while also issuing alerts to local police to capture Bourne . Bourne attempts to evade the Swiss police by using his U.S. passport to enter the American consulate , but he is discovered by guards . He evades capture , leaves the embassy , and gives a German woman , Marie Kreutz ( Franka Potente ) , $ 20 @,@ 000 to drive him to an address in Paris listed on his French driving license . At the address , an apartment , he hits redial on the phone and reaches a hotel . He inquires about the names on his passports there , learning that a " John Michael Kane " had been registered but died two weeks prior in a car crash . Castel ambushes Bourne and Kreutz in the apartment , but Bourne gets the upper hand . Instead of allowing himself to be interrogated , Castel throws himself out a window to his death . Kreutz finds wanted posters of Bourne and herself , and agrees to continue to help Bourne . Meanwhile , Wombosi approaches the police about the attempt on his life . Conklin , having anticipated this , had planted a body in the Paris morgue to appear as the assailant , but Wombosi is not fooled and threatens to report this . The Professor assassinates Wombosi on Conklin 's orders . Bourne , posing as Kane , learns about Wombosi 's yacht , and that the assailant had been shot twice during the escape ; Bourne now considers himself to have been the assailant . He and Kreutz take refuge at the French countryside home of her ex @-@ lover Eamon ( Tim Dutton ) and his children . Conklin tracks their position and sends the Professor there , but Bourne shoots him twice with Eamon 's shotgun , mortally wounding him . The Professor reveals their shared connection to Treadstone before dying . Bourne sends Kreutz , Eamon , and Eamon 's children away for their protection , and then contacts Conklin via the Professor 's phone to arrange a meeting . From a rooftop near the arranged location in Paris , Bourne sees Conklin has brought backup , so he abandons the meeting , but uses the opportunity to place a tracking device on Conklin 's car , leading Bourne to Treadstone 's safe house . Bourne breaks in and holds Conklin and logistics technician Nicolette " Nicky " Parsons ( Julia Stiles ) at gunpoint . Bourne starts to recall fully the assassination attempt through successive flashbacks . As Kane , and working under orders from Treadstone , Bourne infiltrated Wombosi 's yacht but could not bring himself to kill Wombosi while Wombosi 's children were present , and instead fled , being shot during his escape . Bourne announces he is resigning from Treadstone and is not to be followed . As agents descend on the safe house , Bourne fights his way free . Meanwhile , when Conklin leaves the safe house , he is killed by Manheim , who was ordered by Abbott to terminate Treadstone . Abbott reports to an oversight committee that Treadstone is " all but decommissioned " before discussion turns to a new project codenamed " Blackbriar " . In the final scene , Bourne finds Kreutz renting out scooters to tourists on Mykonos , and the two reunite . = = Cast = = Matt Damon as Jason Bourne Franka Potente as Marie Helena Kreutz Chris Cooper as Alexander Conklin Clive Owen as The Professor Brian Cox as Ward Abbott Adewale Akinnuoye @-@ Agbaje as Nykwana Wombosi Gabriel Mann as Danny Zorn Julia Stiles as Nicolette " Nicky " Parsons Josh Hamilton as Research Tech Walton Goggins as Research Tech Orso Maria Guerrini as Giancarlo Tim Dutton as Eamon Nicky Naude as Castel Russell Levy as Manheim = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Director Doug Liman has said that he had been a fan of the source novel by Robert Ludlum since he read it in high school . Near the end of production of Liman 's previous film Swingers , Liman decided to develop a film adaptation of the novel . After more than two years of securing rights to the book from Warner Bros. and a further year of screenplay development with screenwriter Tony Gilroy , the film went through two years of production . Universal Pictures acquired the film rights to Ludlum 's books in the hopes of starting a new film franchise . William Blake Herron was brought in to rewrite the script in 1999 . The inner workings of the fictitious Treadstone organization were inspired by Liman 's father 's job in the National Security Agency ( NSA ) under Ronald Reagan . Of particular inspiration were Liman 's father 's memoirs regarding his involvement in the investigation of the Iran – Contra affair . Many aspects of the Alexander Conklin character were based on his father 's recollections of Oliver North . Liman admitted that he jettisoned much of the content of the novel beyond the central premise , in order to modernize the material and to conform it to his own beliefs regarding United States foreign policy . However , Liman was careful not to cram his political views down " the audience 's throat " . There were initial concerns regarding the film 's possible obsolescence and overall reception in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , but these concerns proved groundless . = = = Casting = = = Liman approached a wide range of actors for the role of Bourne , including Brad Pitt , who turned it down to star in Spy Game , as well as Russell Crowe , Arnold Schwarzenegger , Tom Cruise and Sylvester Stallone , before he eventually cast Damon . Liman found that Damon understood and appreciated that , though The Bourne Identity would have its share of action , the focus was primarily on character and plot . Damon , who had never played such a physically demanding role , insisted on performing many of the stunts himself . With stunt choreographer Nick Powell , he underwent three months of extensive training in stunt work , the use of weapons , boxing , and eskrima . He eventually performed a significant number of the film 's stunts himself , including hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat and climbing the safe house walls near the film 's conclusion . = = = Filming = = = From the onset of filming , difficulties with the studio slowed the film 's development and caused a rift between the director and Universal Pictures , as executives were unhappy with the film 's pacing , emphasis on small scale action sequences , and the general relationship between themselves and Liman , who was suspicious of direct studio involvement . A number of reshoots and rewrites late in development , plus scheduling problems , delayed the film from its original release target date of September 2001 to June 2002 and took it $ 8 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 over budget from the initial budget of $ 60 million ; screenwriter Tony Gilroy faxed elements of screenplay rewrites almost throughout the entire duration of filming . A particular point of contention with regard to the original Gilroy script were the scenes set in the farmhouse near the film 's conclusion . Liman and Matt Damon fought to keep the scenes in the film after they were excised in a third @-@ act rewrite that was insisted upon by the studio . Liman and Damon argued that , though the scenes were low key , they were integral to the audience 's understanding of the Bourne character and the film 's central themes . The farmhouse sequence consequently went through many rewrites from its original incarnation before its inclusion in the final product . Other issues included the studio 's desire to substitute Montreal or Prague for Paris in order to lower costs , Liman 's insistence on the use of a French @-@ speaking film crew , and poor test audience reactions to the film 's Paris finale . The latter required a late return to location in order to shoot a new , more action @-@ oriented conclusion to the Paris story arc . In addition to Paris , filming took place in Prague , Imperia , Rome , Mykonos , and Zürich ; several scenes set in Zürich were also filmed in Prague . Damon described the production as a struggle , citing the early conflicts that he and Liman had with the studio , but denied that it was an overtly difficult process , stating , " When I hear people saying that the production was a nightmare it 's like , a ' nightmare ' ? Shooting 's always hard , but we finished . " Liman 's directorial method was often hands @-@ on . Many times he operated the camera himself in order to create what he believed was a more intimate relationship between himself , the material , and the actors . He felt that this connection was lost if he simply observed the recording on a monitor . This was a mindset he developed from his background as a small @-@ scale indie film maker . The acclaimed car chase sequence was filmed primarily by the second unit under director Alexander Witt . The unit shot in various locations around Paris while Liman was filming the main story arc elsewhere in the city . The finished footage was eventually edited together to create the illusion of a coherent journey . Liman confessed that " anyone who really knows Paris will find it illogical " , since few of the locations used in the car chase actually connect to each other . Liman took only a few of the shots himself ; his most notable chase sequence shots were those of Matt Damon and Franka Potente while inside the car . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The film received positive reviews . The film review collection website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an 83 % approval rating based on 184 reviews collected , and an average score of 7 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads " Expertly blending genre formula with bursts of unexpected wit , The Bourne Identity is an action thriller that delivers — and then some . " Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film three out of four stars and praised it for its ability to absorb the viewer in its " spycraft " and " Damon 's ability to be focused and sincere " concluding that the film was " unnecessary , but not unskilled " . Walter Chaw of Film Freak Central praised the film for its pacing and action sequences , describing them as " kinetic , fair , and intelligent , every payoff packaged with a moment 's contemplation crucial to the creation of tension " and that the movie could be understood as a clever subversion of the genre . Charles Taylor of Salon.com acclaimed the film as " entertaining , handsome and gripping , The Bourne Identity is something of an anomaly among big @-@ budget summer blockbusters : a thriller with some brains and feeling behind it , more attuned to story and character than to spectacle " and praised Liman for giving the film a " tough mindedness " that never gives way into " cynicism or hopelessness " . Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine also noted Doug Liman 's " restrained approach to the material " as well as Matt Damon and Franka Potente 's strong chemistry , but ultimately concluded the film was " smart , but not smart enough " . J. Hoberman of The Village Voice dismissed the film as " banal " and as a disappointment compared against Liman 's previous indie releases ; Owen Gleiberman also criticised the film for a " sullen roteness that all of Liman 's supple handheld staging can 't disguise " . Aaron Beierle of DVDTalk gave particular praise to the film 's central car chase which was described as an exciting action highlight and one of the best realized in the genre . = = = Box office = = = In its opening weekend , The Bourne Identity took in US $ 27 @,@ 118 @,@ 640 in 2 @,@ 638 theaters . The film grossed $ 121 @,@ 661 @,@ 683 in North America and $ 92 @,@ 263 @,@ 424 elsewhere for a total worldwide gross of $ 214 @,@ 034 @,@ 224 . = = = Accolades = = = = = Home media = = On January 21 , 2003 , Universal Pictures released The Bourne Identity on VHS , and on DVD in the U.S. in two formats ; a single @-@ disc widescreen collector 's edition and a single @-@ disc full screen collector 's edition . Both contain supplemental materials including a making @-@ of documentary , a commentary from director Doug Liman and deleted scenes . On July 13 , 2004 , Universal released a new DVD of the film in the U.S. in preparation for the sequel 's cinema debut . This DVD came in the same two formats : a single @-@ disc widescreen ( Extended edition ) and a single @-@ disc full screen ( Extended edition ) . Both contain supplemental materials including interviews with Matt Damon , deleted scenes , alternative opening and ending , a documentary on the consulate fight and information features on the CIA and amnesia . The alternate ending on the DVD has Bourne collapsing during the search for Marie , waking up with Abbott standing over him , and getting an offer to return to the CIA . Neither contain the commentary or DTS tracks present in the collector 's edition . The film was also released on UMD for Sony 's PlayStation Portable on August 30 , 2005 and on HD DVD on July 24 , 2007 . With the release of The Bourne Ultimatum on DVD , a new DVD of The Bourne Identity was included in a boxed set with The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum . The boxed set is entitled The Jason Bourne Collection . A trilogy set was released on Blu @-@ ray in January 2009 . = = Soundtrack = = The score for the Bourne Identity was composed by John Powell . Powell was bought in to replace Carter Burwell , who had composed and recorded a more traditional orchestral score for the film , which director Doug Liman rejected . Since a lot of the music budget had been spent recording the rejected score , Powell 's score was initially conceived to be entirely non @-@ orchestral , making extensive use of percussion , guitars , electronics and studio techniques . However , a string section was later overdubbed onto many of the cues to give them a ' cinematic ' quality . The Bourne Identity : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on June 11 , 2002 . In addition to the score , the film also featured the songs " Extreme Ways " by Moby and " Southern Sun / Ready Steady Go " by Paul Oakenfold . The soundtrack won an ASCAP Award . = = Sequels = = The Bourne Identity was followed by a 2004 sequel , The Bourne Supremacy , which received a similar positive critical and public reception , but received some criticism for its hand @-@ held camerawork , which observers argued made action sequences difficult to see . The Bourne Supremacy was directed by Paul Greengrass with Matt Damon reprising his role as Jason Bourne . A third film , The Bourne Ultimatum , was released in 2007 and again was directed by Paul Greengrass and starred Matt Damon . Like Supremacy , Ultimatum received generally positive critical and public reception , but also received similar criticism for the camera @-@ work . The fourth film of the Bourne franchise , The Bourne Legacy was released in 2012 . Neither Damon nor Greengrass was involved .
= Typhoon Amy ( 1951 ) = Typhoon Amy was an intense and deadly tropical cyclone that struck areas of the central Philippines in December 1951 . Impacting the archipelago during the 1951 eruption of Mount Hibok @-@ Hibok , Amy exacerbated the effects of the volcano , greatly increasing the number of resulting deaths . The fifteenth named storm and fourteenth typhoon within the western Pacific Ocean that year , Amy developed from an area of low pressure near the Kwajalein Atoll on December 3 . Tracking in a general westward direction , the storm quickly intensified to reach typhoon intensity the next day . However , the typhoon 's asymmetricity resulted in a fluctuation of intensity over the following few days . Afterwards , Amy intensified to reach its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 05 inHg ) on December 8 . Over the ensuing two days , Amy moved over several islands in the central Philippines before emerging in the South China Sea on December 11 as the equivalent of a minimal typhoon . Shortly after , the tropical cyclone executed a tight anticyclonic loop while oscillating in strength several times before eventually weakening and dissipating on December 17 , just east of Vietnam . Amy was considered one of the worst typhoons to strike the Philippines on record . Making its initial landfall along with the concurrent eruption of Mount Hibok @-@ Hibok on Camiguin , the typhoon disrupted volcanic relief operations and forced the displacement of victims already displaced by the volcano . Cebu City suffered the worst impacts of Amy – most of the city 's buildings were heavily damaged , and 29 people died in the city . Strong winds and rainfall in the city associated with Amy also set records which still remain unbroken today . Damage there was estimated at 560 million Philippine pesos . Along the east coast of Leyte , where Amy initially struck , ninety percent of homes were destroyed , and a large swath of coconut plantations were wiped out . In Panay , located on the western side of the Philippines , at least a thousand homes were destroyed in 41 towns . Overall , Amy caused $ 30 million in damage , and at least 556 fatalities , though the final death toll may have been as high as 991 , making the typhoon one of the deadliest in modern Philippine history . An additional 50 @,@ 000 people were displaced . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Typhoon Amy can be traced back to a low @-@ pressure area first detected over Kwajalein at 0500 UTC on November 29 . Tracking westward , the Fleet Weather Center in Guam began to monitor vorticity for potential development , assigning the numeric designation 11122 to the tropical system . Late on December 2 , a routine weather reconnaissance flight unexpectedly intercepted the disturbance and detected unusually strong westerly winds , a characteristic typically indicative of a tropical cyclone . As such , the flight , named Vulture George , was rerouted to investigate the area . After finding conclusive evidence of a closed low @-@ pressure area , the Fleet Weather Center in Guam classified the disturbance as a tropical storm with winds of 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . At the time , Amy had two separate centers of circulation , resulting in an asymmetrical wind field . Following tropical cyclogenesis , the fast @-@ moving tropical cyclone quickly intensified , reaching the equivalent of a Category 1 on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale . Between December 4 and 5 , however , Amy briefly weakened back to tropical storm intensity before restrengthening . Steady intensification followed afterwards , with the typhoon reaching the equivalent of a Category 3 hurricane by 0000 UTC on December 6 . By this time , the storm had slowed in forward speed . Later that day , the two , formerly separate circulation centers merged , resulting in an eye spanning 26 km ( 16 mi ) in diameter . At 1200 UTC on December 8 , Amy reached its peak intensity with winds of 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 950 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 05 inHg ) , which would classify it as a modern @-@ day Category 4 typhoon . At the same time , the tropical cyclone began to track slightly southwestward . At 0600 UTC the following day , Amy made its first landfall on southern Samar with an intensity equivalent of a Category 2 typhoon . Over the next two days , the typhoon weakened and moved over several islands in the Philippines including Leyte , Cebu , and Panay before emerging into the South China Sea on December 11 . In the South of China Sea on December 11 , Amy quickly slowed in forward motion and began to execute a cyclonic loop . Late that day , the typhoon strengthened back to Category 2 intensity , and as such concurrently attained a tertiary peak intensity with winds of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 968 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 59 inHg ) . Late on December 13 , Amy weakened back to a Category 1 typhoon for a transient period of time before restrengthening and reaching a quaternary peak intensity as a Category 3 typhoon with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . Afterwards , the typhoon began to weaken , and at 0900 UTC on December 17 , the Fleet Weather Center in Guam issued their last bulletin on the tropical cyclone . Upon the issuance of the last advisory , Amy set records for most typhoon bulletins issued at 58 , and most reconnaissance fixes at 25 . However , Amy continued to persist through the next day before degenerating into a remnant low @-@ pressure area late on December 18 . The following day , the associated remnants of Amy dissipated east of Vietnam . = = Impact and aftermath = = Beginning on September 1 , 1948 , the then @-@ active volcano Mount Hibok @-@ Hibok on Camiguin Island in the Philippines began to release lava in a series of eruption events which continued for the ensuing three years . On December 4 , 1951 , a large , Peléan eruption event later rated between a 2 and 3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index , sending pyroclastic flows and lahars down the northeast flank of the volcano . The resultant ash flows alone killed an estimated 500 people on the island , making it one of the deadliest volcanic eruption events in recorded history . As the typhoon approached the archipelago , relief agencies were forced to divert aid operations to victims of the recent eruption , slowing the recovery process . Upon making landfall on south Samar on December 10 , Hibok @-@ Hibok erupted six times in rapid succession , worsening the effects of both the typhoon and the volcano . Amy had also made landfall on an area impacted by a second typhoon three weeks prior . Strong winds displaced and destroyed residences and uprooted trees , while torrential rainfall caused rivers to overflow , resulting in the flooding of sugarcane fields and the washing away of bridges . Radio communications to and between most of the central Philippine islands were disrupted . Cebu was one of the worst impacted cities . At the local airport , an anemometer recorded sustained winds of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) early on December 10 , which remains a record for the city . Rainfall peaked at 195 @.@ 3 mm ( 7 @.@ 69 in ) ; at the time this made the typhoon the wettest tropical cyclone in Cebu history . All buildings made of light construction materials were at least partially damaged , with many large structures sustaining roof or other damage . At least 29 people were killed in the city , including the drownings of three due to the resultant flooding . The typhoon 's effects caused the cessation of the city 's power supply . Damage in Cebu totaled 560 million Philippine pesos . At least a hundred other people in Cebu City were displaced . Offshore , 28 ships capsized due to winds caused by Amy , including 7 inter @-@ island vessels . This set a new record for vessels sunk by a typhoon in Cebu , and held until Typhoon Mike sunk 88 ships in 1990 . On Samar , where Amy first struck , reports indicated that 27 people died , despite initial reports that stated that there were no fatalities . In Iloilo City on Visayas , two people were killed and seventeen others were injured . Property damage in Bacolod , Negros was estimated at $ 250 @,@ 000 , and 52 people died , with an additional 2 @,@ 250 persons rendered homeless . Elsewhere on Negros , 30 percent of the island 's vital sugar crop was destroyed . On the east coast of Leyte , the typhoon was considered the worst in living memory , and ninety percent of homes there were destroyed . In Negros Oriental , schoolhouses in Canlaon , Vallehermoso , Negros Oriental , and Guihulngan were blown down . An aerial survey mission estimated that at least30 sq mi ( 78 km2 ) of coconut plantations were devastated ; other coconut plantations throughout the Philippines also suffered considerable damage . Copra crops also suffered sizeable losses , though production was expected to remain at forecast levels . Tacloban 's San Jose Airfield was severely damaged by the strong storm surge from Amy . In the Tacloban and Surigao Strait area , an estimated 146 people were killed . In the Leytenian town of Abuyog , the mayor had announced that 176 people were killed in the town alone . Another 135 fatalities were confirmed in Sogod . More than 100 persons were injured by falling coconuts and other airborne debris . On Leyte alone , damage was estimated at $ 8 million . The Red Cross estimated over a thousand homes in 41 towns on Panay were destroyed by the storm . More than 20 percent of crops and infrastructure were destroyed . Four people were killed on the island . Upon looping in the South China Sea , Amy brought torrential rainfall to areas of Manila , though no damage was reported . Overall , Amy caused at least an estimated $ 30 million in damage throughout the central Philippines . However , the total number of fatalities directly associated with the effects of the typhoon remain disputed , and may range anywhere from 569 to 991 , making Amy one of the deadliest typhoons to strike the island nation in recorded history . An additional 50 @,@ 000 people were rendered homeless by the storm . The typhoon was characterized by the Philippine weather bureau to be the worst typhoon to strike the Philippines in at least 70 years . In the aftermath of Amy , then @-@ president of the Philippines Elpidio Quirino declared a state of public calamity for eleven central Philippine provinces including the island of Camiguin , which was heavily affected by both the typhoon and Mount Hibok @-@ Hibok . On December 24 , the American Red Cross granted $ 25 @,@ 000 to the Philippine Red Cross .
= Crazy for You ( Madonna song ) = " Crazy for You " is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack album to the 1985 film Vision Quest . It was released on March 2 , 1985 by Geffen Records as the first single from the soundtrack . The song appears remixed on the greatest hits compilation The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) and was re @-@ released on February 24 , 1991 by Sire Records to promote the album . The song was also included on the ballads compilation Something to Remember ( 1995 ) and the greatest hits compilation Celebration ( 2009 ) . Producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber , along with music director Phil Ramone , decided to use Madonna after listening to her previous recordings , employing John Bettis and Jon Lind to write the song . After reading the script of the film , Bettis and Lind wrote the song about the situation in which the lead characters meet at a nightclub . Initial recording sessions did not impress Bettis and Lind , and they felt that " Crazy for You " would be dropped from the soundtrack . However , a new version was recorded to their liking . John " Jellybean " Benitez was the producer for the song , and it was a challenge for him , as previously he was associated with recording dance @-@ pop songs only . Initially Warner Bros. Records did not want the song to be released as a single , since they believed that it would take away the attention from Madonna 's second studio album Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) . In the end , Peters and Guber convinced Warner officials to greenlight its release . " Crazy for You " ushered a new musical direction for Madonna , as she had not previously released a ballad as a single . The track features instrumentation from snare drums , harp , bass synthesizer and electric guitar . Lyrically , the song speaks of sexual desire between two lovers and consists of innuendos . " Crazy for You " received positive response from music critics and earned Madonna her first Grammy Award nomination in the Best Female Pop Vocal Performance category in 1986 . The song became Madonna 's second number @-@ one single on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and reached the top position in the charts of Australia and Canada as well . It also peaked at number two in Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom , where it was released twice , once in 1985 and again in 1991 . Madonna has performed " Crazy for You " in three of her concert tours , The Virgin Tour in 1985 , Re @-@ Invention World Tour in 2004 and in some dates of Rebel Heart Tour in 2016 . The performance from The Virgin Tour was included in the home video releases on VHS and LaserDisc whereas the Re @-@ Invention World Tour remains unreleased . " Crazy for You " has been covered by a number of artists . = = Background = = " Crazy for You " was written by John Bettis and Jon Lind . The ballad was released as the first single from the soundtrack of the 1985 film Vision Quest , a coming of age drama about a high school wrestler , played by Matthew Modine . Producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber and music director Phil Ramone were aware of the then unknown Madonna , who was just signed to Sire Records . Ramone took her for dinner at his house in Carolwood Records , where she played some of her music videos . Ramone and the other Warner executives present there , were impressed by Madonna 's self @-@ possession and fishnet @-@ crucifix style , and they decided to test her voice in a New York studio . Peters assigned Joel Sill , an executive in charge of music at Warner Bros. Pictures , to handle the recording of the two songs for the film . Sill sent the script of the film to Bettis and Lind . After reading through the script , Bettis wanted to write a song about the situation where the main characters – a young boy and a girl boarding at a house – dance together at a nightclub . He elaborated : " We were noodling around and ' Crazy for You ' was something that Jon was singing over that section of the song . It was really descriptive of the scene in the film . [ ... ] After that , I was out on vacation out in the desert and [ Sill ] called and said Phil Ramone was in love with the song and wanted to cut it on Madonna . [ Laughing ] ' Borderline ' was out at that time and I said , ' Excuse me ? This is for Madonna ? Really ? Can she sing a song like this ? ' Jon and I were surprised at the choice of artist at the time , if you want to know the truth . " = = Recording = = After Sill let Bettis and Lind know that Madonna was singing the song , some time elapsed before either of them heard anything from Warner Bros. Records . In between , they went to one of the recording sessions and were not impressed with the process of recording the song . Bettis commented , " We went to one of the sessions , and to be honest , that particular session did not go all that well . [ ... ] Jon and I were depressed about the way the song had come out . We heard nothing else about it and we were a little nervous that the song was going to be dropped from the picture . " Bettis went to England to work on the 1985 fantasy film Legend with music producer Jerry Goldsmith . It was there he received a call from Lind , who informed Bettis that a new version of " Crazy for You " was recorded and was made ready for a single release . Bettis was surprised and went over to Lind 's house , where he warmly received the new recorded version of the song . It had a different arrangement from the demo version , and the arrangement was done by composer Rob Mounsey who rearranged the original track and added the background vocals . Bettis said : " We owe a big debt of gratitude to [ Mounsey ] . He really made a hit record out of [ the song ] . " Mounsey was introduced in the project by record producer John " Jellybean " Benitez who was producing " Crazy for You " . Benitez was previously associated with producing dance @-@ pop themed songs and it was the first time that he produced a ballad . In Fred Bronson 's The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits , Benitez commented , " The song was recorded live . It was the first time that I produced a live session , as opposed to having synthesizers and drum machines do everything . [ ... ] I was tense because I had never done a record like this . [ ... ] Everything I did was totally on instinct . I tried to make the song stand on its own , but at the same time work in the two scenes in which it was used in the movie . " Benitez also noted that " Crazy for You " was an important recording for Madonna , as the song being a ballad , was openly accepted at adult contemporary radios . She had already charted with her singles " Like a Virgin " and " Material Girl " , hence Madonna wanted to prove that she can sing in a different genre of music . However , Warner initially did not want the song to be released as a single , since the release of Vision Quest coincided with the release of Madonna 's second studio album Like a Virgin and releasing " Crazy for You " would have distracted attention from the album . Warner Bros. Records chief Mo Ostin went to Robert A. Daly , chairman of Warner , and requested him to pull out the Madonna tracks from the Vision Quest soundtrack . Daly summoned Peters and Guber to his office and informed them that they had to let @-@ go of the Madonna tracks . Peters protested and shouted at Daly , resulting him escaping in fright and Warner allowing " Crazy for You " to be released as a single . = = Composition = = " Crazy for You " was a new musical direction for Madonna , as she had not recorded ballad songs before . According to author Rikky Rooksby , the song is sophisticated compared to her previous singles . The introduction features a melody by a woodwind instrument and an electric guitar chord , sliding from one motif to the other . It has a snare drum on the last beat of the bar , leading to the spacey quality to most of the verses . Other instrumentation comes from a harp , a bass synthesizer and a chattering single note guitar lick . The fuller rhythm of the song does not start , until the chorus is reached . The turn of the melody allows Madonna 's voice to stretch further on the higher notes . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing , " Crazy for You " is set in the time signature of common time , with a medium tempo of 104 beats per minute . It is set in the key of E major with Madonna 's voice spanning between the high note of C ♯ 5 to the low note of G ♯ 3 . The song has a basic sequence of E – A – B – A as its chord progression . Unlike her previous singles , the chord sequence does not repeat itself and the chorus slowly unravels to the climax of the song . Lyrically , the song talks about extreme love for one another . It contains innuendos similar to The Crystals ' 1963 song " Then He Kissed Me " . According to scholar Dave Marsh , the lyrics talk about frank sexual desire among two teenagers . He believed that the line " I 'm crazy for you , Touch me once and you 'll know it 's true " was not ambiguous and it helped Madonna to capitalize on such disambiguation . = = Critical reception = = Keith Caulfield of Billboard said that " Crazy for You " is " [ p ] erhaps the ultimate slow @-@ dance song . " Rikky Rooksby , author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , called the song sophisticated . Alex Henderson of Allmusic felt that the other Madonna song on the Vision Quest soundtrack , " Gambler " , should have been the more successful single . Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli characterized the song as " sassy " and commented that the song provided proof that Madonna was vocally capable of delivering a serious ballad . Author Andrew Morton believed that the song cemented Madonna as a talented and serious singer which " had been missing from her past recordings . " Allen Metz and Carol Benson , authors of The Madonna Companion : Two Decades of Commentary , said that the song sounded like a " remake of sweet @-@ sixteen Connie Francis tune , dripping with old @-@ fashioned , hand @-@ held romance " especially in the line " It 's so brand new ; I 'm really crazy for you . " Edna Gundersen from USA Today felt that the song is " touching and beautifully arranged . " Dave Marsh , author of The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , felt that with the coda of the song , Madonna transformed her record into an adult love song . William McKeen , author of Rock and Roll is Here to Stay : An Anthology , said that the song " offered an aggressive sexuality for women " . Maria Raha , author of Cinderella 's Big Score : Women of the Punk and Indie Underground , said that with the song , " Madonna brought a trunk full of trite lyrics on the long @-@ standing tradition of pop music , love . " " Crazy for You " was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at 1986 Grammy Awards , but lost to Whitney Houston 's " Saving All My Love for You " . The song was ranked number 38 on VH1 's " 100 Greatest Love Songs " , and during the special it was revealed that " Crazy for You " was recorded in one take . In 2003 , Madonna fans were asked to vote for their Top 20 Madonna singles of all time by Q ; " Crazy for You " was allocated the eleventh spot . = = Chart performance = = In the United States , " Crazy for You " became Madonna 's second number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song debuted on the chart at number 54 on the issue dated March 2 , 1985 . After six weeks , the song reached the top of the chart , replacing " We Are the World " by USA for Africa . " Crazy for You " was the second number @-@ one song for Bettis as a songwriter , after " Top of the World " by The Carpenters ( 1973 ) . With " Crazy for You " , Bettis was in doubt whether the song would reach the top , after it was stuck at number two for three weeks , behind " We Are the World " . Both he and Lind commented , " If you gotta lose to something , it might as well be ' We Are the World ' . Luckily enough , the final week of the upsurge of the record , we topped ' We Are the World ' , which lets you know how hot the song and how hot the artist [ Madonna ] was . " " Crazy for You " was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on July 16 , 1985 , for shipment of one million copies of the single across United States — the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989 . The song reached number two on the Adult Contemporary Singles and 80 on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . It placed at nine on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year . In Canada , the song debuted at number 70 on the RPM issue dated March 16 , 1985 . On its eleventh week on the chart , the song reached the top position . It was present on the chart for a total of 25 weeks and was ranked seventh on the RPM Year @-@ end chart for 1985 . A music video was released , featuring Madonna singing the song in a night @-@ club . The video was included in Celebration : The Video Collection , released in 2009 . " Crazy for You " reached number one in Australia and displaced another Madonna release , " Angel " / " Into the Groove " , from the top spot on the Kent Music Report chart , making Madonna one of the few acts in Australian chart history to replace themselves at the number @-@ one spot . After the song was released in the United Kingdom on June 8 , 1985 , it debuted at number 25 and peaked at number two . In February 1991 , the song was re @-@ released and again reached a peak of number two . " Crazy for You " was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 500 @,@ 000 copies across United Kingdom . Such was Madonna 's popularity that when Vision Quest was released in home video in the UK , it was renamed as Crazy for You , to cash in on her success . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 670 @,@ 000 copies there . " Crazy for You " was also a number @-@ two hit in Ireland and New Zealand . The song reached the top 20 in Belgium , Europe , Italy , Japan , Netherlands , Spain , Sweden and Switzerland and top 40 in Austria , France and Germany . = = Live performances = = Madonna first performed " Crazy for You " on The Virgin Tour in 1985 . She wore a black top and long black skirt with her hair in knots and a crucifix attached . After an energetic performance of " Over and Over " , Madonna sat on some steps and sang " Crazy for You " . Paul Grein , music editor of Billboard , commented that " She was at her best on ' Crazy for You ' , making good use of a deeper , huskier vocal quality that mirrors the song 's deeper lyrical approach . The performance was included in the VHS release Madonna Live : The Virgin Tour recorded in Detroit , Michigan . In the Re @-@ Invention World Tour of 2004 , Madonna performed the song in the last segment of the show , the Scottish segment . During that segment , she wore a Scottish kilt and a t @-@ shirt which had different captions in different venues ; usually it had the caption " Kabbalists Do It Better " , however she also had " Brits Do It Better " and " Irish Do It Better " on the British and Irish stops of the tour , respectively . Generally after finishing the performance of " Papa Don 't Preach " , Madonna would dedicate the next song to the fans of twenty years , and start singing " Crazy for You " on top of a rising platform . At the end of the performance , she would usually throw her t @-@ shirt to the audience . The performance was excluded from the album of the documentary on the tour titled I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret , which was released in 2006 . On Febaruary 25 , 2016 , Madonna performed " Crazy for You " during the Manila stop of her Rebel Heart Tour as a tribute to the 30th anniversary of the 1986 EDSA Revolution . Before the performance she said ; " I believe 30 years ago you fought for your freedom , am I correct ? It 's called People Power Freedom [ sic ] , did I say that right ? Up with democracy and freedom ! That is the revolution of love . And that 's what a rebel heart fights for . So on this very special occasion , I want to sing this song " . = = Cover versions = = Several Filipino acts have recorded remakes of " Crazy for You " including Sponge Cola in 2004 , Michael Cruz in 2005 and MYMP on their album New Horizon ( 2006 ) . In 2007 , Groove Armada recorded a cover with Alan Donohoe of art rock band The Rakes on vocals for the compilation Radio 1 Established 1967 . New Found Glory recorded a pop punk cover of the song with Max Bemis for their 2007 album From the Screen to Your Stereo Part II . A cover of the song by Lion of Panjshir was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation Through the Wilderness . Melissa Totten did a Hi @-@ NRG cover for her 2008 dance album , Forever Madonna . An instrumental version was played in the Full House episode 13 Candles when Kimmy dares D.J. to kiss Kevin at her party . The original Madonna recording was also featured in the 2004 film 13 Going on 30 , starring Jennifer Garner . At the end of the film , the song is played again , but to signify Jenna Rink 's life staying on the " good path " 17 years later , and a bigger , modern rock / string orchestration by the film 's composer Theodore Shapiro is added . Chris Griffin performed the song during the " Long John Peter " episode of Family Guy . Kelly Clarkson covered the song during her 2012 Stronger Tour per fan request in Bossier City , Louisiana . = = Track listing and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Madonna – lead vocals , background vocals John Bettis – writer Jon Lind – writer John " Jellybean " Benitez – record producer Rob Mounsey – music arrangement Greg Fulginiti – mastering Credits adapted from the soundtrack 's liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Harry Shearer = Harry Julius Shearer ( born December 23 , 1943 ) is an American actor , voice actor , comedian , writer , musician , author , radio host , director and producer . He is known for his long @-@ running roles on The Simpsons , his work on Saturday Night Live , the comedy band Spinal Tap and his radio program Le Show . Born in Los Angeles , California , Shearer began his career as a child actor . From 1969 to 1976 , Shearer was a member of The Credibility Gap , a radio comedy group . Following the breakup of the group , Shearer co @-@ wrote the film Real Life with Albert Brooks and started writing for Martin Mull 's television series Fernwood 2 Night . He was a cast member on Saturday Night Live on two occasions , between 1979 – 80 , and 1984 – 85 . Shearer co @-@ created , co @-@ wrote and co @-@ starred in the 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap , a satirical rockumentary , which became a cult hit . In 1989 , Shearer joined the cast of The Simpsons ; he provides voices for numerous characters , including Mr. Burns , Waylon Smithers , Ned Flanders , Reverend Lovejoy , Kent Brockman , and more . Shearer has appeared in several films , including A Mighty Wind and The Truman Show , has directed two , Teddy Bears ' Picnic and The Big Uneasy , and has written three books . Since 1983 , Shearer has been the host of the public radio comedy / music program Le Show , a hodgepodge of satirical news commentary , music , and sketch comedy . Shearer has won a Primetime Emmy Award , has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the radio category , and has received several other Emmy and Grammy Award nominations . He has been married to singer @-@ songwriter Judith Owen since 1993 . He is currently " artist in residence " at Loyola University , New Orleans . = = Early life = = Shearer was born December 23 , 1943 in Los Angeles , the son of Dora Warren ( née Kohn ) ( d . 2008 ) , a book @-@ keeper , and Mack Shearer . His parents were Jewish immigrants from Austria and Poland . Starting when Shearer was four years old , he had a piano teacher whose daughter worked as a child actress . The piano teacher later decided to make a career change and become a children 's agent , as she knew people in the business through her daughter 's work . The teacher asked Shearer 's parents for permission to take him to an audition . Several months later , she called Shearer 's parents and told them that she had gotten Shearer an audition for the radio show The Jack Benny Program . Shearer received the role when he was seven years old . He described Jack Benny as " very warm and approachable [ ... ] He was a guy who dug the idea of other people on the show getting laughs , which sort of spoiled me for other people in comedy . " Shearer said in an interview that one person who " took him under his wing " and was one of his best friends during his early days in show business was voice actor Mel Blanc , who voiced many animated characters , including Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck and Barney Rubble . Shearer made his film debut in the 1953 film Abbott and Costello Go to Mars , in which he only had a small part . Later that year , he made his first big film performance in The Robe . Throughout his childhood and teenage years he worked in television , film , and radio . In 1957 , Shearer played the precursor to the Eddie Haskell character in the pilot episode of the television series Leave It to Beaver . After the filming , Shearer 's parents said they did not want him to be a regular in a series . Instead they wanted him to just do occasional work so that he could have a normal childhood . Shearer and his parents made the decision not to accept the role in the series if it was picked up by a television network . Shearer attended UCLA as a political science major in the early 1960s and decided to quit show business to become a " serious person " . However , he says this lasted approximately a month , and he joined the staff of the Daily Bruin , UCLA 's school newspaper , during his first year. and as editor of the college humor magazine ( Satyr ) including the June 1964 parody , Preyboy He also worked as a newscaster at KRLA , a top 40 radio station in Pasadena , during this period . According to Shearer , after graduating , he had " a very serious agenda going on , and it was ' Stay Out of the Draft ' . " He attended graduate school at Harvard University for one year and worked at the state legislature in Sacramento ( California ) . In 1967 and 1968 he was a high school teacher , teaching English and social studies . He left teaching following " disagreements with the administration . " From 1969 to 1976 , Shearer was a member of The Credibility Gap , a radio comedy group that included David Lander , Richard Beebe and Michael McKean . The group consisted of " a bunch of newsmen " at KRLA 1110 , " the number two station " in Los Angeles . They wanted to do more than just straight news , so they hired comedians who were talented vocalists . Shearer heard about it from a friend so he brought over a tape to the station and nervously gave it to the receptionist . By the time he got home , there was a message on his answering machine asking , " Can you come to work tomorrow ? " The group 's radio show was canceled in 1970 by KRLA and in 1971 by KPPC @-@ FM , so they started performing in various clubs and concert venues . While at KRLA , Shearer also interviewed Creedence Clearwater Revival for the Pop Chronicles music documentary . In 1973 , Shearer appeared as Jim Houseafire on How Time Flys , an album by The Firesign Theatre 's David Ossman . The Credibility Gap broke up 1976 when Lander and McKean left to perform in the sitcom Laverne & Shirley . Shearer started working with Albert Brooks , producing one of Brooks ' albums and co @-@ writing the film Real Life . Shearer also started writing for Martin Mull 's television series Fernwood 2 Night . In the mid @-@ 1970s , he started working with Rob Reiner on a pilot for ABC . The show , which starred Christopher Guest , Tom Leopold and McKean , was not picked up . = = Career = = = = = Saturday Night Live = = = In August 1979 , Shearer was hired as a writer and cast member on Saturday Night Live , one of the first additions to the cast , and an unofficial replacement for John Belushi and Dan Aykroyd , who were both leaving the show . Al Franken recommended Shearer to Saturday Night Live creator Lorne Michaels . Shearer describes his experience on the show as a " living hell " and " not a real pleasant place to work . " He did not get along well with the other writers and cast members and states that he was not included with the cast in the opening montage ( although he was added to the montage for latter episodes of the 1979 @-@ 80 season ) and that Lorne Michaels had told the rest of the cast that he was just a writer . Michaels left Saturday Night Live at the end of the fifth season , taking the entire cast with him . Shearer told new executive producer Jean Doumanian that he was " not a fan of Lorne 's " and offered to stay with the show if he was given the chance to overhaul the program and bring in experienced comedians , like Christopher Guest . However , Doumanian turned him down , so he decided to leave with the rest of the cast . In 1984 , while promoting the film This Is Spinal Tap , Shearer , Christopher Guest and Michael McKean had a performance on Saturday Night Live . All three members were offered the chance to join to the show in the 1984 – 1985 season . Shearer accepted because he was treated well by the producers and he thought the backstage environment had improved but later stated that he " didn 't realize that guests are treated better than the regulars . " Guest also accepted the offer while McKean rejected it , although he would join the cast in 1994 . Dick Ebersol , who replaced Lorne Michaels as the show 's producer , said that Shearer was " a gifted performer but a pain in the butt . He 's just so demanding on the preciseness of things and he 's very , very hard on the working people . He 's just a nightmare @-@ to @-@ deal @-@ with person . " In January 1985 , Shearer left the show for good , partially because he felt he was not being used enough . Martin Short said Shearer " wanted to be creative and Dick [ Ebersol ] wanted something else . [ ... ] I think he felt his voice wasn 't getting represented on the show . When he wouldn 't get that chance , it made him very upset . " = = = Spinal Tap = = = Shearer co @-@ created , co @-@ wrote and co @-@ starred in Rob Reiner 's 1984 film This Is Spinal Tap . Shearer , Reiner , Michael McKean and Christopher Guest received a deal to write a first draft of a screenplay for a company called Marble Arch . They decided that the film could not be written and instead filmed a 20 @-@ minute demo of what they wanted to do . It was eventually greenlighted by Norman Lear and Jerry Perenchio at Embassy Pictures . The film satirizes the wild personal behavior and musical pretensions of hard rock and heavy metal bands , as well as the hagiographic tendencies of rockumentaries of the time . The three core members of the band Spinal Tap — David St. Hubbins , Derek Smalls and Nigel Tufnel — were portrayed by McKean , Shearer and Guest respectively . The three actors play their musical instruments and speak with mock English accents throughout the film . There was no script , although there was a written breakdown of most of the scenes , and many of the lines were ad @-@ libbed . It was filmed in 25 days . Shearer said in an interview that " The animating impulse was to do rock ' n ' roll right . The four of us had been around rock ' n ' roll and we were just amazed by how relentlessly the movies got it wrong . Because we were funny people it was going to be a funny film , but we wanted to get it right . " When they tried to sell it to various Hollywood studios , they were told that the film would not work . The group kept saying , " No , this is a story that 's pretty familiar to people . We 're not introducing them to anything they don 't really know , " so Shearer thought it would at least have some resonance with the public . The film was only a modest success upon its initial release but found greater success , and a cult following , after its video release . In 2000 , the film was ranked 29th on the American Film Institute 's list of the top 100 comedy movies in American cinema and it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . Shearer , Guest and McKean have since worked on several projects as their Spinal Tap characters . They released three albums : This Is Spinal Tap ( 1984 ) , Break Like the Wind ( 1992 ) and Back From The Dead ( 2009 ) . In 1992 , Spinal Tap appeared in an episode of The Simpsons called " The Otto Show " . The band has played several concerts , including at Live Earth in London on July 7 , 2007 . In anticipation of the show , Rob Reiner directed a short film entitled Spinal Tap . In 2009 , the band released Back from the Dead to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the release of the film . The album features re @-@ recorded versions of songs featured in This Is Spinal Tap and its soundtrack , and five new songs . The band performed a one date " world tour " at London 's Wembley Arena on June 30 , 2009 . The Folksmen , a mock band featured in the film A Mighty Wind that is also made up of characters played by Shearer , McKean and Guest – was the opening act for the show . = = = The Simpsons = = = Shearer is also known for his prolific work as a voice actor on The Simpsons . Matt Groening , the creator of the show , was a fan of Shearer 's work , while Shearer was a fan of a column Groening used to write . Shearer was asked if he wanted to be in the series , but he was initially reluctant because he thought the recording sessions would be too much trouble . He felt voice acting was " not a lot of fun " because traditionally , voice actors record their parts separately . He was told that the actors would record their lines together and after three calls , executive producer James L. Brooks managed to convince Shearer to join the cast . Shearer 's first impression of The Simpsons was that it was funny . Shearer , who thought it was a " pretty cool " way to work , found it peculiar that the members of the cast were adamant about not being known to the public as the people behind the voices . Shearer provides voices for Principal Skinner , Kent Brockman , Mr. Burns , Waylon Smithers , Ned Flanders , Reverend Lovejoy , Dr. Hibbert , Lenny Leonard , Otto Mann , Rainier Wolfcastle , Dr. Marvin Monroe and many others . He has described all of his regular characters ' voices as " easy to slip into . [ ... ] I wouldn 't do them if they weren 't easy . " Shearer modeled Mr. Burns 's voice on the two actors Lionel Barrymore and Ronald Reagan . Shearer says that Burns is the most difficult character for him to voice because it is rough on his vocal cords and he often needs to drink tea and honey to soothe his voice . He describes Burns as his favorite character , saying he " like [ s ] Mr. Burns because he is pure evil . A lot of evil people make the mistake of diluting it . Never adulterate your evil . " Shearer is also the voice of Burns ' assistant Smithers , and is able to perform dialogue between the two characters in one take . In the episode , " Bart 's Inner Child " , Harry Shearer said " wow " in the voice of Otto , which was then used when Otto was seen jumping on a trampoline . Ned Flanders had been meant to be just a neighbor that Homer was jealous of , but because Shearer used " such a sweet voice " for him , Flanders was broadened to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would prefer to live next to over Homer . Dr. Marvin Monroe 's voice was based on psychiatrist David Viscott . Monroe has been retired since the seventh season because voicing the character strained Shearer 's throat . In 2004 , Shearer criticized what he perceived as the show 's declining quality : " I rate the last three seasons as among the worst , so season four looks very good to me now . " Shearer has also been vocal about " The Principal and the Pauper " ( season nine , 1997 ) one of the most controversial episodes of The Simpsons . Many fans and critics reacted negatively to the revelation that Principal Seymour Skinner , a recurring character since the first season , was an impostor . The episode has been criticized by both Shearer and Groening . In a 2001 interview , Shearer recalled that after reading the script , he told the writers , " That 's so wrong . You 're taking something that an audience has built eight years or nine years of investment in and just tossed it in the trash can for no good reason , for a story we 've done before with other characters . It 's so arbitrary and gratuitous , and it 's disrespectful to the audience . " Due to scheduling and availability conflicts , Shearer decided not to participate in The Simpsons Ride , which opened in 2008 , so none of his characters have vocal parts and many do not appear in the ride at all . In a 2010 interview on The Howard Stern Show , Shearer alluded that the reason he was not part of the ride was because he would not be getting paid for it . Until 1998 , Shearer was paid $ 30 @,@ 000 per episode . During a pay dispute in 1998 , Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors , going as far as preparing for casting of new voices . The dispute , however , was resolved and Shearer received $ 125 @,@ 000 per episode until 2004 , when the voice actors demanded that they be paid $ 360 @,@ 000 an episode . The dispute was resolved a month later , and Shearer 's pay rose to $ 250 @,@ 000 per episode . After salary re @-@ negotiations in 2008 , the voice actors received $ 400 @,@ 000 per episode . Three years later , with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut , Shearer and the other cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut , down to just over $ 300 @,@ 000 per episode . On May 13 , 2015 , Shearer announced he was leaving the show . After the other voice actors signed a contract for the same pay , Shearer refused , stating it was not enough . Al Jean made a statement from the producers saying " the show must go on , " but did not elaborate on what might happen to the characters Shearer voiced . On July 7 , 2015 , Shearer agreed to continue with the show , on the same terms as the other voice actors . = = = Le Show and radio work = = = Since 1983 , Shearer has been the host of the public radio comedy / music program Le Show . The program is a hodgepodge of satirical news commentary , music , and sketch comedy that takes aim at the " mega morons of the mighty media " . It is carried on many National Public Radio and other public radio stations throughout the United States . Since the merger of SIRIUS and XM satellite radio services the program is no longer available on either . The show has also been made available as a podcast on iTunes and by WWNO . On the weekly program Shearer alternates between DJing , reading and commenting on the news of the day after the manner of Mort Sahl , and performing original ( mostly political ) comedy sketches and songs . In 2008 , Shearer released a music CD called Songs of the Bushmen , consisting of his satirical numbers about former President George W. Bush on Le Show . Shearer says he criticizes both Republicans and Democrats equally , and also says that " the iron law of doing comedy about politics is you make fun of whoever is running the place " and that " everyone else is just running around talking . They are the ones who are actually doing something , changing people 's lives for better or for worse . Other people the media calls ' satirists ' don 't work that way . " Since encountering satellite news feeds when he worked on Saturday Night Live , Shearer has been fascinated with the contents of the video that does not air . Shearer refers to these clips as found objects . " I thought , wow , there is just an unending supply of this material , and it 's wonderful and fascinating and funny and sometimes haunting – but it 's always good , " said Shearer . He collects this material and uses it on Le Show and on his website . In 2008 , he assembled video clips of newsmakers from this collection into an art installation titled " The Silent Echo Chamber " which was exhibited at The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield , Connecticut . The exhibit was also displayed in 2009 at Institut Valencià d 'Art Modern ( IVAM ) in Valencia , Spain and in 2010 at the New Orleans Contemporary Arts Center . In 2006 Shearer appeared with Brian Hayes in four episodes of the BBC Radio 4 sitcom Not Today , Thank You , playing Nostrils , a man so ugly he cannot stand to be in his own presence . He was originally scheduled to appear in all six episodes but had to withdraw from recording two due to a problem with his work permit . On June 19 , 2008 , it was announced that Shearer would receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the radio category . The date of the ceremony where his star will be put in place has yet to be announced . = = = Further career = = = In 2002 , Shearer directed his first feature film Teddy Bears ' Picnic , which he also wrote . The plot is based on Bohemian Grove , which hosts a three @-@ week encampment of some of the most powerful men in the world . The film was not well received by critics . It garnered a 0 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , with all 19 reviews being determined as negative and received a rating of 32 out of 100 ( signifying " generally negative reviews " ) on Metacritic from 10 reviews . In 2003 , he co @-@ wrote J. Edgar ! The Musical with Tom Leopold , which spoofed J. Edgar Hoover 's relationship with Clyde Tolson . It premiered at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen , Colorado and starred Kelsey Grammer and John Goodman . In 2003 , Shearer , Guest and McKean starred in the folk music mockumentary A Mighty Wind , portraying a band called The Folksmen . The film was written by Guest and Eugene Levy , and directed by Guest . Shearer had a major role in the Guest @-@ directed parody of Oscar politicking For Your Consideration in 2006 . He played Victor Allan Miller , a veteran actor who is convinced that he is going to be nominated for an Academy Award . He also appeared as a news anchor in Godzilla with fellow The Simpsons cast members Hank Azaria and Nancy Cartwright . His other film appearances include The Right Stuff , Portrait of a White Marriage , The Fisher King , The Truman Show , EdTV and Small Soldiers . Shearer has also worked as a columnist for the Los Angeles Times Magazine , but decided that it " became such a waste of time to bother with it . " His columns have also been published in Slate and Newsweek . Since May 2005 he has been a contributing blogger at The Huffington Post . Shearer has written three books . Man Bites Town , published in 1993 , is a collection of columns that he wrote for The Los Angeles Times between 1989 and 1992 . Published in 1999 , It 's the Stupidity , Stupid analyzed the hatred some people had for then @-@ President Bill Clinton . Shearer believes that Clinton became disliked because he had an affair with " the least powerful , least credentialed women cleared into his official compound . " His most recent book is Not Enough Indians , his first novel . Published in 2006 , it is a comic novel about Native Americans and gambling . Without the " pleasures of collaboration " and " spontaneity and improvisation which characterize his other projects " , Not Enough Indians was a " struggle " for Shearer to write . He said that " the only fun thing about it was having written it . It was lonely , I had no deal for it and it took six years to do . It was a profoundly disturbing act of self @-@ discipline . " Shearer has released five solo comedy albums : It Must Have Been Something I Said ( 1994 ) , Dropping Anchors ( 2006 ) , Songs Pointed and Pointless ( 2007 ) , Songs of the Bushmen ( 2008 ) and Greed and Fear ( 2010 ) . His most recent CD , Greed and Fear is mainly about Wall Street economic issues , rather than politics like his previous albums . Shearer decided to make the album when he " started getting amused by the language of the economic meltdown – when ' toxic assets ' suddenly became ' troubled assets , ' going from something poisoning the system to just a bunch of delinquent youth with dirty faces that needed not removal from the system but just ... understanding . " In May 2006 , Shearer received an honorary doctorate from Goucher College . = = = The Big Uneasy = = = Shearer is the director of The Big Uneasy ( 2010 ) , a documentary film about the impacts of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans . Narrated by actor John Goodman , the film describes levee failures and catastrophic flooding in the New Orleans metropolitan area , and includes extended interviews with former LSU professor Ivor Van Heerden , Robert Bea , an engineering professor at the University of California at Berkeley , and Maria Garzino , an engineer and contract specialist for the Los Angeles district of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . The film is critical of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and its management of flood protection projects in Southern Louisiana . Shearer maintains that Hurricane Katrina 's " ... tragic floods creating widespread damage were caused by manmade errors in engineering and judgment . " Shearer 's film currently has a 74 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on twenty @-@ three reviews by approved critics . = = Personal life = = Shearer married Penelope Nichols in 1974 . They divorced in 1977 . He has been married to singer @-@ songwriter Judith Owen since 1993 . In 2005 , the couple launched their own record label called Courgette Records . Shearer has homes in Santa Monica , California , the French Quarter of New Orleans , Louisiana , and London . He first went to New Orleans in 1988 and has attended every edition of New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival since . Shearer often speaks and writes about the failure of the Federal levee system which flooded New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina , belittling the coverage of it in the mainstream media and criticizing the role of the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Prior to the DVD release of his film , The Big Uneasy , Shearer would hold screenings of the film at different venues and take questions from audience members . = = Filmography = = = = = Film = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Music video = = = = = = Video games = = = = = Discography = = = = Awards = = Shearer was the last of the six regular voice actors from The Simpsons to win the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice @-@ Over Performance . His win came for the season 25 episode " Four Regrettings and a Funeral " .
= Over ( Lindsay Lohan song ) = " Over " is a song by American actress and singer @-@ songwriter Lindsay Lohan from her debut studio album Speak ( 2004 ) . The song was written by Lohan , Kara DioGuardi and John Shanks , and produced by Shanks and DioGuardi . " Over " was released as the second single from Speak on December 13 , 2004 in the United States , by Casablanca Records . Lyrically , " Over " is about how her boyfriend will not commit and that their relationship feels " on again , off again " . Critically , " Over " received positive reviews from music critics , who called the song " catchy " and praised Lohan 's vocal performance . " Over " also achieved moderate commercial success worldwide , reaching top thirty positions in Australia , Ireland and the United Kingdom . In the United States , the song peaked at number one on Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles for three weeks . Jake Nava directed the accompanying music video for " Over " , which decipts Lohan and her love interest being distanced by his parents . The singer performed the track in TV programs such as Good Morning America , in addition to online performances . = = Composition = = " Over " was written by Kara DioGuardi , John Shanks , and Lohan , produced by Shanks and DioGuardi , with Shanks playing the bass , guitar , keyboards , and doing the audio mixing , while DioGuardi provided background vocals for the song . Jeff Rothschild was responsible for Lohan 's vocal recording , which occurred at the Henson Recording Studios in Hollywood , California . He also handled the song 's mixing , programming and engineering . Other engineers involved were Dave Audé and Mark Valentine . " Over " is written in the time signature of common time with a moderate tempo of 90 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C minor with Lohan 's voice spanning from C4 to C5 . According to Spence D. of IGN , " Over " begins like a song by The Cure , complete with a " mournful acoustic guitar " and a " haunting piano @-@ tuned synth " . He wrote that since the song was not penned by Robert Smith , " it quickly turns into a slow rocker in which Lohan returns to her ' can 't live without you ' love torn subject matter " . In an interview with The Ellen DeGeneres Show on March 28 , 2014 , Lohan told DeGeneres the song was about her break @-@ up with Wilmer Valderrama . = = Reception = = " Over " received positive reviews from music critics . While responding negatively to a majority of Speak , John Murphy of MusicOMH cited " Over " as being " actually rather good " and noted similarities between the song and the works of Michelle Branch . Nicholas Fonseca from Entertainment Weekly considered the track a " tween @-@ slumber @-@ party @-@ friendly " which " is perfect for singing into your curling iron in front of the mirror " . Sputnikmusic called " Over " " awesomely catchy " , and complimented its guitar tone . " Over " achieved moderate commercial success worldwide . In the United States , the song reached on Billboard 's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart for three weeks , and reached number 39 on the Pop Songs component chart . In the United Kingdom , the song reached a peak of number 27 on its singles chart . In Australia , " Over " debuted at its peak of number 27 on the ARIA Charts , falling out of the chart seven weeks later . The song also attained the top thirty in Ireland , peaking at number 19 . On the European Hot 100 Singles , " Over " managed to reach number 79 . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Over " was directed by Jake Nava in Los Angeles , California , who also directed the video for her previous single " Rumors " ( 2004 ) . It was inspired by the 1999 film American Beauty . In the video , Lohan is walking home , when she sees her love interest ( played by Drew Fuller ) looking out of a window in his house as his mother sets the table behind him . Then his father comes up to him , and they begin to argue . The curtains close and Lohan continues on to her house , next door to her boyfriend ’ s , and runs up to her bedroom . Looking out her window , she sees that he is looking back at her . As noted inside Lohan ’ s bedroom , she is starting to experiment with rebellious adolescence . There are Teletubbies and stuffed pandas , but also posters of bands such as L7 , the Dead Kennedys and CBGB . These imagery are intercut with shots of Lohan and her band playing in a garage , a pool party , and also her love interest destroying his father ’ s car in the family garage . The video received positive reviews from critics . IGN 's Spence D. commented that " you 've got a somewhat cliched , but nonetheless hit @-@ worthy video montage " . Justin Moran , while ranking Lohan 's best music videos in Paper magazine , stated , " In the video for angry rock @-@ pop track " Over , " Lindsay stares at a neighbor boy from her bedroom window , wears too much black eye makeup , hooks up with said boy in a random trailer and cries ... a lot . This video has a completely over @-@ the @-@ top dramatic ending with Lindsay doing donuts with the neighbor boy in a vintage car ( amazing ) , only to be interrupted by his abusive father . Lindsay cries more , breaks through a window with her heel and shatters a lamp on the ground . Yes , Lindsay , yes . We love it when you 're angry . " = = Live performances = = In order to promote the single , Lohan appeared on Sessions @ AOL on December 2 , 2004 , where she performed " Over " . Her first televised appearance was on Good Morning America , four days later , as a part of the Women Rule Concert Series , where she sang " Over " accompanied by a performance of " Rumors " . While she sung " Over " with no problems , her mouth was not moving for a second during the performance of " Rumors " , leading the media to accuse her of lip synching . Lohan denied that she was lip synching , claiming that there was a background track because she had fallen ill recently . Kim Jakwerth , of Casablanca Records , supported this statement by saying , " Yes , on the first song there were background tracks , which were not on the second song . " In addition to these performances , she sang the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on December 16 . In January 2005 , Lohan performed " Over " and " Speak " at Yahoo 's Live @ Launch , where she also gave an interview . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded and mixed at Henson Recording Studios at Los Angeles , California . Personnel Lindsay Lohan – songwriting , vocals Kara DioGuardi – songwriting , producer , background vocals John Shanks – songwriting , producer , bass , guitar , keyboards , mixing Dave Audé – engineer Jeff Rothschild – drums , engineer , mixing , programming Mark Valentine – engineer Credits are taken from Speak liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Gefjon = In Norse mythology , Gefjon or Gefjun ( with the alternate spelling Gefion ) is a goddess associated with ploughing , the Danish island of Zealand , the legendary Swedish king Gylfi , the legendary Danish king Skjöldr , foreknowledge , and virginity . Gefjon is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the works of skalds ; and appears as a gloss for various Greco @-@ Roman goddesses in some Old Norse translations of Latin works . The Prose Edda and Heimskringla both report that Gefjon plowed away what is now lake Mälaren , Sweden , and with this land formed the island of Zealand , Denmark . In addition , the Prose Edda describes that not only is Gefjon a virgin herself , but that all who die a virgin become her attendants . Heimskringla records that Gefjon married the legendary Danish king Skjöldr and that the two dwelled in Lejre , Denmark . Scholars have proposed theories about the etymology the name of the goddess , connections to fertility and ploughing practices , the implications of the references made to her as a virgin , five potential mentions of the goddess in the Old English poem Beowulf , and potential connections between Gefjon and Grendel 's Mother and / or the goddesses Freyja and Frigg . = = Etymology = = The etymology of the name Gefjon has been a matter of dispute . In modern scholarship , the element Gef- in Gef @-@ jon is generally theorized as related to the element Gef- in the name Gef @-@ n . The name Gefn is one of the numerous names for the goddess Freyja , and likely means " she who gives ( prosperity or happiness ) . " The connection between the two names has resulted in etymological results of Gefjun meaning " the giving one . " The names Gefjun and Gefn are both related to the Matron groups the Alagabiae or Ollogabiae . Albert Murey Sturtevant notes that " the only other feminine personal name which contains the suffix -un is Njǫr @-@ un , recorded only in the þulur [ ... ] , and among the kvenna heiti ókend . Whatever the stem syllable Njǫr- represents ( perhaps * ner- as in * Ner @-@ þuz > Njǫrðr ) , the addition of the n- and un @-@ suffixes seems to furnish an exact parallel to Gef @-@ n : Gefj @-@ un ( cf . Njǫr @-@ n : Njǫr @-@ un ) . " A Finnish word for " bride 's outfit , trousseau " may derive from Gefjon 's name . = = Attestations = = = = = Poetic Edda = = = In the Poetic Edda , Gefjon appears solely in three stanzas of the poem Lokasenna , where an exchange occurs between Gefjun and Loki at a dinner feast , and the god Odin comes to Gefjon 's defense . After an exchange occurs between Loki and the goddess Iðunn , Gefjon questions why Loki wants to bring negativity into the hall with the assembled gods : The last two lines of the stanza above differ greatly by translation . Henry Adams Bellows comments that the manuscript text for these two lines is " puzzling " and that as a result they have been " freely amended . " In the stanza that follows , Loki responds to Gefjon , commenting that a youthful male once gave her a necklace , and that with this youth Gefjon slept : Odin interjects ; stating that Loki must be quite insane to incur the wrath of Gefjon , for she knows the destinies of mankind just as well as Odin himself : = = = Prose Edda = = = The Prose Edda book Gylfaginning begins with a prose account stating that King Gylfi was once the ruler of " what is now called Sweden , " and that he was said to have given " a certain vagrant woman , as reward for his entertainment , one plough @-@ land in his kingdom , as much as four oxen could plow up in a day and night . " This woman was " of the race of the Æsir " and her name was Gefjun . Gefjun took four oxen from Jötunheimr in the north . These oxen were her sons from a jötunn ( name not provided ) . Gefjun 's plough " cut so hard and deep that it uprooted the land , and the oxen drew the land out into the sea to the west and halted in a certain sound . " Gefjun there placed the land , and bestowed upon it the name Zealand . Where the land had been taken from a lake stands . According to Snorri , the lake is now known as Lake Mälar , located in Sweden , and the inlets in this lake parallel the headlands of Zealand ; however , since this is much more true of Lake Vänern , the myth was probably originally about Vänern , not Mälaren . As a reference , the prose account presents a stanza from a work attributed to the 9th century skald Bragi Boddason : Gefjun dragged from Gylfi , gladly the land beyond value . Denmark 's increase , steam rising from the swift @-@ footed bulls . The oxen bore eight moons of the forehead and four heads , hauling as they went in front of the grassy isle 's wide fissure . In chapter 35 of Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of High presents a list of goddesses . High presents Gefjun fourth , and says that Gefjun is a virgin , and all who die as virgins attend her . In relation , High notes that , like Gefjun , the goddess Fulla is also a virgin . At the beginning of the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál , Gefjun is listed among nine goddesses who attend a banquet for Ægir on the island of Hlesey ( modern Læsø , Denmark ) . In chapter 32 , Gefjun is listed among six goddesses who attend a party held by Ægir . In chapter 75 , Gefjun is included among a list of 27 ásynjur names . In addition , Gefjun appears in a kenning for the völva Gróa ( " ale @-@ Gefjun " ) employed in the skald Þjóðólfr of Hvinir 's composition Haustlöng as quoted in chapter 17 of Skáldskaparmál . = = = Heimskringla = = = In chapter 5 of Ynglinga saga ( as collected in Heimskringla ) , an euhemerized prose account relates that Odin sent Gefjun from Odense , Funen " north over the sound to seek for land . " There , Gefjun encountered king Gylfi " and he gave her ploughland . " Gefjun went to the land of Jötunheimr , and there bore four sons to a jötunn ( whose name is not provided ) . Gefjun transformed these four sons into oxen , attached them to a plough , and drew forth the land westward of the sea , opposite to Odense . The saga adds that this land is now called Zealand , and that Gefjun married Skjöldr ( described here as " a son of Odin " ) . The two dwelled in Lejre thereafter . From where Gefjun took the land that formed Zealand , a lake was left behind call Lögrinn , and the saga posits that the bays in lake Lögrinn correspond to the nesses of Zealand . This is followed by the same stanza used in Gylfaginning above composed by the skald Bragi Boddason . = = = Völsa þáttr = = = Gefjun is sworn by in the þáttr Völsa þáttr , where the daughter of a thrall reluctantly worships a penis severed from a horse : = = = Glosses = = = Gefjon appears in some Old Norse translations of Latin works as a gloss on the names of goddesses from Greco @-@ Roman mythology . In several works , including Breta sögur ( based on Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae ) the goddess Diana is glossed as Gefjon . In Stjórn , Gefjon appears as a gloss for the goddess Aphrodite . In other works , Gefjon glosses the goddesses Athena and Vesta . = = Theories = = = = = Ploughing , folk customs , parallels , and fertility = = = A reoccurring theme in legend and folktale consists of a man or , more often , a woman who is challenged to gain as much land as can be traveled within a limited amount of time . This motif is attested by Livy around 1 CE , 5th century BCE Greek historian Herodotus , and in folktales from Northern Europe . In six tales from Jutland , Denmark and one from Germany a plough is used similarly as in Livy 's account , though the conditions are often met by walking or riding . Hilda Ellis Davidson points out a tale from Iceland that features a female settler " whose husband had died on the voyage out , establishing her claim to a piece of land by driving a young hiefer round it . " Davidson notes that in Landnámabók , this is recorded as a recognized method for a woman to claim land , and the work further details that " she might not possess more than she could encircle in this way between sunrise and sunset on a spring day . " Davidson comments that " this sounds like a ritual taking over of land rather than a legal requirement , like the custom of men lighting fires when taking new land , and it is possible that the women 's custom was linked with the fertility goddess . " In addition , Davidson notes that Zealand is the most fertile region of Denmark . Davidson further links folk customs recorded in the 19th century involving ploughs in Northern and Eastern Europe to practices involving Gefjon from the heathen period . Davidson points out that in eastern Europe , a custom is recorded in Russia where women with loosened hair and clad in white would assemble and drag a plough three times around their village during serious disease outbreaks . In Western Europe , yearly ploughing rituals occurring in England and Denmark in preparation for spring sowing which are , in eastern England , held on Plough Monday after the Christmas break . Gangs of young men dragged round a plough , while taking various names . Davidson states that " Gefjon with her giant sons transformed into oxen seems a fitting patroness of ceremonies of this kind . " Davidson finds similar elements and parallels in non @-@ Germanic traditions , such as a folktale regarding the Lady of the Lake from Wales recorded in the 19th century . In the tale , the Lady brings forth " a herd of wondrous cattle " from the water after she consents to marrying a local farmer . Years later , he unwittingly breaks conditions that she had laid down . As a result , the Lady returns to her dwelling beneath the lake , and calls for her cattle to accompany her , calling them by name . In one version of the tale , the Lady calls forth four gray oxen who were ploughing in a field six miles away . Responding to her call , the oxen dragged the plough with them , and the gash in the land that the plough produced was said to have once been clearly visible . A woman was recorded in 1881 as having claimed to recall that people once gathered at the lake on the first Sunday of August , waiting to see whether or not the water would boil up as an indication that the Lady and her oxen would make an appearance . Davidson notes that " here again a supernatural woman is linked both with water and ploughing land . " Davidson states that in Germanic areas of Europe , traditions also exist of supernatural women who travel about the countryside with a plough , examples including Holde and Holle ( from the western and central regions of Germany ) and Berchte and Perchte in traditions from upper Germany , Switzerland , and Austria . Davidson explains that " they were frequently said to travel with a plough around the countryside , in a way reminiscent of the journey of the fertility goddess to bless the land in pre @-@ Christian times , and on these occasions they might be accompanied by a host of tiny children ; it was suggested that these children who died unbaptized , or human offspring replaced by changelings , but another possibility is that they were the souls of the unborn . " Davidson details that some local tales feature the plough breaking down , the supernatural woman gaining assistance from a helper , and the supernatural woman giving him wooden chips , only for the chips to later to turn to gold . Regarding the plough and Gefjon , Davidson concludes that " the idea behind the taking of the plough round the countryside seems to be that it brought good fortune and prosperity , gifts of a benevolent goddess . Gefjon and her plough thus fit into a large framework of the cult of a goddess associated with fertility of both land and water . " = = = Possible Gylfaginning manuscript alteration = = = Questions have been proposed over the seemingly contradictory description of Gefjon as a virgin in Gylfaginning , yet also as attested as having sexual relations ( Lokasenna , Heimskringla ) and marrying ( Heimskringla ) . John Lindow says that the Gefjon / Gylfi story in Gylfaginning is absent in one branch of manuscripts of the work , and that " the fact that Gylfi is reintroduced directly after it in the other manuscripts , suggests that that it was not part of Snorri 's [ author of the Prose Edda and Heimskringla ] original text but may have been added by a later scribe . " Lindow says that if Snorri did not write it , the possibility exists that whoever added the story either was aware of an association made between Gefjon and the Greek goddess Diana ( as in the " glosses " section above ) " or took the view of the pagan gods as demons and therefore made a whore out of Gefjon . " However , Lindow adds that the reference to Gefjon made by Loki in Lokasenna suggest that the notion of Gefjon partaking in sexual activity may have been widespread . = = = Beowulf = = = Mentions of Gefjon may appear in Beowulf in five passages ( line 49 , line 362 , line 515 , line 1394 , and line 1690 ) . Scholar Frank Battaglia refers to these passages as " the Gefion passages , " and asks " Does Beowulf oppose the Earth Goddess of ancient Germanic religion ? The possibility of such an interpretation follows upon the discovery that the name Gefion , by which early Danes called their female chthonic deity , may occur in the Old English poem five times . " Battaglia further theorizes that : The five Gefion passages seem to highlight the championing of a new order antagonistic to goddess worship . In light of what appears to be an elaborate thematic statement about patrilineage in the poem , the new order may also have entailed a change in kinship systems . Grendel and his mother may stand as types of earlier , matrilineal tribes . Further the hall which is the object of struggle between Beowulf and the first two monsters may symbolize the consolidation of new hierarchical social organization among the northern Germanic peoples . Battaglia says that if the passages are taken to represent Gefjon , gēafon mentioned in line 49 refers directly to Gefjon 's sadness at Skjöldr 's ( described as having wed Gefjon in Heimskringla ) death , and that here " we may with some confidence conclude that in a poem about Scyld 's funeral for an Anglo @-@ Danish audience , the word gēafon could probably not have been used without invoking Gefion . " Battaglia posits translations for line 362 ( Geofenes begang ) as " Gefion 's realm , " line 515 ( Geofon ȳðum wēol ) as " Gefion welled up in waves , " line 1394 ( nē on Gyfenes grund , gā þær hē wille ) as " not ( even ) in the ground of Gefion , go where he will , " and line 1690 ( Gifen gēotende gīgante cyn ; ) as " Gefion gushing , the race of giants . " Scholar Richard North theorizes that Old English geofon and Old Norse Gefjun and Freyja 's name Gefn may all descend from a common origin ; gabia a Germanic goddess connected with the sea , whose name means " giving " . = = = Frigg and Freyja = = = Some scholars have proposed a connection between Gefjun and the goddesses Frigg and Freyja due to perceived similarities . Britt @-@ Mari Näsström theorizes that Gefjun is simply another aspect of Freyja , and that the " white youth " that Freyja is accused of sleeping with by Loki in Gylfaginning may be the god Heimdallr . Hilda Ellis Davidson says that " there seems ample indication that Gefjon represents one aspect of a once powerful goddess of the north , the figure representing in Scandinavian myths as either Frigg , the wife of Odin , or Freyja , sister of fertility god Freyr . Freyja , desired by gods , giants and dwarves alike , acted as dispenser of bounty and inspirer of sexual love between men and women like the Greek Aphrodite . " In addition , Davidson says that " as Axel Olrik ( 1901 ) pointed out long ago , we know very little about Gefion , and it is possible that she can be identified with Frigg or Freyja " and not only does the Prose Edda associate her with an afterlife realm of the dead , " in Lokasenna , Loki claims that Gefion was given a jewel by a lover , traditions that would fit in very well with what we know of Freyja . " Regarding parallels drawn between Freyja and Gefjon proposed from the exchange found in Lokasenna , Rudolf Simek says that Lokasenna is a " late composition and the reproach is too much of a stereotype to carry much weight . " Simek says that , regardless , even if Gefjon shouldn 't be identified with Freyja , Gefjon could still be considered " one of the fertility and protective goddesses because of the meaning of her name ( ' the giving one ' ) . " = = Modern influence = = Gefjon appears prominently as the allegorical mother of Norway , Sweden , and Denmark in the forty @-@ page Swedish Romantic poem Gefion , a Poem in Four Cantos by Eleonora Charlotta d 'Albedyhll ( 1770 – 1835 ) . A fountain depicting Gefjun driving her oxen sons to pull her plough ( The Gefion Fountain , 1908 ) by Anders Bundgaard stands in Copenhagen , Denmark , on the island of Zealand , as in the myth . The Gefion family , a family of asteroids , and asteroid 1272 Gefion ( discovered in 1931 by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth ) both derive their names from that of the goddess . The highest mountain in Queen Louise Land ( Danish : Dronning Louise Land ) , NE Greenland was named after Gefjon by the 1912 – 13 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land led by J.P. Koch .
= Brian Williamson = Brian Williamson ( 4 September 1945 – 9 June 2004 ) was a Jamaican gay rights activist who co @-@ founded the Jamaica Forum for Lesbians , All @-@ Sexuals and Gays ( J @-@ FLAG ) . He was known for being one of the earliest openly gay men in Jamaican society and for being one of its best known gay rights activists . Born to an upper @-@ middle @-@ class family in Saint Ann Parish , Williamson initially considered a life in the Roman Catholic clergy before deciding to devote himself to the cause of gay rights in Jamaica . In the 1990s , he purchased an apartment building in the New Kingston area of Kingston , in which he established a gay nightclub , which remained open for two years despite opposition from police . In 1998 , he co @-@ founded J @-@ FLAG with other lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) rights activists , soon becoming the public face of the organisation . As J @-@ FLAG 's representative , he argued in favour of LGBT rights during appearances on Jamaican television and radio programs . This attracted great hostility within Jamaica – a country with particularly high rates of anti @-@ gay prejudice – with J @-@ FLAG members receiving death threats and Williamson surviving a knife attack . For a time he left Jamaica , living in Canada and England for several years , before returning to Kingston in 2002 . In June 2004 , Williamson was murdered in his apartment by an acquaintance , Dwight Hayden , whom he had been aiding with financial handouts . Police believed that Hayden 's motive was robbery , although J @-@ FLAG also suggested that homophobia may have played a part in the killing . Hayden was subsequently sentenced to life in prison . Upon learning of the murder , a crowd assembled in New Kingston to celebrate Williamson 's death , chanting homophobic slogans and lyrics . Conversely , the Jamaican LGBT community held a secret memorial for him , while protests against the killing were held by LGBT rights groups in the United Kingdom . = = Biography = = Williamson was born to an upper @-@ middle @-@ class family in the rural Saint Ann Parish . He initially considered joining the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church , studying for this position in Montego Bay , but eventually decided against this . In 1979 , he began to devote himself to the cause of gay rights in Jamaica , becoming the first individual to do so in such a public manner . Jamaica had a reputation for its widespread anti @-@ gay prejudice , an attitude that pervaded public discourse at all levels of society , with a number of popular Jamaican musicians inciting violence against gay men in their lyrics . Initially , Williamson offered his apartment in Kingston as a space in which gay Jamaicans could meet roughly every fortnight . In the early 1990s he purchased a large property on New Kingston 's gentrified Haughton Street , converting part of this building into a gay nightclub that he called Entourage . Many of those who attended the club worked in the city 's foreign embassies . Although the police tried to close it down , the club remained open for two years until Williamson was attacked by a patron carrying a knife , which was used to slash Williamson 's arm . Although same @-@ sex sexual relations between men were illegal in Jamaica , Williamson was openly gay . Williamson and other members of Jamaica 's lesbian , gay , bisexual , and transgender ( LGBT ) community decided to form an organisation to campaign for their rights , resulting in the establishment of the Jamaica Forum for Lesbians , All Sexuals , and Gays ( J @-@ FLAG ) in December 1998 . J @-@ FLAG sought to enhance LGBT rights through advocacy and encouraging legal reform , as well as through educational and social service programs . They also kept a record of anti @-@ LGBT hate crimes including assaults , home invasions , and the corrective rape of lesbians , further recording the murder of 30 gay men between 1997 and 2004 . From the time of the group 's foundation , its members were subjected to repeated death threats . Williamson became the public face of the group , appearing on radio talk shows and television shows such as Perspective and Nationwide in which he argued against homophobia and called for greater government investment to tackle the HIV / AIDS pandemic . Unlike most other LGBT rights activists in Jamaica , Williamson did not seek to protect himself by using a pseudonym , disguising his voice , or hiding his appearance . Facing hostility and threats of violence , Williamson left Jamaica and moved to Canada and then England , before returning to the island in 2002 . There , he moved into an apartment in his Haughton Street compound and decided to take a renewed role within Jamaica 's LGBT rights movement . He lived in one room of his apartment block and rented out a number of others . = = Murder = = Financially affluent , Williamson would often offer money or odd jobs to his acquaintances in the LGBT community . Among those whom Williamson befriended was Dwight Hayden , a closeted gay man in his mid @-@ 20s who had been a user of crack cocaine prior to 2002 and who was known locally as " Dog " and " Swong " . They met in New Kingston and Williamson helped Hayden out by purchasing newspapers which he could then sell on the streets . According to one of Williamson 's flatmates , Desmond Chambers , " I have seen [ Hayden ] here about six times ( and ) anything him want , Brian give him . Brian give him money , Brian give him food and help him to purchase ( newspaper ) to sell on the road . " On 7 June 2004 Hayden arrived at Williamson 's flat with another man , with Williamson welcoming them in and offering them bottles of Guinness . Hayden asked for money from Williamson , who agreed he would give it to him later in the evening . At this , Hayden attacked Williamson , stabbing him around seventy times . Williamson 's body was discovered by Chambers at approximately 11.15am. Chambers noticed that the air conditioning had been left on , something that Williamson was unlikely to have done , and then realised that Williamson 's bedroom door had been left ajar . Investigating further , he opened the door and discovered Williamson 's corpse lying face down on the floor , with multiple stab wounds to the neck and surrounded by a pool of blood . Williamson 's dog , Tessa , was running about in the room and barking . The scene of the crime was visited by Father Michael Lewis of the Stella Maris Church , who was accompanied by Williamson 's sister Gradryn Williams ; she was convinced not to look at the body by Williamson 's friends . Crowds assembled outside the apartment block , made up of individuals who were laughing and celebrating Williamson 's death . Some of the assembled people shouted out statements such as " This is long overdue " , " Battyman he get killed " , " Let 's get them one at a time " , " That 's what you get for sin " , and " Batty man fi dead ! " ( " Faggots should die ! " ) . Others sang " Boom Bye Bye " , a line from a dancehall song by Buju Banton that discusses shooting and burning gay men . Rebecca Schleifer , a Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) researcher , had a meeting with Williamson planned for that day , and arrived at his home to find the assembled crowd ; she noted that " It was like a parade . They were basically partying " . = = = Police investigation and conviction = = = Police issued a statement declaring that they were searching for two men whom Chambers had observed at Williamson 's apartment prior to his death . Corporal Devon Hugh Williams of the Constabulary Communication Network ( CCN ) informed press that the police suspected that the motive of the attack had been robbery , as evidence pointing to the fact that Williamson 's apartment had been ransacked and a safe removed . However , both friends of Williamson and human rights organisations suggested that – given Williamson 's status as an openly gay man – robbery might have been a secondary issue , with homophobia being the main motive behind the crime . J @-@ FLAG expressed its suspicion that the killing was a " hate @-@ related crime " , articulating the view that Williamson had been killed because he was a publicly visible gay man . Amnesty International urged police not to dismiss alternative possible motives . Amnesty 's Piers Bannister informed press that " We do know that there 's a high level of homophobia in Jamaica , so there was a possibility that it was a hate crime . Many hate crime victims are robbed afterward . We 're not saying it wasn 't a robbery ; we just want a full investigation . " Schleifer publicly stated that it is " really important to investigate [ the crime ] thoroughly . Because there are really strong indications that it might have been a homophobic attack " . On June 11 , two days after the murder , police arrested their suspect . Hayden provided a confession and subsequently pleaded guilty in court . Hayden 's legal representative , Randolph Williams , urged the judge to show leniency because the suspect had shown remorse for his crime from the moment of his arrest . The judge , Justice Basil Reid , sentenced Hayden to life in prison with the possibility of parole after fifteen years . = = Reaction = = After his death , the Jamaica Observer described Williamson as " Jamaica 's most prominent gay rights activist " , while both the BBC and The Independent called him the country 's " best @-@ known gay rights activist " , and Gary Younge of The Guardian termed him " the public face of gay rights in the country " . Tony Hadn , a volunteer for J @-@ FLAG , stated that Williamson was " so courageous . He never stopped to think , ' oh , I might get in trouble for this , ' so in that sense he was very selfless . " He was succeeded as J @-@ FLAG 's leader by Gareth Williams , who informed press that Williamson " was the only out gay person in Jamaica who had the courage to put his face on television , I was very close to him ... His murder was really a traumatic loss for our community . " One member of J @-@ FLAG stated that " Brian Williamson is our Martin Luther King " . Four days later , J @-@ FLAG held a memorial devoted to Williamson , which was attended by almost two hundred people ; the memorial involved personal tributes , poetry slams , and lip synching to Whitney Houston songs . On 23 June , the British LGBT rights group OutRage ! held a memorial vigil outside the High Commission of Jamaica in London . OutRage ! leader Peter Tatchell attended the vigil , there proclaiming that the Jamaican Prime Minister , P. J. Patterson , " shares responsibility for the wave of homophobic violence , culminating in the murder of Brian Williamson " because he had failed to decriminalize same @-@ sex sexual activity and clamp down on homophobic violence in Jamaican society . Also in attendance at the vigil were the Green Party 's London Assembly member Darren Johnson , Amnesty International 's Carol Buddd , Big Up 's Charles Anglin , UKBlackOut 's Andrew Prince , and the Lesbian and Gay Immigration Group 's Barry O 'Leary . The London Gay Men 's Chorus attended , singing a rendition of " Let My People Go " . In their 2012 study of the relationship between homophobic attitudes in Jamaica and Britain , Keon West and Miles Hewstone described Williamson 's murder as the " most prominent " example of an anti @-@ gay murder on the island . = = = Academic sources = = =
= Extra Large Medium = " Extra Large Medium " is the 12th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . Directed by John Holmquist and written by Steve Callaghan , the episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on February 14 , 2010 . In " Extra Large Medium " , the show 's main character , Peter , discovers that he has supposedly developed " extrasensory perception " ( ESP ) after his two sons , Chris and Stewie , go missing during a family hike in the woods . Soon after being rescued , Chris decides to ask out a classmate at his school , named Ellen , who has Down syndrome , and eventually takes her on a romantic date , which he goes on to regret . Meanwhile , Peter begins performing psychic readings , but is eventually discovered to be faking his ability once he is approached by the town 's police force . The episode generated significant controversy . Former Governor of Alaska and 2008 Republican vice @-@ presidential nominee Sarah Palin , who is referenced briefly in the episode as being the mother of Ellen , took offense to the episode 's portrayal of Down syndrome , due to her son 's diagnosis of the disorder . Andrea Fay Friedman , who was also diagnosed with Down syndrome and portrayed the character of Ellen , publicly refuted Palin , instead supporting executive producer and series creator Seth MacFarlane , who defended the episode , and was also supported by Bill Maher , the host of Real Time . The episode got more criticism from the Parents Television Council during its original broadcast . Despite the controversy , critical responses to the episode were mostly positive ; critics praised its storyline , numerous cultural references , and its portrayal of a person with Down syndrome . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 6 @.@ 42 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Jennifer Birmingham , Jackson Douglas , Andrea Fay Friedman , Phil LaMarr , Michele Lee and Nana Visitor , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics , for the episode 's song entitled " Down Syndrome Girl " , at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards . Both Walter Murphy and MacFarlane were recognized for their work on the music and lyrics . " Extra Large Medium " was released on DVD , along with 11 other episodes from the season , on December 13 , 2011 . = = Plot = = When the Griffin family decide to go for a hike in the local woods , Chris and Stewie get lost while chasing after a floating butterfly . As a result , they go missing for several days , with only limited supplies . As Lois is at her wits ' end , she decides to see a psychic medium who assures her of the children 's safety and well being . Eventually the boys are found and rescued by Bruce , and returned to their home in Quahog which only furthers Lois 's psychic obsession to the annoyance of a skeptical Brian . In defiance of Lois 's assertion that extrasensory perception exists , Brian has Peter perform a cold reading on a passerby in the park in order to demonstrate that psychic readings are purely an act , and not real . However , Peter is struck by his success as a medium , convincing himself that he actually has extrasensory perception , and decides to capitalize on it by opening his own psychic readings business and performing in front of a live audience . Soon after , Peter 's bluff is finally called when Joe requests his help in a frantic search for a missing person who has been strapped to a bomb . Peter stalls for time during the search ( as he just wants to feel the victim 's daughter 's breasts ) , eventually resulting in a gruesome death when the bomb explodes , prompting Peter to flatly admit that he actually has no psychic powers whatsoever . Meanwhile , during the time when Chris and Stewie were lost in the woods , Chris promises to ask out Ellen , a school classmate with Down syndrome . After their rescue , Stewie helps prepare Chris for a date by dressing him up , and instructing him on how to act through a prolonged musical number . During the date , Ellen turns out to be pushy and demanding , and the relationship quickly falls apart . Chris admits that he had bought into a stereotype of people with Down syndrome being kind and loving , and breaks up with her . Stewie consoles Chris by congratulating him for overcoming his shyness and demonstrating confidence in asking her out on a date , as he had promised to do . = = Production and development = = The episode was directed by series regular John Holmquist , and written by series show runner Steve Callaghan before the conclusion of the eighth production season . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors , with Seth MacFarlane and David Zuckerman working as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for " Extra Large Medium " . Actress Andrea Fay Friedman , who was diagnosed with Down syndrome at birth , and who has appeared on several television shows , including Saving Grace and Life Goes On , voiced the character Ellen . Before performing on the show , Friedman stated in an interview that she had never watched Family Guy , but found it to be " funny " after watching several episodes from the series . In developing Friedman 's character , her physical appearance was largely used in creating Ellen , in addition to adding a " bossy " personality to the character , which Friedman was reluctant to perform at first . She eventually " had a nice time " performing the script , however , as it was her first voice acting performance . " Extra Large Medium " , along with the eleven other episodes from the first half of Family Guy 's eighth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini @-@ feature which discussed the process behind animating " And Then There Were Fewer " , a mini @-@ feature entitled " The Comical Adventures of Family Guy – Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call " , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . In addition to the regular cast , voice actress Jennifer Birmingham , actor Jackson Douglas , Andrea Fay Friedman , voice actor Phil LaMarr , singer Michele Lee , and actress Nana Visitor guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin and writer John Viener also made minor appearances . Recurring guest voice actors Patrick Warburton and Adam West made guest appearances as well . = = Cultural references = = Peter mentions starring in Starlight Express , which is a rock musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber ; although Peter 's role as shown onscreen has little to do with the actual performance . While Stewie and Chris are lost in the forest overnight , Stewie plays a guessing game with one of the answers being Thornton Melon . Stewie looks at the television audience wondering why the majority of them chose Thornton Melon , then Stewie notes that Thornton Melon was the character that Rodney Dangerfield played in the 1986 film Back to School . It was in fact a quote by Henry David Thoreau . Stewie 's reference to a newspaper headline saying " Stewie Defeats Truman " is a takeoff of the famous " Dewey Defeats Truman " headline , which erroneously predicted that Thomas E. Dewey would defeat Harry S. Truman in the 1948 presidential election . Peter 's new career as a psychic is a parody of John Edward and his TV series Crossing Over . While the police depend on Peter to help them find someone , Peter stalls by pretending to channel the spirit of Lou Costello ; his exchange with Joe about the missing man , Mr. Hu who lives on First Street , is a takeoff of the famous Abbott and Costello routine " Who 's on First ? " . Also , there was a cutaway to the Enterprise from the original Star Trek series showing Spock winning the lottery ( with the numbers 18 , 24 , 41 and 72 ) , then cussing at everyone shortly before leaving . Nana Visitor voices the Enterprise viewscreen , while series writer and producer John Viener voices Spock in the cutaway . = = Reception = = " Extra Large Medium " was broadcast on February 14 , 2010 in the United States as part of the animation television night on Fox . It was preceded by an episode of The Simpsons , and Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin @-@ off , The Cleveland Show . It was followed by MacFarlane 's second show American Dad ! . The episode was viewed by an estimated 6 @.@ 42 million viewers , according to the Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with the 2010 Winter Olympics on NBC , Undercover Boss on CBS and Extreme Makeover : Home Edition on ABC . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 2 / 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographicbeating The Simpsons , The Cleveland Show and American Dad ! , in addition to significantly edging out all three shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings were slightly up from the previous episode , " Dial Meg for Murder " . Reviews of the episode were positive , citing the episode as " a pleasant surprise . " In a simultaneous review of the episodes of The Simpsons and American Dad ! that preceded and followed the episode respectively and The Cleveland Show , Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club commented that he felt that the Chris plot line was " hung together in a way the storylines usually don 't on this show , " adding that , " I 'll give the show points for both degree of difficulty and pulling off something I didn 't think it would . " In the conclusion of his review , VanDerWerff rated the episode as a B- , beating only The Cleveland Show episode " Buried Pleasure " . In a slightly less positive review , Ramsey Isler of IGN gave the episode a 7 @.@ 7 out of 10 , and began his assessment of the episode by stating , " This one will certainly get some politically correct Down syndrome advocates all riled up , but Family Guy is nothing without a little controversy . " Isler went on to call the plot " uneven in quality , " but with " some moments that could be in the Family Guy " greatest hits " archive . " Television critic Jason Hughes of the TV Squad called the Abbott and Costello joke " hilariously appropriate " , and stated that the episode 's portrayal of a person with Down syndrome was " refreshing . " = = = Controversy = = = At one point , Ellen states that her mother is the former Governor of Alaska , which strongly implies that her mother is Sarah Palin , the only woman to have served in the office of governor in the state . Palin 's daughter Bristol publicly stated on her mother 's Facebook profile on February 16 , 2010 , that she took offense to the episode , feeling that it mocked her brother , Trig , who has Down syndrome , commenting , " If the writers of a particularly pathetic cartoon show thought they were being clever in mocking my brother and my family yesterday , they failed . All they proved is that they 're heartless jerks . " Sarah Palin also criticized the episode in an appearance on The O 'Reilly Factor , calling those who made the show " cruel , cold @-@ hearted people . " The writer of the episode , Steve Callaghan , addressed Palin 's criticism of the episode at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International on July 24 , 2010 , in talking about the upcoming ninth season of the show , stating , " This season , I decided that I 'd even things out and write something that would offend smart people . " In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , Seth MacFarlane responded to Palin 's criticism , saying that the series always uses satire as the basis of its humor , and that the show is an " equal @-@ opportunity offender . " In addition , Andrea Fay Friedman , who voiced Ellen , and who herself has Down syndrome , also responded to the criticisms saying that the joke was aimed at Sarah Palin and not her son , and that " former Governor Palin does not have a sense of humor . " In a subsequent interview , Friedman rebuked Palin , accusing her of using her son , Trig , as a political prop to pander for votes , saying that she has a normal life and that Palin 's son should be treated as normal , rather than like a " loaf of French bread . " Later , MacFarlane addressed both Palin 's statement and Friedman 's rebuttal in an appearance on Real Time with Bill Maher calling Palin 's outrage a presumptuous attempt to defend people with Down syndrome , and characterizing Friedman 's statement as her way of saying that she does not need feigned pity from Palin . Family Guy cast member Patrick Warburton stated that he objected to the joke , saying , " I know that you have to be an equal @-@ opportunity offender , but there are some things that I just don 't think are funny . " While frequent MacFarlane critic Parents Television Council touched on the Palin controversy in its assessment of the episode , the rest of the show 's content — which contained " mean @-@ spirited pot @-@ shots , explicit language , and strong sexual content " — earned the watchdog group 's " Worst TV Show of the Week " title . The PTC specifically cited the Broadway @-@ style song , which the PTC said " contained all the stereotypes of mental retardation " and " disturbing sexual references , " and the climatic scene in the subplot , where Peter pretends to be a psychic , which the PTC said also contained sexual humor . On July 8 , 2010 , the episode 's song entitled " Down Syndrome Girl " was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music and Lyrics at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards . Series creator Seth MacFarlane and composer Walter Murphy were nominated for their work on the song 's lyrics and music . On July 24 , 2010 , MacFarlane gave a live performance of the song at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , to an audience of nearly 4 @,@ 200 attendees . At the Creative Arts Awards on August 21 , 2010 , " Down Syndrome Girl " lost to the USA Network series Monk .
= Red fox = The red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) is the largest of the true foxes and the most abundant wild member of the Carnivora , being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa , North America and Eurasia . It is listed as least concern by the IUCN . Its range has increased alongside human expansion , having been introduced to Australia , where it is considered harmful to native mammals and bird populations . Due to its presence in Australia , it is included among the list of the " world 's 100 worst invasive species " . The red fox originated from smaller @-@ sized ancestors from Eurasia during the Middle Villafranchian period , and colonised North America shortly after the Wisconsin glaciation . Among the true foxes , the red fox represents a more progressive form in the direction of carnivory . Apart from its large size , the red fox is distinguished from other fox species by its ability to adapt quickly to new environments . Despite its name , the species often produces individuals with other colourings , including albinos and melanists . Forty @-@ five subspecies are currently recognised , which are divided into two categories : the large northern foxes , and the small , basal southern foxes of Asia and the Middle East . Red foxes are usually together in pairs or small groups consisting of families , such as a mated pair and their young , or a male with several females having kinship ties . The young of the mated pair remain with their parents to assist in caring for new kits . The species primarily feeds on small rodents , though it may also target rabbits , game birds , reptiles , invertebrates and young ungulates . Fruit and vegetable matter is also eaten sometimes . Although the red fox tends to kill smaller predators , including other fox species , it is vulnerable to attack from larger predators , such as wolves , coyotes , golden jackals and medium- and large @-@ sized felines . The species has a long history of association with humans , having been extensively hunted as a pest and furbearer for many centuries , as well as being represented in human folklore and mythology . Because of its widespread distribution and large population , the red fox is one of the most important furbearing animals harvested for the fur trade . Too small to pose a threat to humans , it has successfully colonised many suburban areas . = = Terminology = = Females are called vixens , and young cubs , pups , or kits . Although the Arctic fox has a small native population in northern Scandinavia , while the corsac fox 's range extends into European Russia , the red fox is the only fox native to Western Europe , and so is simply called " the fox " in colloquial British English . The word " fox " comes from Old English , which derived from Proto @-@ Germanic * fuhsaz . Compare with West Frisian foks , Dutch vos , and German Fuchs . This , in turn , derives from Proto @-@ Indo @-@ European * puḱ- ‘ thick @-@ haired ; tail ' . Compare to the Hindi pū ̃ ch ‘ tail ' , Tocharian B päkā ‘ tail ; chowrie ' , and Lithuanian paustìs ‘ fur ' . The bushy tail also forms the basis for the fox 's Welsh name , llwynog , literally ‘ bushy ' , from llwyn ‘ bush ' . Likewise , Portuguese : raposa from rabo ‘ tail ' , Lithuanian uodẽgis from uodegà ‘ tail ' , and Ojibwa waagosh from waa , which refers to the up and down " bounce " or flickering of an animal or its tail . The scientific term vulpes derives from the Latin word for fox , and gives the adjectives vulpine and vulpecular . = = Evolution = = The red fox is considered a more specialised form of Vulpes than the Afghan , corsac and Bengal foxes in the direction of size and adaptation to carnivory ; the skull displays much fewer neotenous traits than in other species , and its facial area is more developed . It is , however , not as adapted for a purely carnivorous diet as the Tibetan fox . = = = Origins = = = The species is Eurasian in origin , and may have evolved from either Vulpes alopecoides or the related Chinese V. chikushanensis , both of which lived during the Middle Villafranchian . The earliest fossil specimens of V. vulpes were uncovered in Baranya , Hungary dating from 3 @.@ 4 @-@ 1 @.@ 8 million years ago . The ancestral species was likely smaller than the current one , as the earliest red fox fossils are smaller than modern populations . The earliest fossil remains of the modern species date back to the mid @-@ Pleistocene in association with the refuse of early human settlements . This has led to the theory that the red fox was hunted by primitive humans as both a source of food and pelts . = = = Colonisation of North America = = = Red foxes colonised the North American continent in two waves : during or before the Illinoian glaciation , and during the Wisconsinan glaciation . Gene mapping demonstrates that red foxes in North America have been isolated from their Old World counterparts for over 400 @,@ 000 years , thus raising the possibility that speciation has occurred , and that the previous binomial name of Vulpes fulva may be valid . In the far north , red fox fossils have been found in Sangamonian deposits in the Fairbanks District and Medicine Hat . Fossils dating from the Wisconsian are present in 25 sites in Arkansas , California , Colorado , Idaho , Missouri , New Mexico , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , and Wyoming . Although they ranged far south during the Wisconsinan , the onset of warm conditions shrank their range toward the north , and have only recently reclaimed their former American ranges because of human @-@ induced environmental changes . Genetic testing indicates two distinct red fox refugia exist in North America , which have been separated since the Wisconsinan . The northern ( or boreal ) refugium occurs in Alaska and western Canada , and consists of the large subspecies V. v. alascensis , V. v. abietorum , V. v. regalis , and V. v. rubricosa . The southern ( or montane ) refugium occurs in the subalpine parklands and alpine meadows of the Rocky Mountains , the Cascade Range , and Sierra Nevada . It encompasses the subspecies V. v. macroura , V. v. cascadensis , and V. v. necator . The latter clade has been separated from all other red fox populations since the last glacial maximum , and may possess unique ecological or physiological adaptations . Although European foxes were introduced to portions of the United States in the 1900s recent genetic investigation indicates an absence of European fox haplotypes in any North American populations . Also , introduced eastern red foxes have colonized southern California , the San Joaquin Valley , and San Francisco Bay Area , but appear to have mixed with the Sacramento Valley red fox V. v. patwin only in a narrow hybrid zone . In addition , no evidence is seen of interbreeding of eastern red foxes in California with the montane Sierra Nevada red fox V. v. necator or other populations in the Intermountain West ( between the Rocky Mountains to the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges to the west . = = = Subspecies = = = As of 2005 , 45 subspecies are recognised . In 2010 , another distinct subspecies , which inhabits the grasslands of the Sacramento Valley , V. v. patwin , was identified through mitochondrial haplotype studies . Substantial gene pool mixing between different subspecies is known ; British red foxes have crossbred extensively with foxes imported from Germany , France , Belgium , Sardinia , and possibly Siberia and Scandinavia . However , genetic studies suggest very little differences between red foxes sampled across Europe . Lack of genetic diversity is consistent with the red fox being a highly vagile species , with one red fox covering 320 km ( 200 mi ) in under a year 's time . Red fox subspecies in Eurasia and North Africa are divided into two categories : Northern foxes are large and brightly coloured . Southern grey desert foxes include the Asian subspecies V. v. griffithi , V. v. pusilla , and V. v. flavescens . These foxes display transitional features between northern red foxes and smaller fox species ; their skulls possess more primitive , neotenous traits than the northern forms , and they are much smaller ; the maximum sizes attained by southern foxes are invariably less than the average sizes of northern foxes . Their limbs are also longer , and their ears larger . Red foxes living in Middle Asia show physical traits intermediate to the northern and southern forms . = = Description = = = = = Build = = = The red fox has an elongated body and relatively short limbs . The tail , which is longer than half the body length ( 70 per cent of head and body length ) , is fluffy and reaches the ground when in a standing position . Their pupils are oval and vertically oriented . Nictitating membranes are present , but move only when the eyes are closed . The forepaws have five digits , while the hind feet have only four and lack dewclaws . They are very agile , being capable of jumping over 2 @-@ m @-@ high fences , and swim well . Vixens normally have four pairs of teats , though vixens with seven , nine , or ten teats are not uncommon . The testes of males are smaller than those of Arctic foxes . Their skulls are fairly narrow and elongated , with small braincases . Their canine teeth are relatively long . Sexual dimorphism of the skull is more pronounced than in corsac foxes , with female red foxes tending to have smaller skulls than males , with wider nasal regions and hard palates , as well as having larger canines . Their skulls are distinguished from those of dogs by their narrower muzzles , less crowded premolars , more slender canine teeth , and concave rather than convex profiles . = = = Dimensions = = = Red foxes are the largest species of the genus Vulpes . However , relative to dimensions , red foxes are much lighter than similarly sized dogs of the genus Canis . Their limb bones , for example , weigh 30 per cent less per unit area of bone than expected for similarly sized dogs . They display significant individual , sexual , age and geographical variation in size . On average , adults measure 35 – 50 cm ( 14 – 20 in ) high at the shoulder and 45 – 90 cm ( 18 – 35 in ) in body length with tails measuring 30 – 55 @.@ 5 cm ( 11 @.@ 8 – 21 @.@ 9 in ) . The ears measure 7 @.@ 7 – 12 @.@ 5 cm ( 3 – 5 in ) and the hind feet 12 – 18 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 – 7 in ) . Weights range from 2 @.@ 2 – 14 kg ( 4 @.@ 9 – 30 @.@ 9 lb ) , with vixens typically weighing 15 – 20 % less than males . Adult red foxes have skulls measuring 129 – 167 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 – 6 @.@ 6 in ) , while those of vixens measure 128 – 159 mm ( 5 @.@ 0 – 6 @.@ 3 in ) . The forefoot print measures 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) in length and 45 mm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in width , while the hind foot print measures 55 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) long and 38 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) wide . They trot at a speed of 6 – 13 km / h , and have a maximum running speed of 50 km / h . They have a stride of 25 – 35 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 – 13 @.@ 8 in ) when walking at a normal pace . North American red foxes are generally lightly built , with comparatively long bodies for their mass and have a high degree of sexual dimorphism . British red foxes are heavily built , but short , while continental European red foxes are closer to the general average among red fox populations . The largest red fox on record in Great Britain was a 17 @.@ 2 kg ( 38 @.@ 1 lbs ) , 1 @.@ 4 @-@ metre ( 4 ft 7 in ) long male , killed in Aberdeenshire , Scotland , in early 2012 . = = = Fur = = = The winter fur is dense , soft , silky and relatively long . For the northern foxes , the fur is very long , dense and fluffy , but is shorter , sparser and coarser in southern forms . Among northern foxes , the North American varieties generally have the silkiest guard hairs , while most Eurasian red foxes have coarser fur . There are three main colour morphs ; red , silver / black and cross ( see Mutations ) . In the typical red morph , their coats are generally bright reddish @-@ rusty with yellowish tints . A stripe of weak , diffuse patterns of many brown @-@ reddish @-@ chestnut hairs occurs along the spine . Two additional stripes pass down the shoulder blades , which , together with the spinal stripe , form a cross . The lower back is often a mottled silvery colour . The flanks are lighter coloured than the back , while the chin , lower lips , throat and front of the chest are white . The remaining lower surface of the body is dark , brown or reddish . During lactation , the belly fur of vixens may turn brick red . The upper parts of the limbs are rusty reddish , while the paws are black . The frontal part of the face and upper neck is bright brownish @-@ rusty red , while the upper lips are white . The backs of the ears are black or brownish @-@ reddish , while the inner surface is whitish . The top of the tail is brownish @-@ reddish , but lighter in colour than the back and flanks . The underside of the tail is pale grey with a straw @-@ coloured tint . A black spot , the location of the supracaudal gland , is usually present at the base of the tail . The tip of the tail is white . = = = = Mutations = = = = Atypical colourations in red foxes usually represent stages toward full melanism , and mostly occur in cold regions . = = = Senses = = = Red foxes have binocular vision , but their sight reacts mainly to movement . Their auditory perception is acute , being able to hear black grouse changing roosts at 600 paces , the flight of crows at 0 @.@ 25 – 0 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 16 – 0 @.@ 31 mi ) and the squeaking of mice at about 100 metres ( 330 ft ) . They are capable of locating sounds to within one degree at 700 – 3 @,@ 000 Hz , though less accurately at higher frequencies . Their sense of smell is good , but weaker than that of specialised dogs . = = = Scent glands = = = Red foxes have a pair of anal sacs lined by sebaceous glands , both of which open through a single duct . The anal sacs act as fermentation chambers in which aerobic and anaerobic bacteria convert sebum into odorous compounds , including aliphatic acids . The oval @-@ shaped caudal gland is 25 mm ( 1 @.@ 0 in ) long and 13 mm ( 0 @.@ 51 in ) wide , and reportedly smells of violets . The presence of foot glands is equivocal . The interdigital cavities are deep , with a reddish tinge and smell strongly . Sebaceous glands are present on the angle of the jaw and mandible . = = Behaviour = = = = = Social and territorial behaviour = = = Red foxes either establish stable home ranges within particular areas or are itinerant with no fixed abode . They use their urine to mark their territories . A male fox raises one hind leg and his urine is sprayed forward in front of him , whereas a female fox squats down so that the urine is sprayed in the ground between the hind legs . Urine is also used to mark empty cache sites , used to store found food , as reminders not to waste time investigating them . The use of up to 12 different urination postures allows them to precisely control the position of the scent mark . Red foxes live in family groups sharing a joint territory . In favourable habitats and / or areas with low hunting pressure , subordinate foxes may be present in a range . Subordinate foxes may number one or two , sometimes up to eight in one territory . These subordinates could be formerly dominant animals , but are mostly young from the previous year , who act as helpers in rearing the breeding vixen 's kits . Alternatively , their presence has been explained as being in response to temporary surpluses of food unrelated to assisting reproductive success . Non @-@ breeding vixens will guard , play , groom , provision and retrieve kits , an example of kin selection . Red foxes may leave their families once they reach adulthood if the chances of winning a territory of their own are high . If not , they will stay with their parents , at the cost of postponing their own reproduction . = = = Reproduction and development = = = Red foxes reproduce once a year in spring . Two months prior to oestrus ( typically December ) , the reproductive organs of vixens change shape and size . By the time they enter their oestrus period , their uterine horns double in size , and their ovaries grow 1 @.@ 5 – 2 times larger . Sperm formation in males begins in August – September , with the testicles attaining their greatest weight in December – February . The vixen 's oestrus period lasts three weeks , during which the dog @-@ foxes mate with the vixens for several days , often in burrows . Copulation is accompanied by a copulatory tie , which may last for more than an hour . The copulatory tie occurs when the male 's bulbus glandis enlarges . The gestation period lasts 49 – 58 days . Though foxes are largely monogamous , DNA evidence from one population indicated large levels of polygyny , incest and mixed paternity litters . Subordinate vixens may become pregnant , but usually fail to whelp , or have their kits killed postpartum by either the dominant female or other subordinates . The average litter size consists of four to six kits , though litters of up to 13 kits have occurred . Large litters are typical in areas where fox mortality is high . Kits are born blind , deaf and toothless , with dark brown fluffy fur . At birth , they weigh 56 – 110 g ( 2 @.@ 0 – 3 @.@ 9 oz ) and measure 14 @.@ 5 cm ( 5 @.@ 7 in ) in body length and 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) in tail length . At birth , they are short @-@ legged , large @-@ headed and have broad chests . Mothers remain with the kits for 2 – 3 weeks , as they are unable to thermoregulate . During this period , the fathers or barren vixens feed the mothers . Vixens are very protective of their kits , and have been known to even fight off terriers in their defence . If the mother dies before the kits are independent , the father takes over as their provider . The kits ' eyes open after 13 – 15 days , during which time their ear canals open and their upper teeth erupt , with the lower teeth emerging 3 – 4 days later . Their eyes are initially blue , but change to amber at 4 – 5 weeks . Coat colour begins to change at three weeks of age , when the black eye streak appears . By one month , red and white patches are apparent on their faces . During this time , their ears erect and their muzzles elongate . Kits begin to leave their dens and experiment with solid food brought by their parents at the age of 3 – 4 weeks . The lactation period lasts 6 – 7 weeks . Their woolly coats begin to be coated by shiny guard hairs after 8 weeks . By the age of 3 – 4 months , the kits are long @-@ legged , narrow @-@ chested and sinewy . They reach adult proportions at the age of 6 – 7 months . Some vixens may reach sexual maturity at the age of 9 – 10 months , thus bearing their first litters at one year of age . In captivity , their longevity can be as long as 15 years , though in the wild they typically do not survive past 5 years of age . = = = Denning behaviour = = = Outside the breeding season , most red foxes favour living in the open , in densely vegetated areas , though they may enter burrows to escape bad weather . Their burrows are often dug on hill or mountain slopes , ravines , bluffs , steep banks of water bodies , ditches , depressions , gutters , in rock clefts and neglected human environments . Red foxes prefer to dig their burrows on well drained soils . Dens built among tree roots can last for decades , while those dug on the steppes last only several years . They may permanently abandon their dens during mange outbreaks , possibly as a defence mechanism against the spread of disease . In the Eurasian desert regions , foxes may use the burrows of wolves , porcupines and other large mammals , as well as those dug by gerbil colonies . Compared to burrows constructed by Arctic foxes , badgers , marmots and corsac foxes , red fox dens are not overly complex . Red fox burrows are divided into a den and temporary burrows , which consist only of a small passage or cave for concealment . The main entrance of the burrow leads downwards ( 40 – 45 ° ) and broadens into a den , from which numerous side tunnels branch . Burrow depth ranges from 0 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 ft 8 in – 8 ft 2 in ) , rarely extending to ground water . The main passage can reach 17 m ( 56 ft ) in length , standing an average of 5 – 7 m ( 16 – 23 ft ) . In spring , red foxes clear their dens of excess soil through rapid movements , first with the forepaws then with kicking motions with their hind legs , throwing the discarded soil over 2 m ( 6 ft 7 in ) from the burrow . When kits are born , the discarded debris is trampled , thus forming a spot where the kits can play and receive food . They may share their dens with woodchucks or badgers . Unlike badgers , which fastidiously clean their earths and defecate in latrines , red foxes habitually leave pieces of prey around their dens . > The average sleep time of a captive red fox is 9 @.@ 8 hours per day . = = Communication = = = = = Body language = = = Red fox body language consists of movements of the ears , tail and postures , with their body markings emphasising certain gestures . Postures can be divided into aggressive / dominant and fearful / submissive categories . Some postures may blend the two together . Inquisitive foxes will rotate and flick their ears whilst sniffing . Playful individuals will perk their ears and rise on their hind legs . Male foxes courting females , or after successfully evicting intruders , will turn their ears outwardly , and raise their tails in a horizontal position , with the tips raised upward . When afraid , red foxes grin in submission , arching their backs , curving their bodies , crouching their legs and lashing their tails back and forth with their ears pointing backwards and pressed against their skulls . When merely expressing submission to a dominant animal , the posture is similar , but without arching the back or curving the body . Submissive foxes will approach dominant animals in a low posture , so that their muzzles reach up in greeting . When two evenly matched foxes confront each other over food , they approach each other sideways and push against each other 's flanks , betraying a mixture of fear and aggression through lashing tails and arched backs without crouching and pulling their ears back without flattening them against their skulls . When launching an assertive attack , red foxes approach directly rather than sideways , with their tails aloft and their ears rotated sideways . During such fights , red foxes will stand on each other 's upper bodies with their forelegs , using open mouthed threats . Such fights typically only occur among juveniles or adults of the same sex . = = = Vocalisations = = = Red foxes have a wide vocal range , and produce different sounds spanning five octaves , which grade into each other . Recent analyses identify 12 different sounds produced by adults and 8 by kits . The majority of sounds can be divided into " contact " and " interaction " calls . The former vary according to the distance between individuals , while the latter vary according to the level of aggression . Contact calls : The most commonly heard contact call is a three to five syllable barking " wow wow wow " sound , which is often made by two foxes approaching one another . This call is most frequently heard from December to February ( when they can be confused with the territorial calls of tawny owls ) . The " wow wow wow " call varies according to individual ; captive foxes have been recorded to answer pre @-@ recorded calls of their pen @-@ mates , but not those of strangers . Kits begin emitting the " wow wow wow " call at the age of 19 days , when craving attention . When red foxes draw close together , they emit trisyllabic greeting warbles similar to the clucking of chickens . Adults greet their kits with gruff huffing noises . Interaction calls : When greeting one another , red foxes emit high pitched whines , particularly submissive animals . A submissive fox approached by a dominant animal will emit a ululating siren @-@ like shriek . During aggressive encounters with conspecifics , they emit a throaty rattling sound , similar to a ratchet , called " gekkering " . Gekkering occurs mostly during the courting season from rival males or vixens rejecting advances . Another call that does not fit into the two categories is a long , drawn out , monosyllabic " waaaaah " sound . As it is commonly heard during the breeding season , it is thought to be emitted by vixens summoning males . When danger is detected , foxes emit a monosyllabic bark . At close quarters , it is a muffled cough , while at long distances it is sharper . Kits make warbling whimpers when nursing , these calls being especially loud when they are dissatisfied . = = Ecology = = = = = Diet , hunting and feeding behaviour = = = Red foxes are omnivores with a highly varied diet . In the former Soviet Union , up to 300 animal and a few dozen plant species are known to be consumed by them . They primarily feed on small rodents like voles , mice , ground squirrels , hamsters , gerbils , woodchucks , pocket gophers and deer mice . Secondary prey species include birds ( with passeriformes , galliformes and waterfowl predominating ) , leporids , porcupines , raccoons , opossums , reptiles , insects , other invertebrates and flotsam ( marine mammals , fish and echinoderms ) . On very rare occasions , foxes may attack young or small ungulates . They typically target mammals up to about 3 @.@ 5 kg ( 7 @.@ 7 lb ) in weight , and they require 500 grams ( 18 oz ) of food daily . Red foxes readily eat plant material , and in some areas fruit can amount to 100 % of their diet in autumn . Commonly consumed fruits include blueberries , blackberries , raspberries , cherries , persimmons , mulberries , apples , plums , grapes , and acorns . Other plant material includes grasses , sedges and tubers . Red foxes are implicated in the predation of game and song birds , hares , rabbits , muskrats , and young ungulates , particularly in preserves , reserves , and hunting farms where ground nesting birds are protected and raised , as well as in poultry farms . While the popular consensus is that olfaction is very important for hunting , two studies that experimentally investigated the role of olfactory , auditory , and visual cues found that visual cues are the most important ones for hunting in red foxes and coyotes . Red foxes prefer to hunt in the early morning hours before sunrise and late evening . Although they typically forage alone , they may aggregate in resource @-@ rich environments . When hunting mouse @-@ like prey , they first pinpoint their prey 's location by sound , then leap , sailing high above their quarry , steering in mid @-@ air with their tails , before landing on target up to 5 metres ( 16 ft ) away . They typically only feed on carrion in the late evening hours and at night . They are extremely possessive of their food and will defend their catches from even dominant animals . Red foxes may occasionally commit acts of surplus killing ; during one breeding season , four foxes were recorded to have killed around 200 black @-@ headed gulls each , with peaks during dark , windy hours when flying conditions were unfavorable . Losses to poultry and penned game birds can be substantial because of this . Red foxes seem to dislike the taste of moles but will nonetheless catch them alive and present them to their kits as playthings . A 2008 – 2010 study of 84 red foxes in the Czech Republic and Germany found that successful hunting in long vegetation or under snow appeared to involve an alignment of the fox with the Earth 's magnetic field . = = = Enemies and competitors = = = Red foxes typically dominate other fox species . Arctic foxes generally escape competition from red foxes by living farther north , where food is too scarce to support the larger @-@ bodied red species . Although the red species ' northern limit is linked to the availability of food , the Arctic species ' southern range is limited by the presence of the former . Red and Arctic foxes were both introduced to almost every island from the Aleutian Islands to the Alexander Archipelago during the 1830s – 1930s by fur companies . The red foxes invariably displaced the Arctic foxes , with one male red fox having been reported to have killed off all resident Arctic foxes on a small island in 1866 . Where they are sympatric , Arctic foxes may also escape competition by feeding on lemmings and flotsam , rather than voles , as favoured by red foxes . Both species will kill each other 's kits , given the opportunity . Red foxes are serious competitors of corsac foxes , as they hunt the same prey all year . The red species is also stronger , is better adapted to hunting in snow deeper than 10 cm ( 4 in ) and is more effective in hunting and catching medium to large @-@ sized rodents . Corsac foxes seem to only outcompete red foxes in semi @-@ desert and steppe areas . In Israel , Blanford 's foxes escape competition with red foxes by restricting themselves to rocky cliffs and actively avoiding the open plains inhabited by red foxes . Red foxes dominate kit and swift foxes . Kit foxes usually avoid competition with their larger cousins by living in more arid environments , though red foxes have been increasing in ranges formerly occupied by kit foxes due to human @-@ induced environmental changes . Red foxes will kill both species , and compete for food and den sites . Grey foxes are exceptional , as they dominate red foxes wherever their ranges meet . Historically , interactions between the two species were rare , as grey foxes favoured heavily wooded or semiarid habitats as opposed to the open and mesic ones preferred by red foxes . However , interactions have become more frequent due to deforestation allowing red foxes to colonise grey fox @-@ inhabited areas . Wolves may kill and eat red foxes in disputes over carcasses . In areas in North America where red fox and coyote populations are sympatric , fox ranges tend to be located outside coyote territories . The principal cause of this separation is believed to be active avoidance of coyotes by the foxes . Interactions between the two species vary in nature , ranging from active antagonism to indifference . The majority of aggressive encounters are initiated by coyotes , and there are few reports of red foxes acting aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when their kits were approached . Foxes and coyotes have sometimes been seen feeding together . In Israel , red foxes share their habitat with golden jackals . Where their ranges meet , the two canids compete due to near identical diets . Foxes ignore jackal scents or tracks in their territories , and avoid close physical proximity with jackals themselves . In areas where jackals become very abundant , the population of foxes decreases significantly , apparently because of competitive exclusion . Red foxes dominate raccoon dogs , sometimes killing their kits or biting adults to death . Cases are known of foxes killing raccoon dogs entering their dens . Both species compete for mouse @-@ like prey . This competition reaches a peak during early spring , when food is scarce . In Tartaria , red fox predation accounted for 11 @.@ 1 % of deaths among 54 raccoon dogs , and amounted to 14 @.@ 3 % of 186 raccoon dog deaths in north @-@ western Russia . Red foxes may kill small mustelids like weasels , stone martens , pine martens , stoats , kolonoks , polecats and young sables . Eurasian badgers may live alongside red foxes in isolated sections of large burrows . It is possible that the two species tolerate each other out of commensalism ; foxes provide badgers with food scraps , while badgers maintain the shared burrow 's cleanliness . However , cases are known of badgers driving vixens from their dens and destroying their litters without eating them . Wolverines may kill red foxes , often while the latter are sleeping or near carrion . Foxes in turn may kill unattended young wolverines . Red foxes may compete with striped hyenas on large carcasses . Red foxes may give way to hyenas on unopened carcasses , as the latter 's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh that is too tough for foxes . Foxes may harass hyenas , using their smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena 's attacks . Sometimes , foxes seem to deliberately torment hyenas even when there is no food at stake . Some foxes may mistime their attacks , and are killed . Fox remains are often found in hyena dens , and hyenas may steal foxes from traps . In Eurasia , red foxes may be preyed upon by leopards , caracals and Eurasian lynxes . The lynxes chase red foxes into deep snow , where their longer legs and larger paws give them an advantage over foxes , especially when the depth of the snow exceeds one metre . In the Velikoluki district in Russia , red foxes are absent or are seen only occasionally where lynxes establish permanent territories . Researchers consider lynxes to represent considerably less danger to red foxes than wolves do . North American felid predators of red foxes include cougars , Canadian lynxes and bobcats . Occasionally , large raptors such as Eurasian eagle owls will prey on young foxes , while golden eagles have been known to kill adults . = = Range = = Red foxes are wide ranging animals , whose range covers nearly 70 million km2 ( 27 million mi2 ) . They are distributed across the entire Northern Hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa , Central America , and Asia . They are absent in Iceland , the Arctic islands , some parts of Siberia , and in extreme deserts . Red foxes are not present in New Zealand and are classed as a " prohibited new organism " under the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 , preventing them from being imported . = = = Australia = = = In Australia , 2012 estimates indicate that there are more than 7 @.@ 2 million red foxes with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland . The species became established in Australia through successive introductions by settlers in 1830s in the British colonies of Van Diemen 's Land ( as early as 1833 ) and the Port Phillip District of New South Wales ( as early as 1845 ) for the purpose of the traditional English sport of fox hunting . A permanent fox population was not established on the island of Tasmania and it is widely held that they were outcompeted by the Tasmanian devil . On the mainland , however , the species was successful as an apex predator . It is generally less common in areas where the dingo is more prevalent , however it has , primarily through its burrowing behaviour , achieved niche differentiation with both the feral dog and the feral cat . As such it has become one of the continent 's most invasive species . The red fox has been implicated in the extinction and decline of several native Australian species , particularly those of the family Potoroidae including the desert rat @-@ kangaroo . The spread of red foxes across the southern part of the continent has coincided with the spread of rabbits in Australia and corresponds with declines in the distribution of several medium @-@ sized ground @-@ dwelling mammals , including brush @-@ tailed bettongs , burrowing bettongs , rufous bettongs , bilbys , numbats , bridled nailtail wallabys and quokkas . Most of these species are now limited to areas ( such as islands ) where red foxes are absent or rare . Local eradication programs exist , although eradication has proven difficult due to the denning behaviour and nocturnal hunting , so the focus is on management with the introduction of state bounties . According to the Tasmanian government , red foxes were introduced to the previously fox @-@ free island of Tasmania in 1999 or 2000 , posing a significant threat to native wildlife including the eastern bettong , and an eradication program conducted by the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water has been established . = = = Sardinia = = = The origin of the Sardinian ichnusae subspecies is uncertain , as it is absent from Pleistocene deposits in their current homeland . It is possible it originated during the Neolithic following its introduction to the island by humans . It is likely then that Sardinian fox populations stem from repeated introductions of animals from different localities in the Mediterranean . This latter theory may explain the subspecies ' phenotypic diversity . = = Diseases and parasites = = Red foxes are the most important rabies vector in Europe . In London , arthritis is not uncommon in foxes , being particularly frequent in the spine . Foxes may be infected with leptospirosis and tularemia , though they are not overly susceptible to the latter . They may also fall ill from listeriosis and spirochetosis , as well as acting as vectors in spreading erysipelas , brucellosis and tick @-@ born encephalitis . A mysterious fatal disease near Lake Sartlan in the Novosibirsk Oblast was noted among local red foxes , but the cause was undetermined . The possibility was considered that it was caused by an acute form of encephalomyelitis , which was first observed in captive bred silver foxes . Individual cases of foxes infected with Yersinia pestis are known . Red foxes are not readily prone to infestation with fleas . Species like Spilopsyllus cuniculi are probably only caught from the fox 's prey species , while others like Archaeopsylla erinacei are caught whilst travelling . Fleas that feed on red foxes include Pulex irritans , Ctenocephalides canis and Paraceras melis . Ticks such as Ixodes ricinus and I. hexagonus are not uncommon in foxes , and are typically found on nursing vixens and kits still in their earths . The louse Trichodectes vulpis specifically targets foxes , but is found infrequently . The mite Sarcoptes scabiei is the most important cause of mange in red foxes . It causes extensive hair loss , starting from the base of the tail and hindfeet , then the rump before moving on to the rest of the body . In the final stages of the condition , foxes can lose most of their fur , 50 % of their body weight and may gnaw at infected extremities . In the epizootic phase of the disease , it usually takes foxes four months to die after infection . Other endoparasites include Demodex folliculorum , Notoderes , Otodectes cynotis ( which is frequently found in the ear canal ) , Linguatula serrata ( which infects the nasal passages ) and ringworms . Up to 60 helminth species are known to infect foxes in fur farms , while 20 are known in the wild . Several coccidian species of the genera Isospora and Eimeria are also known to infect them . The most common nematode species found in fox guts are Toxocara canis and Uncinaria stenocephala , Capillaria aerophila and Crenosoma vulpis , the latter two infect their lungs . Capillaria plica infect the fox 's bladder . Trichinella spiralis rarely affects them . The most common tapeworm species in foxes are Taenia spiralis and T. pisiformis . Others include Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis . Eleven trematode species infect red foxes , including Metorchis conjunctus . = = Relationships with humans = = = = = In folklore and mythology = = = Red foxes feature prominently in the folklore and mythology of human cultures with which they are sympatric . In Greek mythology , the Teumessian fox or Cadmean vixen , was a gigantic fox that was destined never to be caught . The fox was one of the children of Echidna . In Celtic mythology , the red fox is a symbolic animal . In the Cotswolds , witches were thought to take the shape of foxes to steal butter from their neighbours . In later European folklore , the figure of Reynard the Fox symbolises trickery and deceit . He originally appeared ( then under the name of " Reinardus " ) as a secondary character in the 1150 poem " Ysengrimus " . He reappeared in 1175 in Pierre Saint Cloud 's Le Roman de Renart , and made his debut in England in Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Nun 's Priest 's Tale . Many of Reynard 's adventures may stem from actual observations on fox behaviour ; he is an enemy of the wolf and has a fondness for blackberries and grapes . Chinese folk tales tell of fox @-@ spirits called huli jing that may have up to nine tails , or kumiho as they are known in Korea . In Japanese mythology , the kitsune are fox @-@ like spirits possessing magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom . Foremost among these is the ability to assume human form . While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others , other stories portray them as faithful guardians , friends , lovers , and wives . In Arab folklore , the fox is considered a cowardly , weak , deceitful , and cunning animal , said to feign death by filling its abdomen with air to appear bloated , then lies on its side , awaiting the approach of unwitting prey . The animal 's cunning was noted by the authors of the Bible , and applied the word " fox " to false prophets ( Ezekiel 13 : 4 ) and the hypocrisy of Herod Antipas ( Luke 13 : 32 ) . The cunning Fox is commonly found in Native American mythology , where it is portrayed as an almost constant companion to Coyote . Fox , however , is a deceitful companion that often steals Coyote 's food . In the Achomawi creation myth , Fox and Coyote are the co @-@ creators of the world , that leave just before the arrival of humans . The Yurok tribe believed that Fox , in anger , captured the sun , and tied him to a hill , causing him to burn a great hole in the ground . An Inuit story tells of how Fox , portrayed as a beautiful woman , tricks a hunter into marrying her , only to resume her true form and leave after he offends her . A Menominee story tells of how Fox is an untrustworthy friend to the Wolf . = = = Hunting = = = The earliest historical records of fox hunting come from the fourth century BC ; Alexander the Great is known to have hunted foxes and a seal dated from 350 BC depicts a Persian horseman in the process of spearing a fox . Xenophon , who viewed hunting as part of a cultured man 's education , advocated the killing of foxes as pests , as they distracted hounds from hares . The Romans were hunting foxes by 80 AD . During the Dark Ages in Europe , foxes were considered secondary quarries , but gradually grew in importance . Cnut the Great reclassed foxes as Beasts of the Chase , a lower category of quarry than Beasts of Venery . Foxes were gradually hunted less as vermin and more as Beasts of the Chase , to the point that by the late 1200s , Edward I had a royal pack of foxhounds and a specialised fox huntsman . In this period , foxes were increasingly hunted above ground with hounds , rather than underground with terriers . Edward , Second Duke of York assisted the climb of foxes as more prestigious quarries in his The Master of Game . By the Renaissance , fox hunting became a traditional sport of the nobility . After the English Civil War caused a drop in deer populations , fox hunting grew in popularity . By the mid @-@ 1600s , Britain was divided into fox hunting territories , with the first fox hunting clubs being formed ( the first was the Charlton Hunt Club in 1737 ) . The popularity of fox hunting in Britain reached a peak during the 1700s . Although already native to North America , red foxes from England were imported for sporting purposes to Virginia and Maryland in 1730 by prosperous tobacco planters . These American fox hunters considered the red species more sporting than grey species . The grays furnished more fun , the reds more excitement . The grays did not run so far , but usually kept near home , going in a circuit of six or eight miles . ' An old red , , generally so called irrespective of age , as a tribute to his prowess , might lead the dogs all day , and end by losing them as evening fell , after taking them a dead stretch for thirty miles . The capture of a gray was what men boasted of ; a chase after ' an old red ' was what they ' yarned ' about . Red foxes are still widely persecuted as pests , with human @-@ caused deaths among the highest causes of mortality in the species . Annual fox kills are : UK 21 @,@ 500 – 25 @,@ 000 ( 2000 ) ; Germany 600 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Austria 58 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Sweden 58 @,@ 000 ( 1999 – 2000 ) ; Finland 56 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Denmark 50 @,@ 000 ( 1976 – 1977 ) ; Switzerland 34 @,@ 832 ( 2001 ) ; Norway 17 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Saskatchewan ( Canada ) 2 @,@ 000 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Nova Scotia ( Canada ) 491 ( 2000 – 2001 ) ; Minnesota ( US ) 4 @,@ 000 @-@ 8 @,@ 000 ( average annual trapping harvest 2002 @-@ 2009 ) ; New Mexico ( US ) 69 ( 1999 – 2000 ) . = = = Fur use = = = Red foxes are among the most important furbearing animals harvested by the fur trade . Their pelts are used for trimmings , scarfs , muffs , jackets and coats . They are principally used as trimming for both cloth coats and fur garments , including evening wraps . The pelts of silver @-@ morph foxes are popular as capes , while cross foxes are mostly used for scarves and rarely for trimming . The number of sold fox scarves exceeds the total number of scarves made from other furbearers . However , this amount is overshadowed by the total number of fox pelts used for trimming purposes . The silver morphs are the most valued by furriers , followed by the cross and red morphs respectively . > In the early 1900s , over 1 @,@ 000 American fox skins were imported to Britain annually , while 500 @,@ 000 were exported annually from Germany and Russia . The total worldwide trade of wild red foxes in 1985 – 86 was 1 @,@ 543 @,@ 995 pelts . Foxes amounted to 45 % of US wild @-@ caught pelts worth $ 50 million . Pelt prices are increasing , with 2012 North American wholesale auction prices averaging $ 39 , and 2013 prices averaging $ 65 @.@ 78 . North American red foxes , particularly those of northern Alaska , are the most valued for their fur , as they have guard hairs of a silky texture , which , after dressing , allow the wearer unrestricted mobility . Red foxes living in southern Alaska 's coastal areas and the Aleutian Islands are an exception , as they have extremely coarse pelts that rarely exceed one @-@ third of the price of their northern Alaskan cousins . Most European peltries have coarse @-@ textured fur compared to North American varieties . The only exceptions are the Nordic and Far Eastern Russian peltries , but they are still inferior to North American peltries in terms of silkiness . = = = Livestock and pet predation = = = Red foxes may on occasions prey on lambs . Usually , lambs targeted by foxes tend to be physically weakened specimens , but not invariably . Lambs belonging to small breeds , such as Blackface , are more vulnerable than larger breeds such as Merino . Twins may be more vulnerable to foxes than singlets , as ewes cannot effectively defend both simultaneously . Crossbreeding small , upland ewes with larger , lowland rams can cause difficult and prolonged labour for ewes due to the heaviness of the resulting offspring , thus making the lambs more at risk to fox predation . Lambs born from gimmers ( ewes breeding for the first time ) are more often killed by foxes than those of experienced mothers , who stick closer to their young . Red foxes may prey on domestic rabbits and guinea pigs if they are kept in open runs or are allowed to range freely in gardens . This problem is usually averted by housing them in robust hutches and runs . Urban foxes frequently encounter cats and may feed alongside them . In physical confrontations , the cats usually have the upper hand . Authenticated cases of foxes killing cats usually involve kittens . Although most foxes do not prey on cats , some may do so , and may treat them more as competitors rather than food . = = = Taming and domestication = = = In their unmodified wild state , red foxes are generally unsuitable as pets . Many supposedly abandoned kits are adopted by well @-@ meaning people during the spring period , though it is unlikely that vixens would abandon their young . Actual orphans are rare , and the ones that are adopted are likely kits that simply strayed from their den site . Kits require almost constant supervision ; when still suckling , they require milk at four @-@ hour intervals day and night . Once weaned , they may become destructive to leather objects , furniture and electric cables . Though generally friendly toward people when young , captive red foxes become fearful of humans , save for their handlers , once they reach 10 weeks of age . They maintain their wild counterpart 's strong instinct of concealment , and may pose a threat to domestic birds , even when well fed . Although suspicious of strangers , they can form bonds with cats and dogs , even ones bred for fox hunting . Practical uses for tame foxes are few , though they can be encouraged to kill rats and mice in granaries . Tame foxes were once used to draw ducks close to hunting blinds . A strain of truly domesticated red foxes was introduced by Russian geneticist Dmitry Konstantinovich Belyaev who , over a 40 @-@ year period , bred several generations of silver morph foxes on fur farms , selecting only those individuals that showed the least fear of humans . Eventually , Belyaev 's team selected only those that showed the most positive response to humans , thus resulting in a population of foxes whose behaviour and appearance was significantly changed . After about ten generations of controlled breeding , these foxes no longer showed any fear of humans , and often wagged their tails and licked their human caretakers to show affection . These behavioural changes were accompanied by physical alterations , which included piebald coats , floppy ears in pups , and curled tails , similar to traits that distinguish domestic dogs from wolves . = = = Urban foxes = = = = = = = Distribution = = = = Red foxes have been successful in colonising built @-@ up environments , especially lower @-@ density suburbs . Throughout the twentieth century , they established themselves in many Australian , European , Japanese , and North American cities . The species first colonised British cities during the 1930s , entering Bristol and London during the 1940s , and later established themselves in Cambridge and Norwich . In Australia , red foxes were recorded in Melbourne as early as the 1930s , while in Zurich , Switzerland , they only starting appearing in the 1980s . Urban red foxes are most common in residential suburbs consisting of privately owned , low @-@ density housing . They are rare in areas where industry , commerce or council @-@ rented houses predominate . In these latter areas , the distribution is of a lower average density because they rely less on human resources ; the home range of these foxes average from 80 to 90 hectares , whereas those in more residential areas average from 25 to 40 hectares . In 2006 it was estimated that there were 10 @,@ 000 foxes in London . City @-@ dwelling foxes may have the potential to consistently grow larger than their rural counterparts , as a result of abundant scraps and a relative dearth of predators . In cities foxes may scavenge food from litter bins and bin bags , although much of their diet will be similar to rural foxes . = = = = Behaviour = = = = Urban red foxes are most active at dusk and dawn , doing most of their hunting and scavenging at these times . It is uncommon to spot them during the day , but they can be caught sunbathing on roofs of houses or sheds . Foxes will often make their homes in hidden and undisturbed spots in urban areas as well as on the edges of a city , visiting at night for sustenance . While foxes will scavenge successfully in the city ( and the foxes tend to eat anything that the humans eat ) some urban residents will deliberately leave food out for the animals , finding them endearing . Doing this regularly can attract foxes to one 's home ; they can become accustomed to human presence , warming up to their providers by allowing themselves to be approached and in some cases even played with , particularly young cubs . = = = = Urban fox control = = = = Urban foxes can cause problems for local residents . Foxes have been known to steal chickens , disrupt rubbish bins and damage gardens . Most complaints about urban foxes made to local authorities occur during the breeding season in late January / early February or from late April to August , when the new cubs are developing . In the UK , hunting foxes in urban areas is banned , and shooting them in an urban environment is not suitable . One alternative to hunting urban foxes has been to trap them , which appears to be a more viable method . However , killing foxes has little effect on the population in an urban area ; those that are killed are very soon replaced , either by new cubs during the breeding season or by other foxes moving into the territory of those that were killed . A more effective method of fox control is to deter them from the specific areas they inhabit . Deterrents such as creosote , diesel oil , or ammonia can be used . Cleaning up and blocking access to den locations can also discourage a fox 's return . = = = = Relationship between urban and rural foxes = = = = In January 2014 it was reported that " Fleet " , a relatively tame urban fox tracked as part of a wider study by the University of Brighton in partnership with the BBC 's Winterwatch , had unexpectedly travelled 195 miles in 21 days from his neighbourhood in Hove , at the western edge of East Sussex , across rural countryside as far as Rye , at the eastern edge of the county . He was still continuing his journey when the GPS collar stopped transmitting , due to suspected water damage . Along with setting a record for the longest journey undertaken by a tracked fox in the United Kingdom , his travels have highlighted the fluidity of movement between rural and urban fox populations .
= Steorn = Steorn Ltd / ˈstjɔːrn / is a small , private technology development company based in Dublin , Ireland . It announced in August 2006 it had developed a technology which provides " free , clean , and constant energy " , apparently in violation of the law of conservation of energy , a fundamental principle of physics . Steorn challenged the scientific community to investigate their claim and , in December 2006 , said that it had chosen a jury of scientists to do so . In June 2009 the jury gave its unanimous verdict that Steorn had not demonstrated the production of energy . Steorn has also given two public demonstrations of their technology . In the first demonstration , in July 2007 at the Kinetica Museum in London , the device failed to work . The second demonstration , which ran from December 2009 to February 2010 at the Waterways Visitor Centre in Dublin , involved a motor powered by a battery and provided no independent evidence that excess energy was being generated . It was dismissed by the press as an attempt to build a perpetual motion machine , and a publicity stunt . In December 2015 , Steorn began taking orders for the € 1 @,@ 200 Orbo Cube , a device claimed to power a mobile phone without the need for charging . While some Orbo Cubes were supplied to customers , no working device has been demonstrated . = = History = = Steorn was founded in 2000 and , in October 2001 , their website stated that they were a " specialist service company providing programme management and technical assessment advice for European companies engaging in e @-@ commerce projects " . Steorn is a Norse word meaning to guide or manage . In May 2006 , The Sunday Business Post reported that Steorn was a former dot @-@ com company which was developing a microgenerator product based on the same principle as self @-@ winding watches , as well as creating e @-@ commerce websites for customers . The company had also recently raised about € 2 @.@ 5 million from investors and was three years into a four @-@ year development plan for its microgenerator technology . Steorn has since stated that the account given in this interview was intended to prevent a leak regarding their free energy technology . The company 's investment history shows several share allotments for cash between August 2000 and October 2005 , the investments totalling € 3 million . In 2006 , Steorn secured € 8 @.@ 1 million in loans from a range of investors in order to continue their research , and these funds were also converted into shares . Steorn said that they would seek no further funding while attempting to prove their free @-@ energy claim in order to demonstrate their genuine desire for validation . = = Free energy claim = = In August 2006 , Steorn placed an advertisement in The Economist saying that they had developed a technology that produced " free , clean and constant energy " . Called Orbo , the technology was said to violate conservation of energy but had been validated by eight independent scientists . None of these scientists would talk to the media , and Steorn suggested that this was because they did not want to become embroiled in a controversy . = = = Views on the technology = = = No specific details of the workings of the claimed technology have been made public . Seán McCarthy stated in a 2006 RTÉ radio interview , " What we have developed is a way to construct magnetic fields so that when you travel round the magnetic fields , starting and stopping at the same position , you have gained energy " . In 2011 , Steorn 's website was updated to suggest that the Orbo is based on magnetic fields which vary over time . Barry Williams of the Australian Skeptics has pointed out that Steorn is " not the first company to claim they have suddenly discovered the miraculous property of magnetism that allows you to get free energy " while Martin Fleischmann says that it is not credible that positioning of magnetic fields could create energy . Following a meeting between McCarthy and Professor Sir Eric Ash in July 2007 , Ash reported that " the Orbo is a mechanical device which uses powerful magnets on the rim of a rotor and further magnets on an outer shell . " During this meeting , McCarthy referred to the law of conservation of energy as scientific dogma . However , conservation of energy is a fundamental principle of physics , more specifically a consequence of the unchanging nature of physical laws with time by Noether 's Theorem . Ash said that there was no comparison with religious dogma since there is no flexibility in choosing to accept that energy is always conserved . Rejecting conservation of energy would undermine all science and technology . Ash also formed the opinion that McCarthy was truly convinced in the validity of his invention but that this conviction was a case of " prolonged self @-@ deception . " Many people have accused Steorn of engaging in a publicity stunt although Steorn denies such accusations . Eric Berger , writing on the Houston Chronicle website , commented : " Steorn is a former e @-@ business company that saw its market vanish during the dot.com bust . It stands to reason that Steorn has retooled as a Web marketing company and is using the " free energy " promotion as a platform to show future clients how it can leverage print advertising and a slick Web site to promote their products and ideas " . Thomas Ricker at Engadget suggested that Steorn 's free @-@ energy claim was a ruse to improve brand recognition and to help them sell Hall probes , while Josh Catone , features editor for Mashable , believes that it was merely an elaborate hoax . = = = Jury process = = = In its advertisement in The Economist , Steorn challenged scientists to form an independent jury to test their technology and publish the results . Within 36 hours of the advertisement being published , 420 scientists contacted Steorn and , on 1 December 2006 , Steorn announced it had selected a jury . It was headed by Ian MacDonald , emeritus professor of electrical engineering at the University of Alberta , and the process began in February 2007 . In June 2009 the jury announced its unanimous verdict that " Steorn 's attempts to demonstrate the claim have not shown the production of energy . The jury is therefore ceasing work " . Dick Ahlstrom , writing in the Irish Times , concluded from this that Steorn 's technology did not work . Steorn responded by saying that because of difficulties in implementing the technology the focus of the process had been on providing the jury with test data on magnetic effects for study . Steorn also said that these difficulties had been resolved and disputed its jury 's findings . = = = Demonstrations = = = On 4 July 2007 , the technology was to be displayed at the Kinetica Museum , Spitalfields Market , London . A unit constructed of clear plastic was prepared so that the arrangement of magnets could be seen and to demonstrate that the device operated without external power sources . The public demonstration was delayed and then cancelled because of technical difficulties . Steorn initially said that the problems had been caused by excessive heat from the lighting . A second demonstration ran between 15 December 2009 and February 2010 at the Waterways Visitor Centre in Dublin , and was streamed via Steorn 's website . The demonstration was of a device powered by a rechargeable battery . Steorn said that the device produced more energy than it consumed and recharged the battery . No substantive details of the technology were revealed and no independent evidence of Steorn 's claim was provided . On 1 April 2010 Steorn opened an online development community , called the Steorn Knowledge Development Base ( SKDB ) , which they said would explain their technology . Access is available only under licence on payment of a fee . In May 2015 , Steorn put an " Orbo PowerCube " on display behind the bar of a pub in Dublin . The PowerCube was a small box which the pub website claimed contained a " perpetual motion motor " which required no external power source . The cube was shown charging a mobile phone . Steorn claimed to be performing some " basic field trials " in undisclosed locations . = = = Orbo phone charger = = = Beginning in December 2015 , Steorn began accepting orders for two products , including a phone charger , through email only . The announcement was posted only to a Facebook page titled " Orbo " and a Steorn YouTube channel . In early December , Steorn CEO Shaun McCarthy said that he was waiting for the first shipment of the two products , the Orbo Phone and the Orbo Cube , from a manufacturer in China . Steorn described the Orbo Cube as a showcase for the technology rather than a mass @-@ market product , with the Cube retailing at € 1 @,@ 200 .
= John Brunt = Captain John Henry Cound Brunt VC , MC ( 6 December 1922 – 10 December 1944 ) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces . He served in Italy during the Second World War and was twice decorated for bravery in action before he was killed by mortar fire . = = Early life = = John Henry Cound Brunt was born on 6 December 1922 , on a farm in Priest Weston , near Chirbury , Shropshire to Thomas Henry Brunt and Nesta Mary Brunt ( née Cound ) , and began his education at Chirbury village school . He had an elder sister named Dorothy ( born 13 May 1920 ) and a younger sister Isobel ( born 5 October 1923 ) . When Dorothy was eight , the family moved to a farm near Whittington , Shropshire , where John grew up . As he became older , his fearless nature became more apparent ; every week , he read the comic " Tiny Tots " , which featured instructions on " How to teach yourself to swim " . One day , he asked Dorothy to take him to the Shropshire Canal , which went through their farmland . Before his sister could stop him , Brunt had taken off all his clothes and jumped into the canal . When they finally arrived home , their mother wanted to know why he had no clothes on , and John responded that he had been teaching himself to swim . As he got older , his daredevil attitude became even more serious ; on one occasion , he was found swinging himself along the guttering of a dutch barn sixty feet above the farmyard . When old enough , Brunt was enrolled at Ellesmere College , where his mischievous streak became quickly apparent through pranks and dares ; once , while in the sanatorium with mumps , he slipped a laxative into the matron 's tea . Nevertheless , he is fondly remembered at the school . It was while he was at Ellesmere that he contracted measles , resulting in his need to wear glasses . An enthusiastic sportsman , Brunt played cricket , hockey , rugby , water polo and wrestling . He was the only pupil at the school to tackle the headmaster while playing rugby , injuring the older man 's knee in the process . In 1934 , the Brunt family moved to Paddock Wood in Kent and , in his school holidays , " Young John " ( as he was known in the village ) would come home . Although he was still a reckless individual , he was thought of very highly , and helped train the Paddock Wood Home Guard between 1940 and 1943 , assisted by his father . He spent his last days in Paddock Wood helping with the hop harvest . = = Military career = = Brunt joined the British Army when he left school , training as a private with the Queen 's Own Royal West Kent Regiment in 1941 . He received a commission as a second lieutenant on 2 January 1943 , and was posted to North Africa . Although he was commissioned in the Sherwood Foresters , he never served with them , instead being posted to the 6th Battalion , Royal Lincolnshire Regiment , having become friendly with Captain Alan Money , an officer in the Lincolns , on the boat to Africa . On 9 September 1943 , Brunt 's regiment landed at Salerno in Italy and Lieutenant Brunt was given command of No.9 Platoon in A Company . The unit subsequently moved south @-@ east to establish a base in a farm near the river Asa . = = = Military Cross = = = Between December 1943 and January 1944 , Brunt commanded a battle patrol and saw near @-@ constant action . In the early hours of 15 December , they received orders to destroy an enemy post based in some houses 200 yards ( 180 m ) north of the River Peccia . In efforts to break the enemy line , he crossed and re @-@ crossed the river so many times that the troops took to calling it " Brunt 's Brook " . After an intense five @-@ minute bombardment , Brunt led a section into an assault . The first two houses contained two enemy soldiers , but it was the third house that provided the most resistance . Using grenades and Tommy guns , they managed to kill eight enemy troops outside the house , as well as those inside , all belonging to the 1st Battalion , 2nd Herman Goering Panzer Grenadier Regiment . After thirty minutes of intense fighting , the patrol withdrew , having had one man killed and six wounded . While the rest of the section pulled back , Brunt remained behind with his sergeant and a private to retrieve a wounded soldier . For his actions , he was awarded the Military Cross . On 5 January 1944 , Brunt was in a sick bed in a rear hospital . He pleaded with doctors to be allowed to leave to take part in an attack , and was given permission , leading his patrol under heavy fire . He was back in the hospital twenty @-@ four hours later with concussion after a piece of shrapnel almost split his helmet , but would have carried on fighting if it had not been for an non @-@ commissioned officer , who forcibly led him away from the front line . At the end of the campaign , Brunt is said to have commented to his friends , " I 've won the M.C. , now for the V.C. ! " = = = Victoria Cross = = = After resting in Syria and Egypt , Brunt returned to Italy on 3 July 1944 , having been promoted to temporary captain and appointed second in command of " D " Company . By early December 1944 , the regiment was operating near Ravenna , fighting German troops who were retreating north through Italy . On the night of 3 December , the regiment began their attack on the town of Faenza . By the evening of 6 December , they had taken the village of Ragazzina near Faenza , and after heavy fighting the Lincolns established defensive positions in Faenza itself . For his actions during the engagement , Brunt was awarded the Victoria Cross . The full citation for the award appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette of 6 February 1945 , reading : The next morning , having won the battle and the acclaim of his regiment , Captain Brunt was as eager to return to the offensive , keeping alert for more trouble as breakfast was being prepared for the men , their first meal in 48 hours . He was standing in the doorway of the platoon headquarters , having a mug of tea and chatting with friends , when a stray German mortar bomb landed at his feet , killing him outright . He had celebrated his 22nd birthday just four days before . John Brunt is buried at Faenza War Cemetery in Italy under a Commonwealth War Grave headstone ; his Victoria Cross was announced posthumously in February 1945 . = = Victoria Cross presentation = = On 18 December 1945 , King George VI presented Brunt 's Victoria Cross and Military Cross to his parents at Buckingham Palace . Brunt 's father met Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander , the 15th Army Group commander for most of the Italian Campaign , at the ceremony and said to him " I expect that you know many men who should have been awarded this medal " , to which Alexander replied " No , because there is always only one who will do the unexpected and that day it was your son . " = = Legacy = = In 1946 , John Brunt 's sister Dorothy gave birth to a boy which she named John Brunt Miller , in honour of his heroic uncle . On 3 September 1947 the Kent Arms public house in Paddock Wood , Kent , was named the John Brunt V.C. in his honour . In 1997 , the pub changed its name to The Hopping Hooden Horse ; after local outrage the original name was restored in 2001 . Behind the pub a small housing development called John Brunt VC Court was built . During his military career , Brunt was awarded the Victoria Cross , Military Cross , 1939 @-@ 45 Star , Africa Star , Italy Star and the British War Medal 1939 – 1945 , all of which are on display in Royal Lincolnshire Regiment and Lincolnshire Yeomanry Collections in the Museum of Lincolnshire Life in Lincoln . In 1951 an altar rail in the Soldiers ' Chapel of St George in Lincoln Cathedral was dedicated to his memory by the regiment . On 17 July 1965 The Victor comic featured a cover story named Brunt V.C. , a two @-@ page strip based on the actions that won Brunt the VC . A John Brunt Memorial Cricket Pavilion was opened at Ellesmere College in 1970 , after funds were raised for it since 1945 . The College 's Ante Chapel holds a photograph of Brunt with a copy of his VC citation displayed below . In May 2004 an outdoor plaque to his memory was unveiled in Priestweston .
= The Hardy Boys = The Hardy Boys , Frank and Joe Hardy , are fictional characters who appear in various mystery series for children and teens . The characters were created by Edward Stratemeyer , the founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate , a book @-@ packaging firm , and the books have been written by many different ghostwriters over the years . The books are published under the collective pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon . The Hardy Boys have evolved in various ways since their first appearance in 1927 . Beginning in 1959 , the books were extensively revised , largely to eliminate racial stereotypes . The books were also written in a simpler style in an attempt to compete with television . Some critics argue that in the process , the Hardy Boys changed , becoming more respectful of the law and simultaneously more affluent , " agents of the adult ruling class " and the like . Most , however , saw the updates as an attempt to make the style of the books more modern , while lamenting the loss of the richer pre @-@ war descriptive style . Similar complaints were made about the updates to the comparable girls ' series Nancy Drew . A new Hardy Boys series , the Hardy Boys Casefiles , was created in 1987 , and featured murders , violence , and international espionage . The original Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005 . A new series , Undercover Brothers , was launched the same year , featuring updated versions of the characters who narrate their adventures in the first person . The Undercover Brothers ended in 2012 and was replaced in 2013 by The Hardy Boys Adventures , also narrated in the first person . Through all these changes , the characters have remained popular . The books sell more than a million copies a year . Several additional volumes are published annually , and the boys ' adventures have been translated into more than 25 languages . The Hardy Boys have been featured in computer games and five television shows and used to promote merchandise such as lunchboxes and jeans . Critics have offered many explanations for the characters ' longevity , suggesting variously that the Hardy Boys embody simple wish fulfillment , American ideals of masculinity , American ideals of boyhood , a well @-@ respected father paradoxically argued to be inept , and the possibility of the triumph of good over evil . = = Premise = = The Hardy Boys are fictional teenage brothers and amateur detectives . They live in the city of Bayport on Barmet Bay with their father , detective Fenton Hardy , their mother , Laura Hardy , and their Aunt Gertrude . Frank , the older brother , is eighteen ( sixteen in earlier versions ) , and his younger brother Joe is seventeen ( fifteen in earlier versions ) . The brothers nominally attend high school in Bayport , where they are in the same grade , but school is rarely mentioned in the books and never hinders the Hardys in solving mysteries . In the older stories , the Hardy Boys ' cases are often linked to the confidential cases their detective father is working on . He sometimes asks them for help , while at other times they stumble upon villains and incidents that are connected to his cases . In the Undercover Brothers series , begun in 2005 , the Hardys are members of an organization known as American Teens Against Crime , which assigns them to cases . The Hardy Boys are sometimes assisted in solving mysteries by their friends Chet Morton , Phil Cohen , Biff Hooper , Jerry Gilroy , and Tony Prito , and , less frequently , by their platonic girlfriends Callie Shaw and Iola Morton ( Chet 's sister ) . The Hardy Boys are constantly involved in adventure and action . Despite frequent danger , the boys " never lose their nerve ... They are hardy boys , luckier and more clever than anyone around them . " They live in an atmosphere of mystery and intrigue : " Never were so many assorted felonies committed in a simple American small town . Murder , drug peddling , race horse kidnapping , diamond smuggling , medical malpractice , big @-@ time auto theft , even ( in the 1940s ) the hijacking of strategic materials and espionage , all were conducted with Bayport as a nucleus . " With so much in common , the boys are so little differentiated that one commentator facetiously describes them thus : " The boys ' characters basically broke down this way – Frank had dark hair ; Joe was blond . " In general , however , " Frank was the thinker while Joe was more impulsive , and perhaps a little more athletic . " The two boys are infallibly on good terms with each other and never engage in sibling rivalry , with the exception of the New Hardy Boys Casefiles series . Frank and Joe do not lack for money and they travel frequently to far @-@ away locations , including Mexico in The Mark on the Door ( 1934 ) , Scotland in The Secret Agent on Flight 101 ( 1967 ) , Iceland in The Arctic Patrol Mystery ( 1969 ) , Egypt in The Mummy Case ( 1980 ) , and Kenya in The Mystery of the Black Rhino ( 2003 ) . The Hardys also travel freely within the United States by motorcycle , motor boat , iceboat , train and airplane , as well as their own car . = = Creation of characters = = The characters were conceived in 1926 by Edward Stratemeyer , founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate , a book @-@ packaging firm . Stratemeyer initially pitched the new series to publishers Grosset & Dunlap and suggested that the boys might be called the Keene Boys , the Scott Boys , the Hart Boys , or the Bixby Boys . Grosset & Dunlap editors , for reasons unknown , chose the name " The Hardy Boys " and approved the project . Stratemeyer accordingly hired Canadian Leslie McFarlane to ghostwrite the first volumes in the series . McFarlane would author nineteen of the first twenty @-@ five volumes in the series . Subsequent titles have been written by a number of different ghostwriters , all under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon . The first three titles were published in 1927 , and were an immediate success : by mid @-@ 1929 over 115 @,@ 000 books had been sold . So successful was the series that Stratemeyer created the character of Nancy Drew as a female counterpart to the Hardys . = = = Ghostwriters = = = All the Hardy Boys novels have been written by ghostwriters . In accordance with the customs of Stratemeyer Syndicate series production , ghostwriters for the Syndicate signed contracts that have sometimes been interpreted as requiring authors to sign away all rights to authorship or future royalties . The contracts stated that authors could not use their Stratemeyer Syndicate pseudonyms independently of the Syndicate . In the early days of the Syndicate , ghostwriters were paid a fee of $ 125 , " roughly equivalent to two months ' wages for a typical newspaper reporter , the primary day job of the syndicate ghosts . " During the Great Depression this fee was lowered , first to $ 100 and later to $ 75 . All royalties went to the Syndicate ; all correspondence with the publisher was handled through a Stratemeyer Syndicate office , and the Syndicate was able to enlist the cooperation of libraries in hiding the ghostwriters ' names . The Syndicate 's process for creating the Hardy Boys books consisted of creating a detailed outline , with all elements of plot ; drafting a manuscript ; and editing the manuscript . Edward Stratemeyer 's daughter , Edna Stratemeyer Squier , and possibly Stratemeyer himself , wrote outlines for the first volumes in the series . Beginning in 1934 , Stratemeyer 's other daughter , Harriet Stratemeyer Adams , began contributing plot outlines ; she and Andrew Svenson wrote most of the plot outlines for the next several decades . Other plot outliners included Vincent Buranelli , James Duncan Lawrence , and Tom Mulvey . Most of the early volumes were written by Canadian Leslie McFarlane , who authored nineteen of the first twenty @-@ five titles , as well as co @-@ authored volume 17 The Secret Warning , between 1927 and 1946 . Unlike many other Syndicate ghostwriters , McFarlane was regarded highly enough by the Syndicate that he was frequently given advances of $ 25 or $ 50 , and during the Depression , when fees were lowered , he was paid $ 85 for each Hardy Boys book when other Syndicate ghostwriters were receiving only $ 75 for their productions . According to McFarlane 's family , he despised the series and its characters . After co @-@ authoring Volume 17 , John Button , with Volume 18 , The Twisted Claw ( 1939 ) , took over the series full @-@ time until 1942 ; McFarlane resumed with Volume 22 , The Flickering Torch Mystery ( 1943 ) . McFarlane 's last contribution was Volume 24 , The Short @-@ Wave Mystery ( 1945 ) ; his wife , Amy , authored Volume 26 , The Phantom Freighter ( 1947 ) . Over the next several decades , other volumes were written by Adams , Svenson , Lawrence , Buranelli , William Dougherty , and James Buechler ( a teenager at the time ) . Beginning in 1959 , the series was extensively revised and re @-@ written . Many authors worked on the revised books , writing new manuscripts ; some of them also wrote plot outlines and edited the books . Among the authors who worked on the revised versions were Adams , Svenson , Buechler , Lilo Wuenn , Anne Shultes , Alistair Hunter , Tom Mulvey , Patricia Doll , and Priscilla Baker @-@ Carr . In 1979 , the Hardy Boys books began to be published in paperback rather than hardcover . Lawrence and Buranelli continued to write titles ; other authors included Karl Harr III and Laurence Swinburne . In 1984 , the rights to the series were sold , along with the Stratemeyer Syndicate , to Simon & Schuster . New York book packager Mega @-@ Books subsequently hired authors to write the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories and a new series , the Hardy Boys Casefiles . = = = Legal disputes = = = In 1980 , dissatisfied with the lack of creative control at Grosset & Dunlap and the lack of publicity for the Hardy Boys ' 50th anniversary in 1977 , Harriet Adams switched publishers for the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew , as well as other series , to Simon & Schuster . Grosset & Dunlap filed suit against the Syndicate and Simon & Schuster , citing " breach of contract , copyright infringement , and unfair competition " and requesting $ 300 million in damages . The outcome of the case turned largely on the question of who had written the Nancy Drew series . Adams filed a countersuit , claiming that , as author of the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories , she retained the rights to her work . Although Adams had written many Nancy Drew titles after 1953 and edited others , she claimed to be the author of all of the early titles . In fact , she had rewritten the older titles , but was not the original author . When Mildred Benson , the author of the early Nancy Drew volumes , was called to testify about her work for the Syndicate , Benson 's role in writing the manuscripts of early titles was revealed in court with extensive documentation , contradicting Adams ' claims to authorship . The court ruled that Grosset had the rights to publish the original series of both Nancy Drew and the Hardy Boys as they were in print in 1980 , but did not own characters or trademarks . Furthermore , any new publishers chosen by Adams were completely within their rights to print new titles . = = Evolution of characters = = The Hardy Boys have gone through many permutations over the years . Beginning in 1959 , the books were extensively revised , and some commentators find that the Hardys ' characters changed in the process . Commentators also sometimes see differences between the Hardy Boys of the original Hardy Boys Mystery Stories and the Hardy Boys of the Hardy Boys Casefiles or the new Undercover Brothers series . = = = 1927 – 1959 = = = The early volumes , largely written by Leslie McFarlane , have been praised for their atmosphere and writing style , qualities often considered lacking in juvenile series books . McFarlane 's writing is clear and filled with specific details , making his works superior to many other Stratemeyer series titles . Such , at least , was McFarlane 's intention : " It seemed to me the Hardy Boys deserved something better than the slapdash treatment Dave Fearless had been getting ... I opted for Quality . " The volumes not written by McFarlane or his wife were penned by John Button , who wrote the series from 1938 to 1942 ; this period is sometimes referred to as the " Weird Period " as the writing is full of inconsistencies and the Hardy Boys ' adventures involve futuristic gadgetry and exotic locations . In general , the world of these early volumes is a " [ dark ] and ... divided place " . In these early titles , the boys are cynical about human nature , an attitude apparently justified when the police , whom they have repeatedly helped , throw them into jail on slim evidence in The Great Airport Mystery ( 1930 ) . The police and authority figures in general come off poorly in these books , so much so that at one point Edward Stratemeyer wrote McFarlane to reprimand him for " grievous lack of respect for officers of the law . " The Hardys are less affluent than earlier Stratemeyer characters ; they eagerly accept cash rewards largely to finance college educations , and , with their parents , strive to please their Aunt Gertrude , because she possesses a small fortune . The rich are portrayed as greedy and selfish . This view of the world reflects McFarlane 's relative " lack [ of ] sympathy with the American power structure . " In his autobiography , McFarlane described his rationale for writing the books this way , writing : " I had my own thoughts about teaching youngsters that obedience to authority is somehow sacred .... Would civilization crumble if kids got the notion that the people who ran the world were sometimes stupid , occasionally wrong and even corrupt at times ? " The books ' attitudes towards minority characters are a matter of disagreement . These early volumes have been called models of diversity for their day , since among the Hardys ' friends are Phil Cohen , who is Jewish , and the Italian immigrant Tony Prito . However , these two friends are rarely involved in the Hardys ' adventures , a level of friendship reserved for Biff Hooper and Chet Morton . The books have been extensively criticized for their use of racial and ethnic stereotypes and their xenophobia . Vilnoff , for example , the villain in the The Sinister Sign @-@ Post ( 1936 ) , is described as " swarthy " and " a foreigner " , notes critic Steve Burgess . We sense his untrustworthy nature immediately when he sits down beside the boys at a football game and doesn 't understand it , despite the boys ' best efforts to explain . When he does grasp something , you know it . " I onnerstand pairfectly , " he says . Later he adds genially , " I haf you vhere I vant you now ! " Can 't quite place the accent ? It 's foreign . Twenty @-@ five chapters are not enough to solve the mystery of his nationality . African Americans are the targets of much racism , being depicted as unintelligent , lazy , and superstitious , " bumpkin rescuers " at best and " secretive and conspiratorial villains " at worst . Benjamin Lefebvre notes that Harriet Adams at times rebuked Leslie McFarlane for not sufficiently following her instructions regarding the portrayal of African @-@ American characters ; he writes that it is not clear " whether Adams rewrote parts of McFarlane 's manuscripts to add [ racist ] details or to what extent these early texts would now be considered even more notoriously racist had McFarlane followed Adams 's instructions more carefully . " In Footprints Under the Window ( 1933 ) , Chinese American men are portrayed as effeminate threats both to national security and white heteromasculinity . Native Americans received mixed treatment ; those living within the continental United States are portrayed as members of once @-@ noble tribes whose greatness has been diminished by the coming of white men , while those living outside the continental U.S. are " portrayed as uneducated , easily manipulated , or semi @-@ savage . " However , Hispanics are generally treated as equals ; the Hardy Boys as well as their father speak Spanish , and Mexico 's history and culture are treated with respect and admiration . = = = 1959 – 1979 = = = The Hardy Boys volumes were extensively revised beginning in 1959 at the insistence of publishers Grosset & Dunlap , and against the wishes of Harriet Adams . The revision project , which also encompassed the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories , was sparked largely by letters that parents had been writing to Grosset & Dunlap since at least 1948 , complaining about the prevalence of racial stereotypes in the books . Volume 14 in the Hardy Boys series , The Hidden Harbor Mystery ( 1935 ) , was singled out for particular and repeated attention for its portrayal of a black criminal who organizes a gang of black boys and treats whites disrespectfully . As one parent put it , the books were " ingraining the old race @-@ riot type of fear . " As such letters became more frequent , Grosset & Dunlap informed the Stratemeyer Syndicate that the books must be revised and such stereotypes excised . The end result , however , was less the removal of stereotypes than the removal of non @-@ white characters altogether and the creation of an " ethnically cleansed Bayport " . By the 1970s , however , the series began to re @-@ introduce black characters . An additional rationale for the revisions was a drop in sales , which became particularly significant by the mid @-@ 1960s . Accordingly , the revisions focused on streamlining the texts , as well as eliminating stereotypes . The books were shortened from 25 chapters to 20 and the writing style was made terser . Difficult vocabulary words such as " ostensible " and " presaged " were eliminated , as was slang . As a result of the new , more streamlined writing style , the books focus more on non @-@ stop action than on building atmosphere , and " prolonged suspense [ is ] evaporated . " The books were also aimed at an increasingly younger audience with shorter attention spans . For this reason , many commentators find the new versions nothing less than " eviscerated " , foremost among them being the first Hardy Boys ghostwriter , Leslie McFarlane , who agreed with a reporter 's statement that the books had been " gutted " . In the course of revising and modernizing the series , many plots were completely re @-@ written . The Flickering Torch Mystery ( 1943 ) , for example , was changed from a plot involving an actual flickering torch used as a signal by a gang to a plot featuring a rock club called " The Flickering Torch " . When plots were kept , their more lurid elements were eliminated ; Vilnoff , the villain in The Sinister Sign @-@ Post , was changed from a criminal who compulsively sculpts miniature models of his own hands to a car thief without such eccentricities , and another villain , Pedro Vincenzo , who branded his victims no longer does so in the revised version of The Mark on the Door ( 1934 , rev. 1967 ) . The books became more respectful of law and authority . Even villains no longer smoked or drank , and scenes involving guns and shoot @-@ outs were compressed or eliminated , in favor of criminals simply giving themselves up . The boys , too , become more respectful of rules and of the law ; for example , they no longer drive faster than the speed limit even in pursuit of a villain . The Hardys also became more and more wealthy , prompting the criticism that the " major problem in [ these volumes ] is that the Hardy Boys have risen above any ability to identify with people like the typical boys who read their books . They are members and agents of the adult ruling class , acting on behalf of that ruling class . " = = = 1979 – 2005 = = = The Hardy Boys began to be published in paperback in 1979 . The Hardys were also featured in two new series , the Hardy Boys Casefiles and the Clues Brothers . The latter series , modeled on the Nancy Drew Notebooks , was aimed at a younger audience , and ran from 1997 to 2000 . In contrast , the Casefiles , begun a decade earlier in 1987 , was aimed at an older audience than the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories . In the new series , the Hardys ' work with a secret government organization simply called the " Network " , with which they collaborate to " infiltrate organized crime , battle terrorists and track down assassins around the world . " The Hardys ' personalities are portrayed as more separate and distinct , and they sometimes fight ; in the first of the series , Dead on Target , for example , the brothers brawl after Frank tries to restrain Joe after Joe 's girlfriend , Iola Morton , is killed by a car bomb . In general , the series is more violent , and the Hardy Boys carry various guns ; Lines like " Joe ! Hand me the Uzi ! " are not out of character . Barbara Steiner , a Casefiles ghostwriter , describes a sample plot outline : " I was told that Joe Hardy would get involved with a waitress , a black widow kind of character , and that Joe would get arrested for murder . I was told the emphasis was on high action and suspense and there had to be a cliff @-@ hanger ending to every chapter . " = = = 2005 – present = = = The long @-@ running Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005 and was replaced with a reboot series , The Hardy Boys : Undercover Brothers . In these volumes , the Hardys ' adventures are narrated in the first person , each brother alternating chapters . This fresh approach to telling the adventures reveals two boys quite foreign to how they have been portrayed before , egotistical and jealous , and longtime readers will find few connections with the boys ' previous personalities . The boys ' Aunt Gertrude becomes " Trudy " , their mother Laura is given a career as a librarian , and their father is semi @-@ retired . The boys are given their cases by a secret group known as ATAC , an acronym for American Teens Against Crime . In this new series , the Hardy Boys seem " more like regular kids – who have lots of wild adventures – in these books , which also deal with issues that kids today might have thought about . For example , the second book in the series , Running on Fumes , deals with environmentalists who go a little too far to try to save trees . " The Hardys are also featured in a new graphic novel series , begun in 2005 and produced by Papercutz , and a new early chapter book series called The Hardy Boys : Secret Files , begun in 2010 by the publisher Simon & Schuster under their Aladdin imprint . The last Undercover Brothers books were released in January 2012 ( main series ) and July 2012 ( Nancy Drew / Hardy Boys Super Mystery ' 07 series ) . At the time of cancellation , there was one book that had been announced , but was ultimately shelved ( The Case Of The MyFace Kidnapper ) ; it is unknown whether this was going to be the final title of this unpublished book , since many bookstore websites and Simon & Schuster 's website always had the letters " W.T " behind the title , meaning that it was a " working title . " February 2013 saw the launch of The Hardy Boys Adventures , a series written in the first @-@ person . For the first time since 1985 , the books will be issued in hardcover , along with paperback editions . = = Books = = The longest @-@ running series of books to feature the Hardy Boys is the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories , sometimes also called the Hardy Boys Mysteries . The series ran from 1927 to 2005 and comprises 190 volumes , although some consider only the first 58 volumes of this series to be part of the Hardy Boys " canon " . The Hardy Boys also appeared in 127 volumes of the Casefiles series and 39 volumes of the Undercover Brothers series , and are currently the heroes of the Hardy Boys Adventures series . The brothers were also featured in a few standalone books , such as The Hardy Boys Ghost Stories , and some crossover titles where they teamed up with other characters such as Nancy Drew or Tom Swift . = = = International publications = = = Hardy Boys books have been extensively reprinted in the United Kingdom , with new illustrations and cover art . The Hardys ' adventures have also been translated into over twenty @-@ five languages , including Norwegian , Swedish , Spanish , Icelandic , Hebrew , French , German , Japanese , Russian , Malay , and Italian . The books are widely read in India , and Japan 's Kyoto Sangyo University listed twenty @-@ one Hardy Boys books on its reading list for freshmen in the 1990s . = = Television = = There have been five separate Hardy Boys television adaptions . In the late 1950s , Disney contracted with the Stratemeyer Syndicate and Grosset & Dunlap to produce two Hardy Boys TV serials , starring Tim Considine and Tommy Kirk . The first of the serials , The Mystery of the Applegate Treasure , was aired on The Mickey Mouse Club in 1956 during the show 's second season . To appeal to the show 's audience , the Hardy Boys were portrayed as younger than in the books , seeming to be twelve or thirteen years old ( Considine was 15 and Kirk was 14 during filming ) . The script , written by Jackson Gillis , was based on the first Hardy Boys book , The Tower Treasure , and the serial was aired in 19 episodes of fifteen minutes each with production costs of $ 5 @,@ 700 . A second serial , The Mystery of Ghost Farm , followed in 1957 , with an original story by Jackson Gillis . However , for unknown reasons , no more serials were produced . In the mid @-@ 1960s , sales of Hardy Boys books began to drop . The Stratemeyer Syndicate conducted a survey , which revealed that the decline in sales was due to the perceived high cost of the books and to competition from television . As a result , the Syndicate approved an hour @-@ long pilot for a new Hardy Boys television show . The pilot , based on The Mystery of the Chinese Junk , was aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) on September 8 , 1967 and starred Tim Matthieson ( later Matheson ) as Joe Hardy and Rick Gates as Frank . Both actors were twenty at the time of production and portrayed the Hardy Boys as young adults rather than children , as they had been in the Mickey Mouse Club serials . The show did poorly , however , and the series was abandoned . Two years later , in 1969 , the American Broadcasting Company aired a Saturday morning cartoon series based on the Hardy Boys ; the series was produced by Filmation and ran from 1969 to 1971 . In this series , the Hardys were members of a rock and roll band . A group of professional musicians performed all the songs on the series , and toured across the United States . The animated series produced two bubblegum music albums " of moderate quality with no commercial success . " The series was notable for being the first cartoon to include a black character . The show took note of current concerns ; although aimed at a young audience , some plot lines dealt with illegal drugs , and the animated Frank and Joe spoke directly to children about not smoking and the importance of wearing seat belts . ABC aired another series featuring the Hardy Boys , The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries , from 1977 to 1979 . The prime time series starred Parker Stevenson and Shaun Cassidy as Frank and Joe Hardy ; Pamela Sue Martin and later Janet Louise Johnson played Nancy Drew . During the first season , the series alternated between episodes featuring the Hardy Boys one week and Nancy Drew the next . The Hardy Boys were cast as young adults ( Stevenson and Cassidy were twenty @-@ four and eighteen respectively during the filming of the first episodes ) to appeal to a prime time television audience . The series featured original plots as well as ones based on Hardy Boys books , among them The Clue of the Screeching Owl , The Disappearing Floor and The Flickering Torch Mystery . The series received an Emmy nomination and featured a number of guest stars , including Kim Cattrall , Ray Milland , Howard Duff , and Ricky Nelson . During the second season , the series format changed to focus more on the Hardy Boys , Nancy Drew appearing mostly in crossover episodes with the brothers ; midway through production of the second season , Martin quit and was replaced by Johnson . The series returned for a third season , dropping the Nancy Drew character completely and shortening its title to The Hardy Boys . In 1995 , a TV show called The Hardy Boys was produced and syndicated by New Line Television , a division of New Line Cinema . The show was co @-@ produced by Canadian broadcasting company Nelvana and was dubbed in French for airing in Quebec and France as well as in the United States . Colin Gray starred as Frank Hardy and Paul Popowich played Joe . The characters were portrayed as in their early twenties , Frank working as a reporter and Joe still in college . The show lasted for only one season of thirteen episodes due to poor ratings . = = Video games = = Several Hardy Boys video games have been released : Hardy Boys Adventure Series by Dreamcatcher The Hidden Theft ( PC 2008 ) The Perfect Crime ( PC 2009 ) The Masked Phantom ( PC shelved ) Hardy Boys Nintendo DS series by Her Interactive & Saga Treasure on the Tracks ( Nintendo DS 2009 ) = = In other media = = The Hardy Boys have appeared in several titles in the Nancy Drew computer game series produced by Her Interactive . Her Interactive partnered with Sega to release its own series of Hardy Boys games . The first game in the series is titled " Treasure on the Tracks " and was released in 2009 for Nintendo DS . JoWood Productions and DreamCatcher Games have released a Hardy Boys computer game called The Hidden Theft . Jesse McCartney and Cody Linley are the voices of Frank and Joe . The Hardy Boys have also been used to sell a variety of merchandise over the years , much of it tied to television adaptations . They have appeared in several board games , comic books , coloring books , and activity books , jigsaw puzzles , and lunch boxes ; two LP albums , Here Come the Hardy Boys and Wheels ; a Viewmaster set , a toy truck , charm bracelets , rings , wristwatches , greeting cards , jeans , and guitars . The Hardy Boys have been parodied in the animated series South Park in an episode titled " The Mystery of the Urinal Deuce " , in which the " Hardly Boys " investigate a 9 / 11 conspiracy theory . In the 1970s , Parker Brothers released The Hardy Boys Mystery Game . In the board game , two to four players take on the role of amateur sleuths and try to solve a mystery . = = Thematic analysis = = The Hardy Boys have been called " a cultural touchstone all over the world . " Their adventures have been continuously in print since 1927 . The series was an instant success : by mid @-@ 1929 over 115 @,@ 000 books had been sold , and as of 2008 the books were selling over a million copies a year ( the first Hardy Boys book , The Tower Treasure , alone sells over 100 @,@ 000 copies a year ) . Worldwide , over 70 million copies of Hardy Books have been sold . A number of critics have tried to explain the reasons for the characters ' longevity . One explanation for this continuing popularity is that the Hardy Boys are simple wish fulfillment . Their adventures allow readers to vicariously experience an escape from the mundane . At the same time , Frank and Joe live ordinary lives when not solving mysteries , allowing readers to identify with characters who seem realistic and whose parents and authority figures are unfailingly supportive and loving . The Hardy Boys also embody an ideal of masculinity : by their very name they " set the stage for a gentrified version of hardness and constructed hardiness as an ideal for modern American males " , part of the " cultural production of self @-@ control and mastery as the revered ideal for the American man . " More controversially , to Meredith Wood , the characters embody not just an ideal of masculinity , but an ideal of white masculinity . She tries to argue that " racist stereotypes are ... fundamental to the success of the Hardy Boys series . " In support of this claim , Wood cites what she says is the replacement of one stereotype ( evil Chinese ) with another ( evil Latin Americans ) in the original and revised versions of Footprints Under the Window . She further claims that this is the reason for the popularity of the Applewood Books reprints of the original , unrevised texts rather that the widely cited blandness of the rewrites . Critic Gary Westfahl considers the Hardy Boys to not display any sexuality . The Hardys ' ignorance of sex and their increasing respect for the law have led to some negative perceptions and many parodies of the characters . They are " well @-@ scrubbed Boy Scout types " who " fetishized squareness " . They have been parodied numerous times , in such works as The Hardy Boys and the Mystery of Where Babies Come From by Christopher Durang , The Secret of the Old Queen : A Hardy Boys Musical by Timothy Cope and Paul Boesing , and Mabel Maney 's novel A Ghost in the Closet : A Hardly Boys Mystery . National Lampoon ran an article in 1985 entitled " The Undiscovered Notebooks of Franklin W. Dixon " , in which the authors " purport to have stumbled upon some unpublished Hardy Boys manuscripts " , including " The Party Boys and the Case of the Missing Scotch " and " The Hardly Boys in the Dark Secret of the Spooky Closet " . It should be noted that the original series contained references to the attraction felt by Frank and Joe to the female leads . Others have pointed to the Hardy Boys ' relationship with their father as a key to the success of the series . As Tim Morris notes , while Fenton Hardy is portrayed as a great detective , his sons are usually the ones that solve cases , making Fenton Hardy a paradoxical figure : He is always there , he knows everything . He is infallible but always failing . When the boys rescue him , he is typically emaciated , dehydrated , semi @-@ conscious , delirious ; they must succor him with candy bars and water . He can take on any shape , but reveals his identity within moments of doing so . He never discusses a case except the one he 's working on in a given novel , so that his legendary close @-@ mouthedness turns to garrulousness when a Hardy Boys novel begins , which is of course the only time we ever get to see him . All the same , he only discusses the case in enough detail to mislead his sons and put them in mortal danger . He has systems of information and data @-@ gathering that put the FBI to shame , yet he is always losing his case notes , his ciphers , his microfilm , or some other valuable clue , usually by leaving it in his extra pair of pants , meaning that the Boys have to drive to Canada or Florida or somewhere to retrieve it . I suppose he isn 't mysterious at all ; he simply embodies what many think of their own fathers : utterly powerful , contemptibly inept . As a result , the Hardy Boys are able both to be superior to their father and to gain the satisfaction of " fearlessly making their dad proud of them . " In the end , many commentators find that the Hardy Boys are largely successful because their adventures represent " a victory over anxiety " . The Hardy Boys series teaches readers that " although the world can be an out @-@ of @-@ control place , good can triumph over evil , that the worst problems can be solved if we each do our share and our best to help others . "
= Brazilian ironclad Rio de Janeiro = The Brazilian ironclad Rio de Janeiro was an armored gunboat ( Portuguese : Canhoneira Couraçada Nr. 3 ) built for the Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the mid @-@ 1860s . Like the other two gunboats she was built in Brazil and was designed as a casemate ironclad . Commissioned in April 1866 , the ship did not enter combat until September , when she bombarded Paraguayan fortifications at Curuzu . Rio de Janeiro hit two mines on 2 September and rapidly sank , taking 53 of her crew with her . = = Design and description = = Rio de Janeiro was designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for a small , simple , shallow @-@ draft armored gunboat capable of withstanding heavy fire . A casemate ironclad design was chosen for ease of construction and a bronze ram , 1 @.@ 8 meters ( 5 ft 11 in ) long , was fitted . The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling . For sea passages the ship 's freeboard could be increased to 1 @.@ 7 meters ( 5 ft 7 in ) by use of removable bulwarks 1 @.@ 1 meters ( 3 ft 7 in ) high . On riverine operations , the bulkwarks and the ship 's masts , were usually removed . The ship measured 56 @.@ 69 meters ( 186 ft 0 in ) long overall , with a beam of 9 @.@ 19 meters ( 30 ft 2 in ) and had a mean draft of 2 @.@ 62 meters ( 8 ft 7 in ) . Rio de Janeiro normally displaced 871 metric tons ( 857 long tons ) and 1 @,@ 001 metric tons ( 985 long tons ) at deep load . Her crew numbered 148 officers and men . = = = Propulsion = = = Rio de Janeiro had a single John Penn & Sons 2 @-@ cylinder steam engine driving a single 2 @-@ bladed propeller . Her engine was powered by two tubular boilers . The engine produced a total of 420 indicated horsepower ( 310 kW ) which gave the ship a maximum speed of 9 knots ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) . The ship 's funnel was mounted directly in front of her casemate . Rio de Janeiro carried enough coal for six days ' steaming . = = = Armament = = = Rio de Janeiro mounted two 70 @-@ pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loaders and two 68 @-@ pounder smoothbore guns in her casemate . To minimize the possibility of shells or splinters entering the casemate through the gunports they were as small as possible , allowing only a 24 ° -arc of fire for each gun . The rectangular , 9 @.@ 8 @-@ meter ( 32 ft 2 in ) casemate had two gun ports on each side as well as the front and rear . The 70 @-@ pounder gun weighed 8 @,@ 582 pounds ( 3 @,@ 892 @.@ 7 kg ) and fired a 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 140 mm ) shell that weighed 81 pounds ( 36 @.@ 7 kg ) . The gun had a maximum range of 5 @,@ 540 meters ( 6 @,@ 060 yd ) . The 7 @.@ 9 @-@ inch ( 201 mm ) solid shot of the 68 @-@ pounder gun weighed approximately 68 pounds ( 30 @.@ 8 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 10 @,@ 640 pounds ( 4 @,@ 826 @.@ 2 kg ) . The gun had a range of 3 @,@ 200 yards ( 2 @,@ 900 m ) at an elevation of 12 ° . All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells . = = = Armor = = = The hull of Rio de Janeiro was made from three layers of wood , each 203 millimeters ( 8 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The ship had a complete wrought iron waterline belt , 1 @.@ 52 meters ( 5 @.@ 0 ft ) high . It had a maximum thickness of 102 millimeters ( 4 in ) covering the machinery and magazines , 51 millimeters ( 2 in ) elsewhere . The curved deck , as well as the roof of the casemate , was armored with 12 @.@ 7 millimeters ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) of wrought iron . The casemate was protected by 102 millimeters of armor on all four sides , backed by 609 millimeters ( 24 @.@ 0 in ) of wood capped with a 102 mm layer of peroba hardwood . = = Service = = Rio de Janeiro was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Côrte in Rio de Janeiro on 28 June 1865 , during the Paraguayan War , which saw Argentina and Brazil allied against Paraguay . She was launched on 18 February 1866 and completed on 1 March 1866 . Commissioned in April she reached the combat zone on 4 May . The ship reached Corrientes , with the ironclad Lima Barros , in July 1866 . On 1 September Rio de Janeiro bombarded the Paraguayan fortifications at Curuzú in company with the other Brazilian ironclads . A 68 @-@ pounder shell entered one of her gunports during the bombardment , killing four men and wounding five . The next day , after her damage was repaired , the ship struck two mines in the Apa River while trying to rendezvous with the other Brazilian ironclads bombarding Curupaity . Rio de Janeiro sank instantly with the loss of 53 of her crew . She remains there , entombed under some 15 meters ( 49 ft 3 in ) of sand .
= Action of 18 August 1798 = The Action of 18 August 1798 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars , fought between the British fourth rate ship HMS Leander and the French ship of the line Généreux . Both ships had been engaged at the Battle of the Nile three weeks earlier , in which a British fleet under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson had destroyed a French fleet at Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt . Généreux was one of only four French ships to survive the battle , while Leander had been detached from the British fleet by Nelson on 6 August . On board , Captain Edward Berry sailed as a passenger , charged with carrying despatches to the squadron under Earl St Vincent off Cadiz . On 18 August , while passing the western shore of Crete , Leander was intercepted and attacked by Généreux , which had separated from the rest of the French survivors the day before . Captain Thomas Thompson on Leander initially tried to escape the much larger French ship , but it rapidly became clear that Généreux was faster than his vessel . At 09 : 00 the ships exchanged broadsides , the engagement continuing until 10 : 30 , when Captain Louis @-@ Jean @-@ Nicolas Lejoille made an unsuccessful attempt to board Leander , suffering heavy casualties in the attempt . For another five hours the battle continued , Thompson successfully raking Généreux at one stage but ultimately being outfought and outmanoeuvered by the larger warship . Eventually the wounded Thompson surrendered his dismasted ship by ordering his men to wave a French tricolour on a pike . As French sailors took possession of the British ship , Lejoille encouraged systematic looting of the sailors ' personal possessions , even confiscating the surgeon 's tools in the middle of an operation . Against the established conventions of warfare , he forced the captured crew to assist in bringing Leander safely into Corfu , and denied them food and medical treatment unless they co @-@ operated with their captors . Lejoille 's published account of the action greatly exaggerated the scale of his success , and , although he was highly praised in the French press , he was castigated in Britain for his conduct . Thompson , Berry and most of the British officers were exchanged and acquitted at court martial , and the captains were knighted for their services , while Leander and many of the crew were recaptured in March 1799 by a Russian squadron that seized Corfu , and returned to British control by order of Tsar Paul . Généreux survived another year in the Mediterranean , but was eventually captured off Malta in 1800 by a British squadron under Lord Nelson . = = Background = = On 1 August 1798 a British fleet of 13 ships of the line and one fourth rate ship under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson discovered a French fleet of 13 ships of the line and four frigates at anchor in Aboukir Bay on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt . Nelson had been in pursuit of the French for three months , crossing the Mediterranean three times in his efforts to locate the fleet and a convoy under its protection which carried the French army commanded by Napoleon Bonaparte intended for the invasion of Egypt . The convoy successfully eluded Nelson and the army landed at Alexandria on 31 June , capturing the city and advancing inland . The fleet was too large to anchor in Alexandria harbour and instead Bonaparte ordered its commander , Vice @-@ Admiral François @-@ Paul Brueys D 'Aigalliers to take up station in Aboukir Bay . On discovering the French Nelson attacked immediately , ordering his ships to advance on the French line and engage , beginning the Battle of the Nile . As he closed with the French line , Captain Thomas Foley on the lead ship HMS Goliath realised that there was a gap at the head of the French line wide enough to allow his ship passage . Pushing through the gap , Foley attacked the French van from the landward side , followed by four ships , while Nelson engaged the van from the seaward side with three more . The remainder of the fleet attacked the French centre , except for HMS Culloden which grounded on a shoal and became stuck . The smaller ships in the squadron , the fourth rate HMS Leander and the sloop HMS Mutine , attempted to assist Culloden , but it was soon realised that the ship was immobile . Determined to participate in the battle , Captain Thomas Thompson of Leander abandoned the stranded Culloden and joined the second wave of attack against the French centre , focusing fire on the bow of the 120 @-@ gun French first rate Orient . Within an hour , Orient caught fire under the combined attack of three ships and later exploded , effectively concluding the engagement in Nelson 's favour . During the next two days , the lightly damaged Leander was employed in forcing the surrender of several grounded French vessels , and by the afternoon of 3 August Nelson was in complete control of Aboukir Bay . Only four French ships , two ships of the line and two frigates , escaped , sailing north out of the bay on the afternoon of 2 August under the command of Rear @-@ Admiral Pierre @-@ Charles Villeneuve . Having won the battle , Nelson needed to send despatches to his commander , Vice @-@ Admiral Earl St. Vincent reporting on the destruction of the French Mediterranean fleet . These messages were entrusted to Captain Edward Berry , who had served as Nelson 's flag captain on HMS Vanguard during the battle . Thompson was ordered to escort Berry to St. Vincent , believed to be with the blockade squadron off Cadiz , in Leander . Although Leander had not suffered serious damage in the battle , Thompson had manning problems : casualties from the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife in July 1797 had never been replaced , 14 men had been wounded in the battle at Aboukir Bay and two officers and fifty men had been detached to man the captured French prizes . This left Thompson with just 282 men on board Leander . Following Nelson 's orders , Thompson sailed on 5 August . = = Battle = = After fleeing Aboukir Bay , Admiral Villeneuve had been delayed in the Eastern Mediterranean by northeasterly winds , and on 17 August he decided to split his forces , sailing for Malta with his flagship Guillaume Tell and the two frigates while Captain Louis @-@ Jean @-@ Nicolas Lejoille on Généreux was ordered to Corfu . Before they departed , a number of men were transferred to Généreux , which was already carrying survivors from Timoléon , one of the ships destroyed in Aboukir Bay , giving Généreux a crew of 936 men . As Généreux rounded the island of Goza off the western tip of Crete ( then known as Candia ) on the following morning , his lookouts reported a sail to the northwest . This vessel was Leander . Learning of the strange ship to the southeast , Captain Thompson deduced that it must be one of Villeneuve 's ships and immediately ordered all sails set in an effort to avoid an unequal combat : Généreux carried 30 more guns than Leander and was more strongly built , carrying a broadside of over 1 @,@ 000 lbs to Leander 's 432 lbs . Assisted by a strong breeze behind his ship that did not carry to Thompson 's vessel , Lejoille rapidly gained on the fourth rate , hoisting Neapolitan and then Ottoman flags in an unsuccessful attempt to confuse Thompson into approaching his ship . By 09 : 00 it was inevitable that Généreux would catch Leander and Thompson responded by shortening sail and turning northwards to aim his broadside at the French ship . Within minutes Généreux had fired a shot across Leander 's bows and Thompson responded to the threat by ordering a full broadside against Généreux . Lejoille replied with his own broadside , and the two ships continued firing as they sailed to the east , Généreux gradually closing the range with Leander . The smaller British vessel took the worst of the damage and at 10 : 30 the combatants were so close that Lejoille decided to attempt to board the British ship , Thompson unable to manoeuvre the battered Leander out of the way . Généreux 's bow collided with the bow of Leander and the French ship swung alongside , Lejoille preparing his men to board . Thompson was prepared for this manoeuvre and mustered his Royal Marines and teams of sailors armed with muskets along the rail of the quarterdeck and poop deck . The volleys of musket fire were sufficient to kill any Frenchman who attempted to board the British ship and the tangled ships turned southwards together , their main batteries continuing to exchange broadsides at extreme close range . Gradually the strengthening breeze dragged Généreux free of Leander , the French ship faster as more of its sails and rigging were intact . As Généreux pulled away to the west , Thompson , who had already been wounded several times , succeeded in turning his battered ship so that his broadside was directed at the stern of Généreux . Despite the collapsed wreckage of the mizzenmast and fore topmast , his gunnery teams managed to cut away enough of the obstruction to fire a raking broadside at the French vessel . Although Leander had inflicted severe damage , the size and power of the French ship was beginning to tell , and Lejoille was able to turn Généreux southwards again . The ships continued exchanging broadsides until 15 : 30 , by which time Leander 's crew had run out of regular shot and were firing scrap metal at the French ship . Eventually Lejoille succeeded in bringing Généreux across Leander 's bow and hailed the British ship , asking if they had surrendered . Unable to continue fighting due to the wreckage that lay across the forward guns , Thompson ordered a French flag raised on a pike , which was sufficient for Lejoille to cease firing . The French were initially unable to take possession of the fourth rate as every single one of the boats on board had been smashed by British shot . In the end , a French midshipman and a boatswain dived into the sea and swam to the British ship to take the formal surrender . Leander had lost a third of the crew : 35 men killed and 57 wounded , the latter including Thompson three times and Berry , who had a piece of human skull lodged in his arm . The ship had been completely dismasted except the stubs of the fore and main masts and the bowsprit , and was leaking badly from dozens of shot holes . Généreux had also been damaged , losing the mizzen topmast and almost losing the foremast as well . Losses on the crowded decks had been far more severe than on Leander , with casualties estimated at 100 killed and 188 wounded , again approximately a third of the total . = = Aftermath = = The two French sailors that reached Leander immediately began a systematic pillaging of the British officers ' personal effects . Rather than tossing the men into the sea , as historian William James suggests they should have done , Thompson instead ordered one of the British boats to be repaired and launched to transport him to the French ship and bring back Captain Lejoille in the belief that he would end the looting . However , when the French captain arrived he immediately joined his officers , commandeering all but two of Captain Thompson 's shirts and the wounded officer 's cot . When Captain Berry complained that a pair of ornamental pistols had been stolen from him , Lejoille summoned the thief to the quarterdeck and took them for himself . The sailors who accompanied Lejoille were equally voracious : among the many things taken were the ship surgeon Mr Mulberry 's operating tools , stolen in the middle of an operation . Without the correct equipment , the surgeon could not assist the many wounded , including Captain Thompson , who had a musket ball still embedded deeply in his arm . When Captain Berry complained , Lejoille replied " J 'en suis fâché , mais le fait est , que les Français sont bons au pillage " ( " I 'm sorry , but the fact is , that the French are good at plunder " ) . Dividing the captured British sailors , Lejoille transferred half to Généreux and left half on Leander with a French prize crew under Louis Gabriel Deniéport . In direct contravention of the established conventions of war , both sets of prisoners were immediately ordered to effect repairs to the vessels . Only once both ships were ready for the journey to Corfu were the prisoners given bread and water , although the wounded were still denied medical attention . For ten days after the engagement the battered ships sailed northwards against the wind , Généreux forced to attach a tow to Leander to avoid leaving the prize behind . On 28 August , a sail appeared to the south . Panic broke out on Généreux , and Lejoille ordered the prisoners confined below and for preparations to be made to abandon Leander and make all speed for Corfu . The new arrival was in fact the 16 @-@ gun British sloop HMS Mutine under Lieutenant Thomas Bladen Capel , carrying the second copies of Nelson 's despatches to Britain . Capel sighted the ships to the north , but assumed that they were Généreux and Guillaume Tell and so passed by displaying French colours . Lejoille was not fooled by the disguise but did not pursue the small vessel , continuing his passage to Corfu once Mutine had sailed out of sight . At Corfu the prisoners were confined but the wounded were still not provided with treatment : Thompson was only able to have the musket ball removed from his arm when Mulberry was smuggled aboard Généreux in Corfu harbour without Lejoille 's knowledge or permission . The British officers were eventually paroled and returned to Britain , although the carpenter Thomas Jarrat was detained because he refused to supply Lejoille with the specifications of Leander 's masts . Most of the ship 's regular seamen were held prisoner at Corfu . They were subsequently encouraged to join the French Navy , Lejoille attempting to enlist them on Généreux when a Russian squadron blockaded the port . Lejoille 's demands were met with a response from a maintopman named George Bannister , who called out " No , you damned French rascal , give us back our little ship , and we 'll fight you again until we sink " . Généreux subsequently escaped from Corfu and anchored off Brindisi , where Lejoille was killed by artillery fire from the Neapolitan castle overlooking the town . The ship was captured in a battle in February 1800 by a squadron under Nelson , off Malta . Leander was captured by a Russian force that seized Corfu in March 1799 and was returned to the Royal Navy by Tsar Paul , along with the sailors held on the island . The account of the battle Captain Lejoille sent to France was inaccurate in a number of important features , describing Leander as a 74 @-@ gun ship and claiming that his men actually boarded the British ship , only to subsequently retreat . Coming so soon after their disaster at the Battle of the Nile and encouraged by Lejoille 's highly inaccurate reports , French newspapers exaggerated the scale of the victory , Le Moniteur Universel publishing several imaginative accounts in the months after the battle . Despite the defeat the action was celebrated in Britain , Thompson and Berry praised for their defiance against a much larger vessel rather than criticised for losing their ship . Lejoille 's conduct in the treatment of his prisoners was derided in the popular press and on 17 December 1798 Thompson , Berry and the ship 's officers were brought before a court martial on HMS America at Sheerness for the loss of their ship and honourably acquitted , the court announcing that ; " The Court having heard the evidence brought forward in support of Captain Thompson 's narrative of the capture of Leander , and having very maturely and deliberately considered the whole , is of opinion , that the gallant and almost unprecedented defence of Captain Thompson , of his majesty 's late ship Leander , against so superior force as that of the Généreux , is deserving of every praise his Country and this Court can give ; and that his conduct , with that of the officers and men under his command , reflects not only the highest honour upon himself and them , but on their Country at large , and the court does therefore most honourably acquit Captain Thompson , his officers , and ship 's company ; and he and they are most honourably acquitted accordingly . " Thompson and Berry were subsequently voted the thanks of Parliament and in December 1798 Berry was made a Knight Bachelor , given the Freedom of the City of London and a chest worth 100 guineas . He was subsequently made commander of the new 80 @-@ gun HMS Foudroyant in early 1799 , and returned to the Mediterranean to operate as Nelson 's flag captain again during the Siege of Malta . Thompson was knighted in January 1799 and given a pension of £ 200 per annum , returning to service that spring as captain of HMS Bellona attached to the Channel Fleet under Lord Bridport . Captain Peune , who had commanded the bomb @-@ ship chartered to ferry Thompson and his staff from Corfu to Trieste , wrote a letter to answer the charges of pillage . He stated that the 30 @-@ men French prize crew was unarmed , having had to swim to Leander because all the boats on Généreux and Leander had been destroyed in the battle , and that the 200 men still able on Leander would have stopped them from plundering their effects ; that neither the captain not the surgeon of the ship had complained at Corfu nor at Trieste ; and that on his ship , he had seen Thompson with three trunks of personal effects , and the other members of his staff with their own as well . In his Batailles navales de la France , Troude accuses William James of further " augmenting " the accusations originally published in the Gazette de Vienne . The allegations are not present in Thompson 's account in The Gentleman 's Magazine .
= Cyclone Vaianu ( 2006 ) = Severe Tropical Cyclone Vaianu ( RSMC Nadi designation : 12F , JTWC designation : 11P ) was the fourth named tropical cyclone of the 2005 – 06 South Pacific cyclone season . The system formed on February 11 , and moved generally towards the south throughout its life . Vaianu ultimately peaked with winds corresponding to Category 1 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , and passed between Fiji and Tonga . Moving into cooler waters , the storm dissipated on February 16 . Although the cyclone avoided land for the most part , it caused heavy rainfall and gusty winds in portions of Tonga . Flooding hit the capital city of Nuku 'alofa , and on some islands , the storm destroyed crops . = = Meteorological history = = Late on February 9 , the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre ( RSMC ) in Nadi , Fiji reported that Tropical Depression 12F had developed within a convergence zone which was located about 140 km ( 87 mi ) to the northeast of Vanua Levu . The depression tracked southeastward , although further development was initially inhibited by wind shear . During the next day , the depression turned towards the southeast and moved into a more favorable environment for intensification . It was then designated as Tropical Depression 11P at 1800 UTC by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . On February 11 , the system significantly organized , and at 1200 UTC that day , RSMC Nadi reported that the depression had intensified into a Category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale ; it was assigned the name Vaianu . At the time of being upgraded to a cyclone , Vaianu was situated about 190 km ( 120 mi ) to the northwest of Vavaʻu , a Tonga island chain . The storm turned southwestward under the steering currents of a ridge to the southeast . The JTWC recognized the system as a tropical storm on February 12 , and upgraded it into a tropical cyclone shortly thereafter . Vaianu continued to strengthen , and passed west of Tonga . The JTWC reported that the cyclone peaked in intensity at 1200 UTC on February 13 , with maximum sustained 1 @-@ minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . RSMC Nadi assessed the storm as having peaked slightly later , with 10 @-@ minute winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , which made it a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone . The storm held its strength for some time as it moved southward between Ono @-@ i @-@ Lau and Tongatapu . Beginning to accelerate , Vaianu entered the area of responsibility of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre in Wellington , New Zealand . It curved southeastward and slowly deteriorated due to increasing wind shear and colder sea surface temperatures . The JTWC downgraded it to a tropical storm on February 15 , and by the next day it was undergoing an extratropical transition . At 0600 UTC , the JTWC classified it as extratropical , but it remained a powerful storm system for several days as it tracked over the open ocean . = = Preparations and impact = = Early on February 10 , RSMC Nadi placed Niuafo 'ou and Niuatoputapu under a tropical cyclone alert , before early the next day extending the alert to the whole of Tonga . Later that day the Vavau , Haapai , and Nomuka islands were placed under a gale warning . The warnings stayed in force until late on February 12 when the gale warning was canceled , and concurrently , southern Tonga was placed under a tropical cyclone warning . These warnings were canceled on February 14 . During the cyclone , RSMC Nadi placed the Lau Islands under a strong wind warning , and a damaging swell warning was declared for Fiji . Businesses in Nuku 'alofa closed as the storm passed by . At the Fuaʻamotu station , sustained winds blew at 68 km / h ( 42 mph ) during the worst of the storm , with gusts reaching 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) . Barometric pressure there fell to 995 millibars at 1400 UTC on February 13 , and 97 @.@ 7 mm ( 3 @.@ 85 in ) of rain fell . Since the cyclone remained predominately over water , its effects were limited . Nonetheless , portions of Tongan experienced torrential rainfall and high winds . On Tongatapu and Eua , the storm inflicted extensive crop damage , and it is estimated that 70 % of the banana crop was destroyed . While little property damage took place , the storm caused power outages across its path that took up a week to fully restore . In Nuku 'alofa , the capital of Tonga , flooding of low @-@ lying areas reportedly shut down the city for two days . The high winds brought down trees and dispersed debris throughout the region , while schools were forced to close .
= Air India Express Flight 812 = Air India Express Flight 812 was a scheduled passenger service from Dubai to Mangalore , which , at around 01 : 00 UTC on 22 May 2010 , overshot the runway on landing , fell over a cliff , and caught fire , spreading wreckage across the surrounding hillside . Of the 160 passengers and six crew members on board , only eight passengers survived . With its 158 fatalities , the accident was the third deadliest aviation disaster in India , after the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid @-@ air collision , which killed 349 , and the 1978 crash of Air India Flight 855 , which killed 213 . It marked the first major Indian aviation accident since the July 2000 crash of Alliance Air Flight 7412 in Patna . The accident is the deadliest crash of a 737 aircraft ( all series ) and the eighth hull loss of a Boeing 737 @-@ 800 aircraft . The crash caused the highest number of aviation fatalities in 2010 and was the second of the year to involve a 737 @-@ 800 . It was the second time that an aircraft had overshot a runway at Mangalore . = = Aircraft and crew = = The accident involved a Boeing 737 @-@ 800 aircraft , one of Boeing 's 737 Next Generation series , with aircraft registration VT – AXV and manufacturer 's serial number 36333 , line number 2481 . The aircraft first flew on 20 December 2007 with the Boeing test registration N1787B and was delivered on 18 January 2008 . Commanded by Captain Zlatko Glušica , the remaining crew consisted of first officer Harbinder Singh Ahluwalia and four flight attendants . Glušica ( a former employee of Jat Airways of Serbia ) , aged 55 , a British and Serbian national with over 10 @,@ 000 hours of flying and over 7 @,@ 500 hours of command experience , and Ahluwalia ( a former employee of Jat Airways who joined Air India Express in April 2009 ) were both killed in the incident . Both pilots were based in Mangalore . = = Flight = = The flight departed Dubai International Airport at 01 : 06 GST ( 21 : 06 UTC ) . It crashed upon landing at Mangalore International Airport at 06 : 05 IST ( 00 : 35 UTC ) . Situated in a hilly area , the airport is one of seven Indian airports designated as a " critical airfield " by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation ( DGCA ) . DGCA rules at critical airfields prohibit " supervised take offs and landings " , so that only the captain ( not the first officer ) may pilot an aircraft during take @-@ off and landing . The airport is one of three airports in India having table top runways ( the others being Kozhikode and Lengpui ) that require heightened awareness and a very precise landing approach . = = Crash = = After touching down on the 8 @,@ 033 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 448 m ) runway 24 , the plane overran and crashed down the hill at its far end . The final conversations between Air traffic control ( ATC ) and the pilot prior to the landing showed no indication of distress . The then Civil Aviation Minister , Praful Patel said that the aircraft was following an Instrument landing system ( ILS ) approach for landing on the newer , longer , runway , which was commissioned in 2006 . The pilot reported to ATC that it was ' established ' on an ILS approach about 4 @.@ 3 miles ( 6 @.@ 9 km ) from touchdown ; landing clearance was then given at 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) from touchdown . The aeroplane concluded its ILS approach on runway 24 , touching down 5 @,@ 200 feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) from the start of the runway , leaving 2 @,@ 800 feet ( 850 m ) in which to stop . It overran the runway and ploughed through a 90 @-@ metre ( 300 ft ) sand arrestor bed which did not stop it . As the aircraft passed the arrestor bed , its starboard wing collided with the concrete socket of the ILS localiser antenna ; it finally plunged over the edge of the table @-@ top about 790 feet ( 240 m ) beyond the end of the runway and down the steep hillside coming to a stop 660 to 980 feet ( 200 to 300 m ) metres past the top of the slope . " The plane broke in two " said one survivor " and a dense black smoke invaded the cabin . I jumped out through an opening in the window . Six other passengers followed me . We fled , with the help of the inhabitants of the nearby village " . Television footage from shortly after the crash showed the remains of the aircraft on fire and lying on its belly with smoke rising from the wreckage . The minister also stated that weather conditions were normal with a visibility of 3 @.@ 7 miles ( 6 @.@ 0 km ) , and said wind conditions were calm and there was no rain at the time of the crash . A drizzle started only after the accident . = = Victims = = Apart from the six crew members , a total of 160 passengers were on board at the time of the crash . Although there were 169 names on the original passenger list , nine did not board the flight . All the bodies were recovered from the wreckage . Karnataka Home Minister V. S. Acharya said eight people were initially reported to have survived , although one person died of his injuries — this was however refuted by an Air India spokesman who confirmed that all initial survivors were alive . This confusion arose after fire fighters rescued a little girl who died on the way to hospital . The airport manager at Mangalore , Peter Abraham confirmed that there were difficulties when trying to reach the plane . After the crash , some comments surfaced online , which poke fun at the victims and their families . The comments appeared on a news website , which has been taken down . On 27 July 2010 , the names of all the victims were inscribed on a memorial installed near the crash site which was destroyed by vandals on 5 October 2010 . = = Rescue and response = = Local villagers were among the first on the scene to help while an estimated 15 fire trucks , 20 ambulances and 100 rescue workers were immediately allocated to rescue operations . Karnataka Western Range Inspector General of Police , Gopal Hosur , said that eight to ten people had been moved to hospitals , and that the Karnataka Police force , bomb squad , Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services , Karnataka State Reserve Police and all hospitals were working together to help out . The Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) sent 150 personnel to Mangalore to help in the relief and rescue operations . Bodies of all of the deceased were recovered from the crash site on the day of the crash , with relatives of the deceased receiving 87 of the bodies . After the rapid establishment of a special emergency information service , Praful Patel , Indian Civil Aviation minister , arrived from New Delhi to be at the scene and the one @-@ year @-@ in @-@ office celebrations of the UPA government 's second tenure were postponed . Patel was soon followed by Karnataka Chief Minister B. S. Yeddyurappa and Kerala Chief Minister V. S. Achuthanandan to take control of the situation . The chairperson of the governing UPA , Sonia Gandhi issued a message of grief and wished a " speedy recovery " to all . The Indian Minister for Civil Aviation , Praful Patel , took moral responsibility for the accident and offered to resign his post , an offer rejected by the Prime Minister of India , Manmohan Singh . Many countries and organisations expressed sorrow and condolences to the people of India over the crash . The accident was predicted to cost the insurers , and their reinsurers ₹ 4 billion ( US $ 60 million ) . Air India 's insurance company paid out ₹ 900 million ( US $ 10 million ) in settlement of the hull loss , and the company had already received ₹ 1 @.@ 38 billion ( US $ 20 million ) , that is 60 per cent of the estimated ₹ 2 @.@ 3 billion ( US $ 30 million ) . School of social Work , roshni nilaya conducted a study on Psychosocial Support for Survivors and Families of the Victims of Mangalore Air Crash to give the psyco @-@ emotional support . = = Investigation = = Initial investigations revealed that the plane landed at least 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) beyond the usual touch down point on Mangalore 's new 8 @,@ 040 @-@ foot ( 2 @,@ 450 m ) runway 24 . A team of airline officials , staff and officials from the Airports Authority of India and officers of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation ( India ) were rushed to the scene to investigate the accident and assist with rescue efforts . Boeing also announced that a team would be sent to provide technical assistance following a request from Indian authorities . The Directorate General of Civil Aviation ordered an inquiry into the crash , which began the same day . The NTSB also assisted the investigation by sending a team of specialists including a senior air safety investigator , a flight operations specialist , an aircraft systems specialist and technical advisers for Boeing and the Federal Aviation Administration . Captain Glušica was given clearance to land , however , he suddenly aborted the attempted landing . The aircraft 's throttle handle was found in the forward position , suggesting that the pilot had attempted to abort the landing and take off again . The co @-@ pilot Ahluwalia had warned his commander three times to go around instead of landing ; the first of these warnings had come 2 @.@ 5 miles before the runway threshold . The cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) was recovered on 23 May , and the flight data recorder ( FDR ) two days later . The recorders were sent to New Delhi by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation for data acquisition and analysis and subsequently to the US NTSB for investigation . DGCA official Zaidi claimed " better data protection " while unnamed officials mentioned heavy damage to the devices . In direct response to the accident the Government of India decided to set up an independent air accident enquiry board called the Civil Aviation Authority that would function independently of the DGCA . Effectively this meant that the DGCA would be the regulator and the CAA the investigator . The Director General of the DGCA said that it would be set up though legislation , and would comply with the recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization . The enquiry report submitted by the Civil Aviation Ministry claimed that Glušica slept for over 90 minutes during the flight . The Air India Express IX 812 Boeing 737 @-@ 800 carrying 166 people from Dubai including the crew , crashed while negotiating a tricky landing at Mangalore city 's " table @-@ top " airport overlooking a ravine . The American National Transportation Safety Board says it was the first instance of snoring recorded on a Cockpit Voice Recorder ( CVR ) . Analysis of the accident revealed that had the pilot " deployed détente reverse thrust and applied maximum manual braking at touchdown " , the aircraft could have been stopped within the paved overrun area of the runway . The captain had exacerbated the long landing by attempting a go @-@ around following deployment of the thrust reversers . = = Court of Inquiry = = On 3 June 2010 , the Government of India appointed Former Vice Chief of Air Staff , Air Marshal Bhushan Nilkanth Gokhale as head of a Court of Inquiry to investigate the air crash . The " Gokhale Inquiry " was to investigate the reasons behind the crash , and submit its findings by 31 August 2010 , a deadline later extended by a month to 30 September 2010 . The Government also appointed four experts to this Court of Inquiry to assist in the investigation . The Court of Inquiry started its investigations by visiting the crash site on 7 June 2010 , and visited all eight crash survivors to gather information . On 17 August 2010 , the Court of Inquiry began a three @-@ day public hearing in Mangalore to interview airport officials and witnesses . On day one , airport and airline officials deposed that the aircraft had approached at an altitude higher than usual , and that it had landed beyond the landing zone ( LDZ ) . They also mentioned that the airport 's radar was operational from 20 May 2010 . The airport chief fire officer testified that crash tenders had taken four minutes to reach the aircraft because the road leading away from the airport perimeter to the crash site was very narrow and undulating . On day two , a transcript of the cockpit to ATC conversation was released , which indicated that the co @-@ pilot had suggested a " go around " after the pilot informed ATC that it was ' clear to land ' . Doctors who conducted post mortems on the bodies recovered recorded that most victims had died of burns . On day four Air India 's flight safety officer informed the inquiry that the aircraft 's thrust lever and thrust reverse levers were both in the forward position , possibly indicating that the pilot intended to go around . The inquiry panel stated that information from the FDR would be released at the next hearing of the Court of Inquiry in New Delhi on 3 September 2010 , and that of the CVR soon after . The Court of Inquiry would submit its report on 30 September 2010 . On 8 September 2010 , details from the CVR and FDR were presented to the Court of Inquiry . The CVR analysis revealed that one of the pilots was asleep in the cockpit . For 110 minutes the CVR had picked up no conversation from the pilots , with the report adding that the sound of nasal snoring and deep breathing could be heard during this recording . The FDR analysis indicated that the flight started its final descent at an altitude of 4 @,@ 400 feet ( 1 @,@ 300 m ) , instead of the normal 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) . The aircraft also touched down at the 4 @,@ 638 @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 414 m ) mark on the runway instead of the 1 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 300 m ) mark , whereupon the pilot then tried to take off with just 800 feet ( 240 m ) of the runway remaining which resulted in the crash . Both pilots had been aware of the wrong flight path since they are both heard saying " Flight is taking wrong path and wrong side " , while the aircraft 's instruments had given repeated warnings of this . On 16 November 2010 , five months after the Court of Inquiry was constituted , it submitted its report with input from the NTSB and Boeing , and stated that pilot error was the cause of the accident since the flight path was incorrect . As of Jan 2013 , Directorate General of Civil Aviation ( DGCA ) , AAI and Ministry of Aviation , and the Government of India have not implemented the recommendations of the 812 crash inquiry committee . Work on runway lengthening has not started . 812 Foundation , a Mangalore @-@ based trust , has filed the criminal charges for negligence against regulatory authorities and the airline . Regulatory authority and other organisations named in the petition are thinking of seeking anticipatory bail for their top officials , as the petition seeks non @-@ bailable arrest warrants against those responsible . = = Compensation = = The Prime Minister of India , Manmohan Singh announced ₹ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 000 ) or € 3 @,@ 390 ) for the families of the dead and ₹ 50 @,@ 000 ( US $ 740 ) for the injured to be allocated from the Prime Minister 's National Relief Fund . Karnataka Chief Minister Yeddyurappa has also announced compensation of ₹ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 000 ) to the families of the dead . In addition to this , the Civil Aviation Ministry advised that the Airline will provide up to ₹ 7 @.@ 2 million ( US $ 106 @,@ 990 ) to family members of each victim as per the provisions of the Indian Carriage by Air ( Amendment ) Act which follows the Montreal Convention . The Airline announced interim compensation of ₹ 1 million ( US $ 14 @,@ 860 ) for passengers above 12 years of age , ₹ 500 @,@ 000 ( US $ 7 @,@ 400 ) for passengers below 12 years of age and ₹ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 000 ) for every injured passenger . This compensation is over and above the ex @-@ gratia payment announced by the Prime Minister . Additionally , Air India has said it would offer jobs to the survivors . As of 11 June 2010 an amount of ₹ 170 million ( US $ 3 million ) had been distributed as compensation to the families of the victims and to the eight survivors . Victims ' families have become increasingly vocal as to the inequitable nature of compensation paid out by Air India , and also of the alleged hostile attitude of the airline 's counsel . Members of the Democratic Youth Federation of India ( DYFI ) along with Kasargod MP P Karunkaran staged a protest on 8 September 2010 at the airline 's office in Mangalore where they submitted a memorandum to officials demanding that families of the victims receive early and equitable settlements of compensation due . They also demanded the settlement process be made more transparent by opening it to the media rather than holding sessions in camera . On 20 July 2011 , the Kerala High Court based on the petition filed by one of the victims ruled that Air India was liable to pay a no fault liability of one lakh SDR or the Indian rupee equivalent of ₹ 7 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 111 @,@ 450 ) . In its ruling the court noted that India was a signatory to the Montreal Convention , " It is clear that the intention of lawmakers was to bring about a parity in the matter of payment of compensation to the passengers , irrespective of class of travel , while providing for a ' two tier system ' of compensation as adopted in Montreal convention . " The court further ruled that this was over and above any other compensation that the petitioners are entitled to . Air India appealed this order in the Kerala High Court and on 25 August 2011 , the division bench stayed the single bench order on compensation of ₹ 7 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 111 @,@ 450 ) . However , on 5 September 2011 based on a petition by relatives of one of the deceased passengers the Kerala High Court ordered Air India to pay an interim compensation of ₹ 1 million ( US $ 14 @,@ 860 ) .
= Ji Yeon = " Ji Yeon " ( / ˌdʒiː ˈjiːɒn / ; from Korean 지연 [ tɕi jʌn ] ) is the seventh episode of the American Broadcasting Company 's fourth season of Lost and 79th episode overall . The episode was written by co @-@ executive producers Edward Kitsis and Adam Horowitz , and directed by regular Lost editor Stephen Semel . It was first aired in the United States and Canada on March 13 , 2008 . It is the first episode to feature Harold Perrineau since his departure at the last episode of the second season , and features Zoë Bell as a guest star . " Ji Yeon " was watched by 12 million American viewers and received mostly positive reviews . Before the premiere of the fourth season , the principal cast of Lost called " Ji Yeon " the most shocking of the first seven episodes . The title of the episode is the name of Sun 's daughter , and means " flower of wisdom . " The episode 's story focuses on married couple Sun ( Yunjin Kim ) and Jin Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) . In late 2004 , on the island , they debate whether to defect to the rival faction of survivors led by John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) . Intercut throughout the episode , a series of off @-@ island scenes show Sun about to give birth and Jin experiencing a series of difficulties in his efforts to reach the hospital with a gift of a stuffed panda . The ending shows that Jin 's and Sun 's scenes do not focus on the same birth ; Jin 's scenes are flashbacks to events before the plane crash , while Sun 's are flashforwards to sometime after she escapes the island . A subplot follows Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) and Desmond Hume ( Henry Ian Cusick ) on board the Kahana , where they learn more about the freighter 's mission and find somebody they once knew . = = Plot = = The episode presents four storylines , three of which follow Jin and Sun . The other storyline focuses upon Sayid and Desmond on the freighter Kahana . On the island , Sun becomes increasingly worried about the intentions of Kahana crew . Despite Juliet Burke 's ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) warning to Sun that women who conceive on the island die during their second trimester , Sun arranges to defect with Jin to the rival faction led by John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) , who does not want to leave the island . Juliet tries to stop Sun from leaving by telling Jin that Sun had an affair , causing him to angrily back out of the journey at the last minute . After having a heartfelt conversation while fishing with Bernard Nadler , the only other married man on the island , he forgives Sun , who assures him that the baby is his . On the Kahana , Desmond and Sayid are still waiting to speak to the captain of the freighter , Gault ( Grant Bowler ) . When they are taken to see him , Regina ( Zoë Bell ) jumps off the side of the ship , having wrapped herself in chains , but Gault dismisses it as " a heightened case of cabin fever " , and asserts that losing her is better than losing several more in saving her . He says that he is employed by Charles Widmore ( Alan Dale ) , Desmond 's girlfriend 's father , and later takes them into his cabin , and tells that Benjamin Linus ( Michael Emerson ) faked the plane crash by expending tremendous resources in the process and procured 324 dead bodies to make everybody believe that all the passengers were dead . Gault proceeds by saying that is one of the reasons why Mr. Widmore is keen on finding Benjamin Linus and the island . After their meeting , Desmond and Sayid are relocated to a different part of the ship , where they meet Michael Dawson ( Harold Perrineau , Jr . ) working as a deckhand under the alias " Kevin Johnson " . The episode 's off @-@ island storyline seemingly depicts Jin rushing to the hospital while Sun , who has become one of the " Oceanic Six " , goes into labor . Jin 's journey to the hospital is marred by several unfortunate incidents , including difficulty in purchasing a stuffed panda and his cell phone being broken . Sun gives birth to a girl , who she names " Ji Yeon " , the name chosen by Jin . The final off @-@ island scenes establish that Jin and Sun 's stories are separate ; Jin 's story is set in the past , two months into his marriage to Sun . He was rushing to the birth of a Chinese ambassador 's grandchild to deliver the panda as a gift on behalf of his employer , Sun 's father . In the final flashforward , Sun and her daughter are visited by Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) , who takes her to pay her respects to Jin . His tombstone indicates that he died on the day of the crash of Oceanic 815 . = = Production = = The episode was filmed in late October and early November 2007 , primarily on the island of Oahu , where Lost is filmed . Several days before shooting , Daniel Dae Kim was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol . His arrest prompted speculation about his future on the series , due to co @-@ stars Michelle Rodriguez ( Ana @-@ Lucia Cortez ) and Cynthia Watros ( Libby ) leaving Lost after DUI arrests . With the revelation of Sun as one of the Oceanic Six , all six members have been revealed . Executive producers and writers Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof left the identity of the sixth deliberately ambiguous to provoke debate after the episode . " Ji Yeon " is the first episode since the second season finale , " Live Together , Die Alone " , in which Harold Perrineau , Jr. appears as Michael Dawson . Perrineau was the only actor from the original cast of fourteen to not appear in the third season of Lost . Perrineau was " really hurt " by the creative decision to leave him out , and went on to appear in the British horror film 28 Weeks Later and Demons , a pilot for CBS . When the latter was not picked up by CBS , Perrineau returned to Lost ; his return was confirmed during Lost 's slot at the 2007 Comic @-@ Con International . = = Reception = = " Ji Yeon " was watched live or recorded and watched within six hours of broadcast by 12 @.@ 083 million viewers in the United States , achieving a 4 @.@ 9 / 13 in the key adults 18 – 49 demographic and ranking fourth for the week in viewers . The episode brought in 689 000 viewers in Australia and was in the top five key adults 25 – 54 and 18 – 49 demographics for the night . Mark Madley of the National Post praised the episode for " [ continuing ] the near @-@ perfect season four " . He asked " has there ever been an episode that answered so many questions yet advanced the plot so little ? " , but immediately noted that the question was not negative . He also found Jin 's line " I will hunt you down and rip your head off ! " particularly humorous . Tim Goodman , critic for the San Francisco Chronicle , thought highly of the romantic plot of the episode , and more generally the characters of Jin and Sun , noting that " Lost has always treated the Jin and Sun relationship with both interest and respect " and " few primetime televised portrayals of intimacy among Asians have been this well done . " Matt Roush of TV Guide stated that the episode made him cry , the " ultimate compliment in the Roush playbook " . Later in his review , he commented he was " already a puddle of emotion before the climactic reveal " . In comparison , the TMZ.com staff gave a largely negative review . The reviewer thought that " [ they ] feel like [ Lindelof and Cuse ] purposely manipulated us with Jin 's flashback and the reveal really wasn 't even all that interesting as a result . And the reveal of Michael being the man on the boat was as un @-@ suspenseful as it was predictable " , and thought Sun 's request for Jin to be at her bedside was deceptive , and rehashed Jack Shephard 's ( Matthew Fox ) comment about his deceased father in " Through the Looking Glass " . Television Without Pity 's LTG gave the episode an " A- " , called it " trippy " and " confusing " and also praised Yunjin Kim and Daniel Dae Kim 's performances as " fantastic " .
= Russian monitor Admiral Chichagov = The Russian monitor Admiral Chichagov ( Russian : Адмирал Чичагов ) was the second and last of the two Admiral Spiridov @-@ class monitors built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the late 1860s . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and remained there for her entire career . Aside from an incident where she ran aground , her service was uneventful . The sister ships were reclassified as coast @-@ defense ironclads in 1892 before they became training ships in 1900 . Admiral Spiridov was stricken from the Navy List in 1907 and became a target ship . Her ultimate fate is unknown . = = Design and description = = The Admiral Spiridov @-@ class monitors were significantly larger than their predecessors , the Charodeika class , and were 254 feet ( 77 @.@ 4 m ) long at the waterline . They had a beam of 43 feet ( 13 @.@ 1 m ) and a maximum draft of 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) . The ships were designed to displace 3 @,@ 196 long tons ( 3 @,@ 247 t ) , but turned out to be overweight and actually displaced 3 @,@ 505 to 3 @,@ 587 long tons ( 3 @,@ 561 to 3 @,@ 645 t ) . Their crew consisted of 280 officers and crewmen . The Admiral Spiridov class had a single two @-@ cylinder horizontal direct @-@ acting steam engine . It drove a single propeller using steam provided by four rectangular fire @-@ tube boilers . The engine was designed to produce a total of 2 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 500 kW ) which gave the ships speeds between 9 @.@ 1 – 9 @.@ 5 knots ( 16 @.@ 9 – 17 @.@ 6 km / h ; 10 @.@ 5 – 10 @.@ 9 mph ) when they ran their initial sea trials in 1869 . The ship carried 280 long tons ( 280 t ) of coal which gave her a range of 1 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km ; 1 @,@ 600 mi ) at full speed . She was fitted with three masts in a light fore @-@ and @-@ aft rig to steady her and aid in maneuvering . The monitors were ultimately designed to be armed with four Obukhov 9 @-@ inch rifled guns , a pair in each turret . In 1874 – 75 the guns were replaced by a single 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) gun . During the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 78 , a 9 @-@ inch mortar was fitted to attack the thin deck armor of enemy ships , but accuracy was poor and they were later removed , probably in the early 1880s . An improved , more powerful , 11 @-@ inch gun was installed aboard Admiral Chichagov during the 1880s . Light guns for use against torpedo boats were added to the Admiral Spiridov @-@ class ships during the Russo @-@ Turkish War when a pair of 4 @-@ pounder 3 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 86 mm ) guns were mounted on the roofs of each gun turret . A variety of other small guns are known to have been fitted , but details are lacking . The ships could also carry 12 to 15 mines . The hull of the Admiral Spiridov @-@ class monitors was completely covered by wrought @-@ iron armor that was 5 @.@ 5 to 6 @.@ 5 inches ( 140 to 165 mm ) thick amidships and thinned to 3 @.@ 25 inches ( 83 mm ) aft and 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 89 mm ) forward of the main belt . The turrets had 6 inches of armor , except around the gun ports , where it thickened to 6 @.@ 5 inches . The conning tower was 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and the deck armor was in two layers with a total thickness of 1 inch . = = Construction and service = = Admiral Chichagov , named for Admiral Vasily Chichagov , was ordered on 4 June 1865 from the Semiannikov & Poletika Shipyard , Saint Petersburg , although the formal keel @-@ laying was not until 20 November 1866 . Construction was delayed by changes to the design and late deliveries of components . She was launched on 28 August 1868 and then transferred to Kronstadt for fitting out as the shallow waters around Saint Petersburg prevented deep @-@ draft ships from being completed . This added more delays as the dockyard there lacked the equipment to efficiently fit out the ships , and she officially entered service in 1869 at the cost of 1 @,@ 177 @,@ 500 rubles . On 20 July 1870 , Admiral Chichagov struck a sandbank near Koivisto at full speed . While not damaged in the incident , she was very firmly stuck and , an attempt by the armored frigate Sevastopol pull her off failed two days later when the hawser snapped . The Russians started to off @-@ load coal and equipment onto the low deck of the Strelets in preparation for another attempt . While rigging another hawser aboard Strelets , it moved unexpectedly , badly injuring the ship 's executive officer and a bosun , who later died of his injuries . The subsequent attempt by Sevastopol also failed , so several barges and a floating crane were summoned from Kronstadt the next day . As much weight as possible was transferred to the barges , including her forward guns , and she was successfully pulled free on 25 July . Admiral Chichagov was not damaged in the incident . On 18 July 1875 , she accidentally collided with the monitor Veschun , but neither ship was seriously damaged . Admiral Chichagov served as the flagship for Captain 1st Rank Stepan Makarov during the 1885 fleet maneuvers in the approaches to the Gulf of Riga . She was reclassified as a coast @-@ defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 . By this time , her role in Russian war plans was to defend the Gulf of Riga against an anticipated German amphibious landing . In 1900 , Admiral Chichagov was assigned to the Kronstadt Engineering School as a training ship , although she was transferred to Libau during the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 to reinforce the port 's defenses . The ship was transferred to the Port of Kronstadt on 31 March 1907 for disposal . The ship was stricken on 14 August and her hulk was used as a target near Reval . Her ultimate fate is unknown .
= Divergent ( novel ) = Divergent is the debut novel of American novelist Veronica Roth , published by HarperCollins Children 's Books in 2011 . The novel is the first of the Divergent trilogy , a series of young @-@ adult dystopian novels set in the Divergent Universe . The novel Divergent features a post @-@ apocalyptic version of Chicago and follows Beatrice " Tris " Prior as she explores her identity within a society that defines its citizens by their social and personality @-@ related affiliation with five factions , which removes the threat of anyone exercising independent will and re @-@ threatening the population 's safety . Underlying the action and dystopian focused main plot is a romantic subplot between Tris and one of her instructors in the Dauntless faction , nicknamed Four . The novel has been compared to other young adult books such as The Hunger Games and The Maze Runner because of its similar themes and target audience . In particular , the novel explores the themes common to young adult fiction , such as adult authority and the transition from childhood to maturity , as well as such broader motifs as the place of violence and social structures within a post @-@ apocalyptic society . Its major plot device , the division of society into personality types , is one used in other science fiction works . Beyond its literary context , Roth 's open declaration of her religion as a Christian has brought commentary from Christian communities both endorsing and challenging the novel . Roth wrote Divergent while working on a Creative Writing degree at Northwestern University , and it was quickly purchased for publication alongside the subsequent books in the trilogy ( completed in October 2013 ) . Summit Entertainment purchased the media rights to the book in 2011 and subsequently produced a film adaptation titled Divergent which was released March 21 , 2014 . The film , a success amongst audiences , generated $ 288 @,@ 747 @,@ 895 at the box office despite mixed reviews from critics . = = Background and setting = = The novel is Veronica Roth 's debut novel and was published a little over a year after Roth graduated with a Bachelor 's degree from the Creative Writing program at Northwestern University . Roth wrote the novel during her senior year winter break and sold movie rights to the novel before she graduated . The novel is set in a post @-@ apocalyptic Chicago . Roth indicated that she did not originally intend to use Chicago as the setting : I wrote the rough draft and I felt like it needed a more grounded sense of place , and I looked at the city I had described , which is all these trains constantly moving , and this lake marsh , and these rivers . And I realized that it was Chicago already , and it was just because that 's the city I 've known and loved the longest . = = Plot = = In a post @-@ apocalyptic Chicago , survivors are divided into five factions based on their dispositions : Abnegation , for the selfless ; Amity , for the peaceful ; Candor , for the honest ; Dauntless , for the brave ; and Erudite , for the intellectual . Each year , all sixteen @-@ year @-@ olds take an aptitude test that determines the faction for which they are best suited . After receiving the results , test takers choose a faction at the Choosing Ceremony , no matter what their results were . Those who do not complete initiation into their new faction become " factionless " and are forced to live in poverty on the streets of the city . Sixteen @-@ year @-@ old Beatrice Prior is born into an Abnegation family . She doesn 't feel she belongs in Abnegation because she doesn 't see herself as naturally selfless . Her aptitude test results are inconclusive and indicate aptitude for three factions – Abnegation , Erudite , and Dauntless . The test administrator warns her never to tell anyone that her results were inconclusive as this marks her as " Divergent " . Beatrice agonizes over Choosing Day , unsure about staying in Abnegation with her parents or moving to a different faction . On Choosing Day , Beatrice decides to leave Abnegation and join Dauntless . Her brother Caleb chooses Erudite . The Dauntless instructor , Four , explains that not all Dauntless initiates will be allowed to enter the faction . The initiates will have to go through a series of training and evaluation . Unique to this faction , only the top ten initiates will stay , while the rest will be dismissed and become factionless ; by contrast , the other factions allow everyone who complete initiation to enter . During her initiation , Beatrice renames herself Tris and befriends transfer initiates Christina , Al , and Will but comes into conflict with fellow initiates Peter , Drew , and Molly . She also befriends Dauntless @-@ born initiates Uriah , Lynn , and Marlene . Initiation into Dauntless is composed of three stages . The first involves learning how to handle guns and knives and hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with other initiates . Tris lacks the physical strength of most of her fellow initiates but finishes in sixth place by beating the higher @-@ ranked Molly . When the rankings for Stage 1 of initiation are announced , a jealous Peter , who finished second , stabs first @-@ place Edward in the eye with a butter knife during the night . Edward then leaves Dauntless to be Factionless , and his girlfriend Myra follows him out of Dauntless . During Visiting Day , Tris learns that her mother 's faction of origin was Dauntless . Erudite stirs dissent against the Abnegation leadership in the city 's government and accuses Marcus , the Abnegation leader , of abusing his son . The fact that Marcus 's son joined Dauntless two years before , and Tris ' and Caleb 's choices at the Choosing Ceremony , where they switched factions instead of remaining in Abnegation adds to the rumors . Abnegation is also alleged to be hoarding supplies meant to be sent out in the city . The initiates enter Stage 2 of their training , which involves simulations similar to the aptitude tests . Initiates are forced to face hallucinations based upon their deepest fears . The simulations act in a hypnotic fashion and initiates forget their situation isn 't real . Tris ' Divergent abilities enable her to remember that she 's facing a simulation , not reality . She uses this advantage and wins top rank in the class . Peter , Drew , and Al attack Tris in revenge with a threatened sexual assault and attempt to kill her by throwing her into the chasm at Dauntless headquarters . Four intervenes and stops it . Later , Al begs for Tris 's forgiveness , but she rebuffs him . He later commits suicide by jumping into the chasm where he tried to kill Tris . The final stage of Dauntless initiation gathers all their fears in a single simulation landscape . All the initiates , including the Divergents , are aware they are under a simulation and must use the skills they 've learned in the previous stages to overcome each obstacle . Tris ' relationship with Four continues to grow as she prepares for the last stage of testing , and he lets her into his own fear landscape . Four has four fears in his landscape , which is an uncommonly low number , hence his nickname . She also learns he is really Marcus ' son Tobias , the child of the Abnegation leader the Erudites accused of child abuse . Four shares information with Tris that he discovered about Erudite 's plans to use Dauntless to stage an attack on Abnegation . Tris successfully overcomes seven fears in her fear landscape . After her test , she and the other Dauntless members are injected with a new " tracking " serum that supposedly activates if someone goes missing . Before the official initiation ceremony , Four invites Tris back to his private apartment , and Tris expresses her feelings for him . The ceremony begins with the post of final rankings and Tris is ranked first . In the midst of celebrating she suddenly realizes Erudite will use the " tracking " serum to force Dauntless members to carry out their invasion of Abnegation . The night after the ceremony , the serum induces a simulation and all the Dauntless become sleep @-@ walking soldiers under orders to attack the Abnegation compound . The serum doesn 't work on Tris or Tobias ( Four ) because they are Divergent . Tris and Tobias try to break away from the pack and escape as they arrive at the Abnegation compound , but Tris is shot and wounded . Tobias refuses to leave her behind and they are captured and brought before Jeanine , the Erudite leader who is the mastermind of the whole attack . She injects Four with an experimental serum that overrides his Divergence , to control what he can see and hear . Jeanine directs Tobias back to the Dauntless control room to oversee the attack and sentences Tris to death . Tris wakes up sealed inside a real @-@ life glass tank that fills up with water , but her mother breaks the tank and rescues her . Her mother reveals that she is also Divergent before she is killed helping Tris escape . Tris gets away but is forced to kill Will , who attacks her under the influence of the simulation . She finds her father , Andrew , and Tobias ' father , Marcus in a safe house . Tris tells them the reason for Dauntless ' attack on Abnegation . Later , Caleb , Marcus , Andrew , and Tris head to the Dauntless compound to find the source of the simulation and fight their way through to Dauntless headquarters . Tris ' father sacrifices himself to clear the way for her to reach the control room . She confronts the mind @-@ controlled Tobias , who attacks her . Tris realizes she can 't bring herself to kill him and surrenders . This causes Tobias to break through the special sight @-@ and @-@ sound @-@ only simulation . Freed , Tobias helps Tris shut down the Erudite simulation and free the remaining Dauntless from their mind control . They rejoin Caleb , Marcus , and Peter , who helped Tris find the control room in exchange for his safety . The group boards a train to the Amity sector to find the rest of the Abnegation survivors . = = Style = = Many reviewers stated that the novel 's writing style offers a distinctive , quick prose that creates a fast @-@ paced reading experience . Susan Dominus , writing in The New York Times described the style as " brisk pacing , lavish flights of imagination and writing that occasionally startles with fine detail " . Abby Nolan , from The American Prospect , noted that Divergent follows the structural and stylistic patterns of The Hunger Games and Blood Red Road . = = Themes = = = = = Identity = = = As in other children 's and young adult fiction , the novel probes placement of authority and identity within the youth 's relationship to parents and other social forces . Critic Antero Garcia describes the thematic similarity between these dystopian novels as an interest in the " grasp of power between youth and adult authority " and compared the novel to Unwind by Neal Shusterman . In The New York Times , Susan Dominus stated that Divergent " explores a more common adolescent anxiety--the painful realization that coming into one 's own sometimes means leaving family behind ideologically and physically " . The Voice of Youth Advocates agrees , writing that Divergent shows the pressure of " having to choose between following in your parents ' footsteps or doing something new " . Critic Antero Garcia compared the thematic interest in the characters being " forced into limiting constraints of identity and labor associated with their identity " to similar interest in forced identities and labor in the dystopian children 's novels Matched by Allyson Braithwaite Condie and The Maze Runner by James Dashner . = = = Social structure and knowledge = = = Government division of its population into fragmented communities is a frequent device in young adult ( YA ) children 's fiction . YA classics such as Lois Lowry ’ s The Giver , Monica Hughes ’ s The Dream Catcher , and Zilpha Snyder ’ s Green Sky Trilogy use this device to different ends . In her masters thesis , Ashley Ann Haynes describes fractioning of societies within Divergent as a supporting comparison with Hunger Games . Divergent adds a new layer of complexity with its creation of an illusion of democracy for participants in its fractioned society , with the factions controlled by outside force . Some reviews criticize the lack of depth and realism of the social structures within the novel . Kirkus Reviews called the social structure a " preposterous premise " . Booklist called the structure a " simplistic , color @-@ coded world [ that ] stretches credibility on occasion " . In a review for the University of Wisconsin @-@ Whitewater 's student newspaper " Royal Purple News " , Abrielle Backhaus notes how the " entire system seems insubstantial " and asks rhetorically " How could it be possible for any individual , with his or her infinite emotions and experiences , to be condensed to one single quality to tolerate for the rest of their lives and to choose at the mere age of 16 ? " In an interview Roth describes the social structure to have expanded from her initial conception , adding Candor to fill " a gap in the reasoning behind the world that needed to be filled " . Social structure most affects the novel 's themes by socially dividing different knowledge types that characters can access . In her book chapter exploring how literacy in different knowledge types affects the series , Alice Curry describes the factions , and character indoctrination in those factions , as deliberately creating knowledge gaps between initiates to different factions . Because of the initiation process , the characters become illiterate in the knowledge valued by the other factions . Tris 's " divergence " allows her to be successful because she can become literate in a broad set of knowledges and information types , and thus she becomes more admirable to the reader . Curry argues that Jeanine 's leadership within Erudite represents an academic " Ivory Tower " that alienates other types of knowledge , thus the book critiques academic learning , in favor of the broader literacy embodied by Tris . Curry compares the novel to Julie Bertagna 's 2002 Exodus , describing both as using spaces and landscapes where knowledge is learned to critique " crumbling knowledge institutions " , like academic spaces , that " dissemble " knowledge instead of facilitating deeper holistic knowledge literacies that create " understanding " . = = = Violence and fear = = = Like The Hunger Games , Divergent depicts considerable violence for a Young Adult novel . The Publishers Weekly review emphasized this stylistic choice , calling it " edgy " and describing the initiation rituals that Tris endures " as spellbinding as they are violent [ requiring ] sadistic tests of strength and courage " . But , as Susan Dominus points out , the novel doesn 't keep this violence at the forefront of reader experience ; she writes in The New York Times , that " Terrible things happen to the people Tris loves , yet the characters absorb these events with disquieting ease . Here , somehow , the novel 's flights from reality distance the reader from the emotional impact that might come in a more affecting realistic ( or even fantasy ) novel . " When describing her inspiration for the Dauntless training their initiates through exposing them to their fears , Roth , in an interview for the website " PopSugar " , says , though influenced by many sources , the most important was her " Psych 101 my first year of college [ where ] I learned about exposure therapy , which is when they treat people with fear , like for anxiety . It exposes them repeatedly to what they 're afraid of , and gradually you become less afraid of it , or have a healthy level of fear , and I thought of the Dauntless then , because they 're conditioning perfectly normal people to get over perfectly rational fears . " Daniel Kraus 's Booklist review of the novel described the intense psychological pressure as like " akin to joining the marines " but also providing the " built @-@ in tension " that makes the novel a compelling read . = = = Christianity = = = Though the novel does not maintain an overtly Christian thematic interest , some readers place the novel 's themes within this context because of Roth 's professed religiosity . In the postscript " Acknowledgements " , Roth emphasizes her Christian faith saying " Thank you , God , for your Son and for blessing me beyond comprehension . " For some reviewers this element of Roth 's lifestyle is important to the novel 's impact ; for example , when reviewing the novel for the Christian Ministry " Break Point " , Sherry Early describes Roth as " a Christian " and the novel setting as " post @-@ feminist , maybe even Christian " . She also says that though the novel is " not overtly Christian " , it follows a " Christian point of view " because it " fight [ s ] against the restrictions placed upon her by a controlling and totalitarian state " and because " Tris must also explore the cracks and imperfections within her own psyche . " K. B. Hoyle also acknowledges that the novel would have a " Christian message " , when reviewing the novel for the Evangelical book review organization The Gospel Coalition . However , Hoyle criticizes the novel for using profane terminology and for never " clarify [ ing ] what the practices are supposed to mean " . Reviewers outside the Christian community have also noticed the Christian context of the novel . In a review of the book and first movie , David Edelstein observed the book 's treatment of intellectuals as following a tendency in Christian culture to question genetic modification and majority : the intellectual Erudite faction are largely depicted as control @-@ hungry villains pitted against the Abnegation faction , who are depicted as righteous and merciful . He wrote " The novelist , Veronica Roth , reserves her loathing for the ' Erudites ' , who spend their days in intellectual pursuit , " and that the trend of intellectualism ( thinking without feeling ) " makes people apt to seize power and impose Maoist @-@ like uniformity on entire populations — on pain of death . " = = Reception = = Divergent has received mostly positive reviews . In a review in The New York Times , Susan Dominus wrote that it was " rich in plot and imaginative details " , but also that , compared to other such books in the same genre as the Hunger Games trilogy , it did " not exactly distinguish itself " . In a review for Entertainment Weekly , Breia Brissey said that it was " flimsier and less nuanced " than The Hunger Games but was good , giving it a B + rating . Similarly , though critiquing the " simplistic , color @-@ coded world " , Booklist reviewer Daniel Kraus positively concluded that the novel was full of " gutsy action and romance " and called it a " spin on Brave New World " . Kirkus said it was " built with careful details and intriguing scope " . Common Sense Media commented on the book 's " deep messages about identity and controlling societies " and on the " unstoppable plot that 's remarkably original " . It was rated 5 out of 5 stars and given an age 13 + rating . The book debuted at number six on the New York Times Children 's Chapter Books Best Seller list on May 22 , 2011 , and remained on the list for 11 weeks . It also spent 39 weeks on the Children 's Paperback list in 2012 , reaching number one . The Times changed its Children 's Best Seller lists in December 2012 , eliminating the Children 's Paperback list and recognizing " middle grade " and " young adult " books separately ; Divergent continued its run on the new Young Adult Best Seller list . The novel stayed on the list for 47 weeks until November 3 , 2013 . According to Publishers Weekly , the combined three volumes of the Divergent series sold over 6 @.@ 7 million copies in 2013 ( three million hardcovers , 1 @.@ 7 million paperbacks , and just under two million e @-@ books ) . In the lead up to the release of the film adaptation , Roth 's novel topped USA Today 's Best @-@ Selling Books list in January 2014 . Divergent won Favorite book of 2011 in 2011 's Goodreads Readers Choice Awards , and won the senior category of the 2014 Young Reader 's Choice Award . It was also number one in the Teens ' Top Ten Vote , sponsored by YALSA . = = Film adaptation = = Summit Entertainment bought the rights to film an adaptation of the novel in 2011 . Summit recruited Neil Burger to direct . Initially , Summit gave the film a budget of $ 40 million , but Lionsgate later increased it to $ 80 million ( which finally changed to $ 85 million ) due to the success of The Hunger Games . Shailene Woodley was chosen to star as Beatrice " Tris " Prior . The role of Tobias " Four " Eaton eventually went to Theo James after an extensive search . Kate Winslet was signed as Jeanine Matthews . Also recruited into the cast were Maggie Q as Tori , Zoe Kravitz as Christina , Ansel Elgort as Caleb , Miles Teller as Peter , Ashley Judd as Natalie Prior , Tony Goldwyn as Andrew Prior , and Jai Courtney as Eric . Filming began in Chicago on April 16 , 2013 and concluded on July 16 , 2013 , with nearly all filming taking place in Chicago . The film was released March 21 , 2014 , earning $ 150 @,@ 947 @,@ 895 in North America , and $ 137 @,@ 228 @,@ 004 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $ 288 @,@ 175 @,@ 899 . The critic aggregating sites Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic both noted the films mixed reviews . However , audience surveyor CinemaScore showed that audiences were very receptive to the film .
= 1945 Texas hurricane = The 1945 Texas hurricane was a slow @-@ moving tropical cyclone which paralleled the Texas Gulf Coast , causing extensive damage in late @-@ August 1945 . The fifth tropical storm and second hurricane of the annual hurricane season , the storm formed out of an area of disturbed weather which had been situated over the Bay of Campeche on August 24 . In favorable conditions , the system quickly intensified as it steadily moved northward , attaining hurricane intensity later that day . As it approached the coast , however , the hurricane quickly slowed in forward motion , allowing it time to intensify off the Texas coast . After reaching major hurricane status , the storm reached peak intensity on August 26 as a minimal Category 3 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 115 miles per hour ( 185 km / h ) . Later that day , the cyclone executed a slight curve toward the Texas coast , and early the next day made landfall near Seadrift at peak intensity . Once inland , it quickly weakened , and degenerated into a remnant low on August 29 over Central Texas . The hurricane 's slow movement and strong intensity was a catalyst for extensive and damaging impacts in Texas . Prior to making landfall , thousands of people were ordered to evacuate from cities along coastal regions . Upon making landfall , the storm brought strong winds , which caused widespread power outages and infrastructural damage . A peak gust of 135 mph ( 215 km / h ) measured in Collegeport , Texas . Northeast of Houston , Texas , a tornado killed a person after traveling for 22 mi ( 35 km ) . At the coast , the hurricane produced strong storm surge which swept and damaged port cities . Port Lavaca , Texas was inundated by a 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) storm surge , which at the time was the third highest ever recorded in the state . Damage in the port alone was estimated to be as high as $ 1 million . The strong wave action killed two people when it capsized a fishing vessel . Further inland , the storm produced torrential rainfall , which was also aided by the hurricane 's slow movement . Rainfall peaked at 19 @.@ 6 in ( 500 mm ) in Hockley , Texas . The heavy rains caused extensive crop damage , particularly to cotton and rice crops . Damage to cotton in the Corpus Christi , Texas area alone was estimated at $ 1 @.@ 5 million . Overall , the hurricane caused $ 20 @.@ 1 million in damage , mostly to crops , and three deaths . = = Meteorological history = = Towards the end of August 1945 , an area of squally weather persisted in the Bay of Campeche , near the Gulf Coast of Mexico . After a prolonged period of marginal development , the cluster of thunderstorms began to quickly organize beginning on August 24 . According to HURDAT – the official database listing positions and intensities of Atlantic tropical cyclones dating back to 1851 – the disturbance became sufficiently organized to be classified as a tropical storm by 0000 UTC on August 24 . At the time , the storm already maintained maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . Initially , the tropical storm moved generally northward at approximately 18 mph ( 29 km / h ) , but gradually slowed as it neared the United States Gulf Coast . Quickly developing past tropical cyclogenesis , the system reached the equivalent of a modern @-@ day Category 1 hurricane at 0600 UTC on August 25 . Its forward motion continued to slow until it moved nearly stationary at roughly 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) , which allowed the system to remain a tropical cyclone for an extended period of time , despite its proximity to the coast . The hurricane 's intensity continued to quickly increase , and by 1200 UTC on August 26 , the storm had attained major hurricane status , the equivalent of a modern @-@ day Category 3 hurricane . The hurricane executed a slight curve to the northeast later that day , causing it to move inland over the Texas coast . Initially , the major hurricane was analyzed to have made landfall early on August 27 over Port Aransas with winds of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) , equivalent to a modern @-@ day Category 4 hurricane . However , an reanalysis was conducted on the system , and concluded that it had only attained Category 3 intensity before making landfall at 1200 UTC that day . The reanalysis moved the landfall point closer to Seadrift as well . At the time , the storm had maximum sustained winds confined within an area about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the hurricane 's center . The reanalysis also concluded that the storm contained a minimum central pressure of 963 millibars ( 28 @.@ 44 inHg ) at landfall . Once inland , the hurricane slowly weakened , but maintained hurricane intensity until 1200 UTC on August 28 . After further weakening to a tropical depression by 0000 UTC the next day , the disturbance dissipated over the Texas interior at 1800 UTC on August 29 . = = Preparations and impact = = Upon classification as a hurricane by the former United States Weather Bureau ( USWB ) on August 25 , a hurricane warning was issued for coastal areas between Corpus Christi and Brownsville , Texas , and between Galveston , Texas and Lake Charles , Louisiana . At the time , the storm was forecast to make landfall between Port O 'Connor and Freeport , Texas . However , all small craft offshore from the mouth of the Rio Grande and Burrwood , Louisiana were warned to remain in port or return to the coast . All other shipping in the western Gulf of Mexico were advised to exercise extreme caution . Despite having just formed , forecasters already suggested that it would be potentially the most destructive storm of the hurricane season thus far . As a result of the storm 's intensity and repeated warnings , thousands evacuated potentially affected coastal regions . In Freeport , Texas , 20 @,@ 000 people evacuated . Mustang Island was fully evacuated prior to the storm impacting land . Throughout the hurricane 's early developmental stages , reconnaissance flights were periodically made into the storm to gather data . Though situated on the opposite side of the Gulf of Mexico as Florida , tropical moisture extending from the hurricane caused torrential rainfall in the state . In St. Petersburg , the heavy rains set a 30 @-@ year record and flooded low @-@ lying areas . Inundated streets blocked traffic and delayed transit bus routes . In Booker and Salt Creeks , the floodwaters backed up sewage systems . Though there were no deaths as a result of the floods , two people were rescued by police after their house was surrounded by water . Telecommunications in the Tampa Bay Area were delayed for up to two hours due to damage sustained to communication lines as a result of the rains . Despite its nearby proximity , effects in Tampa , Florida were much less severe , with only small showers and gusts never exceeding 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) . Upon making landfall on the Texas coast late on August 27 , the hurricane caused a wide swath of destruction , and was considered one of the worst hurricanes to impact the state in at least 25 years . A 400 mi ( 645 km ) wide swath of land experienced moderate to severe impacts during the storm . Strong winds were reported in various locations , with a peak gust of 135 mph ( 215 km / h ) measured in Collegeport , Texas . At a weather station in Naval Air Station Corpus Christi , a wind gust of 101 mph ( 163 km / h ) was measured . Across Corpus Christi , the strong winds knocked down communication and power lines , causing widespread power outages . Thus , all local radio stations were off air for a period of time . However , power was quickly restored within an hour after cutoff . Winds within the city peaked at 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . Damage in the city was estimated to be below $ 100 @,@ 000 . Further south in Port Isabel , Texas , winds peaked at 76 mph ( 122 km / h ) . However , in nearby Brownsville , Texas , damage associated with the hurricane . In El Campo , Texas , strong winds blew the roof off of a local hospital . Thus , 30 patients were evacuated to hospitals in Wharton , Texas . Power in Wharton was temporarily knocked out for a short time . As the storm progressed further inland , additional damage was reported . In Bay City , Texas , gusts uprooted trees and scattered debris over the city streets . Heavy rains there inundated roads under as much as 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) of water . As a result , only one highway remained open . In Rockport , Texas , additional homes were unroofed , with damages estimated at $ 500 @,@ 000 . Offshore , the hurricane produced strong waves which caused coastal impacts . In Port Aransas , Texas , waves inundated roads to a depth of 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) . The strong waves later separated the port from the mainland , and destroyed or damage all buildings and structures there , causing an estimated $ 750 @,@ 000 in damage there . Power in Port Aransas was disrupted during the night of August 27 . At Aransas Pass , surf was as high as automotive running boards . At Port Lavaca , Texas , the tide rose up to 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) above normal , inundating the coastal city and forcing the coastline to retreat 50 ft ( 15 m ) from its initial position . At the time , the measured storm surge was only the third highest recorded in Texas history , behind peak measurements taken during the 1900 Galveston hurricane and 1919 Florida Keys hurricane . Damage estimates for Port Lavaca ranged from $ 750 @,@ 000 – $ 1 million . Offshore of Port Isabel , the strong waves capsized a fishing vessel , killing all two of its crew members . The hurricane 's slow movement parallel to the Texas coast resulted in torrential rainfall , peaking at 19 @.@ 6 in ( 500 mm ) near Hockley over a period of a little over three days . The excessive precipitation helped increase monthly rainfall amounts in the region to three times above average . Cotton and rice crops were badly damaged during the storm . The American Crop Growers Association estimated that up to 20 % of the rice crop was lost during the stom . Damage to unpicked cotton in the Corpus Christi area alone totaled to $ 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . In Houston , the heavy rains halted traffic and increased flood risk to property near the city 's bayous . Precipitation in the city peaked at 15 @.@ 65 in ( 398 mm ) in a 24 @-@ hour period . However , the Barker Dam prevented a large scale flooding event in the city . A gust of 55 mph ( 90 km / h ) collapsed a suburban residence , killing the occupant inside . Approximately 8 mi ( 13 km ) north @-@ northeast of Houston , a small tornado formed and traversed for 22 mi ( 35 km ) across the northern suburbs of the city , killing a person and causing 15 injuries . The tornado also had a path width of 75 yd ( 70 m ) , and damage to property was estimated at $ 35 @,@ 000 . Heavy rainfall from the storm was reported as far west as San Antonio , Texas . Overall , the hurricane caused $ 20 @.@ 1 million in damages , with $ 14 million attributable to agricultural losses , $ 5 @.@ 883 million to infrastructural damage , and $ 250 @,@ 000 to cattle and poultry losses . Despite the large swath of devastation , only three people were killed due to the extensive precautionary measures taken before the storm . After the hurricane passed , the American Red Cross and other relief agencies began to survey damage and assist in repair and rehabilitation activities . Red Cross personnel in the central coastal area assisted 15 @,@ 000 refugees with food and care necessities . Robert Edison , then @-@ director of the Midwest sector of the agency , requested 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 m ) of lumber and 52 tons ( 47 tonnes ) of steel . The Salvation Army , stationed in Houston , issued an appeal for clothing materials . State health department and agency crews were dispatched to check water and other sanitation facilities .
= Bruce Castle = Bruce Castle ( formerly the Lordship House ) is a Grade I listed 16th @-@ century manor house in Lordship Lane , Tottenham , London . It is named after the House of Bruce who formerly owned the land on which it is built . Believed to stand on the site of an earlier building , about which little is known , the current house is one of the oldest surviving English brick houses . It was remodelled in the 17th , 18th and 19th centuries . The house has been home to Sir William Compton , the Barons Coleraine and Sir Rowland Hill , among others . After serving as a school during the 19th century , when a large extension was built to the west , it was converted into a museum exploring the history of the areas now constituting London Borough of Haringey and , on the strength of its connection with Sir Rowland Hill , the history of the Royal Mail . The building also houses the archives of the London Borough of Haringey . Since 1892 the grounds have been a public park , Tottenham 's oldest . = = Origins of the name = = The name Bruce Castle is derived from the House of Bruce , who had historically owned a third of the manor of Tottenham . However , there was no castle in the area , and it is unlikely that the family lived nearby . Upon his accession to the Scottish throne in 1306 , Robert I of Scotland forfeited his lands in England , including the Bruce holdings in Tottenham , ending the connection between the Bruce family and the area . The former Bruce land in Tottenham was granted to Richard Spigurnell and Thomas Hethe . The three parts of the manor of Tottenham were united in the early 15th century under the Gedeney family and have remained united since . In all early records , the building is referred to as the Lordship House . The name Bruce Castle first appears to have been adopted by Henry Hare , 2nd Baron Coleraine ( 1635 – 1708 ) , although Daniel Lysons speculates in The Environs of London ( 1795 ) the name 's use dates to the late 13th century . = = Architecture = = A detached , cylindrical Tudor tower stands immediately to the southeast of the house , and is generally considered to be the earliest part of the building ; however , Lysons believes it to have been a later addition . The tower is built of local red brick , and is 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) tall , with walls 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) thick . In 2006 , excavations revealed that it continues for some distance below the current ground level . It was described in 1829 as being over a deep well , and being used as a dairy . Sources disagree on the house 's initial construction date , and no records survive of its construction . There is some archaeological evidence dating parts of the building to the 15th century ; William Robinson 's History and Antiquities of the Parish of Tottenham ( 1840 ) suggests a date of about 1514 , although the Royal Commission on Historic Monuments attributes it to the late 16th century . Nikolaus Pevsner speculates the front may have formed part of a courtyard house of which the remainder has disappeared . The Grade I mansion 's principal facade has been substantially remodelled . The house is made of red brick with ashlar quoining and the principal facade , terminated by symmetrical matching bays , has tall paned windows . The house and detached tower are among the earliest uses of brick as the principal building material for an English house . Henry Hare , 2nd Baron Coleraine ( 1635 – 1708 ) oversaw a substantial remodelling of the house in 1684 , and much of the existing south facade dates from that time . The end bays were heightened , and the central porch was rebuilt with stone quoins and pilasters , a balustraded top and a small tower and cupola . A plan from 1684 shows the hall in the house 's centre , with service rooms to the west and the main parlour to the east . On the first floor , the dining room was over the hall , the main bedchamber over the kitchen , and a lady 's chamber over the porch . In the early 18th century Henry Hare , 3rd Baron Coleraine ( 1694 – 1749 ) oversaw a remodelling of the north of the house , that added a range of rooms to the north and the Coleraine coat of arms to the pediment of the north facade . In the late 18th century , under the ownership of James Townsend , the narrow east facade of the house was remodelled into an entrance front , and given the appearance of a typical Georgian house . At the same time , the south front 's gabled attics were removed , giving the house 's southern elevation its current appearance . An inventory of the house made in 1789 in preparation for its sale listed a hall , saloon , drawing room , dining room and breakfast parlour on the ground floor , with a library and billiard room on the first floor . In the early 19th century , the house 's west wing was demolished , leaving it with the asymmetrical appearance it retains today . The house was converted into a school , and in 1870 a three @-@ story extension was built in the Gothic Revival style to the northwest of the house . The 2006 excavations by the Museum of London uncovered the chalk foundations of an earlier building on the site , of which nothing is known . Court rolls of 1742 refer to the repair of a drawbridge , implying that the building then had a moat . A 1911 archaeological journal made passing reference to " the recent levelling of the moat " . = = Early residents = = It is generally believed the house 's first owner was Sir William Compton , Groom of the Stool to Henry VIII and one of the period 's prominent courtiers , who acquired the manor of Tottenham in 1514 . However , there is no evidence of Compton 's living in the house , and there is some evidence the building dates to a later period . The earliest known reference to the building dates from 1516 , when Henry VIII met his sister Margaret , Queen of Scots , at " Maister Compton 's House beside Tottenham " . The Comptons owned the building throughout the 16th century , but few records of the family or the building survive . In the early 17th century , Richard Sackville , 3rd Earl of Dorset and Lady Anne Clifford owned the house . Sackville ran up high debts through gambling and extravagant spending ; the house ( then still called " The Lordship House " ) was leased to Thomas Peniston . Peniston 's wife , Martha , daughter of Sir Thomas Temple was said to be the Earl of Dorset 's mistress . The house was later sold to wealthy Norfolk landowner Hugh Hare . = = 17th century : the Hare family = = = = = Hugh Hare , 1st Baron Coleraine = = = Hugh Hare ( 1606 – 1667 ) had inherited a large amount of money from his great @-@ uncle Sir Nicholas Hare , Master of the Rolls . On the death of his father , his mother had remarried Henry Montagu , 1st Earl of Manchester , allowing the young Hugh Hare to rise rapidly in Court and social circles . He married Montagu 's daughter by his first marriage and purchased the manor of Tottenham , including the Lordship House , in 1625 , and was ennobled as Baron Coleraine shortly thereafter . As he was closely associated with the court of Charles I , Hare 's fortunes went into decline during the English Civil War . His castle at Longford and his house in Totteridge were seized by Parliamentary forces , and returned upon the Restoration in a severe state of disrepair . Records of Tottenham from the period are now lost , and the ownership and condition of the Lordship House during the Commonwealth of England are unknown . Hugh Hare died at his home in Totteridge in 1667 , having choked to death on a bone eating turkey while laughing and drinking , and was succeeded by his son Henry Hare , 2nd Baron Coleraine . = = = Henry Hare , 2nd Baron Coleraine = = = Henry Hare ( 1635 – 1708 ) settled at the Lordship House , renaming it Bruce Castle in honour of the area 's historic connection with the House of Bruce . Hare was a noted historian and author of the first history of Tottenham . He grew up at the Hare family house at Totteridge , and it is not known when he moved to Tottenham . At the time of the birth of his first child , Hugh , in 1668 , the family were still living in Totteridge , while by the time of the death of his first wife Constantia , in 1680 , the family were living in Bruce Castle . According to Hare , Constantia was buried in All Hallows Church in Tottenham . However , the parish register for the period is complete and makes no mention of her death or burial . Following the death of Constantia , Hare married Sarah Alston . They had been engaged in 1661 , but she had instead married John Seymour , 4th Duke of Somerset . There is evidence that during Sarah 's marriage to Seymour and Hare 's marriage to Constantia , a close relationship was sustained between them . The house was substantially remodelled in 1684 , following Henry Hare 's marriage to the dowager Duchess of Somerset , and much of the existing south facade dates from this time . The facade 's dominating feature is a central tower with a belvedere , a motif of the English Renaissance of the late 16th / early 17th centuries ( the Compton family 's Warwickshire home Castle Ashby was also given Renaissance features during the 17th century ) . Hatfield House , also close to London , had a similar central tower constructed in 1611 , as does Blickling Hall in Norfolk , built circa 1616 . However , in resemblance the house appears to favour the style of Burton Agnes Hall constructed between 1601 and 1610 . = = = = The Ghostly Lady of Bruce Castle = = = = Although sources such as Pegram speculate that Constantia committed suicide in the face of a continued relationship between Hare and the Duchess of Somerset , little is known about her life and the circumstances of her early death , and her ghost reputedly haunts the castle . The earliest recorded reference to the ghost appeared in 1858 — almost two hundred years after her death — in the Tottenham & Edmonton Advertiser . A lady of our acquaintance was introduced at a party to an Indian Officer who , hearing that she came from Tottenham , eagerly asked if she had seen the Ghostly Lady of Bruce Castle . Some years before he had been told the following story by a brother officer when encamped on a march in India . One of the Lords Coleraine had married a beautiful lady and while she was yet in her youth had been seized with a violent hatred against her — whether from jealousy or not is not known . He first confined her to the upper part of the house and subsequently still more closely to the little rooms of the clock turret . These rooms looked on the balconies : the lady one night succeeded in forcing her way out and flung herself with child in arms from the parapet . The wild despairing shriek aroused the household only to find her and her infant in death 's clutches below . Every year as the fearful night comes round ( it is in November ) the wild form can be seen as she stood on the fatal parapet , and her despairing cry is heard floating away on the autumnal blast . The legend has now been largely forgotten , and there have been no reported sightings of the ghost in recent times . = = Residents in the 18th century = = Sarah Hare died in 1692 and was buried in Westminster Abbey , and Hare in 1708 , to be succeeded by his grandson Henry Hare , 3rd Baron Coleraine . Henry Hare was a leading antiquary , residing only briefly at Bruce Castle between lengthy tours of Europe . The house was remodelled again under the 3rd Baron Coleraine 's ownership . An extra range of rooms was added to the north , and the pediment of the north front ornamented with a large coat of the Coleraine arms . Hare 's marriage was not consummated , and following an affair with a French woman , Rosa du Plessis , du Plessis bore him his only child , a daughter named Henrietta Rosa Peregrina , born in France in 1745 . Hare died in 1749 leaving his estates to the four @-@ year @-@ old Henrietta , but her claim was rejected owing to her French nationality . After many years of legal challenges , the estates , including Bruce Castle , were granted to her husband James Townsend , whom she had married at age 18 . James Townsend was a leading citizen of the day . He served as a magistrate , was Member of Parliament for West Looe , and in 1772 became Lord Mayor of London , while Henrietta was a prominent artist , many of whose engravings of 18th @-@ century Tottenham survive in the Bruce Castle Museum . After 1764 , under the ownership of James Townsend , the house was remodelled again . The narrow east front was remodelled into an entrance front , and given the appearance of a typical Georgian house , while the gabled attics on the south front were removed , giving the south facade the appearance it has today . James and Henrietta Townsend 's son , Henry Hare Townsend , showed little interest in the area or in the traditional role of the Lord of the Manor . After leasing the house to a succession of tenants , the house and grounds were sold in 1792 to Thomas Smith of Gray 's Inn as a country residence . = = John Eardley Wilmot = = John Eardley Wilmot ( c . 1749 – 23 June 1815 ) was Member of Parliament for Tiverton ( 1776 – 1784 ) and Coventry ( 1784 – 1796 ) , and in 1783 led the Parliamentary Commission investigating the events that led to the American Revolution . He also led the processing of compensation claims , and the supply of basic housing and provisions , for the 60 @,@ 000 Loyalist refugees who arrived in England after the independence of the United States . Following the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789 , a second wave of refugees arrived in England . Although the British government did not offer them organised relief , Wilmot , in association with William Wilberforce , Edmund Burke and George Nugent @-@ Temple @-@ Grenville , 1st Marquess of Buckingham , founded " Wilmot 's Committee " , which raised funds to provide accommodation and food , and found employment for refugees from France , large numbers of whom settled in the Tottenham area . In 1804 , Wilmot retired from public life and moved to Bruce Castle to write his memoirs of the American Revolution and his role in the investigations of its causes and consequences . They were published shortly before his death in 1815 . After Wilmot 's death , London merchant John Ede purchased the house and its grounds , and demolished the building 's west wing . It was never rebuilt , resulting in the current skewed shape of the building . In 1827 , Ede sold the house and grounds to Worcestershire educationalist Rowland Hill , for use as a school . = = The Hill School = = Hill and his brothers had taken over the management of their father 's school in Birmingham in 1819 , which opened a branch at Bruce Castle in 1827 , with Rowland Hill as Headmaster . The school was run along radical lines inspired by Hill 's friends Thomas Paine , Richard Price and Joseph Priestley ; all teaching was on the principle that the teacher 's role is to instill the desire to learn , not to impart facts , corporal punishment was abolished and alleged transgressions were tried by a court of pupils , while the school taught a radical ( for the time ) curriculum including foreign languages , science and engineering . Among other pupils , the school taught the sons of many London @-@ based diplomats , particularly from the newly independent nations of South America , and the sons of computing pioneer Charles Babbage . In 1839 Rowland Hill , who had written an influential proposal on postal reform , was appointed as head of the General Post Office ( where he introduced the world 's first postage stamps ) , leaving the school in the hands of his younger brother Arthur Hill . Arthur retired in 1868 , leaving the school in the hands of his son Birkbeck Hill . During the period of the School 's operation , the character of the area had changed beyond recognition . Historically , Tottenham had consisted of four villages on Ermine Street ( later the A10 road ) , surrounded by marshland and farmland . The construction of the Northern and Eastern Railway in 1840 , with stations at Tottenham Hale and Marsh Lane ( later Northumberland Park ) , made commuting from Tottenham to central London feasible for the first time ( albeit by a circuitous eight @-@ mile route via Stratford , more than double the distance of the direct road route ) , as well as providing direct connections to the Port of London . In 1872 the Great Eastern Railway opened a direct line from Enfield to Liverpool Street station , including a station at Bruce Grove , close to Bruce Castle ; the railway provided subsidised workmen 's fares to allow poor commuters to live in Tottenham and commute to work in central London . As a major rail hub , Tottenham grew into a significant residential and industrial area ; by the end of the 19th century , the only remaining undeveloped areas were the grounds of Bruce Castle itself , and the waterlogged floodplains of the River Lea at Tottenham Marshes and of the River Moselle at Broadwater Farm . In 1877 Birkbeck Hill retired from the post of headmaster , ending his family 's association with the school . The school closed in 1891 , and Tottenham Council purchased the house and grounds . The grounds of the house were opened to the public as Bruce Castle Park in June 1892 , the first public park in Tottenham . The house opened to the public as Bruce Castle Museum in 1906 . = = = Heraud 's Tottenham = = = Bruce Castle was among the buildings mentioned in John Abraham Heraud 's 1820 Spenserian epic , Tottenham , a romantic depiction of the life of Robert the Bruce : Lovely is moonlight to the poet 's eye , That in a tide of beauty bathes the skies , Filling the balmy air with purity , Silent and lone , and on the greensward dies — But when on ye her heavenly slumber lies , TOWERS OF BRUS ! ' tis more than lovely then . — For such sublime associations rise , That to young fancy 's visionary ken , 'Tis like a maniac 's dream — fitful and still again . = = Present day = = Bruce Castle is now a museum , holding the archives of the London Borough of Haringey , and housing a permanent exhibition on the past , present and future of Haringey and its predecessor boroughs , and temporary displays on the history of the area . Other exhibits include an exhibition on Rowland Hill and postal history , a significant collection of early photography , a collection of historic manorial documents and court rolls related to the area , and one of the few copies available for public reading of the Spurs Opus , the complete history of Tottenham Hotspur . In 1949 , the building was Grade I listed ; the round tower was separately Grade I listed at the same time , and the 17th @-@ century southern and western boundary walls of the park were Grade II listed in 1974 . In 1969 the castle became home to the regimental museum of the Middlesex Regiment whose collection was subsequently transferred to the National Army Museum . In July 2006 a major community archaeological dig was organised in the grounds by the Museum of London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre , as part of the centenary celebrations of the opening of Bruce Castle Museum , in which large numbers of local youths took part . As well as large quantities of discarded everyday objects , the chalk foundations of what appears to be an earlier house on the site were discovered . In 2012 the public grounds at Bruce Castle were used for PARK ART in Haringey , part of the borough ’ s cultural Olympiad offer for 2012 . Up Projects , in partnership with Haringey Council and funded by Arts Council England , commissioned Ben Long to create " Lion Scaffolding Sculpture " , a nine @-@ metre tall classical lion on a plinth that was constructed from builder 's scaffolding . The monumental sculpture , created for the front lawn of Bruce Castle Museum , referenced the traditional archetype of the regal lion commonly found in the grounds of stately homes , but also the heraldic emblem of Robert the Bruce , therefore reflecting on the heritage of the building . Build in situ over four weeks , the fabrication became a durational performance , highlighting the role that work and labour play in the development of any artistic or creative pursuit .
= A6 ( Croatia ) = The A6 motorway ( Croatian : Autocesta A6 ) is a motorway in Croatia spanning 80 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 49 @.@ 8 mi ) . It connects the nation 's capital , Zagreb , via the A1 , to the seaport of Rijeka . The motorway forms a major north – south transportation corridor in Croatia and is a part of European route E65 Nagykanizsa – Zagreb – Rijeka – Zadar – Split – Dubrovnik – Podgorica . The A6 motorway route also follows Pan @-@ European corridor Vb . The A6 motorway runs near a number of Croatian cities , provides access to Risnjak National Park and indirectly to numerous resorts , notably in the Istria and Kvarner Gulf regions . The motorway route was completed in 2008 . The motorway is nationally significant because of its positive economic impact on the cities and towns it connects , and because of its contribution to tourism in Croatia . The importance of the motorway as a transit route will be further increased upon completion of a proposed expansion of the Port of Rijeka and Rijeka transport node . The motorway consists of two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each driving direction separated by a central reservation . Sections of the motorway that have a gradient greater than 4 % are divided into three lanes to prevent traffic problems caused by slower vehicles . These sections have no emergency lanes . Similarly , there are no emergency lanes in the tunnels . All intersections of the A6 motorway are grade separated . As the route traverses rugged mountains it requires numerous long bridges , viaducts , tunnels , and other structures . As of 2010 there are nine exits and three rest areas situated along the route . The majority of the motorway is a ticket system toll road with pricing tied to vehicle classification . Each exit between Grobnik mainline toll plaza and Bosiljevo 2 interchage has a toll plaza . No toll is charged at Bosiljevo 2 where the traffic switches to the A1 motorway ; traffic is tolled upon leaving the A1 motorway . Exits between the mainline toll plaza and Orehovica interchange have no toll plazas , as that part of the A6 route is not tolled . A motorway connecting Zagreb and Rijeka was originally designed in the early 1970s , and construction started north of Rijeka and south of Zagreb . The first section , between Rijeka and Kikovica , opened on September 9 , 1972 , and a Zagreb – Karlovac section followed on December 29 , 1972 . Those sections were the first modern motorways to be built in Croatia and Yugoslavia . Due to political upheavals in Croatia and Yugoslavia , construction of the motorway was labeled a " nationalist project " and , along with the proposed Zagreb – Split motorway , was cancelled in 1971 . After the Croatian War of Independence , efforts to build the motorway were renewed and construction resumed in 1996 . In 2004 , a two @-@ lane , single carriageway expressway was completed between the sections completed 25 years previously , and the second carriageway was built ; the motorway was completed on October 22 , 2008 . Construction costs are estimated at 661 @.@ 5 million euro . Although Hrvatske autoceste normally designs , builds , and operates motorways in Croatia , the A6 motorway is operated and maintained by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb . = = Route description = = The A6 motorway is a significant north – south motorway in Croatia connecting the largest seaport of the country , Rijeka , to its hinterland and to the rest of the Croatian motorway network via the A1 motorway Bosiljevo 2 interchange . The motorway follows a route through the Gorski Kotar region . Part of the road network of Croatia , the motorway is also part of European route E65 Nagykanizsa – Zagreb – Rijeka – Zadar – Split – Dubrovnik – Podgorica . The motorway is of major importance to Croatia in terms of development of the economy ; it is especially important for tourism and as a transit transport route . The road serves tourist resorts in Istria and the Kvarner Gulf islands . Because of the link formed between Zagreb and Rijeka , tourism @-@ related traffic originating from the countries neighbouring Croatia to the north flows via this road to the Adriatic coast on the south . The road also serves tourists originating in the northern inland areas of Croatia . The A6 route predominantly follows an east – west orientation , but the motorway is locally regarded as a north – south communication . The ultimate importance of the motorway as a transit route shall be achieved upon completion of the proposed expansion of Port of Rijeka and the Rijeka transport node . The expansion is planned to encompass an enhancement of the cargo handling capacity of the Port of Rijeka ; improved railroad links ; and a new Rijeka bypass motorway linking the A6 , via a new interchange , with the present routes of the A7 and A8 motorways . One of the aims of the project is to increase traffic along the A6 route . As of the June 1997 Pan @-@ European Transport Conference in Helsinki , the motorway is a part of the Pan @-@ European corridor Vb . The motorway spans 80 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 49 @.@ 8 mi ) between Bosiljevo 2 interchange and Rijeka – Orehovica interchange on the A7 motorway . The route serves Vrbovsko via the D42 , Delnice via the D3 , Crikvenica and Krk via the D501 , and Bakar via the D40 state road . The route is complete and further development of the motorway includes only the construction of additional rest areas . The A6 motorway consists of at least two traffic lanes and an emergency lane in each driving direction along its entire length , except in tunnels , where there are emergency bays instead . Sections of the A6 motorway steeper than 4 % grade have three traffic lanes , and slow vehicles are restricted to driving in the rightmost lane . All of the interchanges are trumpet interchanges . There are a number of rest areas along the motorway providing various types of services ranging from simple parking spaces and restrooms to filling stations , restaurants , and hotels . As of October 2010 , the motorway has nine interchanges providing access to numerous towns and cities and the Croatian state road network . The motorway is operated by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb . An automatic traffic monitoring and guidance system is in place along the motorway . It consists of measuring , control , and signalling devices , located in zones where driving conditions may vary — at interchanges , near viaducts , bridges , tunnels , and in zones where fog and strong wind are known to occur . The system comprises variable traffic signs used to communicate changing driving conditions , possible restrictions , and other information to motorway users . The A6 motorway mainly runs through the mountainous Gorski Kotar region , requiring not only large bridges and viaducts and long tunnels along the route , but also special care must be paid to protection of the environment , as the route is located in karst terrain , with numerous water supply protection zones and significant natural heritage . Risnjak National Park is located near the A6 route , and is accessed via the Delnice interchange . Due to the motorway access and its proximity to a number of seaside resorts , Risnjak is the most visited national park in Croatia . Karst terrain is especially susceptible to water pollution , so the A6 motorway is equipped with a closed water drainage system designed to channel rainwater , meltwater , and any spillages to purpose @-@ built processing facilities . Approximately 200 karst features — caves and other types of karst features — were observed and protected during construction of the motorway . An extraordinary example of this was a cavern 83 m ( 272 ft ) long by 63 m ( 207 ft ) wide and 45 m ( 148 ft ) tall , found during execution of the 260 m ( 850 ft ) long Vrata Tunnel . The cavern was bridged by one of the tunnel tubes , which was sealed to protect the cavern and the water flowing through it . = = Toll = = The A6 is a tolled motorway based on the vehicle classification in Croatia using a closed toll system integrated with the A1 motorway . The two roads connect at the Bosiljevo 2 interchange , forming a unified toll system . Since the A1 motorway is operated jointly by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb and Hrvatske autoceste , the toll collection system is operated jointly by the two operators . As of October 2010 , the toll charged along the A6 route between Bosiljevo 2 interchange ( A1 Bosiljevo exit ) and the Kikovica mainline toll plaza varies depending on the length of route travelled and ranges from 6 @.@ 00 kuna ( 0 @.@ 82 euros ) to 33 @.@ 00 kuna ( 4 @.@ 52 euros ) for passenger cars and 25 @.@ 00 kuna ( 3 @.@ 42 euro ) to 139 @.@ 00 kuna ( 19 @.@ 04 euro ) for semi @-@ trailer trucks . The toll is payable in either Croatian kuna or euros and by major credit cards and debit cards . A number of prepaid toll collection systems are also used , including various types of smart cards issued by the motorway operator and ENC — an electronic toll collection ( ETC ) system which is shared by most motorways in Croatia and provides drivers with discounted toll rates for dedicated lanes at toll plazas . The toll collected by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb for use of the A6 motorway is not reported separately . Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb only reports it total toll revenue , including toll revenue collected on the A7 motorway ( Rupa – Jurdani section ) and the A1 motorway ( Lučko – Bosiljevo 2 section ) as well as on the Krk Bridge . In the first half of the 2010 their toll revenue was 188 @.@ 2 million Croatian kuna ( 25 @.@ 3 million euros ) . = = Notable structures = = As the A6 motorway route runs through mountainous terrain of Gorski Kotar , it comprises a substantial number of major structures — bridges , viaducts , tunnels , underpasses , flyovers , and culverts . Out of the total length of the Rijeka – Zagreb motorway of 146 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 91 @.@ 0 mi ) , 22 @.@ 1 kilometres ( 13 @.@ 7 mi ) are situated within such structures . The northern part of the Rijeka – Zagreb motorway , designated as the A1 motorway , comprising 38 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 24 @.@ 0 mi ) between Zagreb and Karlovac , contains only 572 metres ( 1 @,@ 877 ft ) of such structures as the section is situated in a plain . The 11 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 1 mi ) between Karlovac and Bosiljevo 2 interchanges , contains as much as 4 @,@ 036 metres ( 13 @,@ 241 ft ) of the structures . Thus the A6 motorway has 17 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 10 @.@ 9 mi ) , or 21 % of the route , located within such structures . The Rijeka – Zagreb motorway has a total of 24 viaducts , 13 tunnels , 5 bridges , 45 underpasses , and 26 flyovers . All of the bridges , viaducts , and tunnels on the A6 motorway have at least two driving lanes in each direction . The longest tunnel on the A6 motorway route is the 2 @,@ 143 @-@ metre ( 7 @,@ 031 ft ) Tuhobić Tunnel , located on the Oštrovica – Vrata section . The tunnel was initially opened as a single @-@ tube tunnel in 1996 . The second tunnel tube was excavated in August 2007 and opened to traffic in 2008 . The European Tunnel Assessment Programme ( EuroTAP ) , a tunnel safety assessment programme supported by the European Commission , coordinated by FIA and led by the German motoring club ADAC , tested Tuhobić Tunnel twice — once in 2004 , when it achieved poor results , and again in 2009 after implementation of EuroTAP safety recommendations . The 2009 test ranked the tunnel as the second safest in Europe . An unusual feature associated with the A6 tunnels is the close proximity of the 1 @,@ 490 @-@ metre ( 4 @,@ 890 ft ) Javorova Kosa and the 610 @-@ metre ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) Podvugleš tunnels — they are separated by less than 60 metres ( 200 ft ) of road . In order to prevent abrupt changes in road conditions caused by the weather , the distance between the tunnels is covered by translucent roofing . The tunnels are located on the Vrbovsko – Ravna Gora section . Other significant tunnels on the A6 motorway are the 1 @,@ 130 @-@ metre ( 3 @,@ 710 ft ) Veliki Gložac and Vrata tunnels . While the former , as with all the other tunnels mentioned , is significant due to its length , the latter is notable for the large cavern encountered during its excavation . The most significant bridges and viaducts on the A6 motorway route are the 485 @-@ metre ( 1 @,@ 591 ft ) Bajer Bridge spanning Lake Bajer near Fužine , on the Vrata – Oštrovica section , and the Zečeve Drage and Severinske Drage viaducts . The two viaducts are 924 metres ( 3 @,@ 031 ft ) and 725 metres ( 2 @,@ 379 ft ) long respectively . The remaining viaducts on the motorway that are longer than 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) are Hreljin and Golubinjak viaducts . = = History = = Transport links between Rijeka and Zagreb have always been of substantial importance because of the transport requirements of the Port of Rijeka . This was first recognised by the Habsburg Empire in 1728 , when the Carolina road was completed , and again in 1780 when the road was modernized . The original Rijeka – Zagreb road was replaced in 1811 by a new route , the Louisiana road , in order to avoid the steep sections of its predecessor . The new road remained the primary transport link to Rijeka until 1873 , when the first railroad to the city was built . Further development of the port and industry in Rijeka and Zagreb required a more efficient road , which was built in 1954 . That road was to remain the principal road transport link between the two cities for decades . Zagreb – Rijeka motorway , of which the A6 motorway is a part , was one of three routes defined in 1971 as priority transport routes of Yugoslavia that were to be developed as motorways . The first section of the A6 motorway , between Orehovica and Kikovica , was 10 @.@ 5 km ( 6 @.@ 5 mi ) long and opened on September 9 , 1972 . The section was also the first six @-@ lane motorway built in Yugoslavia . The 39 @.@ 3 @-@ kilometre ( 24 @.@ 4 mi ) long Zagreb – Karlovac section , now designated the A1 motorway , was completed on December 29 , 1972 . Further construction was suspended for the following 25 years , as a political decision had been made by the Yugoslav leadership to withdraw funding for the construction . The funds were instead allocated to the construction of a motorway that would travel between Ljubljana , Zagreb , Belgrade , and Skopje , then known as the Brotherhood and Unity Highway . The Croatian section of the highway later became the A3 motorway . After the breakup of Yugoslavia , construction of the Rijeka – Zagreb motorway was still on hold due to the Croatian War of Independence , and no further construction took place until 1996 . The sole exception to the 25 @-@ year @-@ long hiatus was the 7 @.@ 25 @-@ kilometre ( 4 @.@ 50 mi ) long Kikovica – Oštrovica section , which was originally executed as an expressway and opened in 1982 . In 1996 , construction of the A6 motorway resumed , and in 1997 , a further 30 km ( 19 mi ) of expressway between Oštrovica and Kupjak was completed . In December 1997 , the government of the Republic of Croatia founded the Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb company and tasked it with operating the completed sections of motorway and the construction of the remainder of the route . The new motorway operator resumed construction in three stages . During the first stage , 60 @.@ 18 km ( 37 @.@ 39 mi ) of expressway between Kupjak and Karlovac were completed by the end of June 2004 , comprising 60 @.@ 18 kilometres ( 37 @.@ 39 mi ) of motorway and semi @-@ motorway . In the second stage , the expressway was upgraded to a full motorway by the end of October 2008 . This stage required additional construction along 55 @.@ 57 kilometres ( 34 @.@ 53 mi ) of the route . The upgraded motorway was officially opened on October 22 , 2008 , by Prime Minister Ivo Sanader at a ceremony held at the southern portal of Tuhobić Tunnel . The opening ceremony coincided with opening of a new bridge over the river Mura on the border between Croatia and Hungary , connecting the A4 to the Hungarian M7 motorway . Thus the route spanning Budapest – Zagreb – Rijeka was completed as a modern motorway . Construction costs incurred are estimated at 661 @.@ 5 million euros . Even though Hrvatske autoceste normally develops motorways in Croatia , the A6 motorway is operated and maintained by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb . = = Traffic volume = = Traffic is regularly counted by means of a traffic census at toll stations and reported by Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb , the operator of the motorway , and published by Hrvatske ceste . The reported traffic volume exhibits no significant variations as the motorway chainage increases , and as it passes by various major destinations and the interchanges that serve them , except at the Vrata interchange , where traffic to and from Krk Island , Crikvenica , and Novi Vinodolski flows . The greatest volume of traffic is registered between Delnice and Vrata interchanges — with a 12 @,@ 600 @-@ vehicle annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) , and a 21 @,@ 150 @-@ vehicle average summer daily traffic ( ASDT ) figure . Sections south of Kikovica interchange likely carry substantial traffic volume as they serve Rijeka commuter traffic as well as the volume registered between the Oštrovica and Kikovica interchanges . However , no traffic volume figures are published for those sections , since motorway traffic is counted by means of toll ticket sales analyses , and the sections south of Kikovica interchange are not tolled . Substantial variations observed between AADT and ASDT are normally attributed to the fact that the motorway carries significant tourist traffic to Istria and Kvarner Gulf . The seasonal increase in traffic volume ranges from 41 % on the Oštrovica – Kikovica section to 69 % as measured on the Bosiljevo 2 – Vrbovsko section . The average summer @-@ season traffic volume increase on the motorway is 65 % . = = Rest areas = = As of October 2010 , there are four rest areas operating along the A6 motorway , as a new rest area opened on October 9 , 2010 next to the western portal of Tuhobić Tunnel on the Vrata – Oštrovica section of the route . Applicable legislation provides for four types of rest areas designated as types A through D : A @-@ type rest areas comprise a full range of amenities including a filling station , a restaurant and a hotel or a motel ; B @-@ type rest areas have no lodging ; C @-@ type rest areas are very common and include a filling station and a café , but no restaurants or accommodations ; and D @-@ type rest areas offer parking spaces only , with possibly some picnic tables , benches , and restrooms . Even though the rest areas found along the A6 motorway generally follow this ranking system , there are considerable variations , as some of them offer extra services . The most notable example is Lepenica rest area — even though it has no restaurant and therefore falls below B @-@ type rest area standard , there is , for instance , an RV park available . The filling stations typically have small convenience stores and some of them offer LPG fuel . As of October 2010 , all of the rest areas found along the A6 motorway comply with C @-@ type rest area standards or above . The primary motorway operator , Autocesta Rijeka – Zagreb , leases the rest areas to various operators through public tenders . As of October 2010 , there are three such rest area operators on the A1 motorway : INA , OMV and Tifon . The rest area operators are not permitted to sub @-@ lease the fuel operations ; the Tifon @-@ operated rest area has a restaurant and a hotel operated by Marché , a Mövenpick Hotels & Resorts subsidiary , but they are also penalized if some facilities required by the lease contract are not operating . All of the A6 motorway rest areas , except Ravna Gora , are accessible from one of the directions of the motorway traffic only . The rest areas normally operate 24 hours a day , seven days a week . = = Exit list = =
= CM Punk = Phillip Jack " Phil " Brooks ( born October 26 , 1978 ) , also known by the ring name CM Punk , is an American comic book writer , actor , upcoming mixed martial artist and retired professional wrestler who is signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . He is perhaps best known for his time in WWE , where he was the longest @-@ reigning WWE Champion of the " modern era , " having held the title for 434 days from November 20 , 2011 to January 27 , 2013 . His reign is officially recognized as the sixth longest of all time , as well as the longest since 1988 . Brooks began his professional wrestling career on the American independent circuit , primarily with Ring of Honor ( ROH ) until 2005 when he signed with World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . He is a seven @-@ time world champion in professional wrestling , having won the WWE Championship twice , WWE 's World Heavyweight Championship three times , and the ECW and ROH World Championships once each . Along with Daniel Bryan and Seth Rollins , he is one of three men to have been world champion in both WWE and ROH . Punk is also a one @-@ time World Tag Team Champion ( with Kofi Kingston ) , and one @-@ time Intercontinental Champion , making him the 19th WWE Triple Crown Champion and the fastest man in WWE history to achieve this feat , doing so in 203 days . In addition , he was the 2011 WWE Superstar of the Year and the first two @-@ time Money in the Bank winner . Throughout his career , Punk consistently portrayed the character of an outspoken , sharp @-@ tongued , anti @-@ establishment , straight edge iconoclast . Most of the straight edge principles he portrayed , such as not drinking alcohol or not taking recreational drugs , are his real life views . Depending on his alignment as a hero or villain , he emphasized different aspects of the straight edge culture to garner the desired audience reaction . = = Early life = = Brooks was born in Chicago , Illinois and raised in nearby Lockport , Illinois . He was one of five children ; his father was an engineer , while his mother was a homemaker . He attended Lockport Township High School . = = Professional wrestling career = = = = = Early career ( 1999 – 2000 ) = = = Punk 's first venture into wrestling was a stint in a backyard wrestling federation called the Lunatic Wrestling Federation with his friends and brother Mike Brooks in the mid @-@ late 1990s . He first started using the ring name CM Punk when he was put into a tag team named The Chick Magnets with CM Venom after another performer skipped out on the card . Unlike his friends , Punk genuinely wanted to be a wrestler and saw it as more than simple fun . When the promotion started taking off , doing spot shows out of a warehouse in Mokena , Illinois , Punk found out that his brother Mike had embezzled thousands of dollars from the small company , causing them to become estranged . They have not spoken since . He soon left the federation and enrolled as a student at the " Steel Dominion " wrestling school in Chicago , where he was trained by Ace Steel , Danny Dominion and Kevin Quinn to become a professional wrestler . As part of the training , he wrestled at Steel Domain Wrestling in St. Paul , Minnesota . It was in the Steel Domain that he met Scott Colton , who soon adopted the stage name Colt Cabana . Punk and Cabana became best friends and spent most of their early career together working in the same independent circuit promotions , as opponents or allies . In the independents , along with fellow Steel Domain graduates Colt Cabana , Chuckee Smooth , Adam Pearce , and manager Dave Prazak , Punk formed an alliance named the Gold Bond Mafia . = = = IWA Mid @-@ South and Pro Wrestling Zero @-@ One ( 2000 – 2005 ) = = = Punk 's home promotion for his early career was considered to be Independent Wrestling Association Mid @-@ South ( IWA Mid @-@ South ) . During Punk 's time in IWA : Mid @-@ South , he had high profile feuds with Colt Cabana and Chris Hero while also rising to the top of the roster winning the IWA Mid @-@ South Light Heavyweight Championship twice and the IWA Mid @-@ South Heavyweight Championship on five separate occasions , beating stars like A.J. Styles , Cabana and even Eddie Guerrero for that Championship . Punk 's feud with Hero included a 55 @-@ minute TLC match , a 93 @-@ minute two out of three falls match , and several 60 @-@ minute time limit draws . Punk 's matches with Cabana led him to being hired by the Ring of Honor promotion . From February 2003 until May 2004 , Punk refused to wrestle for IWA : Mid @-@ South , explaining this as a protest to Ian Rotten 's mistreatment of Chris Hero in the company . Hero , however , has stated he believes there were other reasons , and Rotten 's treatment of him was just an excuse by Punk to stop working for the company . Eventually Punk returned to IWA : Mid @-@ South and continued to perform as a wrestler and commentator for them until 2005 when he was signed to World Wrestling Entertainment . His last appearance in IWA : Mid @-@ South was on July 2 , 2005 in which he competed in a 60 @-@ minute time limit draw against Delirious . On August 1 , 2003 , Punk wrestled for Japanese promotion Pro Wrestling ZERO @-@ ONE on the final day of its 2003 Fire Festival at Korakuen Hall , teaming with C.W. Anderson , Josh Daniels , and Vansack Acid in an eight @-@ man tag team match against Ikuto Hidaka , Jun Kasai , Naohiro Hoshikawa , and Tatsuhito Takaiwa ; Punk 's team was defeated . = = = Ring of Honor and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling = = = = = = = Feud with Raven ( 2002 – 2004 ) = = = = Initially , Punk joined Ring of Honor ( ROH ) as a face , but quickly became a heel in a feud with Raven that featured numerous variants of no disqualification matches . Their rivalry was rooted in Punk 's straight @-@ edge lifestyle , with him likening Raven to his alcoholic father ; it lasted most of 2003 and was considered one of ROH 's top feuds of the year . Their rivalry was settled at The Conclusion in November 2003 , where Punk defeated Raven in a Steel Cage match . At the same time , Punk joined the wrestling promotion NWA Total Nonstop Action ( TNA ) , in which he was paired with Julio Dinero as members of Raven 's TNA alliance The Gathering . Punk started climbing the ranks of ROH , including coming in second at the Second Anniversary Show during the tournament to crown the first ROH Pure Champion , losing to A.J. Styles in the finals and winning the ROH Tag Team Championship twice with Colt Cabana as the Second City Saints . Both times Punk and Cabana defeated the Briscoe Brothers to win the championship . Circa October 2003 , Punk was hired as the first head trainer of the Ring of Honor wrestling school , having previously been a trainer for the Steel Domain and Primetime Wrestling . Shortly before a TNA show on February 25 , 2004 , Punk had a physical scuffle with Teddy Hart outside of a restaurant that was broken up by Sabu . The scuffle reportedly stemmed from an ROH show in which Hart performed three unplanned spots putting several other wrestlers in danger of injury . Around the time of the scuffle , Punk and Dinero stopped appearing on TNA shows , leading to speculation he was fired for the incident . Punk , however , said the scuffle had no bearing on his TNA career . He said the reason he and Dinero stopped appearing on TNA pay @-@ per @-@ views was that TNA officials believed that he and Dinero had not connected with the fans as villains , having turned against the popular Raven and instead formed a villainous tag team managed by James Mitchell . The officials decided that since the teams was not working as villains , the storyline would be put on hold indefinitely , and thus had no work for Punk or Dinero . Punk officially quit TNA in March 2004 during the Rob Feinstein controversy , after having a dispute with the TNA offices over his ability to compete in ROH following a TNA order that their contracted wrestlers were to no longer wrestle in ROH . = = = = " Summer of Punk " ( 2004 – 2005 ) = = = = In ROH , Punk faced off against ROH World Champion Samoa Joe for the championship in a three match series . The first match , on June 12 , 2004 at World Title Classic in Dayton , Ohio , resulted in a 60 @-@ minute time limit draw when neither Punk nor Joe could pin or cause the other to submit in the 60 minutes . The second match between Punk and Joe was planned for December 4 , 2004 ; however , due to Steve Corino being pulled from a match with Joe by Pro Wrestling ZERO @-@ ONE , the second match was hastily rescheduled on October 11 , 2004 for October 16 in Punk 's hometown of Chicago . At Joe vs. Punk II on October 16 , they wrestled to a second 60 @-@ minute draw . In addition to Joe vs. Punk II becoming Ring of Honor 's best @-@ selling DVD at the time , the match received a five @-@ star rating by Dave Meltzer 's Wrestling Observer Newsletter . It was the first match in North America to receive a five @-@ star rating in seven years , the last one being the Hell in a Cell match between Shawn Michaels and The Undertaker at Badd Blood : In Your House in 1997 . Joe ended the series by defeating Punk in the third and final match on December 4 , 2004 at All @-@ Star Extravaganza 2 in which there was a no time limit stipulation . After a try @-@ out match on May 9 , 2005 ( which aired May 15 ) where he lost to Val Venis on the Sunday Night Heat show , Punk accepted a deal offered by World Wrestling Entertainment in June . Even though he had accepted the deal , Punk went on to defeat Austin Aries with his Pepsi Plunge move , winning the ROH World Championship on June 18 , 2005 at Death Before Dishonor III . Immediately after the match , Punk proceeded to become a villain and started a storyline where he threatened to bring the ROH World Championship to WWE with him . For weeks , Punk teased the ROH locker room and the ROH fans as well as mocking the championship he possessed , going so far as to sign his WWE contract on it . During the storyline , referred to by ROH as the " Summer of Punk " , Mick Foley made several ROH appearances , attempting to convince Punk to do the right thing and defend the title on his way out . On August 12 , 2005 in Dayton , Ohio , Punk lost the ROH World Championship to James Gibson in a four corner elimination match consisting of himself , Gibson , Samoa Joe and Christopher Daniels . Punk 's final scheduled match in Ring of Honor took place at Punk : The Final Chapter on August 13 , 2005 against long @-@ time friend Colt Cabana in a two out of three falls match , which he lost . In his last match , Punk was visibly crying and was showered with streamers when he posed in the middle of the ring . Punk made a special appearance at the ROH show Unscripted II on February 11 , 2006 , when the original card had to be scrapped due to Low Ki leaving ROH the week prior . In addition , most of the ROH roster contracted to TNA were pulled from the show because of a snowstorm that TNA officials thought might prevent performers from reaching a pay @-@ per @-@ view scheduled the next day . In the main event , Punk teamed with Bryan Danielson to defeat Jimmy Rave and Adam Pearce in a tag team match . = = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE = = = = = = = Ohio Valley Wrestling ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = = = In September 2005 , Punk was assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , a WWE developmental territory . He made his debut on September 8 , 2005 , in a dark match , where he , Nigel McGuinness and Paul Burchill were defeated by Deuce Shade , Elijah Burke and Seth Skyfire . On September 26 , 2005 in his OVW television debut , Punk suffered a ruptured eardrum and broken nose after Danny Inferno hit him with an overly stiff right hand . Despite the injury , Punk finished the match and quickly recovered . On November 9 , 2005 , Punk became the OVW Television Champion after defeating Ken Doane , which immediately led to a feud between Punk and Brent Albright , who had previously been feuding with Doane for the Television Championship and had lost his chance to wrestle Doane after Punk hit him with a chair so he himself could wrestle Doane . They wrestled in series of matches , including one that ended in overtime with Albright having Punk submit to Albright 's finisher , the Crowbar , but Punk was able to keep the championship , as he had not agreed to the extra time . On January 4 , 2006 , Punk lost the OVW Television Championship during a three way dance among himself , Albright and Doane . Doane was injured halfway through the match and was replaced by Aaron " The Idol " Stevens . Punk submitted to Albright 's Crowbar and was eliminated , but he returned later in the match to distract Albright allowing Stevens to pin Albright and become the new OVW Television Champion . Albright and Punk then briefly teamed . They became opponents again after Punk denied Albright the respect he demanded and proceeded to continually " punk him out " ( get the better of him ) . This feud continued for weeks with Punk always coming out on top , until a double turn occurred on February 1 , 2006 . Albright turned heel during a tag match , allowing the Spirit Squad to beat Punk , turning him face . Punk had a minor appearance at WrestleMania 22 on April 2 , 2006 as one of the gangsters who rode a 1930s era car to the ring before John Cena 's entrance . After Matt Cappotelli vacated the OVW Heavyweight Championship because of a brain tumor in February 2006 , a tournament was held to crown a new champion . The finals were Brent Albright vs. CM Punk with Albright defeating Punk to become the new champion . Punk and Albright continued their feud , with Albright becoming more unstable and paranoid about maintaining his championship after several close call matches against Punk , resulting in acts such as threatening Maria . On May 3 , 2006 , Punk finally defeated Albright in a strap match to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship . As champion , Punk retained the title in matches against opponents such as Shad Gaspard , Ken Kennedy , Johnny Jeter and Mike " The Miz " Mizanin . On July 28 , 2006 , Punk and Seth Skyfire defeated Shad Gaspard and the Neighborhoodie to win the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship at a house show . They lost the Tag Team Championship on August 2 , 2006 to Deuce Shade and " Domino " Cliff Compton after an injured Skyfire tagged in an already injured Punk . This altercation led to a feud between Punk and Skyfire after a rematch for the Tag Team Championship on August 7 , 2006 in which a healthy Punk purposefully tagged in an injured Skyfire to be beaten by Shade and Compton . On August 30 , 2006 , a match was scheduled to take place between Punk and Skyfire for the OVW Heavyweight Championship . Prior to the match , however , Skyfire was attacked by Charles " The Hammer " Evans , with whom Skyfire had also been feuding , and was replaced in the match by Chet Jablonski ( Chet the Jet ) who pinned Punk to win the OVW Heavyweight Championship . As Punk no longer possessed the championship , OVW no longer required him . He was removed from the roster and brought up to the WWE roster full @-@ time . He continued to make sporadic appearances for OVW , such as on their 400th TV episode , until WWE and OVW ended their developmental partnership on February 7 , 2008 . = = = = ECW ( 2006 – 2008 ) = = = = On June 24 , 2006 , Punk made his ECW debut during a house show at the former ECW Arena , defeating Stevie Richards . He made his TV debut on the July 4 ECW on Sci Fi , cutting a brief pre @-@ taped promo about his straight edge lifestyle emphasizing the disciplinary aspects of being drug and alcohol free . Although he had retained the straight edge gimmick , he now had a Muay Thai training background . Punk made his TV wrestling debut on August 1 , 2006 at the Hammerstein Ballroom , defeating Justin Credible . Punk established himself in ECW by going undefeated , defeating opponents such as Christopher W. Anderson , Stevie Richards and Shannon Moore . Soon after , Punk began feuding with Mike Knox after Knox 's girlfriend , Kelly Kelly , was seen to have feelings for Punk . Punk defeated Knox in their first singles match ( qualifying for the Extreme Elimination Chamber at December to Dismember in the process ) as well as the rematch , after which Kelly Kelly celebrated Punk 's victory over her boyfriend . Punk then teamed with D @-@ Generation X and the Hardy Boyz in their Survivor Series match against Rated @-@ RKO , Knox , Johnny Nitro and Gregory Helms , a match in which all the participants on DX 's side survived elimination . At December to Dismember , Punk participated in the Elimination Chamber for the ECW Championship ; however , he was the first person eliminated by Rob Van Dam . Following the pay @-@ per @-@ view , Punk entered into a feud with Hardcore Holly , who ended Punk 's six @-@ month unbeaten streak in singles competition on January 9 , 2007 . Punk went on to feud with Matt Striker , who gave him his second singles loss since being in ECW on January 30 . Punk then qualified for the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania 23 by defeating Johnny Nitro . In the final week leading up to WrestleMania 23 , Punk made appearances on both Raw and SmackDown ! , defeating Kenny Dykstra and former World Heavyweight Champion King Booker , respectively . At WrestleMania 23 , Punk competed in , but did not win , the Money in the Bank ladder match , being knocked off the ladder just seconds before the winner , Mr. Kennedy , claimed the briefcase . On the April 10 , 2007 ECW on Sci Fi , Punk briefly became a villain by officially joining the New Breed alliance , after several weeks in which both the New Breed and the ECW Originals had attempted to recruit him . Two weeks later , however , Punk betrayed the New Breed during a four on four elimination match between the New Breed and ECW Originals by kicking New Breed leader Elijah Burke in the back of the head and costing them the match . After the match , Punk proceeded to deliver his finisher , the Go To Sleep , on Burke and sarcastically apologized before leaving the ring alone , becoming a fan favorite again . WWE.com later confirmed that Punk was no longer a member of the New Breed . At Judgment Day , Punk wrestled and defeated Burke in his first singles match on a pay @-@ per @-@ view . Punk then went on to One Night Stand and teamed up with Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman in a tables match to defeat the New Breed . When ECW Champion Bobby Lashley was drafted to Raw and stripped of the ECW Championship , a tournament to declare a new champion was held , with Punk , Elijah Burke , Marcus Cor Von and Chris Benoit . Punk defeated Marcus Cor Von on the June 19 ECW on Sci Fi . He was meant to face Chris Benoit at Vengeance : Night of Champions for the ECW Championship , but Benoit was hastily replaced by Johnny Nitro when Benoit no @-@ showed , after killing his family and self . Nitro subsequently defeated Punk at Vengeance for the vacant championship . Punk won another shot at the title at The Great American Bash against Nitro , who had changed his moniker to John Morrison by this point ; however , Punk was defeated again by Morrison . The next week , Punk challenged Elijah Burke and Tommy Dreamer in a triple threat match to determine the next competitor in Morrison 's 15 Minutes of Fame Challenge , in which Punk came out victorious . A week later , Punk defeated Morrison with the Go To Sleep to earn an ECW Championship title match at SummerSlam . At SummerSlam , however , Punk lost the match when Morrison used the ropes for leverage . At the September 1 , 2007 ( aired September 4 ) ECW taping , in a " last chance " title match , Punk defeated Morrison for the ECW Championship . Punk then went on to have successful title defenses against the likes of Elijah Burke ( at Unforgiven ) , Big Daddy V via disqualification ( at No Mercy ) and The Miz ( at Cyber Sunday ) . On the November 6 , 2007 ECW , Punk retained the ECW Championship in a match against Morrison following The Miz 's interference . At Survivor Series , Punk retained his title in a Triple Threat match , beating The Miz and John Morrison . On the January 22 , 2008 ECW , Chavo Guerrero defeated Punk in a No Disqualification match to win the ECW Championship after Edge , ( acting as a guest commentator at ringside ) ran in and speared Punk . = = = = World Heavyweight Champion ( 2008 – 2009 ) = = = = At WrestleMania XXIV on March 30 , 2008 , Punk won the Money in the Bank ladder match , after defeating Chris Jericho , Montel Vontavious Porter , Shelton Benjamin , John Morrison , Mr. Kennedy and Carlito . On June 23 , Punk was drafted to the Raw brand during the 2008 WWE draft . His first night on Raw came the following week ; after Batista beat down World Heavyweight Champion Edge , Punk cashed in his Money in the Bank contract and won the World Heavyweight Championship ( and later , the Slammy Award for the " Oh my God " Moment of the Year . ) . Later that night , Punk made his first title defense against JBL , who had challenged him shortly after his win . Punk continued to hold and defend the title until Unforgiven on September 7 . Before the Championship Scramble match , Punk was attacked by The Legacy ( Randy Orton , Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase with Manu ) . Orton finished the assault by punting Punk in the head . Punk could not participate in the match due to the attack and so forfeited the title . He was replaced by Chris Jericho , who won the match and the title . He received a rematch eight days later on the September 15 Raw , where he failed to regain the title in a steel cage match against Jericho . On the October 27 episode of Raw , Punk and Kofi Kingston defeated Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase to win the World Tag Team Championship . The duo were members of Team Batista at Survivor Series , where their team lost to Team Orton . Punk then entered in a number one contender Intercontinental Championship Tournament . He defeated Snitsky and John Morrison in the first two rounds . Punk and Kingston lost the World Tag Team Championship to John Morrison and The Miz at a live event on December 13 , 2008 . The next day Punk defeated Rey Mysterio at Armageddon to win the tournament . On the January 5 , 2009 , episode of Raw , Punk received his title match against William Regal , which ended in a disqualification , when Regal grabbed the referee 's jersey . Due to this , Stephanie McMahon awarded Punk a rematch the following week , but this time it was himself that was disqualified . McMahon awarded him another rematch , this time a No Disqualification match on January 19 Raw , Punk won the match and the title . With this win , he became the 19th Triple Crown Champion , and the fastest to accomplish the feat , shattering Kevin Nash 's old record . Punk lost the title on the March 9 Raw to JBL . At WrestleMania XXV , Punk won the Money in the Bank ladder match and became the first person to win the match twice , as well as the only person to have won twice in a row . On April 13 , 2009 during the 2009 WWE draft , Punk was drafted from Raw to SmackDown . In the period after the draft , Punk feuded with Umaga over Umaga 's repeated surprise attacks while Punk was attempting to cash in his Money in the Bank contract . This ultimately resulted in a Samoan strap match at Extreme Rules , which was won by Punk . At the end of the pay @-@ per @-@ view , Punk cashed in his Money in the Bank contract to defeat Jeff Hardy for the World Heavyweight Championship . Punk retained his title in a Triple Threat match against both Edge and Hardy eight days later on the June 15 Raw . At The Bash in Sacramento , California , Punk lost to Hardy by disqualification after kicking the referee ; in the storyline Punk was injured his eye and said he could not see the referee . Because titles do not change hands on a disqualification , Punk retained the championship . Hardy called Punk 's eye injury into question , believing it to be feigned . Punk turned heel , claiming to be the moral superior of those who support Hardy due to his drug @-@ free lifestyle . At Night of Champions , Punk lost the championship to Hardy . Their feud continued through SummerSlam , where Punk regained the title in a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match ; afterward , Punk was attacked by The Undertaker . On the August 28 episode of SmackDown , Punk concluded his program with Hardy and achieved his booked goal of excising him from WWE , defeating Hardy in a steel cage match wherein the loser agreed to leave the company . This earned Punk a second Slammy that December , for 2009 's " Shocker of the Year " . At Breaking Point , Punk defeated The Undertaker in a submission match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship . Undertaker originally won the match with his Hell 's Gate submission hold . SmackDown general manager Theodore Long restarted the match after stating that the ban that former general manager Vickie Guerrero had placed on the move was still in effect . Punk won the match with his Anaconda Vise when referee Scott Armstrong called for the bell despite Undertaker never submitting ( reminiscent to the Montreal Screwjob , which took place in the same venue in 1997 ) . The feud between the two continued and at the Hell in a Cell PPV , Punk lost the World Heavyweight Championship to The Undertaker in a Hell in a Cell match . He lost two subsequent rematches against The Undertaker on SmackDown and in a Fatal Four Way match at Bragging Rights also involving Batista and Rey Mysterio . = = = = The Straight Edge Society ( 2009 – 2010 ) = = = = His character took on a more sinister direction on the November 27 SmackDown when he revealed that he had converted Luke Gallows , who had previously been portrayed as the mentally incompetent wrestler Festus , to the straight @-@ edge lifestyle which had rid him of his mental troubles . Continuing to espouse his straight @-@ edge philosophy , Punk began to present himself as a cult @-@ like savior to the crowd , growing the hair on his head , face and chest in an allusion to Jesus . Through January 2010 , Punk began to convert planted members of the audience to a straight @-@ edge lifestyle , making them take a pledge of allegiance to him and shaving their head as a sign of renewal and devotion . After converting many people who were not seen again , convert Serena began accompanying Punk and Gallows to form the Straight Edge Society . As well as leading this alliance , Punk was also the mentor of WWE NXT rookie Darren Young who flirted with the idea of becoming straight @-@ edge before refusing just before his head was to be shaved . Punk continued to show messianic traits , frequently giving sermons including during the annual Royal Rumble match as well as during an Elimination Chamber match at both of the eponymous pay @-@ per @-@ views . In the Chamber match , he was eliminated by Rey Mysterio , whom he had feuding with leading into the PPV . Tensions escalated as Mysterio prevented him from winning a Money in the Bank qualifying match , causing Punk to interrupt Mysterio 's celebration of his daughter 's ninth birthday . Mysterio challenged Punk to a Street Fight at WrestleMania XXVI but lost to Gallows . Punk added the stipulation that if Rey lost , he would join the Society . At WrestleMania , Punk lost to Mysterio sparking a rematch at Extreme Rules where Punk would have to shave his head , like his disciples , if he lost . Punk won this match after interference from a fourth member of the Society who kept his face covered . At Over The Limit , a third and final match was booked with both stipulations reactivated . In the match Punk lost and was subsequently shaved bald . Embarrassed by being shaved bald as he considered himself always pure unlike his followers , Punk appeared on the following SmackDown , May 29 , wearing a mask to hide his baldness . At Fatal 4 @-@ Way , Punk challenged for the World Heavyweight Championship against Mysterio , The Big Show and the champion Jack Swagger , but was unsuccessful when he was attacked by Kane , who was accusing various people of attacking The Undertaker . On July 16 's SmackDown , Punk was finally unmasked by Big Show while healing from an arm injury . The following week Show also unmasked the anonymous member of the Straight Edge Society who was revealed to be Joey Mercury . This led to a handicap match at SummerSlam where Show defeated the entire Society after Punk abandoned his teammates . Show also beat Punk in a singles match at Night of Champions . Following this Serena was released from WWE while Mercury became injured , severely thinning the Society . Gallows began showing signs of dissension too , and Punk defeated him on SmackDown , airing September 24 , ending the group . = = = = The New Nexus ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = = = Punk was traded back to the Raw brand on October 11 after being swapped with Edge . He took part in the interbrand tag team match at Bragging Rights after injuring Evan Bourne to win a place , but the team lost . It was reported later that he was suffering with a hip injury that would stop him from competing . To keep a presence on television , he began commentating on Raw from November 22 , having already commentated one NXT . During his commentary , he criticized John Cena for his actions against The Nexus . Sometimes he favored heel wrestlers over face wrestlers . At the end of December , Punk left the commentary team after assaulting John Cena on Raw and SmackDown with a chair . Punk later revealed that his motives for the attacks were that he had joined and assumed control of The Nexus . Punk then made each member of the group prove themselves worthy of a spot , with some choosing to join The Corre , which had been started by former Nexus leader Wade Barrett on SmackDown , instead . Punk then used the group to attack Randy Orton , blaming him for prematurely ending Punk 's first World Heavyweight Championship reign in 2008 . Punk and The Nexus cost Orton his match with The Miz for the WWE Championship at the Royal Rumble in January 2011 . Orton , in turn , responded by taking out all of the New Nexus members by punting them in the head , leaving Punk alone as the sole surviving member of the group . This all led to a WrestleMania XXVII match and a Last Man Standing match at Extreme Rules both of which Punk lost . Punk then spent the next few months involved in filler feuds , often teaming with fellow Nexus members . = = = = WWE Champion ( 2011 – 2013 ) = = = = In June , after pinning WWE Champion John Cena on Raw , Rey Mysterio at Capitol Punishment and finally Alberto Del Rio again in a contendership match ( which also included Mysterio ) all within one week , Punk revealed his contract would expire at Money in the Bank and vowed to leave the company with the WWE Championship ; some of his speeches and mannerisms echoed his final months with Ring of Honor . After making a scathing yet highly acclaimed on @-@ air speech concerning the way in which WWE is run and its owner Vince McMahon , he was given a storyline suspension from televised WWE events but was reinstated the following week on Cena 's insistence . Upon his return , Punk ceased to appear with the remaining members of Nexus and the group quietly dissolved that month . This helped transition him from a villainous character back to being a fan @-@ favorite . Two weeks later , at Money in the Bank , Punk defeated John Cena to become the WWE Champion on his final night under contract with WWE . On July 21 , Punk made a surprise appearance at a joint WWE – Mattel panel at the San Diego Comic Con , to mock new Chief Operating Officer Triple H and offer WWE Championship tournament finalist Rey Mysterio a match for his WWE Championship , as long as it was in Punk 's hometown , Chicago . Punk appeared at July 23 's All American Wrestling show , showing respect to Gregory Iron , a wrestler with cerebral palsy . Mysterio won the WWE Championship tournament on the July 25 Raw , only to lose it to Cena later that night . After Cena 's victory , Punk returned to Raw and upstaged the new WWE Champion 's victory celebration while also entering into a title dispute . Triple H later upheld both Punk and Cena 's claims to the WWE Championship as legitimate and scheduled the two to a match at SummerSlam to decide the undisputed WWE Champion . Punk won , but lost the title minutes later to Alberto Del Rio , who had cashed in his Money in the Bank contract after Kevin Nash attacked Punk . The night after SummerSlam , Punk accused Nash of conspiring with Triple H to keep Punk away from the WWE Championship . After repeated confrontations Nash and Punk demanded to face each other at Night of Champions , to which Triple H acquiesced . However , after Punk 's repeated verbal attacks towards him and his wife Stephanie McMahon , Triple H booked himself to replace Nash . At Night of Champions , Punk lost a No Disqualification match after Nash , The Miz , and R @-@ Truth attacked both men . Miz and Truth also attacked Punk at Hell in a Cell after he lost a WWE Championship triple threat match . He attempted to avenge this by teaming with Triple H against Miz and Truth at Vengeance , but lost again due to Nash attacking Triple H. This helped transition Punk 's anti @-@ establishment voice from Triple H to John Laurinaitis , who became the interim Raw general manager . Punk balked at Laurinaitis ' promotion and verbally attacked him as a dull yes man . On October 31 , Punk strong @-@ armed his way into a match with Del Rio at Survivor Series , where he regained the WWE Championship by way of submission with the Anaconda Vise . He went on to defend the title through the end of the year , retaining in a rematch with Del Rio on the November 28 Raw and against both Del Rio and The Miz in a triple threat TLC match at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs . On the December 26 Raw , Punk was defeated by Dolph Ziggler in a gauntlet match ; as a result Ziggler became the number one contender to the WWE Championship . Had he been successful , Punk would have earned the right to face Laurinaitis in a match . The following Raw , Punk was defeated by Ziggler via countout following interference from Laurinaitis ; retaining the championship as a result . Intermeddling from Laurinaitis caused Punk to lose to Ziggler throughout January which ultimately led to Punk attacking Laurinaitis in retaliation . At the Royal Rumble event , Punk successfully defended his title against Ziggler , despite Laurinaitis acting as the outside enforcer . On the January 30 Raw , Chris Jericho attacked Punk and Daniel Bryan during their Champion vs. Champion match , giving Bryan the win . The following week , Jericho explained his actions by dismissing the WWE roster as imitations of himself and singling out Punk for calling himself the best in the world , a moniker Jericho used the last time he was in WWE . Their rivalry continued through Elimination Chamber where Punk retained the WWE Championship in the namesake structure ; while four competitors were eliminated , Jericho was unable to continue the match after being kicked out of the chamber by Punk , causing temporary injury . The following night on Raw , Jericho earned a match against Punk at WrestleMania XXVIII , and in a bid to psychologically unsettle him , he revealed Punk 's father was an alcoholic and alleged that his sister was a drug addict , asserting that Punk 's straight edge philosophy was paranoia to avoid the same vices and vowing to make Punk turn to alcohol by winning the title from him . John Laurinaitis added the stipulation that the WWE Championship could change hands via disqualification , which led to Jericho inciting Punk into using a weapon , but Punk resisted and retained the title . On the April 2 and 9 episodes of Raw SuperShow , Punk retained the WWE Championship against Mark Henry after losing to him via count @-@ out and disqualification . Following both matches , Jericho attacked Punk and doused him with alcohol . On the April 16 Raw SuperShow , Punk pinned Henry in a no disqualification , no countout match to retain his title . After repeated altercations , the feud between Jericho and Punk culminated in a Chicago Street Fight at Extreme Rules where Punk defeated Jericho to retain the WWE Championship . Punk began a rivalry with Daniel Bryan at the May event Over the Limit , retaining the title after reversing Bryan 's submission hold the " Yes ! " Lock into a pinning combination ; the pinfall saved Punk from his own submission only moments later . Shortly before Over the Limit , Bryan interfered in a non @-@ title match between Punk and Kane to frame Punk for attacking Kane with a steel chair , beginning a three @-@ way rivalry . On the June 1 SmackDown , a WWE Championship match between Punk and Kane ended in a double disqualification after Bryan attacked both men . Meanwhile , Bryan 's jilted ex @-@ girlfriend AJ turned her affections to both Punk and Kane . This feud culminated in a triple threat match at No Way Out , where Punk managed to retain the title after AJ distracted Kane . At Money in the Bank , Punk successfully defended the WWE Championship against Bryan in a No Disqualification match with AJ as special guest referee . On July 23 at Raw 1000 , Punk defended his title against Money in the Bank winner John Cena and lost by disqualification after interference from Big Show . When the night 's special guest The Rock – who had interrupted Punk earlier to announce he would wrestle for the WWE Championship at the Royal Rumble – intervened to save Cena from Big Show 's assault , Punk attacked him , turning heel . The following week , Punk justified his actions , explaining he was tired of people like Cena and Rock overshadowing him when the WWE Champion should be the focus of the company ; Punk asserted himself further soon after by disrupting a number one contender 's match between Cena and Big Show . As a result , both men were entered into the title match against Punk at SummerSlam where he successfully retained the WWE Championship . In the following weeks , Punk demanded respect from people like AJ Lee , Jerry Lawler and Bret Hart and eventually aligned with Paul Heyman in his feud with Cena . At Night of Champions , Punk retained the WWE Championship after he fought Cena to a draw . Punk continued to feud with Cena , despite the latter 's arm injury , rejecting the requests of Mick Foley and Jim Ross to pick him as his Hell in a Cell opponent and leading to a brawl with WWE chairman Vince McMahon . Cena was eventually pulled from the title match at Hell in a Cell , and replaced by Ryback . On October 28 at the pay @-@ per @-@ view , Punk , with help from referee Brad Maddox , defeated Ryback in a Hell in a Cell match to retain the WWE Championship . The next night on Raw , a furious Mick Foley confronted Punk for refusing to pick John Cena as his Hell in a Cell opponent . This led to the two agreeing to meet at Survivor Series in a traditional five @-@ on @-@ five elimination tag team match with Punk choosing Alberto Del Rio , Cody Rhodes , Damien Sandow , and The Miz for his own team . The next week , Punk was replaced as captain by Dolph Ziggler , and booked in a Triple Threat WWE Championship match against John Cena and Ryback instead by Mr. McMahon . On November 18 at the pay @-@ per @-@ view , Punk won the match by pinning Cena , following interference from the debuting faction called The Shield , composed of Dean Ambrose , Seth Rollins , and Roman Reigns , allowing him to retain the WWE Championship and hold the championship for a full year . On December 4 , Punk underwent surgery to repair a partially torn meniscus , removing him from his title match against Ryback at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs . Despite his injury , Punk became the longest reigning WWE Champion in the past 25 years on December 5 , when he hit 381 days , surpassing John Cena 's 380 @-@ day reign . Punk returned to in @-@ ring action on the January 7 , 2013 Raw , retaining the WWE Championship against Ryback in a Tables , Ladders , and Chairs match , following interference from The Shield . On January 27 at the Royal Rumble , Punk defended the WWE Championship against The Rock in a match with the stipulation that if The Shield interfered , Punk would be stripped of the title . Punk originally pinned The Rock to retain after The Shield put Rock through a table while the arena lights were out . Vince McMahon began to announce that Punk would be stripped of the title , but he instead restarted the match at The Rock 's request . Punk went on to lose the match , ending his record @-@ setting reign at 434 days . Punk received a title rematch with Rock on February 17 at the Elimination Chamber event , with the stipulation that the Rock would lose the WWE Championship if he was disqualified or counted out , but Rock pinned Punk to retain the title . On the February 25 Raw , Punk faced Royal Rumble winner John Cena for his number one contendership to the WWE Championship , but was defeated . = = = = Final storylines ( 2013 – 2014 ) = = = = Punk set his sights on ending The Undertaker 's WrestleMania streak on the March 4 Raw , in an effort to " take something away from the fans " , as he believed they had taken the WWE title away from him . Punk subsequently defeated Big Show , Randy Orton , and Sheamus in a four @-@ way match to earn the right to face Undertaker . After the real @-@ life death of Paul Bearer the following day , a storyline involving Punk regularly spiting The Undertaker through displays of flippancy and disrespect towards Bearer 's death began . Punk interrupted The Undertaker 's ceremony to honor Bearer on Raw , stealing his trademark urn and later using it to attack Kane , humiliate The Brothers of Destruction , and mock Bearer . On April 7 at WrestleMania 29 , Punk was defeated by The Undertaker who , in the process , extended his streak to 21 – 0 and took back the urn . On the April 15 Raw , Punk addressed the crowd and after briefly recalling his historic championship reign , walked out of the arena . Punk returned at Payback on June 16 , defeating Chris Jericho . The next night on Raw , Punk turned face confronting World Heavyweight Champion Alberto Del Rio and telling Heyman to stay away from him during his matches . Later in the night , after Punk 's win over Del Rio , Brock Lesnar returned and executed an F @-@ 5 on Punk . The next week on Raw , Heyman promised Punk that he did not send Lesnar to attack him , and that he still considered Punk his best friend , stating that any problem Punk and Lesnar had with each other was between them . Following that , Punk defeated Darren Young ; when Young and his tag team partner Titus O 'Neil began attacking him , Heyman summoned his other client , the WWE Intercontinental Champion , Curtis Axel to help Punk fight them off , much to Punk 's dismay . On the July 1 Raw , Punk said that he trusted Heyman but did not trust Axel . On July 14 at Money in the Bank , Punk competed in the WWE Championship Money in the Bank ladder match , but Heyman turned on him by hitting him with a ladder , costing him the match that was ultimately won by Randy Orton . The following night on Raw , Punk called out Heyman , who said that , without him , Punk was no longer the " Best in the World " . He revealed that he did not believe that Punk could beat Lesnar , who then came out and hit the F @-@ 5 on Punk onto the announce table . The following week on Raw , Punk challenged Lesnar to a match at SummerSlam , which Heyman accepted on Lesnar 's behalf . On the August 5 Raw , Punk wrestled Axel to a no @-@ contest , after Heyman attacked him . Lesnar then came out and brawled with Punk , eventually getting the upper hand . Punk got revenge the next week by attacking Lesnar with a camera and a steel chair , after Heyman tried to change the scheduled match between Punk and himself to a handicap match involving Lesnar . He then delivered a Go to Sleep to Axel , who had interfered while Punk was chasing Heyman . On August 18 , at SummerSlam , Punk lost to Lesnar in a No Disqualification match , after interference by Heyman . On the next Raw , Punk had the chance to again become a " Paul Heyman guy " , but declined by attacking Axel . The next week , Punk defeated Axel before being assaulted by him and Heyman . Punk was then scheduled to face Axel and Heyman in a handicap elimination match at Night of Champions , later adding a No Disqualification to the stipulation . During the match , Punk made Axel submit , leaving only Heyman left to deal with , but in the process of attacking Heyman , Ryback attacked Punk and placed Heyman on top of Punk for the pin . At Battleground , Punk defeated Ryback after executing a low blow , while the referee was distracted by Heyman attempting to interfere in the match . On the October 14 episode of Raw , Punk defeated Axel in a Beat the Clock challenge match to determine the stipulation for his rematch with Ryback at the Hell in a Cell pay @-@ per @-@ view . He announced that his match would a be two @-@ on @-@ one handicap match in the Hell in a Cell , in which he would face Paul Heyman and Ryback . On October 27 , at Hell in a Cell , Punk defeated Ryback and Paul Heyman . Punk faced Ryback again in a Street Fight match the following night on Raw , defeating Ryback by submission , thus ending their feud . Punk then moved on to feud with the Wyatt Family ( Bray Wyatt , Luke Harper and Erick Rowan ) , forming an alliance with former rival Daniel Bryan . At Survivor Series , Punk and Bryan defeated Harper and Rowan in a tag team match . After Bryan was " abducted " by the Wyatt Family the following night on Raw , Punk was attacked by former allies The Shield ( Dean Ambrose , Seth Rollins , and Roman Reigns ) . The following week on Raw , Kane announced that Punk would face The Shield in a 3 @-@ on @-@ 1 handicap match at TLC : Tables , Ladders and Chairs , which Punk won after Reigns accidentally speared Ambrose . On January 26 , 2014 , Punk was the first entrant in the annual Royal Rumble match . After having lasted until the final four , Kane , who was already eliminated earlier in the match by Punk , eliminated Punk from the outside and proceeded to chokeslam him through the announce table . = = = = Departure and retirement ( 2014 ) = = = = Punk did not appear the following night on Raw , nor did he appear at the SmackDown taping on Tuesday despite being advertised for the event . By Wednesday , WWE.com stopped advertising Punk for future events . The Wrestling Observer reported that , on Monday and prior to Raw , Punk had legitimately walked out after telling Vince McMahon and Triple H that he was " going home " . On February 20 , during a conference call to investors , McMahon said Punk was " taking a sabbatical " . On the March 3 episode of Raw , WWE acknowledged Punk 's absence on television when the show started with Punk 's entrance music playing , only for former manager Paul Heyman to walk out . WWE proceeded to remove Punk from footage of their promotional videos ; this lasted until the first half of July , where WWE used footage of Punk to promote the WWE Network . In an interview published in late May , Punk was asked how it felt " to be retired at 35 " and replied that " it feels good " . On July 15 , WWE.com moved Punk from the active roster to the alumni page without releasing a statement . On the same day , Punk thanked his fans without mentioning WWE . In late July , Punk said that he was " never ever " going to return to wrestling . On an episode of Colt Cabana 's Art of Wrestling podcast released in November 2014 , Punk broke his silence regarding his exit from WWE . In a detailed interview , Punk said that he was suspended for two months after walking out on the company in January and that after the suspension ended , nobody from WWE contacted him . He also told that when he reached out to them for unpaid royalties , he was given a run @-@ around by company executives until he was handed his termination papers and was fired by WWE on his wedding day in June 2014 . The manner of firing was the last straw for Punk , stating that he would never return to WWE and that following a legal settlement with WWE , there would be no further working relationship between them . The settlement included Punk giving WWE permission to sell his remaining merchandise . Punk cited his health as the main reason he left WWE , describing that in his final months in the company , he had been working through an untreated and potentially fatal MRSA infection , broken ribs , injured knees , and multiple concussions including one at the Royal Rumble , as well as having lost his appetite and ability to sleep well . Punk felt that WWE was pressuring and rushing him to wrestle before he had fully recovered . According to him , he found a lump on his back in November 2013 and it was diagnosed as a fatty deposit by Dr. Chris Amann , who refused to remove it despite Punk 's requests . A few days after Punk left WWE , his then @-@ fiancé , April Mendez ( AJ Lee ) , convinced him to get the infection checked by her doctor in Tampa . The doctor , Bateman , not knowing who Punk was or of his medical history , took one look at the lump and diagnosed it as a full @-@ blown MRSA infection and told Punk he could have died due to ignoring it for such a long time . Opting out of going to the hospital for an IV drip , Punk had the doctor get everything out of the infection , describing getting it cut and squeezed out as " the most painful experience of my entire life " , but said that once it was all out and he was on stronger medication , he was able to sleep better than he had in weeks . Other sources of unhappiness Punk had with WWE were his failure to main @-@ event a WrestleMania ( deeming his entire career to be a failure as a result ) , being paid less than other top wrestlers for WrestleMania 29 , doing favors for Vince McMahon ( turning heel while champion , working dangerous matches with Ryback , and working with part @-@ time wrestlers ) and not being owed back , being " creatively stifled " and feeling that there were no long @-@ term plans for wrestlers other than John Cena , as well as receiving smaller paychecks and not getting answers as to how the WWE Network would affect wrestlers ' salaries . Lastly , Punk described having left with " zero passion " for wrestling , and described himself at the time of the interview to be the happiest in many years . Less than a week later , when Vince McMahon was interviewed on The Steve Austin Show via the WWE Network , he apologized to Punk for the manner of his termination , which he termed a " coincidence " while blaming a lack of communication within the organization . McMahon said that he was open to working with Punk again . In a second Art of Wrestling podcast , Punk rejected McMahon 's apology as insincere and a " publicity stunt " as McMahon did not contact him directly to apologize and could have apologized earlier . = = = Wrestling character = = = A key part of Punk 's gimmick emerges in the form of iconoclasm which can be shown in his disinclination to conform and penchant for challenging popular and accepted beliefs , traditions , and customs . A prime example , Punk has adopted his real @-@ life following of the straight edge movement as a major attribute of his professional wrestling character . The character utilizes different elements of Punk 's personality and beliefs of the straight edge movement dependent on his antagonist / protagonist alignment . While portraying a crowd favorite , Punk 's character tends to be that of Punk 's normal personality , largely indifferent to others who drink alcohol , smoke tobacco , partake in recreational drug use or have promiscuous sexual behavior , but emphasizing the social discipline involved with personally abstaining from these behaviors . During his WWE career , Punk also incorporated a belligerently anti @-@ establishment and anti @-@ corporate attitude into his persona . Conversely , his villainous personality tends to be that of one who is hardline or militant straight edge , exemplifying the elitist attitudes and superiority complexes — defined by Punk 's common mantra during villainous @-@ themed promos that , because he is straight edge , he is " better than you " . Punk performs the straight edge symbol of crossing his arms in an X formation while having the letter X written on the back of his hands , usually drawn on his wrist tape . Originally , the initials CM in his ring name represented the phrase " Chick Magnet " , the name of the tag team he was in as a backyard wrestler . Punk , however , later changed CM into a pseudo @-@ acronym , declaring that it has no meaning , though when asked since he has taken to making up meanings that fit the initials , going so far as to make up long stories to explain the origins that do not match the actual origin story at all . Since beginning this practice , Punk has stated CM stands for " Cookie Monster " , " Cookie Master " , " Crooked Moonsault " , " Chuck Mosley " , " Charles Montgomery " , " Charles Manson " , " Chicago Made " , among others . During his entrance , Punk yells " It 's clobberin ' time ! " The phrase is a reference to New York hardcore punk band Sick of It All , who wrote a song with the same name , and Marvel 's fictional character The Thing . An integral part of Punk are the numerous tattoos that adorn his body , some of which have become symbols associated with Punk , as well as mantras and declarations that have been integrated into his gimmick . The tattoos as a whole , due to their large quantity and variety , have also become an attribute identifiable to Punk . The most important of the individual tattoos in Punk 's character , whether through association , symbol , or mantra , are : A Pepsi Globe logo on his left shoulder that inspired the names of two of his signature moves . It also became a symbol of Punk himself , who wore the logo on his ring gear in the independent circuit , as well as a slightly modified Pepsi logo being used as part of his TitanTron entrance video . Punk , a keen Pepsi drinker , chose to receive a Pepsi tattoo to emphasize his straight edge beliefs . The tattoo is also a reference to former Minor Threat guitarist Brian Baker , who had a Coca @-@ Cola tattoo and explained this by saying " I like Coca @-@ Cola " . When people inquire about Punk 's Pepsi tattoo , he often replies " I like Pepsi " in a similar fashion . The words " Straight Edge " are spelled out on Punk 's stomach . This is one of his oldest tattoos ; he has referred to it as his identity . A sleeve tattoo on his left arm that reads " luck is for losers " and features numerous good luck symbols , including a rabbit 's foot , four @-@ leaf clover and a horseshoe . The tattoo also features four ace playing cards as a tribute to trainer Ace Steel . A tattoo on the back of his left hand reading " No gimmicks needed " , a tribute to deceased wrestler Chris Candido . A tattoo across his knuckles with the words " DRUG FREE " ( " DRUG " on his right knuckles and " FREE " on his left ) . A tattoo of his little sister 's jersey number ( 31 ) behind his left ear surrounded by stars , each of which also representing his siblings as a way to bond away from home . A tattoo on his right shoulder of the Cobra Command logo , G.I. Joe 's enemy . Punk is well known for his love of comic books , considering them along with jazz and professional wrestling as three of the original arts that America has given to the world . A tattoo of a rose on his left wrist . A tattoo on his knuckles , below the drug @-@ free tattoo , that reads " romance " when his fingers are intertwined with an arrowed heart on his left pinkie at the end . Punk 's character has been parodied by the wrestling federation Chikara who used a mascot character CP Munk , the straight edge chipmunk . The character includes references to Punk , such as X @-@ marked wrist tape , a Pepsi logo on the costume 's left shoulder , and a high @-@ pitch version of Punk 's best @-@ known independent circuit theme song " Miseria Cantare – The Beginning " , by the band AFI . On his website , Punk has said about the character CP Munk , and the people behind it : = = Mixed martial arts career = = = = = Ultimate Fighting Championship ( 2014 – present ) = = = At UFC 181 , on December 6 , 2014 , Brooks announced that he had signed a multi @-@ fight contract with Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . Regarding his ring name , he told the Las Vegas Sun , " I 've come this far with CM Punk . That 's what people know . I 'm trying to stick with that . I 'm not shying away from it . I 'm not ashamed of it . " His UFC profile lists him as CM Punk . In January 2015 , Brooks began training under Duke Roufus at Roufusport MMA Academy , alongside former UFC Lightweight Champion Anthony Pettis and ONE FC Welterweight Champion Ben Askren . In June 2015 , Punk moved to Milwaukee to be closer to the Roufusport gym , while still retaining his home in Chicago . In October 2015 , Roufus announced that Brooks had suffered a shoulder injury , delaying his UFC debut until the next calendar year . On February 6 , 2016 , Brooks was diagnosed with herniated disc in his back , and underwent surgery a few days later . Punk is scheduled to fight Mickey Gall on September 10 , 2016 , at UFC 203 . = = Writing = = Punk wrote the introduction for the hardcover edition of Marvel Comics ' 2012 crossover event Avengers vs. X @-@ Men , and described the opportunity as a " geek dream come true " . In 2013 , Punk wrote a foreword for his friend and ex @-@ girlfriend Natalie Slater 's cookbook Bake and Destroy : Good Food for Bad Vegans . In February 2015 , Marvel Comics ' Thor Annual # 1 , partly written by Punk , was released . Punk co @-@ wrote " The Most Cursed " , which appeared in Vertigo Comics ' Strange Sports Stories # 3 in May 2015 . Punk is also co @-@ writing Marvel Comics ' Drax ongoing series , the first issue of which was published on November 4 , 2015 . = = Other media = = Punk made an appearance on the February 16 , 2004 episode of Monster Garage , " Box Truck Wrestling Car " , performing a short match with Samoa Joe . On October 31 , 2006 , Punk joined The Atlantic Paranormal Society ( TAPS ) to shoot the Sci Fi Channel special Ghost Hunters Live , which was a six @-@ hour show broadcast live Halloween night from the Stanley Hotel in Estes Park , Colorado . Initially skeptical about what he might find , Punk said he heard children giggling and footsteps when there were not any children booked into the hotel . In 2008 , Punk appeared as the Sports Grand Marshal of the nationally @-@ televised McDonald 's Thanksgiving Parade in downtown Chicago . He reprised this role in 2012 . On July 15 , 2011 , Punk threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Wrigley Field before a Chicago Cubs game . On May 8 , 2012 , Punk returned to Wrigley Field to throw out the first pitch before the Cubs vs. Braves game . He also threw the first pitch at the New York Mets vs. Miami Marlins game on April 5 , 2013 at Citi Field . On February 13 , 2012 , Punk appeared alongside his friend and Brazilian Jiu @-@ Jitsu coach Rener Gracie for an edition of Gracie Breakdown , a YouTube series that explains mixed martial arts matches and specifically the BJJ techniques used in them . In the episode , he helped explain the techniques used in the UFC 4 match between Royce Gracie and Dan Severn . Punk had mentioned holding a white belt in BJJ during a January 26 , 2012 interview with Ariel Helwani . Punk has done various work with Nerdist Industries . As part of YouTube Comedy Week in 2013 , Punk starred in a series titled CM Punk 's Grammar Slam on Nerdist 's YouTube channel , explaining grammatical mistakes in messages from wrestling fans and berating them . Later that year , he took part in Nerdist 's All @-@ Star Celebrity Bowling alongside AJ Lee , Fandango , and Kofi Kingston . In 2014 , he was a correspondent for Nerdist at the San Diego Comic Con. He also appeared on The Nerdist Podcast in December 2012 . In November 2013 , Punk was the headlining performer on the I Shit You Not comedy show at Lincoln Lodge in his hometown of Chicago . = = = Filmography = = = = = = = Film = = = = = = = = Television = = = = = = = = Music videos = = = = = = = Video games = = = Punk is a playable character in numerous video games : WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2008 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 , WWE All Stars , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 , WWE ' 12 , WWE ' 13 ( for which he was on the cover ) , WWE 2K14 , WWE 2K15 , and EA Sports UFC 2 . There were legal discussions between Punk and WWE over Punk 's appearance in WWE 2K15 . Despite this , he is still in the video game , with his feud with John Cena being one of the two highlighted rivalries in the " 2K Showcase " mode . = = Personal life = = Brooks is an atheist . He is an avid fan of the Chicago Blackhawks and Chicago Cubs . In his spare time , he reads and collects comics . He once worked for a shop named All American Comics , and cites Preacher as his favorite comic . He is close friends with professional wrestlers Colt Cabana ( whom he met when he trained at Steel Domain Wrestling ) and Cliff Compton , as well as Rancid vocalist Lars Frederiksen . Brooks married April " AJ Lee " Mendez on June 13 , 2014 . They split their time between homes in Chicago , Illinois , and Milwaukee , Wisconsin . On February 19 , 2015 , Christopher M. Amann , the WWE doctor who Brooks alleges misdiagnosed his staph infection and mistreated his concussion , filed a lawsuit against Brooks and Scott Colton ( Colt Cabana ) for defamation and invasion of privacy . He is seeking $ 1 million in compensation from each defendant and an undisclosed amount in punitive damages . WWE issued a statement and video in support of Amann , stating that Brooks had never informed anyone at WWE of his staph infection . = = In wrestling = = World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE Finishing moves Anaconda vise GTS – Go to Sleep ( Fireman 's carry dropped into a knee lift ) Signature moves Arm trap elbow strikes Arm trap swinging neckbreaker Arm wrench followed by stepping a leg over the wrenched arm and performing a mule kick with the leg below the opponent 's face Belly @-@ to @-@ back suplex , sometimes from the top rope DDT Diving crossbody Diving elbow drop – adopted from and used in tribute to Randy Savage Double underhook powerbomb German suplex Hangman 's neckbreaker to one opponent while simultaneously DDTing another opponent Hurricanrana Koji Clutch Mongolian chop Multiple kick variations Calf Leg lariat Muay Thai Roundhouse Soccerball Spinning back Step @-@ up enzuigiri Pepsi Twist ( Hammerlock twisted into a short @-@ range lariat ) Rope hung arm trap can opener Shining wizard Sitout suplex slam Slingshot somersault senton Springboard clothesline Step @-@ up high knee to a cornered opponent followed by a bulldog or a short @-@ arm clothesline Suicide dive Super frankensteiner Swinging neckbreaker Tiger suplex , sometimes from the second turnbuckle Tilt @-@ a @-@ whirl backbreaker Two slaps to the opponent 's face , followed by a spinning back kick to the gut , and then a roundhouse kick to finish the combination Welcome to Chicago ... ( Double underhook backbreaker ) Ring of Honor / Independent circuit Finishing moves Anaconda vise or an arm triangle choke Pepsi Plunge ( Diving double underhook facebuster ) Shining wizard Signature moves Arm wrench followed by stepping a leg over the wrenched arm and performing a mule kick with the leg below the opponent 's face Corkscrew dive transitioned into a diving neckbreaker Crooked Moonsault ( Split @-@ legged moonsault ) Delayed vertical suplex Devil Lock DDT ( Hammerlock legsweep DDT ) Facewash Inverted facelock backbreaker Inverted frankensteiner Jackie Chan ( While sitting in a corner , grasps the top rope with one hand on each side of the turnbuckle and when the opponent attempts to pull him off the ropes by his legs , he performs a back tuck , landing on his feet ) Pepsi Twist ( Jumping hammerlock twisted into a short @-@ range lariat ) Punk @-@ Handle Piledriver ( Pumphandle reverse piledriver ) Rolling fireman 's carry slam Slingshot somersault senton Springboard corkscrew crossbody Suicide dive Welcome to Chicago , Motherfucker ( Double underhook backbreaker ) Managers Milo Beasley Traci Brooks Bobby Heenan Paul Heyman Serena Luke Gallows Alexis Laree / Vicki Adams Lucy Joshua Masters James Mitchell Dave Prazak Wrestlers managed The Straight Edge Society ( Serena , Luke Gallows , and Joseph Mercury ) The New Nexus ( David Otunga , Husky Harris , Michael McGillicutty , and Mason Ryan ) Nicknames " The Best in the World " " Mr. Money in the Bank " " Paul Heyman Guy " " The only straight edge World Heavyweight Champion in history " " The Second City Saint / Savior " " The Straight Edge Savior / Superstar " " The Voice of the Voiceless " Entrance themes Independent circuit " South of Heaven " by Slayer " A Call for Blood " by Hatebreed Ring of Honor " Miseria Cantare ( The Beginning ) " by AFI " Cult of Personality " by Living Colour " Night Train " by The Bouncing Souls " ¡ Olé ! " by The Bouncing Souls World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE " This Fire Burns " by Killswitch Engage ( August 1 , 2006 – July 17 , 2011 ) " Cult of Personality " by Living Colour ( July 25 , 2011 – January 26 , 2014 ) = = Championships and accomplishments = = Independent Wrestling Association Mid @-@ South IWA Mid @-@ South Heavyweight Championship ( 5 times ) IWA Mid @-@ South Light Heavyweight Championship ( 2 times ) International Wrestling Cartel IWC World Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) Mid @-@ American Wrestling MAW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) NWA Cyberspace NWA Cyberspace Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Julio Dinero NWA Revolution NWA Revolution Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) Ohio Valley Wrestling OVW Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Seth Skyfire OVW Television Championship ( 1 time ) Second OVW Triple Crown Champion Pro Wrestling Illustrated Feud of the Year ( 2011 ) vs. John Cena Match of the Year ( 2011 ) vs. John Cena at Money in the Bank Most Popular Wrestler of the Year ( 2011 ) Most Hated Wrestler of the Year ( 2012 ) Wrestler of the Year ( 2011 , 2012 ) Ranked # 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012 Revolver Golden Gods Award for Most Metal Athlete ( 2012 ) Ring of Honor ROH World Championship ( 1 time ) ROH Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) – with Colt Cabana St. Paul Championship Wrestling SPCW Northern States Light Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) SDW Northern States Television Championship ( 2 times ) World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE ECW Championship ( 1 time ) World Heavyweight Championship ( 3 times ) World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – with Kofi Kingston WWE Championship ( 2 times ) Intercontinental Championship # 1 contenders Tournament ( 2008 ) WWE Intercontinental Championship ( 1 time ) Money in the Bank ( 2008 , 2009 ) Nineteenth Triple Crown Champion Slammy Award ( 7 times ) " OMG " Moment of the Year ( 2008 ) – Cashing in Money in the Bank to win the World Heavyweight Championship Shocker of the Year ( 2009 ) – Forcing Jeff Hardy out of the WWE after steel cage match victory Despicable Me ( 2010 ) – Harassing Rey Mysterio and his family Superstar of the Year ( 2011 ) " Pipe Bomb " of the Year ( 2011 ) T @-@ shirt of the Year ( 2011 ) – " Best in the World " Extreme Moment of the Year ( 2013 ) – For exacting revenge on Paul Heyman at Hell in a Cell Wrestling Observer Newsletter 5 Star Match ( 2004 ) vs. Samoa Joe at ROH Joe vs. Punk II on October 16 5 Star Match ( 2011 ) vs. John Cena at Money in the Bank Best Gimmick ( 2009 , 2011 ) Best on Interviews ( 2011 , 2012 ) Feud of the Year ( 2009 ) vs. Jeff Hardy Feud of the Year ( 2011 ) vs. John Cena Match of the Year ( 2011 ) vs. John Cena at Money in the Bank = = = Luchas de Apuestas record = = =
= Bergen Aviation = A / S Bergen Aviation was a Norwegian airline that never operated any flights . Based in Bergen and established in 1984 , it signed an agreement to fly charter flights with Vestlandsreiser in 1986 . It had also made an unsuccessful attempt to receive concession to operate domestic scheduled flights between Oslo Airport , Fornebu and Bergen Airport , Flesland . The airline bought a Sud Aviation Caravelle , but never received permission to operate . The company 's largest owners were Vesta and Vestlandsreiser . = = History = = Bergen Aviation was established in 1984 . Fifty percent of Bergen Aviation was owned by the insurance company Vesta , twenty percent was owned by Vestlandreiser , and the rest was owned by various companies based in Bergen . The airline 's first contract was with charter tour operator Vestlandsreiser , which was scheduled to begin on 1 May 1986 . The contract was secured after Vestlandsreiser on 30 January 1986 had announced that they would terminate their agreement with Swedish airline Transwede , citing the latter 's repeated delays and cancellations . The contract consisted of services from Stavanger Airport , Sola ; Bergen Airport , Flesland ; Haugesund Airport , Karmøy ; and Sandefjord Airport , Torp to Palma de Mallorca Airport , Spain and Crete , Greece . To operate the charter routes , Bergen Aviation bought a 99 @-@ seat Sud Aviation SE @-@ 210 Caravelle from Hispania Líneas Aéreas in January 1986 , financed with a loan from Nevi . On 10 February , Bergen Aviation announced that they had applied the Norwegian Civil Aviation Administration to operate a scheduled service between Flesland and Oslo Airport , Fornebu . At the time , Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) had a monopoly on the route , which was Norway 's busiest , carrying 2 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 passengers per day . Einar Falck , Vesta 's chief executive officer , stated that the mechanics strike which had recently hit SAS had shown how vulnerable the SAS monopoly was . He further stated that should Bergen Aviation receive concession , they would acquire Boeing 737 or Douglas DC @-@ 9 aircraft for the route , and the owner group would consider listing the company . The application was part of a trend among smaller Norwegian airlines to apply for the new route . At the time there were 42 pending applications from 15 airlines awaiting decision in the Ministry of Transport and Communications . The Progress Party 's Youth supported Bergen Aviation 's application at its national convention . The airline sent an application to register the Caravelle in April , but the application was canceled later in the month , and the aircraft was subsequently registered in Sweden . By June the airline had still not received permission to operate , causing problems for Vestlandsreiser , who had to make last @-@ minute leases of aircraft , and had to terminate all flights from Stavanger .
= Italian cruiser Euridice = Euridice was a torpedo cruiser of the Partenope class built for the Italian Regia Marina ( Royal Navy ) in the 1880s . She was built by the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia shipyard , with her keel laying in February 1889 , her launching in September 1890 , and her commissioning in May 1891 . Her main armament were her six torpedo tubes , which were supported by a battery of ten small @-@ caliber guns . Euridice spent most of her career in the main Italian fleet , where she was primarily occupied with training exercises . She was withdrawn from service in 1907 and sold for scrapping . = = Design = = Euridice was 73 @.@ 1 meters ( 239 ft 10 in ) long overall and had a beam of 8 @.@ 22 m ( 27 ft 0 in ) and an average draft of 3 @.@ 48 m ( 11 ft 5 in ) . She displaced 904 metric tons ( 890 long tons ; 996 short tons ) normally . Her propulsion system consisted of a pair of horizontal triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by four coal @-@ fired locomotive boilers . Specific figures for Euridice 's engine performance have not survived , but the ships of her class had top speeds of 18 @.@ 1 to 20 @.@ 8 knots ( 33 @.@ 5 to 38 @.@ 5 km / h ; 20 @.@ 8 to 23 @.@ 9 mph ) at 3 @,@ 884 to 4 @,@ 422 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 896 to 3 @,@ 297 kW ) . The ship had a cruising radius of about 1 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 300 km ; 2 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had a crew of between 96 – 121 . Euridice was armed with a main battery of one 120 mm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) / 40 gun and six 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) / 43 guns mounted singly.α She was also equipped with three 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) / 20 guns in single mounts . Her primary offensive weapon was her six 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 1 @.@ 6 in ( 41 mm ) thick ; her conning tower was armored with the same thickness of steel plate . = = Service history = = The keel for Euridice was laid down on 14 February 1889 at the Regio Cantiere di Castellammare di Stabia ( Royal Dockyard in Castellammare di Stabia ) . The completed hull was launched on 22 September 1890 . After fitting @-@ out work was completed , the ship was commissioned into the fleet on 1 May 1891 . Euridice took part in the annual fleet exercises in 1893 in the " attacking squadron " , which also included six ironclads , her sister ship Iride and the torpedo cruisers Goito and Monzambano . During the maneuvers , which lasted from 6 August to 5 September , the ships of the Active Squadron simulated a French attack on the Italian fleet . In 1895 , she was assigned to the 2nd Division of the Permanent Squadron , which included her sister ship Calatafimi , the ironclad battleship Francesco Morosini , and the protected cruiser Etruria . The Squadron was based at La Spezia at the time , though Euridice was stationed primarily in Taranto and Naples , along with most of the other torpedo cruisers of the Italian fleet . In 1896 , she took part in the annual summer maneuvers in July as part of the Second Division of the Reserve Squadron , which also included the ironclads Italia and Ruggiero di Lauria and the protected cruiser Stromboli . Euridice took part in an international naval demonstration in 1897 off Crete during a period of tension between Greece and the Ottoman Empire that culminated in the Greco @-@ Turkish War . At the time , she was assigned to the 1st Division , which included the three Re Umberto class ironclads and the protected cruisers Giovanni Bausan and Vesuvio . In 1903 , Euridice was assigned to the 1st Squadron , along with her sister Minerva . The unit also included eight battleships , six other cruisers , and six destroyers . The 1st Squadron was kept in active service for seven months of the year for training , and had reduced crews for the remainder of the year . The ship was sold for scrap in March 1907 and subsequently broken up .
= Boydell Shakespeare Gallery = The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in London , England , was the first stage of a three @-@ part project initiated in November 1786 by engraver and publisher John Boydell in an effort to foster a school of British history painting . In addition to the establishment of the gallery , Boydell planned to produce an illustrated edition of William Shakespeare 's plays and a folio of prints based upon a series of paintings by different contemporary painters . During the 1790s the London gallery that showed the original paintings emerged as the project 's most popular element . The works of William Shakespeare enjoyed a renewed popularity in 18th @-@ century Britain . Several new editions of his works were published , his plays were revived in the theatre and numerous works of art were created illustrating the plays and specific productions of them . Capitalising on this interest , Boydell decided to publish a grand illustrated edition of Shakespeare 's plays that would showcase the talents of British painters and engravers . He chose the noted scholar and Shakespeare editor George Steevens to oversee the edition , which was released between 1791 and 1803 . The press reported weekly on the building of Boydell 's gallery , designed by George Dance the Younger , on a site in Pall Mall . Boydell commissioned works from famous painters of the day , such as Joshua Reynolds , and the folio of engravings proved the enterprise 's most lasting legacy . However , the long delay in publishing the prints and the illustrated edition prompted criticism . Because they were hurried , and many illustrations had to be done by lesser artists , the final products of Boydell 's venture were judged to be disappointing . The project caused the Boydell firm to become insolvent , and they were forced to sell the gallery at a lottery . = = Shakespeare in the 18th century = = In the 18th century , Shakespeare became associated with rising British nationalism , and Boydell tapped into the same mood that many other entrepreneurs were exploiting . Shakespeare appealed not only to a social elite who prided themselves on their artistic taste , but also to the emerging middle class who saw in Shakespeare 's works a vision of a diversified society . The mid @-@ century Shakespearean theatrical revival was probably most responsible for reintroducing the British public to Shakespeare . Shakespeare 's plays were integral to the theatre 's resurgence at this time . Despite the upsurge in theatre @-@ going , writing tragedies was not profitable , and thus few good tragedies were written . Shakespeare 's works filled the gap in the repertoire , and his reputation grew as a result . By the end of the 18th century , one out of every six plays performed in London was by Shakespeare . The actor , director , and producer David Garrick was a key figure in Shakespeare 's theatrical renaissance . His reportedly superb acting , unrivalled productions , numerous and important Shakespearean portraits , and his spectacular 1769 Shakespeare Jubilee helped promote Shakespeare as a marketable product and the national playwright . Garrick 's Drury Lane theatre was the centre of the Shakespeare mania which swept the nation . The visual arts also played a significant role in expanding Shakespeare 's popular appeal . In particular , the conversation pieces designed chiefly for homes generated a wide audience for literary art , especially Shakespearean art . This tradition began with William Hogarth ( whose prints reached all levels of society ) and attained its peak in the Royal Academy exhibitions , which displayed paintings , drawings , and sculptures . The exhibitions became important public events : thousands flocked to see them , and newspapers reported in detail on the works displayed . They became a fashionable place to be seen ( as did Boydell 's Shakespeare Gallery , later in the century ) . In the process , the public was refamiliarized with Shakespeare 's works . = = = Shakespeare editions = = = The rise in Shakespeare 's popularity coincided with Britain 's accelerating change from an oral to a print culture . Towards the end of the century , the basis of Shakespeare 's high reputation changed . He had originally been respected as a playwright , but once the theatre became associated with the masses , Shakespeare 's status as a " great writer " shifted . Two strands of Shakespearean print culture emerged : bourgeois popular editions and scholarly critical editions . In order to turn a profit , booksellers chose well @-@ known authors , such as Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson , to edit Shakespeare editions . According to Shakespeare scholar Gary Taylor , Shakespearean criticism became so " associated with the dramatis personae of 18th @-@ century English literature ... [ that ] he could not be extracted without uprooting a century and a half of the national canon " . The 18th century 's first Shakespeare edition , which was also the first illustrated edition of the plays , was published in 1709 by Jacob Tonson and edited by Nicholas Rowe . The plays appeared in " pleasant and readable books in small format " which " were supposed ... to have been taken for common or garden use , domestic rather than library sets " . Shakespeare became " domesticated " in the 18th century , particularly with the publication of family editions such as Bell 's in 1773 and 1785 – 86 , which advertised themselves as " more instructive and intelligible ; especially to the young ladies and to youth ; glaring indecencies being removed " . Scholarly editions also proliferated . At first , these were edited by author @-@ scholars such as Pope ( 1725 ) and Johnson ( 1765 ) , but later in the century this changed . Editors such as George Steevens ( 1773 , 1785 ) and Edmund Malone ( 1790 ) produced meticulous editions with extensive footnotes . The early editions appealed to both the middle class and to those interested in Shakespeare scholarship , but the later editions appealed almost exclusively to the latter . Boydell 's edition , at the end of the century , tried to reunite these two strands . It included illustrations but was edited by George Steevens , one of the foremost Shakespeare scholars of the day . = = Boydell 's Shakespeare venture = = Boydell 's Shakespeare project contained three parts : an illustrated edition of Shakespeare 's plays ; a folio of prints from the gallery ( originally intended to be a folio of prints from the edition of Shakespeare 's plays ) ; and a public gallery where the original paintings for the prints would hang . The idea of a grand Shakespeare edition was conceived during a dinner at the home of Josiah Boydell ( John 's nephew ) in late 1786 . Five important accounts of the occasion survive . From these , a guest list and a reconstruction of the conversation have been assembled . The guest list reflects the range of Boydell 's contacts in the artistic world : it included Benjamin West , painter to King George III ; George Romney , a renowned portrait painter ; George Nicol , bookseller to the king ; William Hayley , a poet ; John Hoole , a scholar and translator of Tasso and Aristotle ; and Daniel Braithwaite , secretary to the postmaster general and a patron of artists such as Romney and Angelica Kauffman . Most accounts also place the painter Paul Sandby at the gathering . Boydell wanted to use the edition to help stimulate a British school of history painting . He wrote in the " Preface " to the folio that he wanted " to advance that art towards maturity , and establish an English School of Historical Painting " . A court document used by Josiah to collect debts from customers after Boydell 's death relates the story of the dinner and Boydell 's motivations : [ Boydell said ] he should like to wipe away the stigma that all foreign critics threw on this nation — that they had no genius for historical painting . He said he was certain from his success in encouraging engraving that Englishmen wanted nothing but proper encouragement and a proper subject to excel in historical painting . The encouragement he would endeavor to find if a proper subject were pointed out . Mr. Nicol replied that there was one great National subject concerning which there could be no second opinion , and mentioned Shakespeare . The proposition was received with acclaim by the Alderman [ John Boydell ] and the whole company . However , as Frederick Burwick argues in his introduction to a collection of essays on the Boydell Gallery , " [ w ] hatever claims Boydell might make about furthering the cause of history painting in England , the actual rallying force that brought the artists together to create the Shakespeare Gallery was the promise of engraved publication and distribution of their works . " After the initial success of the Shakespeare Gallery , many wanted to take credit . Henry Fuseli long claimed that his planned Shakespeare ceiling ( in imitation of the Sistine Chapel ceiling ) had given Boydell the idea for the gallery . James Northcote claimed that his Death of Wat Tyler and Murder of the Princes in the Tower had motivated Boydell to start the project . However , according to Winifred Friedman , who has researched the Boydell Gallery , it was probably Joshua Reynolds 's Royal Academy lectures on the superiority of history painting that influenced Boydell the most . The logistics of the enterprise were difficult to organise . Boydell and Nicol wanted to produce an illustrated edition of a multi @-@ volume work and intended to bind and sell the 72 large prints separately in a folio . A gallery was required to exhibit the paintings from which the prints were drawn . The edition was to be financed through a subscription campaign , during which the buyers would pay part of the price up front and the remainder on delivery . This unusual practice was necessitated by the fact that over £ 350 @,@ 000 — an enormous sum at the time , worth about £ 38 @.@ 8 million today — was eventually spent . The gallery opened in 1789 with 34 paintings and added 33 more in 1790 when the first engravings were published . The last volume of the edition and the Collection of Prints were published in 1803 . In the middle of the project , Boydell decided that he could make more money if he published different prints in the folio than in the illustrated edition ; as a result , the two sets of images are not identical . Advertisements were issued and placed in newspapers . When a subscription was circulated for a medal to be struck , the copy read : " The encouragers of this great national undertaking will also have the satisfaction to know , that their names will be handed down to Posterity , as the Patrons of Native Genius , enrolled with their own hands , in the same book , with the best of Sovereigns . " The language of both the advertisement and the medal emphasised the role each subscriber played in the patronage of the arts . The subscribers were primarily middle @-@ class Londoners , not aristocrats . Edmund Malone , himself an editor of a rival Shakespeare edition , wrote that " before the scheme was well @-@ formed , or the proposals entirely printed off , near six hundred persons eagerly set down their names , and paid their subscriptions to a set of books and prints that will cost each person , I think , about ninety guineas ; and on looking over the list , there were not above twenty names among them that anybody knew " . = = Illustrated Shakespeare edition and folio = = The " magnificent and accurate " Shakespeare edition which Boydell began in 1786 was to be the focus of his enterprise — he viewed the print folio and the gallery as offshoots of the main project . In an advertisement prefacing the first volume of the edition , Nicol wrote that " splendor and magnificence , united with correctness of text were the great objects of this Edition " . The volumes themselves were handsome , with gilded pages that , unlike those in previous scholarly editions , were unencumbered by footnotes . Each play had its own title page followed by a list of " Persons in the Drama " . Boydell spared no expense . He hired the typography experts William Bulmer and William Martin to develop and cut a new typeface specifically for the edition . Nicol explains in the preface that they " established a printing @-@ house ... [ and ] a foundry to cast the types ; and even a manufactory to make the ink " . Boydell also chose to use high @-@ quality wove Whatman paper . The illustrations were printed independently and could be inserted and removed as the purchaser desired . The first volumes of the Dramatic Works were published in 1791 and the last in 1805 . Boydell was responsible for the " splendor " , and George Steevens , the general editor , was responsible for the " correctness of text " . Steevens , according to Evelyn Wenner , who has studied the history of the Boydell edition , was " at first an ardent advocate of the plan " but " soon realized that the editor of this text must in the very scheme of things give way to painters , publishers and engravers " . He was also ultimately disappointed in the quality of the prints , but he said nothing to jeopardize the edition 's sales . Steevens , who had already edited two complete Shakespeare editions , was not asked to edit the text anew ; instead , he picked which version of the text to reprint . Wenner describes the resulting hybrid edition : The thirty @-@ six plays , printed from the texts of Reed and Malone , divide into the following three groups : ( 1 ) five plays of the first three numbers printed from Reed 's edition of 1785 with many changes adopted from the Malone text of 1790 ( 2 ) King Lear and the six plays of the next three numbers printed from Malone 's edition of 1790 but exhibiting conspicuous deviations from his basic text ( 3 ) twenty @-@ four plays of the last twelve numbers also printed from Malone 's text but made to conform to Steevens 's own edition of 1793 . Throughout the edition , modern ( i.e. 18th @-@ century ) spelling was preferred as were First Folio readings . Boydell sought out the most eminent painters and engravers of the day to contribute paintings for the gallery , engravings for the folio , and illustrations for the edition . Artists included Richard Westall , Thomas Stothard , George Romney , Henry Fuseli , Benjamin West , Angelica Kauffman , Robert Smirke , John Opie , Francesco Bartolozzi , Thomas Kirk , Henry Thomson , and Boydell 's nephew and business partner , Josiah Boydell . The folio and the illustrated Shakespeare edition were " by far the largest single engraving enterprise ever undertaken in England " . As print collector and dealer Christopher Lennox @-@ Boyd explains , " had there not been a market for such engravings , not one of the paintings would have been commissioned , and few , if any , of the artists would have risked painting such elaborate compositions " . Scholars believe that a variety of engraving methods were employed and that line engraving was the " preferred medium " because it was " clear and hardwearing " and because it had a high reputation . Stipple engraving , which was quicker and often used to produce shading effects , wore out quicker and was valued less . Many plates were a mixture of both . Several scholars have suggested that mezzotint and aquatint were also used . Lennox @-@ Boyd , however , claims that " close examination of the plates confirms " that these two methods were not used and argues that they were " totally unsuitable " : mezzotint wore quickly and aquatint was too new ( there would not have been enough artists capable of executing it ) . Most of Boydell 's engravers were also trained artists ; for example , Bartolozzi was renowned for his stippling technique . Boydell 's relationships with his illustrators were generally congenial . One of them , James Northcote , praised Boydell 's liberal payments . He wrote in an 1821 letter that Boydell " did more for the advancement of the arts in England than the whole mass of the nobility put together ! He paid me more nobly than any other person has done ; and his memory I shall ever hold in reverence " . Boydell typically paid the painters between £ 105 to £ 210 , and the engravers between £ 262 and £ 315 . Joshua Reynolds at first declined Boydell 's offer to work on the project , but he agreed when pressed . Boydell offered Reynolds carte blanche for his paintings , giving him a down payment of £ 500 , an extraordinary amount for an artist who had not even agreed to do a specific work . Boydell eventually paid him a total of £ 1 @,@ 500 . There are 96 illustrations in the nine volumes of the illustrated edition and each play has at least one . Approximately two @-@ thirds of the plays , 23 out of 36 , are each illustrated by a single artist . Approximately two @-@ thirds of the total number of illustrations , or 65 , were completed by three artists : William Hamilton , Richard Westall , and Robert Smirke . The primary illustrators of the edition were known as book illustrators , whereas a majority of the artists included in the folio were known for their paintings . Lennox @-@ Boyd argues that the illustrations in the edition have a " uniformity and cohesiveness " that the folio lacks because the artists and engravers working on them understood book illustration while those working on the folio were working in an unfamiliar medium . The print folio , A Collection of Prints , From Pictures Painted for the Purpose of Illustrating the Dramatic Works of Shakspeare , by the Artists of Great @-@ Britain ( 1805 ) , was originally intended to be a collection of the illustrations from the edition , but a few years into the project , Boydell altered his plan . He guessed that he could sell more folios and editions if the pictures were different . Of the 97 prints made from paintings , two @-@ thirds of them were made by ten of the artists . Three artists account for one @-@ third of the paintings . In all , 31 artists contributed works . = = Gallery building = = In June 1788 , Boydell and his nephew secured the lease on a site at 52 Pall Mall ( 51 ° 30 ′ 20 @.@ 5 ″ N 0 ° 8 ′ 12 ″ W ) to build the gallery and engaged George Dance , then the Clerk of the City Works , as the architect for the project . Pall Mall at that time had a mix of expensive residences and commercial operations , such as bookshops and gentleman 's clubs , popular with fashionable London society . The area also contained some less genteel establishments : King 's Place ( now Pall Mall Place ) , an alley running to the east and behind Boydell 's gallery , was the site of Charlotte Hayes 's high @-@ class brothel . Across King 's Place , immediately to the east of Boydell 's building , 51 Pall Mall had been purchased on 26 February 1787 by George Nicol , bookseller and future husband of Josiah 's elder sister , Mary Boydell . As an indication of the changing character of the area , this property had been the home of Goostree 's gentleman 's club from 1773 to 1787 . Begun as a gambling establishment for wealthy young men , it had later become a reformist political club that counted William Pitt and William Wilberforce as members . Dance 's Shakespeare Gallery building had a monumental , neoclassical stone front , and a full @-@ length exhibition hall on the ground floor . Three interconnecting exhibition rooms occupied the upper floor , with a total of more than 4 @,@ 000 square feet ( 370 m2 ) of wall space for displaying pictures . The two @-@ storey façade was not especially large for the street , but its solid classicism had an imposing effect . Some reports describe the exterior as " sheathed in copper " . The lower storey of the façade was dominated by a large , rounded @-@ arched doorway in the centre . The unmoulded arch rested on wide piers , each broken by a narrow window , above which ran a simple cornice . Dance placed a transom across the doorway at the level of the cornice bearing the inscription " Shakespeare Gallery " . Below the transom were the main entry doors , with glazed panels and side lights matching the flanking windows . A radial fanlight filled the lunette above the transom . In each of the spandrels to the left and right of the arch , Dance set a carving of a lyre inside a ribboned wreath . Above all this ran a panelled band course dividing the lower storey from the upper . The upper façade contained paired pilasters on either side , and a thick entablature and triangular pediment . The architect Sir John Soane criticised Dance 's combination of slender pilasters and a heavy entablature as a " strange and extravagant absurdity " . The capitals topping the pilasters sported volutes in the shape of ammonite fossils . Dance invented this neo @-@ classical feature , which became known as the Ammonite Order , specifically for the gallery . In a recess between the pilasters , Dance placed Thomas Banks 's sculpture Shakespeare attended by Painting and Poetry , for which the artist was paid 500 guineas . The sculpture depicted Shakespeare , reclining against a rock , between the Dramatic Muse and the Genius of Painting . Beneath it was a panelled pedestal inscribed with a quotation from Hamlet : " He was a Man , take him for all in all , I shall not look upon his like again " . = = Reaction = = The Shakespeare Gallery , when it opened on 4 May 1789 , contained 34 paintings , and by the end of its run it had between 167 and 170 . ( The exact inventory is uncertain and most of the paintings have disappeared ; only around 40 paintings can be identified with any certainty . ) According to Frederick Burwick , during its sixteen @-@ year operation , the Gallery reflected the transition from Neoclassicism to Romanticism . Works by artists such as James Northcote represent the conservative , neoclassical elements of the gallery , while those of Henry Fuseli represent the newly emerging Romantic movement . William Hazlitt praised Northcote in an essay entitled " On the Old Age of Artists " , writing " I conceive any person would be more struck with Mr. Fuseli at first sight , but would wish to visit Mr. Northcote oftener . " The gallery itself was a fashionable hit with the public . Newspapers carried updates of the construction of the gallery , down to drawings for the proposed façade . The Daily Advertiser featured a weekly column on the gallery from May through August ( exhibition season ) . Artists who had influence with the press , and Boydell himself , published anonymous articles to heighten interest in the gallery , which they hoped would increase sales of the edition . At the beginning of the enterprise , reactions were generally positive . The Public Advertiser wrote on 6 May 1789 : " the pictures in general give a mirror of the poet ... [ The Shakespeare Gallery ] bids fair to form such an epoch in the History of the Fine Arts , as will establish and confirm the superiority of the English School " . The Times wrote a day later : This establishment may be considered with great truth , as the first stone of an English School of Painting ; and it is peculiarly honourable to a great commercial country , that it is indebted for such a distinguished circumstance to a commercial character — such an institution — will place , in the Calendar of Arts , the name of Boydell in the same rank with the Medici of Italy . Fuseli himself may have written the review in the Analytical Review , which praised the general plan of the gallery while at the same time hesitating : " such a variety of subjects , it may be supposed , must exhibit a variety of powers ; all cannot be the first ; while some must soar , others must skim the meadow , and others content themselves to walk with dignity " . However , according to Frederick Burwick , critics in Germany " responded to the Shakespeare Gallery with far more thorough and meticulous attention than did the critics in England " . Criticism increased as the project dragged on : the first volume did not appear until 1791 . James Gillray published a cartoon labelled " Boydell sacrificing the Works of Shakespeare to the Devil of Money @-@ Bags " . The essayist and soon @-@ to @-@ be co @-@ author of the children 's book Tales from Shakespeare ( 1807 ) Charles Lamb criticised the venture from the outset : What injury did not Boydell 's Shakespeare Gallery do me with Shakespeare . To have Opie 's Shakespeare , Northcote 's Shakespeare , light headed Fuseli 's Shakespeare , wooden @-@ headed West 's Shakespeare , deaf @-@ headed Reynolds ' Shakespeare , instead of my and everybody 's Shakespeare . To be tied down to an authentic face of Juliet ! To have Imogen 's portrait ! To confine the illimitable ! Northcote , while appreciating Boydell 's largesse , also criticised the results of the project : " With the exception of a few pictures by Joshua [ Reynolds ] and [ John ] Opie , and — I hope I may add — myself , it was such a collection of slip @-@ slop imbecility as was dreadful to look at , and turned out , as I had expected it would , in the ruin of poor Boydell 's affairs " . = = Collapse = = By 1796 , subscriptions to the edition had dropped by two @-@ thirds . The painter and diarist Joseph Farington recorded that this was a result of the poor engravings : West said He looked over the Shakespeare prints and was sorry to see them of such inferior quality . He said that excepting that from His Lear by Sharpe , that from Northcote 's children in the Tower , and some small ones , there were few that could be approved . Such a mixture of dotting and engraving , and such a general deficiency in respect of drawing which He observed the Engravers seemed to know little of , that the volumes presented a mass of works which He did not wonder many subscribers had declined to continue their subscription . The mix of engraving styles was criticised ; line engraving was considered the superior form and artists and subscribers disliked the mixture of lesser forms with it . Moreover , Boydell 's engravers fell behind schedule , delaying the entire project . He was forced to engage lesser artists , such as Hamilton and Smirke , at a lower price to finish the volumes as his business started to fail . Modern art historians have generally concurred that the quality of the engravings , particularly in the folio , was poor . Moreover , the use of so many different artists and engravers led to a lack of stylistic cohesion . Although the Boydells ended with 1 @,@ 384 subscriptions , the rate of subscriptions dropped , and remaining subscriptions were also increasingly in doubt . Like many businesses at the time , the Boydell firm kept few records . Only the customers knew what they had purchased . This caused numerous difficulties with debtors who claimed they had never subscribed or had subscribed for less . Many subscribers also defaulted , and Josiah Boydell spent years after John 's death attempting to force them to pay . The Boydells focused all their attention on the Shakespeare edition and other large projects , such as The History of the River Thames and The Complete Works of John Milton , rather than on lesser , more profitable ventures . When both the Shakespeare enterprise and the Thames book failed , the firm had no capital to fall back upon . Beginning in 1789 , with the onset of the French revolution , John Boydell 's export business to Europe was cut off . By the late 1790s and early 19th century , the two @-@ thirds of his business that depended upon the export trade was in serious financial difficulty . In 1804 , John Boydell decided to appeal to Parliament for a private bill to authorise a lottery to dispose of everything in his business . The bill received royal assent on 23 March , and by November the Boydells were ready to sell tickets . John Boydell died before the lottery was drawn on 28 January 1805 , but lived long enough to see each of the 22 @,@ 000 tickets purchased at three guineas apiece ( £ 250 each in modern terms ) . To encourage ticket sales and reduce unsold inventory , every purchaser was guaranteed to receive a print worth one guinea from the Boydell company 's stock . There were 64 winning tickets for major prizes , the highest being the Gallery itself and its collection of paintings . This went to William Tassie , a gem engraver and cameo modeller , of Leicester Fields ( now Leicester Square ) . Josiah offered to buy the gallery and its paintings back from Tassie for £ 10 @,@ 000 ( worth about £ 730 @,@ 000 now ) , but Tassie refused and auctioned the paintings at Christie 's . The painting collection and two reliefs by Anne Damer fetched a total of £ 6 @,@ 181 18s . 6d . The Banks sculpture group from the façade was initially intended to be kept as a monument for Boydell 's tomb . Instead , it remained part of the façade of the building in its new guise as the British Institution until the building was torn down in 1868 – 69 . The Banks sculpture was then moved to Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon and re @-@ erected in New Place Garden between June and November 1870 . The lottery saved Josiah from bankruptcy and earned him £ 45 @,@ 000 , enabling him to begin business again as a printer . = = Legacy = = From the outset , Boydell 's project inspired imitators . In April 1788 , after the announcement of the Shakespeare Gallery , but a year before its opening , Thomas Macklin opened a Gallery of the Poets in the former Royal Academy building on the south side of Pall Mall . The first exhibition featured one work from each of 19 artists , including Fuseli , Reynolds , and Thomas Gainsborough . The gallery added new paintings of subjects from poetry each year , and from 1790 supplemented these with scenes from the Bible . The Gallery of the Poets closed in 1797 , and its contents were offered by lottery . This did not deter Henry Fuseli from opening a Milton Gallery in the same building in 1799 . Another such venture was the Historic Gallery opened by Robert Bowyer in Schomberg House at 87 Pall Mall in about 1793 . The gallery accumulated 60 paintings ( many by the same artists who worked for Boydell ) commissioned to illustrate a new edition of David Hume 's The History of Great Britain . Ultimately , Bowyer had to seek parliamentary approval for a sale by lottery in 1805 , and the other ventures , like Boydell 's , also ended in financial failure . The building in Pall Mall was purchased in 1805 by the British Institution , a private club of connoisseurs founded that year to hold exhibitions . It remained an important part of the London art scene until disbanded in 1867 , typically holding a Spring exhibition of new works for sale from the start of February to the first week of May , and a loan exhibition of old masters , generally not for sale , from the first week of June to the end of August . The paintings and engravings that were part of the Boydell Gallery affected the way Shakespeare 's plays were staged , acted , and illustrated in the 19th century . They also became the subject of criticism in important works such as Romantic poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's " Lectures on Shakespeare " and William Hazlitt 's dramatic criticism . Despite Charles Lamb 's criticism of the Gallery 's productions , Charles and Mary Lamb 's children 's book , Tales from Shakespeare ( 1807 ) , was illustrated using plates from the project . The Boydell enterprise 's most enduring legacy was the folio . It was reissued throughout the 19th century , and in 1867 , " by the aid of photography the whole series , excepting the portraits of their Majesties George III. and Queen Charlotte , is now presented in a handy form , suitable for ordinary libraries or the drawing @-@ room table , and offered as an appropriate memorial of the tercentenary celebration of the poet 's birth " . Scholars have described Boydell 's folio as a precursor to the modern coffee table book . = = = Sculptures = = = Shakespeare attended by Painting and Poetry by Thomas Banks ( on façade of gallery building ) Present location : New Place Gardens , Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon Coriolanus by Anne Seymour Damer ( bas relief ) Antony and Cleopatra by Anne Seymour Damer ( bas relief ) = = = Paintings = = = The Paintings list is derived from the numbered catalogue The exhibition of the Shakspeare gallery , Pall @-@ Mall : being the last time the pictures can ever be seen as an entire collection ( London : W. Bulmer & Co . , 1805 ) , The Boydell Shakespeare Gallery edited by Walter Pape and Frederick Burwick ( Bottrop : Peter Pomp , 1996 ) , and " What Jane Saw " . = = = Folio engravings = = = = = = Illustrated edition = = =
= Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose = " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " is the fourth episode of the third season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . Directed by David Nutter and written by Darin Morgan , the installment serves as a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story — a stand @-@ alone plot unconnected to the overarching mythology of The X @-@ Files . Originally aired by the Fox network on October 13 , 1995 , " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " received a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 2 and was seen by 15 @.@ 38 million viewers . The episode received critical acclaim , and several writers named it among the best in the series . The episode won both an Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series as well as an Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the abnormal ; the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work , but the two have developed a deep friendship . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a series of murders of psychics and fortune tellers . The two are assisted by Clyde Bruckman ( Peter Boyle ) , an enigmatic and reluctant individual who possesses the ability to foresee how people are going to die . Morgan wished to write an episode of The X @-@ Files wherein one of the characters commits suicide at the end . Although Morgan was initially afraid to add humor to his script , he created a compromise by making the episode as dark as possible . Several of the characters ' names are references to silent film @-@ era actors and screenwriters . Notably , the episode features a prediction by Bruckman — that Agent Scully will not die — that is later bookended by the sixth season episode " Tithonus . " = = Plot = = St. Paul , Minnesota : In a store , Clyde Bruckman ( Peter Boyle ) , a life insurance salesman , purchases a paper and a lottery ticket and leaves . In the street , he almost bumps into an inconspicuous man ( Stuart Charno ) , who heads to a gypsy palm reader named Madame Zelma ( Karin Konoval ) . After seeking his fortune , the inconspicuous man attacks and kills her . A few days later , the eyes and entrails of a tea leaf reader , who was also a doll collector , have been found in her apartment , her body being missing . FBI agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) arrive at the scene of that murder to help the local cops , who have recruited the help of a psychic , the eccentric Stupendous Yappi ( Jaap Broeker ) . Although the psychic delivers extremely vague clues , the cops are thoroughly impressed ; both Scully and Mulder , however , are not , especially after Yappi diagnoses that it is Mulder — not Scully — who is a skeptic . Meanwhile , after Bruckman takes the trash out for his neighbor , he discovers the body of Madame Zelma outside in his dumpster . When interviewed by Mulder and Scully , he reveals details about the crime that he could not have known from the media accounts , which causes Mulder to believe that Bruckman has psychic ability . Mulder insists that Bruckman join them in a visit to the crime scene at the doll collector 's apartment . Thanks to seemingly psychically gained information from Bruckman , her body is soon found in a nearby lake . At the police station , Mulder tests Bruckman 's ability by having him handle various objects to see what they " tell " him . It becomes apparent that Bruckman 's only real psychic talent is an ability to see details of people 's deaths . Scully arrives with a key chain bearing the insignia of an investment company that uses astrology to make financial predictions , taken from the doll collector 's body - the same key chain was found on two of the other dead fortunetellers . Bruckman knows that the firm is owned by one Claude Dukenfield , not through a psychic revelation but because he coincidentally sold the man an insurance policy recently . He says that Mulder and Scully will not be able to talk to Dukenfield though , because he has been murdered . Mulder and Scully drive Bruckman to a wooded spot where Bruckman has said they will find Dukenfield 's body . As they tromp through the woods , Bruckman explains how he gained his ability following the death of Buddy Holly and The Big Bopper in a plane crash . Bruckman cannot pinpoint the exact spot where the body is , however , so they return to the parked car , where they see a lifeless hand sticking out of the wet mud underneath . Traces of silk fibers are subsequently found on Dukenfield similar to fibers found on previous victims - they are later analyzed and found to be from lace . At his home Bruckman has gotten a note from the killer saying he is going to die when they first meet , and telling him to say " hi " to the FBI agents . The killer apparently also has some psychic ability - the postmark is dated before Bruckman joined the murder investigation . Bruckman describes Mulder 's death as the killer sees it : getting his throat slit by the killer after stepping in a pie in a kitchen . However Bruckman tells Mulder he 's not able to see what happens afterwards . Meanwhile , the inconspicuous man consults a tarot card reader , who says that the killer seeks answers from " a man with special wisdom " and that his confusion will soon abruptly end " with the arrival of a woman - a blonde or a brunette , possibly a redhead . " When there is just one card left unturned , the killer says that it is not meant for him but for the reader , and turns it over to reveal the " death " card . Since the killer knows Bruckman 's home address , the agents bring him to a hotel where they take turns guarding him . While Scully does not believe in Bruckman 's power , the two develop a fast friendship . Bruckman asks Scully why she is not interested in knowing how she will die . Scully finally breaks down and asks him to tell her , to which Bruckman , joyfully , but cryptically , replies , " You don 't . " Bruckman later tells Scully that they will end up in bed together , in a very special moment neither of them will forget . This reinforces her skepticism . A detective named Havez ( Dwight McFee ) takes over as Bruckman 's guard when Mulder and Scully are called to investigate yet another new murder victim : the tarot card reader . As they leave they bump into a bellhop who is delivering food to Bruckman 's room . The bellhop is actually the killer , and when he enters the room ( while Havez is in the washroom ) , he is delighted to discover that Bruckman has been brought right to where he works . As he is about to kill Bruckman , Havez re @-@ enters and the killer attacks and kills him instead . Meanwhile , Scully finds the same silk fiber at the new crime scene , and realizing that the bellhop had it on his tray , deduces that he is the murderer . They rush back to the hotel . Mulder chases the killer to the basement kitchen and the scene plays out as described in Bruckman 's earlier premonition , but when the killer attacks Mulder , Scully arrives in the nick of time and shoots him — what Bruckman had seen was the dying killer 's last thoughts , not Mulder 's death . Unable to find Bruckman in the hotel , Mulder and Scully return to Bruckman 's apartment to find that Bruckman has committed suicide ; Scully sees a plastic bag has been tied around his head , and that he is clutching a bottle of pills in his hand . Scully sits on Bruckman 's bed holding his hand , deeply moved , just as he had predicted . That night Scully sees a commercial for the Stupendous Yappi on TV , causing her to throw her phone at it . = = Production = = = = = Conception and writing = = = This episode was the second of four episodes written for the series by Darin Morgan . Morgan had previously written the second season episode " Humbug " , which was more overtly humorous than any other episode of the series . Morgan , who felt he had scripted the episode the " wrong " way , sought to return to " what the show is really about " in his next episode . For inspiration , Morgan watched the first season episode " Beyond the Sea " , which features a questionable psychic ; after viewing it multiple times , he expressed a desire to write an episode with a similar feel . After the scripting of " Humbug " , Morgan claims that he entered into a state of depression . Using this period of his life as inspiration , he decided to write a plot about a character who committed suicide at the end of the episode . Another reason for this stylistic choice was because Morgan feared putting too much comedy into the episode , like his previous effort " Humbug " . As such , he purposely tried to make it as serious and dark as possible , only to end up adding more jokes by the time the final draft was completed . The episode 's concern with the nature of free will and determinism grew out of Morgan 's difficulties with plotting and constructing plot @-@ twists ; he explained that Bruckman and the killer interact in ways " that were really easy to plot , but which makes the story seem complicated . " While writing the character 's lines , Morgan realized that Mulder , were he to interact with a " normal person " , would come off as sounding insane when in fact he is supposed to be a smart person . As such , Morgan decided to " shake up Mulder 's image " to make him look slightly ridiculous ; in the episode , Mulder views Bruckman " only as a phenomenon " and not as a person . To counter this , Morgan wrote Scully to see Bruckman , not as a psychic , but as a human . Bruckman 's cryptic prediction that Scully would not die " sent fans into a frenzy " due to its implications . Morgan explained that the line merely was a reference to Bruckman knowing how Scully would die , but liking her too much to divulge the information . However , many interpreted the warning to mean that Scully could not actually die and was , in essence , immortal . This interpretation , popular with fans on the internet , was verified by Frank Spotnitz . However , Spotnitz later admitted that this sub @-@ plot was bookended by the sixth season episode " Tithonus , " which showed Scully starting to die , only to have her come back , fulfilling Bruckman 's prophecy . Spotnitz later called this ending " very satisfying . " Series creator Chris Carter , however , stated in a 2014 reddit AMA that Scully is in fact , immortal . The joke in the episode about Fox Mulder 's predicted death being by autoerotic asphyxiation was inspired by previous jokes in the series about Mulder 's interest in pornography . It was also inspired by a book Morgan had read on homicide investigations . While Morgan noted that he hypothesized that might be a way that Mulder would die , the line was meant as a joke . Many of the names used in the episode are homages to the silent film era . The name " Clyde Bruckman " refers to an actual screenwriter and director of silent comedies of the same name who committed suicide . The names of characters Detective Havez and Detective Cline are also references to a writer and director from that era : Jean Havez and Eddie Cline , respectively . One of the victims , Claude Dukenfield , is a reference to the real name of W.C. Fields . The name of the hotel in this episode , " Le Damfino " is a reference to a boat used by Buster Keaton in the movie The Boat . = = = Casting and filming = = = The role of the title character Clyde Bruckman — who was based on Morgan 's " depressive " father — was originally written with Bob Newhart in mind , but Peter Boyle later won the part . Although Chris Carter preferred to not cast well @-@ known actors , he felt that Boyle was such a gifted character actor that he ignored his usual prejudice for this episode . The character of the Stupendous Yappi was specifically written for Jaap Broeker , David Duchovny 's stand @-@ in . Morgan described the character as a cross between Uri Geller and the Amazing Kreskin . The character later appeared again in the episode " Jose Chung 's From Outer Space " . Stuart Charno — credited as Stu Charno in the episode — played the part of the killer in this episode ; he is the husband of Sara Charno , a former writer on the show who wrote the second season episode " Aubrey " . " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " was filmed in British Columbia , as were the rest of the third season episodes . Visual effects producer Mat Beck and Toby Lindala created the elaborate dream sequence where Bruckman 's body decomposes . The two used a skeleton rib cage made of copper wire along with fake skin that melted into gelatin when the wires were heated . Eight different stages were used for the effect — starting with Boyle in makeup , progressing to the dummy , and eventually a computer generated skeleton — which were morphed together . Morgan explained that , because Nutter and fellow director Kim Manners were under time constraints , Morgan was allowed to function almost " as a producer of [ the ] episode . " After filming for the entry ceased , he was allowed to personally work with the series ' editor . The episode 's original cut was 10 minutes too long , resulting in multiple scenes with Bruckman and Scully being removed from the episode . = = Reception = = " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " originally aired on the Fox network on October 13 , 1995 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 2 , with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 10 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . The episode was watched by 15 @.@ 38 million viewers . The success of the episode led to it earning two Primetime Emmy Awards — writer Darin Morgan won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series , while Peter Boyle won the Emmy for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series . " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " has been critically lauded . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , gave the episode a full five stars and called it " a little slice of genius " . The two applauded the episode 's rich humor , as well as its exploration of extremely dark themes in a lighthearted way . Shearman and Pearson concluded that " the troubled questions Morgan poses here " about free will and death " are best answered by the writing of the episode itself … an episode like this isn 't random — it 's finely wrought , and thoughtful , and compassionate , and is a triumph of individualism . " Author Phil Farrand rated the episode as his third favorite episode of the first four seasons in his book The Nitpickers Guide to the X @-@ Files . Both Paul Cornell and Keith Topping , in the book Extreme Possibilities applauded the episode ; Cornell called it " an extraordinary piece of work " and altogether gorgeous " , whereas Topping labelled it a " little gem " . Conversely , Martin Day , in the same book , wrote a negative review , calling it " duller than a dull thing with dull knobs " , despite noting that it was " clever and well @-@ acted " . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode four stars out of four and called it " one of those rare episodes where everything comes together — funny , bizarre , absurd , ironies , and sad . " She applauded Boyle 's acting , noting that he " gives a performance that simply takes over the TV screen " , and argued that " only actors as strong as Duchovny and Anderson , with their blissfully deadpan delivery , could withstand such a titanic presence , but withstand it they do . " Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a rare " A + " , writing , " Boyle gets lots of help from another superlative , laugh @-@ a @-@ minute script [ which ] nicely captures one of the overarching themes of the show : fate and man 's isolation . " Reviewer Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode an " A " and wrote positively of the ending , writing that , " for an episode that ends with a likable character killing himself , ' Bruckman ' isn 't what I 'd call a downer . " He called the entry his " favorite episode of The X @-@ Files because it 's funny , suspenseful , does well by Scully and Mulder , and creates some indelible characters . " Since its original airing , critics have listed " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " among the best X @-@ Files episodes . TV Guide called it the tenth greatest episode in television history . Review website IGN named it the best standalone X @-@ Files episode of the entire series , writing that the episode " is a distinctive episode of the series , mixing a healthy amount of humor [ ... ] with some very nasty business [ ... ] In just 44 minutes , Boyle creates a fully formed character who makes a big impact in his one and only appearance . " Topless Robot named it the ninth @-@ funniest episode of the series . Starpulse listed it as the third @-@ best X @-@ Files episode . Charlie Jane Anders and Javier Grillo @-@ Marxuach of io9 included it on the list of " 10 TV Episodes that Changed Television " . Tom Kessenich , in Examination : An Unauthorized Look at Seasons 6 – 9 of the X @-@ Files , named the episode the seventh @-@ best installment of the series , noting that it features " a wonderful blend of humor , drama , and pathos , something The X @-@ Files did better than just about any other show this past decade . " The cast and crew of the series have expressed their enjoyment of the installment . Duchovny considers " Clyde Bruckman 's Final Repose " to be one of his favorite episodes of the third season . Nutter highlighted it as one of the most enjoyable entries that he had worked on . He also noted that , " the writing was so tight and so crisp and so fresh that I think , as a director , the only thing you have to do is create the atmosphere , set up the characters , set up the shots and you are basically invisible . Then you step back and just let it happen . " Series writer and producer Frank Spotnitz stated that the episode worked on many levels and that it is his favorite of the episodes written for the show by Morgan . In 2016 , Ira Madison of Vulture.com named it the best episode of the series and " one of the best episodes of television ever " , stating that the episode " takes every element that made the series so iconic and throws them all into one heartbreaking installment " .
= Ficus aurea = Ficus aurea , commonly known as the Florida strangler fig ( or simply strangler fig ) , golden fig , or higuerón , is a tree in the family Moraceae that is native to the U.S. state of Florida , the northern and western Caribbean , southern Mexico and Central America south to Panama . The specific epithet aurea was applied by English botanist Thomas Nuttall who described the species in 1846 . Ficus aurea is a strangler fig . In figs of this group , seed germination usually takes place in the canopy of a host tree with the seedling living as an epiphyte until its roots establish contact with the ground . After that , it enlarges and strangles its host , eventually becoming a free @-@ standing tree in its own right . Individuals may reach 30 m ( 100 ft ) in height . Like all figs , it has an obligate mutualism with fig wasps : figs are only pollinated by fig wasps , and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers . The tree provides habitat , food and shelter for a host of tropical lifeforms including epiphytes in cloud forests and birds , mammals , reptiles and invertebrates . F. aurea is used in traditional medicine , for live fencing , as an ornamental and as a bonsai . = = Description = = Ficus aurea is a tree which may reach heights of 30 m ( 98 ft ) . It is monoecious : each tree bears functional male and female flowers . The size and shape of the leaves is variable . Some plants have leaves that are usually less than 10 cm ( 4 in ) long while others have leaves that are larger . The shape of the leaves and of the leaf base also varies — some plants have leaves that are oblong or elliptic with a wedge @-@ shaped to rounded base , while others have heart @-@ shaped or ovate leaves with cordate to rounded bases . F. aurea has paired figs which are green when unripe , turning yellow as they ripen . They differ in size ( 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 8 cm [ 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 3 in ] , about 1 cm [ 0 @.@ 4 in ] , or 1 @.@ 0 – 1 @.@ 2 cm [ 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 5 in ] in diameter ) ; figs are generally sessile , but in parts of northern Mesoamerica figs are borne on short stalks known as peduncles . = = Taxonomy = = With about 750 species , Ficus ( Moraceae ) is one of the largest angiosperm genera ( David Frodin of Chelsea Physic Garden ranked it as the 31st largest genus ) . Ficus aurea is classified in the subgenus Urostigma ( the strangler figs ) and the section Americana . Recent molecular phylogenies have shown that subgenus Urostigma is polyphyletic , but have strongly supported the validity of section Americana as a discrete group ( although its exact relationship to section Galoglychia is unclear ) . Thomas Nuttall described the species in the second volume of the his 1846 work The North American Sylva with specific epithet aurea ( ' golden ' in Latin ) . In 1768 , Scottish botanist Philip Miller described Ficus maxima , citing Carl Linnaeus ' Hortus Cliffortianus ( 1738 ) and Hans Sloane 's Catalogus plantarum quæ in insula Jamaica ( 1696 ) . Sloane 's illustration of the species , published in 1725 , depicted it with figs borne singly , a characteristic of the Ficus subgenus Pharmacosycea . As a member of the subgenus Urostigma , F. aurea has paired figs . However , a closer examination of Sloane 's description led Cornelis Berg to conclude that the illustration depicted a member of the subgenus Urostigma ( since it had other diagnostic of that subgenus ) , almost certainly F. aurea , and that the illustration of singly borne figs was probably artistic license . Berg located the plant collection upon which Sloane 's illustration was based and concluded that Miller 's F. maxima was , in fact , F. aurea . In his description of F. aurea , which was based on plant material collected in Florida , Thomas Nuttall considered the possibility that his plants belonged to the species that Sloane had described , but came to the conclusion that it was a new species . Under the rules of botanical nomenclature , the name F. maxima has priority over F. aurea since Miller 's description was published in 1768 , while Nuttall 's description was published in 1846 . In their 1914 Flora of Jamaica , William Fawcett and Alfred Barton Rendle linked Sloane 's illustration to the tree species that was then known as Ficus suffocans , a name that had been assigned to it in August Grisebach 's Flora of the British West Indian Islands . Gordon DeWolf agreed with their conclusion and used the name F. maxima for that species in the 1960 Flora of Panama . Since this use has become widespread , Berg proposed that the name Ficus maxima be conserved in the way DeWolf had used it , a proposal that was accepted by the nomenclatural committee . Reassigning the name Ficus maxima did not leave F. aurea as the oldest name for this species , as German naturalist Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link had described Ficus ciliolosa in 1822 . Berg concluded that the species Link described was actually F. aurea , and since Link 's description predated Nuttall 's by 24 years , priority should have been given to the name F. ciliolosa . Since the former name was widely used and the name F. ciliolosa had not been , Berg proposed that the name F. aurea be conserved . In response to this , the nomenclatural committee ruled that rather than conserving F. aurea , that it would be better to reject F. ciliolosa . Conserving F. aurea would mean that precedence would be given to that name over all others . By simply rejecting F. ciliolosa , the committee left open the possibility that the name F. aurea could be supplanted by another older name , if one were to be discovered . = = = Synonyms = = = In 1920 , American botanist Paul C. Standley described three new species based on collections from Panama and Costa Rica — Ficus tuerckheimii , F. isophlebia and F. jimenezii . DeWolf concluded that they were all the same species , and Berg synonymised them with F. aurea . These names have been used widely for Mexican and Central American populations , and continue to be used by some authors . Berg suspected that Ficus rzedowskiana Carvajal and Cuevas @-@ Figueroa may also belong to this species , but he had not examined the original material upon which this species was based . Berg considered F. aurea to be a species with at least four morphs . " None of the morphs " , he wrote , " can be related to certain habitats or altitudes . " Thirty years earlier , William Burger had come to a very different conclusion with respect to Ficus tuerckheimii , F. isophlebia and F. jimenezii — he rejected DeWolf 's synonymisation of these three species as based on incomplete evidence . Burger noted that the three taxa occupied different habitats which could be separated in terms of rainfall and elevation . = = Reproduction and growth = = Figs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps , ( Agaonidae ) ; figs are only pollinated by fig wasps , and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers . Generally , each fig species depends on a single species of wasp for pollination . The wasps are similarly dependent on their fig species in order to reproduce . Ficus aurea is pollinated by Pegoscapus mexicanus ( Ashmead ) . Figs have complicated inflorescences called syconia . Flowers are entirely contained within an enclosed structure . Their only connection with the outside is through a small pore called ostiole . Monoecious figs like F. aurea have both male and female flowers within the syconium . Female flowers mature first . Once mature , they produce a volatile chemical attractant . Female wasps squeeze their way through the ostiole into the interior of the syconium . Inside the syconium , they pollinate the flowers , lay their eggs in some of them , and die . The eggs hatch and the larvae parasitise the flowers in which they were laid . After four to seven weeks ( in F. aurea ) , adult wasps emerge . Males emerge first , mate with the females , and cut exit holes through the walls of the fig . The male flowers mature around the same time as the female wasps emerge . The newly emerged female wasps actively pack their bodies with pollen from the male flowers before leaving through the exit holes the males have cut and fly off to find a syconium in which to lay their eggs . Over the next one to five days , figs ripen . The ripe figs are eaten by various mammals and birds which disperse the seeds . = = = Phenology = = = Figs flower and fruit asynchronously . Flowering and fruiting is staggered throughout the population . This fact is important for fig wasps — female wasps need to find a syconium in which to lay their eggs within a few days of emergence , something that would not be possible if all the trees in a population flowered and fruited at the same time . This also makes figs important food resources for frugivores ( animals that feed nearly exclusively on fruit ) ; figs are one of the few fruit available at times of the year when fruit are scarce . Although figs flower asynchronously as a population , in most species flowering is synchronised within an individual . Newly emerged female wasps must move away from their natal tree in order to find figs in which to lay their eggs . This is to the advantage of the fig , since it prevents self @-@ pollination . In Florida , individual F. aurea trees flower and fruit asynchronously . Within @-@ tree asynchrony in flowering is likely to raise the probability of self @-@ pollination , but it may be an adaptation that allows the species to maintain an adequate population of wasps at low population densities or in strongly seasonal climates . Flowering phenology in Ficus has been characterised into five phases . In most figs , phase A is followed almost immediately by phase B. However , in F. aurea immature inflorescences can remain dormant for more than nine months . = = = Growth = = = Ficus aurea is a fast @-@ growing tree . As a hemiepiphyte it germinates in the canopy of a host tree and begin life as an epiphyte before growing roots down to the ground . F. aurea is also a strangler fig ( not all hemiepiphytic figs are stranglers ) — the roots fuse and encircle the host tree . This usually results in the death of the host tree , since it effectively girdles the tree . Palms , which lack secondary growth , are not affected by this , but they can still be harmed by competition for light , water and nutrients . Following Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , F. aurea trees regenerated from root suckers and standing trees . = = Distribution = = Ficus aurea ranges from Florida , across the northern Caribbean to Mexico , and south across Central America . It is present in central and southern Florida and the Florida Keys , The Bahamas , the Caicos Islands , Hispaniola , Cuba , Jamaica , the Cayman Islands , San Andrés ( a Colombian possession in the western Caribbean ) , southern Mexico , Belize , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , El Salvador , Costa Rica and Panama . It grows from sea level up to 1 @,@ 800 m ( 5 @,@ 500 ft ) above sea level , in habitats ranging from Bahamian dry forests , to cloud forest in Costa Rica . Ficus aurea is found in central and southern Florida as far north as Volusia County ; it is one of only two native fig species in Florida . The species is present in a range of south Florida ecosystems , including coastal hardwood hammocks , cabbage palm hammocks , tropical hardwood hammocks and shrublands , temperate hardwood hammocks and shrublands and along watercourses . In The Bahamas , F. aurea is found in tropical dry forests on North Andros , Great Exuma and Bimini . F. aurea occurs in 10 states in Mexico , primarily in the south , but extending as far north as Jalisco . It is found in tropical deciduous forest , tropical semi @-@ evergreen forest , tropical evergreen forest , cloud forest and in aquatic or subaquatic habitats . = = Ecology = = Ficus aurea is a strangler fig — it tends to establish on a host tree which it gradually encircles and " strangles " , eventually taking the place of that tree in the forest canopy . While this makes F. aurea an agent in the mortality of other trees , there is little to indicate that its choice of hosts is species specific . However , in dry forests on Great Exuma in The Bahamas , F. aurea establishes exclusively on palms , in spite of the presence of several other large trees that should provide suitable hosts . Eric Swagel and colleagues attributed this to the fact that humus accumulates on the leaf bases of these palms and provides a relatively moist microclimate in a dry environment , facilitating seedling survival . Figs are sometimes considered to be potential keystone species in communities of fruit @-@ eating animals because of their asynchronous fruiting patterns . Nathaniel Wheelwright reports that emerald toucanets fed on unripe F. aurea fruit at times of fruit scarcity in Monteverde , Costa Rica . Wheelwright listed the species as a year @-@ round food source for the resplendent quetzal at the same site . In the Florida Keys , F. aurea is one of five fruit species that dominate the diet fed by white @-@ crowned pigeons to their nestlings . F. aurea is also important in the diet of mammalian frugivores — both fruit and young leaves are consumed by black howler monkeys in Belize . The interaction between figs and fig wasps is especially well @-@ known ( see section on reproduction , above ) . In addition to its pollinators ( Pegoscapus mexicanus ) , F. aurea is exploited by a group of non @-@ pollinating chalcidoid wasps whose larvae develop in its figs . These include gallers , inquilines and kleptoparasites as well as parasitoids of both the pollinating and non @-@ pollinating wasps . The invertebrates within F. aurea syconia in southern Florida include a pollinating wasp , P. mexicanus , up to eight or more species of non @-@ pollinating wasps , a plant @-@ parasitic nematode transported by the pollinator , mites , and a predatory rove beetle whose adults and larvae eat fig wasps . Nematodes : Schistonchus aureus ( Aphelenchoididae ) is a plant @-@ parasitic nematode associated with the pollinator Pegoscapus mexicanus and syconia of F. aurea . Mites : belonging to the family Tarsonemidae ( Acarina ) have been recognized in the syconia of F. aurea and F. citrifolia , but they have not been identified even to genus , and their behavior is undescribed . Rove beetles : Charoxus spinifer is a rove beetle ( Coleoptera : Staphylinidae ) whose adults enter late @-@ stage syconia of F. aurea and F. citrifolia . Adults eat fig wasps ; larvae develop within the syconia and prey on fig wasps , then pupate in the ground . As a large tree , F. aurea can be an important host for epiphytes . In Costa Rican cloud forests , where F. aurea is " the most conspicuous component " of intact forest , trees in forest patches supported richer communities of epiphytic bryophytes , while isolated trees supported greater lichen cover . Florida International University ecologist Suzanne Koptur reported the presence of extrafloral nectaries on F. aurea figs in the Florida Everglades . Extrafloral nectaries are structures which produce nectar but are not associated with flowers . They are usually interpreted as defensive structure and are often produced in response to attack by insect herbivores . They attract insects , primarily ants , which defend the nectaries , thus protecting the plant against herbivores . = = Uses = = The fruit of Ficus aurea is edible and was used for food by the indigenous people and early settlers in Florida ; it is still eaten occasionally as a backyard source of native fruit . The latex was used to make a chewing gum , and aerial roots may have been used to make lashings , arrows , bowstrings and fishing lines . The fruit was used to make a rose @-@ coloured dye . F. aurea was also used in traditional medicine in The Bahamas and Florida . Allison Adonizio and colleagues screened F. aurea for anti @-@ quorum sensing activity ( as a possible means of anti @-@ bacterial action ) , but found no such activity . Individual F. aurea trees are common on dairy farms in La Cruz , Cañitas and Santa Elena in Costa Rica , since they are often spared when forest is converted to pasture . In interviews , farmers identified the species as useful for fence posts , live fencing and firewood , and as a food species for wild birds and mammals . Ficus aurea is used as an ornamental tree , an indoor tree and as a bonsai . Like other figs , it tends to invade built structures and foundations , and need to be removed to prevent structural damage . Although young trees are described as " rather ornamental " , older trees are considered to be difficult to maintain ( because of the adventitious roots that develop off branches ) and are not recommended for small areas . However , it was considered a useful tree for " enviroscaping " to conserve energy in south Florida , since it is " not as aggressive as many exotic fig species , " although it must be given enough space .
= Cyclone Hollanda = Cyclone Hollanda was the worst tropical cyclone in Mauritius in 19 years . It formed on February 6 , 1994 , in the central Indian Ocean in the southern hemisphere . The cyclone moved southwestward for much of its duration , striking Mauritius on February 10 at peak intensity with winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) . It later passed just southeast of Réunion before turning to the south and weakening . The cyclone became extratropical on February 14 in the southern Indian Ocean . On Mauritius , Hollanda destroyed or severely damaged 450 houses , which left at least 1 @,@ 500 people homeless . High winds left half of the island without power , and also caused severe crop damage ; nearly half of the island 's sugar crop was destroyed , which necessitated for the government to assist in replanting efforts . Hollanda killed 2 people and caused $ 135 million in damage on Mauritius . About a week after the cyclone struck , Cyclone Ivy also affected the area , although to a lesser degree . The highest rainfall from the cyclone fell on Réunion , with 741 mm ( 29 @.@ 2 in ) recorded at Grand Coude . = = Meteorological history = = Based on analysis from Météo @-@ France ( MFR ) , a disturbance in the Indian Ocean intertropical convergence zone became evident south of the Chagos Archipelago on February 6 , after Cyclone Geralda struck Madagascar and moved away from the region . The Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) assessed it as developing a day prior in the same general area . Later on February 6 , a circulation developed concurrently with an area of organized convection . On February 8 , the system intensified into Tropical Storm Hollanda as it moved southwestward , its motion influenced by a ridge to its south . A trough turned the storm to the south @-@ southwest , and Hollanda intensified into a tropical cyclone – the equivalence of a hurricane – on February 9 . After becoming a tropical cyclone , Hollanda developed a small 20 km ( 12 mi ) eye as it tracked toward the island of Mauritius , located east of Madagascar . Continuing to intensify , the cyclone struck the northern coast of the island at 1800 UTC on February 10 at peak intensity , with winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) ( 10 minute sustained winds ) as assessed by MFR . In addition , the cyclone produced gusts to 230 km / h ( 140 mph ) . At the same time , the JTWC estimated peak winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) ( 1 minute sustained winds ) . While moving over Mauritius , the eye became disrupted , although Hollanda maintained much of its intensity as it passed just southeast of Réunion early on February 11 . The cyclone remained well @-@ defined as it moved more poleward , and an irregular eye remained visible on satellite imagery . On February 13 , Hollanda turned eastward due to a trough , and the next day it became extratropical over the southern Indian Ocean . Its remnants persisted at least two more days . = = Impact = = Before Hollanda struck Mauritius , most people were already residing at home , due to the cyclone striking during the Chinese New Year . Officials closed the airport prior to the cyclone 's arrival , and most stores and banks were also closed . Officials also ordered for cars to be off the roads during the storm and for people to remain indoors . Forecasters initially expected the storm would remain slightly offshore . Ultimately , Cyclone Hollanda made landfall at peak intensity , producing wind gusts of 216 km / h ( 134 mph ) in Mauritius 's capital city of Port Louis . Strong winds affected the northern and western portions of the island , particularly near the coast , and the cyclone was considered the worst to hit there since Cyclone Gervaise in 1975 . In addition to the winds , the storm dropped torrential rainfall that reached 711 mm ( 28 @.@ 0 in ) in Mare aux Vacoas . Across the island , Hollanda destroyed 290 houses and severely damaged another 160 , which left at least 1 @,@ 500 people homeless . Included among the damaged buildings was the Russian embassy , which faced such difficulties making repairs that the ambassadors moved their offices . Damage to schools was estimated at 25 million rupees ( $ 1 @.@ 3 million 1994 USD ) , causing some to be closed for as long as 12 days . High winds downed 30 % of the island 's trees . Many fell onto power lines , which left 60 % of Mauritians without power and about half without telephone service . All external communications were cut to the country during the cyclone . In addition , nearly half of the sugar plantations were destroyed , although the primary industry of tourism was not significantly affected . In total , the cyclone killed two people , and left $ 135 million in damage ( 1994 USD ) ; the total included lost productivity , such as decreased sugar output . Less than a week after Hollanda struck , Cyclone Ivy also hit Mauritius , although to a lesser extent than Hollanda . The combined impact caused most roads to be blocked by either fallen trees or mudslides ; all main roads were quickly restored . Following the storm 's passage , the Mauritius government opened 130 shelters , and also provided 5 @,@ 000 rupees to each homeless family . The crop damage from Hollanda , in addition to a drought , decreased the following year 's output by 22 % . In response , the government provided seeds to farmers so they could replant their crops . Most of the island had their power restored by ten days after the storm . The country 's prime minister issued an appeal to the European Union for 67 million rupees ( $ 3 @.@ 6 million 1994 USD ) in assistance , although later dropped it to less than half that total . The requested aid was for the restoration of phone and power utilities . The storm 's severe impact on Mauritius caused a sharp drop in the country 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita , and the overall GDP decreased by 10 % . Although the cyclone did not strike the island of Réunion , Hollanda produced strong wind gusts that peaked at 234 km / h ( 145 mph ) in Sainte @-@ Rose . Rainfall on the island peaked at 741 mm ( 29 @.@ 2 in ) at Grand Coude . The cyclone left damage to crops , power systems , telephones , and the water network , mostly due to the strong winds .
= Prevailing winds = Prevailing winds are winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on the Earth 's surface . The dominant winds are the trends in direction of wind with the highest speed over a particular point on the Earth 's surface . A region 's prevailing and dominant winds are often affected by global patterns of movement in the Earth 's atmosphere . In general , easterly flow occurs at low and medium latitudes globally . In the mid @-@ latitudes , westerly winds are the rule and their strength is largely determined by the polar cyclone . In areas where winds tend to be light , the sea breeze / land breeze cycle is the most important to the prevailing wind ; in areas which have variable terrain , mountain and valley breezes dominate the wind pattern . Highly elevated surfaces can induce a thermal low , which then augments the environmental wind flow . Wind roses are tools used to determine the direction of the prevailing wind . Knowledge of the prevailing wind allows the development of prevention strategies for wind erosion of agricultural land , such as across the Great Plains . Sand dunes can orient themselves , or perpendicular to , the prevailing wind regime within coastal and desert locations . Insects drift along with the prevailing wind , while birds are able to fly more independently of it . Prevailing winds in mountainous locations can lead to significant rainfall gradients within the topography , ranging from wet across windward @-@ facing slopes to desert @-@ like conditions along their lee slopes . Prevailing winds can have differences due to the uneven heating of the Earth . = = Determination for a location = = A wind rose is a graphic tool used by meteorologists to give a succinct view of how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a particular location . Presented in a polar coordinate grid , the wind rose shows the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions . The length of each spoke around the circle is related to the frequency that the wind blows from a particular direction per unit time . Each concentric circle represents a different frequency , emanating from zero at the center to increasing frequencies at the outer circles . A wind rose plot may contain additional information , in that each spoke is broken down into color @-@ coded bands that show wind direction ranges . Wind roses typically use 8 or 16 cardinal directions , such as north ( N ) , NNE , NE , etc . , although they may be subdivided into as many as 32 directions . = = Climatology = = = = = Trades and their impact = = = The trade winds ( also called trades ) are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics near the Earth 's equator , equatorward of the subtropical ridge . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical cyclones that form over world 's oceans , guiding their path westward . Trade winds also steer African dust westward across the Atlantic ocean into the Caribbean sea , as well as portions of southeast North America . = = = Westerlies and their impact = = = The westerlies or the prevailing westerlies are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes ( i.e. , between 35 and 65 degrees latitude ) , which blow in areas poleward of the high pressure area known as the subtropical ridge in the horse latitudes . These prevailing winds blow from the west to the east , and steer extra @-@ tropical cyclones in this general manner . The winds are predominantly from the southwest in the Northern Hemisphere and from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere . They are strongest in the winter when the pressure is lower over the poles , such as when the polar cyclone is strongest , and weakest during the summer when the polar cyclone is weakest and when pressures are higher over the poles . Together with the trade winds , the westerlies enabled a round @-@ trip trade route for sailing ships crossing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans , as the westerlies lead to the development of strong ocean currents in both hemispheres . The westerlies can be particularly strong , especially in the southern hemisphere , where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify , which slows the winds down . The strongest westerly winds in the middle latitudes are called the Roaring Forties , between 40 and 50 degrees south latitude , within the Southern Hemisphere . The westerlies play an important role in carrying the warm , equatorial waters and winds to the western coasts of continents , especially in the southern hemisphere because of its vast oceanic expanse . The westerlies explain why coastal North America tends to be wet , especially from Northern California to Alaska , during the winter . Differential heating from the sun between the land which is quite cool and the ocean which is relatively warm causes areas of low pressure to develop over land . This results in moisture rich air from the Pacific Ocean to flow from the west , resulting in frequent rainstorms and wind on the coast . This moisture continues to flow eastward until orographic lift caused by the Coast , Cascade , Columbia and Rocky Mountains cause a rain shadow effect which limits further penetration of these systems and associated rainfall eastward . This trend reverses in the summer when strong heating of the land causes high pressure and tends to block moisture @-@ rich air from the Pacific from reaching land . This explains why most of coastal North America in the middle latitudes experiences dry summers , despite abundant rainfall in the winter . = = = Polar easterlies = = = The polar easterlies ( also known as Polar Hadley cells ) are the dry , cold prevailing winds that blow from the high @-@ pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and South poles towards the low @-@ pressure areas within the westerlies at high latitudes . Like trade winds and unlike the westerlies , these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west , and are often weak and irregular . Due to the low sun angle , cold air builds up and subsides at the pole creating surface high @-@ pressure areas , forcing an equatorward outflow of air ; that outflow is deflected westward by the Coriolis effect . = = Local considerations = = = = = Sea and land breezes = = = In areas where the wind flow is light , sea breezes and land breezes are important factors in a location 's prevailing winds . The sea is warmed by the sun to a greater depth than the land due to its greater specific heat . The sea therefore has a greater capacity for absorbing heat than the land , so the surface of the sea warms up more slowly than the land 's surface . As the temperature of the surface of the land rises , the land heats the air above it . The warm air is less dense and so it rises . This rising air over the land lowers the sea level pressure by about 0 @.@ 2 % . The cooler air above the sea , now with higher sea level pressure , flows towards the land into the lower pressure , creating a cooler breeze near the coast . The strength of the sea breeze is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the land mass and the sea . If an offshore wind of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ) exists , the sea breeze is not likely to develop . At night , the land cools off more quickly than the ocean due to differences in their specific heat values , which forces the daytime sea breeze to dissipate . If the temperature onshore cools below the temperature offshore , the pressure over the water will be lower than that of the land , establishing a land breeze , as long as an onshore wind is not strong enough to oppose it . = = = Circulation in elevated regions = = = Over elevated surfaces , heating of the ground exceeds the heating of the surrounding air at the same altitude above sea level , creating an associated thermal low over the terrain and enhancing any lows which would have otherwise existed , and changing the wind circulation of the region . In areas where there is rugged topography that significantly interrupts the environmental wind flow , the wind can change direction and accelerate parallel to the wind obstruction . This barrier jet can increase the low level wind by 45 percent . In mountainous areas , local distortion of the airflow is more severe . Jagged terrain combines to produce unpredictable flow patterns and turbulence , such as rotors . Strong updrafts , downdrafts and eddies develop as the air flows over hills and down valleys . Wind direction changes due to the contour of the land . If there is a pass in the mountain range , winds will rush through the pass with considerable speed due to the Bernoulli principle that describes an inverse relationship between speed and pressure . The airflow can remain turbulent and erratic for some distance downwind into the flatter countryside . These conditions are dangerous to ascending and descending airplanes . Daytime heating and nighttime cooling of the hilly slopes lead to day to night variations in the airflow , similar to the relationship between sea breeze and land breeze . At night , the sides of the hills cool through radiation of the heat . The air along the hills becomes cooler and denser , blowing down into the valley , drawn by gravity . This is known a katabatic wind or mountain breeze . If the slopes are covered with ice and snow , the katabatic wind will blow during the day , carrying the cold dense air into the warmer , barren valleys . The slopes of hills not covered by snow will be warmed during the day . The air that comes in contact with the warmed slopes becomes warmer and less dense and flows uphill . This is known as an anabatic wind or valley breeze . = = Effect on precipitation = = Orographic precipitation occurs on the windward side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large @-@ scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge , resulting in adiabatic cooling and condensation . In mountainous parts of the world subjected to consistent winds ( for example , the trade winds ) , a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side . Moisture is removed by orographic lift , leaving drier air ( see katabatic wind ) on the descending and generally warming , leeward side where a rain shadow is observed . In South America , the Andes mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent , resulting in a desertlike climate just downwind across western Argentina . The Sierra Nevada range creates the same effect in North America forming the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts . = = Effect on nature = = Insects are swept along by the prevailing winds , while birds follow their own course . As such , fine line patterns within weather radar imagery , associated with converging winds , are dominated by insect returns . In the Great Plains , wind erosion of agricultural land is a significant problem , and is mainly driven by the prevailing wind . Because of this , wind barrier strips have been developed to minimize this type of erosion . The strips can be in the form of soil ridges , crop strips , crops rows , or trees which act as wind breaks . They are oriented at a right angle to the wind in order to be most effective . In regions with minimal vegetation , such as coastal and desert areas , transverse sand dunes orient themselves perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction , while longitudinal dunes orient themselves parallel to the prevailing winds .
= Bergen Light Rail = Bergen Light Rail ( Norwegian : Bybanen ) is a light rail system in Bergen , Norway . The first stage of the project is a twenty @-@ station stretch between the city center and Lagunen Storsenter , where the first 15 stations comprising a 9 @.@ 8 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @.@ 1 mi ) stretch opened in 2010 , and the second is a 3 @.@ 6 @-@ kilometre ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) stretch from Nesttun to Lagunen which opened in June 2013 . Construction on a third stretch from Lagunen to Bergen Airport , Flesland is planned to open in 2016 . Further plans for the project involve mooted extensions to Åsane and Storavatnet . Plans for rail transit have existed since the 1970s , following the 1965 closing of the Bergen Tramway . A rapid transit design was first discarded , and in the 1990s a light rail line was proposed . The decision to start construction was made in 2005 . The first stage was built by the municipality , with financing from the state and the toll road ring , based on the Bergen Program . Ownership , maintenance and further extensions and vehicles are the responsibility of Hordaland County Municipality through its wholly owned subsidiary Bybanen AS . Operation is governed by public service obligation contracts issued by the county public transport authority Skyss . From 2010 to 2017 the line and its 20 Variotrams will be operated by Keolis Norge ( formerly Fjord1 Partner ) . = = History = = = = = Background = = = The first public transport in Bergen was the Bergen Tramway , which operated between 1897 and 1965 . It was limited to the inner parts of the city and did not reach the suburbs . The city council therefore decided to close it , arguing that the future lay in private cars , diesel buses and trolleybuses . In the 1960s , the removal on restriction on car sales created more traffic than the roads could handle and consequently both buses and cars began increasingly being stuck in rush @-@ hour queues . The municipality and the Norwegian Public Roads Administration started looking at rectifying the situation by building a ring road around the city , and by alternative means of public transport . Prior to the shortening of the main Bergen Line railway with the Ulriken Tunnel , the Bergen – Nesttun Line was an important commuter rail service , feeding suburban residents from Fana into the city center . In 1917 , the section was the most heavily trafficked railway in the country , with a travel time between 20 and 27 minutes . There were up to 27 trains per day , of which five continued to Garnes . In 1918 , the line was proposed for doubling and electrification : the latter was completed in 1954 . The same year , annual ridership were down to 870 @,@ 000 passengers . After the opening of the Ulriken Tunnel commuter trains were kept for six months , with the last trip ran on 31 January 1965 . During the 1970s , plans had existed for an extensive rapid transit system , with an underground section in the city center . Inspired by the successful Oslo Metro that had opened in 1966 , similar plans were developed . The proposed network was close to the current long @-@ term plans for the light rail system , and consisted of three branches from the city center to Flaktveit , Olsvik and the airport . Four @-@ car trains would operate at ten @-@ minute headways . The suggestion was discussed by the city council in 1973 , but no decision was taken . As an alternative , expansion of the railway from Bergen to Eidsvåg , Åsane and Nesttun was proposed . Fast commuter trains could then be supplemented with buses . During the 1980s and 1990s , a toll ring was constructed around Bergen to finance a massive investment in motorways . This included European Route E39 north and south of the center , the road to the airport , and west to Loddefjord and Storavatnet . Bridges were constructed to Lindås , Askøy and Sotra , and large parking garages were built in the city center . Despite this congestion continued , and it was no better in the 2000s than in the 1970s . Proposals to build bus lanes and traffic signal preemption was disregarded by the Public Roads Administration . In 1995 , the municipal bus company Bergen Sporvei made a proposal to establish what they called the Lightning Tram , from Varden in Fyllingsdalen via a tunnel to Møhlenpris and the city center , then make a 120 ° turn and return along the route of the Bergen trolleybus to Birkelundstoppen . The same year , the Norwegian Society for the Conservation of Nature proposed a more extensive system , the Environmental Tram , which more closely resembles the current proposals . From the city center , it would run northwards via Åsane to Flaktveit and southwards via Rådal to the airport ( not via Nesttun ) . The southern section would have branches from Hop to Nesttun and Midttun , and from Minde westwards to Fyllingsdalen and Loddefjord . Later , Bergen Sporvei 's successor , Gaia Trafikk , proposed building a bus rapid transit . = = = Political process = = = The plans launched by the city administration most closely resembled the Environmental Tram , with slight changes . The initial plans involved a line from the city center via Nesttun to the airport at Flesland . It became part of a political compromise , the Bergen Program , which ensured a number of road investments at the same time as the light rail system , all financed through the toll ring . However , a lack of funds made it necessary to build the line to Nesttun only , instead of all the way to the airport . The initial decision was taken by Bergen City Council on 13 March 2000 , in the Parliament of Norway in 2002 , and with the financing secured , by the city council in 2005 . Only the Progress Party and the Pensioners ' Party voted against light rail . Forty per cent is financed by the state , the remainder by the county , the municipality and through the toll ring . The arguments for light rail were mainly related to the environment , urban development and reduction in road congestion . Light rail is estimated to increase the use of public transport from Fana , reducing both local and global pollution . The roads do not have capacity for further growth , and any increase in public transport would need to be taken along the light rail routes on buses — this would give higher operating costs for public transport or higher investment costs for roads . Around the stations , high @-@ density commercial and residential centers can be established . Opponents of the project argued that it is unfair that public transport be funded by car drivers through toll roads . Protests from people in northern and western areas of the city have risen , since they are paying for the system but will not receive the benefits . Another issue has been speed : the line to Nesttun has 15 stops in 10 kilometers ( 6 mi ) , giving an average speed of 28 km / h ( 17 mph ) . For people living south of Nesttun , this will give a longer travel time to the city center than with direct buses that do not make intermediate stops . The naming of the stations caused local debate . A draft for names were made by the municipal administration and then sent to the borough councils in Fana , Årstad and Bergenhus . Four names were changed : Nonneseteren from Jernbanen , Florida from Strømmen , Brann stadion from Nymark and Hop from Troldhaugen . Brann stadion and Troldhaugen were afterwards considered by the municipal administration , because they could be in violation of the Place Name Act . The general rule is to use the place name where the station is located , and naming after institutions or facilities nearby is not permitted unless they are in the immediate vicinity . Brann stadion , named for the football venue , was declared a borderline case , but within the rules , while Troldhaugen was not permitted because the area is not in the vicinity of the station . = = = Construction = = = Initial works commenced in August 2007 , when Pastasentralen was demolished to make room for a temporary bus terminal that would allow Kaigaten to be closed for construction . Contracts for building the line were awarded to Svein Boasson , NCC Construction , Fyllingen Maskinstasjon and Veidekke Entreprenør . The contract for laying the tracks was awarded to Baneservice . Construction started in January 2008 . To pass over Strømmen , a fourth Nygård Bridge was built for cars , and the oldest was upgraded and used by the light rail line . In several places the road needed to be dug up to remove pipes and cables . In November 2009 , Gulating Court of Appeal ruled that the power company BKK had to pay 80 million NOK for the moving of power lines , and could not charge the costs to the project . By June 2008 , the first tracks had been laid . Four companies bid for the initial public service obligation to operate the line : Fjord1 Partner , Norges Statsbaner , Tide Bane and Veolia Transport Norge . On 3 April 2009 , the public transport agency Skyss announced that Fjord1 Partner , a joint venture between Fjord1 AS and Keolis , had won the tender competition . Fjord1 Partner received 324 applications for their 26 jobs as drivers and 10 jobs as traffic controllers . In 2014 Fjord1 AS sold their shares in Fjord1 Partner to Keolis , and the company changed its name to Keolis Norge AS . Along with the establishment of the light rail service , the public transport in Bergen underwent other changes . Skyss was established in 2007 to administer the public transport system , manage routes and market public transport , which would be operated by private companies based on public service obligations . At the same time , a new electronic ticketing system was introduced . Because of delays from Stadler 's subcontractors , five instead of eight trams were available when the line opened on 22 June 2010 . Skyss had planned to operate with a ten @-@ minute headway until August , but had a 15 @-@ minute headway until 16 August . To compensate , none of the parallel bus routes ceased until then . On 7 June , two trams collided at low speed at Byparken , causing a derailment and forced the two trams to be repaired . This caused the summer schedule to be reduced to a 30 @-@ minute headway . From 1 November , the line started running every six minutes during the rush hour . On 22 June , the first part of the line was officially opened by Queen Sonja of Norway . = = Route = = The first part of the line is 9 @.@ 8 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @.@ 1 mi ) and runs from the city center to Nesttun . The northernmost part of the line , Byparken Terminal , is a transit mall at the heart of the city center and has interchange with all buses serving the city center . The line runs south along Kaigaten , with Nonneseter stop serving the railway station and Bystasjonen serving the bus station . Southwards , the line runs in a grass right @-@ of @-@ way through Nygård and Florida , serving the campus of the University of Bergen . The line passes over Nygård Bridge before coming to Danmarks plass , the only island platform on the system . In this area , the track is on maize , a type of surface that allows emergency vehicles to drive safely , but makes the surface look unsafe for cars . The line passes the depot at Kronstad before reaching Kronstad stop , almost at the door of the Bergen University College . From here , the line follows Inndalsveien , where Brann Stadion stop serves the Brann Stadion football venue . Wergeland is at the mouth of the 1 @.@ 1 @-@ kilometer ( 0 @.@ 68 mi ) Fageråstunnelen , S @-@ shaped with a 6 @.@ 0 % gradient and a curve radius of 150 meters ( 490 ft ) . From the southern portal the line changes to conventional railway track with ballast , allowing trams to operate at 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) . The next stops are Sletten , Slettebakken and Fantoft , the later serving a large complex of student dormitories . Southwards is the 1 @.@ 2 @-@ kilometer ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) Fantoft Tunnel , followed by Paradis stop . The line continues along the Nesttunvannet inlet to Hop , along the former right @-@ of @-@ way of Bergen 's first motorway . Nesttun Terminal was the terminus until the extension to Lagunen was finished . After the completion to Nesttun , the line was exteneded southwards to Rådal at Lagunen Storsenter . Construction began in January 2011 , on its own right @-@ of @-@ way parallel to the existing road ; , the track was completed in October 2012 . The first test run to Lagunen was conducted on 6 December 2012 , and the line was opened to the public on 22 June 2013 . The light rail is now under construction from Lagunen via Kokstad to Bergen Airport , Flesland . Both Sørås and Indre Steinsvik have experienced rapid housing construction without a corresponding increase of public transport . Further out is a large corporate center with many of Bergen 's largest employers , such as Telenor , Statoil and BKK . The area was built without sufficient roads or public transport , and has among the worst road congestion in the urban area . Building the light rail line to Flesland will supplement the airport shuttles and offer cheaper service for locals and employees at the airport . Another incentive to build to Flesland was that there was sufficient available land which allows a large depot to be constructed . After the line was opened to Lagunen , there was insufficient space at Kronstad to house additional trams . The line to the airport is scheduled to open in 2016 . = = Plans = = Plans for the expansion northwards from the city center to Åsane involve either building the system to replace many of the local buses operating in Sandviken , or make the light rail line an express service . If the latter is chosen , the line will bypass Bryggen in a tunnel and make few stops before Åsane . An important stop mid @-@ way is the Norwegian School of Economics . The terminus will probably be Åsane Senter or Nyborg ; the former shopping center has set aside areas for a station . At Åsane , a major bus terminal would allow connections to the northern parts of Bergen , suburbs further north and areas in Nordhordland . An important political argument for prioritizing this line is to spread out the investments to all parts of the city , since the line is being financed by taxpayers and car @-@ users throughout the city . The third planned expansion runs from the city center southwards , east of the Center – Nesttun Line , serving Haukeland University Hospital . It then heads west , intersecting with the first line at Kronstad , runs through a tunnel before serving the areas of Fyllingsdalen . The line can use parts of the Norwegian National Rail Administration 's right of way from the city center to Kronstad , and would feature a station under the hospital , which is Western Norway 's largest work place . It is not planned an extension to Loddefjord and Storavatnet from Fyllingsdalen at this time because the time of travel will be much higher than the direct bus line using the highway to the city center . A project group with members of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration and the National Rail Administration have proposed that instead of rebuilding the Ulriken Tunnel to double track , a new double @-@ track light rail tunnel could be built from the city center to Arna . This would allow the light rail line to replace the two @-@ station Bergen Commuter Rail service , and give better access to the city center for people from Arna . Several politicians , including the majority in Hordaland County Council , have stated that they in the long run they want the light rail line extended northwards to Knarvik and westwards to Straume and Kleppestø . = = Operation = = The building of the line is the responsibility of Bybanen Utbygging , which is an agency within Hordaland County . The physical infrastructure and trams are owned by Bybanen AS , a limited company wholly owned by Hordaland County . This company is responsible for maintenance of the right @-@ of @-@ way and the vehicles , and for extensions . Light rail operations are based on contracts granted after public tender competitions held by Skyss , a county agency that administers all public transport in Hordaland , including buses , boats and ferries . From 2010 to 2017 , with the possibility for a two @-@ year extension , the line will be operated by Keolis Norge AS . Stadler has the responsibility for maintenance of the trams for the first seven years , as part of the purchase contract . The line is operated on a four / five @-@ minute headway by all @-@ stops trams , with an eight @-@ minute headway in off @-@ peak times and a 20 minutes headway at night . Travel time from Byparken to Lagunen is 32 minutes . In 2015 , the full price of a single ticket is NOK 35 . Tickets are valid with free transfer to buses in Bergen . = = Rolling stock = = In 2007 , the Planning Office ordered 12 Variotrams from Stadler Rail , with an additional four on option . The first tram arrived on 7 December 2009 , and was used for testing in the months leading up to the opening . Before the opening , three more trams were in place . The trams are 32 @.@ 180 m ( 105 @.@ 58 ft ) long and 2 @.@ 65 meters ( 8 ft 8 in ) wide , weighing 35 @.@ 7 tonnes ( 35 @.@ 1 long tons ; 39 @.@ 4 short tons ) . They have five articulated sections , and are expandable with another two modules to a length of 42 meters ( 138 ft ) , should higher capacity be necessary . All stations are built for extended trams . There is a slightly elevated driver 's cab at each end . Eight motors provide a total of 360 kW ( 480 hp ) for three bogies . This allows a maximum speed of 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) , limited to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) in city streets and 25 km / h ( 16 mph ) in the depots . Acceleration is 1 @.@ 25 m / s2 ( 4 @.@ 13 ft / s2 ) , and they are capable of operating on a 7 @.@ 0 % gradient . Current is collected via a pantograph , at 750 volts direct current . Each tram is sufficiently powerful to haul another unit in case of emergencies . Capacity is for 212 passengers , of which 84 can sit four abreast . The entire tram is step @-@ free , including between the cars and the platforms . Seats are designed for travel times up to 60 minutes . There are four slide and plug doors on each side ; three are double , with a total width of 1 @,@ 300 @-@ millimeter ( 4 ft 3 in ) , while the last is a single 800 @-@ millimeter ( 2 ft 7 in ) door . Stop buttons are only available at the doors ; this has been chosen to speed alighting times . Between the seats there is a minimum width of 720 mm ( 2 ft 4 in ) , which allows wheelchair and buggy access along the full length of the car . All stations are announced visually and orally . The trams have wireless Internet access . All stations are announced with a short distinctive melody and the station 's name . The melodies were composed by Snorre Valen , while the voice was recorded by Heidi Lambach . = = Infrastructure = = The system is standard gauge with 2 @.@ 65 @-@ meter ( 8 ft 8 in ) -wide cars , with the platforms built to allow 44 @-@ meter ( 144 ft ) long trams . The line has no terminal balloon loops , so trams must be bi @-@ directional . The current is supplied from six rectifiers , specified so the system can operate with two rectifiers out of service . In the city center the overhead wire has been designed to minimize the number of poles , while in the suburban areas a conventional system has a carrier wire above the power wire . The line is double track , allowing visual signaling and speed adjustment on all at @-@ grade stretches . In city streets S60 track is used ; on private right @-@ of @-@ way , S49 track . The minimum curve radius is 25 metres ( 82 ft ) and tracks in city streets are laid within a rubber jacket to reduce noise . In the tunnels , only one tram can operate in each direction ; this is regulated by lights and an automatic Train Protection system . Signaling uses the German BOStrab system , not traditional Norwegian light signals . The line has traffic signal preemption , so the trams send a signal to the traffic light control when the driver starts the door @-@ closing signal to give the tram priority at traffic lights . The depot is at Kronstad , at a former yard used by the Norwegian State Railways , where a track that connects the light rail network to the Bergen Line . The depot was finished in 2009 , and has room for 16 40 @-@ meter ( 130 ft ) trams plus a workshop with space for two trams and a garage with place for three . There is sufficient area for further expansion , but tracks have not been laid . When the light rail line is expanded to Flesland , a new main depot is planned in an area with cheaper land , and Kronstad depot will be converted to a pure overnighting facility . = = = Stations = = = Fifteen stations were built for the first stage , and five for the second stage . The stations and the visual profile of the system as a whole are designed by the Bergen @-@ based design groups Cubus and Fuggi Baggi Design , and Copenhagen @-@ based Kontrapunkt . The stations of the first two stages are at street level , with facilities for buying tickets and dynamic displays that show when the next tram will arrive . The platforms have step @-@ free access to the trams , allowing unhindered accessibility by wheelchairs and perambulators . The municipal government has permitted denser development around the stations , where it wants most new housing and commercial property to be built . Development projects for Slettebakken , Wergeland , Paradis and Lagunen have been announced by private developers . Many of the stations are in primarily residential areas , and the projects have met resistance from residents who fear that the character of their neighborhoods will be altered .
= Myth : The Xenogears Orchestral Album = Myth : The Xenogears Orchestral Album is an arranged soundtrack to Square Enix 's role @-@ playing video game Xenogears . It is the third soundtrack to the game , after Xenogears Original Soundtrack and Creid , another arranged album , both released in 1998 . Myth was composed by the game 's composer Yasunori Mitsuda and arranged by Mitsuda , Youki Yamamoto , Sachiko Miyano , and Natsumi Kameoka . The album contains 14 tracks , including a song performed by the Irish singer Joanne Hogg , and has a length of 51 : 33 . The orchestration was performed by the Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Yamamoto . The album was announced in October 2010 , and was released on February 23 , 2011 by Square Enix . A vinyl record version of the album was released on April 1 , 2011 , consisting of six tracks from the full album . Reviewers were consistent in their praises and criticism of the album . They noted the high production values and the quality of the original compositions and the performance of the orchestra . They also felt that the later tracks in the album were notably weaker than the early tracks , that the arrangements in general did not stray far from the source material , and that several of the track choices did not seem to fit as well as orchestral renditions as others . = = Creation = = Xenogears composer Yasunori Mitsuda announced plans to create an album of orchestral arrangements of music from that game on October 6 , 2010 , via his Twitter account . Mitsuda had previously released two albums of music from the game , both in 1998 , the year the game was released — Xenogears Original Soundtrack , a soundtrack album for the game , and Creid , an album of arranged music inspired by Celtic folk music and Japanese rock . He has said that he decided to make the album due to the emotions that he and fans still felt about the game 13 years after its release , which led him to want to commemorate that . The music of Xenogears is particularly close to Mitsuda , as it was the last soundtrack that he worked on for Square Enix — the first video game company he worked for — and he knew that he would be leaving when he composed the soundtrack for the game . He has said that he had been considering the idea of a Xenogears orchestral album for six or seven years prior to starting on it , but until then did not have both the opportunity to work on the project and the confidence in his own abilities as an orchestrator to make the album sound as he wished . When the album was announced , Square Enix opened a poll for members of their fan club to vote on tracks that they would like to see in the album . The poll was closed on October 20 and in December the top ten results were published . Eight of these were eventually included in the final album — " Crimson Knight " and " Awakening " were excluded . Although Mitsuda tried to put as many of the suggestions into the album as he felt were appropriate , he only included the top three " without thinking " . He was limited in his track selection due to many of the original tunes sharing common themes , while he wanted only one instance of a given theme to be present on Myth . The tracklist was initially set to feature ten tracks , but was later expanded to fourteen . The album was recorded with the Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra in Bulgaria and was mixed in London in December , 2010 . Of the fourteen tracks , Mitsuda only arranged one for orchestration ; Youki Yamamoto , who also conducted the orchestra , arranged three , Sachiko Miyano arranged two , and Natsumi Kameoka of Mitsuda 's Procyon Studio arranged seven . Joanne Hogg reprised her role as the vocalist for " Small Two of Pieces " ; however , the lyrics were not re @-@ recorded . Instead , her original performance from the game 's soundtrack was used . The title " Myth " was chosen by Mitsuda so that " this work may become everyone ’ s myth " , as he wanted the music to remind listeners of " fond memories and thoughts of the world of " the original game and soundtrack . The album was released on February 23 , 2011 . It contains 14 tracks with a total length of 51 : 33 . The album was published by Square Enix and has a catalog number of SQEX @-@ 10230 . The physical release of the album was only in Japan , though it was additionally released digitally on iTunes outside of the country . Additionally , on April 1 , 2011 , Square Enix published a vinyl record version of the album . This version contains six tracks , corresponding to tracks 1 , 3 , 4 , 8 , 12 , and 13 from the full album . It has a length of 28 : 33 and the catalog number SE @-@ M0004 . Ringtones for " Village Pride " , " A Distant Promise " , " Dark Dawn " and " Small Two of Pieces " were released on January 28 , 2011 . Mitsuda noted that there might be a second orchestral album in the future if the first was successful ; he described himself as " very keen on the idea of producing the second album " . = = Reception = = In his review of the album , Connary Fagen of Original Sound Version concluded that it was " part masterpiece , part phone @-@ in . " He felt that the majority of the album , especially the first two @-@ thirds , was composed of strong , high @-@ quality tracks . However , he felt that a few pieces , in particular the final three tracks , were " underwhelming " . He described the overall effect as " a row of books with only one bookend " as the album in his opinion did not have a strong or defined ending . Ben Schweitzer of Square Enix Music Online said that while " the album as a whole is worthwhile " , that it was " in some ways like a wasted opportunity . " He felt that the majority of the tracks were short orchestrations that did not attempt to stray from the original material , which in his opinion meant that they were left to stand on the merits of the original compositions rather than their own merits . He did note that the quality of the orchestra was high , and called out " Cage of Remorse and Relief " and " Soaring " as especially well done . Myth was reviewed by two separate critics from RPGFan . Eric Farand praised the album , saying that half of the songs were great and the other half were " pretty good " ; he called out " Village Pride " as one of the best . Like Fagen he felt that the second half of the album contained several tracks that were " forgettable , phoned @-@ in or a poor song selection for this album " . He agreed with Schweitzer that the majority of the arrangements did not deviate much from the original compositions , but said that it was what he expected and wanted from an orchestral arrangement album . Stephen Meyerink , in his review , was less receptive to the album , saying that " It 's good . It 's not great . " He praised the technical quality of the performances , especially those of the string section of the orchestra , but criticized the lack of originality in the arrangements . He noted " Soaring " and " Bonds of Sea and Flames " as some of the few tracks he felt brought something unique to the arrangement . He felt that while the original compositions were strong , that the album felt " rushed " and " phoned @-@ in " with poor track selection , made more to tie in with the release of Xenogears on the PlayStation Network that year than for the love of the music . = = Track listing = = For many of the tracks , the English names used in the iTunes release are different than the literal translation of the Japanese names , which were used for the original soundtrack . When the literal translation differs , it is marked after the Japanese name . = = Personnel = = Yasunori Mitsuda – composer , arranger , orchestrator , producer Youki Yamamoto - arranger , orchestrator , conductor Sachiko Miyano - arranger , orchestrator Natsumi Kameoka - arranger , orchestrator The Bulgarian Symphony Orchestra – orchestra Joanne Hogg – vocals on " Small Two of Pieces " Tetsuya Takahashi - lyrics on " The Beginning and the End " Masato Kato - lyrics on " Small Two of Pieces "
= Syndicate ( 2012 video game ) = Syndicate is a first @-@ person shooter video game developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . It is a reboot of the Syndicate series of real @-@ time tactical shooter games developed by Bullfrog Productions . The game was released in February 2012 worldwide . Set in the year 2069 , the narrative revolves around Miles Kilo , an agent of EuroCorp , one of the world 's largest corporations . As an agent , Miles must help EuroCorp to eliminate important personnel from rival corporations ; in the process , he discovers the evil , secret practice used by EuroCorp to recruit agents . The game features a large variety of weapons ; from standard pistols to the futuristic guns . Kilo is implanted with a computer chip that allows him to access the dataverse and can use hacking to defeat enemies and solve environmental puzzles . Pre @-@ production of the game began in 2007 . Electronic Arts approached Starbreeze Studios to revive the franchise because Electronic Arts was impressed with the quality of Starbreeze Studios ' previous games and believed they could add " style " to the series . The game was returned to the drawing board after a year of development , and the co @-@ operative multiplayer mode was added to the main game . The development team hoped the game would appeal to both newcomers and players of the original game ; they maintained the theme of the original and drastically changed the gameplay . Richard K. Morgan was hired to write the story for the game . The game received mixed critical reviews upon release . Critics praised the gameplay , style , graphics , art direction , artificial intelligence and the co @-@ operative mode , but the game 's story was criticized . The game 's budget was smaller than typical AAA video game , and was considered as a commercial failure for Electronic Arts . The game 's excessive violence led to the game being banned in Australia . = = Gameplay = = Unlike the original series of games , Syndicate is a first @-@ person shooter set in 2069 . Players assume control of Miles Kilo , an augmented agent working for EuroCorp in a corrupted , deceitful world in which corporations compete with each other for power . Players can run , jump , slide , hide behind covers , and carry two weapons and grenades to defeat enemies and bosses , who each have unique abilities . The game features 19 weapons , ranging from assault rifles , rocket launchers and machine pistols , to futuristic weapons such as laser rifles , Gauss Guns with bullets that can track enemies automatically , and Riotlance Dark Shooters that can paralyze enemies for a short time . Weapons can be customized and upgraded with 87 attachments and 25 upgrade options . These upgrades may alter the nature of these weapons , transforming standard ammunition to cover @-@ penetrating ammunition . The game also features an " execution " mechanic , allowing players to perform melee takedowns . Miles has a " DART @-@ 6 " chip that grants him hacking and " breaching " abilities . Some enemies also have this type of chip , and Miles can interact with them . With the chips , objects , collectibles and enemies are automatically tagged and highlighted via augmented reality of the heads @-@ up display . Players can use the " breaching " abilities to hack into enemies ' minds and control their actions . They have access to three options ; " Backfire " that causes enemies ' weapons to malfunction and backfire , stunning them ; " Suicide " that causes enemies to kill themselves ; and " Persuade " that leads enemies to defect to the player 's side before committing suicide . The game also allows players to locate enemies behind cover with the use of " Dart Overlay " and slow down time temporarily , which increases the damages dealt by players and their health regeneration rate . Abilities and skills implanted in the chip can be enhanced by collecting and extracting the chips of fallen enemies . The upgrades can boost players ' damages and increases their recovery speed . Players are tasked with using the breaching abilities to interact with objects , solve environmental puzzles , strip the special armor of enemies and disarm explosives . The breaching mechanic has a time limit and must be recharged before another activation . The game does not have a competitive multiplayer mode , but it has a cooperative multiplayer mode that pits four players together to complete a nine @-@ mission campaign based on the campaign of the original Syndicate games . Players face enemies that become increasingly difficult to deal with as the game progresses . They can choose from four character classes : Medic , Spec Ops , Assault and Generic , each with different abilities . The breaching mechanic is also present in the mode for defensive and offensive purposes . For instance , they can hack into a turret to disable its armor or heal team @-@ mates using this mechanic . Players receive points as they progress through the game 's levels ; these points can be used to research new weapons . = = Synopsis = = = = = Setting = = = In 2017 , the mega @-@ corporation Eurocorp is created by a merger between the world 's largest corporations . In 2025 , Eurocorp releases the DART chip , a neural implant that allows users to access the dataverse , making most electronic devices obsolete . As a result of the DART chip , the world is no longer ruled by governments but by mega @-@ corporations known as " Syndicates " . However , only half of the world 's population embrace the chip ; the " unchipped " are abandoned and denied the benefits afforded by their chipped counterparts . Corporate espionage and corporate warfare for dominance between syndicates becomes the norm , resulting in the creation of " agents " — bio @-@ engineered enforcers augmented by a militarized version of the chip who protect the interests of their corporate masters . = = = Plot = = = In 2069 , Agent Miles Kilo , EuroCorp 's latest agent , is equipped with the new prototype DART 6 chip created by Eurocorp scientist Lily Drawl ( voiced by Rosario Dawson ) . After a successful test run of the chip 's abilities , EuroCorp CEO Jack Denham ( voiced by Brian Cox ) assigns him to kill Lily 's counterpart , Chang , at the rival syndicate Aspari . Accompanied by his mentor Agent Jules Merit ( voiced by Michael Wincott ) , Kilo attacks the Los Angeles branch of Aspari and corners Chang , who shoots himself . Kilo retrieves Chang 's chip and learns from an encrypted conversation that Lily has been sharing information about the DART 6 chip with him . Although shocked by Lily 's betrayal , Denham decides to have Kilo and Merit keep Lily under surveillance because she is too valuable to eliminate . As they observe her in her apartment , Lily has an argument with a person named Kris before she is suddenly kidnapped by the syndicate Cayman @-@ Global . Kilo fights off the Cayman @-@ Global forces and follows Lily 's abductors to their floating base in the Atlantic Ocean . Kilo kills a major Cayman @-@ Global agent and rescues Lily , and they learn the syndicate is preparing a war against Eurocorp . In New York , Kilo and Lily land in the Downzone where the unchipped , lower @-@ class population lives . After they split up and head towards Eurocorp HQ , Kilo is betrayed by Lily and is sent into a trap with EMP mines , injuring him and disabling his chips . After his chips regain function , Kilo is given orders to either capture or kill Lily . After fighting off subverters , Kilo learns their leader Kris — Lily 's ex @-@ boyfriend and colleague — is responsible for instigating a war between the syndicates . Kris reveals he started the war so he could hack into the dataverse and kill the syndicates and their chipped populations as punishment for abandoning the unchipped . Lily , who wants to find a peaceful solution and make the syndicates care about the unchipped , opposes the idea . Kilo fights Kris , who attempts to suicide bomb him but kills himself instead . Kilo apprehends Lily ; he can either kill her or release her . Lily is captured and a barely @-@ alive Kilo is retrieved . At Eurocorp New York HQ , Denham and Merit believe Kilo is brain @-@ dead and send him to be rebooted while they plan to retrieve Lily 's chip and recover useful information on DART 6 . Kilo begins to remember his secret past : he learns that Denham led a Eurocorp team to kill his parents and abduct him as a baby because he has genes ideal for becoming an agent . Kilo escapes from his restraints and rescues Lily , who tells Kilo that like him , all of Eurocorp 's agents were abducted as children and their memories were modified so they would remain loyal to Eurocorp . Lily created the DART 6 chip , hoping to use it to make the syndicates retain their humanity and care about both chipped and un @-@ chipped civilians , but she realizes she was naïve to think that way . As Cayman @-@ Global attacks Eurocorp 's New York HQ , Kilo and Lily head towards Denham 's office to prevent him from activating the kill switch on their DART chips . Kilo has to fight off both Eurocorp and Cayman @-@ Global forces , as well as several EuroCorp agents . At the top of the tower , he is forced to fight Merit and two other agents , who are under Denham 's orders to kill him . Kilo defeats the agents , and overpowers and kills Merit . Kilo then heads towards Denham 's office but finds Denham has activated his kill switch , which starts to affect Kilo 's movements . Weakened , Kilo confronts Denham , who justifies abducting him as a child . Kilo manages to fight against the kill @-@ switch order and corners Denham , who lets himself fall over a ledge to his death . As the game ends , Eurocorp lies in ruins and Lily gives Kilo a pistol , telling him that he is free from anyone 's control . = = Development = = The original version of Syndicate is a tactical shooter developed by Bullfrog Productions and produced by Peter Molyneux in 1993 . Electronic Arts had wanted to make a new Syndicate game for several years but had not found an opportunity to do so . They hoped to bring new elements and drastically altered gameplay concepts that would suit the franchise 's universe . They eventually partnered with Starbreeze , which they recognized as an excellent studio for making first @-@ person video games with distinctive styling . Pre @-@ production of the game began in 2007 ; it was carried out by a small team of staff members after the studio completed work on The Chronicles of Riddick : Assault on Dark Athena . However , mid way through the game 's development , there were also many creative differences between the developer and the publisher , and the two companies suffered from an inharmonious relationship . During the first stage of development , the game had no co @-@ operative multiplayer mode ; it focused on the story instead of the cyberpunk element . A year after development began , the game was sent for reworking because the studio thought they had not captured the essence of the Syndicate series . The team had little experience in making a co @-@ operative games due to technological restraints , but decided to experiment with it . The internal reception of the co @-@ op prototype was positive ; testers said it fit with the canonical fiction of the franchise . The team had once worked on a competitive multiplayer mode for the game , but thought it was not original enough for inclusion . As the game lacked a cooperative multiplayer element , the developers abandoned the use of an online pass , unlike most EA games at that time . The development team hoped the new title would appeal to both newcomers and fans of the series , be accessible and introduce the franchise to a broader audience . They assumed most players would not have played the original Syndicate games . The team also considered that because of the change in audience tastes and the introduction of new video game platforms , altering the game 's perspective to first @-@ person was a correct decision . Turning it into a first @-@ person game was the first design choice made by the team , who hoped allowing players to view from the agent 's perspective directly would make the game more immersive for players . The team aimed to replicate the playing experience and difficulty of the extant Syndicate . Starbreeze considered the difficulty of the first game to be part of the franchise 's legacy and was worth preserving ; they hoped the new game would be challenging enough for players without being frustrating . They introduced a rarely scripted artificial intelligence ( AI ) into the game . The AI reacts to players ' actions and was programmed to relocate itself after being attacked . The new game has less gore than the older one ; players still can kill innocent civilians but the team minimized these scenarios , which they thought were part of the game 's environment rather than gameplay elements . The game was designed to have a sense of unpredictability so it can be played without confining the player to rules . To achieve this , the company added the breaching system , which adds more varieties of combat and gives players more choices when dealing with the artificial intelligence . The breaching system , which originated as a mini @-@ game , was designed to be simple so it would not interrupt the flow of gameplay . Instead of being purely a first @-@ person shooter , the game features action @-@ adventure elements that allow players to choose their progression and tasks them with solving environmental puzzles . Because the new game is set within a well @-@ established franchise , Starbreeze tried to retain the essence of the world and rebuild these elements . The game 's story was written by British science @-@ fiction writer Richard K Morgan , whom the team approached after they read his book Altered Carbon . Syndicate was Morgan 's second video @-@ game script after 2011 's Crysis 2 ; he used the original game for reference and included elements that those who had played it would immediately recognize . He preserved the original 's dystopian setting and theme , and hoped to use these elements to build a powerful story . Morgan traveled to Sweden to meet Starbreeze 's game designers to ensure the game 's story would not contradict its overall design . The team 's goal was to make the game different from contemporaneous first @-@ person shooters . The team ensured the game had its own style that would differentiate itself from other games . This was achieved by using a " split @-@ world aspect " , which divided the game 's into two areas , each with a different artstyle . The team added details and aesthetics to the game 's three syndicates in the upper zone so they would easily be recognized and be different from each another . " The Downzone " , where non @-@ implanted poor people live , has a different design from the three syndicates . The team took ideas for this area from Mirror 's Edge . Both sides were inspired by futuristic films such as Blade Runner , Minority Report and Gattaca . In addition , the split @-@ world concept applies to the gameplay . The Downzone enemies tend to be more aggressive and anti @-@ agents , and some gameplay segments such as the breaching system are inapplicable in such areas . Syndicate uses Starbreeze 's in @-@ house game engine , which had been modified for the creation of the game . The team used Beast to achieve global illumination and a realistic lighting system , and a new physics solver to deliver more physical interactions . The team aimed to maintain a consistent visual quality on all the platforms on which the game was released , even though the PC version had the advantage of higher resolution and frame rate . The engine allowed the inclusion of post @-@ process @-@ effects previously used in Assault on Dark Athena , such as motion blur and depth of field . Their artstyle was changed to suit the game 's overall style . = = = Marketing = = = In 2008 , Electronic Arts announced that Starbreeze Studios was working with EA on two projects ; one was a new project set in one of EA 's older franchises under the name Project Redlime . The name " Syndicate " was trademarked multiple times by Starbreeze and EA , and a small portion of the game 's script was accidentally leaked before the game 's official revelation . EA officially revealed the game on 12 September 2011 , and announced that it is a reboot for the franchise . A demo of the game , which only included the co @-@ op mode and the " Western Europe " map , was released for the Xbox Live Marketplace and PlayStation Network on 31 January 2012 . The game was announced and shipped in under six months ; it was released worldwide on 21 February 2012 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Syndicate received generally positive reviews from critics . The game 's story received mixed responses . The reviewer from GameTrailers called the plot predictable and considered several of the game 's plot points boring . He praised the game 's dialogue for its flow and the backstory presented . The reviewer said the campaign lacked scale but was nevertheless enjoyable and worthwhile playing . He also said the celebrity @-@ led voice cast had successfully brought " believability " to the game . This was echoed by Jeff Gerstmann from Giant Bomb . In contrast , Martin Gaston from VideoGamer.com said he was disappointed with the campaign and considered it one of the game 's biggest flaws . He said the world deserves more exploration than it had in Syndicate , and that the development team did not seem to understand the creative vision of the first version of the game . He also said the emphasis on morals did not excel because it does not fit the game 's overall style . He disliked the game 's protagonist , whom he thought was bland , making him difficult for players to relate to . Xav De Matos from Joystiq said the story is filled with promises but the overall product failed to differentiate itself from other shooters with similar themes . Dan Whitehead from Eurogamer compared it unfavourably to its predecessors and called it unambitious and uninspiring . The overall gameplay received praise . Gaston described the shooting as " clever " and said the DART @-@ 6 breaching abilities have encouraged players to experiment . He said the combination of the breaching system and gunfights made Syndicate better than some other contemporaneous first @-@ person shooters . GameTrailers ' reviewer said the DART @-@ 6 system provides players with choice and the recharge time of the breaching abilities tasks players with managing a " micro @-@ economy " that encourages and rewards skills . Both Gaston and GameTrailers said the game missed out opportunities for limiting the use of some of Kilo 's powers , which are only shown in cutscenes . Gerstmann liked the game 's gameplay and said the control was fun , and that he appreciated the ability to shoot while running . He also admired the breaching abilities and found them satisfying to use . Whitehead shared similar thoughts , saying the breaching abilities tasks players with deploying strategy and make the game deeper than typical run @-@ and @-@ gun video games . The game 's AI received praise . GameTrailers ' reviewer said enemies " know how to die in style " and that the boss fights are memorable , even though they can be repetitive . Gaston considered it " missed opportunities " . De Matos appreciated the boss fights and said it was fun and interesting , and tasks players with learning the pattern of these boss fights and using the correct skill to defeat them . Reviewers praised the game 's graphical quality . Gerstmann said the use of lighting added a unique style to the game . He also liked the depiction of the two major areas of the game , and the game 's sounds , which he said suited the tone of the game . Alexandra Hall from GamesRadar said " Starbreeze really coaxed some beautiful sights out of aging hardware " . She added that some players may not be pleased with the game 's bloom effects . David Houghton of the same publication said the game is " a decent shooter " but that its lightbloom effects were " nonsensically over @-@ the @-@ top " . Peter Eykemans from IGN echoed similar thoughts , declaring that the motion bloom and blinding light a problem . However , he admitted that the game " constantly looks great " , and that its simple design has made the game to look very polished . The four @-@ player , co @-@ operative , multiplayer mode received acclaim . Gaston said it was a " watered down version of Left 4 Dead " , but it was nonetheless a fun and pleasant experience for most players . De Matos said the game had encouraged players to work together to defeat enemies and to plan before attacking , which he said had turned the mode to a " gratifying " experience . He criticized the game 's difficulty , which he said does not scale well , and the scripted enemies , which made the game less dynamic . Whitehead highly recommended the co @-@ operative mode , which he thought should have been the game 's main focus . He added that it provided more freedom to the players than the campaign . Critics had mixed feelings about the game . Gerstmann said he had an " outstanding time " with it , and that it had offered an excellent twist to the genre . De Matos said it had successfully branched out the franchise to a new direction , even though it may not be what players of the original Syndicate would expect . However , he said the spirit of the franchise is still maintained and preserved . Gaston said Starbreeze was not able to capture the franchise 's vision and that the game was not well @-@ executed overall . Whitehead described the game as " fun " , even though he thought Syndicate was a forgettable experience that will live under the shadow of rival shooters . = = = Sales = = = In an interview with Computer and Video Games , Frank Gibeau of EA said the Syndicate revival had not been as successful as had been hoped , saying , " Syndicate was something that we took a risk on . It didn 't pay off — it didn 't work . " In a 2012 interview with Edge , Mikael Nermark , CEO of Starbreeze Studios , said the game sold around 150 @,@ 000 copies worldwide . According to Nermark , the budget for creating this game was less than those of other triple @-@ A video games ; he also said that despite the poor commercial performance , the team was still proud of the final product . = = = Australian censorship = = = On 20 December 2011 , it was reported that Syndicate has been refused classification by the Australian Classification Board . The board was especially critical of what it considered to be the game 's excessive violence : explicit depictions of dismemberment , decapitation , exposed flesh and bone from injuries ; and copious blood spray . EA Australia said they would not appeal the decision or change the game to address the Board 's concerns . EA also complained about Australia 's " arcane censorship on games " and said Syndicate would be released on schedule and uncut with an adults @-@ only rating in New Zealand .
= Nick & Norah 's Infinite Playlist = Nick & Norah 's Infinite Playlist is a 2008 romantic comedy @-@ drama film directed by Peter Sollett and starring Michael Cera and Kat Dennings . Written by Lorene Scafaria and based on the novel of the same name by Rachel Cohn and David Levithan , the story tells of teenagers Nick ( Cera ) and Norah ( Dennings ) , who meet when Norah asks Nick to pretend to be her boyfriend for five minutes . Over the course of the night , they try to find their favorite band 's secret show and search for Norah 's drunken best friend . The film came into development in 2003 when producer Kerry Kohansky Roberts found Cohn and Levithan 's novel and decided to adapt it for film . Scafaria was hired to write the script in 2005 , and Sollett signed on to direct the film in 2006 . Principal photography took place over 29 days from October to December 2007 , primarily in Manhattan and Brooklyn , New York City . The film premiered on September 6 , 2008 at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically on October 3 , 2008 . It tripled its US $ 10 million budget with a total gross of US $ 33 @.@ 5 million . An accompanying soundtrack was released on September 23 , 2008 , and the film was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on February 3 , 2009 . It attracted generally positive reviews from critics and received nominations for three Satellite Awards , one GLAAD Media Award , one MTV Movie Award and one Golden Reel Award . = = Plot = = A straight bass player in an " all gay band " called The Jerk @-@ Offs , Nick O 'Leary ( Michael Cera ) is a teenager from Hoboken , New Jersey . Nick is still heartbroken after his girlfriend , Tris ( Alexis Dziena ) , broke up with him three weeks , two days , and 23 hours ago , and continues to make " breakup " mix CDs for her . Thom ( Aaron Yoo ) and Dev ( Rafi Gavron ) , his gay bandmates who both hate Tris , convince Nick to perform at a club because his favorite band — the legendary , publicity @-@ shy indie band Where 's Fluffy ? — is performing somewhere in New York City that night . Norah Silverberg ( Kat Dennings ) attends the same high school as Tris , Convent of the Sacred Heart , and though Norah and Tris dislike each other , they have a mutual friend named Caroline ( Ari Graynor ) . Norah has not met Nick , but shares his taste in music based on recovering his mix CDs after Tris discards them in the trash . That night , the three girls end up at Arlene 's Grocery on Manhattan 's Lower East Side , where The Jerk @-@ Offs are playing . Norah asks Nick to pretend to be her boyfriend to show up Tris . Norah kisses him , unaware that he is the ex @-@ boyfriend of Tris . Caroline gets drunk and Norah wants to take her home , but Nick 's bandmates ( who see Norah as a potential new girlfriend for him ) offer to take Caroline home so Norah and Nick can spend time together trying to find the show . When Thom and Dev stop at Gray 's Papaya for hot dogs , a confused Caroline escapes from Thom 's van . Nick and Norah meet up with Thom and Dev to try to find her . A confusing phone call leads them to look for her at a club that " Where 's Fluffy ? " is rumored to be playing , but with no success . Tris , eager to win back Nick , catches up with them when she gets a phone call from Caroline , who is now able to tell Norah that she has " found Jesus " and " an altar boy without pants . " They find a drunk Caroline on stage at a gay cabaret dressed as a Christmas tree . When they arrive at Nick 's car , Tris is sitting on the hood waiting for him . Norah tells him how nice it was to meet him , but he leaves to talk with Tris without giving Norah a response . An upset Norah meets up at a club with her friend with benefits , Tal ( Jay Baruchel ) , but soon realizes that he has an ulterior motive and hopes to get a deal for his band with Norah 's father , a record producer ( Richard Waddingham ) . She agrees to pay for Tal and his friends ' drinks , but she tells the waitress to increase the tab because there was a miscalculation , and she leaves him to pay . Nick , meanwhile , decides to confront Tris , but she tells him she wants to be together again and asks for a ride home . Tris asks Nick to stop by the river , where she tries to seduce him . Whilst she seductively dances in front of the car , Nick reminisces fondly about Norah and the night 's events and drives away , leaving Tris behind . Nick calls Norah , apologizing for leaving , and she agrees to meet him again . Deciding to go somewhere where no one they know will find them , they arrive at Electric Lady Studios , a music studio owned by Norah 's father . Once there , Norah gets Nick to play something he wrote in the studio , but then joins him in the recording room . Norah gets a text message from Caroline telling her where she found Where 's Fluffy ? playing . When they arrive at the show , they meet Tris , who cannot understand why Nick will not take her back , and Tal , who wants the same answer from Norah . Tal starts a fight with Nick , but Thom and Dev 's friend , Lethario ( Jonathan B. Wright ) , steps in and headbutts Tal . Nick and Norah share a smile and leave together . At Pennsylvania Station , Nick admits that he does not care about missing the concert , and they kiss on the escalator as the sun rises over New York City . = = Cast = = Michael Cera plays Nick O 'Leary , the " straight bass player in a gay band " teenager who is heartbroken after his girlfriend breaks up with him . Cera was the first actor to be cast after being recommended to Sollett by producer Kerry Kohansky Roberts based on his performance in Arrested Development . Sollett called him a " genius " and a " terrific actor " , as well as a " brilliant improvisational comedian " . Cera , who had previously taken improvisation classes , said that " It 's fun [ to improvise ] , just having a conversation . It always feels real because it is real . " He lived in an apartment in New York 's East Village for the duration of filming . Cera had never driven a stick shift vehicle before filming , and was taught so that he could be shot driving Nick 's Yugo . Kat Dennings plays Norah Silverberg , the teenage daughter of a wealthy record producer who shares Nick 's passion for music . Dennings was the second actor to be cast ( Cera having been first ) , Sollett saying that " her being liberated from [ people 's expectations ] liberated the film in many ways , and certainly her character from cliché . " Dennings felt that she related to Norah more than any other she had played before and " wanted to make sure she was really fleshed out " . Her favorite day of shooting was with a group of drag queens at a gay cabaret , but she said that filming Norah 's first orgasm was " really uncomfortable ... Really , really . " Ari Graynor plays Caroline , Norah 's best friend . Graynor auditioned for the roles of both Norah and Caroline , and was chosen to play Caroline , which she says rescued her from " one of those horrible actor black holes of really thinking that I 'd probably never work again " . Graynor related to both characters , saying that " I 've had many nights as Caroline . And I 've had many nights as Norah , taking care of Caroline . " Sollett claimed that " everything she did in the movie was her own invention " , calling her improvisation " brilliant " . She improvised an entire scene taking place at the Port Authority Bus Station in which Caroline talks to a stranger and which was not part of the script . When Caroline vomits , Graynor held a mixture of ginger ale and ginger cookie in her mouth which she spat into a toilet and a bag . Alexis Dziena plays Tris , Nick 's unfaithful ex @-@ girlfriend who attends school with Norah and Caroline . Dziena was one of the first actors cast , having done her final read @-@ through audition with Cera , Dennings , and Graynor . She said that the filming period was " a really fantastic time " , but complained about the night shoots and having to sleep through the day : " Oh , it 's terrible . ... I 'm okay as long as the sun 's not up when I 'm going to sleep but sleeping during the day is rough . " Aaron Yoo plays Thom , Nick 's friend and the guitarist for The Jerk @-@ Offs . Yoo was supposed to mime playing the guitar when filming The Jerk @-@ Offs ' concert , but requested that he be taught the chords to play when he had spare time . He found it very difficult to drive the van featured in the film and jokingly referred to it as a " tank " and a " World War II veteran " . Rafi Gavron plays Dev , Nick 's friend and the lead singer of The Jerk @-@ Offs . Gavron recorded a song performed by The Jerk @-@ Offs in the film at Electric Lady Studios , where part of the story takes place . Filming The Jerk @-@ Offs ' concert at Don Hill 's in New York , the owner of the bar , Don Hill , mistook Gavron for a professional musician in spite of Gavron 's calling himself a " useless singer " . Jay Baruchel plays Tal , Norah 's " friend with benefits " and an amateur musician . Baruchel said that the film was " by far the hippest movie I 've ever been in — that 's for damn sure " . Jonathan B. Wright as Lethario , a friend of Thom and Dev . Rachel Cohn and David Levithan , authors of the same @-@ titled novel on which the film is based , cameo as a couple sitting behind Nick and Norah at a diner . Eddie Kaye Thomas , Graynor 's then boyfriend , cameos as Jesus in a gay cabaret Devendra Banhart , John Cho , Seth Meyers , and Andy Samberg are also featured . Kevin Corrigan agreed to cameo so long as he had no speaking lines ; his scene , which was not scripted , was entirely improvised by Graynor . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist was originally the novel written by Rachel Cohn and David Levithan , which producer Kerry Kohansky Roberts brought into development as a film in 2003 . Lorene Scafaria was hired by Roberts in early 2005 to adapt the novel for Chris and Paul Weitz and Focus Features ; the script was her first film adaptation . Peter Sollett signed on to direct the film in 2006 , when the script was in its second draft , and collaborated with Scafaria . Scafaria said that Norah " was me on the page " , while Sollett felt that as a teenager he was " not dissimilar to Nick " . Both had similar experiences to Nick and Norah , commuting into Manhattan at night , Scafaria from New Jersey and Sollett from Staten Island . Cohn and Levithan had written the novel in alternating chapters : Cohn writing from Norah 's perspective and Levithan writing from Nick 's perspective . Cera and Dennings recorded voice @-@ over narration to mimic the first @-@ person perspective from which the novel is written , but the voice @-@ overs were not included in the final cut of the film . Scafaria says that the differences between the novel and the film were " to make it a little more cinematic " . She said that Nick and Norah 's parents were written out of the script " to absorb what it 's like to be young , [ because ] you 're not thinking about your parents when you 're out all night " . In addition to searching for Where 's Fluffy ? , Sollett felt that the film needed a second MacGuffin to propel the story forwards , so Norah 's best friend Caroline got drunk and then lost , giving Nick and Norah an additional objective . = = = Filming = = = Shooting on a budget of US $ 10 million , principal photography of Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist took place from late October to early December 2007 . The film was shot over 29 days in one @-@ week blocks , and was one of the first to receive a filming subsidy from the state of New York under the " Made in NY " incentive program . Filming took place mainly in Manhattan 's East Village and Lower East Side , as well as Williamsburg , Brooklyn . Filming locations included Katz 's Delicatessen , Mercury Lounge , Arlene 's Grocery , Pennsylvania Station , Port Authority Bus Terminal , the Veselka restaurant and Don Hill 's bar . Union Pool , a bar in Brooklyn , was also used for filming but requested to be called " Brooklyn Pool " in the film , and Norah 's father 's recording studio was filmed at Electric Lady Studios . Some scenes were shot on a sound stage in a studio in Brooklyn . The cast did many rehearsals , including on @-@ location rehearsals , which Dennings described as " the most practical thing I 've ever heard of " . During the course of filming , the actors slept during the day , woke in the afternoon , had their make @-@ up applied on set , and filmed from dusk until dawn . The cast and crew members would often sit inside the The Jerk @-@ Offs ' van between takes to avoid the cold , and sometimes stayed inside , out of sight , while scenes were being filmed in the van . Reshoots of the film began in May 2008 ; the film had originally begun at The Jerk @-@ Offs ' show where Nick and Norah first meet , and all prior scenes were written in later . Editor Myron Kerstein cut some of the shots on set due to time and budgetary restraints . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist received generally positive reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 74 % based on 179 reviews , with an average score of 6 @.@ 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist combines a pair of charming leads , the classic New York backdrop and a sweet soundtrack " . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 64 out of 100 , based on 32 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , praising Dennings ' on @-@ screen presence , the " considerable chemistry " between Cera and Dennings , and the " excellent " soundtrack . The New York Times critic A. O. Scott described Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist as a " shy , sweet romance " that " surveys the varieties of teenage experience with tolerant sympathy " . James Berardinelli of ReelViews reviewed the film warmly with 3 out of 4 stars , complimenting the soundtrack , the " witty " dialog and the appeal of the film to both adults and teenagers . Michael Ordona wrote for the Los Angeles Times that the film is familiar , but is " fleshed out with atmosphere , a nice blend of broad goofiness and sophistication , and two appealing leads who bring it to life " . Entertainment Weekly 's Lisa Schwarzbaum graded the film as an A – , giving particular commendation to its nonchalant portrayal of gay teenagers and Norah 's Jewish identity . Richard Corliss of Time magazine opined that the film was " smart , sweet , [ and ] bordering @-@ on @-@ adorable " while the title characters were " worth watching , admiring and cuddling up to " . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times wrote that Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist " doesn 't bring much to the party . [ ... ] It 's not much of a film , but it sort of gets you halfway there , like a Yugo . " Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film 2 out of 4 stars , saying , " I 'm yawning just writing this . [ ... ] Sollett , hoping for a Before Sunrise / Before Sunset vibe , sadly settles for a soggy aftertaste . " In a review for The Village Voice , Robert Wilonsky likened the film to " something crafted in a lab by 54 @-@ year @-@ old hucksters trying to sell shit to the kids under the cheerless guise of ' alternative . ' The only thing it 's an alternative to ? Good . " Variety magazine 's John Anderson described it as a " sparsely plotted comedy " that is " sweet , no doubt , but a bit too slick for its own good " . = = = Box office = = = The world premiere of Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist was held on September 6 , 2008 at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival . It was released theatrically in the United States on October 3 , 2008 , grossing US $ 11 @,@ 311 @,@ 751 from 2 @,@ 421 screens on its debut weekend , placing third in the box office rankings . The following weekend , it grossed $ 6 @,@ 420 @,@ 474 with a per @-@ screen average of $ 2 @,@ 652 and a cumulative gross of $ 20 @,@ 730 @,@ 708 , ranking fifth . It earned another $ 3 @,@ 693 @,@ 384 on its third weekend with a per @-@ screen average of $ 1 @,@ 648 and a cumulative gross of $ 26 @,@ 500 @,@ 875 , dropping to eighth place . The film ended its theatrical run with a total domestic gross of $ 31 @,@ 487 @,@ 293 and a foreign gross of $ 2 @,@ 018 @,@ 844 , giving a worldwide total of $ 33 @,@ 506 @,@ 137 . It placed 92nd for the highest @-@ grossing films of 2008 and 85th for the year 's highest @-@ grossing opening weekends . The film was screened at the London Film Festival in October 2008 and at the Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema in March 2009 . = = = Award nominations = = = Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist was nominated for three Satellite Awards , in the categories of Best Film – Musical or Comedy , Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Michael Cera ) , Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( Kat Dennings ) , but failed to win any . The film was also nominated at the GLAAD Media Awards in the category of Outstanding Film – Wide Release , and Kat Dennings was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance – Female . The film 's supervising music editor Andrew Dorfman was nominated for a Golden Reel Award by the Motion Picture Sound Editors for Best Sound Editing – Music in a Feature Film , but did not win . = = Home media = = Nick and Norah 's Infinite Playlist was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray in North America on February 3 , 2009 . The disc includes : one audio commentary with Peter Sollett , Michael Cera , Kat Dennings and Ari Graynor , and another with Sollett , Rachel Cohn , David Levithan , and Lorene Scafaria ; the featurettes " A Nick and Norah Puppet Show by Kat Dennings " and " Ari Graynor 's Video Diary : A Look Behind @-@ the @-@ Scenes " ; a music video for Bishop Allen 's song " Middle Management " ; storyboard animations with optional audio commentary ; a faux interview with Michael Cera , Kat Dennings and Eddie Kaye Thomas ; deleted scenes ; outtakes ; and a photo gallery . = = Soundtrack = = Cohn and Levithan 's novel contained many musical references , including songs by The Cure and Green Day , as did Scafaria 's screenplay , which she originally submitted with a mix CD featuring her ideas for the film 's soundtrack , including songs by The Black Keys , Bloc Party , and Frou Frou . In the final cut of the film , however , most of the music was chosen by Sollett , editor Myron Kerstein and music supervisor Linda Cohen . Sollett said that he " got lucky " with the songs that he was able to choose because , within the financiers and the studio , " there was nobody in that group who knew all that much about music or the music that we had in the film " . His objective when selecting the music was to find " the best music you haven 't heard yet " , primarily from bands based in New York City . While filming in New York , he emailed songs " right out of my iTunes [ library ] " which he thought would suit particular scenes to Kerstein , who was in Los Angeles assembling the film as it was shot .
= Saadanius = Saadanius is a genus of fossil primate dating to the Oligocene that is closely related to the common ancestor of the Old World monkeys and apes , collectively known as catarrhines . It is represented by a single species , Saadanius hijazensis , which is known only from a single partial skull tentatively dated between 29 and 28 mya ( million years ago ) . It was discovered in 2009 in western Saudi Arabia near Mecca and was first described in 2010 after a comparison with both living and fossil catarrhines . Saadanius had a longer face than living catarrhines and lacked the advanced frontal sinus ( airspaces in the facial bones ) found in living catarrhines . However , it had a bony ear tube ( ectotympanic ) and teeth comparable to those of living catarrhines . The discovery of Saadanius may help answer questions about the evolution and appearance of the last common ancestors of Old World monkeys and apes . = = Discovery = = Saadanius is known from a single specimen , the holotype , named " SGS @-@ UM 2009 @-@ 002 " , stored in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia , at the Paleontology Unit of the Saudi Geological Survey ( SGS ) . Its type locality , or the place it was discovered , was on top of an oolitic ironstone fossil bed of the middle Shumaysi Formation located in the southwest corner of Harrat Al Ujayfa , in western Saudi Arabia , close to Mecca . The specimen was discovered in February 2009 by paleontologist Iyad Zalmout , who had traveled to the region to search for ancient whale and dinosaur fossils . While looking for dinosaur fossils in an area that , according to the maps he was working from , contained rock layers that dated to the Cretaceous ( 145 – 66 mya ) , Zalmout found the jawbone of a hippo @-@ like creature , called an anthracotheriid ( a close relative of whales and hippos ) , which dated to Eocene or Oligocene . This indicated that the rock layers were much younger than what was dated on the maps . The following day , he noticed fossil teeth , which he immediately recognized as those of a primate . Zalmout emailed a photo of the teeth to paleontologist Philip D. Gingerich , with whom he was working as a postdoctoral fellow . Gingerich , an expert on ancient primates and whales , confirmed that it was indeed a primate . Due to a tight schedule , Zalmout had to leave the exposed fossil embedded in the rock for the next few days because collecting it would require days of work . The fossil was soon recovered by a joint expedition involving the SGS and the University of Michigan . The fossil was not formally described until 2010 when its discovery was announced in the journal Nature . The fossil was dated to about 28 or 29 million years ago based on comparisons of fossils of anthracotheriids and paenungulates ( members of the group that includes elephants and hyraxes ) found nearby with fossils from similarly aged African deposits . However , the date has yet to be confirmed by other dating techniques . The genus name , Saadanius , comes from the Arabic word , saadan ( Arabic : سَعدان ) , which is the collective term for apes and monkeys . The species name , hijazensis , is a reference to the al Hijaz region , in which it was discovered . = = Type specimen = = Saadanius had a longer face than living catarrhines , more closely resembling New World monkeys in appearance , although it was larger — possibly the size of a gibbon . Its enlarged , deep @-@ rooted canine teeth , the diastema ( space ) between its canine teeth and second incisors , and its sagittal crest ( ridge of bone running lengthwise down the top of the skull ) suggest that the specimen was a male . These features are shared among male Old World monkeys . Saadanius lacks the advanced frontal sinus found in living catarrhines , but it does possess an ectotympanic , or bony ear tube , found in living catarrhines . Propliopithecoids , the oldest stem group of catarrhines , which date back 35 to 30 mya , lacked a fully developed ectotympanic . The specimen had serious puncture wounds on the front of the skull , indicating that it had been preyed upon by a large carnivore . One puncture wound was on the right side of the braincase and may have been the fatal blow . There was also a bite mark on the frontal trigon . Like other catarrhine primates , Saadanius was probably a tree @-@ dweller ( arboreal ) . During the time it would have lived , the Red Sea had not yet formed , and new plant and animal species would have been arriving from nearby Eurasia as it converged with the Afro @-@ Arabian landmass . = = Phylogeny and significance = = Comparative anatomy and cladistic analysis indicate that Saadanius is more closely related to the last common ancestor of crown catarrhines than any other known fossil catarrhines , placing the common ancestry of Catarrhini in Arabia and Africa . Other stem catarrhines include propliopithecoids , such as Aegyptopithecus , and pliopithecoids , such as Pliopithecus . The closer similarities between Saadanius and crown catarrhines , particularly its ectotympanic , suggest Saadanius of all known fossil primates most closely resembled the last common ancestor of living catarrhines . Its discovery has provided new details about human evolution , particularly the split between the Old World monkeys and the ape lineage that eventually led to humans . The discovery of Saadanius provides new evidence for competing hypotheses about the facial appearance of the ancestral crown catarrhines , or common ancestor . One reconstruction is based on living catarrhine traits and predicts a short face and a rounded braincase , similar to that of a gibbon . Another reconstruction , based on the morphology of early Miocene apes and the basal cercopithecoid Victoriapithecus , predicts that the last common ancestor had a projecting snout and tall face , like that of living baboons and the oldest fossil apes and Old World monkeys . The conservative features of Saadanius , similar to those of the older stem catarrhines , support the latter hypothesis , according to Zalmout et al . However , one palaeontologist , Eric Delson , has cautioned that geological pressure may have distorted the shape of the skull . According to Zalmout et al . , Saadanius may also help resolve the age of the hominoid – cercopithecoid split . Paleoanthropological work has typically placed the divergence between 25 and 23 mya , but genetic @-@ based estimates have placed it in the early Oligocene , approximately 33 mya . Despite the predictions from the genetic tests , little fossil evidence has been found for a last common ancestor between 30 and 23 mya , favoring a later split . Only isolated teeth of Kamoyapithecus hinted at the existence of potential basal hominoids in the late Oligocene ( between 24 and 27 @.@ 5 mya ) , while the oldest fossil Old World monkey , Victoriapithecus macinnesi , dates to 19 mya . With the discovery of Saadanius , Zalmout et al. suggested a later split than the genetic data , dating between 29 – 28 and 24 mya . However , Pozzi et al. later argued that although Saadanius is a significant discovery , because it is a stem catarrhine , it could not be used to date the divergence of the crown group . The presence of stem taxa in the fossil record does not indicate that crown groups have evolved , and stem taxa may survive for millions of years after the crown taxa appear . For this reason , the fossil record can only suggest a hard minimum boundary for divergence dates , which corresponds to the first appearance of a crown taxon . Furthermore , Pozzi et al. pointed out that the supplementary material published by Zalmout et al. demonstrated that Pliopithecoidea were more closely related to living catarrhines than Saadanius . The fossil find has also been seen by the SGS as an important find for Saudi Arabia , because it enriches the fossil record for the region . As a result of the find , both the SGS and the University of Michigan are considering more collaborative field explorations in the country .
= Belle ( Disney ) = Belle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O 'Hara – who auditioned for the role five times after first reading about it in The New York Times – Belle is the non @-@ conforming daughter of an eccentric inventor . Ostracized by her village peers due to her intelligence and love of books , Belle yearns to abandon her uneventful life in favor of adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold @-@ hearted beast , Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father 's , and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his outward appearance . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg commissioned Beauty and the Beast as an animated musical with a strong heroine , and hired first @-@ time screenwriter Linda Woolverton to write it . Basing her on the heroine of Jeanne @-@ Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's fairy tale " Beauty and the Beast " , Woolverton adapted Belle into a stronger and less passive character for the film . Inspired by the women 's rights movement , Woolverton wanted Belle to be a unique Disney heroine different from The Little Mermaid 's popular Ariel , and thus deliberately conceived the character as a feminist in an effort to avoid the criticism Disney had long been receiving due to the studio 's reputation of depicting its female characters as victims . Belle 's strength and love of reading was inspired by American actress Katharine Hepburn 's performance as Jo March in the film Little Women ( 1933 ) , while the writers instilled the adventure @-@ seeking heroine with goals and aspirations beyond romance . However , the story artists and animators often disagreed with Woolverton 's liberated vision for the character . Animated by James Baxter and Mark Henn , the former of whom based the character 's graceful gait on those of impressionist Edgar Degas ' ballerinas , Belle 's European facial features were inspired by those of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn . Several additional Hollywood actresses inspired Belle 's appearance , including Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor and Grace Kelly . Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics who appreciated the character 's bravery , intelligence and independence . Reception towards her feminism , however , has been more mixed , with commentators accusing the character 's actions of being romance @-@ oriented . The fifth Disney Princess , Belle is often ranked among the franchise 's best . Highly regarded as one of Disney 's strongest examples of a feminist character , critics agree that Belle helped spearhead a generation of independent film heroines while changing the reputation of a Disney princess . Also one of Disney 's most iconic characters , Belle was the only animated heroine nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking . The character also appears in the film 's several sequels and spin @-@ offs , as well as her own live @-@ action television series . American actress Susan Egan originated the role of Belle in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , for which she was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . = = Development = = = = = Conception and writing = = = After the success of Walt Disney Productions ' first feature @-@ length animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) , filmmaker Walt Disney himself made several attempts to adapt the fairy tale " Beauty and the Beast " by Jeanne @-@ Marie Leprince de Beaumont into one of the studio 's earliest animated feature films during the 1940s and 1950s . However , the project was continuously abandoned due to the fairy tale 's " static " plot and main characters . The filmmaker was also concerned about the " unnecessary intensity " required to depict Belle imprisoned . Inspired by the unprecedented success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg green @-@ lit another attempt at adapting " Beauty and the Beast " under the direction of Richard Purdum . However , Katzenberg did not approve of Purdum 's dark , somber version of the fairy tale , and ultimately ordered that it be restarted from scratch in favor of creating a Broadway @-@ style musical film starring a strong heroine , similar to The Little Mermaid . Opting instead for a " feminist twist " on the story , Katzenberg hired television writer Linda Woolverton , who had never written an animated film before , to write the film 's screenplay . Before Beauty and the Beast , Disney 's tradition of depicting female characters as victims had already long been established . The fact that Belle was hardly depicted as a feminist in earlier versions of the film became a point of contention among the filmmakers . Despite the fact that Disney wanted Beauty and the Beast to resemble an old @-@ fashioned film , the filmmakers envisioned Belle as " a woman that was ahead of her time " . As the first woman in the history of Disney to write a feature @-@ length animated film , Woolverton decided to explore Belle as an opportunity to create a female character who would ultimately be better received than Disney 's previous animated heroines , specifically Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Woolverton was aware that the task would be particularly challenging due to the previous character 's popularity , but fought relentlessly to make sure that she was creating " a new kind of Disney heroine . " Inspired by the women 's rights movement Woolverton herself had experienced during the 1960s and 1970s , the screenwriter was determined to avoid creating another " insipid " Disney princess and decided to conceive Belle as a headstrong feminist . Woolverton strongly believed that contemporary audiences would not identify with Belle unless she was updated appropriately , and thus evolved the character into " a woman of the ' 90s " . The screenwriter refused to watch Jean Cocteau 's 1946 film adaptation of the fairy tale and chose to base Belle on American actress Katharine Hepburn 's portrayal of Jo March in the 1933 film adaptation of Louisa May Alcott 's book Little Women instead , who she felt was " a real depiction of womanhood . " Similarly , story artist Brenda Chapman drew influence from Hepburn 's on @-@ screen bickering with actor Spencer Tracy during the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds . Animator Mark Henn observed that , unlike Ariel , Belle does not " fall in love at first sight " ; instead " there 's an actual relationship you see grow " . In the original fairy tale , Belle has two selfish sisters who both have their own respective love interests , all of whom Woolverton omitted from the screenplay in favor of focusing solely on Belle 's relationship with Gaston . At one point , Belle had a younger sister named Clarice and a cruel aunt named Marguerite , both of whom were discarded – Clarice to emphasize Belle 's loneliness , and Marguerite to be replaced by Gaston as the film 's villain . Woolverton also eliminated the subplot of Belle asking her father for a rose . Despite constant " regressive " re @-@ writes , Woolverton 's overall vision for Belle generally remained intact . Beauty and the Beast 's story department was predominantly male , a time during which few women were involved . Woolverton often found herself at odds and disagreeing with the more traditional story artists in regards to Belle 's role in the film , but continued to be supported by Katzenberg and lyricist Howard Ashman . According to Woolverton , the story team challenged nearly every line of dialogue Woolverton suggested for the character . On one occasion , the story artists re @-@ wrote what Woolverton had originally scripted as Belle using a map to indicate places to where she would like to travel to the character baking a cake . Arguing that the liberated Belle would not even know how to bake , Woolverton decided to compromise by having the character read a book instead , which was similarly debated because some filmmakers considered reading to be too passive an activity . To resolve this , Woolverton scripted Belle walk while reading , an activity in which Woolverton herself partook as a child . In Beaumont 's fairy tale , Belle is essentially forced to replace her father as the Beast 's prisoner . To make the character more independent , Woolverton re @-@ wrote her so that she willingly ventures into the woods in search of her father , bravely confronts the Beast and ultimately trades her own freedom in return for Maurice 's instead . During Gaston 's climactic fight with the Beast , the character 's line " Time to die ! " was changed to " Belle is mine ! " in order return the focus of the story to Belle . = = = Voice = = = Disney had originally considered casting American actress and singer Jodi Benson , who famously provided the voice of Ariel in The Little Mermaid , as Belle , but ultimately felt that the actress sounded " too American " and young . Describing the character as " a woman that was ahead of her time , " the filmmakers wanted Belle to sound " more like a woman than a girl . " Director Kirk Wise was specifically searching for an actress capable of " creat [ ing ] a character completely with her voice " , inspired by American entertainer Judy Garland . American actress and singer Paige O 'Hara was performing on Broadway in New York when she first read about the role and Beauty and the Beast in The New York Times . Upon discovering that the studio was holding auditions for the lead role of Belle and specifically recruiting Broadway performers at the behest of lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken , O 'Hara immediately insisted that her agent schedule her an audition . O 'Hara auditioned for the role five times , competing against approximately 500 hopefuls . O 'Hara 's first two auditions required the actress to mail audio recordings of her voice to the studio in Los Angeles . The actress was also required to perform a song of her choice , selecting " Heaven Help My Heart " from the musical Chess . At her first legitimate audition , O 'Hara spoke and sang in a higher register than her own in an effort to mimic the voice of Snow White from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , but the filmmakers insisted that she use her natural voice instead . O 'Hara 's last few auditions were attended by Ashman and Menken , directors Wise and Gary Trousdale , and producers Katzenberg and Don Hahn . Ashman was already familiar with O 'Hara 's Broadway stint as Ellie May Chipley in the musical Show Boat . An hour after her fifth and final audition , O 'Hara received a telephone call from Disney on her birthday informing her that she had successfully been cast . The actress was fairly confident that the role was hers before she was officially cast , and credits the fact that Ashman enjoyed her performance on the cast recording of the musical Show Boat . O 'Hara admitted , " I 'm not usually confident about auditions ... but I just understood ( Belle ) so much . " Despite her successful stage career , O 'Hara was virtually unknown to Hollywood audiences before was cast in Beauty and the Beast ; she is recognized as one of the last relatively obscure actresses to be cast in a feature @-@ length Disney animated film . 30 years old at the time of her audition , O 'Hara consequently imbued Belle 's voice with a mature , " womanly quality " despite the character 's young age . Woolverton appreciated the fact that O 'Hara sounded more mature than traditional Disney heroines . Additionally , O 'Hara identified with her character because they were both ostracized by their peers throughout their childhood because of their unconventional interests , explaining , " I was odd growing up myself . I mean , I was into musical theater and Gershwin and Rodgers and Hammerstein while people were going to Led Zeppelin concerts . So I understood that ... I wasn 't the norm either . I was very focused on my career , on my performing all through my childhood and my teens ... I had a one @-@ track mind , and I think that Belle was like that a lot . " O 'Hara also shares Belle 's interest in reading . Wise was pleased with the quality of O 'Hara 's voice , which reminded him of Garland . O 'Hara initially found it challenging to control her speaking volume due to having been trained to project as a stage actress . O 'Hara told The Guardian that to solve this she " softened and used the microphone . " The actress would occasionally ad @-@ lib her own dialogue . However , none was included in the final film because it sounded " too modern " . O 'Hara and American actor Robby Benson , who provides the voice of the Beast , asked Disney to allow the co @-@ stars to record together as opposed to the traditional method of being isolated in a recording booth , to which the studio agreed despite its costliness . O 'Hara credited the filmmaker 's decision with developing both the film and Belle and the Beast 's relationship . O 'Hara and Benson became the first Disney voice actors to record together . In total , the recording process took over two years to complete . Since the November 1991 release of Beauty and the Beast , O 'Hara has returned to The Walt Disney Company on several occasions to voice Belle in a variety of media and merchandise , including its direct @-@ to @-@ video sequels Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) and Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , as well as various video game releases such as the Kingdom Hearts series and several audio and video recordings associated with the Disney Princess franchise . Additionally , O 'Hara was hired by Disney to perform the song " Belle " at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . O 'Hara has referred to the studio as her " main employer for 20 years " . In 2011 , O 'Hara was officially replaced by actress Julie Nathanson , who first voiced Belle in the video game Kinect Disneyland Adventures ( 2011 ) . O 'Hara revealed to the Las Vegas Review @-@ Journal that news of the replacement greatly upset her to the point of which she was willing to re @-@ record much of Belle 's dialogue in an attempt to prove to the company that she is still capable of voicing the character . However , O 'Hara eventually admitted that she found the process quite difficult as a result of the way in which her voice has changed over the course of 20 years . = = = Personality and design = = = According to producer Don Hahn , Beaumont 's original Belle is an " incredibly passive " character , the personality of whom he likened to those of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella , as well as American actress and animal rights activist Doris Day , describing them as women who are " capable , but filling a role that women might fill in the 1950s and 1960s . ” The filmmakers painstakingly reworked Belle into a more three @-@ dimensional character by providing her with goals and aspirations beyond romance and marriage , while expanding her passive role into that of a more inquisitive heroine . Determined to have Belle resemble " an unusual Disney heroine , " Woolverton deliberately molded her into an independent character who is not a princess , enjoys books and has little interest in marriage for marriages sake , and worked closely with Ashman to create a proactive heroine " who was a thinker and a reader and she wasn ’ t about what she looked like and she wasn ’ t a victim . " Both Woolverton and O 'Hara encouraged the filmmakers to emphasize the intelligent and book @-@ loving aspects of Belle 's personality . However , at times the animators struggled to realize Woolverton 's vision . Originally , Belle was depicted constantly crying throughout her imprisonment ; Woolverton resented this , arguing that the character was much more likely to be either searching for an escape or simply " be intrigued that she was living in an enchanted castle " than crying . " Once everybody realized she wasn ’ t going to be this typical Disney female , they would go to the extreme ... She became bitchy " ; the screenwriter argued that Belle would be " too smart " to act this way . A few years older than The Little Mermaid 's Ariel , Belles ' love of reading makes the character more worldly and mature than her predecessor . Belle is believed by Henn to be " probably " the oldest of Disney 's princesses , at 20 years of age . Although Belle being well @-@ read is mentioned in the original fairy tale , it is hardly important to the plot . Thus , Belle 's love of reading was expanded upon , borrowing from both the Little Woman character Jo March and Woolverton 's own love of reading to demonstrate the character 's intelligence and open mind . To demonstrate that the character is not perfect , Woolverton described " a little wisp of hair that keeps falling in her face , " which was the only direction she used to describe Belle 's physical appearance . Belle 's supervising animators were James Baxter and Mark Henn . Henn 's second Disney heroine , the animator had previously contributed to animating Ariel . Wanting Belle to be significantly different and more European in appearance than Ariel , the animators drew her with fuller lips , narrower eyes and darker eyebrows , which were inspired by the facial features of British actresses Vivien Leigh and Audrey Hepburn ; Belle 's yellow ballgown was inspired by a similar costume Hepburn had worn in the film Roman Holiday ( 1953 ) . Hahn and a team of male filmmakers designed the ballgown while consuming pizza and drinking alcohol . More statuesque than most Disney princesses , Belle 's appearance was inspired by that of American actress Jennie Garth . The animators also used photographs of Hollywood actresses Natalie Wood , Elizabeth Taylor and Grace Kelly for reference . Baxter studied the art of French impressionist Edgar Degas , a painter known for his portraits of ballerinas , whose work inspired the animator to incorporate " graceful , swan @-@ like movements " into Belle 's performance . Henn was specifically assigned certain scenes to animate from the studio 's Florida division , namely the character exploring the West Wing , the scene in which Belle tends to the Beast 's wounds , and the " Something There " musical sequence . Art director Brian McEntee suggested that Belle be the only character in her village to wear blue in order emphasize the fact that she is different and an outcast . The colors Belle wears also mimic her emotions , blue being associated with sadness and loneliness . Blue was also used to symbolize good , while Gaston 's red represented evil . According to the Directory of World Cinema : American Hollywood by Lincoln Geraghty , Belle was inspired by actress Judy Garland 's role as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) and Julie Andrews ' performance as Maria von Trapp in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) . O 'Hara felt that Belle originally looked " too perfect , " likening the character 's appearance to actresses Elizabeth Taylor and Angelina Jolie . Actress and model Sherri Stoner served as the performance model for Belle , providing live @-@ action reference for the animators as they drew the character . Belle 's tendency to constantly brush her hair away from her face was also inspired by both Stoner and O 'Hara . " I was constantly doing that and little quirky things that they would catch , " O 'Hara told The Guardian . The animators also incorporated O 'Hara 's eyes , cheekbones and the way in which she raises her eyebrow into Belle 's face . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , Charles Solomon observed inconsistencies in Belle 's appearance , writing , " The prettiest and liveliest Belle waltzes with Beast in his marble ballroom and weeps over his body before he 's transformed into the Prince " while " The Belle who receives the library from Beast has wider @-@ set eyes and a more prominent mouth than the noticeably slimmer Belle who sings ' Something There ' " . Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to fully credit each animator responsible for animating a specific character during the film 's closing credits . Having since animated Jasmine in Aladdin ( 1992 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) and Tiana in The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) , Henn has established himself " as the go @-@ to man behind many Disney princesses . " = = Characterization and themes = = Woolverton created Belle as part of " her self @-@ directed mandate to move women and girls forward . " The Express @-@ Times described the character as an intelligent young woman who " sings songs about reading and wanting to gain knowledge , rather than falling in love . " Woolverton credits Belle 's knowledge and love of books with providing the character with a " point of view of her life and that doesn 't necessarily involve a man getting her there . " One of the film 's main themes , Belle is considered an outsider because her love of reading provides her with knowledge of the outside world as opposed to her " narrow @-@ minded " village peers . Writing for Wired.com , Matt Blum dubbed Belle " the geekiest heroine of any Disney animated film . " Similarly , Boxoffice 's Amy Nicholson coined the character " Disney 's Smartest Heroine , " while Rob Burch of The Hollywood News observed that the character " comes across as arrogant at times " because she " spends much of the first act complaining . " In her book Sex , Love and Abuse : Discourses on Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault , author Sharon Hayes described Belle as " the quintessential beautiful young ingenue . " Comparing Belle 's personality to that of the princess in the Brothers Grimm 's fairy tale " The Frog Prince " , The Meanings of " Beauty and the Beast " : A Handbook author Jerry Griswold described the character as a similarly " feisty and outspoken " heroine . Writing for St. Francis Xavier University , Dawn Elizabeth England observed that Belle possesses equally as many traditionally feminine as she does masculine traits , citing her bravery , independence and assertiveness as masculine , and her sensitivity and fearfulness as feminine . According to Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era author Susan Jeffords , " Belle 's credentials as heroine are established ... when she is the only one of the town 's single women not to swoon over Gaston , " while the character 's love of reading is essentially manipulated " to mark her as better than the rest of the townspeople . " Writing for The Statesman , David O 'Connor cited Belle 's intelligence and bibliophilia as " in stark opposition to the insensitive and significantly dim @-@ witted Gaston . " Critics continue to debate over whether Belle or the Beast is the film 's protagonist . Susan Jeffords , author of Hard Bodies : Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era , felt that although Belle appears to be the protagonist in Beaumont 's original fairy tale , the character becomes " less the focus of the narrative " in Disney 's adaptation and more of a " mechanism for solving the Beast 's ' dilemma ' . " In her article " The Tangled Evolution of the Disney Princess " , Noelle Buffam felt that Belle arrived just in time when Disney 's heroines were " in a dire need for some change , " awarding her " the red stamp of approval " for her intelligence and spirit . Analyzing ways in which Disney 's heroines have evolved overtime due to " the approach to the characterization of the princesses chang [ ing ] " as the characters gradually transformed from passive young women into heroines who " had ambitions and desires aside from finding true love , " critics often divide the Disney Princesses into three separate categories and rank Belle among the middle of the timeline , with Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles observing that the character improved upon " the Disney princess archetype " by simultaneously serving as both a " dreamer " and a " doer " in her film , as opposed to exclusively the former . Film historian Paula Sigman Lowery explained to the Daily Express that Belle 's personality is a combination of Ariel 's spirit and burgeoning independence , and Pocahontas ' maturity , while Belle is " a little older [ than Ariel ] and a little further along in their journey towards independence . " About.com 's David Nusair believes that Belle belongs to a category of Disney Princesses known as " The Lady Vanishes , " in which the heroines , in spite of being brave , outspoken and independent , nonetheless " are forced to behave passively as others help them achieve their respective goals . " Michelle Munro , writing for Durham College of Applied Arts and Technology , felt that even though Belle shares several traits with her more passive predecessors , the character introduced " new possibilities for princesses . " Girls in Capes wrote that Belle pioneered a generation of princesses who taught " about ambition , self @-@ discovery and the pursuit of what we want . " Additionally , Belle remains Disney 's first and only princess to have hazel eyes . = = Appearances = = = = = Film and television = = = Belle debuted in Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) as a beautiful bibliophile who , although praised by her fellow villagers for her unrivaled beauty , is at the same time ridiculed for her intelligence and non @-@ conformity . Having grown weary of her uneventful provincial life , in which she is relentlessly romantically pursued by an arrogant hunter named Gaston , Belle longs for adventure . When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold @-@ hearted beast , Belle sacrifices her own freedom in return for his , promising to remain with the Beast in his castle among his staff of enchanted objects forever . Although she initially dislikes her captor , Belle gradually learns to accept the Beast in spite of his appearance and eventually befriends him . Belle and the Beast 's strong bond greatly envies Gaston to the point of which he storms the castle and kills him , only to fall to his own death in the process . However , Belle confesses her love for the Beast just in time to break the spell under which he had been placed by an enchantress as punishment for his selfish ways , and the Beast ultimately transforms back into a handsome prince . In Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) , Belle attempts to reignite the castle 's waning spirit by reintroducing and celebrating Christmas , in spite of the Beast 's strong resentment towards the holiday . Meanwhile , a solemn pipe organ named Forte grows determined to sabotage Belle and the Beast 's burgeoning friendship because he longs to maintain his co @-@ dependent relationship with his master . Tricked by Forte into retrieving a large Christmas tree from a frozen pond , Belle nearly drowns , only to be rescued by the Beast . The Beast , however , having been misinformed by Forte , wrongly accuses Belle of trying to escape again , and locks her in the dungeon as punishment . When the Beast finally discovers the truth , they forgive each other , and Belle helps him thwart Forte 's plan to destroy the castle . Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , depicts Belle as she interacts with both the Beast and his enchanted servants in various segments , exploring themes such as forgiveness , friendship , cooperation and respect . In Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) , a spin @-@ off of the film series , Belle owns a bookstore in which she teaches valuable lessons to children by reading and retelling well @-@ known stories and fairy tales , narrating four classic Disney animated shorts : The Three Little Pigs ( 1933 ) , Peter and the Wolf ( 1946 ) , The Wise Little Hen ( 1934 ) and Morris the Midget Moose ( 1950 ) . For the first time , Belle appears as both animated and live @-@ action versions of herself , voiced and portrayed by actresses Paige O 'Hara and Lyndsey McLeod , respectively . In the television series Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 – 1999 ) , Belle , in a role reprised by McLeod , owns her own music and bookshop , where she is visited by children to whom she tells and sings stories . = = = Broadway musical = = = Belle appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast . The role was originated by actress Susan Egan , who was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she " thought it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . " However , her agent managed to convince her otherwise , and Egan ultimately turned down callbacks for roles in the musicals My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease in favor of starring as Belle in Beauty and the Beast because she had always wanted to originate a Broadway role . Egan had never watched Beauty and the Beast prior to her audition , relying solely on " her own creative instincts " instead . Egan 's performance earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical at the 48th Tony Awards . A total of seventeen actresses have portrayed Belle in the Broadway musical , among them recording artists Debbie Gibson and Toni Braxton , The Sopranos ' Jamie @-@ Lynn Sigler , and Disney Channel alumnae Christy Carlson Romano and Anneliese van der Pol , the latter of whom became Broadway 's final Belle when the show ended its thirteen @-@ year @-@ long run in 2007 . Actress Sarah Litzsinger remains Broadway 's longest @-@ running Belle . A best @-@ selling R & B singer , Braxton made her Broadway debut when she was cast as Belle in 1998 , turning down actress Halle Berry 's role in the film Why Do Fools Fall In Love ( 1998 ) . Braxton 's desire to pursue an acting career stemmed from a series of conflicts with the singer 's record label at the time , in turn making her the only African American to portray Belle in the show 's history . Belle 's ballad " A Change in Me " was written by songwriters Alan Menken and Tim Rice specifically for Braxton . However , the song was ultimately so well @-@ received that it has been included in the musical ever since . During her tenure as Belle , Braxton was stalked by an " obsessed fan . " The stalker had reportedly " bombarded " Braxton with threatening e @-@ mails and letters . Several measures were taken to ensure the singer 's safety , including forcing Braxton to dress in full disguise when traveling to and from the theatre in addition to reducing her total number of weekly performances from eight to seven . The stalker was eventually arrested and charged with " aggravated harassment . " = = = Miscellaneous = = = Belle along with Beast and Chip appeared at the 64th Academy Awards as presenters for Best Animated Short Feature . She also makes a brief cameo appearance in Disney 's 34th animated feature film The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) during the " Out There " musical sequence . Belle appeared in the animated television series Disney 's House of Mouse and its direct @-@ to @-@ video films Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse and Mickey 's House of Villains . In the television series , Belle is voiced by American actress and singer Jodi Benson , while O 'Hara reprises her role in the film . She was featured as one of the seven Princesses of Heart in the Kingdom Hearts video game series . A live @-@ action version of Belle appears as a main character in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time , where she serves as the love interest of Rumplestiltskin ( who is the show 's version of the Beast ) . She is portrayed by Australian actress Emilie de Ravin . Another live @-@ action version of the character appeared in the 2015 television film Descendants , where she was played by Keegan Connor Tracy ( who is also a cast member on Once Upon a Time , except she plays The Blue Fairy / Mother Superior in the series ) and serves as the Queen of the United States of Auradon . The series Sofia the First included a cameo by Belle in a 2013 episode . In January 2015 , English actress Emma Watson announced that she will be portraying Belle in a live @-@ action adaptation of the film , scheduled for a 2017 release . Belle was also the main character in various comic books based on the film , including one set during Belle 's stay at the castle published by Marvel Comics , and a prequel set several years before the film distributed by Disney Comics . In the former , the storylines generally have the servants trying to coax Belle into doing something with the Beast , only for it to backfire and nearly ruin their friendship before they make up . In the latter serial , Belle ends up locked up in a cellar by village children after reluctantly playing pirates with them , and later nearly goes down the path leading to Beast 's castle . The latter serial also implies that she holds misandric views and refuses to associate herself with the village children , especially the males , due to their not being as well @-@ versed in literature as she . Belle and the other characters from the first movie appear in the stage show , Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Walt Disney World . Belle appears in a meet @-@ and @-@ greet attraction at Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland called Enchanted Tales with Belle . In season 18 of Dancing With the Stars , Danica McKellar played Belle while performing a Quickstep on a Disney themed episode . Ginger Zee and Edyta Śliwińska also both portrayed Belle while performing a Foxtrot and Waltz respectively during the Disney night episode of the 22nd season of Dancing with the Stars . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Belle has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics , several of whom voiced their preference for the character over her predecessor , Ariel from The Little Mermaid . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post described Belle as a " compelling " character who is " more mature , more womanly and less blandly asexual " than Ariel , as well as " a more worldly girl " , describing her as " a bookworm , with gumption and a mind of her own . " Similarly comparing Belle to Ariel , John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote that , in Beauty and the Beast , " there 's rarely a sense of deja vu , perhaps because the heroine is so different from ' Mermaid 's ' dependent Ariel , and her dilemma is more poignant , " while Boxoffice scribed , " Undoubtedly in response to criticism that the cute little ' Mermaid ' Ariel was nothing more than a precocious sexpot , the idea @-@ people behind this beauty — aptly named Belle ... chose to make her an icon of self @-@ reliance and a voracious reader with a curiosity and love for everything around her . " Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail extolled Belle as a " smart , courageous ... ' take @-@ charge kind of gal ' , " while crowning her the " main attraction of Beauty and the Beast . " Emma Cochrane of Empire hailed Belle as " a feminist heroine who [ is ] more rounded than previous Disney characters " , while Paste 's Annlee Ellingson similarly enjoyed the character 's " feminist kick . " Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun wrote that " Belle ... is no passive fairy tale princess , but a real live girl , with a spunky personality and her own private agenda . " TV Guide wrote that " The familiar narrative is strengthened by the independent , self @-@ assured character of Belle , " concluding , " Unlike Disney heroines from Snow White through Ariel , Belle is smart , knows what she wants , and doesn 't spend her time pining away for the love of a handsome prince . " Marc Bernardin of Entertainment Weekly praised Belle 's heroism , dubbing her " the hero " of Beauty and the Beast , while Entertainment Weekly 's Christian Blauvelt opined , " Unlike previous Disney heroines who needed to be rescued by a prince themselves , Belle not only saves the Beast 's life , she saves his soul . " TLC 's Vicki Arkoff received Belle as a " smart " and " sharp @-@ tongued " heroine , crediting the character for " break [ ing ] Disney 's passive @-@ princess mold . " About.com 's David Nusair described Belle as an " admirable " heroine . AllMovie 's Don Kaye and Perry Seibert echoed each other 's reviews of the character , with Kaye describing both Belle and the Beast as " three @-@ dimensional ... complex individuals who defy stereotyping and change over the course of the story , " and Seibert calling Belle a " strong female character " who " sidesteps most of the clichés surrounding Disney heroines . " Common Sense Media hailed Belle as " one of Disney 's smartest , most independent heroines . " Meanwhile , Belle 's relationship with the Beast has also been met with positive reviews . About.com 's David Nusair wrote that " the palpable chemistry between Belle and The Beast ensur [ es ] that Beauty and the Beast lives up to its reputation as one of the most memorable romances of all time . " Describing it as an " unconventional romance , " Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times opined , " The idea of a young woman learning to love a gentle heart hidden beneath a baleful exterior represented a major break with tradition . " Likewise , critics enjoyed O 'Hara 's performance . According to Variety , Belle was " magnificently voiced by O ’ Hara . " The Star @-@ Ledger 's Stephen Whitty enjoyed O 'Hara 's " pretty soprano . " John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote , " O 'Hara does a spirited job of investing the character with warmth , intuition and maturity , " while the Sun @-@ Sentinel 's Candice Russel felt that O 'Hara " does a good job of creating Belle as intellectual , wisely feminine and disarmed by the stirrings of her heart . " According to the Young Writers Society , Belle remains the best @-@ reviewed Disney Princess to @-@ date . One of the character 's few negative reviews was written by Ethan Alter of Television Without Pity , who opined : [ T ] he movie ... present [ ed ] audiences with a willful female protagonist that was firmly in control of her romantic destiny and regularly placed reading books above chasing after boys . And it 's true that in that respect at least , Belle stood in stark contrast to past Disney heroines ... Still , the filmmakers didn 't do the character any favors by swapping out that boy crazy trait for a pronounced maternalistic streak that comes across as a little creepy . Besides being utterly devoted to her father , Belle 's relationship with the Beast possesses a distinctly mother / toddler dynamic ... Their romance also lacks spark because – due to the fundamental set @-@ up of the narrative ... it 's always clear that he needs her far more than she needs him . Particularly when compared to some of the dynamic animated heroines that came after her ... today Belle can 't help but seem ... bland . = = = Feminist analysis = = = Jezebel determined that Belle " is often held up as the standard of the ' feminist ' Disney princess . " According to Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults author Anna E. Altmann , Disney heavily promoted Beauty and the Beast as " a feminist fairy tale " due to Belle 's characterization and role in the film . In his book Hearing a Film , Seeing a Sermon : Preaching and Popular Movies , author Timothy B. Cargal agreed that the character indicated " Disney 's ... continued efforts to reshape their heroines for a more feminist age . " According to Girl Culture : An Encyclopedia author Claudia Mitchell , Belle 's feminism was influenced by third @-@ wave feminism and the relatively new concept of girl power during the 1990s . Feminist critics have been generally mixed in their analyses of Belle , arguing over whether or not the character is in fact " feminist enough . " Although Beauty and the Beast was initially lauded upon release for starring a " forward thinking and feminist " heroine , critics tend to agree that , in spite of Belle 's independence and resentment towards Gaston , Beauty and the Beast essentially remains a romance about a girl who finally " meets her ideal man . " Acknowledging that Belle " represented significant change from [ her ] sweet , mop @-@ wielding predecessors , " Twilight and History author Nancy Reagin observed that " the end result of fulfillment through marriage has been maintained . " Kathleen Maher of The Austin Chronicle cited Belle as an example of " pseudo @-@ feminism " because she rejects one man , Gaston , in favor of another , a prince . While commending Belle for " seeing past the beast 's appearance , " Judith Welikala of The Independent in the end accused the character of " melting back into the role of wife when he turns back into a handsome prince . " Fairy Tale author Andrew Teverson referred to Belle as Disney 's attempt to address " feminist criticism of its representation of women in earlier films , " but ultimately criticized the character 's curiosity for " extend [ ing ] only to romance , " additionally accusing her of being " a zealous individualist with a pathological hostility to common men and women . " Meanwhile , Stylist ranked Belle among the most feminist Disney characters , describing her as an " incredibly intelligent " woman who " doesn 't stand for a man who considers her as just a piece of meat ... she wants someone who loves her for her mind too . " Acknowledging the character 's " feminist longings , " Daniel Eagen , author of America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry , cited Belle as Disney 's " modern @-@ day corrective to Snow White . " Beyond Adaptation : Essays on Radical Transformations of Original Works author Phyllis Frus wrote that , initially , Beauty and the Beast does not seem " remotely feminist . " However , the author did acknowledge Belle as " an appealing character with a noticeable feminist streak , " but in the end criticized Disney 's Consumer Products of reversing what the film had nearly accomplished by inducting the character into the Disney Princess franchise . In Refinery29 's " Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses As Feminist Role Models , " author Vanessa Golembewski ranked the character eighth but described her personality and ambitions as " confusing . " Complex 's Tara Aquino described Belle as " a kinda feminist ... who 's well @-@ read , self @-@ sufficient , and with standards high enough that she doesn 't fall for the town 's brain @-@ dead pretty boy . " Commentators have generally reacted more cynically towards Belle 's relationship with the film 's male characters , particularly the Beast , questioning its morality . Writing for the University of Central Florida , Faith Dickens felt that after Belle 's introduction , the character becomes little more than " a vehicle for exploring the Beast 's dilemmas , " while her initial pining for adventure is replaced by romance . Dickens went on to criticize the fact that while Belle appears to be " perfect the way she is , " the Beast " need [ s ] to be reformed . " Anna E. Altmann , author of Tales , Then and Now : More Folktales as Literary Fictions for Young Adults , disliked the fact that Belle appears to share a motherly relationship with both the Beast and Maurice . Altman also panned the fact that Belle 's interest in reading appears to be limited to fairy tales , ultimately dismissing the character as little more than " a feisty North American version of " Beaumont 's heroine . Orange Coast writer Henry A. Giroux felt that Belle serves as little more than " a prop for resolving the Beast 's problems . " Sonia Saraiya of Nerve ranked Belle the sixth moth feminist Disney Princess , writing that , unlike Ariel , " Belle 's sass doesn 't come from teenage rebellion , but rather from intellectual acuity . " Saraiya commended Belle for resisting " her village 's expectations of what her life should look like , " crediting her with being " the first princess to express some skepticism about married life . " While calling Belle 's sacrifice " brave , " the author also labeled it " not much of a step for womankind , " in the end accusing her of falling " for a domineering man . " Similarly , Kit Steinkellner of HelloGiggles expressed concern over the " abusive undercurrents running through Belle and Beast ’ s relationship . " Meanwhile , Bustle 's Mary Grace Garis also commended Belle 's aspirations and love of reading , but criticized her relationship with the Beast , concluding , " Though the ’ 90s showed a move toward princesses wanting to buck conventions and free themselves from their fathers ( or the town misogynist ) the endgame is the still the same , elaborating , " When the movie ends , they ’ re still solidly with a man , their dreams of adventure abandoned . Therefore , the Disney renaissance is characterized more by theoretical want of adventure rather than a genuine pursuit . " = = = Accolades and legacy = = = Deemed an " iconoclast " by Boxoffice , Belle continues to be recognized for her role in Beauty and the Beast . Established as an icon , the character holds the distinction of being Disney 's first feminist princess . According to Kevin Fallon of The Daily Beast , before Belle " being a Disney princess meant singing songs about how much you love combing your hair with a fork and giving away your voice if it meant you got to marry the guy with that dreamy chiseled jaw . " Commentators believe that the character 's performance in Beauty and the Beast as one of Disney 's first strong female leads is responsible for changing the way in which women would be depicted in future animated films . According to About.com 's David Nusair , Belle " updated the princess formula for an entirely new generation . " The Atlantic 's Lindsay Lowe echoed Nusair 's sentiment , citing Belle as the character responsible for ending Disney 's " long history of ... docile heroines . " The Daily Campus ' Cathy Schmidt recognized Belle and Ariel as " the beginnings of the more modern Disney princesses . " Writing for Virgin Media , Limara Salt believes that the character " proved that audiences could fall in love with a brown @-@ haired intellectual . " A survey conducted by Disney proved that Belle inspired young woman to read after the film 's release . Justin Humphreys of The Hook expressed , " Belle remains a most successful princess because people can relate " to her . Meanwhile , the Los Angeles Times ' Charles Solomon ranked Belle among the four Disney Princesses responsible for breaking " the bonds of convention . " Elina Bolokhova of Parenting believes that Belle 's " bravery and independence helped redefine the meaning of a Disney princess . " The character was placed first on E ! ' s ranking of the Disney Princesses due to her lack of vanity , relatability and intelligence , while Cosmopolitan ranked her fourth . In the magazine 's " Definitive Ranking Of Disney Princesses " , Seventeen ranked Belle fifth . Similarly , BuzzFeed also ranked the character fifth , praising her love of reading . BuzzFeed also determined that Belle is the most popular Disney Princess , with the character having garnered 18 % of votes . Belle is the fifth most successful Disney Princess in terms of box office revenue , with her film grossing over $ 350 million . However , following the release of Frozen and popularity of its heroines Elsa and Anna , even though neither of them are officially part of the line @-@ up , Belle became the lowest @-@ selling Disney Princess on eBay in 2013 , with sales of less than $ 7 @,@ 000 despite the fact that she is often cited as a favorite among customers . Belle remains one of Disney 's most beloved animated heroines . The character was the only animated heroine to be nominated for the American Film Institute 's greatest heroes in film ranking . CNN ranked Belle among " Merida and other animated heroines " , a list recognizing some of Disney 's greatest heroines . According to the Daily Mirror , Belle is Disney 's second most iconic character , describing her as a " portrait of bravery , teaching us to look beyond appearances and stand up for what we believe in . " Meanwhile , PopMatters ranked Belle Disney 's second best hero . Considered to be both a sex symbol and fashion icon , Belle has garnered accolades for both her appearance and costumes . The character was ranked 64th on UGO 's list of the most attractive female cartoon characters , while being ranked 14th on Complex 's " 25 Hottest Cartoon Women of All Time " . E ! ranked Belle the second best @-@ dressed Disney Princess , crowning her " the most couture of all the Disney princesses . " Author Emily Popp went on to praise the character 's ballgown for being " off the Oscar de la Renta runway , " while Vogue included it among the " Most Famous Dresses " , with author Sarah Karmali dubbing it " One of the most instantly recognisable dresses in Disney history . " Revered as iconic , the dress is currently among the most famous in film history . Belle appeared on BuzzFeed 's " Definitive Ranking Of 72 Disney Princess Outfits " four times , ranking the character 's green , blue , pink and yellow dresses 51st , 37th , 31st and 15th , respectively . Similarly , Belle 's blue , pink , yellow and green costumes were ranked 18th , 10th , ninth and fourth by Official Disney Blogs , whose author believes that the character 's ballgown " went down in the history books . " Belle appeared on Stylist 's list of the " Best beauty looks in Disney " twice , both for the character 's hairstyles . Entertainment Weekly ranked Belle 's hair fifth in the magazine 's " Disney Princesses : Ranking Their Hairdos – and Don 'ts ! " Belle helped establish Woolverton as a " legendary screenwriter " ; the writer continues to be commended for her dedication to creating strong female characters ; ever since Belle , the majority of Woolverton 's female characters have been headstrong , independent women , namely Nala in The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Mulan in Mulan ( 1998 ) , Alice in Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) and Maleficent in Maleficent ( 2014 ) . Susan Wloszczyna of Indiewire wrote that " Woolverton set a new standard for fully fleshed @-@ out fairy @-@ tale heroines ... with Belle " , in turn paving the way for The Hunger Games ' Katniss Everdeen , and Frozen 's Anna and Elsa ( 2013 ) . Woolverton remains protective of Belle , explaining , " [ she ] was my first @-@ born child , so there ’ s a little bit of possessiveness , which really I had to let it go " . Beauty and the Beast , Belle performs the film 's opening number , " Belle " , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992 . In 1998 , O 'Hara was nominated for an Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production for reprising her role as Belle in the second of Beauty and the Beast 's three direct @-@ to @-@ video sequels , Belle 's Magical World . To commemorate her work on Beauty and the Beast and various contributions to Disney , O 'Hara was honored with a Disney Legends award on August 19 , 2011 . Disney hired Spanish actress Penélope Cruz to pose as Belle in photographer Annie Leibovitz 's Disney Dream Portrait Series , while actor Jeff Bridges posed as the Beast . The Daily Mail described the image as Cruz " wearing Belle 's gorgeous yellow gown and being lifted high into the air by her prince , " accompanied by the phrase " Where a moment of beauty lasts forever . "
= SS Empire Simba = SS Empire Simba was a British steam @-@ powered cargo ship . She was originally an American ship , launched in 1918 as SS West Cohas . During a stint in the United States Navy from 1918 to 1919 , she was called USS West Cohas ( ID @-@ 3253 ) . West Cohas was built in 1918 for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) as part of the West boats , a series of steel @-@ hulled cargo ships built on the West Coast of the United States for the World War I war effort . She was the 24th ship built by Skinner & Eddy of Seattle , Washington , and was completed in 88 calendar days . She was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) of the United States Navy as USS West Cohas ( ID @-@ 3253 ) in June 1918 . After several overseas trips for the Navy , she was decommissioned in May 1919 and returned to the USSB . West Cohas ran aground off Sable Island in 1925 while trying to assist a vessel in distress , but otherwise had a relatively uneventful merchant career for the USSB . In 1933 , she was sold to the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company . In 1939 , she collided with the Irish passenger ship Munster , which damaged both vessels . In June 1940 , West Cobalt was sold to British interests and renamed Empire Simba . During convoy service in World War II , Empire Simba initially sailed between the United Kingdom and North America carrying cargos of scrap iron from the United States . She was bombed by a German aircraft on 1 March and abandoned . She was towed to port for repairs but was struck by a German land mine dropped in a bombing raid . After six months of repairs , she began sailing roundtrips to Freetown , Sierra Leone . On one return voyage to the UK in July 1944 , she collided with another ship in the convoy . After splitting the rest of the war between voyages to North America and Africa , Empire Simba was loaded with chemical weapons in August 1945 and scuttled west of Ireland . = = Design and construction = = The West ships were cargo ships of similar size and design built by several shipyards on the West Coast of the United States for the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) for emergency use during World War I. All were given names that began with the word West , like West Cohas , one of some 24 West ships built by Skinner & Eddy of Seattle , Washington . West Cohas ( Skinner & Eddy No. 24 , USSB No. 1177 ) was launched on 4 May 1918 and delivered to the United States Navy upon completion later in the month . West Cohas was built in a total of 73 working days , 88 calendar days , and was listed in seventh place on a list of the ten fastest @-@ built ocean @-@ going vessels compiled in 1920 . Skinner & Eddy received a $ 64 @,@ 000 bonus for completing the ship early . The ship was 409 @.@ 6 ft ( 124 @.@ 8 m ) long between perpendiculars and 423 ft 9 in ( 129 @.@ 16 m ) overall , and had a beam of 54 @.@ 2 ft ( 16 @.@ 5 m ) . Her draught was 24 feet 2 inches ( 7 @.@ 37 m ) ( mean ) or 27 @.@ 1 ft ( 8 @.@ 3 m ) and her depth of hold was 29 ft 9 in ( 9 @.@ 07 m ) . Her tonnages were 5 @,@ 647 GRT , 5 @,@ 173 tons under deck ; 3 @,@ 465 NRT 8 @,@ 554 DWT 12 @,@ 225 displacement . The ship had a double reduction @-@ geared steam turbine that drove her single screw propeller , giving her a speed of 10 @.@ 5 knots ( 19 @.@ 4 km / h ) . By 1930 her equipment included submarine signalling and radio . = = Military career = = USS West Cohas ( ID @-@ 3253 ) was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) on 4 June with Lieutenant Commander W.F. Andrews , USNRF , in command . After successfully completing sea trials , West Cohas sailed for Arica , Chile , to carry a cargo of nitrates to the United States . Sailing from Arica on 29 July , West Cohas transited the Panama Canal and arrived at Charleston , South Carolina , where she unloaded the cargo . She sailed up the East Coast to Norfolk , Virginia , where she arrived on 25 September . After taking on a full load of matériel for the American Expeditionary Force in France , she sailed on 9 October for Brest , France , where she arrived on 28 October . While in port discharging her cargo , the Armistice was signed on 11 November , ending the fighting . She sailed for the United States ten days later . After her return , West Cohas made two post @-@ war more voyages to La Pallice , France . She was employed as a transport during her return trips to the United States . Though specific information about the number of troops West Cohas carried ( or was capable of carrying ) is unknown , SS West Arrow , a Skinner & Eddy @-@ constructed sister ship , carried 23 men on at least one voyage . She returned to Norfolk on 5 May at the conclusion of her second voyage where she was decommissioned 4 days later and returned to the USSB . = = Civilian career = = After her return to the United States Shipping Board ( USSB ) , West Cohas sailed on a France – Southampton – New York route through 1920 . In September 1919 , West Grama carried 56 passengers from Bassens to New York . Little is known about West Cohas 's subsequent civilian career until 1925 . On 20 July , The Washington Post carried a news report that West Cohas had run aground on shoals off Sable Island . The French fishing trawler Labrador had run aground on the shoals on the morning of 19 July and had issued a distress call . The nearby West Cohas steamed to her aid , but became stranded on the rocks nearby and issued her own distress call . Lifesaving crews had been dispatched but could reach neither ship because of fog and waves . At press time the Canadian government buoy tender and several tugs were reported on their way to aid both ships . There were no follow up reports to indicate how much damage West Cohas sustained , but she escaped the fate of the 399 GRT Labrador , which was a total loss . West Cohas had been repaired and was back in service by November 1926 , when The Wall Street Journal reported that she was to begin service carrying grain from Galveston , Texas , to London . In 1933 , West Cohas was sold to the Lykes Brothers Steamship Company , which assigned her to its Ripley Steamship Company subsidiary . During the 1930s , Lykes Brothers primarily operated cargo ships between Gulf Coast and Caribbean ports , and , though there is little specific information available regarding West Cohas 's movements , it is likely that she called at Gulf coast and Caribbean ports for portions of her Lykes Brothers career . In July 1938 , she was sailing from New Orleans to Liverpool when she rammed the Irish motor vessel Munster 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ) north of Dublin . Munster , with 200 passengers aboard , was damaged on her starboard side , while West Cohas 's bow was twisted from the impact . Both vessels made it to Liverpool without loss of life . = = World War II = = On 21 June 1940 , Lykes Brothers sold West Cohas to British interests for transfer to British registry . The crew for the newly British ship was shipped from Liverpool on the Cunard Line ocean liner Scythia to New York via Halifax and bussed to Galveston , Texas , to take possession of the ship . Sailing from that port , they took on a load of scrap iron and headed for Bermuda . At Bermuda , West Cohas joined a convoy to Halifax and then on to Liverpool . At about 1030 hrs on 19 August West Cohas lost track of the convoy but continued on independently , arriving at Liverpool on 23 August . West Cohas sailed for Methil five days later and arrived on 1 September . The ship was transferred to the Ministry of War Transport , which renamed her Empire Simba and assigned Andrew Weir & Co. of London to manage her . After spending six weeks at Methil , where she had an advanced ship degaussing system installed among other repairs , Empire Simba proceeded to Oban via Lyness in mid November . She set out for North America in Convoy OB @-@ 253 on 2 December . Four days out , heavy weather dispersed the convoy , and Empire Simba proceeded independently . The ship continued to take a beating from heavy seas which opened the number one cargo hold to the ocean . Because the water was coming in faster than the bilge pumps in the hold number one could pump , the crew cut through the bulkheads into cargo hold number two to double the pumping capacity and were able to keep the ship under control long enough to arrive in Bermuda on 26 December . After temporary repairs were made there , Empire Simba sailed on 6 January 1942 first to Halifax and then to Baltimore for more permanent repairs . After two weeks in Baltimore , Empire Simba headed to Hampton Roads , Virginia , to take on another load of scrap iron for the UK . After making her way to Halifax by early February , she sailed on 9 February as a part of Convoy HX @-@ 108 , but dropped out and joined up with Convoy SC @-@ 22 , a slower convoy that had left Halifax a day earlier . Off the Northern Ireland coast , the convoy escorts broke off and Empire Simba and three other ships sailed into the Irish Sea . Headed to her destination of Port Talbot , Empire Simba was at the back of the line of the four ships . At 1300 hrs on 1 March , a Heinkel He 111 bomber of Kampfgeschwader 27 , Luftwaffe attacked the column , and had a near miss on Empire Simba . The force of the explosion shattered the main water injection pipe in the engine room , flooding her engine room and leaving the ship dead in the water . The German bomber , with smoke trailing from it after being hit by bullets from one of Empire Simba 's two Hotchkiss Mark I machine guns , headed off for Ireland . There were no towing vessels immediately available for Empire Simba , so as darkness approached , Empire Simba 's crew abandoned the ship for the escorting trawler . Taking the ship 's two machine guns , the chronometer , and some personal belongings , the crew were landed at Milford Haven . Empire Simba was saved and towed into Birkenhead , where the officers rejoined with their erstwhile ship . During an overnight bombing raid on the night of 12 / 13 March , German bombers parachuted land mines on Birkenhead . One landed on Empire Simba and exploded , causing significant damage to the ship . By mid @-@ August 1941 , Empire Simba , with a completely new crew , had been repaired enough to set out in a Liverpool – Freetown convoy , but evidently returned to Liverpool the same day . After making her way to Oban on 9 September , she began the first of seven roundtrips to Freetown over the next 18 months , including convoy SL 125 . Twice , when setting out with convoys , Empire Simba had to return to port with unspecified problems . In a third convoy sailing , a problem with her steering gear caused her to collide with another convoy ship , Empire Scott , and on 1 August Empire Simba straggled and dropped out of the convoy . In February and March 1944 , Empire Simba made an extended round trip from the UK to Gibraltar . During this time , she called in neutral Spain at Valencia on 15 March and Burriana on 18 March . Between April 1944 and June 1945 she made four transatlantic crossings , interrupted by another trip to Freetown in December 1944 . = = = Scuttling = = = By August 1945 , Empire Simba was at anchor in the harbour of Cairn Ryan in the west of Scotland . There she was loaded with 8 @,@ 000 tons of chemical weapons that had been stockpiled for use if the Germans had used chemical weapons first . On 11 September Empire Simba was scuttled in the North Atlantic beyond the continental shelf , 120 nautical miles ( 138 miles ; 222 km ) northwest of Ireland . Her wreck is at 55 ° 30 ′ N 11 ° 00 ′ W in 8 @,@ 200 feet ( 2 @,@ 500 m ) of water . Empire Simba was one of four redundant cargo ships that the Admiralty used to dispose of chemical ammunition at the same site in the North Atlantic in 1945 . The others were SS Empire Cormorant on 1 October , SS Wairuna on 30 October , and SS Lambridge on 30 December .
= Bonfire ( horse ) = Bonfire ( March 21 , 1983 – October 28 , 2013 ) , full name Gestion Bonfire , was an Oldenburg gelding that competed in dressage with Dutch rider Anky van Grunsven . Between 1991 and 2000 , the pair competed in multiple national and international championships , including three Olympic Games and two World Equestrian Games . They won one gold medal and four silver medals at the Olympics and one gold and three silvers at the World Equestrian Games . Although known for having a hot temperament , Bonfire mellowed as he aged , becoming one of Van Grunsven 's best horses – until she found his replacement , Salinero , she did not think she would ever find a horse to match Bonfire 's talent . A statue of Bonfire stands in Van Grunsven 's home town of Erp . = = Early life = = The brown Oldenburg gelding was born March 21 , 1983 , bred by Karl Bernd Westerholt of Lemwerder , Germany . His sire was Welt As and his dam was Warine ( his dam 's sire was Praefectus xx ) . Van Grunsven first met Bonfire when he was two and a half years old , having been under saddle for only a week . He was later purchased by Van Grunsven 's father . At first it appeared that the young horse would be a poor prospect , as his hot temperament led to poor gaits . However , he did well at learning advanced dressage moves such as the piaffe and passage , and so Van Grunsven continued to work with him . He improved , and by the time he was seven years old , he was competing at the Grand Prix level . His temperament continued to lead to difficult rides , and he had a tendency to spook at small items near the ring ; these tendencies decreased as he grew older . = = Competitive career = = Bonfire competed with Van Grunsven at his first Olympic Games ( her second Games ) in 1992 at the Barcelona Games . There , the pair took 4th individually , while helping the Dutch team to a silver medal . At the 1996 Summer Olympics , they repeated the team performance , while improving to take an individual silver medal . In 2000 , at the Sydney Games , the pair won their first ( and only ) individual gold , while helping the Dutch team to a third silver medal . After the Sydney Games , Van Grunsven replaced Bonfire with Salinero as her Olympic horse . Bonfire and Van Grunsven also competed in two World Equestrian Games . The first , the 1994 The Hague Games , resulted in two medals for the pair – an individual gold and a team silver . At the second , the 1998 World Equestrian Games in Rome , the pair took home both the individual and team silver . However , Van Grunsven considered the judging at this Games so poor that she said " I thought I would quit dressage . " In 1991 , Bonfire made his European Dressage Championship debut at Donaueschingen , Germany , where he and Van Grunsven took an individual 5th , while assisting the Dutch team to a bronze medal . At the 1995 Championships in Mondorf , Luxembourg , the pair took the silver medal both individually and with the Dutch team . At the 1999 Championships at Arnhem , the Netherlands Bonfire and Van Grunsven took the title – gold in the individual – as well as assisting the Dutch team to another silver medal . He was also a nine @-@ time national dressage champion in the Netherlands . = = Later life and legacy = = As he grew older , he retained his famed elasticity but show signed of age in other areas , especially at the walk , which was his weakest skill in the dressage ring . Bonfire was retired from competition after the 2000 Olympic Games . To celebrate his retirement , there was a ceremony in Van Grunsven 's home town and a farewell ride at an international jumping competition in Maastricht , Netherlands . After Bonfire 's retirement , Van Grunsven stated that she never thought she would find another horse as good as he was ; however , his successor Salinero proved to be even more successful . In Van Grunsven 's home town of Erp there is a statue of Bonfire . As of 2012 , he lived on Van Grunsven 's farm in the Netherlands . Bonfire was euthanized following adrenal disease and hoof inflammation on 28 October 2013 , aged 30 .
= Lights and Sounds ( song ) = " Lights and Sounds " is a song by the American pop punk band Yellowcard . The song was written collaboratively by all the band members for their fifth album , Lights and Sounds ( 2006 ) . The track is built around an instrumental guitar riff , which is then followed with a repetitive drumming beat , then it is followed by a roaring guitar sound . The song 's lyrics are based on the band coping with the success they were enduring when writing songs for their second album . It is also based on how they have aged in the process . " Lights and Sounds " also goes with what vocalist Ryan Key described as when he was preoccupied with making the album . The song was released on November 15 , 2005 , and peaked at number four on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart . It also appeared at number twenty @-@ six on the Hot Digital chart . The song peaked at number 50 on Billboard 's Hot 100 and Pop 100 in the 42 spot . Internationally , the track appeared for one week in the UK Singles Chart at number 56 . It also appeared in the Australian and New Zealand charts , respectively . " Lights and Sounds " was well received by music critics , who noted the track 's general sound . The song won the 2006 Spike Video Game Award in the category for Best Song , after it was featured in the video game , Burnout Revenge . During promotion for the band 's album , the music video for " Lights and Sounds " was featured in a Verizon Wireless V @-@ cast commercial . The music video was shot in October 2005 and the video is a performance @-@ only video , in which the band play in a dark room with thin lights , a homage to the song 's title . = = Background = = In an interview with Rolling Stone magazine in June 2005 , Yellowcard vocalist Ryan Key revealed that the song was written " really late in the process " when development of the album began . Key also talked about the sound featured in the song , saying : " ... it 's got such an amazing , driving , rock- & -roll vibe to it , with none of that frickin ' pop @-@ punk and alternative rock stigma . Secondly , I hate yellowcard being tagged as an alternative rock band . It 's just a great rock song . That 's something we 've been striving to write for a long time , so when we were done , it was a relief . " In another Rolling Stone interview , the band explained the meaning of the title track , saying that is based on a " whirlwind rocker about the pressures on the band members " and how they have changed as they have aged . Bassist Peter Mosely , in discussion of this , said : " We 're older than people think we are . [ ... ] We go through months of serenity , and then there 'll be this one night where there will be evil . " In another interview discussion about " Lights and Sounds " , Key noted that it is " about a band like us coming into a career that we didn 't think we 'd have . You find yourself surrounded by a lot of false people , a lot of people who are not doing it for the same reasons you are . That song is about the struggle of not giving in to that . " The band explained that the lyrics , " Make it new but stay in the lines / Just let go but keep it inside / Smile big for everyone / Even when you know what they 've done / They gave you the end but not where to start / Not how to build , how to tear it apart " , were written because of that particular reason . Key also revealed that the lyrics , " They gave you the end / But not where to start / Not how to build / But how to tear it apart " , were references to bands Nofx and Bad Religion . Key also explained that when he was preoccupied by distractions , in which he referred to them as " lights and sounds " , which ultimately resulted in the band naming the album and track title just that . Key also revealed that it was because that is how it surrounded the band , when working on the album . = = Release and reception = = Yellowcard released " Lights and Sounds " in the United States on November 15 , 2005 , as the lead single of their fifth album . The song peaked at number four on Billboard 's Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song also appeared on the Hot Digital Songs chart on the number twenty @-@ six position . It also charted in Billboard 's Hot 100 and Pop 100 , respectively . Internationally , the song appeared in the UK Singles Chart on March 18 , 2006 , in the number 56 position , for one week . " Lights and Sounds " also appeared in the Australian chart , in the number twenty @-@ four spot . The track peaked on the New Zealand charts at number twenty @-@ three . Afterward , the song spent 11 weeks on the chart , before retiring on April 19 . The song received positive reception from critics . In the Blender magazine review of the album , critic Andy Greenwald , wrote : " The title track [ Lights and Sounds ] , bursting with buzzing distortion , builds into a satisfying anti @-@ glitz rant . " Tom Beajour of Entertainment Weekly reported that the song " crams all of the genre 's essential tropes — distorted power chords , abrupt dynamic shifts , and singsong melodies — into three and a half minutes of radio @-@ friendly fire . " Chris Saunders of MusicOMH noted that the song is laden with " memorable hooks , quiet / loud dynamics and emotive lyrics which will no doubt cut through to many a disenchanted youth : ' They gave you the end but not the where to start / not how to build , how to tear it apart . ' " Saunders concluded that the song " is as lively and rousing as most of their best tracks . " Sputnikmusic wrote : " The adventure is only on the second track [ Lights and Sounds ] and the guys of Yellowcard are just getting started . This is by far the best tune on the album . " Bart Gottula of The Clarion wrote : " The album 's single and title cut , ' Light 's and Sounds ' , follows with an amazing performance by every band member . The song provides a quick , hard @-@ hitting beat that brings back Yellowcard 's hybrid punk and emo music that the band explored in its previous single , ' Way Away ' . " " Lights and Sounds " was featured on a Verizon Wireless Vcast commercial around the time of the album 's release . The song was also featured in the video game Burnout Revenge and won the 2006 Spike Video Game Award for Best Song . The song is also featured in the 2010 video game Tony Hawk : Shred , and an episode of the teen drama One Tree Hill . = = Music video = = The video for " Lights and Sounds " was shot on a Van Nuys , California sound stage in October 2005 . Originally , the video was supposed to be directed by Ryan Key , when the time came to start production , it was instead directed by Marc Webb , who had previously worked with Yellowcard on their 2004 video for " Ocean Avenue " . The video premiered on November 7 , 2005 , on MTV2 . In an interview with MTV News , Webb revealed that the band wanted a " performance video " and that they wanted to go back to their " rock roots " . When asked the concept behind the video , Webb said : " They provided the sound and I provided the lights . A whole lot of lights . We used the same guy who did the lighting setup for Lenny Kravitz 's ' Are You Gonna Go My Way ? ' and Coldplay 's ' Speed of Sound . ' But it 's also rough around the edges — we used a bunch of different processes when developing the film . " He also concluded with , " ... it 's a big performance video . But it 's them performing inside of this wind @-@ tunnel of light . It 's a lot of smoke and mirrors , and a lot of camera tricks . There 's a big light wall , streaks of light , xenon lighting effects and strobe lights . [ ... ] But it 's all wrapped around this very simple performance environment " . The video opens with a scene of the band in a stage room with a tunnel light , which is accompanied by the song playing in the background . The scene moves to the band grabbing their instruments , respectively . The band proceeds in performing the song . The scene then shifts to Key when he begins to sing . The camera shifts all around the room with different color lights , including a bullet hole scenery , as it then shifts to the band , as they continue performing . When Key sings " ' Cause nobody 's there " the light wall changes into a bright purple background . As the video shows the band continuing the song still at a fast pace , the effect is followed by a slow motion sequence . In the middle of the song , the lights are turned off , leaving the room pitch black . This is followed with the camera switching to the band members as they begin to play , once more , only with a bright yellow light on the tip of their instruments ; the tips of the drum sticks that Parsons is holding also have yellow lights . As Key sings " I 've got a way to work this out " blue lights emerge in the wall behind the group . The video ends with a focus on Key 's microphone . = = Track listing = = AU Single : " Lights and Sounds " – 3 : 28 " Three Flights Down " – 4 : 44 " When We 're Old Men " – 3 : 32 " Lights and Sounds " ( Live ) – 3 : 38 Maxi : " Lights and Sounds " – 3 : 30 " When We 're Old Men " – 3 : 32 " Lights and Sounds " ( Live ) – 6 : 08 " Lights and Sounds " ( Multimedia Track ) = = Charts = =
= George Washington in the American Revolution = George Washington ( February 22 , 1732 – December 14 , 1799 ) commanded the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) , and was the first President of the United States , serving from 1789 to 1797 . Because of his central role in the founding of the United States , Washington is often called the " Father of his Country " . His devotion to republicanism and civic virtue made him an exemplary figure among early American politicians . Washington played a leading military and political role in the American Revolution . His involvement began as early as 1767 , when he first took political stands against the acts of the British Parliament . After the war broke out with the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , his role became military with his appointment as commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Continental Army . He appeared before the Second Continental Congress in military uniform , signaling that he was prepared for war . Congress created the Continental Army on June 14 ; the next day it selected Washington as commander @-@ in @-@ chief . The task he took on was enormous , balancing regional demands , competition among his subordinates , morale among the rank and file , attempts by Congress to manage the army 's affairs too closely , requests by state governors for support , and an endless need for resources with which to feed , clothe , equip , arm , and move the troops . In the early years of the war Washington was often in the middle of the action , first directing the Siege of Boston to its successful conclusion , but then losing New York City and almost losing New Jersey before winning surprising and decisive victories at Trenton and Princeton at the end of the 1776 campaign season . At the end of the year in both 1775 and 1776 , he had to deal with expiring enlistments , since the Congress had only authorized the army 's existence for single years . With the 1777 establishment of a more permanent army structure and the introduction of three @-@ year enlistments , Washington built a reliable stable of experienced troops , although hard currency and supplies of all types were difficult to come by . In 1777 Washington was again defeated in the defense of Philadelphia , but sent critical support to Horatio Gates that made the defeat of Burgoyne at Saratoga possible . Following a difficult winter at Valley Forge and the entry of France into the war in 1778 , Washington followed the British army as it withdrew from Philadelphia back to New York , and fought an ultimately inconclusive battle at Monmouth Court House in New Jersey . Washington 's activities from late 1778 to 1780 were more diplomatic and organizational , as his army remained outside New York , watching Sir Henry Clinton 's army that occupied the city . Washington strategized with the French on how best to cooperate in actions against the British , leading to ultimately unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the British from Newport , Rhode Island and Savannah , Georgia . His attention was also drawn to the frontier war , which prompted the 1779 Continental Army expedition of John Sullivan into upstate New York . When General Clinton sent the turncoat General Benedict Arnold to raid in Virginia , Washington began to detach elements of his army to face the growing threat there . The arrival of Lord Cornwallis in Virginia after campaigning in the south presented Washington with an opportunity to strike a decisive blow . Washington 's army and the French army moved south to face Cornwallis , and a cooperative French navy under Admiral de Grasse successfully disrupted British attempts to control of the Chesapeake Bay , completing the entrapment of Cornwallis , who surrendered after the Siege of Yorktown in October 1781 . Although Yorktown marked the end of significant hostilities in North America , the British still occupied New York and other cities , so Washington had to maintain the army in the face of a bankrupt Congress and troops that were at times mutinous over conditions and pay . The army was formally disbanded after peace in 1783 , and Washington resigned his commission as commander @-@ in @-@ chief on December 23 , 1783 . = = Military experience = = Born into a well @-@ to @-@ do Virginia family near Fredericksburg in 1732 [ O.S. 1731 ] , Washington was schooled locally until the age of 15 . The early death of his father when he was 11 eliminated the possibility of schooling in England , and his mother rejected attempts to place him in the Royal Navy . Thanks to the connection by marriage of his half @-@ brother Lawrence to the wealthy Fairfax family , Washington was appointed surveyor of Culpeper County in 1749 ; he was just 17 years old . Washington 's brother had purchased an interest in the Ohio Company , a land acquisition and settlement company whose objective was the settlement of Virginia 's frontier areas , including the Ohio Country , territory north and west of the Ohio River . Its investors also included Virginia 's Royal Governor , Robert Dinwiddie , who appointed Washington a major in the provincial militia in February 1753 . Washington played a key role in the outbreak of the French and Indian War , and then led the defense of Virginia between 1755 and 1758 as colonel of the Virginia Regiment . Although Washington never received a commission in the British Army , he gained valuable military , political , and leadership skills , and received significant public exposure in the colonies and abroad . He closely observed British military tactics , gaining a keen insight into their strengths and weaknesses that proved invaluable during the Revolution . He demonstrated his toughness and courage in the most difficult situations , including disasters and retreats . He developed a command presence — given his size , strength , stamina , and bravery in battle , he appeared to soldiers to be a natural leader and they followed him without question . Washington learned to organize , train , and drill , and discipline his companies and regiments . From his observations , readings and conversations with professional officers , he learned the basics of battlefield tactics , as well as a good understanding of problems of organization and logistics . He gained an understanding of overall strategy , especially in locating strategic geographical points . He developed a very negative idea of the value of militia , who seemed too unreliable , too undisciplined , and too short @-@ term compared to regulars . On the other hand , his experience was limited to command of at most 1 @,@ 000 men , and came only in remote frontier conditions that were far removed from the urban situations he faced during the Revolution at Boston , New York , Trenton and Philadelphia . = = Political resistance = = In December 1758 Washington resigned his military commission , and spent the next 16 years as a wealthy Virginia plantation owner ; as such he also served in the Virginia House of Burgesses . Although he expressed opposition to the 1765 Stamp Act , the first direct tax on the colonies , he did not take a leading role in the growing colonial resistance until protests of the Townshend Acts ( enacted in 1767 ) became widespread . In May 1769 , Washington introduced a proposal , drafted by his friend George Mason , calling for Virginia to boycott British goods until the Acts were repealed . Parliament repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770 , and , for Washington at least , the crisis had passed . However , Washington regarded the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 as " an Invasion of our Rights and Privileges " . In July 1774 , he chaired the meeting at which the " Fairfax Resolves " were adopted , which called for , among other things , the convening of a Continental Congress . In August , Washington attended the First Virginia Convention , where he was selected as a delegate to the First Continental Congress . As tensions rose in 1774 , he assisted in the training of county militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress . = = Boston = = After the Battles of Lexington and Concord near Boston in April 1775 , the colonies went to war . Washington appeared at the Second Continental Congress in a military uniform , signaling that he was prepared for war . Congress created the Continental Army on June 14 , 1775 , and discussed who should lead it . Washington had the prestige , military experience , charisma and military bearing of a military leader and was known as a strong patriot ; he was also popular in his home province . There was no other serious competition for the post , although Washington did nothing to actively pursue the appointment . Massachusetts delegate John Adams nominated Washington , believing that appointing a southerner to lead what was then primarily an army of northerners would help unite the colonies . Washington reluctantly accepted , declaring " with the utmost sincerity , I do not think myself equal to the Command I [ am ] honored with . " Washington assumed command of the colonial forces outside Boston on July 3 , 1775 , during the ongoing siege of Boston , after stopping in New York City to begin organizing military companies for its defense . His first steps were to establish procedures and to weld what had begun as militia regiments into an effective fighting force . He was assisted in this effort by his adjutant , Brigadier General Horatio Gates , and Major General Charles Lee , both of whom had significant experience serving in the British Army . When inventory returns exposed a dangerous shortage of gunpowder , Washington asked for new sources . British arsenals were raided ( including some in the West Indies ) and some manufacturing was attempted ; a barely adequate supply ( about 2 @.@ 5 million pounds ) was obtained by the end of 1776 , mostly from France . In search of heavy weapons , he sent Henry Knox on an expedition to Fort Ticonderoga to retrieve cannons that had been captured there . He resisted repeated calls from Congress to launch attacks against the British in Boston , calling war councils that supported the decisions against such action . Before the Continental Navy was established in November 1775 he , without Congressional authorization , began arming a " secret navy " to prey on poorly protected British transports and supply ships . When Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec , believing that province 's people would also rise against British military control , Washington reluctantly went along with it , even authorizing Benedict Arnold to lead a force from Cambridge to Quebec City through the wilderness of present @-@ day Maine . As the siege dragged on , the matter of expiring enlistments became a matter of serious concern . Washington tried to convince Congress that enlistments longer than one year were necessary to build an effective fighting force , but he was rebuffed in this effort . The 1776 establishment of the Continental Army only had enlistment terms of one year , a matter that would again be a problem in late 1776 . Washington finally forced the British to withdraw from Boston by putting Henry Knox 's artillery on Dorchester Heights overlooking the city , and preparing in detail to attack the city from Cambridge if the British tried to assault the position . The British evacuated Boston and sailed away , although Washington did not know they were headed for Halifax , Nova Scotia . Believing they were headed for New York City ( which was indeed Major General William Howe 's eventual destination ) , Washington rushed most of the army there . = = Defeated at New York City = = Washington 's success in Boston was not repeated in New York . Recognizing the city 's importance as a naval base and gateway to the Hudson River , he delegated the task of fortifying New York to Charles Lee in February 1776 . Despite the city 's poor defensibility , Congress insisted that Washington defend it . The faltering military campaign in Quebec also led to calls for additional troops there , and Washington detached six regiments northward under John Sullivan in April . The wider theaters of war had also introduced regional frictions into the army . Somewhat surprised that regional differences would be a problem , on August 1 he read a speech to the army , in which he threatened to punish " any officers or soldiers so lost to virtue and a love of their country " that might exacerbate the regional differences . The mixing of forces from different regions also brought more widespread camp diseases , especially dysentery and smallpox . Washington had to deal with his first major command controversy while in New York , which was partially a product of regional friction . New England troops serving in northern New York under General Philip Schuyler , a scion of an old patroon family of New York , objected to his aristocratic style , and their Congressional representatives lobbied Washington to replace Schuyler with General Gates . Washington tried to resolve the issue by giving Gates command of the forces in Quebec , but the collapse of the Quebec expedition brought renewed complaints . Despite Gates ' experience , Washington personally preferred Schuyler . To avoid a potentially messy situation , General Washington gave Schuyler overall command of the northern department , but assigned Gates as second in command with combat authority . The episode exposed Washington to Gates ' desire for advancement , possibly at his expense , and to the latter 's influence in Congress . General Howe 's army , reinforced by thousands of additional troops from Europe and a fleet under the command of his brother , Admiral Richard Howe , began arriving off New York in early July , and made an unopposed landing on Staten Island . Without intelligence about Howe 's intentions , Washington was forced to divide his still poorly trained forces , principally between Manhattan and Long Island . The Howes , who were politically ambivalent about the conflict , had been authorized to act as peace commissioners , and attempted to establish contact with Washington . However , they refused to address their letters to " General George Washington " , and his representatives refused to accept them . In August , the British finally launched their campaign to capture New York City . They first landed on Long Island in force , and flanked Washington 's forward positions in the Battle of Long Island . General Howe refused to act on a significant tactical advantage that could have resulted in the capture of the remaining Continental troops on Long Island , but he chose instead to besiege their positions . Although Washington has been criticized by many historians for sending additional troops to reinforce the redoubts on Long Island , it was clear to both Washington and the Howes that the Americans had successfully blocked the East River against major shipping by sinking ships in the channel , and that he was consequently not risking the entrapment of additional men . In the face of a siege he seemed certain to lose , Washington then decided to withdraw . In what some historians call one of his greatest military feats , he executed a nighttime withdrawal from Long Island across the East River to Manhattan to save those troops . The Howe brothers then paused to consolidate their position , and the admiral engaged in a fruitless peace conference with Congressional representatives on September 11 . Four days later the British landed on Manhattan , scattering inexperienced militia into a panicked retreat , and forcing Washington to retreat further . After Washington stopped the British advance up Manhattan at Harlem Heights on September 16 , Howe again made a flanking maneuver , landing troops at Pell 's Point in a bid to cut off Washington 's avenue of retreat . To defend against this move , Washington withdrew most of his army to White Plains , where after a short battle on October 28 he retreated further north . This isolated the remaining Continental Army troops in upper Manhattan , so Howe returned to Manhattan and captured Fort Washington in mid November , taking almost 3 @,@ 000 prisoners . Four days later , Fort Lee , across the Hudson River from Fort Washington , was also taken . Washington brought much of his army across the Hudson into New Jersey , but was immediately forced to retreat by the aggressive British advance . During the campaign a general lack of organization , shortages of supplies , fatigue , sickness , and above all , lack of confidence in the American leadership resulted in a melting away of untrained regulars and frightened militia . Washington grumbled , " The honor of making a brave defense does not seem to be sufficient stimulus , when the success is very doubtful , and the falling into the Enemy 's hands probable . " Washington was fortunate that General Howe was more focused on gaining control of New York than on destroying Washington 's army . Howe 's overly rigid adherence to his plans meant that he was unable to capitalize on the opportunities that arose during the campaign for a decisive action against Washington . = = Counterattack in New Jersey = = After the loss of New York , Washington 's army was in two pieces . One detachment remained north of New York to protect the Hudson River corridor , while Washington retreated across New Jersey into Pennsylvania , chased by General Charles , Earl Cornwallis . Spirits were low , popular support was wavering , and Congress had abandoned Philadelphia , fearing a British attack . Washington ordered General Gates to bring troops from Fort Ticonderoga , and also ordered General Lee 's troops , which he had left north of New York City , to join him . Lee , whose relationship with Washington was at times difficult , made excuses and only traveled as far as Morristown , New Jersey . When Lee strayed too far from his army on December 12 , his exposed position was betrayed by Loyalists , and a British company led by Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton surrounded the inn where he was staying and took him prisoner . Lee 's command was taken over by John Sullivan , who finished marching the army to Washington 's camp across the river from Trenton . The capture of Lee resulted an important point in negotiations between the sides concerning the treatment of prisoners . Since Lee had previously served in the British Army , he was treated as a deserter , and threatened with military punishments appropriate to that charge . Even though he and Lee did not get on well , Washington threatened to treat captured British officers in the same manner Lee and other high @-@ profile prisoners were treated . This resulted in an improvement in Lee 's captivity , and he was eventually exchanged for Richard Prescott in 1778 . Despite the loss of troops due to desertion and expiring enlistments , Washington was heartened by a rise in militia enlistments in New Jersey and Pennsylvania . These militia companies were active in circumscribing the furthest outposts of the British , limiting their ability to scout and forage . Although Washington did not coordinate this resistance , he took advantage of it to organize an attack on an outpost of Hessians in Trenton . On the night of December 25 – 26 , 1776 , Washington led his forces across the Delaware River and surprised the Hessian garrison , capturing 1 @,@ 000 men . This action significantly boosted the army 's morale , but it also brought Cornwallis out of New York . He reassembled an army of more than 6 @,@ 000 men , and marched most of them against a position Washington had taken south of Trenton . Leaving a garrison of 1 @,@ 200 at Princeton , Cornwallis then attacked Washington 's position on January 2 , 1777 , and was three times repulsed before darkness set in . During the night Washington evacuated the position , masking his army 's movements by instructing the camp guards to maintain the appearance of a much larger force . Washington then circled around Cornwallis 's position with the intention of attacking the Princeton garrison . Hugh Mercer , leading the American advance guard , encountered British soldiers from Princeton under the command of Charles Mawhood . The British troops engaged Mercer and in the ensuing battle , Mercer was mortally wounded . Washington sent reinforcements under General John Cadwalader , which were successful in driving Mawhood and the British from Princeton , with many of them fleeing to Cornwallis in Trenton . The British lost more than one quarter of their force in the battle , and American morale rose with the victory . These unexpected victories drove the British back to the New York City area , and gave a dramatic boost to Revolutionary morale . During the winter , Washington , based in winter quarters at Morristown , loosely coordinated a low @-@ level militia war against British positions in New Jersey , combining the actions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania militia companies with careful use of Continental Army resources to harry and harass the British and German troops quartered in New Jersey . Washington 's mixed performance in the 1776 campaigns had not led to significant criticism in Congress . Before fleeing Philadelphia for Baltimore in December , Congress granted Washington powers that have ever since been described as " dictatorial " . The successes in New Jersey nearly deified Washington in the eyes of some Congressmen , and the body became much more deferential to him as a result . John Adams complained of the " superstitious veneration " that Washington was receiving . Washington 's performance also received international notice : Frederick the Great , one of the greatest military minds , wrote that " the achievements of Washington [ at Trenton and Princeton ] were the most brilliant of any recorded in the history of military achievements . " The French foreign minister , a strong supporter of the American cause , renewed the delivery of French supplies . = = Philadelphia and Valley Forge = = = = = Early maneuvers = = = In May 1777 , uncertain whether General Howe would move north toward Albany or south toward Philadelphia , Washington moved his army to the Middlebrook encampment in New Jersey 's Watchung Mountains . When Howe then moved his army southwest from New Brunswick , Washington correctly interpreted this as a move to draw him out of his strong position , and refused to move . Only after Howe apparently retreated back toward the shore did Washington follow , but Howe 's attempt to separate him from his mountain defenses was foiled in the Battle of Short Hills in late June . Howe , who had already decided to campaign against Philadelphia , then withdrew from New Jersey , embarked much of his army on ships in late July , and sailed away , leaving Washington mystified as to his destination . Washington 's difficulty in discerning Howe 's motives was due to the presence of a British army moving south from Quebec toward Fort Ticonderoga under the command of General John Burgoyne . Howe 's departure was in part prompted by the successful capture of the fort by Burgoyne in early July . Although there had been an expectation on Burgoyne 's part that Howe would support his campaign to gain control of the Hudson , Howe was to disappoint Burgoyne , with disastrous consequences to the British . When Washington learned of the abandonment of Ticonderoga ( which he had been told by General Anthony Wayne " can never be carried , without much loss of blood " ) , he was shocked . Concerned that Howe was heading up the Hudson , he ordered Arnold , along with Daniel Morgan and his corps of riflemen , north to assist General Gates with the defense of the Hudson . Washington had had some difficulty with General Arnold in the spring . Congress had adopted a per @-@ state scheme for the promotion of general officers , which resulted in the promotion of several officers to major general ahead of other officers with more experience or seniority . Combined with the commissioning of foreign officers to high ranks , this had led to the resignation of John Stark . Arnold , who had distinguished himself in the Canadian campaign , had also threatened to resign . Washington wrote to Congress on behalf of Arnold and other officers who were disgruntled by this promotion scheme , stating that " two or three other very good officers " might be lost because of it . Washington had also laid the seeds for conflict between Arnold and Gates when he gave Arnold command of forces in Rhode Island in late 1776 ; because of this move Gates came to view Arnold as a competitor for advancement , and the previously positive relationship between Gates and Arnold cooled . However , Arnold put aside his complaints when the news of Ticonderoga 's fall arrived , and agreed to serve . Congress , at the urging of its diplomatic representatives in Europe , had also issued military commissions to a number of European soldiers of fortune in early 1777 . Two of those recommended by Silas Deane , the Marquis de Lafayette and Thomas Conway , would prove to be important in Washington 's activities . Lafayette , just twenty years old , was at first told that Deane had exceeded his authority in offering him a major general 's commission , but offered to volunteer in the army at his own expense . Washington and Lafayette took an instant liking to one another when they met , and Lafayette became one of Washington 's most trusted generals and confidants . Conway , on the other hand , did not think highly of Washington 's leadership , and proved to be a source of trouble in the 1777 campaign season and its aftermath . = = = Fall of Philadelphia = = = When Washington learned that Howe 's fleet was sailing north in Chesapeake Bay , he hurried his army south of Philadelphia to defend the city against Howe 's threat . General Howe turned Washington 's flank at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11 , 1777 , and marched unopposed into Philadelphia on September 26 after some further maneuvers . Washington 's failure to defend the capital brought on a storm of criticism from Congress , which fled the city for York , and from other army officers . In part to silence his critics , Washington planned an elaborate assault on an exposed British base in Germantown . The October 4 Battle of Germantown failed in part due to the complexity of the assault , and the inexperience of the militia forces employed in it . Over 400 of Washington 's men were captured , including Colonel George Mathews and the entire 9th Virginia Regiment . It did not help that Adam Stephen , leading one of the branches of the attack , was drunk , and broke from the agreed @-@ upon plan of attack . He was court martialed and cashiered from the army . Historian Robert Leckie observes that the battle was a near thing , and that a small number of changes might have resulted in a decisive victory for Washington . Meanwhile , Burgoyne , out of reach from help from Howe , was trapped and forced to surrender his entire army on October 17 , ten days after the Battle of Bemis Heights . The victory made a hero of General Gates , who received the adulation of Congress . While this was taking place Washington presided from a distance over the loss of control of the Delaware River to the British , and marched his army to its winter quarters at Valley Forge in December . Washington chose Valley Forge , over recommendations that he camp either closer or further from Philadelphia , because it was close enough to monitor British army movements , and protected rich farmlands to the west from the enemy 's foraging expeditions . = = = Valley Forge = = = Washington 's army stayed at Valley Forge for the next six months . Over the winter , 2 @,@ 500 men ( out of 10 @,@ 000 ) died from disease and exposure . The army 's difficulties were exacerbated by a number of factors , including a quartermaster 's department that had been badly mismanaged by one of Washington 's political opponents , Thomas Mifflin , and the preference of farmers and merchants to sell their goods to the British for hard currency instead of the nearly worthless Continental currency . Profiteers also sought to benefit at the army 's expense , charging it 1 @,@ 000 times what they charged civilians for the same goods . Congress authorized Washington to seize supplies needed for the army , but he was reluctant to use such authority , since it smacked of the tyranny the war was supposedly being fought over . During the winter he introduced a full @-@ scale training program supervised by Baron von Steuben , a veteran of the Prussian general staff . Despite the hardships the army suffered , this program was a remarkable success , and Washington 's army emerged in the spring of 1778 a much more disciplined force . Washington himself had to face discontent at his leadership from a variety of sources . His loss of Philadelphia prompted some members of Congress to discuss removing him from command . They were prodded along by Washington 's detractors in the military , who included Generals Gates , Mifflin , and Conway . Gates in particular was viewed by Conway and Congressmen Benjamin Rush and Richard Henry Lee as a desirable replacement for Washington . Although there is no evidence of a formal conspiracy , the episode is known as the Conway Cabal because the scale of the discontent within the army was exposed by a critical letter from Conway to Gates , some of whose contents were relayed to Washington . Washington exposed the criticisms to Congress , and his supporters , within Congress and the army , rallied to support him . Gates eventually apologized for his role in the affair , and Conway resigned . Washington 's position and authority were not seriously challenged again . Biographer Ron Chernow points out that Washington 's handling of the episode demonstrated that he was " a consummate political infighter " who maintained his temper and dignity while his opponents schemed . = = French entry into the war = = The victory at Saratoga ( and to some extent Washington 's near success at Germantown ) were influential in convincing France to enter the war openly as an as an American ally . French entry into the war changed its dynamics , for the British were no longer sure of command of the seas and had to worry about an invasion of their home islands and other colonial territories across the globe . The British , now under the command of General Sir Henry Clinton , evacuated Philadelphia in 1778 and returned to New York City , with Washington attacking them along the way at the Battle of Monmouth ; this was the last major battle in the north . Prior to the battle Washington gave command of the advance forces to Charles Lee , who had been exchanged earlier in the year . Lee , despite firm instructions from Washington , refused Lafayette 's suggestion to launch an organized attack on the British rear , and then retreated when the British turned to face him . When Washington arrived at the head of the main army , he and Lee had an angry exchange of words , and Washington ordered Lee off the command . Washington , with his army 's tactics and ability to execute improved by the training programs of the previous winter , was able to recover , and fought the British to a draw . Lee was court martialed and eventually dismissed from the army . Not long after Clinton 's return to New York , a French fleet arrived off the North American coast . Washington was involved in the discussion on how to best use this force , and an attack was planned against the British outpost at Newport , Rhode Island . Despite the presence of two of Washington 's most reliable subordinates , Lafayette and Greene , the attempt at cooperation was a dismal failure . British and Indian forces organized and supported by Sir Frederick Haldimand in Quebec began to raid frontier settlements in 1778 , and Savannah , Georgia was captured late in the year . During the comparatively mild winter of 1778 – 79 , Washington and Congress discussed options for the 1779 campaign season . The possibility of a Franco @-@ American campaign against Quebec , first proposed for 1778 , had a number of adherents in Congress , and was actively supported by Lafayette in Washington 's circle . Despite known weaknesses in Quebec 's provincial defenses , Washington was adamantly opposed to the idea , citing the lack of troops and supplies with which to conduct such an operation , the nation 's fragile financial state , and French imperial ambitions to recover the territory . Under pressure from Congress to answer the frontier raids , Washington countered with the proposal of a major expedition against the Iroquois . This was approved , and in the summer of 1779 a sizable force under Major General John Sullivan made a major expedition into the northwestern frontier of New York in reprisal for the frontier raids . The expedition successfully drove the Iroquois out of New York , but otherwise had little effect on the frequency and severity of frontier raids . Washington 's opponent in New York , however , was not inactive . Clinton engaged in a number of amphibious raids against coastal communities from Connecticut to Chesapeake Bay , and probed at Washington 's defenses in the Hudson River valley . Coming up the river in force , he captured the key outpost of Stony Point , but advanced no further . When Clinton weakened the garrison there to provide men for raiding expeditions , Washington organized a counterstrike . General Anthony Wayne led a force that , solely using the bayonet , recaptured Stony Point . The Americans chose not to hold the post , but the operation was a boost to American morale and a blow to British morale . American morale was dealt a blow later in the year , when the second major attempt at Franco @-@ American cooperation , an attempt to retake Savannah , failed with heavy casualties . = = British southern strategy and treason = = The winter of 1779 – 80 was one of the coldest in recorded colonial history . New York Harbor froze over , and the winter camps of the Continental Army were deluged with snow , resulting in hardships exceeding those experienced at Valley Forge . The war was declining in popularity , and the inflationary issuance of paper currency by Congress and the states alike harmed the economy , and the ability to provision the army . The paper currency also hit the army 's morale , since it was how the troops were paid . Congress fixed the rate between paper and gold dollars at 40 @-@ to @-@ 1 in March 1780 , but many merchants refused to accept the Continental currency at the official exchange rate . One Loyalist wrote , " Mock @-@ money and mock @-@ states shall melt away / / And the mock troops disband for want of pay . " The British in late 1779 embarked on a new strategy based on the assumption that most Southerners were Loyalists at heart . General Clinton withdrew the British garrison from Newport , and marshalled a force of more than 10 @,@ 000 men that in the first half of 1780 successfully besieged Charleston , South Carolina . In June 1780 he captured over 5 @,@ 000 Continental soldiers and militia in the single worst defeat of the war for the Americans . Washington had at the end of March pessimistically dispatched several regiments troops southward from his army , hoping they might have some effect in what he saw as a looming disaster . He also ordered troops stationed in Virginia and North Carolina south , but these were either captured at Charleston , or scattered later at Waxhaws and Camden . Camden saw the ignominious defeat of General Gates , who had been appointed to the southern command by Congress without Washington 's advice or knowledge beforehand . Gates famously abandoned his army and retreated 180 miles ( 290 km ) by horse after his battle lines were broken . The debacle ended Gates ' career as a field officer , but he eluded formal inquiries into his behavior because of his political connections . Washington 's army suffered from numerous problems in 1780 : it was undermanned , underfunded , and underequipped . Because of these shortcomings Washington resisted calls for major expeditions , preferring to remain focused on the principal British presence in New York . Knowledge of discontent within the ranks in New Jersey prompted the British in New York to make two attempts to reach the principal army base at Morristown . These attempts were defeated , with significant militia support , in battles at Connecticut Farms and Springfield . September 1780 brought a new shock to Washington . British Major John André had been arrested outside New York , and papers he carried exposed a conspiracy between the British and General Benedict Arnold . Washington respected Arnold for his military skills , and had , after Arnold 's severe injuries in the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , given him the military command of Philadelphia . During his administration there , Arnold had made many political enemies , and in 1779 he began secret negotiations with General Clinton ( mediated in part by André ) that culminated in a plot to surrender West Point , a command Arnold requested and Washington gave him in July 1780 . Arnold was alerted to André 's arrest and fled to the British lines shortly before Washington 's arrival at West Point for a meeting . In negotiations with Clinton , Washington offered to exchange André for Arnold , but Clinton refused . André was hanged as a spy , and Arnold became a brigadier general in the British Army . Washington organized an attempt to kidnap Arnold from New York City ; it was frustrated when Arnold was sent on a raiding expedition to Virginia . = = Yorktown = = The early months of 1781 continued to be difficult for the American cause . Troops mutinied in Pennsylvania , inspiring troops in New Jersey to also do so . Washington was uninvolved in resolving the Pennsylvania troops ' demands , but he sent troops under General Robert Howe that harshly put down the New Jersey mutiny , hanging two men . General Arnold 's raiding expedition to Virginia was a notable success , ravaging the countryside and destroying military and economic infrastructure and supplies . He was ineffectually opposed by Virginia militia and Continental recruits under Baron von Steuben . Washington ordered Lafayette and additional Continental troops south , and convinced French Admiral Destouches to send his Newport @-@ based fleet to the Chesapeake . Destouches was however opposed by the British fleet of Admiral Marriot Arbuthnot at the Battle of Cape Henry in March 1781 , and was unable to gain entry to the bay . General Clinton thereafter sent more troops to Virginia under General William Phillips , who resumed raiding operations in central Virginia . In the early months of 1781 the French foreign minister , the comte de Vergennes , realized that the war , now being conducted on a global stage , could not last much longer without decisive action in North America . To this end , the French army at Newport was ordered to join Washington 's outside New York , and the Comte de Grasse , commander of that year 's West Indies fleet , was ordered to assist in operations in North America . France also gave six million livres to the United States to assist in the war effort . In May 1781 Washington and the French army command met at Wethersfield , Connecticut after the French instructions arrived . They discussed options for joint operations , with Washington arguing for an assault on New York , and Rochambeau for operations in Virginia against General Phillips . Rochambeau agreed to bring his army to New York , and dispatches were sent to the West Indies outlining the options to de Grasse . General Clinton had turned over command of the southern army to General Cornwallis . After the defeat of Gates at Camden , he had nominally gained control over South Carolina , although there was significant militia skirmishing , led by partisan fighters like Francis Marion and Thomas Sumter . Cornwallis then attempted to extend British authority into North Carolina , but one wing of his army was defeated in the October 1780 Battle of Kings Mountain , and another was defeated in the January 1781 Battle of Cowpens . Kings Mountain in particular proved a decisive blow to further attempts to recruit Loyalists , and force Cornwallis had been instructed to rely upon . In the wake of Camden , Washington had selected Nathanael Greene to replace Gates at the head of the southern Continental forces , and Greene waged an effect partisan campaign against Cornwallis . When he finally reached sufficient strength , Greene offered Cornwallis open battle at Hillsboro , North Carolina in March . Although he lost the Battle of Guilford Court House , Greene inflicted significant casualties on Cornwallis while retaining his own army intact . Cornwallis moved to Wilmington , North Carolina to regroup , and then made the controversial decision to bring his army into Virginia , which he saw as the supply base for Greene 's army . Joining with the army of Phillips , he maneuvered against the growing Continental presence led by Lafayette , while continuing to raid and destroy economic and military targets in the state . Eventually his decision to enter Virginia reached Clinton , who was surprised at the move . After a series of confusing and sometimes contradictory suggestions , Clinton in late July issued firm orders to Cornwallis to establish a fortified deep @-@ water port in Virginia . Cornwallis informed Clinton that he would do so at Yorktown . = = = Siege and victory = = = Admiral de Grasse received the dispatches of Washington and Rochambeau in mid @-@ July . He immediately sent dispatches north indicating that he would be sailing for the Chesapeake Bay to assist in operations there . When Washington learned of this decision , he reluctantly abandoned the idea of attacking New York . In a brilliant but risky strategic move , he marched 6 @,@ 000 soldiers from New York to Virginia , leaving the New York highlands only lightly defended . Washington would in later years claim that early preparations to operate against New York were intended to deceive Clinton , but the documentary record of 1781 did not support him . Later operations , as the march got underway , did involve deliberate deception . As part of the march troops appeared to establish camps and other works on the west side of the Hudson , as if preparing for an attack on New York . By the time Clinton saw through the deception , Washington had already crossed the Delaware . De Grasse sailed north with his entire fleet ( 28 ships of the line ) , while his British counterpart , Admiral Rodney ( not expecting de Grasse to take his entire fleet ) sent only 15 ships in pursuit . In early September , while the French and Continental armies marched south , de Grasse and the British fleet ( enlarged by the inclusion of ships from New York to 19 ships ) met in the Battle of the Chesapeake . The French victory was strategically vital , for it denied the British control of the Chesapeake and set the stage for the encirclement of Cornwallis at Yorktown . Upon his arrival at Yorktown Washington had command of 5 @,@ 700 Continentals , 3 @,@ 200 militia and 7 @,@ 800 French regulars . On September 28 the Franco @-@ American army blockaded Yorktown , and began digging siege trenches on October 6 . By the 9th guns had been emplaced on the first parallel , and began firing on the entrenched British camp . Work proceeded rapidly thereafter on the second parallel , only 300 yards ( 270 m ) from the British defenses . On the 14th two outer redoubts of the British defenses were stormed , and the entirety of the British camp was with range of the French and American cannons . After a failed attempt to escape across the York River , Cornwallis opened negotiations on October 17 . Two days later terms were agreed , and his 8 @,@ 000 men paraded in surrender . Despite the size of the contending forces , and the importance of the siege , there were only 260 allied and 550 British casualties . One of the American casualties was Washington 's stepson and aide @-@ de @-@ camp John Parke Custis , who died of a camp disease during the siege . The disaster at Yorktown broke the morale of the governing class in London and paralyzed Britain 's national will to make war . The war party in Britain lost control of Parliament , and the new government opened peace talks . These came to fruition in 1783 with the Treaty of Paris , in which Britain recognized American independence . = = Waiting for peace = = Following Yorktown , Washington 's army returned to New York , while Rochambeau 's remained in Virginia . Washington , concerned that Congress " may think our work too nearly closed " , worked to make sure that the army would be prepared for a campaign in 1782 . Although British ship movements caused Washington some concerns during the winter of 1781 – 2 , he was able to enjoy relative comfort in Philadelphia . He returned to his headquarters in Newburgh , New York in March 1782 , where he had to deal with greedy military supply contractors . The execution of militia officer Joshua Huddy by Loyalists occasioned an exchange between Washington and Clinton , and led to the so @-@ called " Asgill Affair " , after the officer selected to be executed in retaliation for Huddy 's hanging . Despite the onset of peace negotiations in the second half of 1782 , Washington remained vigilant , treating with suspicion assertions on the part of General Clinton 's replacement , Sir Guy Carleton , that he had suspended " all hostilities " . To boost morale , Washington introduced the Badge of Military Merit , to be awarded for " unusual gallantry " or " extraordinary fidelity and essential service " . The badge , a purple @-@ colored cloth in the shape of a heart , is a precursor to the modern American Purple Heart . In 1783 Washington continued to keep the army ready at Newburgh , although some of his officers made veiled threats to Congress about long @-@ overdue pay . Washington diffused this hint at mutiny with an address to the troops on March 15 recommending patience . On March 26 he was informed that France and Spain had made peace with Britain , one of the last preconditions for a final peace . Thereafter he was occupied with the logistics of prisoner exchanges , and pressed Congress to ensure soldiers being furloughed or discharged received at least some of their back pay . He met once with General Carleton to discuss the return of runaway slaves , a contentious point on which Carleton refused to budge . ( Carleton announced in the meeting , to Washington 's apparent chagrin , that 6 @,@ 000 Negroes had already been sent to Nova Scotia , and refused to assist the efforts of slave hunters . ) In June troops in Pennsylvania mutinied , marching on Philadelphia and surrounding the State House where Congress sat . In response Congress temporarily relocated to Princeton , and Washington dispatched troops south from New York . After action by Congress addressed their concerns , the mutinous troops returned to their posts . The Treaty of Paris was signed on September 3 , 1783 . On November 21 , the British evacuated New York City , and Washington and Governor George Clinton took possession of the city , ending large @-@ scale British occupation of American territory . ( Britain continued to occupy frontier forts that had been ceded to the United States until the mid @-@ 1790s . ) = = Resignation and post @-@ war career = = Washington 's contribution to victory in the war was not that of a great battlefield tactician . He has been characterized , according to historian Edward G. Lengel , in many different ways : " charismatic hero , master of guerrilla warfare , incompetent or infallible battlefield commander , strategic genius , nationalist visionary , fanatical micromanager , and lucky dog " . Although he has frequently been said to engage in the Fabian strategy of wearing his opponent down , the truth is more nuanced . On a number of occasions his subordinates convinced him to hold off on plans of attack they saw as rash . Washington only really adopted a Fabian strategy between late 1776 and the middle of 1777 , after losing New York City and seeing much of his army melt away . Trenton and Princeton were Fabian examples . By August 1777 , however , Washington had rebuilt his strength and his confidence and stopped using raids and went for large @-@ scale confrontations , as at Brandywine , Germantown , Monmouth and Yorktown . Washington is often characterized as complaining about undisciplined militia forces , but he understood that they were a vital part of the nation 's defenses , since regular army troops could not be everywhere . He was also at times critical of the mercenary spirit and " the dearth of public spirit " that often underlay difficulties in recruiting for the army . One of Washington 's important contributions as commander @-@ in @-@ chief was to establish the precedent that elected civilian officials , rather than military officers , possessed ultimate authority over the military . Throughout the war , he deferred to the authority of Congress and state officials , and he relinquished his considerable military power once the fighting was over . This principle was especially visible in his handling of the Newburgh conspiracy , and in his " Farewell Orders " . The latter document was written at his final wartime headquarters , a house on the outskirts of Princeton owned by the widow Berrien ( later to be called Rockingham ) , but was sent to be read to the assembled troops at West Point on November 2 . At Fraunces Tavern in New York City on December 4 , he formally bade his officers farewell . On December 23 , 1783 , Washington resigned his commission as commander @-@ in @-@ chief to the Congress of the Confederation at Annapolis , Maryland , and retired to his home at Mount Vernon . After the war Washington chaired the Constitutional Convention that drafted the United States Constitution , and was then elected the first President of the United States , serving two terms . He briefly engaged in additional military service during a threatened war with France in 1798 , and died in December 1799 . He is widely recognized as the " Father of his country " . In 2012 , a poll conducted by the British National Army Museum recognized Washington as " Britain 's Greatest Military Enemy . " He beat out Ataturk , Irish independence hero Michael Collins , Erwin Rommel , and Napoleon . = = = Cited sources = = =
= Aboriginal Memorial = The Aboriginal Memorial is a work of contemporary Indigenous Australian art from the late 1980s , and comprises 200 decorated hollow log coffins . It was conceived by Djon ( John ) Mundine in 1987 – 88 and realised by 43 artists from Ramingining and neighbouring communities of Central Arnhem Land , in the Northern Territory . Artists who participated in its creation included David Malangi and George Milpurrurru . The work was created to coincide with the Australian Bicentenary and commemorates those Indigenous Australians who died as a result of European settlement . It was acquired by the National Gallery of Australia , where it is on permanent display . Its first exhibition was at the Sydney Biennale in 1988 , and it was the centrepiece of an exhibition of Indigenous art at Russia 's Hermitage Museum in 2000 . As of 2014 it stands at the entry to the National Gallery 's new wing that opened in September 2010 . = = Creation = = In 1988 , Australia marked 200 years since its first official white settlement , established by Captain Arthur Phillip on Sydney Harbour in 1788 . While some Indigenous Australians protested the event , and referred to the occasion as Invasion Day rather than Australia Day , a group of Indigenous artists from Ramingining in the Northern Territory decided to create an artwork to mark the anniversary . The project was initiated by Djon Mundine , an Indigenous art advisor and curator , who was working at Ramingining prior to the Bicentenary . A small group of artists including David Malangi , Paddy Dhathangu , George Milpurrurru and Jimmy Wululu decided the form of the project , but ultimately 43 artists from the region contributed pieces to the Memorial . The work takes the form of 200 hollow log coffins , known as dupun : the number was chosen to mark the years of European settlement . Such coffins are a form of funerary art and are used throughout the Arnhem Land region for reburial ceremonies . The items displayed in Aboriginal Memorial , however , were created for the purpose of the artwork and have not at any stage contained human remains , nor been used in reburial ceremonies . The work was intended " to commemorate the thousands of Aboriginal people who had perished in the course of European settlement , and for whom it has not been possible to conduct appropriate mortuary rites " . The intention behind the work drew attention in 2005 when Melbourne newspaper The Age ran an editorial asking whether it might be appropriate to commemorate Aboriginal resistance to white settlement at the Australian War Memorial , and to move the Aboriginal Memorial to that location as part of that commemoration . Log coffins are made from trees that have been naturally hollowed out by termites . They are cut , cleaned and then painted with natural pigments during a ceremonial camp . The Aboriginal Memorial decorations reflect traditional clan designs and significant dreamings for which the artists had responsibility . = = Exhibition and critical reception = = The creators of the Aboriginal Memorial always intended that it be publicly displayed , and in 1987 the work was offered to the National Gallery of Australia , which helped fund its completion . After being first exhibited at the Sydney Biennale in 1988 , it was moved to the National Gallery , its present home . In 2000 , the Memorial formed the centrepiece of a major exhibition of Australian Indigenous art held in the prestigious Nicholas Hall at the Hermitage Museum in Russia . The exhibition received a positive reception from Russian critics , one of whom wrote : This is an exhibition of contemporary art , not in the sense that it was done recently , but in that it is cased in the mentality , technology and philosophy of radical art of the most recent times . No one , other than the Aborigines of Australia , has succeeded in exhibiting such art at the Hermitage . Described as an icon of the National Gallery 's collection , and " one of the outstanding works of art to have been created in Australia " , the memorial is laid out with a central pathway between the log @-@ coffins representing the passage of the Glyde River through central Arnhem Land . In the late 2000s , the work was included in the list of the 20 most valuable artworks in the Gallery 's collection , and was the only Australian artwork to make that list . At that time , of the 20 most valuable Australian artworks in the collection , it was also the only one by Indigenous artists . Andrew Sayers , former head of Australia 's National Portrait Gallery and the National Museum of Australia , described the work as " among the most profound works of art to emerge from the last 20 years " . In the late 2000s , the work was temporarily withdrawn from display to undergo significant conservation work . Completed in October 2009 , the restoration was followed by the work 's relocation in 2010 to the entrance area of the new gallery building , where it is intended to be the first work seen by visitors to the gallery .
= 2015 Italian Grand Prix = The 2015 Italian Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 Gran Premio d 'Italia 2015 ) was a Formula One motor race held on 6 September 2015 at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza in Monza , Italy . The race was the twelfth round of the 2015 season , and marked the eighty @-@ fifth running of the Italian Grand Prix . Lewis Hamilton of Mercedes was the defending race winner , and entered with a 28 @-@ point lead over teammate Nico Rosberg in the Drivers ' Championship , with Sebastian Vettel a further 39 points behind . Mercedes lead the Constructors ' Championship by 184 points over Ferrari , with Williams a further 81 points behind in third . Hamilton completed the second Grand Slam of his career by winning the race , taking pole position , setting the fastest lap and leading every lap of the race . He finished 25 seconds ahead of Vettel , while Felipe Massa finished third for Williams . Rosberg retired with three laps to go due to an engine failure , resulting in Hamilton extending his lead in the Drivers ' Championship to 53 points . Hamilton 's victory was confirmed a few hours after the race following an investigation from race stewards after it was discovered that the left @-@ rear tyre on his Mercedes was below Pirelli 's recommended minimum tyre pressure standards in a random check but due to procedural inconsistencies , no sanctions were imposed against either Mercedes driver or the team . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Tyre supplier Pirelli brought its white @-@ banded medium compound tyre as the harder " prime " tyre and the yellow @-@ banded soft compound as the softer " option " compound , as opposed to the previous year where the company brought the hard compound as the prime and medium compound as the option . Sauber 's Head of Track Engineering , Giampaolo Dall 'Ara , praised the updated choice , summing up that it will challenge teams to make time in the corners in addition to going for pure top speed , putting on a better show for the fans . However , Pirelli had received criticism from several drivers and commentators following tyre failures on Nico Rosberg 's and Sebastian Vettel 's cars at the Belgian Grand Prix . Prior to the Italian Grand Prix , Formula One commercial rights holder Bernie Ecclestone called for the drivers to keep their concerns to themselves , saying : " We ’ re not going to let them [ Pirelli ] go . They ’ re doing a good job . " The Lotus team , who had their cars impounded by bailiffs following Belgium two weeks earlier , managed to get their cars back in time for the Grand Prix . Despite their financial troubles , the team said it had enough funds for the rest of the season . Meanwhile , contract negotiations were high in the agenda prior to the weekend , with Williams announcing that the team would retain Felipe Massa and Valtteri Bottas for 2016 , while Nico Hülkenberg signed a new two @-@ year deal with Force India . An additional talking point was the future of the Italian Grand Prix at Monza , with the event at risk to be dropped from the calendar . After the race , Ferrari 's Sebastian Vettel spoke out in favour of the venue , saying : " If we take this race away from the calendar for any shitty money reasons , you are basically ripping our hearts out " . In terms of technical developments , Ferrari upgraded their engine for their home race by using three of their development tokens while Mercedes spent all seven of their remaining engine tokens . As a result of this , Mercedes became the first team in 2015 to use all their tokens , with both Honda and Ferrari having four tokens remaining and Renault having twelve tokens left for later in the season . Because of these changes both Mercedes cars were on their third powerplants , whilst both Ferraris were on their fourth power units . Additionally , Toro Rosso , Red Bull and McLaren received grid penalties for exceeding their parts usage , forcing them to start at the back of the grid . McLaren went back to using their snub nose design , which they had replaced earlier in the season ahead of the Austrian Grand Prix , in order to achieve better aerodynamics and lower drag for the high @-@ speed Monza circuit . Prior to the race , Lewis Hamilton was leading the World Championship on 227 points , 28 clear of teammate Rosberg . Sebastian Vettel was in third place , another 39 points adrift . In the Constructors ' standings , Mercedes were in front on 426 points , with Ferrari and Williams second and third on 242 and 161 points respectively . = = = Free practice = = = Per the regulations for the 2015 season , three practice sessions were held ; there were two 90 @-@ minute sessions on Friday and another one @-@ hour session before qualifying on Saturday . In what The Guardian described as an " as dominant as ever " performance , Mercedes and Lewis Hamilton lead the times in both practice sessions on Friday , with Nico Rosberg in second on both occasions . During the first session on Friday morning , Hamilton led his teammate by half a second , with Sebastian Vettel in third , another full second behind . Daniel Ricciardo was the fastest driver in a Renault @-@ powered car , and trailed Hamilton by more than two seconds . Jolyon Palmer again replaced Romain Grosjean in the Lotus during the first practice and ended the session half a second off his teammate 's pace in fifteenth . Carlos Sainz , Jr. briefly brought out a red flag when he got stuck in the gravel after spinning out at Parabolica . At the second practice session on Friday afternoon , Ferrari was able to reduce the gap to Mercedes , with Vettel third a little more than seven tenths of a second behind Hamilton . Nico Rosberg was just 0 @.@ 021 seconds off his teammate 's time of 1m24.279s , even leading through the first two sectors but losing fastest time through the third and final sector . The two Force India cars of Sergio Pérez and Nico Hülkenberg split the two Ferraris , with Kimi Räikkönen finishing in sixth . Max Verstappen was the second Toro Rosso driver of the day to spin out into the gravel , but he was able to continue after losing control of his car at the Ascari chicane . There were technical problems for both Daniel Ricciardo and Jenson Button . While the Australian had to cut his first run short due to a hydraulical issue , Button was summoned back into the pits after only three laps with an unspecified problem . In the third session on Saturday morning , Lewis Hamilton once more finished fastest , but this time it was Sebastian Vettel in second , 0.264s behind Hamilton 's time of 1m24.544s. The session started on a slightly wet track caused by rain over the night , but it soon dried up . Ricciardo 's session was marred by another technical problem , this time an engine failure to his newly equipped power unit . His teammate Daniil Kvyat did not have a productive session either as he spent most of the time in the garage , setting only seventeenth best time . = = = Qualifying = = = Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . Before qualifying began on Saturday afternoon , Mercedes was forced to change the power unit in Nico Rosberg 's car back to the one used in Belgium , which had already run for six full races , after finding an issue with the new specification unit . Meanwhile , Lotus was forced to borrow tyre blankets from other teams , as their own had been rendered unusable by rain during the night . When the session began , Nico Hülkenberg was one of the first out on track , but his fast lap was disrupted by Marcus Ericsson , who was later penalised for the incident . Both Daniel Ricciardo and Max Verstappen spent most of the session in the pits . While Ricciardo was able to get out and set a lap sufficient to see him proceed to the second part of qualifying ( Q2 ) , Verstappen went out only to see his engine cover blown off at Curva Grande , scattering the track with debris , though at the very end of the session , so no other cars were affected . Next to Verstappen , both Manor Marussia and McLaren drivers were eliminated . During the first timed runs in Q2 , Lewis Hamilton was seven @-@ tenths of a second quicker than teammate Rosberg , while the Ferraris split the pair to place provisional second and third . Nevertheless , both Mercedes drivers did not go out again . Sebastian Vettel set a second timed lap to improve his time , now a little more than a tenth behind Hamilton . Many drivers only set one timed lap towards the end of the session , with Pastor Maldonado , Felipe Nasr , Carlos Sainz , Jr. and Daniil Kvyat unable to move on into Q3 , while Ricciardo did not set a time , leaving him fifteenth for the time being . When Q3 was contested by the top ten drivers , Nico Rosberg was the first to set a time , but Hamilton immediately went faster , setting a time of 1 : 23 @.@ 397 , which eventually secured him pole position . Again , both Ferraris went faster than Rosberg , being about three @-@ tenths of a second behind Hamilton . During the last timed runs , Räikkönen moved ahead of Vettel to qualify on the front row , while Rosberg improved his time , but stayed in fourth on the grid . He would later refer to his old power unit as the main reason for his qualifying performance . Nico Hülkenberg posted a time good enough for ninth , but his car came to a halt at the pit lane entrance , after his team had miscalculated the fuel put into his car . The two Williams of Massa and Bottas qualified fifth and sixth respectively , with Hülkenberg 's teammate Pérez behind them in seventh , ahead of Romain Grosjean . Marcus Ericsson rounded up the top ten , but was later dropped to twelfth on the grid for impeating Hülkenberg in Q1 . It was Hamilton 's eleventh pole position in twelve races in the season so far . Toro Rosso ’ s Max Verstappen was handed a drive @-@ through penalty to be served within the first three laps of the race due to an unsafe pit release during qualifying . Kimi Räikkönen expressed delight with his front row performance , saying that the team was surprised by the strong result and calling it " our best qualifying of the year as a team " . = = = Race = = = As the race got under way , Kimi Räikkönen 's Ferrari remained motionless on the spot and only started after all other cars had passed the Finn . Meanwhile , Hamilton got through the first chicane in front of Vettel , but his teammate Rosberg had to avoid Räikkönen 's car and lost two places to the two Williams of Felipe Massa and Valtteri Bottas . Both Lotus drivers were forced to retire before the end of the second lap , Grosjean due to contact with another car , while Maldonado damaged his chassis when he went over a kerb . While Räikkönen charged through the field to get back up to twelfth place by lap three , Lewis Hamilton quickly increased his advantage over Vettel and moved out of the one @-@ second DRS window . Nico Rosberg was unable to pass Bottas on track and was told by his team to cool his brakes . Further back , the Red Bull sponsored cars moved up the order as well , with Carlos Sainz , Jr . , Daniel Ricciardo and Daniil Kvyat fighting for tenth position . Sainz yielded his place on lap 11 , when he needed to go into the pits for a five @-@ second penalty handed to him for cutting the chicane at the start . By lap 14 , Hamilton led Vettel by over eight seconds , with Rosberg still behind both Williams in fifth place , pushing Bottas by enabling DRS on the long straights . Behind the German were the two Force Indias of Sergio Pérez and Nico Hülkenberg . On lap 18 , Rosberg was the first of the front runners to come in , attempting to " undercut " the two Williams , who were forced to pit shortly after . Massa came in a lap later and Bottas on lap 22 , both emerging from the pits behind the Mercedes of Rosberg , who was now third . By lap 26 , both Hamilton and Vettel had pitted as well , as Hamilton was leading the Ferrari by more than twelve seconds . By that point , Räikkönen , who had yet to stop , was in third place but easily overtaken by Rosberg on lap 28 . On lap 29 , Daniel Ricciardo , also still on his original tyres , moved past Pérez into sixth position , only for the Mexican to retrieve it a lap later . At the end of lap 29 , Räikkönen pitted but almost collided with Roberto Merhi at the pit entrance . After his stop , the Finn emerged tenth , but quickly moved up the order again , taking eighth from Marcus Ericsson on lap 32 . By lap 36 , Nico Rosberg had moved within four seconds of Sebastian Vettel in front of him , while Räikkönen moved into seventh at the expense of Nico Hülkenberg . By lap 45 , Vettel and Rosberg encountered backmarkers on track , which allowed Rosberg to move closer to his compatriot , trailing him by less than three seconds . On lap 49 , Mercedes told Hamilton to increase his speed , without giving the driver an explanation . With Hamilton leading Vettel by 23 seconds , the call came unexpected . It later proved to be caused by the fact that Hamilton 's left rear tyre had too little pressure at the start , leading the team to fear for a time penalty after the race . Fernando Alonso retired from the race on lap 50 due to loss of power . One lap later , Räikkönen moved into sixth place by overtaking the Force India of Sergio Pérez . With one lap to go , Rosberg was moving ever closer to Vettel in front , when his engine failed , forcing him to retire , handing Felipe Massa the final spot on the podium , who defended the position from teammate Bottas over the final lap . Lewis Hamilton finished the race to take victory on what he himself described as " the best [ weekend ] I ’ ve ever driven " . He finished more than 25 seconds ahead of Vettel . = = = Post @-@ race = = = For more than two hours after the race , Hamilton 's victory was still up for debate , as his left rear tyres was found to have had 0.3psi less tyre pressure than regulated . While Lewis Hamilton stated in the post @-@ race press conference that he had not been aware of the issue , Williams officials Pat Symonds and Rob Smedley called for Hamilton 's disqualification , with the latter pointing out that it was " a safety issue " . The stewarts eventually decided not to take any further action , stating that : " In making this determination regarding the pressure , the stewards noted that the tyre warming blankets had been disconnected from their power source , as is normal procedure , and the tyres were significantly below the maximum permitted tyre blanket temperature at the time of the FIA 's measurement on the grid and at significantly different temperatures from other cars measured on the grid . Further , the stewards are satisfied that the team followed the currently specified procedure , supervised by the tyre manufacturer for the safe operation of the tyres . Therefore , the stewards decide to take no further action . " At the podium interview , conducted by film director George Lucas , Lewis Hamilton expressed gratitude to his team and the fans at the venue . Felipe Massa , asked about his last lap fight with teammate Bottas , stated : " I ’ m getting old for that ! I even said to the team I ’ m getting old ! The last three laps of the race I was fighting with my team @-@ mate . It was very difficult but we managed to be here . " During the post @-@ race press conference , Hamilton expressed surprise over his championship lead , since he had not been made aware of Rosberg 's retirement at that point . When asked about the tyre pressure issue , Sebastian Vettel defended Hamilton , saying : " I think it ’ s not fair to hand that question to Lewis because he doesn ’ t know what ’ s going on [ ... ] . In a lot of respect and fairness he did a very good job today and you have to accept that . " Following the race , Red Bull team principal Christian Horner said that Mercedes had made a " worrying step forward " with their new engine specification , admitting that the team was " in a league of their own at the moment " . Nico Rosberg , who had raced with the old specification version of the power unit , described the race as a " massive step in the wrong direction " . After the race , the team revealed that they had turned his engine up in order to help him catch Vettel in the closing stages . The team later admitted that using the new power unit at the Italian Grand Prix had been " a risk " . As a result of the race , Lewis Hamilton extended his lead in the championship to 53 points over teammate Rosberg . His second @-@ place finish meant that Sebastian Vettel moved closer to Rosberg , now trailing him by 21 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Mercedes now led the field on 451 points , with Ferrari and Williams in second and third , on 270 and 188 points respectively . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = Notes ^ 1 – Marcus Ericsson received a 3 @-@ spot grid penalty for impeding Nico Hülkenberg , but only dropped two places due to the penalty incurred by Sainz . ^ 2 – Carlos Sainz , Jr. received a 35 @-@ place grid penalty for an assortment of changes to his power unit . ^ 3 – Daniil Kvyat received a 35 @-@ place grid penalty for an assortment of changes to his power unit . ^ 4 – Daniel Ricciardo received a 50 @-@ place grid penalty for an assortment of changes to his power unit . ^ 5 – Jenson Button received a 5 @-@ place grid penalty for changing to his ninth ICU , but moved up one place due to more severe penalties incurred by other drivers . ^ 6 – Fernando Alonso received a 10 @-@ place grid penalty for changing to his ninth ICU , but moved up one place due to more severe penalties incurred by other drivers . ^ 7 – Max Verstappen received a 30 @-@ place grid penalty for an assortment of changes to his power unit , which provisionally placed him in the 17th position . However , he further failed to set a qualifying time within 107 % , but was allowed to start in the final grid spot by the stewards . = = = Race = = = Notes ^ 1 – Nico Rosberg and Fernando Alonso were both classified as they had completed 90 % of the race distance . = = = Championship standings after the race = = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Countershading = Countershading , or Thayer 's Law , is a form of camouflage . Countershading is the pattern of animal coloration in which an animal ’ s pigmentation is darker on the upper side and lighter on the underside of the body . This pattern is found in many species of mammals , reptiles , birds , fish , and insects , and has existed since at least the Cretaceous period . When light falls on a uniformly coloured object such as a sphere from above , it makes the upper side appear lighter and the underside darker , grading from one to the other . This pattern of light and shade makes the object appear solid , and therefore acts as a visual cue which makes the object easier to detect . Countershading reduces the ease of detection of predators and prey by counterbalancing the effects of self @-@ shadowing , again typically with grading from dark to light . In theory this could be useful for military camouflage , but in practice it has rarely been applied , despite the best efforts of the artist Abbott Handerson Thayer and the zoologist Hugh Cott . The precise function of various patterns of animal coloration has been debated by zoologists such as Hannah Rowland ( 2009 ) , with the suggestion that there may be multiple functions including flattening and background matching when viewed from the side ; background matching when viewed from above or below , implying separate colour schemes for the top and bottom surfaces ; outline obliteration from above ; and a variety of largely untested non @-@ camouflage theories . A related mechanism , counter @-@ illumination , adds the creation of light by bioluminescence or lamps to match the actual brightness of a background . Counter @-@ illumination camouflage is common in marine organisms such as squid . It has been studied up to the prototype stage for military use in ships and aircraft , but it too has rarely or never been used in warfare . The reverse of countershading , with the belly pigmented darker than the back , enhances contrast and so makes animals more conspicuous . It is found in animals that can defend themselves , such as skunks . The pattern is used both in startle or deimatic displays and as a signal to warn off experienced predators . However , animals that habitually live upside @-@ down but lack strong defences , like the Nile catfish and the luna moth caterpillar , have upside @-@ down countershading for camouflage . = = Early research = = The English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton , author of The Colours of Animals ( 1890 ) discovered the countershading of various insects , including the pupa or chrysalis of the purple emperor butterfly , Apatura iris , the caterpillar larvae of the brimstone moth , Opisthograptis luteolata and of the peppered moth , Biston betularia . However he did not use the term countershading , nor did he suggest that the effect occurred widely . The New Hampshire artist Abbott Handerson Thayer was one of the first to study and write about countershading . In his 1909 book Concealing @-@ Coloration in the Animal Kingdom , he correctly described and illustrated countershading with photographs and paintings , but wrongly claimed that almost all animals are countershaded . For this reason countershading is sometimes called Thayer ’ s Law . Thayer wrote : Animals are painted by Nature darkest on those parts which tend to be most lighted by the sky 's light , and vice versa . ... the fact that a vast majority of creatures of the whole animal kingdom wear this gradation , developed to an exquisitely minute degree , and are famous for being hard to see in their homes , speaks for itself . Thayer observed and painted a number of examples , including the Luna moth caterpillar Actias luna , both in its habitual upside @-@ down feeding position , where its countershading makes it appear flat , and artificially inverted from that position , where sunlight and its inverted countershading combine to make it appear heavily shaded and therefore solid . Thayer obtained a patent in 1902 to paint warships , both submarines and surface ships , using countershading , but failed to convince the US Navy to adopt his ideas . Hugh Bamford Cott in his 1940 book Adaptive Coloration in Animals described many instances of countershading , following Thayer in general approach but criticising Thayer 's excessive claim ( " He says ' All patterns and colors whatsoever of all animals that ever prey or are preyed upon are under certain normal circumstances obliterative . ' " ) that effectively all animals are camouflaged with countershading . Cott calls this " Thayer straining the theory to a fantastic extreme " . Both Thayer and Cott include in their books photographs of a non @-@ countershaded white cockerel against a white background , to make the point that in Thayer 's words " a monochrome object can not be ' obliterated ' , no matter what its background " or in Cott 's words " Colour resemblance alone is not sufficient to afford concealment " . Cott explains that Contrary to what might have been expected by any one lacking in artistic perception , the bird appears highly conspicuous , the back looking lighter , and the breast darker , than the background , although in actual fact , back , background and breast are all pure white . " = = Application = = = = = In animals = = = Countershading is observed in a wide range of animal groups , both terrestrial , such as deer , and marine , such as sharks . It is the basis of camouflage in both predators and prey . It is used alongside other forms of camouflage including colour matching and disruptive coloration . Among predatory fish , the gray snapper , Lutianus griseus , is effectively flattened by its countershading , while it hunts an " almost invisible " prey , the hardhead fish , Atherina laticeps which swims over greyish sands . Other countershaded marine animals include blue shark , herring , and dolphin ; while fish like the mackerel and sergeant fish are both countershaded and patterned with stripes or spots . It tones the canvas on which are painted the Leopard 's spots , the Tiger 's stripes ... It is the dress almost universally worn by rodents ... It is the essential uniform adopted by Conies , Asses , Antelopes , Deer ... It is repeated extensively among the marsupials ... It provides a basic livery for the great majority of snakes , lizards , and amphibians . Among insects it reaches a fine state of perfection in different caterpillars and grasshoppers . ... It is , however , in rivers , and in the surface waters of the sea , that countershading reaches its maximum development and significance . Countershading existed in marine reptiles in the Cretaceous period . Fossilised skin pigmented with dark @-@ coloured eumelanin reveals that both leatherback turtles and mosasaurs had dark backs and light bellies . = = = A related mechanism : counter @-@ illumination = = = Another form of animal camouflage uses bioluminescence to increase the average brightness of an animal to match the brightness of the background . This is called counter @-@ illumination . It is common in mid @-@ water pelagic fish and invertebrates especially squid . It makes the counter @-@ illuminated animal practically invisible to predators viewing it from below . As such , counter @-@ illumination camouflage can be seen as an extension beyond what countershading can achieve . Where countershading only paints out shadows , counter @-@ illumination can add in actual lights , permitting effective camouflage in changing conditions , including where the background is bright enough to make an animal that is not counter @-@ illuminated appear as a shadow . = = = Military = = = Countershading , like counter @-@ illumination , has rarely been applied in practice for military camouflage , though not because military authorities were unaware of it . Both Abbott Thayer in the First World War and Hugh Cott in the Second World War proposed countershading to their countries ' armed forces . They each demonstrated the effectiveness of countershading , without succeeding in persuading their armed forces to adopt the technique , though they influenced military adoption of camouflage in general . Cott was a protege of John Graham Kerr who had quarrelled with Norman Wilkinson in the First World War about dazzle camouflage for ships . Wilkinson remained influential in 1939 as an inspector of camouflage , so a political argument developed . Cott was invited to camouflage a 12 @-@ inch rail @-@ mounted gun , alongside a similar gun camouflaged conventionally . Cott carefully combined disruptive contrast to break up the gun barrel 's outlines with countershading to flatten out its appearance as a solid cylinder . The guns were then photographed from the air from various angles , and in Peter Forbes 's view " the results were remarkable . " Cott 's gun is " invisible except to the most minute scrutiny by someone who knows exactly where to look and what to look for . The other gun is always highly visible . " The authorities hesitated , appearing to be embarrassed by the evidence that Cott was right . Cott was posted to the Middle East , and Kerr unsuccessfully intervened , pleading for guns to be painted Cott 's way and Cott to be brought home . The Australian zoologist William Dakin in his 1941 book The Art of Camouflage followed Thayer in describing countershading in some detail , and the book was reprinted as a military handbook in 1942 . Dakin photographed model birds , much as Thayer and Cott had done , and argued that the shoulders and arms of battledress should be countershaded . Countershading was described in the US War Department 's 1943 Principles of Camouflage , where after four paragraphs of theory and one on its use in nature , the advice given is Upper surfaces should be painted and textured so as to conform to the color and tone of the surrounding country ( background ) and the sides graded and toned from this to the white which the under surfaces and parts in shade should be painted . Inventors have continued to advocate military usage of countershading , with for example a 2005 US patent for personal camouflage including countershading in the form of " statistical countercoloring " with varying sizes of rounded dark patches on a lighter ground . Research by Ariel Tankus and Yehezkel Yeshurun investigating " camouflage breaking " , the automated detection of objects such as tanks , showed that analysing images for convexity by looking for graded shadows can " break very strong camouflage , which might delude even human viewers . " More precisely , images are searched for places where the gradient of brightness crosses zero , such as the line where a shadow stops becoming darker and starts to become lighter again . The technique defeated camouflage using disruption of edges , but the authors observed that animals with Thayer countershading are using " counter @-@ measures to convexity based detectors " , which implied " predators who use convexity based detectors . " = = Function = = Hannah Rowland , reviewing countershading 100 years after Abbott Thayer , observed that countershading , which she defines as " darker pigmentation on those surfaces exposed to the most lighting " is a common but poorly understood aspect of animal coloration . She noted there had been " much debate " about how countershading works . She considered the evidence for Thayer 's theory that this acts as camouflage " by reducing ventral shadowing " , and reviewed alternative explanations for countershading . Camouflage theories of countershading , Rowland wrote , include " self @-@ shadow concealment which results in improved background matching when viewed from the side " ; " self @-@ shadow concealment that flattens the form when viewed from the side " ; " background matching when viewed from above or below " ; and " body outline obliteration when viewed from above " . These are examined in turn below . = = = Flattening and background matching when viewed from the side = = = Cott , like Thayer , argued that countershading would make animals hard to see from the side , as they would " fade into a ghostly elusiveness " . Rowland notes that Cott is here reviewing Thayer 's theory and " reinforcing the view that a gradation in shading would act to eliminate the effects of ventral shadowing . " Kiltie measured the effect of the countershading of the grey squirrel , Sciurus carolinensis , showing that when the squirrel is horizontal the self @-@ shadowing of the belly is partly concealed , but that when the squirrel is vertical ( as when climbing a tree trunk ) this effect did not occur . Thayer 's original argument , restated by Cott , was that nature did the exact opposite with countershading that an artist did with paint when creating the illusion of solid three @-@ dimensionality , namely counteracting the effect of shade to flatten out form . Shading is a powerful cue used by animals in different phyla to identify the shapes of objects . Research with chicks showed that they preferred to peck at grains with shadows falling below them ( as if illuminated from above ) , so both humans and birds may make use of shading as a depth cue . = = = Background matching from above or below = = = A completely different function of animal ( and military vehicle ) coloration is to camouflage the top and bottom surfaces differently , to match their backgrounds below and above respectively . This was noted , for example , by Frank Evers Beddard in 1892 : Among pelagic fish it is common to find the upper surface dark @-@ coloured and the lower surface white , so that the animal is inconspicuous when seen either from above or below . Early researchers including Alfred Russel Wallace , Beddard , Cott and Craik argued that marine animals including pelagic fish such as marlin and mackerel , as well as dolphins , sharks , and penguins the upper and lower surfaces are sharply distinct in tone , with a dark upper surface and often a nearly white lower surface . They suggested that when seen from the top , the darker dorsal surface of the animal would offer camouflage against the darkness of the deep water below . When seen from below , the lighter ventral area would similarly provide the least possible contrast with the sunlit ocean surface above . There is some evidence for this in birds , where birds that catch fish at a medium depth , rather than at the surface or on the seabed , are more often coloured in this way , and the prey of these birds would see only the underside of the bird . Rowland concluded that each possible role for coloration patterns lumped together as " countershading " needs to be evaluated separately , rather than just assuming it functions effectively . = = = Outline obliteration from above = = = Rowland ( 2009 ) identified an additional mechanism of countershading not previously analysed , namely that a round body like a cylinder illuminated and seen from above appears to have dark sides . Using a graphics tool , she demonstrated that this effect can be flattened out by countershading . Since predators are known to use edges to identify prey , countershading may therefore , she argues , make prey harder to detect when seen from above . = = = Non @-@ camouflage theories = = = Non @-@ camouflage theories include protection from ultraviolet light ; thermoregulation ; and protection from abrasion . All three of these " plausible " theories remained largely untested in 2009 , according to Rowland . = = Evidence = = Despite demonstrations and examples adduced by Cott and others , little experimental evidence for the effectiveness of countershading was gathered in the century since Thayer 's discovery . Experiments in 2009 using artificial prey showed that countershaded objects do have survival benefits and in 2012 , a study by William Allen and colleagues showed that countershading in 114 species of ruminants closely matched predictions for " self @-@ shadow concealment " , the function predicted by Poulton , Thayer and Cott . = = Mechanism = = Evolutionary developmental biology ( ' Evo Devo ' ) has assembled evidence from embryology and genetics to show how evolution has acted at all scales from the whole organism down to individual genes , proteins and genetic switches . In the case of countershaded mammals with dark ( often brownish ) upper parts and lighter ( often buff or whitish ) under parts , such as in the house mouse , it is the Agouti gene which creates the difference in shading . Agouti encodes for a protein , the Agouti signalling peptide ( ASP ) , which specifically inhibits the action of the Melanocortin 1 receptor ( MC1R ) . In the absence of the Agouti protein , alpha @-@ melanocyte @-@ stimulating hormone stimulates the cells bearing MC1R , melanocytes , to produce dark eumelanin , colouring the skin and fur dark brown or black . In the presence of the Agouti protein , the same system produces the lighter @-@ coloured , yellow or red phaeomelanin . A genetic switch active in the cells of the embryo that will become the belly skin causes the Agouti gene to become active there , creating the countershading seen in adult mammals . = = Reverse countershading = = If countershading paints out shadows , the reverse , darkening the belly and lightening the back , would maximise contrast by adding to the natural fall of light . This pattern of animal coloration is found in animals like the skunk and honey badger with strong defences — the offensive stink of the skunk , and the sharp claws , aggressive nature and stink of the honey badger . These animals do not run when under attack , but move slowly , often turning to face the danger , and giving deimatic or threat displays either to startle inexperienced predators , or as an aposematic signal , to warn off experienced ones . The caterpillar of the Luna moth , as discovered by Thayer , is in Cott 's phrase " countershaded in relation to [ its ] attitude " , i.e. shaded with a light back grading to a dark belly , as also is the Nile catfish , Synodontis batensoda for the same reason : these animals ( and other caterpillars including Automeris io and the eyed hawkmoth , Smerinthus ocellatus ) habitually live ' upside down ' with the belly uppermost . Similarly in the sea slug Glaucus atlanticus , the reverse countershading is associated with inverted habits . These animals are thus employing countershading in the usual way for camouflage . = = Examples in animals = = = = = Pioneering books = = = Beddard , F. E. ( 1892 ) . Animal coloration ; an account of the principal facts and theories relating to the colours and markings of animals . Swan Sonnenschein . Cott , Hugh B. ( 1940 ) . Adaptive Coloration in Animals . Oxford University Press . Thayer , Gerald H. ( 1909 ) . Concealing @-@ Coloration in the Animal Kingdom . An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise Through Color and Pattern : Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer 's Discoveries . Macmillan . Wallace , A.R. ( 1889 ) . Darwinism . An exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications . Macmillan . = = = General reading = = = Behrens , Roy R ( 2009 ) . Goldstein , E Bruce , ed . Encyclopedia of Perception , Volume 1 . Sage. pp. 233 – 235 . Edmunds , Malcolm ( 2008 ) . " Deimatic Behavior " . In Capinera , John L. Encyclopedia of Entomology . Springer . Forbes , Peter ( 2009 ) . Dazzled and Deceived : Mimicry and Camouflage . Yale . Rowland , Hannah M ( 2011 ) . " The history , theory and evidence for a cryptic function of countershading " . In Stevens , Martin ; Merilaita , Sami . Animal Camouflage : Mechanisms and Function . Cambridge University Press . Ruxton , Graeme D ; Sherratt , Tom N ; Speed , Michael P ( 2004 ) . " 3 . Countershading and counterillumination " . Avoiding Attack : The Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis , Warning Signals and Mimicry . Oxford University Press . = = = Journals = = = Allen , William L ; Baddeley , Roland ; Cuthill , Innes C ; Scott @-@ Samuel , Nicholas E ( December 2012 ) . " A Quantitative Test of the Predicted Relationship between Countershading and Lighting Environment " . The American Naturalist 180 ( 6 ) : 762 – 776 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1086 / 668011 . Anon ( 4 November 1943 ) . " Principles of Camouflage " . Tactical and Technical Trends 37 . Behrens , Roy ( 27 February 2009 ) . " Revisiting Abbott Thayer : non @-@ scientific reflections about camouflage in art , war and zoology " . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B ( Royal Society Publishing ) 364 ( 1516 ) : 497 – 501 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1098 / rstb.2008.0250. PMC 2674083 . PMID 19000975 . Retrieved 2009 @-@ 05 @-@ 05 . Craik , KJ ( 1944 ) . " White plumage of sea @-@ birds " . Nature 153 : 288 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1038 / 153288 . Edmunds , M ; Dewhirst , RA ( 1994 ) . " The survival value of countershading with wild birds as predators " . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 51 ( 4 ) : 447 – 452 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1111 / j.1095 @-@ 8312.1994.tb00973.x. Elias , Ann ( 2011 ) . " Camouflage Australia : Art , Nature , Science and War " . Sydney University Press. pp. 47 – 53 . Hershberger , W ( 1970 ) . " Attached @-@ shadow orientation perceived as depth by chickens reared in an environment illuminated from below " . J. Comp . Physiol . Psychol 73 : 407 – 411 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1037 / h0030223 . Jones , BW ; Nishiguchi , MK ( 2004 ) . " Counterillumination in the Hawaiian bobtail squid , Euprymna scolopes Berry ( Mollusca : Cephalopoda ) " ( PDF ) . Marine Biology 144 ( 6 ) : 1151 – 1155 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1007 / s00227 @-@ 003 @-@ 1285 @-@ 3 . Kiltie , RA ( 1944 ) . " Testing Thayer 's countershading hypothesis - an image @-@ processing approach " . Animal Behaviour 38 : 542 – 544 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / S0003 @-@ 3472 ( 89 ) 800 . ONR ( 2013 ) . " Ocean Life : Mammals -Adaptation " . Office of Naval Research . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Poulton , Edward B. ( October 1887 ) . " Notes in 1886 upon Lepidopterous Larvae , etc . " . Transactions of the Entomological Society of London : 294 . Poulton , Edward B ( October 1888 ) . " Notes in 1887 upon Lepidopterous Larvae , etc . " . Transactions of the Entomological Society of London : 595 – 596 . Rowland , Hannah M. ( 2009 ) . " Abbott Thayer to the present day : what have we learned about the function of countershading ? " ( PDF ) . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 364 : 519 – 527 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1098 / rstb.2008.0261. PMC 2674085 . PMID 19000972 . Ruxton , Graeme D ; Speed , Michael P ; Kelly , David J ( 2004 ) . " What , if anything , is the adaptive function of countershading ? " ( PDF ) . Animal Behaviour 68 : 445 – 451 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / j.anbehav.2003.12.009. Speed , MP ; Kelly , David J ; Davidson , AM ; G.D. Ruxton ( 2005 ) . " Countershading enhances crypsis with some bird species but not others " . Behavioral Ecology 16 ( 2 ) : 327 – 334 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1093 / beheco / arh166 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Tankus , Ariel ; Yeshurun , Yehezkel . " Convexity @-@ based Camouflage Breaking " ( PDF ) . Tel Aviv University. pp. 1 – 4 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Tooley , Kurt ( 15 December 2005 ) . " Advanced camouflage system and method , Patent application 11 / 159 @,@ 911 , Publication US 2005 / 0276955 A1 " . US Patent Office. pp. 1 – 4 . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Young , RE ; Roper , CFE ( 1976 ) . " Bioluminescent countershading in midwater animals : Evidence from living squid " . Science 191 ( 4231 ) : 1046 – 1048 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1126 / science.1251214. PMID 1251214 . Young , RE ; Roper , CFE ( 1977 ) . " Intensity regulation of bioluminescence during countershading in living midwater animals " . Fishery Bulletin 75 ( 2 ) : 239 – 252 .
= Allosaurus = Allosaurus ( / ˌæləˈsɔːrəs / ) is a genus of large theropod dinosaur that lived 155 to 150 million years ago during the late Jurassic period ( Kimmeridgian to early Tithonian ) . The name " Allosaurus " means " different lizard " . It is derived from the Greek ἄλλος / allos ( " different , other " ) and σαῦρος / sauros ( " lizard / generic reptile " ) . The first fossil remains that can definitely be ascribed to this genus were described in 1877 by paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh , and it became known as Antrodemus . As one of the first well @-@ known theropod dinosaurs , it has long attracted attention outside of paleontological circles . Indeed , it has been a top feature in several films and documentaries about prehistoric life . Allosaurus was a large bipedal predator . Its skull was large and equipped with dozens of sharp , serrated teeth . It averaged 8 @.@ 5 m ( 28 ft ) in length , though fragmentary remains suggest it could have reached over 12 m ( 39 ft ) . Relative to the large and powerful hindlimbs , its three @-@ fingered forelimbs were small , and the body was balanced by a long and heavily muscled tail . It is classified as an allosaurid , a type of carnosaurian theropod dinosaur . The genus has a complicated taxonomy , and includes an uncertain number of valid species , the best known of which is A. fragilis . The bulk of Allosaurus remains have come from North America 's Morrison Formation , with material also known from Portugal and possibly Tanzania . It was known for over half of the 20th century as Antrodemus , but study of the copious remains from the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry brought the name " Allosaurus " back to prominence , and established it as one of the best @-@ known dinosaurs . As the most abundant large predator in the Morrison Formation , Allosaurus was at the top of the food chain , probably preying on contemporaneous large herbivorous dinosaurs and perhaps even other predators . Potential prey included ornithopods , stegosaurids , and sauropods . Some paleontologists interpret Allosaurus as having had cooperative social behavior , and hunting in packs , while others believe individuals may have been aggressive toward each other , and that congregations of this genus are the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcasses . It may have attacked large prey by ambush , using its upper jaw like a hatchet . = = Description = = Allosaurus was a typical large theropod , having a massive skull on a short neck , a long tail and reduced forelimbs . Allosaurus fragilis , the best @-@ known species , had an average length of 8 @.@ 5 m ( 28 ft ) , with the largest definitive Allosaurus specimen ( AMNH 680 ) estimated at 9 @.@ 7 meters ( 32 feet ) long , and an estimated weight of 2 @.@ 3 metric tons ( 2 @.@ 5 short tons ) . In his 1976 monograph on Allosaurus , James Madsen mentioned a range of bone sizes which he interpreted to show a maximum length of 12 to 13 m ( 39 to 43 ft ) . As with dinosaurs in general , weight estimates are debatable , and since 1980 have ranged between 1 @,@ 500 kilograms ( 3 @,@ 300 pounds ) , 1 @,@ 000 to 4 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 to 8 @,@ 800 lb ) , and 1 @,@ 010 kilograms ( 2 @,@ 230 pounds ) for modal adult weight ( not maximum ) . John Foster , a specialist on the Morrison Formation , suggests that 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) is reasonable for large adults of A. fragilis , but that 700 kg ( 1 @,@ 500 lb ) is a closer estimate for individuals represented by the average @-@ sized thigh bones he has measured . Using the subadult specimen nicknamed " Big Al " , researchers using computer modelling arrived at a best estimate of 1 @,@ 500 kilograms ( 3 @,@ 300 lb ) for the individual , but by varying parameters they found a range from approximately 1 @,@ 400 kilograms ( 3 @,@ 100 lb ) to approximately 2 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 4 @,@ 400 lb ) . Several gigantic specimens have been attributed to Allosaurus , but may in fact belong to other genera . The closely related genus Saurophaganax ( OMNH 1708 ) reached perhaps 10 @.@ 9 m ( 36 ft ) in length , and its single species has sometimes been included in the genus Allosaurus as Allosaurus maximus , though recent studies support it as a separate genus . Another potential specimen of Allosaurus , once assigned to the genus Epanterias ( AMNH 5767 ) , may have measured 12 @.@ 1 meters ( 40 feet ) in length . A more recent discovery is a partial skeleton from the Peterson Quarry in Morrison rocks of New Mexico ; this large allosaurid may be another individual of Saurophaganax . = = = Skull = = = The skull and teeth of Allosaurus were modestly proportioned for a theropod of its size . Paleontologist Gregory S. Paul gives a length of 845 mm ( 33 @.@ 3 in ) for a skull belonging to an individual he estimates at 7 @.@ 9 m ( 26 ft ) long . Each premaxilla ( the bones that formed the tip of the snout ) , held five teeth with D @-@ shaped cross @-@ sections , and each maxilla ( the main tooth @-@ bearing bones in the upper jaw ) had between 14 and 17 teeth ; the number of teeth does not exactly correspond to the size of the bone . Each dentary ( the tooth @-@ bearing bone of the lower jaw ) had between 14 and 17 teeth , with an average count of 16 . The teeth became shorter , more narrow , and more curved toward the back of the skull . All of the teeth had saw @-@ like edges . They were shed easily , and were replaced continually , making them common fossils . The skull had a pair of horns above and in front of the eyes . These horns were composed of extensions of the lacrimal bones , and varied in shape and size . There were also lower paired ridges running along the top edges of the nasal bones that led into the horns . The horns were probably covered in a keratin sheath and may have had a variety of functions , including acting as sunshades for the eye , being used for display , and being used in combat against other members of the same species ( although they were fragile ) . There was a ridge along the back of the skull roof for muscle attachment , as is also seen in tyrannosaurids . Inside the lacrimal bones were depressions that may have held glands , such as salt glands . Within the maxillae were sinuses that were better developed than those of more basal theropods such as Ceratosaurus and Marshosaurus ; they may have been related to the sense of smell , perhaps holding something like Jacobson 's organ . The roof of the braincase was thin , perhaps to improve thermoregulation for the brain . The skull and lower jaws had joints that permitted motion within these units . In the lower jaws , the bones of the front and back halves loosely articulated , permitting the jaws to bow outward and increasing the animal 's gape . The braincase and frontals may also have had a joint . = = = Postcranial skeleton = = = Allosaurus had nine vertebrae in the neck , 14 in the back , and five in the sacrum supporting the hips . The number of tail vertebrae is unknown and varied with individual size ; James Madsen estimated about 50 , while Gregory S. Paul considered that to be too many and suggested 45 or less . There were hollow spaces in the neck and anterior back vertebrae . Such spaces , which are also found in modern theropods ( that is , the birds ) , are interpreted as having held air sacs used in respiration . The rib cage was broad , giving it a barrel chest , especially in comparison to less derived theropods like Ceratosaurus . Allosaurus had gastralia ( belly ribs ) , but these are not common findings , and they may have ossified poorly . In one published case , the gastralia show evidence of injury during life . A furcula ( wishbone ) was also present , but has only been recognized since 1996 ; in some cases furculae were confused with gastralia . The ilium , the main hip bone , was massive , and the pubic bone had a prominent foot that may have been used for both muscle attachment and as a prop for resting the body on the ground . Madsen noted that in about half of the individuals from the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry , independent of size , the pubes had not fused to each other at their foot ends . He suggested that this was a sexual characteristic , with females lacking fused bones to make egg @-@ laying easier . This proposal has not attracted further attention , however . The forelimbs of Allosaurus were short in comparison to the hindlimbs ( only about 35 % the length of the hindlimbs in adults ) and had three fingers per hand , tipped with large , strongly curved and pointed claws . The arms were powerful , and the forearm was somewhat shorter than the upper arm ( 1 : 1 @.@ 2 ulna / humerus ratio ) . The wrist had a version of the semilunate carpal also found in more derived theropods like maniraptorans . Of the three fingers , the innermost ( or thumb ) was the largest , and diverged from the others . The phalangeal formula is 2 @-@ 3 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 @-@ 0 , meaning that the innermost finger ( phalange ) has two bones , the next has three , and the third finger has four . The legs were not as long or suited for speed as those of tyrannosaurids , and the claws of the toes were less developed and more hoof @-@ like than those of earlier theropods . Each foot had three weight @-@ bearing toes and an inner dewclaw , which Madsen suggested could have been used for grasping in juveniles . There was also what is interpreted as the splint @-@ like remnant of a fifth ( outermost ) metatarsal , perhaps used as a lever between the Achilles tendon and foot . = = Classification = = Allosaurus was an allosaurid , a member of a family of large theropods within the larger group Carnosauria . The family name Allosauridae was created for this genus in 1878 by Othniel Charles Marsh , but the term was largely unused until the 1970s in favor of Megalosauridae , another family of large theropods that eventually became a wastebasket taxon . This , along with the use of Antrodemus for Allosaurus during the same period , is a point that needs to be remembered when searching for information on Allosaurus in publications that predate James Madsen 's 1976 monograph . Major publications using the name " Megalosauridae " instead of " Allosauridae " include Gilmore , 1920 , von Huene , 1926 , Romer , 1956 and 1966 , Steel , 1970 , and Walker , 1964 . Following the publication of Madsen 's influential monograph , Allosauridae became the preferred family assignment , but it too was not strongly defined . Semi @-@ technical works used Allosauridae for a variety of large theropods , usually those that were larger and better @-@ known than megalosaurids . Typical theropods that were thought to be related to Allosaurus included Indosaurus , Piatnitzkysaurus , Piveteausaurus , Yangchuanosaurus , Acrocanthosaurus , Chilantaisaurus , Compsosuchus , Stokesosaurus , and Szechuanosaurus . Given modern knowledge of theropod diversity and the advent of cladistic study of evolutionary relationships , none of these theropods is now recognized as an allosaurid , although several , like Acrocanthosaurus and Yangchuanosaurus , are members of closely related families . Below is a cladogram by Benson et al. in 2010 . Allosauridae is one of four families in Carnosauria ; the other three are Neovenatoridae , Carcharodontosauridae and Sinraptoridae . Allosauridae has at times been proposed as ancestral to the Tyrannosauridae ( which would make it paraphyletic ) , one recent example being Gregory S. Paul 's Predatory Dinosaurs of the World , but this has been rejected , with tyrannosaurids identified as members of a separate branch of theropods , the Coelurosauria . Allosauridae is the smallest of the carnosaur families , with only Saurophaganax and a currently unnamed French allosauroid accepted as possible valid genera besides Allosaurus in the most recent review . Another genus , Epanterias , is a potential valid member , but it and Saurophaganax may turn out to be large examples of Allosaurus . Recent reviews have kept the genus Saurophaganax and included Epanterias with Allosaurus . = = Discovery and history = = = = = Early discoveries and research = = = The discovery and early study of Allosaurus is complicated by the multiplicity of names coined during the Bone Wars of the late 19th century . The first described fossil in this history was a bone obtained secondhand by Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden in 1869 . It came from Middle Park , near Granby , Colorado , probably from Morrison Formation rocks . The locals had identified such bones as " petrified horse hoofs " . Hayden sent his specimen to Joseph Leidy , who identified it as half of a tail vertebra , and tentatively assigned it to the European dinosaur genus Poekilopleuron as Poicilopleuron [ sic ] valens . He later decided it deserved its own genus , Antrodemus . Allosaurus itself is based on YPM 1930 , a small collection of fragmentary bones including parts of three vertebrae , a rib fragment , a tooth , a toe bone , and , most useful for later discussions , the shaft of the right humerus ( upper arm ) . Othniel Charles Marsh gave these remains the formal name Allosaurus fragilis in 1877 . Allosaurus comes from the Greek allos / αλλος , meaning " strange " or " different " and sauros / σαυρος , meaning " lizard " or " reptile " . It was named ' different lizard ' because its vertebrae were different from those of other dinosaurs known at the time of its discovery . The species epithet fragilis is Latin for " fragile " , referring to lightening features in the vertebrae . The bones were collected from the Morrison Formation of Garden Park , north of Cañon City . Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope , who were in scientific competition , went on to coin several other genera based on similarly sparse material that would later figure in the taxonomy of Allosaurus . These include Marsh 's Creosaurus and Labrosaurus , and Cope 's Epanterias . In their haste , Cope and Marsh did not always follow up on their discoveries ( or , more commonly , those made by their subordinates ) . For example , after the discovery by Benjamin Mudge of the type specimen of Allosaurus in Colorado , Marsh elected to concentrate work in Wyoming ; when work resumed at Garden Park in 1883 , M. P. Felch found an almost complete Allosaurus and several partial skeletons . In addition , one of Cope 's collectors , H. F. Hubbell , found a specimen in the Como Bluff area of Wyoming in 1879 , but apparently did not mention its completeness , and Cope never unpacked it . Upon unpacking in 1903 ( several years after Cope had died ) , it was found to be one of the most complete theropod specimens then known , and in 1908 the skeleton , now cataloged as AMNH 5753 , was put on public view . This is the well @-@ known mount poised over a partial Apatosaurus skeleton as if scavenging it , illustrated as such by Charles R. Knight . Although notable as the first free @-@ standing mount of a theropod dinosaur , and often illustrated and photographed , it has never been scientifically described . The multiplicity of early names complicated later research , with the situation compounded by the terse descriptions provided by Marsh and Cope . Even at the time , authors such as Samuel Wendell Williston suggested that too many names had been coined . For example , Williston pointed out in 1901 that Marsh had never been able to adequately distinguish Allosaurus from Creosaurus . The most influential early attempt to sort out the convoluted situation was produced by Charles W. Gilmore in 1920 . He came to the conclusion that the tail vertebra named Antrodemus by Leidy was indistinguishable from those of Allosaurus , and Antrodemus thus should be the preferred name because as the older name it had priority . Antrodemus became the accepted name for this familiar genus for over fifty years , until James Madsen published on the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd specimens and concluded that Allosaurus should be used because Antrodemus was based on material with poor , if any , diagnostic features and locality information ( for example , the geological formation that the single bone of Antrodemus came from is unknown ) . " Antrodemus " has been used informally for convenience when distinguishing between the skull Gilmore restored and the composite skull restored by Madsen . = = = Cleveland @-@ Lloyd discoveries = = = Although sporadic work at what became known as the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Emery County , Utah had taken place as early as 1927 , and the fossil site itself described by William J. Stokes in 1945 , major operations did not begin there until 1960 . Under a cooperative effort involving nearly 40 institutions , thousands of bones were recovered between 1960 and 1965 . The quarry is notable for the predominance of Allosaurus remains , the condition of the specimens , and the lack of scientific resolution on how it came to be . The majority of bones belong to the large theropod Allosaurus fragilis ( it is estimated that the remains of at least 46 A. fragilis have been found there , out of at minimum 73 dinosaurs ) , and the fossils found there are disarticulated and well @-@ mixed . Nearly a dozen scientific papers have been written on the taphonomy of the site , suggesting numerous mutually exclusive explanations for how it may have formed . Suggestions have ranged from animals getting stuck in a bog , to becoming trapped in deep mud , to falling victim to drought @-@ induced mortality around a waterhole , to getting trapped in a spring @-@ fed pond or seep . Regardless of the actual cause , the great quantity of well @-@ preserved Allosaurus remains has allowed this genus to be known in detail , making it among the best @-@ known theropods . Skeletal remains from the quarry pertain to individuals of almost all ages and sizes , from less than 1 meter ( 3 @.@ 3 feet ) to 12 meters ( 39 feet ) long , and the disarticulation is an advantage for describing bones usually found fused . = = = Recent work : 1980s – present = = = The period since Madsen 's monograph has been marked by a great expansion in studies dealing with topics concerning Allosaurus in life ( paleobiological and paleoecological topics ) . Such studies have covered topics including skeletal variation , growth , skull construction , hunting methods , the brain , and the possibility of gregarious living and parental care . Reanalysis of old material ( particularly of large ' allosaur ' specimens ) , new discoveries in Portugal , and several very complete new specimens have also contributed to the growing knowledge base . = = = = " Big Al " and " Big Al Two " = = = = In 1991 " Big Al " ( MOR 693 ) , a 95 % complete , partially articulated specimen of Allosaurus was discovered . It measured about 8 meters ( about 26 ft ) in length . MOR 693 was excavated near Shell , Wyoming , by a joint Museum of the Rockies and University of Wyoming Geological Museum team . This skeleton was discovered by a Swiss team , led by Kirby Siber . In 1996 the same team discovered a second Allosaurus , " Big Al Two " , which is the best preserved skeleton of its kind to date . The completeness , preservation , and scientific importance of this skeleton gave " Big Al " its name ; the individual itself was below the average size for Allosaurus fragilis , and was a subadult estimated at only 87 % grown . The specimen was described by Breithaupt in 1996 . Nineteen of its bones were broken or showed signs of infection , which may have contributed to " Big Al 's " death . Pathologic bones included five ribs , five vertebrae , and four bones of the feet ; several damaged bones showed osteomyelitis , a bone infection . A particular problem for the living animal was infection and trauma to the right foot that probably affected movement and may have also predisposed the other foot to injury because of a change in gait . Al had an infection on the first phalanx on the third toe that was afflicted by an involucrum . The infection was long lived , perhaps up to 6 months . Big Al Two is also known to have multiple injuries . = = Species and taxonomy = = There are currently four valid and one undescribed species of Allosaurus ( A. amplus , A. europaeus , the type species A. fragilis , the as @-@ yet not formally described " A. jimmadseni " , and A. lucasi ) . A. fragilis , " A. jimmadseni " , and A. lucasi are all known from remains discovered in the Kimmeridgian – Tithonian Upper Jurassic @-@ age Morrison Formation of the United States , spread across the states of Colorado , Montana , New Mexico , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Utah , and Wyoming . A. fragilis is regarded as the most common , known from the remains of at least sixty individuals . For a while in the late 1980s and early 1990s it was common to recognize A. fragilis as the short @-@ snouted species , with the long @-@ snouted taxon being A. atrox ; however , subsequent analysis of specimens from the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd Quarry , Como Bluff , and Dry Mesa Quarry showed that the differences seen in the Morrison Formation material could be attributed to individual variation . A study of skull elements from the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd site found wide variation between individuals , calling into question previous species @-@ level distinctions based on such features as the shape of the lacrimal horns , and the proposed differentiation of " A. jimmadseni " based on the shape of the jugal . A. europaeus was found in the Kimmeridgian @-@ age Porto Novo Member of the Lourinhã Formation , but may be the same as A. fragilis . Allosaurus tendagurensis was found in Kimmeridgian @-@ age rocks of Tendaguru , in Mtwara , Tanzania . It was subsequently classified as a more basal tetanuran , before being finally recognized as a carcharodontosaurid , Although obscure , it was a large theropod , possibly around 10 meters ( 33 feet ) long and 2 @.@ 5 metric tons ( 2 @.@ 8 short tons ) in weight . Allosaurus is regarded as a probable synonym of the genera Creosaurus , Epanterias , and Labrosaurus . Most of the species that are regarded as synonyms of A. fragilis , or that were misassigned to the genus , are obscure and were based on scrappy remains . One exception is Labrosaurus ferox , named in 1884 by Marsh for an oddly formed partial lower jaw , with a prominent gap in the tooth row at the tip of the jaw , and a rear section greatly expanded and turned down . Later researchers suggested that the bone was pathologic , showing an injury to the living animal , and that part of the unusual form of the rear of the bone was due to plaster reconstruction . It is now regarded as an example of A. fragilis . Other remains formerly thought to pertain to Allosaurus were described from Australia , and Siberia , but these fossils have been reassessed as belonging to other dinosaurs . The issue of synonyms is complicated by the type specimen of Allosaurus fragilis ( catalog number YPM 1930 ) being extremely fragmentary , consisting of a few incomplete vertebrae , limb bone fragments , rib fragments , and a tooth . Because of this , several scientists have interpreted the type specimen as potentially dubious , and thus the genus Allosaurus itself or at least the species A. fragilis would be a nomen dubium ( " dubious name " , based on a specimen too incomplete to compare to other specimens or to classify ) . To address this situation , Gregory S. Paul and Kenneth Carpenter ( 2010 ) submitted a petition to the ICZN to have the name " A. fragilis " officially transferred to the more complete specimen USNM4734 ( as a neotype ) . This request is currently pending review . = = Paleoecology = = Allosaurus was the most common large theropod in the vast tract of Western American fossil @-@ bearing rock known as the Morrison Formation , accounting for 70 to 75 % of theropod specimens , and as such was at the top trophic level of the Morrison food web . The Morrison Formation is interpreted as a semiarid environment with distinct wet and dry seasons , and flat floodplains . Vegetation varied from river @-@ lining forests of conifers , tree ferns , and ferns ( gallery forests ) , to fern savannas with occasional trees such as the Araucaria @-@ like conifer Brachyphyllum . The Morrison Formation has been a rich fossil hunting ground . The flora of the period has been revealed by fossils of green algae , fungi , mosses , horsetails , ferns , cycads , ginkgoes , and several families of conifers . Animal fossils discovered include bivalves , snails , ray @-@ finned fishes , frogs , salamanders , turtles , sphenodonts , lizards , terrestrial and aquatic crocodylomorphans , several species of pterosaur , numerous dinosaur species , and early mammals such as docodonts , multituberculates , symmetrodonts , and triconodonts . Dinosaurs known from the Morrison include the theropods Ceratosaurus , Ornitholestes , and Torvosaurus , the sauropods Apatosaurus , Brachiosaurus , Brontosaurus , Camarasaurus , and Diplodocus , and the ornithischians Camptosaurus , Dryosaurus , and Stegosaurus . Allosaurus is commonly found at the same sites as Apatosaurus , Camarasaurus , Diplodocus , and Stegosaurus . The Late Jurassic formations of Portugal where Allosaurus is present are interpreted as having been similar to the Morrison but with a stronger marine influence . Many of the dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation are the same genera as those seen in Portuguese rocks ( mainly Allosaurus , Ceratosaurus , Torvosaurus , and Stegosaurus ) , or have a close counterpart ( Brachiosaurus and Lusotitan , Camptosaurus and Draconyx ) . Allosaurus coexisted with fellow large theropods Ceratosaurus and Torvosaurus in both the United States and Portugal . The three appear to have had different ecological niches , based on anatomy and the location of fossils . Ceratosaurs and torvosaurs may have preferred to be active around waterways , and had lower , thinner bodies that would have given them an advantage in forest and underbrush terrains , whereas allosaurs were more compact , with longer legs , faster but less maneuverable , and seem to have preferred dry floodplains . Ceratosaurus , better known than Torvosaurus , differed noticeably from Allosaurus in functional anatomy by having a taller , narrower skull with large , broad teeth . Allosaurus was itself a potential food item to other carnivores , as illustrated by an Allosaurus pubic foot marked by the teeth of another theropod , probably Ceratosaurus or Torvosaurus . The location of the bone in the body ( along the bottom margin of the torso and partially shielded by the legs ) , and the fact that it was among the most massive in the skeleton , indicates that the Allosaurus was being scavenged . = = Paleobiology = = = = = Life history = = = The wealth of Allosaurus fossils , from nearly all ages of individuals , allows scientists to study how the animal grew and how long its lifespan may have been . Remains may reach as far back in the lifespan as eggs — crushed eggs from Colorado have been suggested as those of Allosaurus . Based on histological analysis of limb bones , bone deposition appears to stop at around 22 to 28 years , which is comparable to that of other large theropods like Tyrannosaurus . From the same analysis , its maximum growth appears to have been at age 15 , with an estimated growth rate of about 150 kilograms ( 330 lb ) per year . Medullary bone tissue ( endosteally derived , ephemeral , mineralization located inside the medulla of the long bones in gravid female birds ) has been reported in at least one Allosaurus specimen , a shin bone from the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd Quarry . Today , this bone tissue is only formed in female birds that are laying eggs , as it is used to supply calcium to shells . Its presence in the Allosaurus individual has been used to establish sex and show it had reached reproductive age . However , other studies have called into question some cases of medullary bone in dinosaurs , including this Allosaurus individual . Data from extant birds suggested that the medullary bone in this Allosaurus individual may have been the result of a bone pathology instead . However , with the confirmation of medullary tissue indicating gender in a specimen of Tyrannosaurus , it may be possible to ascertain whether or not the Allosaurus in question was indeed female . The discovery of a juvenile specimen with a nearly complete hindlimb shows that the legs were relatively longer in juveniles , and the lower segments of the leg ( shin and foot ) were relatively longer than the thigh . These differences suggest that younger Allosaurus were faster and had different hunting strategies than adults , perhaps chasing small prey as juveniles , then becoming ambush hunters of large prey upon adulthood . The thigh bone became thicker and wider during growth , and the cross @-@ section less circular , as muscle attachments shifted , muscles became shorter , and the growth of the leg slowed . These changes imply that juvenile legs has less predictable stresses compared with adults , which would have moved with more regular forward progression . Conversely , the skull bones appear to have generally grown isometrically , increasing in size without changing in proportion . = = = Feeding = = = Paleontologists accept Allosaurus as an active predator of large animals . There is dramatic evidence for allosaur attacks on Stegosaurus , including an Allosaurus tail vertebra with a partially healed puncture wound that fits a Stegosaurus tail spike , and a Stegosaurus neck plate with a U @-@ shaped wound that correlates well with an Allosaurus snout . Sauropods seem to be likely candidates as both live prey and as objects of scavenging , based on the presence of scrapings on sauropod bones fitting allosaur teeth well and the presence of shed allosaur teeth with sauropod bones . However , as Gregory Paul noted in 1988 , Allosaurus was probably not a predator of fully grown sauropods , unless it hunted in packs , as it had a modestly sized skull and relatively small teeth , and was greatly outweighed by contemporaneous sauropods . Another possibility is that it preferred to hunt juveniles instead of fully grown adults . Research in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century may have found other solutions to this question . Robert T. Bakker , comparing Allosaurus to Cenozoic sabre @-@ toothed carnivorous mammals , found similar adaptations , such as a reduction of jaw muscles and increase in neck muscles , and the ability to open the jaws extremely wide . Although Allosaurus did not have sabre teeth , Bakker suggested another mode of attack that would have used such neck and jaw adaptations : the short teeth in effect became small serrations on a saw @-@ like cutting edge running the length of the upper jaw , which would have been driven into prey . This type of jaw would permit slashing attacks against much larger prey , with the goal of weakening the victim . Similar conclusions were drawn by another study using finite element analysis on an Allosaurus skull . According to their biomechanical analysis , the skull was very strong but had a relatively small bite force . By using jaw muscles only , it could produce a bite force of 805 to 2 @,@ 148 N , less than the values for alligators ( 13 @,@ 000 N ) , lions ( 4 @,@ 167 N ) , and leopards ( 2 @,@ 268 N ) , but the skull could withstand nearly 55 @,@ 500 N of vertical force against the tooth row . The authors suggested that Allosaurus used its skull like a hatchet against prey , attacking open @-@ mouthed , slashing flesh with its teeth , and tearing it away without splintering bones , unlike Tyrannosaurus , which is thought to have been capable of damaging bones . They also suggested that the architecture of the skull could have permitted the use of different strategies against different prey ; the skull was light enough to allow attacks on smaller and more agile ornithopods , but strong enough for high @-@ impact ambush attacks against larger prey like stegosaurids and sauropods . Their interpretations were challenged by other researchers , who found no modern analogues to a hatchet attack and considered it more likely that the skull was strong to compensate for its open construction when absorbing the stresses from struggling prey . The original authors noted that Allosaurus itself has no modern equivalent , that the tooth row is well @-@ suited to such an attack , and that articulations in the skull cited by their detractors as problematic actually helped protect the palate and lessen stress . Another possibility for handling large prey is that theropods like Allosaurus were " flesh grazers " which could take bites of flesh out of living sauropods that were sufficient to sustain the predator so it would not have needed to expend the effort to kill the prey outright . This strategy would also potentially have allowed the prey to recover and be fed upon in a similar way later . An additional suggestion notes that ornithopods were the most common available dinosaurian prey , and that allosaurs may have subdued them by using an attack similar to that of modern big cats : grasping the prey with their forelimbs , and then making multiple bites on the throat to crush the trachea . This is compatible with other evidence that the forelimbs were strong and capable of restraining prey . Studies done by Stephen Lautenschager et al. from the University of Bristol also indicate Allosaurus could open its jaws quite wide and sustain considerable muscle force . When compared with Tyrannosaurus and the therizinosaurid Erlikosaurus in the same study , it was found that Allosaurus had a wider gape than either ; the animal was capable of opening its jaws to a 79 degree angle . The findings also indicate that large carnivorous dinosaurs , like modern carnivores , had wider jaw gapes than herbivores . A biomechanical study published in 2013 by Eric Snively and colleagues found that Allosaurus had an unusually low attachment point on the skull for the longissimus capitis superficialis neck muscle compared to other theropods such as Tyrannosaurus . This would have allowed the animal to make rapid and forceful vertical movements with the skull . The authors found that vertical strikes as proposed by Bakker and Rayfield are consistent with the animal 's capabilities . They also found that the animal probably processed carcasses by vertical movements in a similar manner to falcons , such as kestrels : the animal could have gripped prey with the skull and feet , then pulled back and up to remove flesh . This differs from the prey @-@ handling envisioned for tyrannosaurids , which probably tore flesh with lateral shakes of the skull , similar to crocodilians . In addition , Allosaurus was able to " move its head and neck around relatively rapidly and with considerable control " , at the cost of power . Other aspects of feeding include the eyes , arms , and legs . The shape of the skull of Allosaurus limited potential binocular vision to 20 ° of width , slightly less than that of modern crocodilians . As with crocodilians , this may have been enough to judge prey distance and time attacks . The arms , compared with those of other theropods , were suited for both grasping prey at a distance or clutching it close , and the articulation of the claws suggests that they could have been used to hook things . Finally , the top speed of Allosaurus has been estimated at 30 to 55 kilometers per hour ( 19 to 34 miles per hour ) . Allosaurus could have also used a bone saw technique in which the carnivore would shake its head back and forth vertically and use its serrated teeth to slice through the thick skin and bones of dead animals . It is even possible that all carnosaurs could saw through bone , but at the moment , it is just a hypothesis . A new study on Allosaurus ' skull and how it worked has deemed the hatchet jaw attack unlikely since the animal would be wasting great amounts of energy with each bite . It seems more likely that Allosaurus hunted prey like any typical carnosaur by ripping great chunks of flesh from the animal and letting it bleed to death . = = = Social behavior = = = It has been speculated since the 1970s that Allosaurus preyed on sauropods and other large dinosaurs by hunting in groups . Such a depiction is common in semitechnical and popular dinosaur literature . Robert T. Bakker has extended social behavior to parental care , and has interpreted shed allosaur teeth and chewed bones of large prey animals as evidence that adult allosaurs brought food to lairs for their young to eat until they were grown , and prevented other carnivores from scavenging on the food . However , there is actually little evidence of gregarious behavior in theropods , and social interactions with members of the same species would have included antagonistic encounters , as shown by injuries to gastralia and bite wounds to skulls ( the pathologic lower jaw named Labrosaurus ferox is one such possible example ) . Such head @-@ biting may have been a way to establish dominance in a pack or to settle territorial disputes . Although Allosaurus may have hunted in packs , it has been argued that Allosaurus and other theropods had largely aggressive interactions instead of cooperative interactions with other members of their own species . The study in question noted that cooperative hunting of prey much larger than an individual predator , as is commonly inferred for theropod dinosaurs , is rare among vertebrates in general , and modern diapsid carnivores ( including lizards , crocodiles , and birds ) very rarely cooperate to hunt in such a way . Instead , they are typically territorial and will kill and cannibalize intruders of the same species , and will also do the same to smaller individuals that attempt to eat before they do when aggregated at feeding sites . According to this interpretation , the accumulation of remains of multiple Allosaurus individuals at the same site , e.g. in the Cleveland – Lloyd Quarry , are not due to pack hunting , but to the fact that Allosaurus individuals were drawn together to feed on other disabled or dead allosaurs , and were sometimes killed in the process . This could explain the high proportion of juvenile and subadult allosaurs present , as juveniles and subadults are disproportionally killed at modern group feeding sites of animals like crocodiles and Komodo dragons . The same interpretation applies to Bakker 's lair sites . There is some evidence for cannibalism in Allosaurus , including Allosaurus shed teeth found among rib fragments , possible tooth marks on a shoulder blade , and cannibalized allosaur skeletons among the bones at Bakker 's lair sites . = = = Brain and senses = = = The brain of Allosaurus , as interpreted from spiral CT scanning of an endocast , was more consistent with crocodilian brains than those of the other living archosaurs , birds . The structure of the vestibular apparatus indicates that the skull was held nearly horizontal , as opposed to strongly tipped up or down . The structure of the inner ear was like that of a crocodilian , and so Allosaurus probably could have heard lower frequencies best , and would have had trouble with subtle sounds . The olfactory bulbs were large and seem to have been well suited for detecting odors , although the area for evaluating smells was relatively small . = = = Paleopathology = = = In 2001 , Bruce Rothschild and others published a study examining evidence for stress fractures and tendon avulsions in theropod dinosaurs and the implications for their behavior . Since stress fractures are caused by repeated trauma rather than singular events they are more likely to be caused by the behavior of the animal than other kinds of injury . Stress fractures and tendon avulsions occurring in the forelimb have special behavioral significance since while injuries to the feet could be caused by running or migration , resistant prey items are the most probable source of injuries to the hand . Allosaurus was one of only two theropods examined in the study to exhibit a tendon avulsion , and in both cases the avulsion occurred on the forelimb . When the researchers looked for stress fractures , they found that Allosaurus had a significantly greater number of stress fractures than Albertosaurus , Ornithomimus or Archaeornithomimus . Of the 47 hand bones the researchers studied , 3 were found to contain stress fractures . Of the feet , 281 bones were studied and 17 found to have stress fractures . The stress fractures in the foot bones " were distributed to the proximal phalanges " and occurred across all three weight @-@ bearing toes in " statistically indistinguishable " numbers . Since the lower end of the third metatarsal would have contacted the ground first while an allosaur was running it would have borne the most stress . If the allosaurs ' stress fractures were caused by damage accumulating while walking or running this bone should have experience more stress fractures than the others . The lack of such a bias in the examined Allosaurus fossils indicates an origin for the stress fractures from a source other than running . The authors conclude that these fractures occurred during interaction with prey , like an allosaur trying to hold struggling prey with its feet . The abundance of stress fractures and avulsion injuries in Allosaurus provide evidence for " very active " predation @-@ based rather than scavenging diets . The left scapula and fibula of an Allosaurus fragilis specimen catalogued as USNM 4734 are both pathological , both probably due to healed fractures . The specimen USNM 8367 preserved several pathological gastralia which preserve evidence of healed fractures near their middle . Some of the fractures were poorly healed and " formed pseudoarthroses . " A specimen with a fractured rib was recovered from the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd Quarry . Another specimen had fractured ribs and fused vertebrae near the end of the tail . An apparent subadult male Allosaurus fragilis was reported to have extensive pathologies , with a total of fourteen separate injuries . The specimen MOR 693 had pathologies on five ribs , the sixth neck vertebra the third eighth and thirteenth back vertebrae , the second tail vertebra and its chevron , the gastralia right scapula , manual phalanx I left ilium metatarsals III and V , the first phalanx of the third toe and the third phalanx of the second . The ilium had " a large hole ... caused by a blow from above " .The near end of the first phalanx of the third toe was afflicted by an involucrum . Other pathologies reported in Allosaurus include : Willow breaks in two ribs . Healed fractures in the humerus and radius . Distortion of joint surfaces in the foot possibly due to osteoarthritis or developmental issues . Osteopetrosis along the endosteal surface of a tibia . Distortions of the joint surfaces of the tail vertebrae possibly due to osetoarthritis or developmental issues . " [ E ] xtensive ' neoplastic ' ankylosis of caudals , " possibly due to physical trauma as well as the fusion of chevrons to centra . Coossification of vertebral centra near the end of the tail . Amputation of a chevron and foot bone , both possibly a result of bites . " [ E ] xtensive exostoses " in the first phalanx of the third toe . Lesions similar to those caused by osteomyelitis in two scapulae . Bone spurs in a premaxilla , ungual , and two metacarpals . Exostosis in a pedal phalanx possibly attributable to an infectious disease . A metacarpal with a round depressed fracture . = = In popular culture = = Along with Tyrannosaurus , Allosaurus has come to represent the quintessential large , carnivorous dinosaur in western popular culture . It is a common dinosaur in American museums , due in particular to the excavations at the Cleveland @-@ Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry ; by 1976 , as a result of cooperative operations , 38 museums in eight countries on three continents had Cleveland @-@ Lloyd allosaur material or casts . Allosaurus is the official state fossil of Utah . Allosaurus has been depicted in popular culture since the early years of the 20th century . It is top predator in both Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1912 novel , The Lost World , and its 1925 film adaptation , the first full @-@ length motion picture to feature dinosaurs . Allosaurus was used as the starring dinosaur of the 1956 film The Beast of Hollow Mountain , and the 1969 film The Valley of Gwangi , two genre combinations of living dinosaurs with Westerns . In The Valley of Gwangi , Gwangi is billed as an Allosaurus , although Ray Harryhausen based his model for the creature on Charles R. Knight 's depiction of a Tyrannosaurus . Harryhausen sometimes confuses the two , stating in a DVD interview " They 're both meat eaters , they 're both tyrants ... one was just a bit larger than the other . " Allosaurus appeared in the second episode of the 1999 BBC television series Walking with Dinosaurs and the follow @-@ up special The Ballad of Big Al , which speculated on the life of the " Big Al " specimen , based on scientific evidence from the numerous injuries and pathologies in its skeleton . Allosaurus also made an appearance in the Discovery Channel series Dinosaur Revolution . Its depiction in this series was based upon a specimen with a smashed lower jaw that was uncovered by paleontologist Thomas Holtz . Allosaurus also appears in the 2011 BBC docu @-@ mini @-@ series Planet Dinosaur in the episode " Fight for Life " .
= The Boat Race 2012 = The 158th Boat Race took place on 7 April 2012 . Held annually , The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames in London . Despite Cambridge having the heavier crew , Oxford were pre @-@ race favourites having had a successful preparation period , including a victory over Leander . Cambridge won the toss and chose to start on the Surrey side of the river . Partway through , with the boats level , the race was temporarily halted to avoid injury to protester Trenton Oldfield , who swam in front of the two crews . After the race was restarted , one of the Oxford crew suffered irreparable damage to his blade following a clash of oars with the Cambridge boat , ending Oxford 's chances of victory . The race was eventually won by Cambridge by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths , in a consolidated time of 17 minutes 23 seconds . Immediately after completing the race , a member of the Oxford crew collapsed , but later recovered . Oldfield was later jailed for six months for causing a public nuisance , and as a result of the disruption , security for subsequent Boat Races was increased . The reserve race was won by Oxford 's Isis in a record time , while the Women 's Boat Race was won by Cambridge . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the 2012 race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by four lengths in the previous year 's race . However , Cambridge held the overall lead , with 80 victories to Oxford 's 76 . Oxford were pre @-@ race favourites , having beaten Leander , Molesey Boat Club and a German national under @-@ 23 crew in the previous weeks . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames Tideway , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat , has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Thames , prior to the main Boat Race . = = Crews = = The trial crews competed against one another on 13 December 2011 on The Championship Course . Oxford 's boats were titled Hell and High Water , while Cambridge 's two crews rowed in Cloak and Dagger . Hell and Dagger won their respective races . The official crews were announced at the weigh @-@ in , held on 5 March 2012 at a venue nearby the London 2012 Olympic Stadium . For the first time in Cambridge 's Boat Race history , their boat featured just one British oarsman , Mike Thorp , who , along with stroke David Nelson and Oxford 's number five Karl Hudspith , were the only participants who had featured in the 2011 race . The remainder of the Cambridge crew comprised three Americans , two Australians , a German , a New Zealander and cox Ed Bosson , another Briton . The Oxford crew consisted of a British cox , four British oarsmen , two Americans , a German and a Dutch rower . The Cambridge oarsmen weighed an average of 7 @.@ 9 kilograms ( 17 lb ) more than their Oxford counterparts , with Cambridge 's cox Ed Bosson outweighing Oxford 's Zoe de Toledo by 6 kilograms ( 13 lb ) . Despite the fact that heavier Oxbridge crews were traditionally more successful , Oxford boat club president Hudspith , himself part of the successful 2011 Dark Blue crew which defeated a heavier Cambridge crew , downplayed the disparity , " It 's a big difference but it 's a very long race and you have to have the power to carry that weight down the course " . = = Races = = = = = Women 's and reserves = = = The women 's race , the 66th meeting of Cambridge University Women 's Boat Club and Oxford University Women 's Boat Club , was held at the Henley Boat Races on 25 March . In a close race , Cambridge won by a quarter of a length , in a time of 6 minutes , 38 seconds . Oxford 's Osiris won the women 's reserve race against Cambridge 's Blondie . The reserve race , between Oxford 's Isis and Cambridge 's Goldie , was held thirty minutes before the main race , at 1 : 45pm . Goldie won the toss and elected to start on the Surrey station . Despite rating higher and taking an early lead , Goldie was caught by Isis between Fulham Football Club and Hammersmith Bridge at Barn Elms . Oxford 's reserve boat held a half @-@ length lead by the Mile Post , and extended their lead to over a length by Hammersmith Bridge . Isis continued to pull away and completed the race in a record time of 16 minutes 41 seconds , beating the previous best by seven seconds , five lengths ahead of Cambridge . = = = Main race = = = The race , sponsored by Xchanging , commenced at 2 : 15pm , with conditions overcast and a light rain , and a light wind . The umpire for the race was John Garrett , who had rowed for the Light Blues three times in the 1980s . Cambridge won the toss and chose the Surrey station , leaving Oxford with the longer outside bend from the Middlesex station . The crews were level at Fulham Football Club and Hammersmith Bridge but on the approach to Chiswick Pier , assistant umpire Matthew Pinsent spotted a person in the water and alerted umpire John Garrett , who stopped the race . Trenton Oldfield , a protestor against class elitism , had swum in front of the boats as they headed into the final bend , and narrowly avoided being struck . A representative of the Metropolitan Police noted : " They almost took his head off " . It was the first time the race had been stopped since 2001 , and only the second time in the history of the event . Oldfield was pulled from the water onto the umpire 's boat , handcuffed and arrested . The race was restarted some thirty minutes later , after Garrett had been satisfied that both crews were located as close as possible to where the disruption took place , in rough water caused by the flotilla following the race . Within a minute of the restart , the crews drifted together with Oxford being warned by Garrett , causing a clash of oars which resulted in Oxford 's number six , Hanno Wienhausen , breaking the shaft of his blade in half . This effectively ended the race as a contest , as Cambridge rowed away from Oxford to win by four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths . Cambridge 's winning time was recorded by finish judge Ben Kent as 17 minutes 23 seconds , the consolidation of the times that the crews actually rowed . = = Reaction = = = = = Post @-@ race = = = Immediately after the race , Oxford 's bow man , Alex Woods , collapsed and lost consciousness . After receiving treatment on the bank of the river , he was taken to Charing Cross Hospital , where he made a complete recovery . Oxford 's coach Sean Bowden suggested that the loss of one of Oxford 's blades had driven Woods to push himself " beyond his limits " . As a result of the disruption and the concern for Woods ' condition , the traditional award ceremony was cancelled . Woods later apologised to the Cambridge crew and coach for his collapse that " prevented their celebrations " while thanking them for their " sportsmanlike behaviour " . Cambridge boat club president Nelson said " I feel bad . Finishing the race there was a lot of raw emotion and some of the celebrations seem pathetic in retrospect " while his coach Steve Trapmore commented " it 's not the way anyone wants to take away the win " . Oxford cox Zoe de Toledo made a request that the race be re @-@ rowed as a result of the broken blade , but the appeal was dismissed by umpire Garrett , who said " I listened to Oxford ’ s complaint but I explained I did not see the clash as being the reason for the eventual result " . The Observer described the race as " one of the most bizarre and dramatic in the competition 's history " , while The Daily Telegraph suggested the event had been " ruined " and described Cambridge 's victory as " hollow " . British Olympic Association chairman and former Blue Colin Moynihan claimed that the race was " effectively destroyed ... by the actions of a crazy guy who was hugely putting his life at risk " . = = = Trenton Oldfield = = = Oldfield , an Australian national , said he was making " a protest against inequalities in British society , government cuts , reductions in civil liberties and a culture of elitism " . Oxford number two , William Zeng , denounced Oldfield and described him as " a mockery of a man " , while Oxford boat club president Karl Hudspith tweeted " my team went through seven months of hell , this was the culmination of our careers and [ Oldfield ] took it from us " . Educated at the Sydney Church of England Grammar School , the University of Sydney and the London School of Economics , and Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts , Oldfield tweeted the day after the race , " Having been deep within elite institutions I have a very good understanding of them . I protest their injustices – ask anyone that knows me " . On his blog , Oldfield compared his actions to those of Emily Davison , the suffragette killed after stepping in front of the King 's horse at the Epsom Derby in 1913 . Despite later stating he had some sympathy for both the rowers and spectators , he said he had no regrets and that he " would have felt less of a man " had he not made the protest . In October 2012 , Oldfield was jailed for six months for causing a public nuisance and ordered to pay £ 750 costs . In June 2013 , he was refused leave to remain in the United Kingdom , the Home Office claiming his presence there was not " conducive to the public good " . Oldfield , whose wife is from India , appealed on the grounds that she would be threatened in Australia , and in December 2013 , the deportation order was overturned . Security for the 2013 race was increased as a result of Oldfield 's actions , with Royal Marines , additional stewards and the Metropolitan Police Marine Policing Unit in attendance .
= North Bank Depot Buildings = The North Bank Depot Buildings , located in central Portland , Oregon , United States , are a pair of buildings formerly used as a freight warehouse and passenger terminal for the Spokane , Portland and Seattle Railway ( SP & S ) . Formed in 1905 , the SP & S was commonly known as the North Bank Road ( or North Bank road , " road " being short for railroad ) during the period in which these buildings were in use . The Portland buildings ' passenger facilities were also used by the Oregon Electric Railway after that railway was acquired by the SP & S. Located in what is now known as the Pearl District , the buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 . They were in use by the SP & S and its successor , Burlington Northern Railroad , from 1908 until the 1980s . Only the east building was used as a passenger station , and this usage lasted from 1908 until 1931 . = = Location = = The two matching , two @-@ story brick buildings face one another on opposite sides of NW 11th Avenue immediately north of Hoyt Street , the east building being at 1029 NW Hoyt Street and the west at 1101 NW Hoyt . Historically , they were known as the East and West Freighthouses of the Spokane , Portland & Seattle Railway . In references to passenger services , the east building was formally referred to as the North Bank Station ( or North Bank Passenger Station ) , but alternatively was known by various other names , including North Bank depot , Hoyt Street depot , Hoyt Street terminal , 11th & Hoyt Streets depot , 10th & Hoyt depot , or similar . Each building measures 50 feet ( 15 m ) by 200 feet ( 61 m ) . = = Background = = The SP & S was formed jointly by the Northern Pacific Railway ( NP ) and Great Northern Railway in 1905 , originally as the Portland & Seattle Railway , to build and ultimately operate new railroad lines connecting Portland with Seattle and with Spokane , but was renamed Spokane , Portland & Seattle Railway in early 1908 , before opening any track sections . The planned new railroad was commonly referred to as the " North Bank road " ( road being short for railroad or railroad line ) , or North Bank line , because the Seattle line would follow the Columbia River 's north bank as far as Kelso and the Spokane line would also follow the north bank , running east from Vancouver . East from Portland , the south bank of the Columbia already had a rail line , owned by the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company ( later absorbed by Union Pacific Railroad ) . By September 1905 , Northern Pacific had already acquired the property for the future terminal buildings and rail yard — a strip of land two blocks wide , from 10th to 12th avenues , and stretching north from Hoyt Street to the Willamette River . Construction of the railroad itself began in early 1906 . The new company needed freight storage and handling facilities in Portland , and to this end it built the two " freight houses " at 11th Avenue and Hoyt Street , in 1908 . SP & S passenger train service was originally expected to terminate at Union Station , located about 1 @,@ 600 feet ( 490 m ) to the east , but lengthy negotiations between SP & S and Union Station 's operator , the Northern Pacific Terminal Company , eventually reached an impasse . The Terminal Company was only partially owned by SP & S parent Northern Pacific Railway , and partially by competing railroads . With only a few weeks to go until passenger service to Portland was to be started , it was reported that SP & S would instead equip one of its new freight houses for use as a passenger station , in place of access to Union Station , at least temporarily . = = Period of active use = = Passenger trains began using the new station — the east building , at 1029 NW Hoyt Street — in November 1908 . The west building , used exclusively for freight , came into use at the same time , as SP & S initiated its operations in Portland . Trains operating from this station served routes within the Pacific Northwest , including to Seattle , Spokane and Seaside via Astoria . The Portland – Spokane train , named the Inland Empire Express , connected in Spokane with Great Northern 's Oriental Limited to and from Chicago and was advertised as the " Portland – Chicago " service . SP & S began shifting some of its passenger trains to Union Station in 1920 , and additional trains were shifted in 1922 , after new platforms and train sheds were constructed at Union Station for this purpose . However , only some trains used Union Station , including the long @-@ distance services to Chicago ( which began carrying through sleeping cars , Portland – Chicago , at this time ) , while other trains continued to use the Hoyt Street station for a time . SP & S inaugurated passenger service between Portland and Vernonia in March 1923 , with two round trips per day ; a passenger @-@ only train ran to and from Union Station , but a mixed freight @-@ passenger train operated instead from the Hoyt Street station . In 1912 , Oregon Electric Railway ( OE ) interurban passenger trains began serving the North Bank Depot , after that company laid new track through downtown Portland along Salmon Street and 10th Avenue to reach the terminal . OE was owned by SP & S ( acquired in 1910 ) . Electric interurbans departed from this station on journeys west to Hillsboro and Forest Grove , and south through the Willamette Valley to Salem and Eugene . The last OE service to this station operated on June 19 , 1931 , after the company requested , and received , permission from the Interstate Commerce Commission to abandon that section of route because of declining ridership and worsening traffic congestion . The service was cut back to Front and Jefferson streets the following day , and OE moved its ticket office to that location . The tracks along 10th and Salmon streets were abandoned and soon removed . Just two years later , in May 1933 , the Oregon Electric discontinued all its remaining passenger service , becoming exclusively a freight railroad . SP & S was merged with other railroads in 1970 to form Burlington Northern Railroad ( BN ) . The former North Bank Depot Buildings continued to be used by the railroad for freight purposes until the 1980s , and then were vacant for a time , until at least the mid @-@ 1990s . = = Preservation and conversion = = During the course of the 1980s , usage of the railroad yards adjacent to and north of the two now @-@ Burlington Northern @-@ owned warehouses declined to the point of their being nearly vacant . Redevelopment of the area as a mixed @-@ use neighborhood with residential and retail uses was envisioned , and in 1989 , the Portland Planning Commission approved a rezoning of a 40 @-@ acre ( 16 ha ) tract , along with a master plan to foster such change . By this time , the Glacier Park Company , a property @-@ development subsidiary of Burlington Resources , had taken over the former North Bank Depot Buildings from BN , and it was reported that the new master plan for the area would include renovation of these two Hoyt Street warehouses . In November 1990 , Glacier Park sold the 40 @-@ acre site to a Portland @-@ based development company , Prendergast & Associates . It was determined that extensive clean @-@ up of contaminated soil from decades of industrial use would be needed before most redevelopment could proceed . Prendergast & Associates were predicting an approximately 20 @-@ year timeframe for redevelopment of the entire area of former railyards and associated buildings . The two former @-@ SP & S freighthouses were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 , as the North Bank Depot Buildings . At that time , they were vacant and had not yet been renovated . In the late 1990s , they were renovated and converted for residential use .
= Hell – Sunnan Line = The Hell – Sunnan Line ( Norwegian : Hell – Sunnanbanen ) is a 105 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 65 mi ) railway line between Hell , Stjørdal and Sunnan , Steinkjer in Nord @-@ Trøndelag , Norway . The name is no longer in official use and the line is now considered part of the Nordland Line . The Hell – Sunnan Line branches from the Meråker Line at Hell and runs on the east shore of the Trondheimsfjord passing through the municipalities of Stjørdal , Levanger , Verdal , Inderøy and Steinkjer . The Norwegian State Railways ( NSB ) started construction in 1899 and the first part of the line , from Hell to Stjørdalshalsen , opened on 1 February 1902 . The railway opened to Levanger on 29 October 1902 , to Verdalsøra on 1 November 1904 and to Sunnan on 15 November 1905 . Sunnan was chosen as terminus because of its location on the southern end of the lake of Snåsavatnet . The line was further extended to Snåsa in 1926 , after which it has been classified as part of the Nordland Line . The railway is the most heavily trafficked non @-@ electrified line in Norway , with the Trøndelag Commuter Rail running south of Steinkjer . It is also used by intercity passenger and freight trains . = = Route = = The Hell – Sunnan Line constitutes the section of the Nordland Line between Hell , Stjørdal and Sunnan , Steinkjer . At the time of the line 's opening , it was 105 @.@ 2 kilometers ( 65 @.@ 4 mi ) long . The railway is single track , standard gauge , non @-@ electrified , and equipped with centralized traffic control , partial automatic train control , and GSM @-@ R. The railway line is owned and maintained by the Norwegian National Rail Administration . Starting in the south at Hell Station , which is located 31 @.@ 54 kilometers ( 19 @.@ 60 mi ) from Trondheim Central Station ( Trondheim S ) , the Meråker Line branches from the Nordland Line . The latter crosses the river of Stjørdalselva on a 149 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 489 ft ) truss bridge . It passes the closed Sandferhus Station before reaching Trondheim Airport Station ( 33 @.@ 17 km or 20 @.@ 61 mi from Trondheim S ) , which serves as an airport rail link and is situated below the terminal of Trondheim Airport , Værnes . Previously there was a 3 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) spur from Sandferhus to Værnes and Øyanmoen . The mainline continues under the airport 's taxiway and runway in the two Værnes Tunnels , the latter which is 150 meters ( 490 ft ) long , after which the line reaches Stjørdal Station ( 34 @.@ 67 km or 21 @.@ 54 mi ) . The line continues past the closed Vold Station , which was built to serve a mill , to Skatval , through which the line makes a semi @-@ circular detour . Here it serves Skatval Station ( 41 @.@ 90 km or 26 @.@ 04 mi ) and the closed Alstad Station . Alstad was previously an important station as it was conveniently placed for boat access from Frosta . Located at 89 @.@ 6 meters ( 294 ft ) above mean sea level ( AMSL ) , it was the highest elevated station on the line . The line then enters the municipality of Levanger , where it first reaches the closed Langstein Station and then the closed Vudu Station . After Vudu , the line reaches its highest elevation of 99 meters ( 325 ft ) when it crosses over European Road 6 ( E6 ) . The line then reaches Åsen Station ( 61 @.@ 40 km or 38 @.@ 15 mi ) before continuing past the closed Hammerberg Station to Ronglan Station ( 69 @.@ 65 km or 43 @.@ 28 mi ) . Before reaching Skogn Station ( 76 @.@ 01 km or 47 @.@ 23 mi ) , a 2 @.@ 8 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) spur branches off to Fiborgtangen , serving Norske Skog Skogn . It mainline continues past Eggen Station and over the E6 , past the closed Sykehuset Levanger Station , which served Levanger Hospital , before reaching Levanger Station ( 83 @.@ 90 km or 52 @.@ 13 mi ) . It then crosses the river Levangselva on a 27 @.@ 4 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 90 ft ) bridge . It passes the closed Elberg Station and to reach HiNT Station ( 69 @.@ 65 km or 43 @.@ 28 mi ) , which serves the Levanger campus of Nord @-@ Trøndelag University College . The line continues past the closed Østborg Station and Rinnan Station before entering the municipality of Verdal . After Bergsgrav Station ( 93 @.@ 70 km or 58 @.@ 22 mi ) , which serves the neighborhood of Vinne , a spur branches off to Verdal 's industrial area . The mainline crosses the river of Verdalselva on a 210 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 690 ft ) truss bridge before reaching Verdal Station ( 96 @.@ 23 km or 59 @.@ 79 mi ) . It is followed by the closed Fleskhus Station and Bjørga Station before entering the municipality of Inderøy at the 103 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 338 ft ) Koabjørgen Tunnel . The only station in Inderøy is Røra Station ( 105 @.@ 47 km or 65 @.@ 54 mi ) ; however the line does not enter Steinkjer before passing through the 385 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 1 @,@ 263 ft ) Lunnan Tunnel . After passing the closed Vollan Station , the line reaches Sparbu Station ( 112 @.@ 93 km or 70 @.@ 17 mi ) . It then passes the closed Mære Station and Vist Station and crosses over the 46 @-@ meter ( 151 ft ) bridge over Figgja to reach Steinkjer Station ( 125 @.@ 50 km or 77 @.@ 98 mi ) . The line runs over the river of Steinkjerelva on a 96 @-@ meter @-@ long ( 315 ft ) truss bridge . Then come two spurs , to Eggebogen and Byafossen . The line continues past the closed Byafossen Station and Fossemvatnet Station and terminates at the closed Sunnan Station ( 1 @,@ 136 @.@ 66 km or 706 @.@ 29 mi ) . The Nordland Line continues over a bridge across Snåsavatnet . = = History = = = = = Planning = = = Planning of a railway to connect Trøndelag and Jämtland , Sweden , started in 1869 , with one of the proposals being to build a line from Trondheim via Verdal to Sweden . However , surveys along the Verdal alternative deemed it unsuitable , and instead the line was built via Stjørdalen and Meråker . To conform with Swedish standards , the line was built with standard gauge instead of the more common narrow gauge . The Meråker Line opened on 22 July 1882 . In Stjørdal , controversy arose over the route . The river of Stjørdalselva creates a barrier just north of Hell , which made it cheaper to build the line on the south shore of the river to Hegra . However , the major population center was located at Stjørdalshalsen , on the north shore of the river . Locally , there were many protests against the line bypassing such a large town , but the cost of the bridge made Parliament choose the southern alternative . This gave residents in the town a considerably longer route to the train , since they had to cross the river to get access to the railway . This decreased the railway 's ability to compete with the steam ships and thus the overall profitability of the line . With the arrival of the railway , transport to Trondheim became much easier than to Stjørdalshalsen and Levanger , helping Trondheim grow as a regional center . The Nordland Line was first publicly proposed by Ole Tobias Olsen in a letter to the editor in Morgenbladet in 1872 , where he argued for a railway between Trondheim and his home county of Nordland . The same year , Nord @-@ Trøndelag County Council voted in favor to start planning of a railway between Trondheim and Namsos . The county council appointed a railway committee in 1875 , who on 23 August 1876 published a report to encourage national authorities to consider the line , which resulted in surveying starting in 1877 . On 27 April 1881 , the committee made its recommendation to the county council and ceased its work . No planning was done the next three years , until three county councilors , Vilhelm Andreas Wexelsen , Peter Theodor Holst and Bernhard Øverland , made a new proposal . However , it was not until 1889 that the county council appointed a new railway committee , which was led by Wexelsen . In 1891 , the county 's road committee , led by Øverland , sent an official request to the railway committee , asking for details about their plans , so the appropriate roads could be planned . This spurred the committees work and a cooperation with Nordland County Council was initiated to increase the projects priority by national politicians . On 2 March 1896 , with 87 against 27 votes , Parliament passed legislation approving a railway from Hell to Sunnan . Costs were estimated at 8 @.@ 75 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , of which 15 percent was to be financed with local grants and the remainder by the state . Construction was scheduled to take 15 years . The decision initially called for the railway to be built in two stages , with the split at Rinnan in Levanger — the site of the military camp Rinnleiret . Final approval of construction was made by Parliament on 11 June 1898 . = = = Construction = = = At Hell , there arose a disagreement about where the Hell – Sunnan Line should branch from the Meråker Line . Initial proposals were to place the branch from a location before Hell Station , thus forcing trains to back up from Hell Station before continuing northwards . The station building at Hell was also too small for the increased traffic , so it was moved to Sunnan Station and a new station building , with capacity for 25 employees , was built at Hell . In Skatval , there was a controversy as to whether the station should be built at Mæhre or Alstad . Mæhre ( later Skatval ) had support from the municipal council and was closer to the larger share of the area 's population . However , the military wanted Alstad , as it was a rally point for the military in case of a Swedish invasion , and gave easy waterway access from Frosta . The station was placed at Mæhre , while a passing loop was built at Alstad . The most difficult work was through Grubbåsen , near Åsen . The ground consisted of quick clay , which the railway was to pass through in a trench . On 5 May 1900 , a landslide filled the trench , killing three navvies . Past the lake of Nesvannet , there was also weak soil mechanics , resulting in the need for piling . One worker was killed after getting hit by a piling log . In Levanger , there was debate as to whether the station should be on the west or east side of the tracks , with the decision falling on the west side . The 3 @.@ 0 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) section from Hell to Stjørdal started revenue service on 1 February 1902 . The 49 @.@ 4 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 30 @.@ 7 mi ) section from Stjørdalshalsen to Levanger was officially opened on 27 October 1902 , with ordinary services starting on 29 October . Construction on the line 's second part , from Levanger to Sunnan , started in 1901 . Part of the reason for the early start was to help employ older navvies who were working on the southern section during the summer . By early 1904 , the right @-@ of @-@ way to Fleskhus was completed and the laying of tracks could begin . The bridge over Verdalselva was built using 473 tonnes ( 466 long tons ; 521 short tons ) of stone , which had to be transported 12 kilometers ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) from Bagloåsen in Levanger . The superstructure was built by Vulkan of Oslo and was installed between 9 September and 27 November 1903 . In Verdalsøra there again arose a debate over which side of the tracks the station should be on . The townspeople wanted it on the west side , which was on the same side as the town center , while farmers wanted it east side , which was most accessible from the valley . The result was that the station was placed on the east side . The 12 @.@ 4 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 7 @.@ 7 mi ) section from Levanger to Verdal was opened on 1 November 1904 , although the station building was not completed until 1905 . At the time there were two trains per direction per day , one passenger train and one post train . For the bridge over Ydseelva in Verdal , which had a main span of only 1 @.@ 5 meters ( 4 ft 11 in ) , construction started in April 1903 and was completed on 21 November . The area has quik clay , so the bridge needed piling . At Røra , a spur was originally planned to Hylla , but this was discarded late in the planning phase . At Hellem in Inderøy the right @-@ of @-@ way had to be moved because of poor soil mechanics . There were similar issues north of the Lunnan Tunnel , forcing the tunnel to be extended and a supporting being built . Construction of the tunnel was performed by 40 men during the winter of 1904 and 1905 . It cost NOK 90 @,@ 179 and took 23 @.@ 9 man @-@ hours per meter to build . In the former municipality of Sparbu , there was a contentious debate over both the route and the location of the station . Although the line was built where it had originally been planned , two alternatives were launched , both which saw the line go further east and higher up in the terrain . At the time both the dairy and store were located at Lein . The current villages of Sparbu and Mære had not been established , and locals wanted the railway to go through Lein , which was the de facto municipal center . However , the alternatives were 2 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) longer and would run through more rolling terrain , so the engineers insisted on the original route . The plans called for a station at Leira ( today known as Sparbu ) and at Vist , but many locals instead wanted it at Mære , in part to serve the new Mære Agricultural School . On 5 June 1900 , Parliament voted in favor of only one station , at Mære . However , the decision was reverted by Parliament on 24 April 1901 . A support wall was built at Sørlia , just south of Steinkjer , after there was a clay landslide . Construction of the bridge over Figgja , just south of Steinkjer , was performed in 1904 . The superstructure was built by Kværner of Oslo and installed between 11 November and 21 December 1904 . The bridge over Steinkjerelva took up a significant portion of the old river port in Steinkjer , resulting in a spur being built to a new port location . The railway ran right through the town center , forcing 20 houses to be demolished and splitting the town in two . The arrival and route of the railway was described by some locals as vandalism . A counter @-@ proposal which saw the line run further up and cross through Steinkjersannan and Furuskogen — and thus avoid the town itself — was discarded because it would wreck the military camp at Steinkjersannan and would be located too far from the port . There was also a major debate as to whether the station should be on the south side or north side of the river . The municipal council voted for the south side with the mayor 's double vote being decisive . Construction of the bridge over Steinkjerelva started in August 1902 and was completed on 7 May 1904 . A proposal to build the bridge as a swing bridge was dropped , forcing the railways to pay NOK 45 @,@ 402 in compensation to companies with facilities upstream . Steinkjer is surrounded by a moraine which had to be traversed with a cutting , 85 meters ( 279 ft ) long and up to 21 meters ( 69 ft ) deep . 125 @,@ 000 cubic meters ( 4 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 cu ft ) of earthwork was removed , half with a steam shovel , and largely used to build reclaimed land for the railway 's right @-@ of @-@ way through Steinkjer . The official opening of the 40 @.@ 4 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 25 @.@ 1 mi ) section between Verdal and Sunnan took place on 14 November 1905 . Revenue service started the following day . = = = Operation = = = The choice of route through Innherred was largely without much debate , as the line naturally went through all the towns and most of the important villages . Sunnan was a natural place to halt construction , as it is located at the foot of the lake of Snåsavatnet , allowing connection with steam ships . Scheduled services on Snåsavatnet started in 1871 with SS Dina , which was replaced with SS Bonden in 1885 . From 1904 to 1921 , Bonden was supplemented with MS St. Olaf , although SS Bonden remained in corresponding service with the train until 1926 . Even before planning of the Hell – Sunnan Line was completed , there arose disagreement as to the route onwards . In a plan from the 1870s , there was consensus that the towns of Stjørdal , Levanger , Steinkjer and Namsos should receive a line , but there was a disagreement as to the route . The Beitstad Line would run from Steinkjer via Beitstad and Namdalseid to Namsos and from there to Grong , while the Snåsa Line would run from Sunnan via Snåsa to Grong , with a branch from Grong to Namsos . The Beitstad Line would run through the most densely populated areas , while the Snåsa Line was shorter . Parliament decided on the Snåsa Line in 1900 . The railway was extended from Sunnan to Snåsa Station on 30 October 1926 , with the section from Hell to Sunnan becoming classified as part of the Nordland Line . The railway was completed to Bodø on 7 June 1962 . In 1909 , a station was opened at Fossemvatnet , followed by a station at Fleskhus in 1913 . Mære continued to be the dominant center of Sparbu , so in 1915 , the national authorities offered to build a station there . However , the municipality would not grant the necessary NOK 6 @,@ 300 , so the station was funded with private donations . Construction started in 1916 and Mære Station opened on 1 April 1917 . In the original plans for the railway , a spur was planned from north of Steinkjerelva to Eggebogen in Egge . However , in the parliamentary voting for the line , the spur was removed . In 1915 , a public report criticized the railway for not having sufficient access to a proper port in Steinkjer , as Sørsileiret was located on the river and did not have a deep quay . The municipal council voted in favor of a new quay at Eggebogen on 16 May 1916 , which was completed in 1924 . The 2 @.@ 2 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 4 mi ) spur to Bogakaia opened on 15 August 1927 , having cost NOK 139 @,@ 200 . A station was opened at Østborg in 1923 , at Alstad in 1934 , and at Hammerberg , Eggen and Bergsgrav in 1938 . In 1940 , a 3 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) spur was built to Værnes Air Station and Øyanmoen . A new , wooden station building was built at Åsen in 1943 and 1944 . The section to Værnes was removed in 1947 . Vudu Station opened in 1950 , followed by Vollan in 1952 and Bjørga and Sandferhus in the following year . From June to October 1953 , a station was in use at Bjørga . From 1957 , NSB started replacing steam trains on the line by introducing Di 3 locomotives . In 1956 , NATO granted funding for an expansion of the runway at Trondheim Airport , Værnes . The easiest way was to extend the runway by building it over the road and railway and into the river . Construction started in 1959 and on 1 June 1960 , the Værnes Tunnel was taken into use . A 2 @.@ 8 @-@ kilometer @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) spur was built to Fiborgtangen in February 1966 . Two years later , Elberg Station wax opened . Fossemvatnet Station was closed in 1972 . The line received centralized traffic control in four phases : from Trondheim to Stjørdal on 11 January 1976 , to Levanger on 9 January 1977 , to Steinkjer on 6 December 1977 and to Snåsa on 23 November 1984 . Bergsgrav Station was opened on 6 December 1977 . In 1981 , Di 4 @-@ locomotives were introduced . The spur to Øyanmoen was taken out of use and removed in October 1982 . NSB introduced Class 92 diesel multiple units in 1985 , cutting travel time on local services between Steinkjer and Trondheim by 25 minutes . In 1989 , the station building at Sunnan was demolished . In 1989 and 1990 , five stations were closed , consisting on Sandferhus , Vold , Vollan , Vist and Sunnan . On 1 September 1993 , NSB launched the Trøndelag Commuter Rail , of which the main service ran from Steinkjer to Trondheim . The initial plans called to the continued use of the Class 92 rolling stock , but saw change in schedules and the upgrading platforms for NOK 15 million . At the same time , the stations of Alstad , Langstein and Fleskhus were closed . The service from Trondheim to Steinkjer had ten daily round trips . After six months operation , the service had experienced a 40 percent growth in patronage . This was further increased with the opening of Trondheim Airport Station on 15 November 1994 , which cost NOK 24 million . The upgrades to the airport also included a new taxiway , which resulted in second Værnes Tunnel being built . A station was also established to serve Levanger Hospital on 20 December 1995 . On 10 November 1994 , the line received automatic train control . NSB was split up on 1 December 1996 and the ownership of the tracks and infrastructure was inherited by the Norwegian National Rail Administration , while the operation of trains was taken over by the new NSB . From 1994 , Di 6 and Di 8 locomotives were introduced , but the Di 6 proved unreliable and returned to the manufacturer . In 2000 , NSB started using Class 93 diesel multiple units on intercity trains , retiring the Di 3 . In March 2000 , NSB announced the closing of several stations for the commuter train service . Fifty percent of the stations were responsible for only two percent of the traffic , and NSB instead wanted buses to transport people to the closest railway station , which would reduce overall transport time for most passengers . From 7 January 2001 , a fixed , hourly headway was introduced on the trains from Steinkjer to Trondheim . Mære , Østborg , Rinnan and Elberg were closed , but HiNT Røstad opened . From June 2001 , NSB introduced additional rush @-@ hour trains between Trondheim and Steinkjer , giving a half @-@ hour headway . The Nordland Line had not received NSB 's first generation of train radio , Scanet , so was among the first lines to receive GSM @-@ R from 1 December 2004 . In 2010 , CargoNet started using Vossloh Euro locomotives . Sykehuset Levanger Station was closed on 11 December 2010 . Despite generating some 90 @,@ 000 annual patrons and being one of the busiest stations on the line , it was located too close to Levanger Station to meet safety requirements . = = Architecture = = The stations were designed by Paul Due ( 1835 – 1919 ) and his son , Paul Armin Due ( 1870 – 1926 ) . Original stations between Stjørdal and Levanger were designed by Paul Due , while those from Rinnan to Byafossen , as well as Hell Station , were designed by Paul Armin Due . The designs are characterized by the transition period between Dragestil and Art Nouveau , with early stations dominated more by the former and later stations more by the latter . Norway went through a nationalistic period during the construction , and Paul Due chose to replace his older buildings ' foreign elements with traditional Norwegian elements . Røra and Byafossen were the only stations not custom designed , while Sunnan was designed by Peter Andreas Blix — as it was originally built at Hell in 1881 . At the time of construction , the railways provided a leap in transport for the communities it passed through . NSB saw beautiful and grandeur stations as a way to draw patronage , and chose , in addition to impressive architecture , to build a park adjacent each stations . As construction went by , funding for stations were reduced , resulting in less grandeur further north . Most stations had two stories and an attic , although some of the stations serving lesser places had smaller buildings . From Steinkjer to Skogn , the ground floors were built in random rubble . As construction continued , budgets were reduced and station costs were cut . From Rinnan to Sparbu , the ground floors were instead built in brick , and from Mære and north , the stations have wooden ground floors . In addition to a station buildings , stations consisted of an outhouse and a freight house ; selected stations also featured a water tower and motive power depot . Levanger Station is the most spectacular station on the line and also the best preserved town station . Built entirely in stone , it has a dominant position in town and with a park in front of the station . It was designed in combined Medieval style , with strong elements of Gothic and Romanesque style . Steinkjer Station was the other station entirely built in stone . It has a combined Baroque Revival and Art Nouveau style , and is more anonymous than Levanger Station . Its characteristics were largely lost after it was connected with the bus station . Three stations , Langstein , Skogn and Levanger , have been preserved , while Skatval and Hell have been protected . In 1993 , NSB built new sheds on all stations served by the commuter rail . Linje Arkitekter designed sheds which combined the existing architectural traditions in material and roof shapes , with modern style . The sheds have a roof , glass walls and a framework in wood . They were optimized to give good protection from various types weather . = = Service = = The main passenger service on the section from Hell to Steinkjer is the Trøndelag Commuter Rail . Operated by the Norwegian State Railways , it runs at a fixed hourly headway — with additional rush @-@ hour services — between Lerkendal Station in Trondheim and Steinkjer , calling at 13 stations on the Hell – Sunnan Line . Travel time from Steinkjer is 24 minutes to Verdal , 37 minutes to Levanger , 1 hour and 24 minutes to Stjørdal and 2 hours and 4 minutes to Trondheim . The services are operated with Class 92 diesel multiple units . NSB also operates intercity services from Trondheim to Bodø on the Nordland Line . These consist of two daily through trains , one day and one night service , with an additional service between Trondheim and Mo i Rana . Stjørdal and Steinkjer are the only stations along the line which remain manned . NSB uses a combination of Class 93 diesel multiple units and Di 4 @-@ hauled trains . CargoNet and Cargolink operate freight trains along the line . CargoNet hauls using Vossloh Euro , while Cargolink uses Di 6 locomotives , respectively . = = Future = = Politicians have signalized that they want to electrify the tracks from Trondheim to Steinkjer along with the Meråker Line . NSB will need to replace the Class 92 trains towards the end the 2010s , and want to coordinate the new stock with electrification . The county municipalities of Nord @-@ Trøndelag and Sør @-@ Trøndelag proposed during the early 2000s that the Nordland Line between Trondheim and Steinkjer be upgraded reduce travel time to one hour . This would require the average speed to be increased to 115 kilometers per hour ( 71 mph ) , mainly through a modernization of the existing line . Specific projects include electrification , double track between Trondheim and Trondheim Airport , additional passing loops , a new bridge over Stjørdalselva and a rearrangement of the tracks at Hell . This would have to be combined with a reduction in the number of stops . The National Rail Administration estimates that the mentioned investments , which would cost between NOK 4 and 6 billion , will allow a travel time of one hour and ten minutes . If a number of curves are straightened , increased capacity is introduced between Stjørdal and Steinkjer and a further number of stops are removed , travel time could be reduced to one hour . Norsk Bane , a lobbyist organization which is suggesting to build a high @-@ speed line from Oslo to Trondheim and onwards to Steinkjer , have proposed building an all @-@ new right @-@ of @-@ way on the route . They estimate that regional trains would , with their infrastructure , be able to operate trains from Steinkjer to Trondheim in 40 minutes . The proposals involves only keeping the stations at Trondheim Airport , Stjørdal , Åsen , Levanger , Verdal , Røra and Steinkjer along the Hell – Sunnan segment . It would involve three services per hour and direct trains to Oslo , with speeds up to 300 kilometers per hour ( 190 mph ) .
= The Impossible Astronaut = " The Impossible Astronaut " is the first episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Written by show runner Steven Moffat , and directed by Toby Haynes , the episode was first broadcast on 23 April 2011 in the United Kingdom , as well as the United States and Canada . It also aired in Australia on 30 April 2011 . The episode features alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) and his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and Rory Williams ( Arthur Darvill ) , and is the first of a two @-@ part story , which concluded with " Day of the Moon " . In the episode , Amy Pond , Rory and River Song are summoned to Utah , United States , by the Eleventh Doctor , who is killed by a mysterious figure in a space suit . The dead Doctor is revealed to be an older self , after his younger version returns . They try to understand what the future Doctor said and are sent to Washington D.C. The team deals with the Silence , a race of aliens with the ability to make people forget their encounter with them when they look away . The Silence was created to compete with other past aliens in terms of " scariness , " including the Weeping Angels . The episode was partially filmed on location at Lone Rock , Utah ; the first time in Doctor Who that principal photography took place in the United States . Before the broadcast , a fan leaked the plot of the episode following a press screening . The episode was seen by 8 @.@ 86 million viewers in the United Kingdom , and received generally positive reviews from critics . " The Impossible Astronaut " gained an Appreciation Index of 88 – considered excellent . The episode was dedicated to Elisabeth Sladen , known for playing former companion Sarah Jane Smith , who died from cancer on 19 April 2011 . = = Plot = = = = = Prequel = = = On 22 March 2011 , a short scene serving as a prequel for the first episode was released on the programme 's website . In the prequel , Nixon receives a phone call from the little girl who keeps calling him in the episode . She begs for the President to look behind him , but he asks how she got that number , which the ' spaceman ' told her . She tells him it is about monsters , to which he replies " Young lady , there are no monsters in the Oval Office . " He then hangs up and leans back . Behind him stands an out @-@ of @-@ focus Silent . = = = Synopsis = = = After a two @-@ month break from their travels with the Doctor , his companions , Amy Pond and her husband Rory Williams , receive a " TARDIS blue " -coloured envelope providing a time , date and set of coordinates leading them to Utah . They arrive to meet River Song ( Alex Kingston ) , who also received an envelope , and the Doctor , now 1 @,@ 103 years old , 194 years older than he was when he last saw them . He takes them to a picnic at a nearby lake , telling them he is taking them on a trip to " Space 1969 . " Amy catches a glimpse of a mysterious figure from a distance , but appears to immediately forget about it after she looks away . Later , a figure in an American astronaut suit emerges from the lake ; the Doctor approaches it but warns his companions not to interfere . The astronaut shoots the Doctor , causing him to begin to regenerate , but his companions are horrified to witness the astronaut shoot him again , killing him before he can fully regenerate . The three are met by Canton Everett Delaware III ( William Morgan Sheppard ) who also received an envelope and was instructed to bring a can of gasoline , which the group then uses to give the Doctor a Viking @-@ style funeral . Regrouping at a diner , Amy , Rory , and River are speculating about who might have sent the envelopes when they are shocked to see the Doctor walking in , 200 years younger again . He reveals that he too was given an envelope , but does not know who sent it to him . Reluctantly his companions decide not to tell the Doctor either about his death or that the sender was his future self . The four do a search on Delaware and " Space 1969 . " The TARDIS travels back to 8 April 1969 , and ends up cloaked in the Oval Office . President Richard Nixon ( Stuart Milligan ) converses with a younger Delaware ( Mark Sheppard ) about a series of phone calls he received from a young girl asking for help . The Doctor quickly gains Delaware 's trust , convincing Nixon to give him a few minutes to locate the girl . While the Doctor works , Amy sees the mysterious figure again , and excuses herself to the restroom . There , the figure , a member of a species known as the Silence , waits for her and kills an innocent woman despite Amy 's pleas . Realising the alien is wiping her memory of their encounters , Amy takes a picture of the alien . When she leaves the restroom , however , she yet again forgets the encounter . By then the Doctor has found the girl 's location , a building near Cape Canaveral , Florida , at the intersection to streets named Jefferson , Adams , and Hamilton . The Doctor and his companions leave in the TARDIS , followed closely by a curious Delaware . Upon arrival , they find pieces of a space suit and alien technology . River and Rory explore a vast network of tunnels that have apparently spread across the planet for centuries , unnoticed by the human population . The two find a control room with a design similar to one seen in " The Lodger " but are unaware they are surrounded by the Silence . Meanwhile , Delaware hears the little girl screaming and gives chase . As Amy and the Doctor follow , Amy tells him she is pregnant . When they find Delaware unconscious , a figure in an astronaut suit appears . Quickly , Amy picks up Delaware 's gun and shoots at the suit . However , she realises too late that the helmet 's visor has opened to reveal the little girl . = = = Continuity = = = The episode ties into the series five story arc phrase , " Silence will fall . " The phrase was first used in the series five premiere , " The Eleventh Hour , " and repeated through that series , but was left unresolved in the series ending to be carried into this series . River Song tells Rory that she and the Doctor are travelling through time " in opposite directions . " She comments that a day is coming when " I 'll look into that man 's eyes , my Doctor , and he won 't have the faintest idea who I am . And I think it 's going to kill me . " In the series four episodes " Silence in the Library " and " Forest of the Dead , " the Tenth Doctor meets River for the first time ( from his perspective ) ; at the conclusion of that story , River is killed saving people trapped inside the Library 's core , although only corporeally ; her consciousness is " saved , " preserved in the core , along with those of all her crewmates . The TARDIS had been previously turned invisible by damage to its visual stabiliser in the Second Doctor story The Invasion . When Canton first leaves the TARDIS , the Doctor remarks , " Brave heart , Canton , " a reference to the Fifth Doctor 's recurrent statement to his companion Tegan Jovanka , " Brave heart , Tegan . " When Amy asks the younger Doctor to trust her , he asks her to swear to him on something that matters . After some thought , she smiles and says " Fish fingers and custard , " referring to events in " The Eleventh Hour , " when Amy first meets the Doctor as a little girl . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The episode was written by Steven Moffat , who took charge of the show in 2010 . Moffat wanted the 2011 season to start with a two @-@ part story in an attempt to begin with more gravity and a wider scope in plot , as well as wanting the episodes to be one of the darker ones in the series . " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon " was the first two @-@ part episode to open a series since the 1985 Sixth Doctor story Attack of the Cybermen . In the Doctor Who Confidential episode following the broadcast of " The Impossible Astronaut , " Moffat stated that in his view , it was one of the darker episodes of the series , but still maintained the same level of humour . The inclusion of the Doctor 's death felt like a series ender for some of the producers , but was actually there to " kick it off . " In writing the death scene of the older version of the Doctor , Moffat wanted to acknowledge to the audience that Time Lords are not invincible , and could still die permanently if killed before regeneration . In creating the Silence , the alien antagonists of the episode , Moffat wanted them to challenge past monsters in terms of " scariness . " He felt these creatures are a " much bigger deal . " The aliens ' design was partially inspired by the figure from the Edvard Munch painting The Scream . = = = Casting = = = In October 2010 , it was announced that Mark Sheppard , who had appeared in other past science fiction series , including Battlestar Galactica , Firefly , Supernatural , and Warehouse 13 , would make a guest appearance on Doctor Who . Sheppard described playing Canton as a " dream job , " and said he wished to appear in another of Moffat 's works , including Sherlock . Even though Sheppard is an English actor , it was his first appearance in a British @-@ made television show . For the scene depicting the older Canton Delaware , the producers originally planned that Sheppard would appear older using makeup effects . However , Sheppard suggested instead that his father , William Morgan Sheppard , play the role , a suggestion that was accepted . American actor Stuart Milligan was cast as President Nixon , which he said he found exciting , having played other presidents in the past , including Dwight D. Eisenhower . Prosthetic pieces were applied on Milligan 's cheeks , nose , and ears to make him resemble Nixon as much as possible . He also practiced how Nixon would speak , but initially found it difficult since he had to wear fake teeth . Milligan previously appeared in the animated Tenth Doctor special Dreamland as the voice of Colonel Stark . Chuk Iwuji , who played Carl , previously appeared in the Seventh Doctor audio drama A Thousand Tiny Wings , where he played Joshua Sembeke . = = = Filming and effects = = = This pair of episodes marks the first time that Doctor Who has filmed principal photography footage within the United States ; the American @-@ produced TV movie of 1996 was filmed in Canada , and some second unit establishing shots of New York and the Statue of Liberty were filmed on Liberty Island for the episode " Daleks in Manhattan " , but none of the cast of the episode were involved in the shoot . Filming took place in the state of Utah . For the opening shot for the location , director Toby Haynes wanted it to be epic so that the audience could recognise where the episode was set . Scenes on the roadway were filmed on U.S. Route 163 ( several miles east of the coordinates listed on the Doctor 's invitations ) . The crew wanted to add as many American icons as they could into those shots , including a Stetson hat , a 1950s Edsel Villager , and a yellow school bus . Moffat , having enjoyed writing episodes featuring River Song , wanted to give her an impressive entrance . Haynes had Alex Kingston block the sunlight from the camera angle and blow smoke from her revolver . The scenes involving the picnic and the future @-@ Doctor dying took place on the shore of Lake Powell . The suit worn by the future @-@ Doctor 's killer was a fabricated replica of an Apollo space suit . In filming the death scene the filming crew noticed that Karen Gillan was genuinely upset and " was acting her heart out . " In filming the " Viking funeral " scene , Haynes wished to film it during the sunset . However , the sun set over the desert , so was instead filmed during sunrise , as the sun rose over the water . Kingston had to genuinely slap Matt Smith several times in a scene because it was difficult to fake . Kingston recalled that after a few takes , Smith got red cheeked and grew frustrated at having to do the sequence over and over again . The Oval Office set was constructed at Upper Boat Studios in South Wales . Because the production crew had access to several pictures and plans of the real office , they were able to replicate it in almost every detail . The main problem for building the set was the plastering ; the crew normally plaster one wall at a time for normal rooms , but because the Oval Office was round , they had to do the entire set at once . The American @-@ style diner scene when the companions reunite with the Doctor in this episode is actually located in Cardiff Bay . The Laurel and Hardy film The Flying Deuces , in which the Doctor intruded , was done by Smith dancing in front of greenscreen . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Pre @-@ broadcast leak = = = At some point before the broadcast of the episode , it and " Day of the Moon " were released in a press screening , where a number of fans were invited to attend . The production team present asked them not to give away any spoilers . However , following the screening a fan gave away the entire plot of the two episodes on an internet forum . News of this angered Moffat . In an interview on BBC Radio 5 Live , Moffat stated ; Despite this he added that the majority of Doctor Who fans are " spoiler @-@ phobes , " who refused to go online to be spoiled . = = = Broadcast and ratings = = = " The Impossible Astronaut " was first broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 23 April 2011 at 6 pm . It began with a still @-@ caption tribute to actress Elisabeth Sladen , who died from cancer on 19 April 2011 . Sladen had previously appeared in the series as companion Sarah Jane Smith , and as the same character on the spin @-@ off series The Sarah Jane Adventures . After the broadcast " The Impossible Astronaut " received preliminary , overnight figures of 6 @.@ 52 million viewers . Final consolidated ratings for the episode increased to 8 @.@ 86 million , with a 43 @.@ 2 per cent audience share . This made the episode the second highest rated programme of the day , behind Britain 's Got Talent on ITV1 . The episode was the third most watched on BBC One , and sixth overall for the entire week ending 24 April . An additional 300 @,@ 000 viewed the episode from BBC iPlayer within two days of its original broadcast . It received an Appreciation Index of 88 , one of the higher scores for the weekend . In the United States the episode aired on BBC America on the same day it was released in the United Kingdom , as was the case in Canada for Space . 1 @.@ 3 million viewers saw " The Impossible Astronaut " on BBC America , making it the highest rated telecast in the history of the channel . It was reportedly up by 71 @,@ 000 from " The Eleventh Hour " . When Live + 7 day DVR ratings were added , the total rose to 1 @.@ 8 million . In Canada , the episode was seen by 538 @,@ 000 , making it the most watched Who episode for the channel , and its most watched telecast in 2011 . It was shown on ABC1 in Australia on 30 April 2011 , and was viewed by 860 @,@ 000 from the five capital cities , matching the ratings from " A Christmas Carol " on Boxing Day 2010 . Audience measurement service Kantar Media reported that " The Impossible Astronaut " is the most recorded television event of all time . Analysis of BARB data revealed that 4 @.@ 11 million people recorded and viewed the programme within a week of broadcast , accounting for 46 % of the episode 's total viewers . A total of 1 @.@ 38 million requests were placed on iPlayer for the month of April , placing it at number one for the month . = = = Critical reception = = = The episode was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . Dan Martin of The Guardian reacted positively towards the episode , believing the cast performed better than the previous fifth series . He stated " Steven Moffat has thrown away the rule book and made Doctor Who as , you imagine , he 's pictured it should be his whole life . Killing the Doctor leaves the shape of the series mapped out , raises the bar so that no one is safe , and sees Amy , Rory and River facing a terrible dilemma . " Martin liked that " Amy 's numbed horror ramps things up to a series @-@ finale level on intensity from the off , " and then switches " into an Oval Office comedy of manners , " and " morphs into gothic horror and finally flings you to the ground with its cinematic cliffhanger . " He was also positive towards the American setting , and " our eccentric British foursome bumbling through it , " believing the series raised its game with this . With regards to the Silence , Martin believed it was " a standard Moffat psychological trick , but the most refined to date . " Martin later rated it the second best episode of the series , though the finale was not included in the list . Morgan Jeffery of Digital Spy called the episode " a fantastic launch for the sixth series , " adding " the Doctor Who team 's US location shooting has certainly paid off , lending these early scenes a grand scale that the series could scarcely have expected to achieve in 2005 , let alone in 1963 . " Commenting on the future @-@ Doctor 's death , Jeffery said " seven minutes in , a nation 's collective jaw dropped as The Doctor — this show 's lead — is mercilessly gunned down . This plot twist is simply stunning , and it 's difficult to imagine even casual viewers not sitting up to pay attention at this point . " Jeffery also believed that the series regulars were on " top form , " adding " the more abrasive aspects of Amy Pond 's personality seem to have been toned down this year , and Karen Gillan responds with her best , most sympathetic performance to date . Arthur Darvill also lives up to his recent promotion to full @-@ time companion . His comic timing is simply superb , but he excels too in the episode 's darker moments . " Jeffery rated the episode five stars out of five . Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph believed it was " a cracking start to the first part of the 2011 series , with the shocking ending of Amy seemingly shooting a girl making one keen wait for the conclusion next week to see how it all resolves itself , " as well as enjoying the concept of the Silence . Rick Marshall of MTV believed that " Steven Moffat and the Doctor Who crew offer up yet another great episode , " but also said the " big cliffhanger will likely cause more than a few fans ' heads to explode . " In addition , Marshall believed the alien antagonists " give the Weeping Angels a run for their money in scare factor . " Simon Brew of Den of Geek thought the episode was " a triumphant return for Doctor Who , bubbling with confidence and throwing down story strands that hint at an engrossing series . " Brew liked Sheppard 's performance as Delaware and Darvill 's increasing presence as Rory . Brew also complimented Haynes ' work in the United States , saying it was an improvement from " Daleks in Manhattan " , which featured British actors attempting to play with American accents . Tom Phillips of Metro said the 1969 US setting were " beautifully used , " and enjoyed the " spookiness " of the Silence . However Phillips felt the episode would be " a bit hard to get into " for new viewers . Kevin O 'Sullivan The Sunday Mirror was more negative towards the episode , stating it was " impossible to understand , " and for " strictly sci @-@ fi nerds only , " adding that Smith " remains a derivative Doctor who brings nothing new to the party . "
= The Tale of the Pie and the Patty @-@ Pan = The Tale of the Pie and the Patty @-@ Pan ( originally , The Pie and the Patty @-@ Pan ) is a children 's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1905 . It tells of a cat called Ribby and a tea party she holds for a dog called Duchess . Complications arise when Duchess tries to replace Ribby 's mouse pie with her own veal and ham pie , and then believes she has swallowed a small tin pastry form called a patty @-@ pan . Its themes are etiquette and social relations in a small town . A version of the tale was composed by Potter in 1903 , but set aside to develop other projects . In 1904 , she failed to complete a book of nursery rhymes for Warnes , and the 1903 tale was accepted in its stead . Potter elaborated its setting and storyline , and developed the tale more fully before publication . The illustrations depict the cottages and gardens of Sawrey , a village in the Lake District near Potter 's Hill Top farm , and have been described as some of the most exquisite Potter ever produced . Ribby was modelled on a cat living in Sawrey , Duchess on two Pomeranians belonging to Potter 's neighbour Mrs Rogerson , Tabitha Twitchit on Potter 's cat at Hill Top , and Dr Maggoty on the magpies in the London Zoological Gardens . The tale was published in a larger size than Potter 's previous books , but was reduced in the 1930s to bring it into line with the other books in the Peter Rabbit series . It was given its present title at that time . Potter declared the tale her next favourite to The Tailor of Gloucester . Beswick Pottery released porcelain figurines of the tale 's characters through the latter half of the 20th century , and Schmid & Co. released a music box in the 1980s . = = Development and publication = = The Potter family summered occasionally at Lakefield , a country house in the village of Sawrey . " They came with their servants , their carriage and pair , and Miss Potter with her pony and phaeton , " a village resident recalled . " Miss Potter was about the village sketching everywhere and often came to our house . " Close to Lakefield and off the road in their own enclosure were three dwellings known as Lakefield Cottages . Mr. Rogerson , a gardener and caretaker at Lakefield , lived in one of the cottages , and eventually his wife 's two pedigree Pomeranians – Darkie and Duchess – would become the models for Potter 's fictional Duchess . Darkie had a fine black mane , but Duchess was more intelligent and could sit up with a lump of sugar balanced on her nose . In the summer of 1902 , Potter sketched the interior of the third Lakefield Cottage belonging to a Mrs. Lord . These drawings included a watercolour and pen @-@ and @-@ ink sketches of the living @-@ room , pen @-@ and @-@ ink sketches of the pots of geraniums on the living @-@ room window sill , the entrance passage , the pantry , the stairs , some of the upstairs rooms , and details of the carved oak furniture . In some of the sketches Potter roughly outlined a cat . She also sketched the village including the sloping path down to the Lakefield Cottages and the post office door . These became the backgrounds for The Pie and The Patty @-@ Pan . During a rainy holiday in Hastings at the end of November 1903 , Potter outlined a tale about a cat , a dog , and a tea party she called Something very very NICE . She discussed the Lakefield sketches as backgrounds for the tale with Warne . He proposed a large format volume similar to L. Leslie Brooke 's Johnny Crow 's Garden to do justice to the detail of the illustrations , but the entire project was set aside when The Tale of Benjamin Bunny and The Tale of Two Bad Mice were chosen for development and publication in 1904 . Potter had long wanted to develop a book of nursery rhymes , but such a project left Warne cold . Rhymes were already well represented in the firm 's catalogue , and Warne felt Potter 's unbridled enthusiasm for the genre would make the project a headache for him . In the past , he had tried to discourage Potter 's interest in rhymes , believing her own stories superior , but she persisted . He reluctantly agreed to a book of rhymes for 1905 , but Potter did not have it ready at the end of 1904 , so he accepted the tea party tale instead . Early in 1905 , it was decided the book would be published at the end of the year . By March 1905 , Potter was anxious to begin work on the tale . She thought the 1903 version too thin and rewrote the entire story , retaining Ribby the cat and Duchess the dog as the central characters while elaborating the setting and developing a stronger plot line . It was decided the tale would be published in a format slightly larger than her previous productions with ten full @-@ colour illustrations and other illustrations in pen @-@ and @-@ sepia ink . Like the tale 's companion piece set in the Newlands Valley , The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy @-@ Winkle , the cat and dog story is set in a real place , Near Sawrey , and is the only Potter tale to refer to Sawrey by name . Tabitha Twitchit disdainfully comments on her cousin 's choice of party guest : " A little dog , indeed ! Just as if there were no CATS in Sawrey ! " The characters in the tale were modelled on real world individuals . Ribby 's counterpart lived in Sawrey , and Tabitha Twitchit 's counterpart lived at Hill Top , though her fictional shop is located in nearby Hawkshead . Dr. Maggotty was drawn from magpies in the London Zoological Gardens . Potter made notes in her sketchbook about the bird 's anatomical structure and the colour of its feathers : " Brown black eye , nose a little hookier than jackdaw , less feathered . " The bird 's tail was over half its total length she noted , and its feathers were " very blue " and parts were green . The illustrations depict the village 's gardens , cottages , and , in the background of the frontispiece , Hill Top . Although the real Duchess lived at Lakefield Cottages , in the tale her home became Buckle Yeat , a picturesque cottage in the village , and Duchess is shown in its garden reading Ribby 's invitation . In the illustration of Duchess leaving home with her veal and ham pie in a basket , Potter took some artistic license and combined the doorway of the village post office with the Buckle Yeat garden . Completely faithful to life in the village , Potter even included the pattens Mrs. Rogerson wore to the pump in the illustration depicting Duchess standing in the Lakefield Cottage porch holding a bouquet . The illustration of Duchess standing on a red sofa cushion was painted at Melford Hall and Potter 's young cousin Stephanie Hyde Parker was permitted to put some red paint on the cushion . She later wondered if Potter removed it . Towards the end of May 1905 , Potter sent the illustrations to Warne for his review , writing , " I think it promises to make a pretty book . " He criticised a picture of the cat and Potter wrote him , " If you still feel doubtful about the little cat — will you post it back to me at once ... I don 't feel perfectly satisfied with the eyes of the large head , but I think I can get it right , by taking out the lights carefully , if you will ask Hentschel not to do it before we have proofs . The drawing is getting much too rubbed . " On 25 May , Warne asked Potter to send him one of the two dummy books she had in her possession in order to check the size of the plates before continuing with the printer 's blocks . He thought there was " too much bend " about the dog 's nose and the division between its legs was unclear . He kept the two plates back for Potter 's inspection before sending them off to make the blocks . On 26 May , he received two more originals and the circular portrait of the cat for the cover . He thought the background of the colour illustration of Ribby and Duchess sitting at the table too light , but liked the pen @-@ and @-@ ink sketches . Potter struggled with the dog illustrations , and sent Warne a photograph of her canine model to prove the dog 's ruff was as large as she had depicted it . One of the illustrations did not coordinated properly with Potter 's text . She altered the drawing and wrote Warne , " I have altered the oven as it will save a good many corrections . I did a good deal to the cat but she is still looking at the top one . I don 't think it signifies as she talks about both ovens ... I don 't think I have ever seriously considered the state of the pie but the book runs some risk of being over cooked if it goes on much longer ! I am sorry about the little dog 's nose . I saw it was too sharp . I think I have got it right . I was intending to explain the ovens by saying the middle handle is very stiff so that Duchess concludes it is a sham ; – like the lowest . I think only two pages want changing ; I think it will come right . " The drawings were finished and in early June 1905 Warne approved . Potter wrote she was glad he liked the drawings , and " if the book prints well , it will be my next favourite to Tailor . She was energized with the completion of the book and wrote Warne she wanted to settle on future work before leaving for a holiday in Wales . In Merioneth she received his letter of proposal on 25 July and accepted , but he died suddenly and unexpectedly on 25 August 1905 before a marriage took place . Potter became deeply depressed and was ill for many weeks . However , she rallied to complete the last two tales she had discussed with him : The Pie and the Patty @-@ Pan and The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher . The Pie and the Patty @-@ Pan was published in October 1905 in a large format , priced at one shilling , and dedicated to Joan , the sixth child of Potter 's former governess Annie Carter Moore , and to Beatrix , Mrs. Moore 's newborn and Potter 's god @-@ daughter : " For Joan , to read to Baby " . The Pie was the first of Potter 's books to be published in a format larger ( 177 mm by 138 mm ) than the standard size ( 139 mm by 104 mm ) of the Peter Rabbit books ; and the first of her books to integrate pen @-@ and @-@ ink and colour illustrations between its boards . The book 's endpapers had been overlooked . Potter wrote to the firm : " I conclude there is no time to get an end @-@ paper design done — unless Mr. Stokoe has already designed one — I do not mind one way or another ; I had begun to scribble something but it looks a bit stiff . " Mr. Stokoe apparently did not design one because the endpapers were either plain white or mottled lavender . Several years later , they were replaced with a design featuring a pie and a patty @-@ pan and the cover illustration changed to Ribby sitting by the fire . In the 1930s , the book 's size was reduced to bring it into line with the rest of the Peter Rabbit books . The title was changed at that time to The Tale of the Pie and the Patty @-@ Pan . = = Plot = = Potter declared the tale her next favorite to The Tailor of Gloucester . The pictures are some of the most beautiful Potter ever created , especially the profusions of flowers in the doorways and garden plots . The colors in the illustrations are not the muted browns and greens the reader expects in a Potter illustration , nor are they the contrasting colors such as the muted reds and blues Potter uses occasionally to give her illustrations a splash of color Instead , the colors are bright oranges , violets , and yellows seldom seen in her other books . Even Ribby 's lilac dress and Duchess 's black mane illustrate Potter 's concern for color in this book . Potter 's own three @-@ door oven , her hearthrug , her indoor plants , her coronation teapot , and her water pump are minutely detailed with more color than in other productions . The large format of the original edition , the captions accompanying the full page color illustrations , and the occasional lack of coordination between picture and text all display Potter 's delight in the pictures , sometimes at the expense of the text . " Once upon a time " , Ribby , a " Pussy @-@ cat " invites a little dog called Duchess to tea with plans to serve her " something so very very nice " baked in a pie dish with a pink rim . Ribby promises Duchess she shall have the entree entirely to herself . Duchess accepts the invitation but hopes she will not be served mouse . " I really couldn 't , couldn 't eat mouse pie . And I shall have to eat it , because it is a party . " Duchess has prepared a ham and veal pie in a pink @-@ rimmed dish ( just like Ribby 's dish ) , and would much rather eat her own pie . " It is all ready to put into the oven , " she says , " Such a lovely pie @-@ crust ; and I put in a little tin patty @-@ pan to hold up the crust . " She reads the invitation again and realizes she will have the opportunity to switch the pies when Ribby leaves on an errand . Ribby has two ovens , one above the other , and she puts her mouse pie in the lower oven . She tidies the house , sets the table , and leaves to buy tea , marmalade , and sugar . Duchess meantime has left home with her ham and veal pie in a basket , passes Ribby on the street , and hurries on to Ribby 's house . She puts her pie into the upper oven , and searches quickly for the mouse pie ( which she does not find because she neglects to look in the lower oven ) . She slips out the back door as Ribby returns . At the appointed hour , Duchess appears at Ribby 's door and the party begins . Distracted for a moment , Duchess does not see which oven Ribby opens to remove the pie . Duchess eats greedily , believing she is eating her ham and veal pie . She wonders what has happened to the patty @-@ pan she put in her pie , and , not finding it under the crust , is convinced she has swallowed it . She sets up a howl ; Ribby is perplexed and annoyed but leaves to find Dr. Maggoty , a magpie . Duchess is left alone before Ribby 's fire , and discovers her ham and veal pie in the oven . " Then I must have been eating MOUSE ! ... No wonder I feel ill , " she muses . Knowing she cannot adequately explain her ham and veal pie to Ribby , she puts it outside the back door intending to sneak back and carry it home after she leaves for home . Ribby and Dr. Maggoty arrive and , after much fuss , Duchess takes her leave , only to find that the magpie ( who has left by the back door ) and a couple of jackdaws have eaten her ham and veal pie . Ribby later finds the remains of the pie dish and the patty @-@ pan outside the back door and declares , " Well I never did ! ... Next time I want to give a party – I will invite Cousin Tabitha Twitchit ! " = = Scholarly commentaries = = M. Daphne Kutzer , Professor of English at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh at the time of her Beatrix Potter : Writing in Code ( 2003 ) believes The Pie and its two immediate predecessors ( the tales of Two Bad Mice and Mrs. Tiggy @-@ Winkle ) are transitional works in Potter 's life and literary career . All three books confront the meaning of domesticity , work , and social hierarchies while exhibiting an underlying restiveness with the unyielding strictures of Victorian domesticity , and a disengagement from the broad political and social concerns of her earlier books to the more narrow political and social concerns of working farmers and rural people . Ruth K. MacDonald of New Mexico State University at the time of her Beatrix Potter ( 1986 ) argues that the theme of The Pie is the very proper social relations between neighbours in a small town . She points to the overly formal quality of the letters exchanged between the heroines as one example of the theme , and another , she indicates , is the manner in which the two pass each other on the street without a word to one another because " they were going to have a party " . Though Duchess probably does not speak to Ribby for fear of revealing her plan to switch the two pies , Ribby probably does not speak to Duchess out of an exaggerated sense of politeness or because she is rushed . At the hour of the party , Duchess is anxious to arrive on time , yet not too early , and loiters outside Ribby 's cottage before delivering her most " genteel little tap @-@ tappity " and asking " Is Mrs. Ribston at home ? " MacDonald notes that these instances not only underscore the elaborate codes of behaviour Potter 's fictional animals observe but , by extension , the villagers of Sawrey . For Potter , the result of such elaborate etiquette was nonsensical , distorted behaviour . Nevertheless , the cat and dog remain friends at the end of the story , and , in carefully avoiding any offence , their social pretenses and codes of etiquette are maintained . = = Merchandise = = Potter asserted her tales would one day be nursery classics , and part of the process in making them so was marketing strategy . She was the first to exploit the commercial possibilities of her characters and tales with spinoffs such as a Peter Rabbit doll , an unpublished Peter Rabbit board game , and a Peter Rabbit nursery wallpaper between 1903 and 1905 . Similar " side @-@ shows " ( as she termed the spinoffs ) were conducted over the following two decades . In 1947 , Frederick Warne & Co. gave Beswick Pottery of Longton , Staffordshire rights and licences to produce the Potter characters in porcelain . Ribby coming from the farm with butter and milk was released as a figurine in 1951 ; Duchess with a bouquet of flowers in 1955 ; Duchess holding the ham and veal pie in 1979 ; and Ribby and the broken pie dish in 1992 . A limited edition tableau depicting Duchess and Ribby was produced only in 2000 . Schmid & Co. of Toronto and Randolph , Massachusetts was granted licensing rights to Beatrix Potter in 1977 . A music box playing " Music Box Dancer " and topped with a porcelain figure of Duchess holding a bouquet was released in 1980 . = = Reprints and translations = = As of 2010 , all of Potter 's 23 small format books remain in print , and available as complete sets in presentation boxes , and as a 400 @-@ page omnibus . First edition copies and early reprints of The Pie are offered by antiquarian booksellers . The Pie was available as a hardcover volume but also in paperback , audiobook , and electronic formats . The English language editions of the books still bore the Frederick Warne imprint in 2010 though the company was bought by Penguin Books in 1983 . The printing plates for the Potter books were remade from new photographs of the original drawings in 1985 , and all 23 volumes released in 1987 as The Original and Authorized Edition . Potter 's books have been translated into nearly thirty languages including Greek and Russian . In 1986 , MacDonald observed that the Potter books had become a traditional part of childhood in both English @-@ speaking lands and those in which the books had been translated .
= All Things Must Pass ( song ) = " All Things Must Pass " is a song by English musician George Harrison , issued in November 1970 as the title track to his triple album of the same name . Billy Preston released the song originally – as " All Things ( Must ) Pass " – on his Apple Records album Encouraging Words ( 1970 ) , after the Beatles had rejected it for inclusion on their Let It Be album in January 1969 . The composition reflects the influence of the Band 's sound and communal music @-@ making on Harrison , after he had spent time with the group in Woodstock , New York , in late 1968 , while Timothy Leary 's poem " All Things Pass " , a psychedelic adaptation of the Tao Te Ching , provided inspiration for his song lyrics . The subject matter deals with the transient nature of human existence , and in Harrison 's All Things Must Pass reading , words and music combine to reflect impressions of optimism against fatalism . On release , together with Barry Feinstein 's album cover image , commentators viewed the song as a statement on the Beatles ' break @-@ up . Widely regarded as one of Harrison 's finest compositions , its rejection by his former band has provoked comment from biographers and reviewers . Music critic Ian MacDonald described " All Things Must Pass " as " the wisest song never recorded by The Beatles " , while author Simon Leng considers it " perhaps the greatest solo Beatle composition " . The recording was co @-@ produced by Phil Spector in London ; it features an orchestral arrangement by John Barham and contributions from musicians such as Ringo Starr , Pete Drake , Bobby Whitlock , Eric Clapton and Klaus Voormann . Although the Beatles failed to formally record the song , a 1969 solo demo by Harrison appears on their compilation Anthology 3 ( 1996 ) . An early version from the All Things Must Pass sessions was released on Harrison 's posthumous compilation Early Takes : Volume 1 in 2012 . Paul McCartney performed " All Things Must Pass " at the Concert for George tribute in November 2002 , a year after Harrison 's death . Jim James , the Waterboys , Klaus Voormann and Yusuf Islam , and Sloan Wainwright are among the other artists who have covered the song . = = Background = = Like his friend Eric Clapton , George Harrison was inspired by Music from Big Pink , the seminal debut album from the Band , the former backing group for Bob Dylan . Released in July 1968 , Music from Big Pink was partly responsible for Harrison 's return to the guitar , his first instrument , after he had spent two years attempting to master the more complex Indian sitar . Harrison duly shared his enthusiasm with the British music press , declaring Big Pink " the new sound to come from America " , drummer Levon Helm later recalled , thus helping to establish the Band internationally . In appreciation , Robbie Robertson , the Band 's guitarist , extended an invitation to Harrison to stop by in Woodstock , New York , when the opportunity arose . Late in 1968 , after producing sessions in Los Angeles for a solo album by Apple Records signing Jackie Lomax , Harrison spent Thanksgiving and much of December in upstate New York , where he renewed his friendship with a now semi @-@ retired Dylan and took part in informal jam sessions with the Band . According to Helm , they discussed making a possible " fireside jam " album with Clapton and an Apple Films " rock western " called Zachariah , but neither project progressed beyond the planning stage . The bucolic surroundings proved fruitful for Harrison as a songwriter , producing his first collaboration with Dylan , " I 'd Have You Anytime " , and leading him to write " All Things Must Pass " . He later described the latter song as a " Robbie Robertson – Band type of tune " , and said that he always imagined it being sung by Helm . = = Composition = = While discussing " All Things Must Pass " with music journalist Timothy White in 1987 , Harrison recalled that his " starting point " for the composition was Robertson 's " The Weight " – a song that had " a religious and a country feeling to it " . Musically , the verses of " All Things Must Pass " are set to a logical climb within the key of E ; the brief choruses form a departure from this , with their inclusion of a B minor chord rather than the more expected major voicing . Author Ian Inglis notes that the composition incorporates the same " modes , cadences and suspensions " found in Band songs such as " The Weight " and " The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down " . For his lyrics , Harrison drew inspiration from " All Things Pass " , a poem published in Timothy Leary 's 1966 book Psychedelic Prayers after the Tao Te Ching . In his 1980 autobiography , I Me Mine , Harrison refers to the idea for the song originating from " all kinds of mystics and ex @-@ mystics " , including Leary . Like later Harrison compositions such as " Here Comes the Sun " , " So Sad " and " Blow Away " , the lyrical and emotional content is based around metaphors involving the weather and the cycle of nature . Harrison states in the opening lines of verse one : " Sunrise doesn 't last all morning / A cloudburst doesn 't last all day " . According to Harrison biographer Simon Leng , the lyrics reflect " life 's ephemeral character " and the " transitory " nature of love . Inglis suggests that the song is " [ o ] stensibly " about " the end of a love affair " . He and theologian Dale Allison note the optimism offered in Harrison 's words , since , as Leng puts it , " a new day always dawns . " Although " All Things Must Pass " avoids religiosity , Allison writes that its statement on the " all @-@ inclusive " transience of things in the material world explains why so much of its 1970 parent album , All Things Must Pass , " finds hope and meaning only in God , who does not pass away " . The song 's main message is offered in its middle eight : All things must pass None of life 's strings can last So I must be on my way And face another day . Ultimately , the cycle of nature offers " consolation " , Leng writes , as further evidenced in the verse @-@ three lines " Now the darkness only stays at night time " and " Daylight is good at arriving at the right time " . The lyrics underwent some minor changes after Harrison presented the song to the Beatles in January 1969 , when they began working at London 's Twickenham Film Studios for the so @-@ called Get Back project ( released as the Let It Be album and film ) . He had initially written the second line of verse two as the more literal " A wind can blow those clouds away " , but bootlegs from the sessions reveal John Lennon suggesting the word " mind " to introduce a bit of " psychedelia " into the song . Similarly , the repeated line " it 's not always gonna be this grey " was originally " It 's not always been this grey " in verses one and two . = = Pre @-@ All Things Must Pass recording history = = = = = The Beatles ' Get Back rehearsals = = = In contrast with the creative equality he enjoyed with Dylan and the Band in Woodstock , Harrison returned to the Beatles fold and found the same discordant atmosphere that had blighted the White Album sessions in 1968 . Early on during the Get Back rehearsals – and tellingly , music journalist John Harris notes , before the arrival that day of Lennon and his partner Yoko Ono – Harrison enthused with fellow Beatles Ringo Starr and Paul McCartney about the Band 's camaraderie and group ethos , saying : " They 're just living , and they happen to be a band as well . " On 2 January , day one of the Twickenham film shoot , Harrison introduced " All Things Must Pass " , and the band worked on the song intermittently over the next four days of filming . In the search for a suitable musical arrangement , Harrison stressed his preference for a " feel " akin to the Band , a suggestion that resulted in Lennon switching from guitar to Lowrey organ , a keyboard favoured by the Band 's Garth Hudson . During the Twickenham rehearsals , the Beatles also discussed the idea of Harrison performing " All Things Must Pass " solo for inclusion in the proposed film . They returned to the song briefly towards the end of January , by which time the project had moved location to their own Apple Studio , in central London – one of Harrison 's conditions for rejoining the Beatles after his temporary walkout on 10 January . Although the band gave a fair amount of time to " All Things Must Pass " , it was ultimately pushed aside , just as other Harrison compositions including " Old Brown Shoe " , " Isn 't It a Pity " , " Let It Down " and " I Me Mine " received a lukewarm reception , particularly from Lennon . David Fricke of Rolling Stone has referred to this period as a " struggle " for Harrison " against the patronizing restrictions of writing within and for the Beatles " . Doug Sulpy and Ray Schweighardt , authors of Get Back : The Unauthorized Chronicle of The Beatles ' Let It Be Disaster , observe that Lennon and McCartney routinely rejected Harrison 's songs , " even though some were far better than their own " . The Beatles never formally recorded " All Things Must Pass " , and only rehearsal takes circulate on bootleg compilations from the sessions . The Fly on the Wall bonus disc accompanying the McCartney @-@ instigated Let It Be ... Naked album ( 2003 ) includes a snippet of the Beatles indulging in some Band @-@ like chorusing on the song . = = = Harrison 's solo demo = = = During the Beatles ' Apple Studio session on 28 January , Harrison talked with Lennon and Ono about possibly doing a solo album of his unused songs , in order to " preserve this , the Beatle bit , more " . Lennon offered his support for the idea . While author Bruce Spizer has suggested that Lennon was keen to " spare " the band from having to work on Harrison 's songs , Sulpy and Schweighardt consider that Lennon 's enthusiasm was because such a solo project would allow him and Ono to continue their own recording activities " without causing friction within The Beatles " . On 25 February 1969 , his 26th birthday , Harrison entered Abbey Road Studios alone and recorded a demo of the song , along with other recent compositions " Old Brown Shoe " and " Something " . With Ken Scott serving as engineer , he recorded two takes of " All Things Must Pass " , adding extra electric guitar onto the second . This version was eventually released in 1996 on the Beatles ' outtake collection Anthology 3 . = = = Billy Preston 's version = = = Soon after Harrison had begun talking publicly about making a solo album , during the final months of 1969 , he offered " All Things Must Pass " , along with the more recent " My Sweet Lord " , to Billy Preston for the latter 's album Encouraging Words . Through Harrison 's invitation , Preston had played keyboards for the Beatles once the Get Back / Let It Be sessions resumed at Apple Studio , where the 22 @-@ year @-@ old Texan had impressed with his superior musicianship and convivial presence . Preston was soon offered a recording deal with Apple Records , Encouraging Words being the second album under the contract . Co @-@ produced by Harrison , Preston 's reading of " All Things Must Pass " betrays an obvious debt to his former mentor , Ray Charles . While Harrison 's later recording is generally viewed as the definitive version , Bruce Eder of AllMusic considers this treatment of the song the superior of the two . Preston 's version appeared in September 1970 , five months after the Beatles ' break @-@ up . = = All Things Must Pass recording = = While completing his production on Preston 's release , Harrison chose to record the song himself for what became the title track of his post @-@ Beatles solo debut , the triple album All Things Must Pass . In describing " All Things Must Pass " as a " haunting hymn about the mortality of everything " , author Elliot Huntley notes the added poignance in Harrison 's version , due to the death of his mother in July 1970 after a long period of illness . With Phil Spector as his co @-@ producer , Harrison taped the basic track at Abbey Road Studios between 26 May and early in June . Other participants included Clapton , German bassist Klaus Voormann and Starr , the latter another avowed Band fan . Leng credits the song 's piano part to Bobby Whitlock , who also sang backing vocals with Clapton , his future bandmate in Derek and the Dominos . In his 2010 autobiography , Whitlock states that it was Preston who played the piano on " All Things Must Pass " , while his own contribution was pump organ , or harmonium . Although Leng lists both Harrison and Clapton as having played acoustic guitar and Starr and Jim Gordon on drums , according to the personnel that Whitlock offers , neither Clapton nor Gordon played on the song . Among the overdubs on the track , Nashville session musician Pete Drake recorded a pedal @-@ steel guitar part during a brief visit to London , to participate in sessions for Harrison songs such as " Behind That Locked Door " and " I Live for You " . Spector 's erratic behaviour during the All Things Must Pass sessions left Harrison to handle most of the project alone , but in August 1970 , after receiving a tape of Harrison 's early mixes of the songs , Spector provided him with written feedback and guidance . Spector wrote of " All Things Must Pass " , " This particular song is so good that any honest [ vocal ] performance by you is acceptable as far as I 'm concerned " , but he expressed his disapproval of the horns at the start of the track . In the words of authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , " clearer heads prevailed " and Jim Price and Bobby Keys ' horn parts were retained . The recording opens with " unvaryingly steady " piano chords , Inglis writes , and what Leng terms " sensitive " string orchestration from John Barham , soon joined by the horns and Drake 's pedal steel . Leng highlights this combination as providing the song with its rising and falling musical moods , implying variously light and darkness ; Inglis writes of the musical arrangement mirroring the " competing impressions " of hope and melancholy found in Harrison 's lyrics . True to its Catskill roots , the recording evokes the Band 's " The Weight " and their eponymous second album , the tracks on which were similarly inspired by " the beauty of that autumn in Woodstock " , according to Helm . = = Release and album artwork = = Almost two years after Harrison wrote the song , " All Things Must Pass " was released in November 1970 , closing side three of the triple album in its original LP format . Despite its high retail price , All Things Must Pass was a major commercial success , comfortably outselling concurrent solo releases by Lennon and McCartney . The song 's title was invariably seen as a statement on the demise of the Beatles , as commentators viewed the album as Harrison 's liberation from the artistic constraints imposed on him within the band . The album 's cover image , showing Harrison seated on his Friar Park lawn surrounded by four reclining garden gnomes – thought to represent the Beatles – was also viewed as reflecting this theme . While commenting that " All Things Must Pass " had " accrue [ d ] new layers of relevance " during the album 's creation , particularly with the death of Harrison 's mother , former Mojo editor Paul Du Noyer writes : " Nobody in November 1970 could have mistaken the title 's significance ... As if to cement the association of ideas , the wry cover picture has George in solitary splendour , surrounded by a quartet of gnomes . " In a 2001 interview , photographer Barry Feinstein admitted that the words " All Things Must Pass " had helped inspire his set @-@ up for the photo , saying : " What else could it be ? ... [ It ] was over with The Beatles , right ? And that title ... Very symbolic . " = = Reception and legacy = = On release , Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone described " All Things Must Pass " as " eloquently hopeful and resigned " while labelling the album " the music of mountain tops and vast horizons " . Beatles Forever author Nicholas Schaffner noted in 1977 , with reference to Harrison 's commercial and critical dominance over his former bandmates following the break @-@ up : " The very fact that the Beatles had kept George 's flowering talents so under wraps proved to be his secret weapon . " Schaffner named " All Things Must Pass " and " Beware of Darkness " as the two " most eloquent " songs on All Things Must Pass , " musically as well as lyrically " , with " mysterious , seductive melodies , over which faded strings and horns hover like Blue Jay Way fog " . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2000 , Anthony DeCurtis praised the song for its musical demonstration of " the sweet satisfactions of faith " . On a triple album where " nearly every song is excellent " , AllMusic picks " All Things Must Pass " as one of five standout tracks ( or AMG track picks ) , with Richie Unterberger writing of its autumnal theme : " It 's the kind of song that fits the mood in November , when the trees are getting stripped bare of their leaves , the days are getting shorter and colder , and you have to resign yourself to knowing it 's going to be tougher and tougher in those regards for months , also knowing that those hardships will pass away come springtime . " In his book on Harrison , subtitled A Spiritual Biography , Gary Tillery refers to the song as " magisterial " and a " majestic title track " that " leaves even the shallowest listener contemplative " . Michael Gallucci of Ultimate Classic Rock places " All Things Must Pass " third on his list of Harrison 's best solo songs ( behind the two hit singles from All Things Must Pass , " My Sweet Lord " and " What Is Life " ) , and comments : " The album 's title track takes on more poignancy after Harrison 's death [ in 2001 ] , but it 's always been great . " Writing for Rough Guides , Chris Ingham similarly describes the song as " a heart @-@ rending piece of significant prescience which seems to take on more poignancy with every passing year " . Among Harrison 's biographers , Simon Leng considers " All Things Must Pass " a " classic of Harrison 's lyrical ambiguity , in essence a hopeful song , without sounding so " , with a lyric that " approaches Bob Dylan standard " . Ian Inglis also praises the lyrics , writing : " The song contains some of Harrison 's most insightful and pensive words . ' Daylight is good at arriving at the right time ' is a fine example of his ... ability to position the profound within the commonplace . " Elliot Huntley rates it as one of Harrison 's " most beautiful " songs , " if not the very best " , and suggests that the sentiments behind " All Things Must Pass " would have made it a " fitting conclusion " to the final album recorded by the Beatles , Abbey Road ( 1969 ) . Bruce Spizer similarly rates " All Things Must Pass " a highlight of Harrison 's career , while Leng considers it " perhaps the greatest solo Beatle composition " of all . In his book Revolution in the Head , Ian MacDonald describes " All Things Must Pass " as " the wisest song never recorded by The Beatles " . In 2009 , The Guardian included the track in its list of " 1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear " . = = Performance and later releases = = " All Things Must Pass " was not a track that Harrison ever played in concert , although it appeared on his preliminary setlist for the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh shows . He twice performed the song live in front of TV cameras during the final years of his life , beginning with his appearance with Ravi Shankar on VH1 's Hard Rock Live , filmed in New York on 14 May 1997 . The pair were on the show to promote their recent collaboration , Chants of India , but at host John Fugelsang 's urging , Harrison accepted an acoustic guitar and performed a brief rendition of " All Things Must Pass " . In late 2000 , Harrison sang " All Things Must Pass " while again seated on a stool on Friar Park 's main lawn , a performance that was included in the press kit for All Things Must Pass 's 30th anniversary reissue early the following year . Coinciding with this 2001 reissue , the song appeared on a promotional single as the B @-@ side to " My Sweet Lord ( 2000 ) " . After being omitted from the " cursory " selection of 1970 – 75 tracks on The Best of George Harrison ( 1976 ) , Inglis writes , the song appeared on Harrison 's 2009 career @-@ spanning compilation Let It Roll . In Martin Scorsese 's 2011 documentary George Harrison : Living in the Material World , " All Things Must Pass " is the first song featured in the movie , played over footage of German air raids over Britain during World War II . In November that year , a 1970 @-@ recorded demo of the song ( featuring just Harrison , Starr and Voormann ) appeared on the deluxe edition CD accompanying the British DVD release of the film ; this CD was subsequently issued worldwide in May 2012 as Early Takes : Volume 1 . = = Cover versions = = Steve Wood and Daniel May composed music to the 1998 documentary film Everest incorporating melodies from some of George Harrison 's songs , one of which was " All Things Must Pass " . At the Concert for George tribute to Harrison , held at London 's Royal Albert Hall on 29 November 2002 , Paul McCartney sang " All Things Must Pass " , backed by a large band that included Preston , Clapton , Voormann and Starr . Leng notes the irony in McCartney performing the song , while Beatles biographer Peter Doggett comments : " it wasn 't hard to imagine Harrison 's cynicism as McCartney led the band into a soulful rendition of ' All Things Must Pass ' – one of the songs that the other Beatles had refused to take seriously in January 1969 . " According to Clapton , author Robert Rodriguez writes , McCartney " was humbled at having to relearn it " . Several other artists have recorded " All Things Must Pass " in the years since Harrison 's death . In 2003 , Bobby Whitlock and his wife , CoCo Carmel , included the song on their acoustic live album Other Assorted Love Songs , Live from Whitney Chapel . Jazz guitarist Joel Harrison covered " All Things Must Pass " on his album Harrison on Harrison : Jazz Explanations of George Harrison , released in October 2005 . In 2007 , a live version by the Waterboys appeared on their CD single " Everybody Takes a Tumble " , and the following year Sloan Wainwright included a cover of the song on her album Rediscovery . " All Things Must Pass " was among the Harrison compositions covered by Jim James on his Tribute To EP , recorded in December 2001 but not released until August 2009 . Also in 2009 , Klaus Voormann released a version of the song on his solo album A Sideman 's Journey , with Yusuf Islam on vocals and acoustic guitar . = = Personnel = = The musicians who performed on Harrison 's All Things Must Pass version of the song are believed to be as follows : George Harrison – vocals , acoustic guitar , backing vocals Eric Clapton – acoustic guitar , backing vocals Pete Drake – pedal steel Billy Preston – piano Bobby Whitlock – harmonium , backing vocals Klaus Voormann – bass Ringo Starr – drums , tambourine Jim Gordon – drums Bobby Keys – saxophone Jim Price – trumpet , trombone , horn arrangement John Barham – string arrangement
= 2002 Oman cyclone = The 2002 Oman cyclone ( JTWC designation : 01A , officially known as Cyclonic Storm ARB 01 ) was an uncommon tropical cyclone that struck the Dhofar region of Oman in May 2002 . The first storm of the 2002 North Indian Ocean cyclone season , it developed on May 6 in the Arabian Sea , and it maintained a general west @-@ northwest track for much of its duration . The system reached cyclonic storm status on May 9 , meaning it attained winds of greater than 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , and on May 10 it made landfall near Salalah ; shortly thereafter it dissipated . The storm was rare , in the sense that it was one of only eleven tropical cyclones on record to approach the Arabian Peninsula in the month of May . The storm brought the heaviest rainfall totals to Dhofar in 30 years , causing flooding and creating rivers in wadis , or typically dry riverbeds . Several people drowned after their vehicles were swept away by the flooding . The storm caused locally heavy damage , totaling $ 25 million ( 2002 USD ) . = = Meteorological history = = An area of convection developed on May 2 , 2002 near Sri Lanka , associated with a weak and broad circulation center . The system tracked west @-@ northwestward through the Arabian Sea along a trough near the equator . Its thunderstorm activity was enhanced by a ridge to its north , though was also removed from the center . By May 5 , the circulation had become better defined , and concurrently the convection increased over the center . After further organization , the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) classified the system as Depression ARB01A on May 6 . Around the same time , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) classified it as Tropical Depression 01A , while located about 1300 km ( 800 mi ) southeast of Salalah , Oman . After becoming a tropical cyclone , the depression turned to a northwest motion before resuming a track to the west @-@ northwest . On May 7 it intensified into a deep depression , and though its winds had increased , the structure became disorganized as the center became exposed from the thunderstorm activity . The convection waned , due to the influence of dry air from the Arabian Peninsula , as well as from wind shear . As a result , the IMD downgraded it to depression status early on May 8 . However , later in the day , convection redeveloped over the western half of the circulation , and it again reached deep depression status , about 830 km ( 515 mi ) southeast of Oman . The storm maintained poleward outflow as it continued west @-@ northwestward . Early on May 9 the IMD upgraded the system to a cyclonic storm , estimating winds of 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) and a pressure of 994 mbar ( 29 @.@ 4 inHg ) . Around that time , the storm was estimated by the JTWC to have attained peak winds of 85 km / h ( 50 km / h ) , with an atmospheric pressure of 991 mbar . While located a short distance offshore , the storm turned to the northwest and weakened slightly . At about 0900 UTC on May 10 , the storm made landfall near Salalah , Oman . Shortly thereafter , it began dissipation over Oman . Its landfall in the Dhofar region of Oman was uncommon ; in the period from 1891 to 1990 , only 17 tropical depressions or storms struck the region . = = Impact = = Along the coastline , the arrival of the storm resulted in strong waves of up to 4 metres ( 13 ft ) . The storm dropped heavy rainfall in the vicinity of its landfall , which were the greatest totals in 30 years in the Dhofar region . The city of Salalah reported 58 mm ( 2 @.@ 28 in ) in a 24 ‑ hour period as the storm moved ashore , which was more than 300 % of its average monthly for May . As a result , some flooding was reported in the city , and several wadis , or typically dry riverbeds , became sudden rivers in the area ; one station recorded a discharge of 1146 m3 / s ( 40 @,@ 470 ft3 / s ) . In Qairoon , precipitation amounted to 251 mm ( 9 @.@ 88 in ) , which was the highest total in Oman . Severe thunderstorms were reported during its passage , with wind gusts peaking at 106 km / h ( 66 mph ) . In neighboring Yemen , the city of Al Ghaydah reported light winds of about 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) . Damage was severe and widespread , estimated at $ 25 million ( 2002 USD ) . Storm impact included property , crop , transportation , and agricultural damage , with hundreds of cattle drowning during the passage of the storm . Across the Dhofar region of Oman , the storm caused several injuries and a total of nine fatalities ; most of the deaths were drownings , occurring when their vehicles were swept away by flooding in typically dry areas . Two army soldiers and one police officer drowned while saving other people in danger . In the aftermath of the storm , the Omani government received 4 @,@ 000 requests for assistance , and in turn provided financial aid to 500 families ; additionally , the government supplied temporary housing for displaced people .
= Temple Israel ( Dayton , Ohio ) = Temple Israel is a Reform congregation located at 130 Riverside Drive in Dayton , Ohio . Formed in 1850 , it incorporated as " Kehillah Kodesh B 'nai Yeshurun " in 1854 . After meeting in rented quarters , the congregation purchased its first synagogue building , a former Baptist church at 4th and Jefferson , in 1863 . Strongly influenced by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise , it rapidly modernized its services , and , in 1873 , was a founding member of the Union for Reform Judaism . The congregation sold its existing building in 1893 , and constructed a larger one at First and Jefferson , later severely damaged by the Great Dayton Flood of 1913 . In 1927 , the congregation moved to still larger , multi @-@ purpose premises at Salem and Emerson Avenues , outside downtown Dayton , and began to use the name " Temple Israel " , adding a new sanctuary to the building in 1953 . Temple Israel moved to its current building in 1994 . Synagogue membership grew steadily for over 100 years , from 12 families in 1850 to 150 in the early 1900s , 200 by 1927 , and 500 by 1945 , peaking at 1 @,@ 100 in the 1960s . By 1995 , however , membership was down to 800 families . Temple Israel has had a number of long @-@ tenured rabbis who were influential both in the congregation and in the larger Dayton community . These have included David Lefkowitz ( 1900 – 1920 ) , Louis Witt ( 1927 – 1947 ) , Selwyn Ruslander ( 1947 – 1969 ) and P. Irving Bloom ( 1973 – 1997 ) . As of 2011 , the rabbis were David M. Sofian and Karen Bodney @-@ Halasz . = = The early years , at 4th and Jefferson = = What was later to become Temple Israel was originally formed as a Hebrew Society in 1850 by twelve Jewish men under the leadership of Joseph Lebensburger , a German Jew and first permanent Jewish resident of Dayton . The Society met daily for prayers in rented rooms : first above a shop in the old Dayton Bank Building ( which was later the Steele High School , and has since been demolished ) near Monument and Main Streets , and later in larger quarters in a building next to the Cooper building , a block south on Main Street . It also hired its first Torah reader , a " Mr. Wendel " , and purchased — for $ 100 ( today $ 2 @,@ 800 ) — a small piece of land for a cemetery on what is now Rubicon Street . The Society incorporated as " Kehillah Kodesh B 'nai Yeshurun " in 1854 . It moved to larger facilities , first near First and Main Streets in 1860 , and then , in 1863 , to the northeast corner of 4th and Jefferson Streets . There Kehillah Kodesh B 'nai Yeshurun purchased for $ 1 @,@ 500 ( today $ 29 @,@ 000 ) its first owned premises , the building of a Baptist church whose congregation was moving to Main Street . The structure required " extensive remodeling " , and Lebensburger , as building chairman , led the campaign to raise the necessary $ 9 @,@ 000 ( today $ 173 @,@ 000 ) . Funds came not only from the membership but also from non @-@ Jewish members of many local societies , including the Odd Fellows and Masons . Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise assisted B 'nai Yeshurun 's then – religious leader Rev. Mr. Delbanco with the dedication of what became " the seventh congregation @-@ owned Jewish House of Worship in Ohio . " = = Move to Reform , and early rabbis = = Influenced by Wise , the congregation implemented many reforms in its services . In 1861 they adopted Wise 's Minhag America prayer book . In that same decade they added an organ , did away with the prayer shawl , and started a religious school . In the 1870s the congregation removed yahrzeit candles from the sanctuary , and added family pews and a mixed choir ( men and women together ) . In 1873 B 'nai Yeshurun was one of the first thirteen founding members of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations ( UAHC ) , now Union for Reform Judaism . By 1889 B 'nai Yeshurun had outgrown its original cemetery , and the congregation purchased 8 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) on West Schantz Avenue in Oakwood . Oakwood was a " restricted community " ; Jews were not allowed to reside or own stores there . According to Leonard Spialter , president of the Dayton Jewish Genealogical Society , " if you were dead , you could be buried in Oakwood , but if you were alive , you couldn ’ t live there " . Relatives began moving those buried at the Rubicon cemetery to the new " Riverview Cemetery " , including Lebensburger , who had died by this time . This process was not completed until 1967 . In its first forty years the congregation had a series of generally short @-@ tenured religious leaders . These included Delbanco ( 1862 – 63 ) , Moses Bauer ( 1863 – 64 ) , L. Liebman ( 1864 – 67 ) , Abraham Blum ( 1868 – 69 ) , Leon Leopold ( 1870 – 72 ) , Ben Weil ( 1872 – 76 ) , Ephraim Fischer ( 1876 – 81 ) , Godfrey / Gottheil Taubenhaus ( later rabbi of Congregation Beth Elohim of Brooklyn , New York ) ( 1881 – 85 ) , and Israel Saenger ( 1885 – 89 ) . During this period the membership also transformed from immigrant @-@ born to native @-@ born . In 1881 the congregation 's " language of record " was changed from German to English , and in 1889 the synagogue hired its first American @-@ trained rabbi , Max Wertheimer . A graduate of Wise 's Hebrew Union College , Wertheimer had been born in Germany to Orthodox parents . He was popular with the congregation , and Dayton 's Christian community highly respected him . Non @-@ Jews attended his Friday evening sermons , and he in turn was a guest speaker at many Dayton churches . = = First and Jefferson building , and David Lefkowitz as rabbi = = In 1893 the congregation sold its building at 4th and Jefferson , and constructed a new one at First and Jefferson . Wise again assisted with the dedication . Wertheimer 's wife died young , leaving him with two small children . This tragedy made him question his faith ; in 1899 he resigned from the congregation , resigned his membership in the Central Conference of American Rabbis ( CCAR ) , and , in 1900 , converted to Christian Science ; in 1938 David Max Eichhorn wrote that " Mary Baker Eddy herself financed Wertheimer 's study " . Wertheimer later became a Baptist . David Lefkowitz was hired as rabbi in 1900 , when the congregation comprised around 150 families . Born in Eperies , Hungary in 1875 , he had emigrated to the United States with his widowed mother and two brothers around 1881 . Due to financial difficulties , he and one brother grew up in the Hebrew Orphan Asylum of New York , where he later worked to help pay for his schooling . A graduate of both the College of the City of New York and the University of Cincinnati , he was ordained at Hebrew Union College in 1900 . Held in " high regard " by the membership , Lefkowitz was also " an active force in Dayton 's civic and interfaith activities " and an " ambassador of the Jewish Community to the Dayton area " . He was the first president of the Dayton chapter of the Red Cross and served on its Executive Board , and also served as president of the Humane Society . Later president of the CCAR , Lefkowitz was also anti @-@ Zionist . He was one of the prominent Jewish signatories of a petition presented in 1919 by United States Congressman Julius Kahn to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson who " asserted their wish not to see Palestine ' either now or at any time in the future ' become a Jewish state . " In 1942 , he was one of the founders of the American Council for Judaism , " the only American Jewish organization ever formed for the specific purpose of fighting Zionism and opposing the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine . " During Lefkowitz 's tenure , the synagogue building was severely damaged by the Great Dayton Flood of 1913 . Lefkowitz was " in charge of one of the districts outside the flooded area " . There he assisted around 28 @,@ 000 refugees in finding shelter , and " established a bread line to feed them " . However , his suggestion that the congregation move to a larger building in a new location outside downtown Dayton , while taken seriously , was not acted on . Membership had grown to 206 families by 1919 . The congregational school held classes twice a week , and had 8 classes , 10 teachers , and 140 students . That year the synagogue 's total income was $ 10 @,@ 000 ( today $ 136 @,@ 000 ) . In 1920 , Lefkowitz moved to Temple Emanu @-@ El , Dallas 's largest and oldest synagogue . = = Salem and Emerson building = = Samuel S. Mayersberg succeeded Lefkowitz as rabbi . He was " known for his oratorical skills and his crusades for moral and police reforms in Dayton " . His major goal during his ministry was to acquire larger premises outside downtown Dayton , which was realized in 1927 when the congregation moved to a new building at Salem and Emerson Avenues . Besides the main sanctuary , which had seating for 600 people , the structure included a social hall and kitchen , classrooms , and offices . It was at that time that the congregation began to use the name " Temple Israel " . Mayersberg left that year , and became the rabbi of Congregation B 'nai Jehudah of Kansas City , Missouri . During his tenure , membership increased to 200 families . Louis Witt succeeded Mayersberg in 1927 . He worked on fostering interfaith relations , and , like his predecessors , was active in community and civic life . A tall man who sometimes wore a swallow @-@ tail coat when conducting services , he was a strong proponent of " Classical Reform " principles , and while he was rabbi , following his preference , no one wore a skullcap in the Temple . In 1929 , at the second UAHC convention , Witt had asserted that America " by its very pleasantness and friendliness lures us away from our ancient loyalties . Its secularism is so delightful , its mutuality so penetrative , its universalism so delightful , that by a sort of sheer spiritual osmosis it incorporates us into itself and makes us look and become more and more like itself " . Witt argued that Jews had to resist this pull . Ten years later , however , in a 1939 article in The Christian Century , he argued that Jews should celebrate Christmas . In his view , Christians were now more liberal and celebrated " the inherent humanness and universalism " of Christmas , rather than any specifically Christian doctrine . Stating that his children had been deprived of the holiday 's pleasures , Witt asserted that Judaism was already a syncretic religion , and that celebrating the holiday was an ecumenical act which did not indicate that he was " thereby drawn even by the breadth of a hair nearer to the worship of an ecclesiastical Christ " . He concluded by asking " Is it neither treason of Jew nor triumph of Christian but partnership of Jew and Christian in the making of a better world in which the Christ can have part only by energizing and perpetuating and hallowing the partnership ? " During Witt 's tenure , Dayton experienced an influx of Jewish immigration , and the original German @-@ Jewish constituency of the congregation became more diverse . Family membership reached 500 by 1945 . = = New sanctuary during Selwyn Ruslander 's tenure = = Following Witt 's retirement in 1947 , Selwyn D. Ruslander succeeded him . Born in Pennsylvania in 1911 , Ruslander had graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1931 , and was ordained at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati in 1935 . He worked at a number of non @-@ rabbinic jobs ( including as an Ordinary Seaman in the U.S. Merchant Marine ) , and several rabbinic positions , including both pulpit and non @-@ pulpit roles . In 1939 he was appointed Director of Youth Education for the UAHC , and also became the first director of the National Federation of Temple Youth ( now North American Federation of Temple Youth ) . In 1942 , during World War II , he took a leave of absence from the UAHC to volunteer for the armed forces as a U.S. Navy chaplain . From 1943 to 1945 he served with the United States Eighth Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea , " the first Jewish chaplain in the history of the Navy to serve with a combat fleet " , and earned a Combat Star for his participation in Operation Shingle . He was released from active duty in December 1946 , and returned briefly to the UAHC , then went to South Shore Temple in Chicago , before taking the role at Temple Israel . Ruslander brought some traditionalism back to the congregation ; he reinstated the Bar Mitzvah and inaugurated the Bat Mitzvah celebrations , and re @-@ organized the religious school and added Hebrew to its curriculum . Like his predecessors , he was very active in Dayton 's civic life , serving on the boards of a large number of community organizations . Ruslander was possibly Dayton 's then " best known clergyman of any faith " , and during his tenure Temple Israel experienced rapid growth . In 1953 , Temple Israel constructed a new sanctuary at its Salem and Emerson location , and connected it to the original building . By the end of the 1960s membership increased to 1 @,@ 100 families , and Temple Israel hired Howard R. Greenstein and Joseph S. Weizenbaum as assistant rabbis . Ruslander died in 1969 , and for several years Greenstein and Weisenbaum served as interim spiritual leaders . In 1972 , Weizenbaum became rabbi of Temple Emanu @-@ El of Tucson , Arizona , where he served until 1993 . Greenstein joined Jacksonville , Florida 's Congregation Ahavath Chesed as rabbi in 1973 , and served there until 1995 . = = The move to Riverside Drive , led by P. Irving Bloom = = P. ( Paul ) Irving Bloom joined as rabbi in 1973 . He had previously been a U.S. Air Force chaplain , then rabbi of Congregation Sha 'arai Shomayim in Mobile , Alabama from 1960 to 1973 . Bloom introduced a number of innovations to the synagogue , including joint programs with other Dayton synagogues , a new curriculum for the religious school and Jewish studies classes for adults , and enhanced Friday programs and lay @-@ led services in the summer . Bloom strongly believed that Temple Israel should relocate to a more central location , as the Jewish community of Dayton had by then spread throughout Miami Valley . His vision was realized in 1994 , when the congregation moved to a new building on Riverside Drive , near downtown Dayton . The building at Salem and Emerson was sold to a Baptist church . As noted by Bloom , the congregation had " come full circle " ; it purchased its first building from a Baptist church in downtown Dayton , and had sold its most recent building to a Baptist church in order to return to the area . By 1995 , however , membership was only eight hundred families . Bloom retired in 1997 , and was succeeded by Marc Gruber . A graduate of Brandeis University , Gruber attended Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem and New York , and was ordained in 1981 . A vegetarian , he also wrote a syndicated vegetarian cooking column from 1990 to 1993 . At Temple Israel he reformed the services and introduced Bar and Bat Mitzvah classes for adults . During his tenure , in 2000 , the congregation celebrated its Sesquicentennial , with a number of " religious , cultural , social and social action programs " throughout the year . Gruber also served on the Steering Committee for the UAHC Department of Jewish Family Concerns from 1995 to 2002 , working on " the inclusion of people with disabilities and special needs " . Gruber moved to Central Synagogue of Nassau County in Rockville Centre , New York in 2002 , and Michael Remson served as interim rabbi . = = Recent events = = David M. Sofian joined as Rabbi in 2003 . A graduate of Hebrew Union College and the University of Missouri , Sofian had served as assistant rabbi at Temple Emanuel in Worcester , Massachusetts , at Temple Shaarai Shomayim in Lancaster , Pennsylvania , and at Emanuel Congregation in Chicago , before coming to Temple Israel . Karen Bodney @-@ Halasz , a graduate of Northwestern University , joined as Religious School Director in 2003 and became Director of Education in 2005 . After her rabbinic ordination in June 2007 , she became Rabbi @-@ Educator . Sofian retired in 2014 , IIlene Bogosian was hired as interim senior rabbi and Bodney @-@ Halasz was elevated to associate rabbi . After an eight @-@ month search process , the temple 's search committee unanimously recommended Bodney @-@ Halasz become the next senior rabbi . The temple 's board of directors approved that recommendation in January 2016 , making Bodney @-@ Halasz Temple Israel 's first senior rabbi . She will officially take over July 1 .
= County Borough of Leeds = The County Borough of Leeds , and its predecessor , the Municipal Borough of Leeds , was a local government district in the West Riding of Yorkshire , England , from 1835 to 1974 . Its origin was the ancient borough of Leeds , which was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . In 1889 , when West Riding County Council was formed , Leeds became a county borough outside the administrative county of the West Riding ; and in 1893 the borough gained city status . The borough was extended a number of times , expanding from 21 @,@ 593 acres ( 8 @,@ 738 ha ) in 1911 to 40 @,@ 612 acres ( 16 @,@ 435 ha ) in 1961 ; adding in stages the former area of Roundhay , Seacroft , Shadwell and Middleton parishes and gaining other parts of adjacent districts . In 1971 Leeds was the fifth largest county borough by population in England . The county borough was abolished in 1974 and replaced with the larger City of Leeds , a metropolitan district of West Yorkshire . = = Origins = = = = = Manorial borough 1207 – 1626 = = = The Borough of Leeds was created in 1207 , when Maurice Paynel , Lord of the Manor , granted a charter to the inhabitants of the town of Leeds . They were created " burgesses " , and were given the right to hold half an acre of land , trade as they liked , and transport their goods by land or water , subject to tolls and restrictions paid to the manor . The only officer of the borough was a praetor , appointed annually at the Feast of Pentecost by the Lord of the Borough . The praetor had the duty of administering justice and collecting fines and other revenues . The borough formed only a small area adjacent to a crossing of the River Aire , between the old settlement centred on Leeds Parish Church to the east and the manor house and mills to the west . The borough consisted of a single street with approximately thirty burgage plots . By the seventeenth century the title of praetor had been abandoned in favour of the more customary " bailiff " , but otherwise the government of the town remained in the form introduced in the thirteenth century . An enquiry into the administration of local charities in 1620 disclosed that many of the funds were diverted by the bailiff for his private use . This , and other irregularities , led the inhabitants of Leeds to petition Charles I for a charter of incorporation . = = = Incorporated borough ( 1626 – 1836 ) = = = = = = = Incorporation = = = = A charter of incorporation was granted on 13 July 1626 , incorporating the entire parish of Leeds St Peter as the " Borough of Leedes in the County of York " . The parish and borough consisted of eleven chapelries ( Armley , Beeston , Bramley , Chapel Allerton , Farnley , Headingley cum Burley , Holbeck , Hunslet , Leeds , Potternewton and Wortley ) and parts of two more ( Seacroft and Temple Newsam ) . The governing corporation of the borough was styled " The Alderman and Burgesses of the Borough of Leedes in the County of York " , and consisted of one Alderman , nine principal burgesses and twenty assistants . The charter named the members of the first corporation , with Sir John Savile becoming the first alderman . = = = = Charter of Charles II = = = = In January 1643 , during the English Civil War , Leeds fell to parliamentary forces . Royalist members of the corporation were replaced with those loyal to the Commonwealth . With the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , moves were made to reform the borough 's government . The leading merchants of the town submitted a petition to Charles II requesting a new charter as they felt the constitution and operation of the governing body was inadequate to the needs of the town . A second charter was duly granted on 2 November 1661 , with the earlier charter withdrawn . The new corporation thus created consisted of a mayor , twelve aldermen , twenty four assistants , a recorder and a town clerk and was entitled the " Mayor , Aldermen and Burgesses of the Borough of Leedes in the County of York " . The charter named the first mayor as Thomas Danby . The new corporation was given extensive powers to enforce and make laws to regulate trade and ensure the good governance of the town . From 1684 to 1689 the town was governed under a charter of James II which gave the crown power over all appointments to the town council . With the accession of William III and Mary II the 1661 charter was restored to the townspeople , and remained the governing charter until 1836 . = = Municipal borough ( 1836 – 1889 ) = = In 1833 the Whig Government of Lord Grey began enquiries into the government of the various boroughs in England and Wales , with a view to reforming their constitutions and methods of election . Following the recommendations of a Royal Commission , legislation was enacted as the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . Leeds was among the 178 boroughs reformed by the act , becoming the " Municipal Borough of Leeds " . The reformed borough was initially unchanged in area , and was divided into 12 wards , with a town council of 16 aldermen and 48 councillors , headed by a mayor . Each ward was represented by either three or six directly elected councillors . One third of the councillors retired annually . Aldermen were additional members of the council , there being one alderman for every three councillors : they had a six @-@ year term of office , with half of the aldermanic bench elected by the council itself every three years . It was originally envisaged that the first elections would be held on 1 November 1835 , with the reformed town councils holding their first meetings on 9 November following . However , the process of dividing the boroughs into wards and preparing the burgess roll or electoral register was a lengthy one , and an Order in Council was made delaying the first elections to 26 December , with the new boroughs coming into formal existence on 1 January 1836 . An early focus of the new authority was on policing and crime , with construction of a new borough prison begun in 1842 . The Leeds Improvement Act of 1842 gave the council further powers over markets , streets , street lighting , sewerage , building regulations , public cleansing and smoke regulation in the rapidly growing industrial city . In 1881 the wards were redrawn , so that the borough comprised sixteen wards . The size of the town council remained the same , however , with each new ward returning one alderman and three councillors . = = County borough 1889 – 1974 = = The Local Government Act 1888 created elected county councils to administer services throughout England and Wales . Where a municipal borough had a population of more than 50 @,@ 000 at the 1881 Census it was created a county borough , with the powers and duties of both a borough and county council . As Leeds had an 1881 population of 309 @,@ 119 it duly became a county borough on 1 April 1889 . The borough , while independent of the West Riding County Council for local government , remained part of the county for purposes such as the administration of justice and lieutenancy . The change of status in 1889 made no change to the boundaries of the borough or the size of the council . = = = City status and lord mayoralty = = = Until 1889 the right to the title of " city " in the United Kingdom was linked to the presence of an Anglican cathedral . In that year Birmingham , Dundee and Belfast were granted letters patent raising them to cities by virtue of their population , economic importance and history of good municipal government . In 1892 another borough in the West Riding , Sheffield , announced that it was seeking the grant of city status to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of the town 's incorporation , which was to occur in 1893 . When the members of Leeds Town Council became aware of the application by Sheffield , which was both smaller in population and of more recent creation than Leeds , they immediately began the process of applying for the dignity themselves . A petition was approved on 4 January 1893 , which set out the reasons it was felt that Leeds deserved to become a city : these were the antiquity of the town , its many charters , its large area , its population that was " approaching 400 @,@ 000 " , the fact that it was the largest municipality not to be a city , and its commercial importance for the woollen industry . A delegation from Leeds , including two Members of Parliament ( MPs ) , met with the Home Secretary , H H Asquith on 27 January to press the borough 's case . Along with the claims of the borough as set out in the original petition , the delegation made two more points : Leeds was the only university town not a city , and Leeds and Sheffield were the only boroughs returning five MPs to the House of Commons without the status ( of a city ) . The Home Secretary forwarded the petitions of both boroughs to The Queen on 3 February , recommending that the honour be granted in both cases as they were the " only towns in the United Kingdom with a population exceeding 300 @,@ 000 to which the title of City , enjoyed by many smaller of less important places , has not been granted ; and that both appear to be well fitted by their loyalty , public spirit , and industrial progress , for this mark of your Majesty 's favour . " On 7 February , Sir Godfrey Lushington , permanent secretary to the Home Office , wrote to the mayors of both towns signifying that the applications had been approved . The award was made by letters patent on 13 February , and was announced in the London Gazette on 21 February : The Queen has been pleased , by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom , bearing date the 13th February 1893 , to ordain and declare that the Borough of Leeds shall be a City , and shall be called and styled " The City of Leeds " . Four years later the Diamond Jubilee of the accession of Queen Victoria occurred . As part of the celebrations it was announced on 21 June that the mayor of Leeds " shall in future bear the title of Lord Mayor " . The award which empowered the Lord Mayor to enjoy and use all the rights , privileges , pre @-@ eminencies and advantages to " such degree duly and of right belonging " was made by Letters Patent dated 12 July , and was published in the London Gazette on the following day : The Queen has been pleased , by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , bearing date the 12th July , 1897 to ordain that the Chief Magistrate , now , and for the time being , of the City of Leeds , shall be styled Lord Mayor of Leeds . = = = Parishes to 1912 = = = Townships and chapelries which were separately rated for poor law purposes were formed into civil parishes in 1866 . The borough of Leeds contained eleven parishes and part of two others , and no changes were made to their boundaries until 1894 . The Local Government Act 1894 provided that no parish could lie in more than one local government area , with parishes being divided or amalgamated as required . In Leeds this was effected by constituting the part of Temple Newsam parish within the city a separate parish of Osmondthorpe , and merging the portion of Seacroft that lay within the municipal boundaries with the existing parish of Potternewton . The number of parishes into which the city was divided was reduced to five in 1904 by the following mergers : A second application was made late in 1911 . The corporation sought to add 4 @,@ 839 acres ( 19 @.@ 58 km2 ) to the north and east of the city : the parishes of Roundhay and Seacroft ( comprising Leeds Rural District ) , the parish of Shadwell ( from Wetherby Rural District ) and the Crossgates area of the parish of Barwick in Elmet ( from Tadcaster Rural District ) . The proposed extension would increase the county borough 's population by 7 @,@ 603 to 452 @,@ 171 . An inquiry was held in January 1912 , at which the strong opposition of the West Riding County Council and all the parish and rural district councils involved was made clear . On 4 May the town clerk of Leeds was informed that the extension had been granted , with the exception of 169 acres ( 0 @.@ 68 km2 ) of agricultural land with an estimated population of 50 to 100 . The extension took effect on 9 November 1912 , with the added areas initially being added to the existing north ward and to the parish of Leeds . = = = 1920 extension = = = In 1919 the city council sought another extension , this time to the south , by taking in the parish of Middleton from Hunslet Rural District . The boundary change took effect on 1 April 1920 , and Middleton formed a 17th ward , electing 3 councillors and 1 alderman to the city council , which was increased in size accordingly . The parish of Middleton was abolished , with its area added to the existing parish of Hunslet . The extra territory was acquired by the county borough for a major scheme of council housing , the construction of which commenced almost immediately . On 1 April 1925 the five parishes in the county borough were united into a single parish of Leeds . = = = 1928 extension = = = In 1927 Leeds Corporation promoted a bill to add further areas to the city , namely Gildersome Urban District , and parts of the rural districts of Hunslet , Tadcaster and Wharfedale ( the parishes of Adel cum Eccup , Alwoodley , Austhorpe – except for a detached part – and Templenewsham ) . The Leeds Corporation Act 1927 , as passed , omitted Gildersome and most of Austhorpe from the area added to Leeds . The extension , which took effect on 1 April 1928 added approximately 7 @,@ 131 acres ( 28 @.@ 86 km2 ) to the county borough . The area added comprised the parishes of Adel cum Eccup and Alwoodley to the north , and Templenewsham with 206 acres ( 0 @.@ 83 km2 ) from the parish of Austhorpe to the east . In 1930 the wards of the county borough were redrawn , necessitating a general election of the entire city council . Twenty @-@ six wards were created , each returning 3 councillors and 1 alderman . The membership of the council was increased from 68 ( 51 councillors and 17 aldermen ) to 104 ( 78 councillors and 26 aldermen ) . The twenty @-@ six wards were as follows : On 1 April 1937 the boundary of the county borough with the surrounding areas of the West Riding was adjusted under a county review order . The city exchanged areas with the following districts : In 1950 the city council petitioned for an alteration in the number and boundaries of the municipal wards , and a consequent change in the number of aldermen and councillors . The petition was successful , with an Order in Council made on 28 July dividing the city into twenty @-@ eight wards : The redrawing of wards made a general election of the entire council necessary in May 1951 . The new council had a membership of 112 : 84 councillors and 28 aldermen . = = = 1957 extension = = = Following the Second World War a Local Government Boundary Commission was appointed to review administrative structures throughout England and Wales . While the commission was in existence , local authorities were not permitted to make unilateral proposals for boundary changes . Although the commission recommended that Leeds should form the basis of a new unitary " one tier county " no action was taken . The commission itself was wound up in 1949 , and the final enlargement of the county borough took place under the Leeds Corporation Act 1956 , on 1 April 1957 . 2 @,@ 322 acres ( 9 @.@ 40 km2 ) of Tadcaster Rural District were added to the city . The 1958 commission was disbanded in 1966 , and the Redcliffe @-@ Maud Commission appointed in its place . When their report was published in 1969 , they recommended a system of large unitary authorities . A new Leeds authority was proposed , with an area of 317 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 280 km2 ) and a population of 840 @,@ 000 . The boundaries would have included a large rural area including part of the Yorkshire Dales and the town of Harrogate . The proposal was welcomed by Leeds City Council . Following a change of government , a white paper issued in 1971 rejected the unitary structure and instead proposed a metropolitan county of West Yorkshire , with Leeds forming a district in a two @-@ tier system . During the passing of the subsequent legislation , which was enacted as the Local Government Act 1972 , the boundaries of the Leeds Metropolitan District ( or District 6b ) were altered . Knaresborough and Harrogate were removed ( becoming the basis of a non @-@ metropolitan district in North Yorkshire ) while Rothwell was added from the neighbouring Wakefield district . = = = Metropolitan borough = = = The 1972 legislation came into effect on 1 April 1974 , with the county borough ceasing to exist at midnight on 31 March . The county borough 's area was combined with that of the Municipal Borough of Morley , the Municipal Borough of Pudsey , Aireborough Urban District , Horsforth Urban District , Otley Urban District , Garforth Urban District , Rothwell Urban District and parts of Tadcaster Rural District , Wetherby Rural District and Wharfedale Rural District from the West Riding . The new Leeds district was one of five metropolitan districts in West Yorkshire . It was granted a borough and city status to become the City of Leeds .
= The Deal ( 2003 film ) = The Deal is a 2003 British television film directed by Stephen Frears from a script by Peter Morgan , based in part upon The Rivals by James Naughtie . The film stars David Morrissey as Gordon Brown and Michael Sheen as Tony Blair , and depicts the Blair @-@ Brown deal — a well @-@ documented pact that Blair and Brown made whereby Brown would not stand in the 1994 Labour leadership election , so that Blair could have a clear run at becoming leader of the party and Prime Minister . The film begins on 9 June 1983 , as Blair and Brown are first elected to Parliament , and concludes in May 1994 at the Granita restaurant — the location of the supposed agreement — with a brief epilogue following the leadership contest . The film was first proposed by Morgan in late 2002 and was taken on by Granada Television for ITV . After Frears agreed to direct , and the cast were signed on , ITV pulled out of it over fears that the political sensitivity could affect its corporate merger . Channel 4 picked up the production and filming was carried out for five weeks in May 2003 . The film was broadcast on 28 September 2003 , the weekend prior to the Labour Party 's annual party conference . The film was critically praised . Morrissey received considerable praise , winning a Royal Television Society award for playing Brown , and Frears was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television Movie / Serial by the Directors Guild of Great Britain . The film also nominated for an International Emmy for Best TV Movie / Miniseries . Sheen later reunited with Morgan , Frears , and producer Christine Langan in 2006 to reprise his role as Blair in The Queen , which depicts the aftermath of the death of Princess Diana on 31 August 1997 . Sheen reprised his role once again in 2010 in The Special Relationship , that chronicles the " special relationship " between Blair and US President Bill Clinton up until the inauguration of Clinton 's successor George W. Bush , and was broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom and HBO in North America . = = Plot = = In the prologue , opening in medias res , shows Gordon Brown ( David Morrissey ) taking a telephone call from Tony Blair ( Michael Sheen ) to arrange a meeting at the Granita restaurant in Islington . The narrative shifts to 1983 ; in the wake of the Falklands War , Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her Conservative government enjoy huge public popularity as the general election approaches , while Labour 's radical election manifesto loses them key voters . Brown is elected as the new Member of Parliament for Dunfermline East . In London , he is shown to his office in the Houses of Parliament . John Smith ( Frank Kelly ) , a senior Labour MP , introduces Brown to Blair , his new office @-@ mate and the new MP for Sedgefield . Blair makes pleasantries with Brown and , though Brown is not initially impressed , the two become friends . Smith soon introduces the pair to Peter Mandelson ( Paul Rhys ) , Neil Kinnock 's director of communications . Shortly afterwards , Kinnock appoints Blair to be an assistant Treasury spokesman . Brown turns down a promotion to the Scottish Office , hoping a better position will come along . He and Blair discuss their political futures and both agree that , of the two , Brown would make a better leader of the party . Labour is unable to make significant dents in the Conservative majority at the 1987 general election . Kinnock promotes Smith to Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer , with Brown as his " number two " . Three years later , Thatcher resigns as Prime Minister after the Conservative leadership election is not decided on the first ballot . Despite contrary predictions , the Conservatives led by John Major win the 1992 general election . Blair tells Brown that a new approach is needed , and that Brown should stand for the party leadership . Brown refuses to stand against Smith , his friend and mentor . Mandelson privately suggests to Brown that Blair should stand as leader but Brown ridicules the idea . Smith is elected and , over the next two years , Labour gains support as scandals rock the government . Blair , as Shadow Home Secretary , pledges to be " tough on crime , tough on the causes of crime " in the wake of the murder of James Bulger . Smith tells Brown that he sees Blair as his natural successor as leader of the party . A year later , Smith suffers a fatal heart attack . Blair , encouraged by his wife Cherie ( Elizabeth Berrington ) , decides to stand in the leadership contest . He later meets with Mandelson to tell him that he has received support from key Labour frontbenchers . Previously a supporter of Brown , Mandelson switches his allegiance to Blair . Brown is furious that Blair has gone back on their unwritten agreement . Smith 's funeral passes , and Blair 's camp is sure that Brown will run . Charlie Whelan ( Dexter Fletcher ) and Ed Balls ( Matt Blair ) advise Brown that he will receive support from significant trade unions . Blair decides to arrange a meeting with Brown . At Granita , Blair tells Brown that he will run for the leadership , and in return offers Brown unprecedented power as his Chancellor , should they win the next election . Brown asks what Blair 's plan is for Labour 's second term , and Blair tells him that he will step down and offer his support to Brown as Prime Minister . Brown agrees and Mandelson prepares a statement from him , but discards Brown 's alterations . The leadership contest is won by Blair . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The film was commissioned in 2002 by ITV 's head of drama Nick Elliott , who encouraged Peter Morgan to put aside any other projects and start work on a script as soon as possible . Granada was initially sceptical of producing it ; the company 's executive chairman and chief executive — Charles Allen and Simon Shaps respectively — believed that Blair would be forced to resign as Prime Minister over the impending war in Iraq , consequently leaving the story outdated . The project was believed to be " too cerebral " and attempts were made to persuade Morgan to develop a television series to replace Cold Feet , another Granada production . John Whiston and Andy Harries convinced Allen and Shaps otherwise , citing Granada 's history of producing ground @-@ breaking drama and film as reasons for why The Deal should be made . ITV 's director of channels , David Liddiment , who supported the production , resigned in December 2002 and was replaced by Nigel Pickard , who shared the concerns of Allen and Shaps . Peter Morgan wrote his first script draft in the three weeks preceding Christmas 2002 . Recent events such as the 2001 foot and mouth outbreak and the contention surrounding the September Dossier made him believe that the perceived adversity between Brown and Blair was no longer in the public consciousness . His opinion was changed when he watched the 2002 Labour Party Conference and saw a " thunderous expression " on Brown 's face as Bill Clinton praised Blair in his speech ; Morgan realised that the rivalry was not over . This draft was extremely sympathetic to Brown , focusing on what Morgan called " Gordon 's heartbreak " . Subsequent rewrites toned down this approach , though Brown still remained the " main character " . The relationship between Brown and Blair as depicted in the script was based on that between Aaron Altman and Tom Grunick , the characters portrayed by Albert Brooks and William Hurt in Broadcast News . Morgan wanted to set the entire film in the 12 days following the death of John Smith , but the time frame was widened because the Labour Party 's disastrous result at the 1992 general election was " absolutely crucial " to the relationship and motives of the main characters ; Morgan had to show the moment Blair decided to aim to become leader of the party . Morgan and the producers engaged in a lengthy research process during script writing and editing , interviewing 40 to 50 of Brown and Blair 's closest friends and advisors , as well as aides involved in the 1992 and 1997 elections . Significantly , many of the facts in the film are based on the first three chapters of James Naughtie 's book The Rivals : The Intimate Portrait of a Political Marriage . The film briefly adopted The Rivals as a working title , but soon reverted to The Deal . Another title considered by Frears was Bambi and Stalin , based on a line in a speech given by Blair in 1995 . Scenes set in the House of Commons chamber and committee rooms use the actual words as recorded in Hansard . In other scenes Morgan utilised dramatic licence , conceding that there was no evidence to suggest that any of the lines spoken elsewhere in the film were ever said in real life . The relationship between Brown and Blair received many thematic analogies ; Morgan likened Brown 's story to a " tragedy of an over @-@ qualified Scot , who the Labour Party probably rightly felt at the time that it could not have as its leader . " ; Despite the quote at the head of the film referring to Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid , Frears wryly likened Brown and Blair to Beavis and Butt @-@ head . Producer Christine Langan alluded to both Shakespearean and Biblical themes , painting Brown and Blair as Cain and Abel . = = = Casting = = = At the time of commissioning , Douglas Henshall and Daniel Craig were considered for the parts of Brown and Blair respectively , though David Morrissey and Michael Sheen were eventually announced as the leads in March 2003 . Morrissey gained two stone for his role and had his hair permed and dyed . He researched Brown 's background by travelling to Kirkcaldy — where Brown grew up — and reviewing numerous biographies and information about the Treasury . In comparison to his preparation for the BBC thriller State of Play , Morrissey discovered that no politicians wanted to help him with his research , so he turned to journalists Jon Snow and Simon Hoggart . Director Stephen Frears was unfamiliar with his previous work and had to be convinced by other production staff to cast him . Sheen worked with an accent coach to effectively mimic Blair 's speech style , although he and Morrissey avoided doing simple impersonations of the men they played . Sheen cited Will Smith 's title performance of Ali as a basis for his part ; despite playing a real @-@ life figure , he treated the role as if it were any other character . Sheen had made his film debut in Frears ' Mary Reilly ( 1996 ) , and although he was unsure whether his minor role had " burned into [ Frears ' ] brain " , Frears confirmed that Sheen had remembered from that . Frears ' casting director approached Sheen in the audience of a play , inviting him to appear in " a love story about Tony Blair and Gordon Brown " . An informal meeting was scheduled between Frears and Sheen , at the end of which Sheen was cast as Blair . Paul Rhys studied Donald Macintyre 's 1999 biography of Peter Mandelson and gained an appreciation of the politician 's work on the Northern Ireland peace process , and of his sexuality . Rhys portrayed Mandelson with a " myopic loyalty " and identified him as " remain [ ing ] preposterously loyal to Blair " after his defection from Kinnock and Brown . The representation of Mandelson was compared to both Iago and Pandarus . Other people associated with Blair and Brown who appear in the film are Anji Hunter , Blair 's assistant ( played by Glenna Morrison ) , journalist Sheena McDonald ( played by Valerie Edmond ) , and Sue Nye , Brown 's assistant ( played by Joanna Scanlan ) . = = = Filming = = = In March 2003 , shortly before filming began , ITV abandoned its plan to screen the film , citing fears that such a politically sensitive film could affect the Granada @-@ Carlton corporate merger , which was due to go before the government 's Competition Commission . Within 24 hours , Channel 4 backed the production . A £ 2 million budget was assigned to the film . Filming was postponed until May to accommodate Sheen 's rehearsal schedule for the play Caligula . Frears ended shooting at 6 p.m. each day , so Sheen could leave the set in time to appear in the play at the Donmar Warehouse . The shoot was scheduled for five weeks . Set design was carried out by Michael Pickwood , a longtime production designer for Granada . The Blairs ' house was " played " by a house formerly owned by Lord Hailsham . Certain personal effects of the characters that were familiar to the public were added to the sets . The prologue and climactic scene in the Granita restaurant was shot on location in the restaurant itself . Frears subdued Berrington 's performance to avoid portraying Cherie as too much of a Lady Macbeth figure ; in the scene where Cherie encourages Blair to stand for the leadership , Frears had Berrington stand with her back towards the camera . Editing and post @-@ production went on until September . Some historical events — such as the Sheffield Rally and footage of the 1997 general election — were too costly to refilm so archive footage was used instead . Adam Curtis assisted in the editing of the archive footage . = = Release = = After John Yorke recommissioned the film for Channel 4 , it was scheduled as part of a " Tony Blair season " . The Deal aired on 28 September 2003 , the day before the Labour Party Conference began in Bournemouth . Despite heavy media attention , the broadcast was seen by only 1 @.@ 5 million viewers . The film received a screening at the San Francisco Film Festival on 5 May 2007 , following an interview with Peter Morgan . International rights for North America and Australasia were purchased from Channel 4 International by The Weinstein Company in 2007 , who sold it to American cable network HBO . HBO screened The Deal on 8 November 2007 . Channel 4 released it on region 2 DVD on 19 May 2008 under its 4dvd brand . Genius Products , an imprint of The Weinstein Company , released The Deal on region 1 DVD on 29 July 2008 . The region 1 edition features an audio commentary by Morgan and Langan , and an interview with Frears . The ending of the film was changed for the American release ; a closing caption that had read " Gordon is still waiting [ for the leadership ] " was replaced by one that says that Brown became Prime Minister in 2007 , thirteen years after the Granita meeting . Despite these changes , the copyright date on the film remains 2003 . HBO promoted it as " a new movie ... from the makers of The Queen " and the DVD was marketed as " The Prequel to The Queen " , even though the film was made and originally released before The Queen . = = Reception = = Reviews of the film following a press screening were generally positive . The Guardian published a number of reviews by politicians and political aides ; Charlie Whelan called it " enjoyable , if not entirely accurate " , complaining that he was portrayed unsympathetically in comparison to Peter Mandelson — " the Prince of Darkness " . Whelan was highly complimentary of Morrissey 's performance , but criticised Morgan 's script for portraying Brown as he was publicly perceived . Michael Portillo , the Secretary of State for Defence during the time that Blair was Leader of the Opposition , wrote a positive account of the film , using his review as a platform to recall the events surrounding the 1992 general election . Tim Allan , Blair 's deputy press secretary for four years , called it " cracking stuff " , highlighting the leads ' performances and the fact @-@ based nature of the script . Mark Davies , the political reporter for BBC News Online , criticised the script 's bias towards Brown and Sheen 's apparently negative performance ; " Michael Sheen at first plays Blair in the style of Spitting Image 's David Steel puppet : bounding along next to his far superior colleague like an over @-@ eager puppy . The actor later transforms Blair into something more sinister and cynical [ … ] Think Rik Mayall 's Alan B 'stard . " As with other critics , Davies admired Morrissey 's performance , singling out the actor 's grasp of Brown 's physical tics . For the Daily Express , James Rampton singled out the balance of drama and humour . Upon broadcast in the United States — and in retrospect of The Queen — The Boston Globe 's Matthew Gilbert called it " tightly written and effectively acted , and yet it still plays more like a docudramatic re @-@ creation than a Shakespearean glimpse at brotherly tension . " Of Morrissey , Gilbert wrote " He brings depth to Brown , a Scot , as a moody , private workaholic whose passion is in ideas and not in performing to the public . " The drama won the British Academy Television Award for Best Single Drama and Morrissey won the RTS Programme Award for Male Actor . It was nominated in the RTS category for Best Single Drama and the International Emmy Award category for Best TV Movie or Miniseries . Frears was nominated in the Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television Movie / Serial category at the inaugural Directors Guild of Great Britain awards . = = Follow @-@ ups = = = = = The Queen ( 2006 ) = = = Frears had a clause in his contract that allowed him to direct any sequels . The success of The Deal prompted the production team to consider a new film — possibly surrounding Britain 's commitment to the war in Iraq . In 2004 , production was announced that the first follow @-@ up would be produced for a theatrical film release in 2006 , The Queen ; that dramatises the weeks following the death of Princess Diana on 31 August 1997 . Langan described the film as not being a direct sequel , only that it reunited the same creative team . = = = The Special Relationship ( 2010 ) = = = A second follow @-@ up was written by Morgan , The Special Relationship chronicles the " special relationship " between Blair and US President Bill Clinton from 1997 to 2001 . The film was first proposed by Morgan as the third chapter in a " Blair trilogy " , shortly after The Queen was released and Blair 's resignation , and would have covered Blair 's special relationship with Clinton and also George W. Bush . There was early speculation that Left Bank Pictures and BBC Films would be involved in production , as Morgan had " promised " the script to Christine Langan and Andy Harries . By December 2008 , it had been announced that Kathleen Kennedy would be producing and Morgan would be directing . In March 2009 , it was announced that Dennis Quaid would play the role of Clinton and Hope Davis would portray his wife Hillary . Morgan pulled out of directing the film in June 2009 and was replaced by Richard Loncraine . Filming on location in London ran from 20 July to 4 September 2009 . The film , a Rainmark Films production for HBO Films and BBC Films was first broadcast on the HBO networks in North America on 29 May 2010 . = = = Possible Brown film = = = In a radio interview with Kate Silverton in August 2010 , Andy Harries spoke of early plans for a television film about " the Brown exit " , though explained that such a film was " two or three years away " .
= Todd Bertuzzi = Todd Bertuzzi ( born February 2 , 1975 ) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey winger of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Known as a power forward , he has played in the NHL for the New York Islanders , Vancouver Canucks , Florida Panthers , Anaheim Ducks , Calgary Flames and Detroit Red Wings . Selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft , he played at the junior level with the Guelph Storm of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) for four seasons . In 1995 – 96 , he played his rookie season with the Islanders . After two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons with the Islanders , he was traded to the Vancouver Canucks . Bertuzzi enjoyed the most successful seasons of his career with the Canucks — his longest tenured team in the NHL — including NHL First Team All @-@ Star honours in 2003 . After seven @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons with Vancouver , Bertuzzi was dealt to the Florida Panthers , with whom he briefly played for until being traded again to the Red Wings . He then played single seasons with the Anaheim Ducks and the Calgary Flames before returning to Detroit in 2009 and finishing his career there . Internationally , Bertuzzi has competed for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , as well as the 1998 and 2000 World Championships . In March 2004 , Bertuzzi assaulted Steve Moore during a regular season game , ending Moore 's hockey career . = = Playing career = = = = = Guelph Storm ( 1991 – 95 ) = = = After playing for two minor hockey teams based out of Sudbury , Ontario in 1990 – 91 , Bertuzzi was selected in the first round ( fifth overall ) by the Guelph Storm in the 1991 Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) Priority Selection . His future coach with the Vancouver Canucks , Marc Crawford , passed on Bertuzzi during the draft while he was general manager of the Cornwall Royals ; he has recalled not selecting him due to " maturity issues " and that he was " a big kid who hadn 't grown into his body yet . " Bertuzzi started his OHL career for Guelph in 1991 – 92 , recording 21 points over 42 games as a rookie . He missed the last 15 games of the regular season due to suspension as a result of kicking opposing defenceman Brad Barton during a contest between the Storm and Kitchener Rangers . After improving to 58 points over 60 games in 1992 – 93 , he was selected 23rd overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . The NHL Central Scouting Bureau described Bertuzzi as a physical and strong player with good skating who checks hard and is offensively effective in close proximity to the net . Following his NHL draft , he underwent surgery for chipped bones in his left elbow in August 1993 . As a result , he was unable to participate in the Islanders ' training camp in September and was returned to the OHL . Playing in his third season for Guelph , he improved to 28 goals and 82 points over 61 games . Bertuzzi competed for an Islanders ' roster spot at their 1994 training camp , but was sent back to his junior team after going scoreless in three exhibition games . During his last campaign with Guelph in 1994 – 95 , he recorded 119 points – sixth overall in the league . His 54 goals established a single @-@ season team record , beating Mike Prokopec 's mark , set the previous year , by two goals . The Storm 's forward tandem of Bertuzzi and Jeff O 'Neill , who finished fourth in league scoring , led the club to the best regular season record in the league . He went on to add a team @-@ leading 33 points in 14 playoff games , en route to an OHL Finals loss to the Detroit Junior Red Wings . After four seasons with Guelph , he left the club ranked third all @-@ time in career points with 280 , behind O 'Neill and Martin St. Pierre . = = = New York Islanders ( 1995 – 98 ) = = = Two years after his draft , Bertuzzi and the Islanders had not yet been agreed to a contract . With Bertuzzi eligible to re @-@ enter the draft if the Islanders did not sign him by July 7 , 1995 , general manager Don Maloney made it apparent that he would use the team 's second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to select him again if a contract could not be agreed upon by the required date . Moments before the midnight deadline , the Islanders were able to sign Bertuzzi to a four @-@ year , US $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract . His agent , Pat Morris , had reportedly wanted a similar deal to that of fellow Islanders prospect Brett Lindros – a five @-@ year , $ 6 @.@ 7 million contract signed the previous summer . During training camp in September 1995 , Islanders head coach Mike Milbury heralded Bertuzzi as the team 's best performing forward . Making his NHL debut on October 7 , 1995 , he scored a wrap around goal against goaltender Blaine Lacher in a 4 – 4 tie with the Boston Bruins . Beginning the season on the team 's top line with Zigmund Palffy and Travis Green , Bertuzzi finished his rookie year with 18 goals and 39 points over 76 games . The following season , Bertuzzi recorded 23 points in 64 games . The Islanders did not qualify for the playoffs in either of his two full seasons with the club , ranking second @-@ last in the Eastern Conference in 1995 – 96 and 1996 – 97 . Bertuzzi 's playing style as a power forward resulted in comparisons to former Islander Clark Gillies . As a result , the club hired Gillies to personally mentor Bertuzzi . Failing to meet lofty expectations from the club , Gillies once said of Bertuzzi , " If you 're built like a freight train , you can 't drive around like a Volkswagen . " Feeling burdened with the pressure of playing up to the club 's expectations while his offensive production diminished , he requested to be traded away at one point during the 1996 – 97 season . In response , Milbury , who had also taken over general manager duties the previous season , demoted Bertuzzi to the Islanders ' minor league affiliate , the Utah Grizzlies of the International Hockey League ( IHL ) . Playing 13 games in the minors , he registered 10 points before being called back up to the NHL . During the 1997 – 98 campaign , he continued to score below his pace as a rookie . On February 6 , 1998 , he was traded along with defenceman Bryan McCabe and a third @-@ round selection in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft ( Jarkko Ruutu ) to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for veteran forward Trevor Linden . The deal was made prior to the NHL 's roster freeze in preparation for the 1998 Winter Olympics . Bertuzzi and McCabe had both been widely regarded as the players of the future for New York after their respective drafts in 1993 . While Milbury expressed regret at having to trade McCabe , relations between Bertuzzi and the club were strained . Welcoming the trade , Bertuzzi commented that " things weren 't working out [ in New York ] . " = = = Vancouver Canucks ( 1998 – 2006 ) = = = Bertuzzi immediately began producing with Vancouver , tallying 15 points in 22 games after the trade . Combined with his totals from New York , he finished with 23 points over 74 games in 1997 – 98 . Contrasting his strained relationship with Milbury in New York , Canucks head coach Mike Keenan has recalled his experience with Bertuzzi upon his arrival as positive : " He came as a young player and he was very open @-@ minded about learning about the game . " Similar to the Islanders , Bertuzzi joined a struggling club in Vancouver ; the team finished last in the Western Conference in his first two seasons after the trade . After beginning the 1998 – 99 season on the Canucks ' top line , Bertuzzi was limited to 32 games due to injuries , the first of which was a fractured tibia . He suffered the injury on November 1 , 1998 , after a shot by teammate Mattias Öhlund hit him in the leg . His season was later ended with a torn anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) in his left knee , suffered during a game on March 5 , 1999 . He recorded 8 goals and 16 points in 1998 – 99 . In the off @-@ season , Bertuzzi became a restricted free agent and was re @-@ signed by the Canucks to a two @-@ year contract in September 1999 . The deal was reported by The Vancouver Sun to be worth a little over $ 2 million . Returning from injury the following season , Bertuzzi emerged as one of the Canucks ' best offensive contributors , finishing with 25 goals ( second on the team to Markus Näslund ) and 50 points in 1999 – 2000 . At the end of the season , he received the team 's Most Exciting Player Award , as voted by the fans . He received the distinction three more times during his career with the Canucks from 2002 to 2004 ) . Meanwhile , the Canucks began improving as a team , finishing four points out of a playoff spot in the West in 2000 . The following season , Bertuzzi recorded his first career NHL hat trick , recording all three goals on the power play against San Jose Sharks goaltender Evgeni Nabokov in a 6 – 3 win on December 30 , 2000 . Bertuzzi recorded a second consecutive 25 @-@ goal season in 2000 – 01 , adding 30 assists for 55 points , third in team scoring behind Näslund and Andrew Cassels . His -18 plus @-@ minus rating , however , was a team @-@ worst . The Canucks continued to improve , qualifying for the post @-@ season for the first time in five years . Entering the 2001 playoffs as the final and eighth seed in the West , they were eliminated in the first round by the Colorado Avalanche . Bertuzzi scored two goals and two assists over four games in his first NHL post @-@ season appearance . In the off @-@ season , Bertuzzi filed for salary arbitration after initially failing to come to terms on a new contract with the Canucks . Both sides avoided arbitration by agreeing to a three @-@ year deal on July 26 , 2001 . In the first month of the 2001 – 02 season , Bertuzzi received an automatic 10 @-@ game suspension from the league ( forfeiting $ 118 @,@ 557 in salary ) after leaving the bench to help teammate Ed Jovanovski in a fight . The incident occurred during a game against the Colorado Avalanche in which opposing coach Bob Hartley sent enforcer Scott Parker onto the ice as the extra attacker during a delayed penalty . Parker proceeded to physically engage Jovanovski , at which point Bertuzzi left the bench to help his teammate . Vancouver struggled with him out of the lineup , winning 3 games during the 10 @-@ game span . Two months after returning from suspension , Bertuzzi went 15 consecutive games with at least a point , scoring 7 goals and 12 assists from January 3 – February 4 , 2002 . The streak tied Petr Nedved for the longest in Canucks history . During that span , in a game on January 9 , Canucks head coach Marc Crawford replaced Andrew Cassels with Brendan Morrison , marking the beginning of what was considered by many to be the most effective line combination in the league for several seasons . Bertuzzi had emerged as an effective power forward , able to use his size and strength to position himself in front of the net , with good stickhandling ability . According to Canucks assistant coach Jack McIlhargey , Bertuzzi 's skill set favourably complemented Näslund 's goal @-@ scoring and Morrison 's playmaking abilities . The trio were dubbed by Vancouver media as the " West Coast Express " , named after the city 's commuter rail service of the same name . Late in the 2001 – 02 season , he recorded his second career hat trick on March 19 , 2002 , during a win against the New York Rangers . He scored his first two goals of the game against Dan Blackburn and his third into an empty net . Despite missing 10 games from his suspension , Bertuzzi finished the 2001 – 02 season third in league @-@ scoring with 85 points , behind Näslund and Calgary Flames forward Jarome Iginla . His 1 @.@ 18 points @-@ per @-@ game average ranked second in the league behind Mario Lemieux , who played 48 fewer games than Bertuzzi . He also improved his plus @-@ minus rating by 39 points from the previous season , finishing a career @-@ high + 21 . Although the Canucks were the league 's highest scoring team , they finished with the final seed in the West for the 2002 playoffs , ranking eighth in their conference . Facing the Detroit Red Wings in the opening round , they were eliminated in six games . Bertuzzi recorded four points during the series . The following season , Bertuzzi appeared in his first NHL All @-@ Star Game . He was joined by fellow Canucks Markus Näslund , defenceman Ed Jovanovski and head coach Marc Crawford , helping the Western Conference to a 6 – 5 shootout win against the East . He played on a line with Näslund and Peter Forsberg . Later in the season , he notched his third career hat trick on March 17 , 2003 , scoring three goals against Ron Tugnutt in a game against the Dallas Stars . He finished the season with career @-@ highs of 46 goals ( third in the league ) , 51 assists and 97 points ( fifth in the league ) . His 25 power play goals led the league and tied Pavel Bure for the Canucks single @-@ season record . Linemates Näslund and Morrison also recorded personal bests with 104 and 71 points , respectively . Meanwhile , the Canucks emerged as a top team in the West . Losing the Northwest Division title to the Avalanche by one point in the regular season , they finished as the fourth seed in their conference . After going down three @-@ games @-@ to @-@ one in the opening round against the St. Louis Blues , Vancouver won three straight games to advance to the second round . Facing the Minnesota Wild , the Canucks gave up their own three @-@ games @-@ to @-@ one series lead and were eliminated in seven games . During the series , Bertuzzi had reportedly walked by the Xcel Energy Center box office and told Wild fans they would not need their Game 6 tickets because Minnesota would be eliminated by then . In another on @-@ ice incident , he skated by the opposing bench during Game 7 when the Canucks were winning 2 – 0 , telling Wild players to " get [ their ] golf clubs . " Despite his successful regular season , Bertuzzi struggled to score in the playoffs , recording 6 points in 14 games . In the off @-@ season , Bertuzzi was named with Näslund to the NHL First All @-@ Star Team . With Bertuzzi entering the final year of his contract , the Canucks began negotiating a contract extension prior to the 2003 – 04 season . Despite Bertuzzi 's agent , Pat Morris , declaring that they would cease negotiations once the season began , Bertuzzi signed a four @-@ year , $ 27 @.@ 8 million deal with the Canucks on October 23 , 2003 . The contract took effect immediately , erasing the last year on his previous contract , and included a $ 3 million signing bonus ( $ 2 @.@ 5 million paid in the first year and $ 500 @,@ 000 in the second ) . The deal paid him $ 4 @.@ 3 million the first year , $ 6 @.@ 633 million the second year and $ 6 @.@ 933 for the third and fourth . In January 2004 , he was voted by league fans to the starting lineup of the NHL All @-@ Star Game . Representing the Western Conference alongside Näslund and Canucks head coach Marc Crawford , they were defeated by the East 6 – 4 . Bertuzzi had two assists while playing on a line with Näslund and Joe Sakic . Nearing the end of the 2003 – 04 season , Bertuzzi was indefinitely suspended by the NHL for punching Colorado Avalanche forward Steve Moore from behind during a game on March 8 , 2004 . His actions were a retaliation to a hit from Moore on Näslund during a previous game . Sitting out the remainder of the regular season and playoffs due to his suspension , he finished 2003 – 04 with 60 points over 69 games . Vancouver replaced Bertuzzi on the team 's top line with Matt Cooke and went on to their first Northwest Division title , before being eliminated in the first round of the 2004 playoffs by the Calgary Flames . Inactive in 2004 – 05 due to the players lockout and his ongoing suspension , which had been extended internationally , Bertuzzi returned to the Canucks in 2005 – 06 , as the league ended his playing ban . He recorded 25 goals and 71 points , including two hat tricks ( November 13 , 2005 , against the Detroit Red Wings and January 14 , 2006 , against the New York Islanders ) . Though he ranked third in team scoring , Crawford has recalled that by the end of the season , Näslund and Bertuzzi had been eclipsed by Daniel and Henrik Sedin as the team 's offensive leaders . There was speculation that the effects of the Steve Moore incident , which included assault charges and constant media coverage , were negatively affecting his play . While on the road , he was consistently heckled and booed by fans throughout the NHL . Näslund , a close friend of Bertuzzi 's , later expressed sympathy for him , saying in a 2008 interview , " It still bothers me what Todd has had to go through ... There 's no question he was standing up for me ... it all went too far . " Beyond the negative impact on Bertuzzi 's individual play , the media speculated that the fallout from the Moore incident had become a distraction to the organization as a whole . Compounding the situation in Vancouver , the Canucks had missed the playoffs for the first time in four years . As such , general manager Dave Nonis spent the off @-@ season making significant changes to the Canucks lineup . On June 23 , 2006 , he traded Bertuzzi to the Florida Panthers , along with goaltender Alex Auld and defenceman Bryan Allen , in exchange for goaltender Roberto Luongo , defenceman Lukáš Krajíček and a sixth @-@ round selection in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft ( Sergei Shirokov ) . After seven @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half seasons with the Canucks , Bertuzzi left the club ranked seventh all @-@ time among franchise scoring leaders with 449 points . = = = Florida , Detroit , and Anaheim ( 2006 – 08 ) = = = Instrumental in facilitating the trade to Florida was Bertuzzi 's positive relationship with Panthers general manager Mike Keenan , who was his first coach in Vancouver . Debuting with the Panthers on October 6 , 2006 , Bertuzzi scored a goal and three assists in an 8 – 3 win against the Boston Bruins . He appeared in six more games for Florida , notching seven points total , before being sidelined with back spasms . After being diagnosed with a herniated disc in early @-@ November , Bertuzzi opted for surgery , which kept him out of the lineup for five months . While recovering , the Panthers dealt him to the Detroit Red Wings at the trade deadline in exchange for forward prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks . Bertuzzi was in the last year of his contract with no guarantee he would re @-@ sign with Florida in the off @-@ season . Bertuzzi returned to action on March 22 , 2007 , debuting with his new team in a 2 – 1 shootout loss to the Columbus Blue Jackets . Eight days later , he scored his first goal as a Red Wing in a 4 – 3 shootout loss to the Dallas Stars . On April 7 , he suffered a neck injury that kept him out of the lineup for the last game of the regular season and the first two games of the 2007 playoffs . He finished the campaign with 11 points in 15 games split between Florida and Detroit . During the playoffs , the Red Wings advanced to the Western Conference Finals , where they lost in six games to the Anaheim Ducks , who went on to win the Stanley Cup . Bertuzzi recorded 7 points in 16 playoff games . Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Bertuzzi agreed to a two @-@ year , $ 8 million contract with the Anaheim Ducks on July 2 , 2007 . Signing him was Ducks general manager Brian Burke , who had served as the Canucks general manager during Bertuzzi 's time in Vancouver . Bertuzzi had reportedly been in negotiations to re @-@ sign with Detroit , but the club only wanted a one @-@ year deal . Playing the Red Wings in the Ducks ' first game of the regular season on October 3 , 2007 , he registered a goal and an assist in a 3 – 2 shootout loss . In the first month of the 2007 – 08 campaign , he suffered a concussion and was sidelined for 14 games in October and November 2007 . Bertuzzi returned to the lineup in time for the Ducks ' away game against the Canucks on November 27 , which marked his first NHL game in Vancouver since being traded away . Bertuzzi was received warmly by Canucks fans , as the Ducks lost the game 4 – 0 . Playing in 68 contests over the season , he registered 40 points with Anaheim . Entering the 2008 playoffs as the defending champions , the Ducks were eliminated in the first round four games to two by the Dallas Stars . In six playoff contests , Bertuzzi recorded two assists . = = = Calgary Flames ( 2008 – 09 ) = = = During the subsequent summer , several Ducks players were set to become free agents , including high @-@ profile forward Corey Perry . Requiring additional salary cap space to make room for defenceman Scott Niedermayer , who announced he was returning for another season , Bertuzzi was placed on unconditional waivers with the intention of buying out the remaining year on his contract . Addressing Bertuzzi 's buy out with the media , Burke asserted that he " believe [ d ] [ Bertuzzi ] can still play at the NHL level , " and that the Ducks were merely " handcuffed by [ their ] salary cap situation . " Bertuzzi once again became an unrestricted free agent and signed a one @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 95 million contract with the Calgary Flames on July 7 , 2008 . Joining Calgary , he was reunited with Flames coach Mike Keenan . Before the start of the 2008 – 09 season , Bertuzzi switched jersey numbers from 4 to 7 , in honour of his boyhood idol , Phil Esposito . The numbers 44 , which Bertuzzi wore in New York , Vancouver and Detroit , and 4 , which he wore in Anaheim , were already taken in Calgary . Bertuzzi scored his first goal with the Flames , deflecting a Dion Phaneuf shot , on October 12 , 2008 , in a 5 @-@ 4 overtime loss to the Vancouver Canucks . While initial fan reaction to Bertuzzi was negative due to his previous role with the division @-@ rival Canucks , as well as his reputation following the Steve Moore incident , he was eventually accepted in Calgary . In January 2009 , he missed five games due to a back injury . Several months later , he was sidelined again with a knee injury and underwent arthroscopic surgery to repair damaged cartilage on March 3 , 2009 . Missing 11 games , he returned in time for the 2009 playoffs , where the Flames were eliminated by the Chicago Blackhawks in the opening round . He finished his only season in Calgary with 44 points in 66 regular season games , while adding a goal and an assist in six playoff contests . = = = Return to Detroit ( 2009 – 2014 ) = = = On August 18 , 2009 , Bertuzzi re @-@ joined the Red Wings by accepting a one @-@ year contract with the club worth $ 1 @.@ 5 million . He recorded 44 points ( 18 goals and 26 assists ) in 2009 – 10 , ranking fifth in team scoring . During the second round of the 2010 playoffs , Bertuzzi recorded a career @-@ high five @-@ point contest ( a goal and four assists ) in a Game 4 victory against the San Jose Sharks . Bertuzzi finished with a playoffs career @-@ high 11 points in 12 games . In the off @-@ season , Bertuzzi signed a two @-@ year , $ 3 @.@ 875 million contract extension with the Red Wings on June 16 , 2010 . During the 2010 – 11 season , he appeared in his 1,000th NHL game on February 20 , 2011 , against the Minnesota Wild . Bertuzzi scored a shootout goal to help Detroit win the game 2 – 1 . Dressing for 81 games that season , he ranked seventh in team scoring with 45 points ( 16 goals and 29 assists ) . During the 2011 playoffs , he added 6 points ( 2 goals and 4 assists ) over 11 games as the Red Wings were eliminated in the second round by the San Jose Sharks . During his time with Detroit , he has earned praise from head coach Mike Babcock and his teammates for adapting his playing style to be more defensively responsible . Bertuzzi credited the influence of teammates Pavel Datsyuk and Henrik Zetterberg , both successful two @-@ way players in the league . = = = Binghamton Senators Tryout and Retirement ( 2015 ) = = = On January 9 , 2015 he signed a professional tryout contract with the Ottawa Senators AHL affiliate the Binghamton Senators in hopes to get a contract with Ottawa . Bertuzzi was released from his professional tryout offer with Binghamton on January 21 , 2015 , after posting no points and a minus @-@ 3 rating in his 2 games played with the Senators . He subsequently retired that year . = = International play = = Bertuzzi debuted internationally for Team Canada at the 1998 World Championships in Switzerland . He was among the youngest players selected to the team , along with Canucks teammate Bryan McCabe and Chicago Blackhawks forward Eric Dazé , who were all born in 1975 ( third @-@ string goaltender Christian Bronsard was two years younger , but did not play in any games ) . In six games , he recorded three points , as Canada failed to qualify for the medal rounds . Two years later , Bertuzzi competed at the 2000 World Championships in St. Petersburg , Russia . One of five Canucks players chosen to the national team , he was joined by Adrian Aucoin , Ed Jovanovski , Brendan Morrison and Peter Schaefer . His second tournament appearance was more productive , as he scored nine points in nine games – first among Canadian players and fourth overall – while also leading the tournament in penalty minutes with 47 . Canada did not medal , losing to Finland in the semifinal by a 2 – 1 score . His 63 total penalty minutes from both tournament appearances set an all @-@ time Canadian record for World Championship competitors since 1977 ( when Canada resumed competing in the tournament ) . In December 2005 , Bertuzzi was controversially selected to play for Team Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy . His inclusion , along with that of Dany Heatley and Shane Doan , was discussed at length by the Canadian Olympic Committee ( COC ) . The committee had concerns stemming from the Steve Moore incident and Bertuzzi 's probationary status , but subsequently approved his representation of Canada at the Olympics . According to a Canadian Press article , " [ COC president ] Chambers said the [ unusual meeting ] was prompted by some media concerns raised over the three athletes participating in the Games . The fact it took the committee so long to approve the list means there was some debate . " Bertuzzi went on to post three points ( all assists ) at the 2006 Olympics , tying for second in team scoring with nine other players . Canada failed to advance past the quarterfinal , losing to Russia by a 2 – 0 score . They finished in seventh place overall after winning gold at the previous Winter Olympics in 2002 . = = Steve Moore incident = = On February 16 , 2004 , during a game between Vancouver and Colorado , Avalanche center Steve Moore checked Markus Näslund in the head , causing a minor concussion and a bone chip in his elbow . Näslund missed three games as a result of the hit . In a rematch , Bertuzzi began following Moore around the ice , attempting to provoke him into another fight . With Moore ignoring him , Bertuzzi grabbed Moore 's jersey from behind and punched him in the back of the head , with Moore 's face hitting the ice as they both fell down . Bertuzzi , as well as several other players from both teams , landed atop Moore as he fell to the ice . Bertuzzi was assessed a match penalty and ejected from the game . Per league rules , he was also suspended indefinitely pending a ruling from Bettman . After lying on the ice for approximately 10 minutes , Moore was removed from the playing surface on a stretcher . He was treated for three fractured vertebrae in his neck , a grade three concussion , vertebral ligament damage , stretching of the brachial plexus nerves , and facial lacerations . He was also suffering from amnesia . Bertuzzi apologized to Moore and his family , as well as to Burke , Canucks owner John McCaw , Jr . , the Canucks organization , his teammates , and the fans in a press conference two days later . On March 11 , 2004 , the league ruled he would remain suspended for at least the remainder of the Canucks ' season , which ultimately cost him the final 13 games of the regular season plus seven playoff games . The Canucks were additionally fined $ 250 @,@ 000 . While the following NHL season was suspended due to the 2004 – 05 lockout , Bertuzzi intended to play in Europe , but the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) extended his NHL suspension to cover their jurisdiction . Bertuzzi remained professionally inactive during the 2004 – 05 season . The IIHF 's sanction also kept him from representing Canada in the 2004 and 2005 World Championships , as well as the 2004 World Cup . Bettman scheduled a reinstatement hearing for Bertuzzi on April 26 , 2005 . The hearing was attended separately by Bertuzzi and Moore . Prior to the 2005 – 06 season , Bettman announced Bertuzzi 's reinstatement on August 8 , citing that " Mr. Bertuzzi ha [ d ] paid a very significant price for his conduct , " adding that he felt Bertuzzi was " genuinely remorseful and apologetic . " Bertuzzi 's 17 @-@ month suspension caused him to miss a total of 20 games — the fourth @-@ longest suspension in NHL history at the time . The suspension accounted for $ 501 @,@ 926 @.@ 39 in forfeited salary , as well as an approximate $ 350 @,@ 000 in lost endorsements . On the day of his reinstatement , Team Canada 's executive director , Wayne Gretzky , offered him a spot on the national team 's summer orientation camp in preparation for the 2006 Winter Olympics . = = = Legal actions = = = After a four @-@ month investigation , the criminal justice branch of the Attorney General of British Columbia announced formal charges of assault causing bodily harm against Bertuzzi on June 24 , 2004 . With the charge , Bertuzzi faced up to one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years in prison . Bertuzzi pleaded guilty to the assault charge on December 22 after arranging a plea bargain with prosecutors . He was given a conditional discharge requiring 80 hours of community service and one year 's probation that additionally prohibited him from playing in any hockey game Moore was competing in . Under Canadian law , Bertuzzi 's successful completion of his probationary period precluded him from a criminal record . Moore expressed disappointment regarding Bertuzzi 's discharge and was upset that he was unable to attend the court date , having to issue a written victim statement instead . Moore 's lawyer , Tim Danson , was given one day 's notice of the court date following Bertuzzi 's plea bargain , which he said was insufficient time for Moore to travel to Vancouver . On February 17 , 2005 , Moore filed a lawsuit in a Colorado court against Bertuzzi , numerous individuals within the Canucks organization , including Brad May ( Bertuzzi 's teammate at the time who was quoted as saying that there would " definitely be a price on Moore 's head " after Moore 's hit on Näslund ) , Brian Burke , Marc Crawford , as well as the Canucks organization as a whole and the Orca Bay Sports and Entertainment company that owned the team . The lawsuit was thrown out in October 2005 , as the Colorado judge ruled the case was better suited for Canadian courts , as Moore and all the defendants were Canadian citizens . Planning to appeal the decision , Danson stated publicly the following month that Moore had begun skating and doing regular workouts , but continued to suffer concussion @-@ related symptoms . On February 16 , 2006 , Moore filed another lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court against Bertuzzi , the Canucks , and Orca Bay , seeking CAD $ 15 million in pecuniary damages for loss of income , CAD $ 1 million for aggravated damages , and CAD $ 2 million for punitive damages . Moore 's parents , who were watching their son on television when the attack happened , also sued , seeking CAD $ 1 @.@ 5 million for " negligent infliction of nervous shock and mental distress " . In December 2006 , Bettman and top lieutenant Bill Daly facilitated a meeting between Moore 's representatives and the defendants in hopes of agreeing on an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement . An out @-@ of @-@ court settlement was reached in Moore 's lawsuit in October 2014 . Terms of the settlement are confidential . = = Personal life = = Bertuzzi was born and raised in Sudbury , Ontario . His father , Albert Bertuzzi , is an Italian @-@ Canadian who worked in the window @-@ washing business . When Bertuzzi was a teenager , Albert survived a near @-@ fatal car accident in which he was thrown from the vehicle through the windshield . His father has stated that he was proud of his own local reputation as a " dirty player " and referred to it as a " Bertuzzi trait " . He has said that Bertuzzi takes after him in regards to his toughness and aggression . Bertuzzi 's great @-@ uncle , Larry Bertuzzi , is a Toronto @-@ based lawyer who has done arbitration work for the NHL , including on the Eric Lindros trade . Growing up , Bertuzzi played minor hockey with the Nickel Centre and Sudbury Minor Hockey programs . In 1990 – 91 , Bertuzzi played as an underaged player in the major midget ranks with the Sudbury Capitals AAA team . Physically built as a power forward throughout his youth , he stood 6 feet and 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 88 metres ) and weighed 195 pounds ( 88 @.@ 5 kilograms ) by age 15 . Bertuzzi and his wife , Julie , were married in July 1996 . They have two children born one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years apart in Vancouver , a son named Tag and a daughter named Jaden . Bertuzzi is a recreational golfer and has credited the sport with allowing him to relax more as a hockey player . During his 10 @-@ game suspension from the NHL in October and November 2001 , he played golf to focus his energy . Afterwards , he made it a custom to go to the driving range before every game . Bertuzzi 's nephew , Tyler Bertuzzi , who currently plays for the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) , was drafted 58th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = International = = = = = Awards = = = = Records = = Guelph Storm team record ; most goals , single season — 54 in 1994 – 95 ( surpassed Mike Prokopec , 52 goals in 1992 – 93 ) Vancouver Canucks team record ; longest point @-@ scoring streak — 15 games ( 7 goals , 12 assists ; January 3 – February 4 , 2003 ) ( tied with Petr Nedved ; November 19 – December 27 , 1992 ) Vancouver Canucks team record ; most powerplay goals , single season — 25 in 2002 – 03 ( tied with Pavel Bure ) = = Transactions = = June 26 , 1993 : Drafted 23rd overall by the New York Islanders July 6 , 1995 : Signed to a four @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 6 million contract with the New York Islanders February 6 , 1998 : Traded to the Vancouver Canucks from the New York Islanders with Bryan McCabe and a 3rd round choice in 1998 ( Jarkko Ruutu ) for Trevor Linden September 1999 : Re @-@ signed to a two @-@ year contract with the Vancouver Canucks October 27 , 2003 : Signed a four @-@ year , $ 27 @.@ 9 million contract extension with the Vancouver Canucks March 11 , 2004 : Suspended indefinitely by the NHL for deliberate injury to Steve Moore in a game versus the Colorado Avalanche August 8 , 2005 : Officially reinstated by the NHL June 23 , 2006 : Traded to the Florida Panthers by the Vancouver Canucks with Bryan Allen and Alex Auld for Roberto Luongo , Lukas Krajicek and a sixth @-@ round draft choice in 2006 ( Sergei Shirokov ) February 27 , 2007 : Traded to the Detroit Red Wings by the Florida Panthers for prospect Shawn Matthias and conditional draft picks July 2 , 2007 : Signed a two @-@ year , $ 8 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Anaheim Ducks June 28 , 2008 : Placed on waivers by the Anaheim Ducks ; subsequently bought out July 7 , 2008 : Signed a one @-@ year $ 1 @.@ 95 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Calgary Flames August 18 , 2009 : Signed a one @-@ year $ 1 @.@ 5 million contract as an unrestricted free agent with the Detroit Red Wings May 10 , 2010 : Signed a two @-@ year , $ 3 @.@ 85 million contract extension with the Detroit Red Wings
= Christian interpretations of Virgil 's Eclogue 4 = Eclogue 4 , also known as the Fourth Eclogue is the name of a Latin poem by the Roman poet Virgil . Part of his first major work , the Eclogues , the piece was written around 40 BC , during a time of temporary stability following the Treaty of Brundisium ; it was later published in and around the years 39 – 38 BC . The work describes the birth of a boy , a supposed savior , who once of age will become divine and eventually rule over the world . During late antiquity and the Middle Ages , a desire emerged to view Virgil as a virtuous pagan , and as such , early Christians , such as Roman Emperor Constantine , early Christian theologian Lactantius , and St. Augustine — to varying degrees — reinterpreted the poem to be about the birth of Jesus Christ . This belief persisted into the Medieval era , with many scholars arguing that Virgil not only prophesied Christ prior to his birth but also that he was a pre @-@ Christian prophet . Dante Alighieri included Virgil as a main character in his Divine Comedy , and Michelangelo included the Cumaean Sibyl on the ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel ( a reference to the widespread belief that the Sibyl herself prophesied the birth of Christ , and Virgil used her prophecies to craft his poem ) . Modern scholars , such as Robin Nisbet , tend to eschew this interpretation , arguing that seemingly Judeo @-@ Christian elements of the poem can be explained through means other than divine prophecy . = = Background = = The scholarly consensus is that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues ( or Bucolics ) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39 – 38 BC , although this is controversial . The Eclogues ( from the Greek word for " selections " ) are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry ( " pastoral poetry " ) of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus . The fourth of these Eclogues can be dated to around 40 BC , during a time when the Roman Civil war seemed to be coming to an end . ‘ ’ Eclogue ’ ’ 4 largely concerns the birth of a child ( puer ) who will become divine and eventually rule over the world . Classicist H. J. Rose notes that the poem “ is in a sense Messianic , since it contains a prophecy ( whether meant seriously or not ) of the birth of a wonder @-@ child of more than mortal virtue and power , who shall restore the Golden Age . ” By the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries AD , Virgil had gained a reputation as a virtuous pagan , a term referring to pagans who were never evangelized and consequently during their lifetime had no opportunity to recognize Christ , but nevertheless led virtuous lives , so that it seemed objectionable to consider them damned . Eventually , some Christians sought to reconcile Virgil 's works with the supposed Christianity present in them . Consequently , during the Late Antiquity and beyond , many assumed that the puer referenced in the Fourth Eclogue was actually Jesus Christ . = = History = = = = = Early interpretations = = = The first notable person to be fascinated with the supposed prophecy of the Fourth Eclogue and its potential references to Jesus was Constantine the Great , Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 , and he used part of it in an address he gave to the " Assembly of the Saints " , which was preserved by the Roman historian Eusebius in his work Vita Constantini . Constantine interpreted the entire work himself although he omitted a few lines that overtly reference paganism , such as the last part of line 10 , which names Apollo . Constantine assigned the roles of the virgo in line 6 to the Blessed Virgin Mary , the puer in lines 8 , 18 , 60 , and 62 is Christ , the lions in line 22 to the persecutors of Christians , and the serpent in line 24 to the Serpent of Evil . Constantine argued that the Assyrian flower in line 25 represented the race of people , i.e. the Assyrians , who were " leader [ s ] in the faith of Christ " , and that references in line 30 meant that " those who had borne hardships for the sake of God would perceive that the fruit of their endurance was sweet . " The emperor also interpreted the reference to Achilles fighting against Troy in lines 34 @-@ 36 as a reference to Christ ( the " new " Achilles ) waging a war against the forces of evil ( the " new " Troy ) . Finally , Constantine proposed that the references to the Golden Age in lines 37 @-@ 59 do not refer the birth of a mortal child , but rather a being who " mortal parents have not smiled upon " : in other words , Jesus Christ , who , according to Christian scripture , " had no parents in the usual sense " . Constantine 's primary religious advisor , Lactantius saw references to Jesus in the poem . In fact , he may have actually proposed the idea before Constantine , due to the confusion surrounding the publication date of his book , Divinae Institutiones ( The Divine Institutes ) — felt that the poem referred to " the coming of Christ at the millennium " , and he argued that Virgil penned the poem in accordance with prophecies made by the Cumaean Sibyl ( the priestess presiding over the Apollonian oracle at Cumae ) concerning the birth of Christ . Likewise , St. Augustine believed Virgil was referencing Christ ; he assumed that the poet was writing poetically , since he was writing in the " shadowy " persona of an unnamed narrator , but he was also writing with veracity , since any traces of guilt " could be wiped away only by that Savior concerning whom the verse was written . " Echoing the sentiment of Lactantius , St. Augustine opined that the mention of Cumae in line 4 is a reference to the supposed Sibylline prophecy concerning Christ . Ultimately , St. Augustine felt that Virgil spoke non a se ipse ( " not from himself " ) , which is to say he prophesied the birth and coming of Christ , but did not understand what he himself was writing . The opinion that Eclogue 4 was a reference to the coming of Jesus was not universally held by early members of the early Church , however . St. Jerome , an early Church writer noted for translating the Bible into Latin , specifically wrote that Virgil could not have been a Christian prophet without having accepted Christ , and claimed that anyone that had accepted that Virgil was a pre @-@ Christian prophet was being childish . Classicist Ella Bourne , however , noted that the mere fact that St. Jerome responded to the idea is a testament to the belief 's pervasiveness . = = = Medieval interpretations = = = In the early part of the sixth century , Latin grammarian Fulgentius made a passing reference to the supposed prophetic nature of the eclogue , noting : In quarta vaticinii artem adsumit ( " In the Fourth [ Eclogue ] , [ Virgil ] takes up the art of prophecy " ) . Yet after this , the historical and scholarly record is silent until the ninth century . According to legend , Donatus , the bishop of Fiesole , quoted the seventh line of the poem to his friars as part of a confession of his faith prior to his death . During the same century , Agnellus , the archbishop of Ravenna , referenced the poem , noting that it was evidence that the Holy Spirit had spoken through both Virgil and the Sybil . The monk Christian Druthmar also makes use of the seventh line in his commentary on Matthew 20 : 30 . In the eleventh century , Virgil began appearing in plays , such as one particular Christmas work wherein the poet is the last " prophet " called on to give testimony concerning Christ . According to Bourne , the play was particularly popular , and philologist Du Cange gives mention of similar play performed at Rouen . Virgil and his purported prophecy even found itself in the Wakefield Mystery Plays . Around this time , Eclogue 4 and Virgil 's supposed prophetic nature had saturated the Christian world ; references to the poem are made by Abelard , the Bohemian historian Cosmos , and Pope Innocent III in a sermon . The Gesta Romanorum , a Latin collection of anecdotes and tales that was probably compiled about the end of the 13th century or the beginning of the 14th , confirms that the eclogue was pervasively associated with Christianity . Virgil eventually became a fixture of Medieval ecclesiastic art , appearing in churches , chapels , and even cathedrals , oftentimes depicted holding a scroll with a select passage from the Fourth Eclogue on it . In a similar vein , Michelangelo included the Cumaean Sibyl on the ceiling painting of the Sistine Chapel . According to Paul Barolsky , the Sibyl 's presence " evokes her song in Virgil [ i.e. the Fourth Eclogue ] , prophesying spiritual renewal through the coming of Christ — the very theme of the ceiling . " Barolsky also points out that Michelangelo painted the Sibyl in close proximity to the prophet Isaiah ; thus , the painter drew a visual comparison between their purported prophecies . This association between Virgil and Christianity reached a fever pitch in the fourteenth century , when the Divine Comedy was published ; the work , by Dante Alighieri , prominently features Virgil as the main character 's guide through Hell . Notably , in the second book Purgatorio , Dante and Virgil meet the poet Statius , who , having " read a hidden meaning in lines of Virgil 's own " , was allowed passage into Purgatory , and eventually Heaven . Bourne argued that this reference is proof enough that Dante , like those before him , believed Virgil to have been an unknowing Christian prophet . In the fifteenth century , a popular story concerning Secundian , Marcellian and Verian — who started out as persecutors of Christians during the reign of the Roman emperor Decius — emerged . The story claims that the trio were alarmed by the calm manner in which their Christian victims died , and so they turned to literature and chanced upon Eclogue 4 , which eventually caused their conversions . = = = Later interpretations = = = The French writer René Rapin ( 1621 – 1687 ) was impressed with the potential connection between Virgil and Christianity , and used the Fourth Eclogue as influence , basing many of his lines in his own Sixth Eclogue , concerning two shepherds meeting with a sibyl near the Jordan River , on Virgil 's work . One of the more overt modern references to the Fourth Eclogue , Virgil , and Christianity , appears in Alexander Pope 's 1712 poem , Messiah . Bourne wrote that the work " shows clearly that [ Pope ] believed that Virgil 's poem was based on a Sibylline prophecy " . Robert Lowth seems also to have held this opinion , noting , by way of Plato , that the poem contains references made " not by men in their sober senses , but [ by ] the God himself " . In the mid @-@ 19th century , Oxford scholar John Keble claimed : Taceo si quid divinius ac sanctius ( quod credo equidem ) adhaeret istis auguriis ( " I am silent about whether something more divine and sacred — which is what I , in fact , believe — clings to these prophecies " ) . = = Modern views = = Many modern scholars contend that the seemingly Christian nature of the poem is due to Virgil referencing Eastern oracles , which may have been influenced by Jewish texts and prophecies . For instance , Robin Nisbet , after carefully analyzing the work , ultimately concluded that Virgil probably appropriated some elements used in the poem from Jewish mythology by means of Eastern oracles , and later adapted them towards Western ( which is to say , Roman ) modes of thought .
= Tarja Turunen = Tarja Soile Susanna Turunen @-@ Cabuli ( born August 17 , 1977 ) , generally known as Tarja Turunen or simply Tarja , is a Finnish singer @-@ songwriter . She is a full lyric soprano and has a vocal range of three octaves . Turunen studied singing at Sibelius Academy and Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe . She is well known as a professional classical lied singer but best known as the former lead vocalist of the Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish , which she founded with Tuomas Holopainen and Emppu Vuorinen in 1996 . Their combination of hard and fast guitar riffs with Turunen 's dramatic , " operatic " lead vocals quickly achieved critical and commercial popularity . Their symphonic metal style , soon dubbed " opera metal " , inspired many other metal bands and performers . Turunen was dismissed from the band on October 21 , 2005 ( just after the performance of the band 's End of an Era concert ) for personal reasons . She started her solo career in 2006 with the release of a Christmas album called Henkäys ikuisuudesta . In 2007 , Turunen released My Winter Storm , an album featuring various styles including symphonic metal , and started the Storm World Tour . Turunen released her third album , What Lies Beneath , in 2010 . She performed several concerts in Europe , playing in metal festivals including the Graspop Metal Meeting and the Wacken Open Air , before starting the What Lies Beneath World Tour , which lasted until April 8 , 2012 . Her first live DVD Act I was filmed during this tour on March 30 and 31 , 2012 in Rosario , Argentina . Act I was released on August 24 , 2012 . Turunen started the Colours in the Dark World Tour on October 17 , 2013 to promote her new album Colours in the Dark . Her second live DVD was filmed during the events of Beauty and the Beat and was released on May 30 . On September 11 , 2015 , Tarja Turunen released her first classical studio album , Ave Maria – En Plein Air . On 5 August 2016 the album The Shadow Self is scheduled to be released , with a prequel album The Brightest Void scheduled for release on June 3 . = = Life and career = = = = = 1977 – 1995 : Early life = = = Tarja Turunen was born in the small village of Puhos , near Kitee , Finland . She has an older brother , Timo , and a younger brother , Toni . Her mother Ritva Sisko Marjatta ( Hakkarainen ) worked in the town administration , and her father Teuvo Turunen is a carpenter . Her talent for music was first noted when she sang the song " Enkeli taivaan " ( the Finnish version of " From Heaven Above to Earth I Come " ) in the Kitee church hall at age three . She joined the church choir and started taking vocal lessons . At age six , she started playing piano . At comprehensive school , Turunen performed as a singer for several projects . Her first piano teacher Kirsti Nortia @-@ Holopainen , " Tarja was in a school that had some very musical people . Even then she got to perform a lot . I think she sang in every school function there was . " Her music teacher , Plamen Dimov , later explained that , " If you gave Tarja just one note , she immediately got it . With the others , you 'd have to practice three , four , five times " . At school she had a tough time , since some girls bullied her because they envied her voice . To solve that problem , Dimov organized projects outside school . At fifteen , Turunen had her first major appearance as a soloist at a church concert in front of a thousand listeners . In 1993 she attended the Senior Secondary School of Art and Music in Savonlinna . For several years Turunen performed various songs including soul music by Whitney Houston and Aretha Franklin . Later she listened to songs from the classical crossover singer Sarah Brightman , especially the song " The Phantom of the Opera " , and decided to focus on that genre of music . At eighteen , she moved to Kuopio to study at the Sibelius Academy . = = = 1996 – 2005 : With Nightwish = = = In December 1996 , former classmate Tuomas Holopainen invited Turunen to join his new acoustic mood music project , and she immediately agreed . At the recording session for the first demo Holopainen discovered that due to her classical singing lessons , Turunen 's voice had become much more powerful than he recalled from their school days . At the following band practices , Emppu Vuorinen used an electric guitar instead of an acoustic guitar because he felt that it gave a better accompaniment to her voice . Holopainen later explained that the band members had gradually realised that Turunen 's voice had become too dramatic for acoustic mood music and eventually came to the conclusion that the music had to be massive too . Hence Holopainen decided to form Nightwish as a metal band . Nightwish recorded a second demo with " more bombastic , dramatic " songs in September 1997 . Holopainen used this material to convince the Finnish label Spinefarm Records to publish the band 's debut album , Angels Fall First . The success of the first album came as a surprise to the label . As the album hit the top 40 of the Finnish charts , Nightwish started their tour The First Tour of the Angels . That same year , Turunen performed at the Savonlinna Opera Festival for the first time , singing songs from Wagner and Verdi . Due to her commitment to the band , Turunen was not able to concentrate sufficiently on her schoolwork and her academic studies were interrupted . In 1998 , Nightwish published their second album , Oceanborn . This album lacked the earlier elements of folk and ambient music , and instead focused on fast , melodic keyboard and guitar lines and Turunen 's dramatic voice . In addition to the Oceanborn Europe Tour ( 1999 ) , Turunen sang solo in Waltari 's rock @-@ themed ballet Evankeliumi ( also known as Evangelicum ) in several sold @-@ out performances at the Finnish National Opera . In 2000 and 2001 , Nightwish recorded Wishmaster and Over the Hills and Far Away and toured Europe and South America ( the Wishmaster World Tour ) . During the Wishmaster World Tour , Turunen met Argentine businessman Marcelo Cabuli whom she married in 2003 . Turunen enrolled in 2000 at the German music university Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe to gain a professional qualification as a soloist with further specialization in art song . In addition to the good reputation of the university , Turunen chose to go to Karlsruhe because some people at the Finnish university did not take her seriously as a classical singer due to her commitment in a metal band . While there , she recorded vocals for Nightwish 's 2002 album Century Child and for Beto Vázquez Infinity . As with the other albums , Holopainen wrote the pieces and sent Turunen the lyrics and a demo recording of the prerecorded instrumental tracks by mail . Using the demo , Turunen designed her vocal lines and the choral passages . In 2002 , Turunen toured South America , performing in the classical Lied concert Noche Escandinava ( Scandinavian Night ) to sold @-@ out houses . Following this and an exhausting world tour in support of Century Child ( the World Tour of the Century ) , Nightwish took a hiatus and Turunen returned to Karlsruhe to finish her studies . After the hiatus Nightwish recorded the album Once ; it was released on May 10 , 2004 . The album has sold platinum in Finland and Germany and was the best selling album in all of Europe in July 2004 . The band performed in the supporting Once Upon a Tour throughout 2004 and 2005 . For Christmas 2004 , Turunen released her first solo single , titled " Yhden enkelin unelma " ( One Angel 's Dream ) , which sold gold in her native country of Finland . At Christmas 2005 it made a reentry at position one in the Finnish Charts . In spring 2005 she prepared the duet " Leaving You for Me " , a collaboration with Martin Kesici , accompanied by a video . = = = 2005 : Breakup = = = The first change in the line up of Nightwish was in September 2001 , when bassist Sami Vänskä was fired because Holopainen was no longer able to continue working with him . In the following years the relationship between Holopainen and Turunen 's husband and manager Marcelo Cabuli deteriorated . This had an impact on the relationship between Holopainen and Turunen as well . At a band meeting after the concert in Oberhausen in December 2004 Turunen announced to the band members that she wanted to leave the band , but agreed to record one more album and to participate in the subsequent tour , planned for 2006 / 2007 . According to her husband , Turunen had further agreed not to make her decision public and to release her first solo album after the new studio album from Nightwish . After the last concert of the Once Upon a Tour on October 21 , 2005 ( which was released on video as End of an Era ) , Holopainen gave Turunen a letter signed by himself and the other band members informing her that the band did not want to work with her any more . The open letter was simultaneously published on the band 's website . The media closely covered her very public separation from Nightwish , and due to references in the letter to diva @-@ like behaviour and to greed , even Turunen 's character became the subject of media discussions . To you , unfortunately , business , money , and things that have nothing to do with those emotions have become much more important . Turunen responded through an open letter on her website and through some interviews in which she explained her view . She was upset that after nine years of working together , Holopainen had announced the separation via an open letter . Because of the continuing media interest , Marcelo Cabuli posted a message addressing the situation on the website in February 2006 . He asked that anyone who had questions should email him . In June 2006 , Cabuli posted a lengthy reply to many of the questions he had received . He answered questions related to the greed accusation by explaining that the band had agreed on the distribution of earnings in a contract at the formation of Nightwish . Based on that contract , every band member got a fixed share of 20 % of the band 's income . Marcelo Cabuli stated that , unlike others , Turunen had never fought for additional songwriter royalties . For sure in her case , money is not coming first in her book of life . [ ... ] If we would check which band member earns a lot more money than any other one in the band , you should be surprised . Despite the circumstances of the separation , Holopainen 's appreciation of Turunen as an artist remained . He explained that he did not search for a similarly trained singer as a successor for Turunen because he considers her to be extraordinarily good in her genre and therefore irreplaceable . Turunen said in an interview that she is very proud of her career with Nightwish . She considers the remaining band members extremely talented and wishes all the best for them and their subsequent lead singer Anette Olzon . Between 1997 and 2005 she had toured the world with Nightwish , playing on all the continents except Africa and Antarctica . She performed live for more than 500 @,@ 000 people . = = = 2005 – present : Independent career = = = At the end of 2005 , Turunen performed several classical concerts in Finland , Germany , Spain , and Romania . Since she expected to participate in another Nightwish album , several concerts and the release of her Christmas album Henkäys ikuisuudesta ( officially translated as Breath from Heaven ) were the only activities scheduled for 2006 . Turunen again played at the Savonlinna Opera Festival in July 2006 , this time as the main act ; she sang alongside Finnish tenor Raimo Sirkiä , supported by the Kuopio Symphonic Orchestra . Turunen performed classical arias like " O mio babbino caro " by Puccini , " Libiamo ne ' lieti calici " by Verdi and some songs from Andrew Lloyd Webber — " Don 't Cry for Me Argentina " and " Phantom of the Opera " — among other songs . In November she performed at the charity concert " Tomorrow 's Child " with the Tapiola Choir as a benefit for the UNICEF Children 's Fund . On December 6 , 2006 , Turunen performed a big concert at the Sibelius Hall in Lahti , Finland ; it was broadcast live by the Finnish channel YLE TV2 for 450 @,@ 000 viewers . She was nominated for the Finnish Emma Award as Best Soloist of 2006 . The following year , Turunen recorded vocals for the track " In the Picture " on the Nuclear Blast All @-@ stars album Into the Light . In August 2006 she started to work on her next solo album , My Winter Storm , the beginning of her main solo project . It was the first time that Turunen had written songs . She was supported by some professional songwriters . The choir and orchestral arrangements were written by film music composer James Dooley . Turunen released My Winter Storm , an album featuring various styles , including symphonic metal with classical " operatic " lead vocals , in November 2007 . The album took the number one spot on the Finnish charts , and went platinum in Finland double platinum in Russia and gold in Germany . She was nominated for an Echo as best newcomer and an Emma for best Finnish artist . On November 25 , 2007 , Turunen embarked on the Storm World Tour to promote My Winter Storm . She performed 95 concerts throughout Europe , North and South America and ended the tour in October 2009 at the O2 Academy Islington in London . In December 2008 , the EP The Seer was released in the UK and the new extended edition of My Winter Storm released on January 2 , 2009 . She also contributed three songs to the Finnish charity Christmas album Maailman kauneimmat joululaulut ( Finnish for " The World 's Most Beautiful Christmas Songs " ) released on November 18 , 2009 . In December 2009 she recorded her vocal part for the song " The Good Die Young " , a duet with Klaus Meine which is included on the final Scorpions album Sting in the Tail . Turunen recorded her third album , What Lies Beneath , in 2009 and 2010 ; it was released on September 1 , 2010 . The album combined metal with classical " operatic " elements in an out of the box approach . She started the What Lies Beneath World Tour performing in several festivals , including the Wacken Open Air and the Graspop Metal Meeting , with special concerts at Miskolc Opera Festival and at the Masters of Rock , when she performed accompanied by a full orchestra . The tour is scheduled to last until April 2012 . Also in 2010 she supported Alice Cooper on the German leg of his Theatre of Death Tour . On July 17 , 2011 , she sang again at the Savonlinna Opera Festival along with José Cura and accompanied by the Kuopio Symphony Orchestra . On February 27 , 2012 during her What Lies Beneath World Tour concert in Brussels , Turunen announced that she will be working on a new album after completing the tour . During the concert she already presented 2 new songs . In March 2012 , Turunen won the title ' Europe 's best crossover performer ' with over 100 @.@ 000 votes . In May 2013 , Turunen announced the title of her 4th solo album , Colours in the Dark , in which was released on August 30 – on May 31 the song " Never Enough " was released as a teaser . Later this year , in September , it was revealed that Turunen would appear as guest vocalist on the title track and video of Within Temptation 's EP Paradise , released on September 27 . In January 2014 , Turunen revealed through her blog that she would soon return to the studio and record vocals for a couple of songs for her Outlanders project together with Torsten Stenzel & Walter Giardino . One song has already been recorded and played for the public in Finland two years back . In May 30 , 2014 , it was released the DVD Beauty and the Beat ( Tarja album ) , providing live footage from 3 concerts as part of the Beauty and the Beat World Tour . The DVD shows Tarja performing live with a symphonic orchestra , choir and Mike Terrana on drums , showing an amazing versatility from the singer who easily adapts her vocal techniques to suit a variety of repertoire , ranging from Antonín Dvořák 's " Song to the Moon " - from Rusalka ( opera ) , to Led Zeppelin 's classics such as Kashmir ( song ) , among others , and also including on the setlist , a live version of the rarely performed song - " Swanheart " - from the 1998 Nightwish album Oceanborn . On the same year , in July 4 , Left in the Dark ( Tarja album ) was released as an EP containing alternative versions from Tarja 's album Colours in the Dark ( album ) , as well as a studio version of Into the Sun ( Tarja song ) . In October 17 , 2015 , Tarja performed two new songs from her forthcoming album . No Bitter End and Goldfinger which is a cover of a song from a movie with the same name . After the success of Colours ... Tarja now revealed that she is going to release a new album in summer of 2016 . She explains that she has been working hard once again with Tim Palmer to create the heaviest sound so far of her career for her fourth Rock Album .. She also explained that the album will follow in the same footsteps as her other albums but with a new soul and growth . A teaser with a snippit of two songs was then released on her official youtube channel . On the 17th of February , 2016 , Tarja also revealed the first letter of the album name which is T. = = Singing style = = = = = Development = = = Along with visiting the music school in Savonlinna , Turunen began serious classical vocal training at 17 . After school , she began studying music ( with a specialization in church music ) at the Sibelius Academy . Due to her commitment with Nightwish , she had to interrupt her academic studies . From 2001 to 2003 she studied at the music academy Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe , where she trained as a soloist with further specialization in art song . Turunen originally applied to train as a choir singer . At the audition she attracted the attention of professor Mitsuko Shirai , who encouraged Turunen to apply for soloist training . As a classical singer , Turunen sings with classical vocal technique . She explained that in the early days of Nightwish , it was difficult to combine classical technique with the metal sound in a way that gave her liberty of action without damaging her vocal cords . Classical techniques helped her to play with her voice , so she decided not to pursue extra training in rock / pop singing . Towards the turn of the millennium , the combination of hard and fast guitar riffs with classical female lead vocals attracted a great deal of attention in the metal scene . The new music style of Nightwish quickly achieved critical and commercial popularity ; this symphonic metal style was soon dubbed " opera metal " . Turunen does not see herself as an opera singer . She has sung excerpts from operas at the Savonlinna Opera Festival , but she stresses that singing opera cannot be performed as a side project . She would need special training to perfectly sing an entire opera without a microphone . When asked how the association between the opera and metal genres may have arisen , Turunen said that despite the obvious differences , the two music styles have some similarities : The scenes are very similar . There are many people who would never go to an opera and the same goes for metal . But the real fans are incredibly loyal . And both styles are bombastic and express strong emotions . From the first Nightwish album Angels Fall First ( 1997 ) on , critics described Turunen 's vocals using adjectives such as angelic or valkyrian . The Valkyrie image was later fostered by the second video for the single " Sleeping Sun " in which Turunen walks on a battlefield as if she were guiding the dead warriors . On the following albums the singing was technically more complex . On the Nightwish album Oceanborn ( 1998 ) , her classical vocal training was much more noticeable . For the song " Passion and the Opera " , Turunen performed a staccato coloratura reminiscent of the aria " Hell 's vengeance boils in my heart " , sung by the soprano role Queen of the Night in Mozart 's opera The Magic Flute . " Sleeping Sun " required a well @-@ trained breathing technique . Turunen explained in an interview that when they recorded Oceanborn , she had serious doubts , fearing that she was not yet advanced enough in her studies to have mastered the required techniques . A challenge of a different kind was the cover version of Gary Moore 's " Over the Hills and Far Away " ( 2001 ) , as it required a deeper voice , far below the vocal range of an average soprano . In an interview with Breakout magazine , she reported that in the studio , the band members were shaken by a paroxysm of laughter as she tried to warm up for the vocal lines . As a side benefit of her efforts , Turunen gradually expanded her vocal range considerably into the lower range , which manifested even more on the following albums . For the album Century Child ( 2002 ) , she experimented with a more " rock " sounding voice , where she maintained the classical singing technique , but , for example , sang with less vibrato . Turunen was not satisfied that she had successfully transitioned to this new style until the album Once ( 2004 ) . I feel very comfortable with Once because I have tried to change my singing style with Nightwish already since Century Child because Tuomas requested that , the songs requested that ... It has been hard work and I didn 't manage to do that on Century Child , I was not very happy with it . On Once it 's all very natural , how I 'm singing and what I 'm singing . But as I said , it has been really hard work because I 've been a classical singer for the last ten years so it was hard to start over again and think of different styles . Of course I 'm always singing with my classical techniques , I never sing with my poor speaking voice – I cannot do that anymore . This deeper " rock " -sounding voice on Once — as well as on the song " In the Picture " of the album Into the Light — was welcomed by critics as a refreshing change . Her first solo album My Winter Storm ( 2007 ) contains rock and metal songs as well as songs that resemble classical songs . Turunen uses both her classical singing voice and a rock @-@ sounding voice . In many songs she starts with a rock voice , and then switches for widely arching melodies into a distinctly classical singing voice . Tarja 's classically trained voice flies bravely over orchestral sounds and brute guitars . Like a phoenix from the ashes [ ... ] she lifts up again and again for widely arching melodies , sometimes spurred on by multi @-@ voiced female choirs . In an interview , she explained that My Winter Storm was the first album where she had the chance to use her full vocal range . Now that I can use the whole range of my voice , it feels very nice . I have never sung so low as I did on one of the songs on the new record and there 's a song on which I sang my highest notes ever ! I really have used a huge range on this album – around three octaves – because the moods are changing in every song and this reflects that . In the album Colours in the Dark she used her speaking voice for the first time in many years . = = = Register = = = Turunen 's voice type is soprano . Over the course of her career , Turunen has developed a vocal range of three octaves . Her range is apparent on her album My Winter Storm , where the lowest note sung is F3 in the song " The Seer " , while in another song , she aimed for D6 . I sang a repertoire of a mezzo @-@ soprano for many years and because of that , still today , I have rarely quite low register for a lyrical soprano . Nowadays , I see myself as a light lyrical soprano . = = Reception = = Turunen 's voice is described by critics as remarkably powerful and emotional . Sometimes it is stated that her voice is too trained or operatic for metal music , but even critics who do not like classical voices admit that her voice suits the kind of metal songs she sings unusually well . Until the end of their collaboration , Turunen 's singing was a trademark of Nightwish . She was known as the face and voice of Nightwish while bandleader Holopainen was the soul . Turunen was seen as a key to Nightwish 's success . She is respected by other musicians of the metal genre and is an influence on their work ; for instance , Simone Simons of Epica names her as her inspiration to study classical music and apply that vocal style to a metal band . Turunen receives most of her media attention in Europe , especially in her home of Finland . In December 2003 , she was invited by Finnish president Tarja Halonen to celebrate the Finnish Independence Day at the Presidential Palace together with other Finnish celebrities . The event is televised annually live by the state @-@ owned broadcaster , the Finnish Broadcasting Company . In December 2007 , she performed different versions of the Finnish national anthem " Maamme " ( Finnish : " Our country " ) accompanied by the Tapiola Sinfonietta , to celebrate the 90th anniversary of Finnish independence . The concert was televised by the Finnish Broadcasting Company for 2 million Finnish viewers . On December 2013 , Turunen was the invited soloist at the Christmas Peace event in the Turku Cathedral , Finland , with the presence of Finnish president Sauli Niinistö . The concert aired on Yle TV1 at the Christmas Eve . During her solo career , Turunen has sold over 100 @,@ 000 certified records in Finland , which places her among the top 50 of best @-@ selling female soloists . In Europe , her popularity is mainly limited to the hard rock and metal scene . She had a broader exposure on November 30 , 2007 , when she was invited to open the farewell fight of Regina Halmich . Her performance of " I Walk Alone " was televised live by the German television station ZDF for 8 @.@ 8 million viewers . Turunen will be one of the star coaches in the fourth season of The Voice of Finland in the spring of 2015 on Nelonen . After the success of the 2015 edition of The Voice of Finland , Tarja was again chosen to be one of the star coaches for the 2016 edition . = = Personal life = = In 2003 Turunen married Argentine businessman Marcelo Cabuli ; they live in Buenos Aires with their daughter Naomi Eerika Alexia Cabuli Turunen ( born 2012 ) . In an interview Tarja explained that in 2016 they had plans to move back to Europe due to her touring schedule and that their daughter was starting school in the coming year . = = Discography = = = = = Solo career = = = = = = With Nightwish = = = Angels Fall First ( 1997 ) Oceanborn ( 1998 ) Wishmaster ( 2000 ) Over the Hills and Far Away ( 2001 ) Century Child ( 2002 ) Once ( 2004 )
= Italian ironclad San Martino = San Martino was a Regina Maria Pia @-@ class ironclad warship , the second member of her class . She was built for the Italian Regia Marina in the 1860s ; like her three sister ships , she was built in France . San Martino was laid down in July 1862 , was launched in September 1863 , and was completed in November 1864 . The ships were broadside ironclads , mounting a battery of four 8 @-@ inch ( 200 mm ) and twenty @-@ two 164 mm ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) guns on the broadside . San Martino saw action at the Battle of Lissa , fought during the Third Italian War of Independence in 1866 . There she was in the center of the action , at the head of the Italian main body . Of the three ships in her division , San Martino was the only vessel to survive the battle . After the war , the ship 's career was uneventful , the result of the emergence of more modern ironclads and a severe reduction in the Italian naval budget following their defeat at Lissa . She was rebuilt as a central battery ship some time after Lissa , and was modernized again in the late 1880s . The ship was eventually broken up for scrap in 1903 . = = Design = = San Martino was 81 @.@ 2 meters ( 266 ft ) long overall ; she had a beam of 15 @.@ 24 m ( 50 @.@ 0 ft ) and an average draft of 6 @.@ 35 m ( 20 @.@ 8 ft ) . She had a crew of 480 – 485 officers and men . She was a broadside ironclad , and she was initially armed with a main battery of four 8 in ( 203 mm ) guns and twenty @-@ two 164 mm ( 6 @.@ 5 in ) guns , though her armament changed throughout her career . The ship was protected by iron belt armor that was 4 @.@ 75 in ( 121 mm ) thick and extended for the entire length of the hull at the waterline . The battery deck was protected by 4 @.@ 3 in ( 110 mm ) of iron plate . San Martino displaced 4 @,@ 201 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 135 long tons ; 4 @,@ 631 short tons ) normally and up to 4 @,@ 527 t ( 4 @,@ 456 long tons ; 4 @,@ 990 short tons ) at full load . Her propulsion system consisted of one single @-@ expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller , with steam supplied by six coal @-@ fired , rectangular boilers . Her engine produced a top speed of 12 @.@ 6 knots ( 23 @.@ 3 km / h ; 14 @.@ 5 mph ) from 2 @,@ 620 indicated horsepower ( 1 @,@ 950 kW ) . She could steam for 2 @,@ 600 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 800 km ; 3 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship was initially schooner @-@ rigged to supplement the steam engine , though her masts were later reduced to a barque rig . Ultimately , she lost her sailing rig completely , having it replaced with a pair of military masts with fighting tops . = = Service history = = The keel for San Martino was laid down at the Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée shipyard in La Seyne , France , on 22 July 1862 . She was launched on 21 September 1863 , and completed on 9 November 1864 . In June 1866 , Italy declared war on Austria , as part of the Third Italian War of Independence , which was fought concurrently with the Austro @-@ Prussian War . The Italian fleet commander , Admiral Carlo Pellion di Persano , initially adopted a cautious course of action ; he was unwilling to risk battle with the Austrian Navy , despite the fact that the Austrian fleet was much weaker than his own . Persano claimed he was simply waiting on the ironclad ram Affondatore , en route from Britain , but his inaction weakened morale in the fleet , with many of his subordinates openly accusing him of cowardice . Rear Admiral Wilhelm von Tegetthoff brought the Austrian fleet to Ancona on June 27 , in attempt to draw out the Italians . At the time , many of the Italian ships were in disarray ; several ships did not have their entire armament , and several others had problems with their engines . San Martino was one of the few ironclads fit for action , so she , Castelfidardo , Regina Maria Pia , and Principe di Carignano formed up to prepare to attack Tegetthoff 's ships . Persano held a council of war aboard Principe di Carignano to determine whether he should sortie to engage Tegetthoff , but by that time , the Austrians had withdrawn , making the decision moot . The Minister of the Navy , Agostino Depretis , urged Persano to act and suggested the island of Lissa , to restore Italian confidence after their defeat at the Battle of Custoza the previous month . On 7 July , Persano left Ancona and conducted a sweep into the Adriatic , but encountered no Austrian ships and returned on the 13th . = = = Battle of Lissa = = = On 16 July , Persano took the Italian fleet out of Ancona , bound for Lissa , where they arrived on the 18th . With them , they brought troop transports carrying 3 @,@ 000 soldiers ; the Italian warships began bombarding the Austrian forts on the island , with the intention of landing the soldiers once the fortresses had been silenced . In response , the Austrian Navy sent the fleet under Tegetthoff to attack the Italian ships . At that time , San Martino was assigned to the 2nd Division , under Persano , along with the ironclad Re d 'Italia and the coastal defense ship Palestro . After arriving off Lissa on the 18th , Persano sent most of his ships to bombard the town of Vis , but Persano was unable to effect the landing . The next morning , Persano ordered another attack ; four ironclads would force the harbor defenses at Vis while San Martino and the rest of the fleet would attempt to suppress the outer fortifications . This second attack also proved to be a failure , but Persano decided to make a third attempt the next day . San Martino and the bulk of the fleet would again try to disable the outer forts in preparation for the landing . Before the Italians could begin the attack , the dispatch boat Esploratore arrived , bringing news of Tegetthoff 's approach . Persano 's fleet was in disarray ; the three ships of Admiral Giovanni Vacca 's 1st Division were three miles to the northeast from Persano 's main force , and three other ironclads were further away to the west . Persano immediately ordered his ships to form up with Vacca 's , first in line abreast formation , and then in line ahead formation . San Martino was at the center of the Italian line . Shortly before the action began , Persano decided to leave his flagship and transfer to Affondatore , though none of his subordinates on the other ships were aware of the change . They there thus left to fight as individuals without direction . More dangerously , by stopping Re d 'Italia , he allowed a significant gap to open up between Vacca 's three ships and the rest of the fleet . Tegetthoff took his fleet through the gap between Vacca 's and Persano 's ships , though he failed to ram any Italian vessels on the first pass . The Austrians then turned back toward Persano 's ships , and took Re d 'Italia , San Martino , and Palestro under heavy fire . San Martino initially engaged the unarmored ships of the Austrian 2nd Division , but as Re d 'Italia became embroiled in the ensuing melee , San Martino 's captain attempted to come to her aid , though the ship was unable to prevent the Austrian flagship , Erzherzog Ferdinand Max , from ramming and sinking her . Tegetthoff immediately ordered his crew to lower boats to pick up the men in the water , but with San Martino fast approaching , he could not leave his ship a stationary target . He instead ordered the small aviso Kaiserin Elizabeth to pick up the Italian survivors , but she too came under fire and was forced to abandon the effort . During the battle , San Martino collided with Regina Maria Pia and had her ram bow twisted , causing leaks in her hull . Shortly thereafter , Persano broke off the engagement to consolidate his forces , but his ships , low on coal and ammunition , and with badly demoralized crews , could not be rallied by Persano 's half @-@ hearted attempt to launch an attack . The Italian fleet began to withdraw , followed by the Austrians ; as night began to fall , the opposing fleets disengaged completely , heading for Ancona and Pola , respectively . San Martino had been hit numerous times , and had her side armor penetrated by one shell , which did not succeed in penetrating the timber backing . Twice during the engagement , the ship was set on fire by Austrian shells , though her crew was able to put the fires out . After the battle , Vacca replaced Persano ; he was ordered to attack the main Austrian naval base at Pola , but the war ended before the operation could be carried out . = = = Later career = = = For the rest of her long career , San Martino served in a variety of roles , both in the main fleet and in Italy 's colonial empire . After the war , the Italian government slashed the naval budget so significantly that the fleet had great difficulty in mobilizing its ironclad squadron to attack the port of Civitavecchia in September 1870 , as part of the wars of Italian unification . Instead , the ships were laid up and the sailors conscripted to man them were sent home . Some time after 1866 , the ship was rebuilt as a central battery ship , with most of her guns located in a central , armored casemate . Two other guns were placed in the bow as chase guns , with a third mounted as a stern chaser . At this time , her armament was also revised , to two 220 mm ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) guns in the bow and nine 8 in guns , four on each broadside and the last in the stern . San Martino took part in the annual 1888 fleet maneuvers , along with the ironclads Lepanto , Italia , Caio Duilio , and Enrico Dandolo , one protected cruiser , four torpedo cruisers , and numerous smaller vessels . The maneuvers consisted of close @-@ order drills and a simulated attack on and defense of La Spezia . Between 1888 and 1890 , the ship had her barque rig replaced with military masts . By this time , she had been rearmed with eight 6 in ( 150 mm ) guns in the casemate and several smaller guns for close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . These included five 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) guns , four 57 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) guns , and eight 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolver cannons . She also received three torpedo tubes . In 1894 , the ship was assigned to the Third Division of the Italian fleet , along with the newly commissioned protected cruiser Liguria and the torpedo cruiser Confienza . The ship was stricken from the naval register in 1903 and thereafter broken up for scrap .
= 1969 FA Cup Final = The 1969 FA Cup Final was the final match of the 1968 – 69 staging of English football 's primary cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup , better known as the FA Cup . The match was contested between Leicester City and Manchester City at Wembley Stadium in London on Saturday 26 April 1969 . This was the first FA Cup final since 1951 to take place in the month of April . Three @-@ time winners Manchester City were appearing in their seventh final , whereas Leicester City were seeking to win the competition for the first time , having lost three previous finals . Each team won six ties to reach the final , and overcame one of the 1968 finalists ( West Bromwich Albion and Everton ) at the semi @-@ final stage . As Manchester City were reigning league champions and Leicester City were battling to avoid relegation , the Manchester club were strong favourites . The match finished 1 – 0 to Manchester City . The goal came in the 24th minute , scored by Neil Young . The victory was Manchester City 's fourth FA Cup win . = = Route to the final = = As both Leicester City and Manchester City were First Division clubs , they entered the competition in the third round . Leicester City started their cup run against Barnsley , but required a replay to overcome their Third Division opponents 2 – 1 . The first Leicester goal was controversial , as the referee overruled his linesman , who had flagged for a foul . Barnsley equalised with a penalty , but Leicester quickly retook the lead . Later in the second half Leicester claimed a third goal , but the referee adjudged that the ball had not crossed the line . A 1 – 0 win at Millwall followed . In the fifth round , Leicester City faced Liverpool . The match was postponed six times before it eventually took place on 1 March . A 0 – 0 draw meant a replay at Anfield . Andy Lochhead gave the Foxes the lead on 34 minutes . Five minutes later McArthurs 's handball gave Liverpool a penalty , but Peter Shilton saved Tommy Smith 's spot @-@ kick . Liverpool attacked for much of the second half , but Leicester held out to win 1 – 0 . The quarter final saw a trip to Mansfield Town , who had knocked out clubs from five different divisions . On a pitch described by The Times ' Geoffrey Green as " resembling a glutinous swamp " , Leicester won 1 – 0 . The goal was a header by Rodney Fern from a Len Glover cross . The semi @-@ final , played at Hillsborough Stadium , was against cup @-@ holders West Bromwich Albion . In a game of few chances , Allan Clarke scored from an Andy Lochhead knockdown with four minutes remaining . Leicester City gained their fourth 1 – 0 win of the competition and reached the final . Manchester City 's first tie was against Luton Town of the Third Division , which City won 1 – 0 , Francis Lee the scorer . In the fourth round , the club were drawn away to Newcastle United , one of only two top @-@ flight clubs with an away draw . The match finished 0 – 0 , and so was replayed at Maine Road . Manchester City won 2 – 0 , but had to play much of the match with 10 men after Mike Summerbee was sent off . Like Leicester 's fifth round tie , Manchester City 's match at Blackburn Rovers ' Ewood Park was delayed multiple times due to poor weather . When it was eventually played Manchester City were comfortable 4 – 1 winners . In the sixth round , Manchester City were drawn at home to Tottenham Hotspur . The match was closely contested ; in his autobiography , City 's Mike Doyle described it as the hardest match of the whole cup run . As in the third round , City won 1 – 0 thanks to a Francis Lee goal . The semi @-@ final , against Everton , was played at Villa Park . Everton were renowned for their powerful midfield of Ball , Harvey and Kendall , but opted to play more defensively than usual . Manchester City nevertheless paid special attention to this area , and instructed David Connor to man @-@ mark Ball . Mike Doyle suffered an injury in the first half , and spent 20 minutes off the field . City had the better of the game , but goalscoring chances were missed by Lee and Young . With little time remaining , Young forced a corner . Young took the corner himself , from which teenager Tommy Booth scored the game 's only goal . = = Build @-@ up = = Manchester City were appearing in the final for the seventh time . They had won the cup three times previously ( in 1904 , 1934 and 1956 ) , and had been beaten in the final three times ( in 1926 , 1933 and 1955 ) . Leicester City were making their fourth cup final appearance , and their third of the decade , having lost on all three previous occasions ( in 1949 , 1961 and 1963 ) . The clubs had met in the FA Cup in each of the preceding three seasons . In 1966 Manchester City won a fifth round tie 1 – 0 after a replay , and won again in the third round in 1967 . In the 1967 – 68 season Leicester finally prevailed . After a 0 – 0 draw at Maine Road , Leicester City came back from 2 – 0 down at Filbert Street to win 4 – 3 . Manchester City manager Joe Mercer named his team for the final several days in advance . Glyn Pardoe missed training on Monday 21st with a leg injury , but after the fitness of Pardoe , Tony Coleman and Alan Oakes was tested in a practice match , all three were passed fit . Leicester City named a 14 @-@ man squad before travelling to a training camp in Bisham on the Tuesday . Manchester City travelled south on the Thursday , staying in Weybridge . Leicester had fitness doubts over Dave Gibson , Len Glover and John Sjoberg , but initially expected all three to be available for the final . However , in a practice match against Brentford , Sjoberg had to leave the field with a groin injury . His place in the team was taken by Alan Woollett . Each club received 16 @,@ 000 tickets for the final from the Football Association . The match was televised live by the BBC and ITV . Both broadcasters devoted several hours to match build @-@ up , incorporating FA Cup @-@ themed versions of other programmes , such as Cup Final It 's a Knockout . As the previous season 's league champions , Manchester City were strong favourites , particularly as Leicester were embroiled in a struggle to avoid relegation from the First Division . The Times correspondent anticipated that the condition of the pitch would influence the match , stating that " if — as it is said — it is in a good , lush state Manchester will be happy . If , on the other hand , it proves to be heavy , then it could suit Leicester the better . " On the day before the game Joe Mercer criticised the pitch , likening it to a cabbage patch . = = Match = = At 21 , Leicester 's David Nish became the youngest ever captain of a cup finalist . His opposite number Tony Book became the third oldest at 35 . Book had missed a large part of season through injury , but upon returning his impact was so great that he shared the award for the 1969 FWA Footballer of the Year . As the teams prepared to leave their dressing rooms , Manchester City deliberately delayed their exit by a short period to play on any nerves the Leicester City players may have had . Manchester City coach Malcolm Allison was not permitted to take his place on the bench , as he was serving a touchline ban . Instead , he had to sit in the stand behind the dugout . Before kick @-@ off , the players were introduced to the guest of honour , Princess Anne . Fears that the contest would be a mismatch proved to be unfounded , with Leicester playing in a more attacking manner than anticipated . The Observer 's Hugh McIvanney wrote that " Suggestions that Leicester would attempt to minimise the discrepancy in talents by a concentration on defensive spoiling were exposed as unjust ... ... offering the deceptively languid dribbles of Clarke , the thoughtful passes of Roberts and Gibson and the thrustful running of Lochhead as proof that the skills were not all on one side " . Neil Young and Tony Coleman both had early scoring chances for Manchester City , but missed the target . For Leicester City , a dribbling run by Clarke ended in a shot that was saved by Dowd , and a mishit shot by Len Glover was cleared off the goal @-@ line by a defender . Manchester City scored midway through the first half . Mike Summerbee crossed the ball from wide on the right , and Young hit a left footed shot high into Peter Shilton 's net . Few further chances occurred in the first half . Just after half @-@ time , Leicester City had their strongest scoring chance , when Andy Lochhead received a headed knockdown from Allan Clarke , but Lochhead 's shot went high above the goal . A dominant period by Manchester City then followed , which included a chance for Colin Bell from a free @-@ kick . Len Glover was forced to move into defence with his team under pressure , but was injured shortly afterward and had to be substituted . Defender Malcolm Manley came on in his place . A poll of journalists named Allan Clarke as man of the match . = = = Summary = = = = = Post @-@ match = = The Manchester City team returned to Manchester the following evening . They travelled by train to Wilmslow , from where they undertook a 13 @-@ mile parade in an open @-@ topped bus . 25 @,@ 000 people lined the route , with a further 3 @,@ 000 people in Albert Square , where the parade finished . Three days later , the team paraded the cup in front of their supporters before their match against West Ham United at Maine Road . The good conduct of the supporters of both teams was praised in Parliament by MPs Barnett Janner and Tom Boardman . Manchester City 's cup was their fourth . In winning the trophy , Joe Mercer became the first person to win the league championship and FA Cup as both a captain and a manager . By winning the competition , Manchester City earned the right to compete in the 1969 – 70 European Cup Winners ' Cup . City went on to win the Cup Winners ' Cup , beating Górnik Zabrze 2 – 1 in the final . Leicester City continued to struggle in their remaining league matches and were relegated to the Second Division . Leicester became only the second club to reach a cup final and suffer relegation in the same season . By coincidence , the other club to have done so was Manchester City , who were subject to the same fate in 1926 .
= Battle of the Raz de Sein = The Battle of the Raz de Sein was a naval engagement of the blockade of Brest during the French Revolutionary Wars between a French and Royal Navy ships of the line on 21 April 1798 . The British blockade fleet under Admiral Lord Bridport had sailed from St Helens on 12 April and on the morning of 21 April was crossing the Iroise Passage when sails were spotted to the east . Three ships were detached in pursuit , led by the 74 @-@ gun ship of the line HMS Mars under Captain Alexander Hood . As the British ships approached their quarry a third sail was sighted to the southeast close to the coastline and moving north towards Brest . This ship was the 74 @-@ gun Hercule under Captain Louis L 'Héritier , newly commissioned at Lorient and sailing to Brest to join the main French fleet and the British squadron immediately changed direction to intercept the new target . Facing overwhelming odds L 'Héritier attempted to escape through the narrow Raz de Sein passage , but found the tide against him and so anchored at the mouth of the passage to await the British attack . At 21 : 15 Mars reached Hercule , coming under heavy fire as Hood manoeuvred into position , bringing his ship crashing alongside the French vessel . For more than an hour the ships fired directly into one another , so close that their guns could not be run out but had to be fired from inside the ships . Damage and casualties were severe on both sides , the latter including Hood who was mortally wounded at the height of the engagement . Ultimately Hercule was forced to surrender after attempts to board Mars failed . Both ships were battered and burnt , with the French suffering at least 290 casualties and the British 90 . Hercule was conveyed to Britain in the aftermath and later repaired and served in the Royal Navy until 1810 . Both L 'Héritier and the deceased Hood were highly praised for their conduct during the battle , which is noted as being a very rare example during this period of an action between two ships of approximately equal strength without any external influence . = = Background = = During the French Revolutionary Wars the Royal Navy had exerted dominance at sea over its continental rivals , most immediately the French Navy with its principal fleet based at Brest on the Breton coast of the Bay of Biscay . To contain this fleet the British practiced a close blockade strategy ; maintaining a fleet off Brest whenever weather conditions permitted to prevent the French fleet from breaking out into the Atlantic Ocean . This blockade force also limited French trade and maritime communications , attacking merchant ships and individual warships seeking to resupply or reinforce the main French fleet . This made French maritime journeys extremely hazardous even in inshore waters : in June 1795 the main French fleet had suffered a defeat at the hands of the blockade force at the Battle of Groix in the approaches to the port of Lorient , while at the Action of 13 January 1797 the independently sailing 74 @-@ gun ship of the line Droits de l 'Homme was driven ashore and destroyed in the approaches to Brest by two frigates of the blockade squadron . On 12 April 1798 the British blockade fleet under the command of Admiral Lord Bridport sailed from its winter anchorage at St Helens on the Isle of Wight for the Breton coast . Bridport mustered ten ships of the line to maintain the watch on Brest , although detachments of the fleet had been cruising in the region since 25 January and with notice he could call on 28 ships of the line . The French fleet had suffered a series of setbacks in the early years of the war : in addition to the losses at Groix , seven ships had been lost at the Glorious First of June in 1795 and more were wrecked during the failed Croisière du Grand Hiver operation of 1795 and the Expédition d 'Irlande in 1796 . To replenish these losses , the French Navy was building new ships at its major fleet bases and in April 1798 a ship had been commissioned at Lorient : the Hercule , a 74 @-@ gun ship of 1 @,@ 876 tons burthen launched in July 1797 and commanded by the experienced Captain Louis L 'Héritier , veteran of the Glorious First of June , and with a crew of 680 , 20 short of a full complement . = = Pursuit = = On 20 April L 'Héritier was ordered to take Hercule on her maiden voyage , the short journey northwest along the coast to join the main fleet under Vice @-@ Admiral Morard de Galles at Brest , where the crew would be augmented to reach the full complement . On board were surplus naval supplies , including a full set of rigging for a ship of the line , from the destroyed ship Quatorze Juillet which had caught fire at Lorient earlier in the month . L 'Héritier 's crew were inexperienced and the captain did not intend to seek action , remaining close to the coastline during the first day of the journey . As his ship crossed Audierne Bay between Point Penmarc 'h and the Pointe du Raz however sails were sighted to the northwest . These sails belonged to three ships of Bridport 's fleet . At 11 : 00 on 21 April the British fleet had been cruising in the Iroise Passage when two sails were sighted approximately 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ) to the east . Bridport ordered his three most easterly ships to detach and investigate the sails : the 74 @-@ gun ships of the line HMS Mars under Captain Alexander Hood , HMS Ramillies under Captain Henry Inman and the 38 @-@ gun frigate HMS Jason under Captain Charles Stirling . The strong winds favoured the large ships of the line as they pursued the strange sails , which were identified as French , until at 14 : 00 they were pulling abreast of them when a third sail was sighted about 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ) to the southeast , sailing close to the shore . This new sail was much larger than the others sighted earlier in the day , and the detached squadron abandoned their former pursuit and turned towards the new arrival , Hercule . By 17 : 45 , L 'Héritier was in full flight with the British force strung out behind him , the rest of Bridport 's fleet far to the west . Jason had the lead with Mars shortly behind , although Inman on Ramillies had lost his fore topmast and had dropped back . Hood , an experienced officer and a nephew of both Bridport and the veteran Admiral Lord Hood , pressed his ship forwards and gradually gained on both Jason and Hercule . L 'Héritier knew that in open water he would be caught and overwhelmed , and sought instead to escape through the narrow and dangerous channel of the Raz de Sein , a rocky passage between the Île de Sein and the Pointe du Raz : during the Expédition d 'Irlande the French ship of the line Séduisant had been wrecked in the Raz de Sein with 680 lives . As Hercule approached the channel , Hood put Mars on the starboard tack , overtaking Jason and bearing down on the French ship . At 20 : 30 , L 'Héritier recognised that the current was too strong for Hercule to successfully navigate the Raz de Sein and instead anchored at the mouth of the channel with a spring on his cable , a system of attaching the bow anchor that increased stability and allowed L 'Héritier to swing his broadside to face the enemy while stationary , roughly 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) southwest of Pointe de Raz and about 21 nautical miles ( 39 km ) from his destination at Brest . = = Battle = = At 20 : 45 , with Jason far behind in the darkness , Mars hauled up and Hood attempted to manoeuvre into an effective position from which to attack the waiting Hercule . The vagaries of the current in the Raz de Sein passage prevented Hood from handling his ship effectively however and instead he resolved on bringing Mars directly alongside and fighting broadside to broadside . At 21 : 15 Mars was in range and L 'Héritier opened fire , Hood replying immediately . For ten minutes , the masts and rigging of Mars came under fire , with damage to the bowsprit and foremast , as Hood continued to attempt to hold his firing position against the current before pulling slightly ahead of Hercule at 21 : 25 and dropping anchor . The port bow anchor became entangled with the starboard anchor on Hercule and the British ship was swung violently into the French ship , the force of the collision unhinging four of the gunports on Mars . Thus locked together , both captains ordered their ships to pour fire into the other . So closely aligned were they that many cannon on both ships could not be run out , and instead had to be fired from inside the ships . The heat from this sustained bombardment was so intense that the wood began to blacken and burn as heavy roundshot smashed gaping holes in the sides of each ship : during the combat the ragged holes torn in the side of Hercule were so extensive that the planking between the gunports was torn away , leaving wide scars along the ship 's sides . Casualties were heavy on both sides : 20 minutes after the action began a musket ball struck Hood in the thigh , severing his femoral artery . Fatally wounded and bleeding profusely , Hood was carried below and command passed to Lieutenant William Butterfield . The French casualties were significantly higher than the British , a result of the much higher rate of fire achieved by Hood 's well @-@ trained crew . Aware that his ship was suffering the worst of the casualties , L 'Héritier ordered his men to attempt to board the British ship of the line , but first one and then another attempt to do so was driven back with heavy casualties . The lighting of Hercule had gone out at the beginning of the engagement , leaving her crew confused , and as a result , only around 40 men answered when L 'Héritier ordered the boarding ; he was himself injured twice , to the head by a sabre and to the thigh by a pike , while leading the assault . At 10 : 30 , after an hour of continual bombardment L 'Héritier surrendered : Hercule 's hull had been torn open , five guns were dismounted with others damaged and more than two fifths of the crew killed or wounded . Jason was approaching fast and the rest of Bridport 's fleet was close enough to see the muzzle flashes from the battle . = = Aftermath = = L 'Héritier submitted his sword to Butterfield in surrender and it was presented to the dying Hood , who accepted it before expiring . At 22 : 50 Jason arrived and Stirling took charge of removing prisoners from Hercule and began the long process of extricating the two battered ships of the line from the dangerous Raz de Sein channel . Losses on the French ship were not accurately recorded in the aftermath of the action , but some accounts suggested they were as high as 400 although a more realistic estimate of 290 casualties was made by the surviving French officers . British losses amounted to three officers and 19 men killed , eight men missing ( believed to have drowned after falling overboard resisting L 'Héritier 's boarding attempts ) and another 60 wounded . The weather was fortunately calm , as neither Mars nor Hercule were in a condition to survive a storm , and with great care Hercule was brought into Plymouth on 27 April and repairs were begun with the intention of restoring the ship to active service condition . The cost of these repairs totaled £ 12 @,@ 500 ( the equivalent of £ 1 @,@ 186 @,@ 700 as of 2016 ) , but HMS Hercule was ultimately commissioned into the Royal Navy and served until 1810 . Historian Robert Gardiner has noted that this " classic fight " was unusual in being fought between two single ships of the line of equal force and size without an external influence , and Edward Pelham Brenton wrote in 1823 that " The meeting of two ships of the line is a circumstance of rare occurrence , and its decision in our favour a brilliant ornament to our naval history " : he could only identify three other such incidents in British naval history . Examination of the relative size and strength of the combatants shows that they were well @-@ matched : the respective broadside weights were 984 lbs on Mars to 985 lbs on Hercule ; Hercules at 1 @,@ 876 tons burthen measured only 34 tons more than Mars , and Hercule 's understrength crew of 680 was still 46 more than on board Mars and the British crew had also been active during the Spithead Mutiny in 1797 , during which Hood had been temporarily deposed as captain . Both were relatively new ships , Hercule only 24 hours at sea while Mars was the nameship of the 1794 Mars class built at the start of the French Revolutionary Wars . In summary , historian William James indicates that the greater experience of Hood 's crew and the nearby presence of other British ships gave Mars a slight advantage , but that " the action of the Mars and Hercule was one that , in the conduct of it throughout , reflected about an equal share of credit upon both the contending parties . " Although some British histories reported that L 'Héritier died of his wounds in the aftermath of the action , this was not the case ; on his return to France following exchange , L 'Héritier faced a court martial for the loss of his ship and was honorably acquitted and received a letter of praising his resistance from Minister of Marine Rear @-@ Admiral Étienne Eustache Bruix . In Britain , Butterfield was promoted to commander , and Hood was posthumously commended , Bridport writing in his official dispatch that " No Praise of mine can add one Ray of Brilliancy to the distinguished Valour of Captain Alexander Hood " . His body was returned to England and buried near his home in Butleigh , Somerset under a monument provided by his family .
= Bill Oakley = Bill Oakley ( born February 27 , 1966 ) is an American television writer and producer , known for his work on the animated comedy series The Simpsons . Oakley and Josh Weinstein became best friends and writing partners at high school ; Oakley then attended Harvard University and was Vice President of the Harvard Lampoon . He worked on several short @-@ term media projects , including writing for the variety show Sunday Best , but was then unemployed for a long period . Oakley and Weinstein eventually penned a spec script for Seinfeld , after which they wrote " Marge Gets a Job " , an episode of The Simpsons . Subsequently , the two were hired to write for the show on a permanent basis in 1992 . After they wrote episodes such as " $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) " , " Bart vs. Australia " and " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " , the two were appointed executive producers and showrunners for the seventh and eighth seasons of the show . They attempted to include several emotional episodes focusing on the Simpson family , as well as several high @-@ concept episodes such as " Homer 's Enemy " , " Two Bad Neighbors " and " The Principal and the Pauper " , winning three Primetime Emmy Awards for their work . After they left The Simpsons , Oakley and Weinstein created Mission Hill . The show was plagued by promotional issues and was swiftly canceled . They worked as consulting producers on Futurama , then created The Mullets in 2003 . The two wrote several unsuccessful TV pilots , and were due to serve as showrunners on Sit Down , Shut Up in 2009 . Oakley left the project over a contract dispute . He has since written for The Cleveland Show and Portlandia , without Weinstein . He also served as co @-@ executive producer and writer on Portlandia , sharing a Writers Guild of America Award with his fellow writers in 2013 . Oakley is married to fellow writer Rachel Pulido . = = Early life = = Oakley was born William Lloyd Oakley in Westminster , Maryland and raised on a farm in Union Bridge , Maryland . He was a fan of Mad magazine from an early age , which helped shape his comic sensibility . He attended St. Albans High School in Washington D.C. , where he met and became best friends with Josh Weinstein in the eighth grade . The two created the school humor magazine The Alban Antic in 1983 . Such would be the length of their partnership ; the two often finish each other 's sentences . Oakley later attended Harvard University , where he wrote for and served as Vice President of the Harvard Lampoon , working on the famous 1986 USA Today parody issue . He graduated in 1988 after studying American history . = = Career = = Oakley did not land a job on a major comedy series , as previous Harvard graduates who wrote for the Lampoon had done , despite writing numerous spec scripts for shows such as Saturday Night Live and Late Night with David Letterman ; he moved back home . There , he worked in publicity , doing promotion for America 's Most Wanted . In their free time , Oakley and Weinstein wrote for local comedy groups , such as Gross National Product . In 1989 , they moved to New York City after being hired to write for a game show on Ha ! , before writing for a variety show on the network featuring Denis Leary . The two also wrote for the National Lampoon and Spy . An editor of Spy was hired by NBC to run the variety show Sunday Best , and took Oakley and Weinstein to Los Angeles with him in 1991 . When the show was canceled after three episodes , they were unemployed for a lengthy period , and Oakley lived on unemployment benefits . He later considered applying to join the United States Foreign Service . = = = The Simpsons = = = = = = = As a writer = = = = After changing their agent , they wrote a spec script for Seinfeld , which was well received . Amongst those who liked it were Al Jean and Mike Reiss , showrunners of The Simpsons . There were no openings on the staff at the time , but Oakley and Weinstein were hired to write the episode " Marge Gets a Job " , based on an idea by Conan O 'Brien . The episode aired as part of season four . Their Seinfeld script and The Simpsons episode caught the attention of Diane English , and they were offered a job on a sitcom . Before they accepted this job , they were told that Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky were leaving The Simpsons , and then joined the writing staff on a permanent basis in 1992 , in the third season of that show . They began as story editors . They were initially quiet and felt " intimidated " , being in the same room as " 10 of the greatest minds in comedy " , but eventually started pitching jokes with confidence . They wrote their scripts together , working side @-@ by @-@ side at a computer . Their first episode as staff writers was " Marge in Chains " , an existing idea that they were assigned . The first draft of the script was based on research about women in prison conducted by Oakley and Weinstein , making it " slightly more realistic " than the final version of the episode , in which many realistic elements were replaced . After season four , most of the original staff left the show . Before David Mirkin arrived to take over as showrunner for season five , Oakley , Weinstein , O 'Brien and Dan McGrath were the only writers working on the show and spent a month mapping out most of the season 's episodes . Oakley and Weinstein wrote several episodes for season five , penning the " Terror at 5 ½ Feet " segment of " Treehouse of Horror IV " , " $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) " , " Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy " , the show 's 100th episode " Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song " and " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " . For season six they wrote " Sideshow Bob Roberts " , basing much of the episode on the Watergate scandal , in which they had a great interest . They also wrote " Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy " , and " Bart vs. Australia " . The writing staff wanted to do an episode in which the Simpsons family traveled to a foreign country ; they selected Australia because they thought that everyone in Australia had a good sense of humor and " would get the jokes " , with the episode being intentionally inaccurate . The episode proved somewhat controversial ; some Australian fans said the episode was a mockery of their country . Shortly after it had aired , the Simpsons staff received over a hundred letters from Australians who were insulted by the episode . The pair wrote the two @-@ part episode " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " , which was initially proposed by series creator Matt Groening . While deciding who the culprit was , Oakley and Weinstein pitched Barney Gumble because he was a character that could go to jail and it could change the dynamic of the show . Mirkin suggested Maggie because he felt it was funnier and wanted the culprit to be a family member . Oakley and Weinstein were initially unsure about having Maggie as the culprit , and it was decided that the episode would end with Maggie shifting her eyes and making it look like it was not a complete accident . = = = = As showrunner = = = = Oakley and Weinstein were appointed executive producers and showrunners of the seventh and eighth seasons . They were chosen partly because they had been with the show since the third season and understood many of its dynamics . The showrunner is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the show 's production . Each episode takes ten months to produce , so the showrunner must " oversee many different episodes in different stages of production all at the same time " , with roles including head writer , making notes on the storyboards and working with the voice actors , animators , editors and composers . Oakley and Weinstein often set two script @-@ rewriting rooms in motion at the same time , delegating leadership in the rooms to writers such as Steve Tompkins and David Cohen . Mirkin , who had suggested that the two take over , remained on the show in an advisory capacity , helping Oakley and Weinstein with technical aspects of the show such as editing and sound mixing . When they took over the series , they wanted many of the episodes to be realistic ones that focused more on the five members of the Simpson family and explored their feelings and emotions towards each other . They wanted to produce Treehouse of Horror episodes , episodes about Sideshow Bob , Itchy & Scratchy and several " format @-@ bending " episodes such as " 22 Short Films About Springfield " , for which Oakley wrote the Principal Skinner and Superintendent Chalmers scene , the latter being his favorite character . They aimed for " at least two episodes per season that ' pushed the envelope ' , [ and ] expanded the definition of what an episode could be . " This was a style they employed for both seasons they produced . Season eight featured several episodes in which focus was given to secondary characters and in which new issues were explored , such as divorce . Their preferred choice of guest stars were those with unique and interesting voices , and several of their guest stars were " old grizzled men with distinctive voices " such as R. Lee Ermey , Donald Sutherland , Kirk Douglas and Lawrence Tierney . Oakley considered season three to be the single greatest comedic season of television ever produced and so attempted to recreate the feel of that season for the two he ran , focusing on stories with real emotions and situations , as well as some off @-@ the @-@ wall episodes . Season three was their basis for Homer : " We liked Homer the way he was in the second and third seasons . That was what we consciously used as our model . Dimwitted , loving , hyper @-@ enthusiastic , creatively goofy , parody of the American father – drawn with real emotions , though admittedly amplified . This was exemplified in " Mother Simpson " , " Lisa the Iconoclast " , " Diddly @-@ Dum @-@ Doodly " , and a couple others . In some of the less reality @-@ based episodes , i.e. the Beer Baron one – usually Swartzwelder 's , we 'd treat this stricture with a certain amount of latitude . " One of their most notable episodes was " Homer 's Enemy " , an episode designed to " push the envelope conceptually . " The idea for " Homer 's Enemy " was first conceived by Oakley , who thought that Homer should have an enemy . This evolved into the concept of a " real world " co @-@ worker who would either love or hate Homer . The writers chose the latter as they thought it would have funnier results . The result was the character of Frank Grimes , a man who has had to work hard all his life with nothing to show for it and is dismayed and embittered by Homer 's success and comfort in spite of his inherent laziness and ignorance . " Homer 's Enemy " explores the comic possibilities of a realistic character with a strong work ethic placed alongside Homer in a work environment . In the episode , Homer is portrayed as an everyman and the embodiment of the American spirit ; in some scenes , his negative characteristics and silliness are prominently highlighted . By the close of the episode , Grimes , a hard working and persevering " real American hero , " is relegated to the role of antagonist ; the viewer is intended to be pleased that Homer has emerged victorious . Oakley says the episode was " hyper @-@ meta " and focused on " parodying to some degree the Homer we don 't like . That 's one of the things that episode is supposed to illustrate – ' Homer gone wrong ' . Although , I would argue that in ' Homer 's Enemy ' he 's not even really even all that excessively stupid or immature , actually . " Weinstein said : " We wanted to do an episode where the thinking was ' What if a real life , normal person had to enter Homer 's universe and deal with him ? ' I know this episode is controversial and divisive , but I just love it . It really feels like what would happen if a real , somewhat humorless human had to deal with Homer . There was some talk [ on NoHomers.net ] about the ending — we just did that because ( a ) it ’ s really funny and shocking , ( 2 ) we like the lesson of ' sometimes , you just can 't win ' — the whole Frank Grimes episode is a study in frustration and hence Homer has the last laugh and ( 3 ) we wanted to show that in real life , being Homer Simpson could be really dangerous and life threatening , as Frank Grimes sadly learned . " When the episode was first broadcast , many fans felt it was too dark , unfunny and that Homer was portrayed as overly bad @-@ mannered . On the DVD commentary , Weinstein considers this episode one of the most controversial of the seasons he ran , as it involves sharp observational humor which many fans " didn 't get . " Weinstein talks about a " generation gap " — the episode was originally panned by viewers , but has since become a favorite among fans who grew up with the show . Other episodes included " Two Bad Neighbors " , which sees Homer meet former President George H. W. Bush , a reference to the show 's feud with the Bushes in the early 1990s . Weinstein said that the episode is often misunderstood . Many audiences expected a political satire , while the writers made special effort to keep the parody apolitical . Oakley stresses that " it 's not a political attack , it 's a personal attack ! " , and instead of criticizing Bush for his policies , the episode pokes fun at his " crotchetiness " . Oakley described the episode as a companion piece to " Homer 's Enemy " , in that a character is juxtaposed alongside Homer and does not get along with him . Oakley considered working on the show to be similar to working in a bubble due to the lack of interference from the Fox network 's executives , as is commonplace on other shows . This allowed them to produce any episodes they wanted , as Weinstein commented : " The great thing about The Simpsons is that we pretty much were able to get away with everything , so there weren 't any episodes we really wanted to do that we couldn 't do . Even the crazy high @-@ concept ones like ' Two Bad Neighbors ' and ' Homer 's Enemy ' we managed to put on the air because honestly there were no network execs there to stop us . " Such was the network 's limited input that , when an executive suggested the staff introduce a new character to live with the Simpsons so as to " liven up the show " , the staff rejected the idea and instead created the episode " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " , inserting the one @-@ time character Roy , with no explanation as to who he was , or why he was living with the family , as a reference to the executive 's proposal . The episode , which marked the point at which The Simpsons surpassed The Flintstones for the number of episodes produced for an animated series , was named by the BBC as one of the ten most memorable episodes of the show . They noted " the writers used the opportunity to pay tribute to the art of animation and rail against network interference in their show . " The intrusion of the network censors was limited : the normal procedure is for an episode 's script to be sent to the censor and then faxed back with a list of lines and words that should be substituted , causing limited problems , as often the offending lines are removed or changed for comedic purposes after animation . The episode " Homer 's Phobia " drew the censor 's objections . Its script came back with two pages of notes about almost every single line . The censors stated that they did not like the use of the word " gay " , or the discussion of homosexuality at all , and closed with a paragraph which stated that " the topic and substance of this episode are unacceptable for broadcast " . The censor problems ultimately came to nothing ; when the episode came back from animation in South Korea , the then @-@ Fox president had just been fired and replaced , with the censors being replaced as well . The new censors sent back merely one line : " acceptable for broadcast " . = = = = Leaving the show = = = = Oakley and Weinstein stood down as showrunners after season eight because they " didn 't want to break [ the show ] . " Oakley said : " We always said we 'd never do a joke that we 'd done before . " They felt the showrunner should not stay for more than two seasons . Due to the pressures of having to work on two seasons at once ( writing season eight , while doing post @-@ production of season seven ) , Oakley said that at least two episodes from season eight would ideally have been rewritten , had there been sufficient time , and that towards the end , they were " treading water " . As they were working on post @-@ production of season eight , they were credited as consulting producers for season nine , which was in its initial writing stages . Oakley stated that they contributed " somewhere between 0 and .0001 % " of the season , only attending the table readings of the scripts . They produced three episodes held over from season eight , which aired as part of season nine : " The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson " , " The Principal and the Pauper " and " Lisa the Simpson " . " The Principal and the Pauper " was negatively received due the sudden revelation that long @-@ time character Seymour Skinner was actually an imposter . For example , in his book Planet Simpson , Chris Turner describes " The Principal and the Pauper " as the " broadcast that marked [ the ] abrupt plunge " from The Simpsons ' " Golden Age " , which he says began in the middle of the show 's third season . He calls the episode " [ one of ] the weakest episodes in Simpsons history " . As such , Oakley considers it the most controversial episode from his tenure as executive producer . He and Weinstein advise viewers to treat " The Principal and the Pauper " as an " experiment " . They surmise that the negative reception was partly due to the fact that it was not immediately apparent to viewers that this was such an episode ( as opposed to , for example , " The Simpsons Spin @-@ Off Showcase " ) . They describe the ending of the episode as an attempt to reset the continuity and allow fans to consider the episode on its own . " Lisa the Simpson " was their final involvement with the show . The duo wanted to end on a good note — Weinstein stated that the episode " was meant to embody the humor , depth , and emotions of The Simpsons , " — and they were pleased with the result . = = = = Awards and critical reaction = = = = Oakley won three Emmys for his work on The Simpsons , and shared them with the other producers . When Oakley was the showrunner and executive producer , " Homer 's Phobia " won the Emmy for Outstanding Animated Program ( For Programming One Hour or Less ) in 1997 . The previous year , " Treehouse of Horror VI " was submitted for the award . The staff felt the 3D animation sequence " Homer ³ " would have given it the edge . The episode eventually lost to Pinky and the Brain . Oakley later expressed regret about not submitting an episode with a more emotionally driven plot , such as " Mother Simpson " . In 1996 , during season seven , the show received a Peabody Award . Oakley shared the awards for " Lisa 's Wedding " and " Trash of the Titans " in 1995 and 1998 respectively . Oakley and Weinstein themselves were nominated , along with the show 's composer Alf Clausen , for the Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics for writing " Señor Burns " from " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? ( Part Two ) " . Many of the episodes by Oakley and Weinstein are considered amongst the show 's best . For example , in 2003 , Entertainment Weekly included six episodes they produced ( " Homer 's Phobia " , " A Fish Called Selma " , " The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson " , " 22 Short Films About Springfield " , " The Simpsons Spin @-@ Off Showcase " and " The Itchy and Scratchy and Poochie Show " ) and one episode they wrote ( " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " ) as part of their list of the show 's 25 best episodes . Robert Canning of IGN said the episode " You Only Move Twice " from season eight " may well be the greatest Simpsons episode of all time . In my book , it 's at least tied , " with " Marge vs. the Monorail " . A. O. Scott described their era as " reach [ ing ] a pinnacle of zany self @-@ reference with " 22 Short Films About Springfield " and " Simpsons Spin @-@ off Showcase " . " The two are popular amongst the show 's fans , and in the early days of the Internet , Oakley read and participated in fan discussion of the show on newsgroups such as alt.tv.simpsons. In 2005 and 2006 , they participated in two question @-@ and @-@ answer sessions on the fan message board NoHomers.net. = = = Mission Hill and other work = = = After Oakley and Weinstein left The Simpsons , they created Mission Hill in 1997 , a show about a hip , lazy , 24 @-@ year @-@ old cartoonist named Andy French , and sold it to The WB for a fall 1999 debut . They pitched the show in 1998 " as an animated series for young adults with a sophisticated , ' Simpsons ' -style sensibility . " They aimed to make the show about realistic issues affecting young adults , which were too mature for The Simpsons . The network was impressed and initially ordered 13 episodes ; they ordered five more once the first was completed . Oakley explained : " The audience we 're going for is one that 's sophisticated , that likes high and low humor , that 's very savvy in animation . [ But ] this show is definitely a case where a lot of people don 't get it . It 's not setup , setup , setup , punch line . It 's observational humor . It 's jokes told in a weird way , in the background or with a bizarre sound effect . " The show was plagued by " public relations " difficulties , which meant it was " tarnished " from the start . A badly edited two @-@ minute promotional video for the show , sent to advertisers in April 1999 for the annual upfronts , was poorly received . Oakley and Weinstein had been informed that the upfronts did not matter . Similarly , because no episodes were finished in time , journalists were not able to see anything of the show at the network 's schedule presentation in July . Subsequently , as Weinstein commented to the Washington Post , " for seven months , the only impression people had of the show was based on a two @-@ minute tape that looked terrible . Six major publications panned it before they even saw it . " The pilot garnered largely negative reviews from publications such as The Deseret News ; and earned a positive write @-@ up in Variety . Furthermore , the show was forced to change from its originally planned title of The Downtowners due to its closeness to an MTV show . All of these factors combined to ensure the show received little attention , and the WB ran only a few commercials for it . Weinstein stated : " I don 't know exactly why America doesn 't know about this show . It 's like Teen People came out with its fall preview , and we 're not even in it . " Mission Hill came at a time when the TV schedules were already saturated with animated shows ; some of the response could be chalked up to its genre . The show was put out on a Friday , a night on which the WB had never broadcast before , at 8 : 00 pm , a time Oakley felt was inappropriate , and aired in front of The Wayans Bros. , The Jamie Foxx Show and The Steve Harvey Show , all shows with which Oakley felt it was " incompatible " . The show 's poor reviews and ratings of an average of 1 @.@ 8 million led to its swift cancellation . Oakley concluded that the pair had been " very naive " with regard to producing the show , and that it " would 've been better on cable anyway because it would never have appealed to a broad enough audience due to the subject matter . " The 13 completed episodes were later aired on Cartoon Network 's adult swim block and the show garnered a worldwide cult following . After lobbying from Oakley and Weinstein , the WB eventually released the series on DVD . From 2001 to 2002 , the two served as consulting producers on Futurama . They worked for two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half days a week , contributing jokes and helping with stories . They worked most substantially on the episodes " That 's Lobstertainment ! " and " Roswell That Ends Well " . They produced The Mullets for UPN in 2003 . Oakley and Weinstein have written and produced several television pilots . These include a CBS dramedy entitled 22 Birthdays , Business Class , a comedy for NBC about two traveling salesmen , The Funkhousers , an off @-@ the @-@ wall comedy for ABC about a close @-@ knit family which was directed by Frank Oz and The Ruling Class for Fox , about a high school class who all got along , regardless of their social group . They have written two feature film screenplays : The Optimist for New Line Cinema , in which Seann William Scott was slated to star as a man born with no unhappiness gene , and Ruprecht , a Santa Claus @-@ related comedy for Disney . Along with Weinstein , Oakley was to serve as an executive producer on the Fox television series Sit Down , Shut Up in 2009 . Oakley ended his involvement with the show due to a contract dispute between the staff and Sony Pictures . Sony refused to offer a contract which operated under the complete terms of the Writers Guild of America . Weinstein continued working on the show . His two subsequent projects have been without Weinstein . In late 2009 , NBC commissioned a pilot for Oakley 's sitcom about " the youngest judge in a circuit courthouse . " He wrote the 2010 episode of The Cleveland Show " Gone with the Wind " . Amongst other projects , Oakley planned a live @-@ action show where the characters are all robots , which would be made by the same people who produce the children 's show Yo Gabba Gabba ! . Oakley began writing for the sketch comedy show Portlandia in its second season . He became a co @-@ executive producer from the show 's third season , co @-@ writing every episode with Fred Armisen , Carrie Brownstein and Jonathan Krisel . He and his fellow writers shared the Writers Guild of America Award for Outstanding Achievement in Writing Comedy / Variety ( Including Talk ) – Series in 2013 . Oakley and Weinstein will again team up to co @-@ write and co @-@ executive produce 22 Birthdays , the failed pilot they originally produced for CBS , as a pilot for Bravo . Doug Liman and Dave Bartis will also be co @-@ executive producers . It is set to air in 2013 . = = Personal life = = Oakley and his wife Rachel J. Pulido have two daughters Mary and bouncey little Elizabeth ( Bitsy ) , and a son named James . He and his family live in Portland , Oregon . Pulido ( born January 26 , 1967 ) graduated from Harvard , where she was a writer for the Harvard Lampoon . She wrote for The Simpsons and Mission Hill and was the only Hispanic staff writer in the twenty @-@ year history of The Simpsons . She has said that she thinks of herself as Mexican . Pulido wrote the episode " Grade School Confidential " , and the Bumblebee Man segment of " 22 Short Films About Springfield " . = = Credits = = Episodes listed are those Oakley has been credited as writing or co @-@ writing Sunday Best ( 1991 ) – writer The Simpsons ( 1992 – 1998 ) – writer , producer , story editor , supervising producer , consulting producer , executive producer , showrunner ( all episodes with Josh Weinstein ) " Marge Gets a Job " " Marge in Chains " " Treehouse of Horror IV " ( " Terror at 5 ½ Feet " segment ) " $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) " " Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy " " Sweet Seymour Skinner 's Baadasssss Song " " Lady Bouvier 's Lover " " Sideshow Bob Roberts " " Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy " " Bart vs. Australia " " Who Shot Mr. Burns " ( parts 1 & 2 ) " 22 Short Films About Springfield " ( Skinner and Chalmers scene ) Mission Hill ( 1999 – 2002 ) – creator , writer , executive producer , voice of George Bang " Pilot " Futurama ( 2001 – 2002 ) – consulting producer Ruling Class ( 2001 ) – writer The Funkhousers ( 2002 ) – writer The Mullets ( 2003 ) – creator , executive producer 22 Birthdays ( 2005 ) – writer Business Class ( 2007 ) – creator , writer The Cleveland Show ( 2010 – 2012 ) – writer " Gone with the Wind " " American Prankster " " All You Can Eat " ( story with Assem Batra ) Regular Show ( 2010 ) - writer " Just Set Up the Chairs " " Caffeinated Concert Tickets " Portlandia ( 2012 – present ) - writer , consulting producer With Fred Armisen , Carrie Brownstein and Jonathan Krisel , Oakley has co @-@ written every episode since " Brunch Village "
= Nauru at the 2008 Summer Olympics = Nauru competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics , that were celebrated in Beijing , China , from August 8 to August 24 , 2008 . Nauru was represented by the Nauru Olympic Committee , and was the only nation out of 204 participating nations and territories that sent only a single athlete , and was one of 117 that won no medals at the Games . The sole athlete to represent the nation was Itte Detenamo , who participated in the weightlifting , and was the flag bearer in both the opening and closing ceremonies . This was the same number of athletes as at the 1996 Olympics , when Marcus Stephen ( who later became President of Nauru ) represented the country in the same sport , but was a decrease from the nation 's last appearance at the Games when three athletes were sent to Athens . Nauru earned a berth for the weightlifting event in the Oceania and South Pacific Olympic Weightlifting Championships in 2008 and a chance to send participants in swimming and athletics events , but chose to send only a weightlifter . Itte Detenamo competed in the Group B of heavyweight class , fifteenth and last event of the weightlifting . He did not earn a medal , but finished with a personal best . = = Delegation = = The delegation of the Nauru for the 2008 Summer Olympics consisted of four men . The first , Itte Detenamo , was the sole athlete and competed in the weightlifting competition . Also in the delegation as a manager of Itte was Yukio Peter — 2004 Olympian — who holds the record for the best placing in any Olympics by any Nauruan , eighth in the lightweight category ( 69 kg ) of the weightlifting event in the 2004 Summer Olympics . Delegation was also accompanied by Vinson Detenamo , father of Itte and the then and first President of the Nauru Olympic Committee . As the former sport minister of Nauru , Vinson had helped in the establishment of Nauru Olympic Committee in 1991 during his term in the Ministry of Sport . The final member of the delegation was Lou Keke as Nauru 's Olympic chef de mission . = = Qualification = = Nauru earned a qualification place in weightlifting in the International Weightlifting Federation 's continental Olympic qualification event — Oceania and South Pacific Olympic Weightlifting Championships — held in Auckland , New Zealand from March 27 to 30 , 2008 . At the event only those National Olympic Committees ( NOCs ) of Oceania which had not gained berths for 2008 Olympics in the 2006 and 2007 World Weightlifting Championships got chance to win qualification places . Itte Detenamo was selected over Yukio Peter to fill the earned quota . Nauru could have sent participants in swimming and athletics also , but chose not to as there was no national governing body of swimming and the nation lacked basic infrastructure and competitive athletes in order to complete in athletics . Nauru 's representation of sole athlete in the 2008 Games was the same number of athletes as at the 1996 Olympics , when Marcus Stephen — incumbent President of Nauru , President of the Nauru Olympic Committee and Oceania Weightlifting Federation — represented the country in the same sport . Marcus had previously competed for Western Samoa in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona as Nauru was not recognized by the International Olympic Committee as a National Olympic Committee until 1994 . The attendance at the 2008 games was a decrease from the nation 's previous appearance at the Games when three athletes were sent to Athens . = = Weightlifting = = Itte Detenamo represented Nauru in the super heavyweight class of weightlifting . It was his second Olympics appearance ; he was ranked previously 14th in the same weight category at the 2004 Athens Olympics . The whole competition took place on August 19 , but was divided in two parts due to the number of competitors . Group B weightlifters competed at 15 : 30 CST , and Group A , at 19 : 00 CST . The event was the fifteenth and last weightlifting event to conclude . Itte competed in group B of the event ; his highest successfully lifted weight in snatch was 175 kg , out of 165 , 170 and 175 kg , and in clean and jerk his best was 210 kg , out of 205 and 210 kg , he also tried a failed attempt for 215 kg . Itte finished in 10th place in the final standings with a total of 385 kg , setting a personal best .
= Traveling Salesmen = " Traveling Salesmen " is the thirteenth episode of the third season of the US version of The Office . The episode was written by Michael Schur , Lee Eisenberg , and Gene Stupnitsky , and was directed by series creator and executive producer Greg Daniels . It first aired on January 11 , 2007 in the United States on NBC . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , the sales team goes out on sales calls , with Michael and Andy , Stanley and Ryan , Phyllis and Karen , and Dwight and Jim pairing up . Andy tries to show Dwight in a bad light to Michael , Karen learns of Jim 's previous crush on Pam , and Angela forgets to hand in some important documents to New York , so secret boyfriend Dwight does it for her . John Krasinski believed " Traveling Salesmen " was the first episode to give a real glimpse into Dwight and Angela 's relationship , and much of the plot centered on the two . It aired to an estimated 10 @.@ 2 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research . It was positively received by television critics . Along with " The Return " , NBC later re @-@ broadcast " Traveling Salesmen " as a combined hour @-@ long episode as part of their sweeps week . As a result , both episodes underwent editing which included the addition of four minutes of previously unseen footage . = = Synopsis = = Dwight Schrute arrives several hours late to work one morning , due to driving to corporate to help out Angela Martin . Michael announces that the sales department will be pairing up for sales calls . Andy ( Ed Helms ) chooses Michael ( Steve Carell ) , Phyllis ( Phyllis Smith ) chooses Karen ( Rashida Jones ) , and Stanley ( Leslie David Baker ) grudgingly chooses Ryan ( B.J. Novak ) , leaving Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) with Jim ( John Krasinski ) , who used to do sales calls together . Andy learns that Dwight does Michael 's laundry as punishment for meeting with Jan to take over the branch . During their sales call , Andy sabotages the meeting , setting up an opportunity to later apologize to Michael , stating that he had really " Schruted " the situation , a further attempt to deride Dwight . While the salespeople are out , Angela ( Angela Kinsey ) tells Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) a thinly disguised story of how " Kurt " saves " Noelle " ( " Kurt " and " Noelle " being Dwight 's and Angela 's middle names , respectively ) by delivering the quarterly tax forms to New York . At first , Jim 's and Dwight 's sales call appears to be a fiasco , but it is soon clear that the joint force of Jim 's straight @-@ and @-@ honest sales approach , along with Dwight 's aggressive , erratic tactics , is a very successful partnership . Ryan asks Stanley if he could lead on this call so Stanley can critique him , which Stanley obliges . However , Ryan freezes up and fails when he realizes that Stanley 's clients are all black . Stanley laughs at an annoyed Ryan during the entire trip back to the office . Phyllis and Karen first stop at a beauty parlor , emerging with gaudy makeovers . Their sales call is a success because , as Phyllis knew , the client obviously likes women with that kind of look , as evidenced by the photo of his wife . Returning to the office , Phyllis tells Karen that she 's pleased that Jim got over his crush on Pam . Karen confronts Jim with this information , and he reassures her that his crush has passed . Upon returning after the sales call , Andy steals Dwight 's keys , breaks into his car , and finds the toll booth ticket to New York City . Andy gives the evidence to Michael , who then accuses Dwight of disloyalty , and Angela prevents him from clearing his name because it would expose their relationship . Dwight resigns . Andy gloats over his success , but the documentary camera catches Angela in the background glaring at him . = = Production = = " Traveling Salesman " was written by Michael Schur , Lee Eisenberg , and Gene Stupnitsky , while co @-@ creator and executive producer Greg Daniels directed . Daniels shot " Traveling Salesmen " and " The Return " in mid @-@ November 2006 before the cast and crew began an eight @-@ week break . John Krasinski enjoyed the episode because he believed it was the first real glimpse of Angela and Dwight 's relationship , with Rainn Wilson noting that the audience gets " to see how Dwight becomes her hero . " As with other Office episodes , a number of scenes in " Traveling Salesmen " were improvised and unscripted , including Angela with the jelly beans and Stanley laughing at Ryan in the car . To create the old picture of Jim and Dwight , an actual high school photograph of Krasinski was photoshopped along with a 1991 image of Wilson while Wilson was on tour with an acting company . While standing in the parking lot , the cast had to pretend to shiver in 85 @-@ degree weather . Krasinski actually slapped Wilson at Wilson 's request , which Krasinski considered " one of the craziest acting experiences I 've ever had . " Before deciding on singing to a melody from Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , Ed Helms and Daniels shot 50 different versions . Another Willy Wonka reference includes Andy 's mention of a chocolate factory and not wishing " to fall into any chocolate river " . " Traveling Salesmen " was later rebroadcast with " The Return " as a combined hour @-@ long episode on March 15 , 2007 , with four minutes of previously unseen footage added . Greg Daniels explained that it was both an attempt to attract a larger audience and " it 's about giving something extra to our wonderful fans … their loyalty must be rewarded somehow , and we don 't have the budget for 10 million muffin baskets . " As part of the editing process , Pam is seen winning an art contest , four scenes of Andy searching through Dwight 's things were condensed , and an Angela – Pam storyline as well as an extended scene of Andy going to anger management were added . The third season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes , such as Michael using his computer , " Harvey " , to hit on Pam ( this scene was the cold open for " Traveling Salesman " on its original broadcast ; the combined hour @-@ long version of " Traveling Salesman " and " The Return " has no cold open ) . Notable cut scenes included Andy dramatically illustrating to Karen that they are the only two Stamford employees remaining , Jim and Dwight surreptitiously planning their sales tactic , Pam offering to get coffee for her co @-@ workers , and Dwight emotionally giving away selected items to others in the office . = = Reception = = " Traveling Salesmen " was first broadcast on January 11 , 2007 in the United States on NBC . According to Nielsen Media Research , an estimated 10 @.@ 2 million viewers tuned in , making it only a handful of other episodes of The Office to reach over 10 million viewers , the others being the show 's pilot episode , " The Injury " , " The Return , " " Ben Franklin " and " Stress Relief , " of which the latter reached over 20 million viewers . Buddy TV senior writer Oscar Dahl remarked , " It didn 't make me laugh out loud and , yet , I still loved it . " He shed a negative light on Andy 's behavior towards Dwight , calling it " annoying and not that funny . " Dahl hoped Dwight would be reappearing soon , and concluded " Overall , a crucial story episode with a nice cliffhanger . Even if wasn 't as funny as last week or even most episodes this season , The Office still entertains . " AOL TV 's Michael Sciannamea lauded the episode , writing " I cannot remember ever guffawing over every single line in a single sitcom episode as I did watching this one . If the performances in this particular one don 't garner the actors in this show a plethora of Emmys , there ought to be an investigation . " Sciannamea continued that he believed it was Steve Carell 's best series performance thus far because he " displayed the full range of his personality--jokester , arrogant jerk , charming salesman , sensitive soul , and added a new one--anger . " Entertainment Weekly writer Abby West commented of Dwight 's ouster , " There 's no way Rainn Wilson is off the show , but it was a bold move to let him appear to be bested by the ( slightly ) more Machiavellian Andy . I can 't wait to see how they play out this storyline . " West referred to " Phyllis ' expert psychological move " with the makeovers as her favorite subplot of the night , and appreciated the spotlight on the sales pairings ; she expanded on this latter point , " The trip out of the office was also a great reminder of what these Dunder Mifflin @-@ ers actually do and how good most of them are . Isn 't it interesting that as much as they normally clash , Dwight and Jim make a very effective sales team , while the seeming bond that Michael and Andy share did nothing to keep Andy from punting their pitch ? When Dwight started using the client 's phone , Jim didn 't skip a beat . They 'd either used the ploy ( of dialing the competition 's customer service number and showing how long the wait time was ) before , or Jim is comfortable going with Dwight 's flow , at least in that kind of setting . They essentially played good cop / bad cop ... or good cop / weird cop . " Other television critics also praised the various sales call pairings .
= Team ( Lorde song ) = " Team " is a song by New Zealand singer Lorde , taken from her debut studio album , Pure Heroine ( 2013 ) . The song was released on 13 September 2013 as the album 's third single in Australia and New Zealand by Universal Music New Zealand , and the second in the United States and the United Kingdom by Lava and Republic Records . The track was written by Lorde and Joel Little and produced by Little , with additional production from Lorde herself . " Team " is a hybrid of alternative pop and electro @-@ hop featuring synthesiser , bass and snare drum instrumentation over a handclap @-@ based beat . Lyrically , the track is a " tribute to her friends and country " . " Team " was generally well received by most contemporary critics , who praised its musical style , lyrical content and Lorde 's vocal delivery on the track . The single garnered success on charts internationally , peaking at number 6 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and at number 3 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . In Oceania , it péaked at number 19 in Australia and debuting and debuted at number 3 in New Zealand . " Team " was certified platinum by both the Australian Recording Industry Association and Recorded Music NZ . A music video for the song was directed by Young Replicant and was released on 4 December 2013 . Filmed in an abandoned building named Red Hook Grain Terminal in Red Hook , Brooklyn , the video 's content was inspired by Lorde 's dream of an own world for teenagers . Upon its release , the clip crashed Vevo 's channel due to a high number of views . To promote " Team " and Pure Heroine , Lorde performed the song on several occasions , including on Late Show with David Letterman and at the ARIA Music Awards of 2013 . It was later featured on a Season 10 episode of Grey 's Anatomy which aired in December 2013 . = = Background = = " Team " was written by Lorde and Joel Little while Lorde was travelling the world . The track was recorded , produced and mixed by Little at his Golden Age Studios in Morningside , Auckland , with Lorde providing additional production . The song was produced using the software Pro Tools . On 13 September 2013 " Team " was leaked , justifying an earlier rush out release . Within hours the audio was uploaded on YouTube and Universal Music New Zealand released the digital download single for sale in Australia and New Zealand . On 19 November 2013 , the track was sent to US contemporary hit radio by Lava and Republic Records . " Team " was sent to US rhythmic contemporary radio on 6 January 2014 . = = Composition = = " Team " is a hybrid of alternative pop and electro @-@ hop . Written in the key of G @-@ flat major , " Team " features synthesiser , bass , and snare drum instrumentation over a handclap @-@ based beat . Amanda Dobbins of New York magazine and Maura Johnston of Spin likened the chorus of the song to that of Lana Del Rey 's " Born to Die " ( 2011 ) , while Drowned in Sound 's Sammy Maine compared the beats to works produced by Timbaland for Missy Elliott . Lorde 's vocal range spans from B ♭ 2 to D ♭ 5 . The song moves at a tempo of 100 beats per minute . Lyrically , " Team " is a " tribute to her friends and country " . During an interview with Billboard , Lorde described the song as " her take on most modern music " and explained , " no one comes to New Zealand , no one knows anything about New Zealand , and here I am , trying to grow up and become a person . " Lorde explained that the line " We live in cities you 'll never see on screen " was " to be speaking for the minority " from small cities . She also expresses distaste in common contemporary popular music lyrics telling listeners to " put your hands in the air " through the verse " I 'm kind of over getting told to throw my hands up in the air " . Writer Lily Rothman for the magazine Time commented that the lyrics " we sure know how to run things " in " Team " were a response to the lyrics " we run things , things don ’ t run we " in Miley Cyrus ' " We Can 't Stop " ( 2013 ) . = = Reception = = " Team " received critical acclaim from music critics . Brenna Ehrlich from MTV News lauded it as an " insanely catchy jam " . The AV Club critic Kevin McFarland labelled " Team " as a " club @-@ ready " and " sparkly thumper " , while Nathan Jolly from The Music Network simply described it " interesting " . John Murphy , in his review of Pure Heroine for musicOMH , commended the lyrics " I 'm kinda over getting told to throw my hands up in the air " for being catchy . Marlow Stern writing for The Daily Beast listed " Team " as the fifth best song of 2013 . On 23 September 2013 , " Team " debuted at number three on the New Zealand Singles Chart , becoming Lorde 's third consecutive top @-@ three single in the country following number @-@ one singles " Royals " and " Tennis Court " . Recorded Music NZ certified the single double platinum due to the sales figure of over 30 @,@ 000 copies in the country . " Team " peaked at number nineteen on the Australian Singles Chart , and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Following its impact on US radio stations , " Team " debuted at number thirty @-@ two on the Billboard Rock Airplay , and topped the chart on 7 October 2013 . It also topped the Adult Top 40 , and charted at number two on the Mainstream Top 40 , number two on the Hot Rock Songs and number two on the Alternative Songs . On the Billboard Hot 100 , " Team " peaked at number six , becoming her second US top @-@ ten hit ( following her debut number @-@ one hit " Royals " ) . The song reached over two million in sales in the US by April 2014 . By December 2014 , " Team " has sold 2 @.@ 45 million copies copies in the US . The single also reached number three on the Canadian Hot 100 , and was certified double @-@ platinum by Music Canada , which denotes 160 @,@ 000 downloads . = = Music video = = The music video for " Team " was directed by Young Replicant . Filmed the disused Red Hook Grain Terminal in Red Hook , Brooklyn , the video was inspired by Lorde 's dream of " teenagers in their own world , a world with hierarchies and initiations , where the boy who was second in command had acne on his face , and so did the girl who was Queen " . The director explained that Lorde was one of the " kids who have a unique look " , which fitted the clip 's " sad story " concept . The video begins with shots of the ocean ; The Daily Beast 's editor Marlow Stern draw comparisons between the shots to Paul Thomas Anderson 's drama film The Master ( 2012 ) . The scene revealed an unseen city with ruins of factories on an island and full of teens " without any parental guidance " . On Lorde 's Facebook account , she further explained that world was " so different to anything anyone had ever seen , a dark world full of tropical plants and ruins and sweat " . Inside the ruins , she is seen as the " self @-@ anointed " queen of the city 's citizens in a " blue , foliage @-@ filled universe " . Stern compared her image to that of The Hunger Games ' fictional character Katniss Everdeen . A young boy is transported to the island ; following his arrival , he must joust on a motorbike to become a part of Lorde 's " team " . He loses ; Lorde commented that " sometimes the person who loses is stronger " . On 4 December 2013 , the video was released on Lorde 's official VEVO channel on YouTube at 10 AM ( New Zealand time ) . Upon its release , the video crashed Vevo 's channel due to a high number of views . Lily Rothman from Time magazine compared the video for " Team " to Miley Cyrus ' " We Can 't Stop " music video for their same " mythical settings " – a party ( " We Can 't Stop " ) and an island ( " Team " ) . = = Live performances , covers and remixes = = On 12 November 2013 , Lorde performed several songs from Pure Heroine during the Late Show with David Letterman to promote the album , including " Team " . The track was also performed by Lorde during the ARIA Music Awards of 2013 . At the 2014 MuchMusic Video Awards , Lorde performed a Goth @-@ influenced medley of " Tennis Court " and " Team " . American alternative rock band Local H recorded a cover version of " Team " at Electrical Audio in Chicago , Illinois . The Local H version was released as a single on 21 April 2014 . J Gramm released a remix of " Team " in December of 2013 . Noisey gave the remix a positive review , stating that J Gramm " turns the ballad up a notch — with some triumphant drums and overall , a more victorious feel for the stories of the cities she 's dreaming up . " A heavily modified , instrumental version of the song is used towards the end of the season eighteen episode of South Park , entitled Gluten Free Ebola . = = Track listing = = Digital download " Team " – 3 : 13 = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release history = =

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.