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Hoshikuzu
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TEDtalk-en-ja

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translation dict
{ "en": "To give you an example, between 2001 and 2002, Ethiopian maize farmers produced two years of bumper harvest. ", "ja": "例をあげると、2001年から2002年の２年間、エチオピアではとうもろこしが豊作でしたが。" }
{ "en": "That in turn, because of the weak marketing system, led to an 80 percent collapse in maize prices in the country. ", "ja": "しっかりした市場のシステムがなかったため、国内のとうもろこしの値段が、80%も崩落したのです。" }
{ "en": "This made it unprofitable for some farmers to even harvest the grain from the fields. ", "ja": "このため収穫費用すら、稼げない農家も出たほどです。" }
{ "en": "And we calculated that some 300,000 tons of grain was left in the fields to rot in early 2002. ", "ja": "計算によると、2002年には30万トンもの、とうもろこしが畑に放置され、無駄になりました。" }
{ "en": "Not six months later, in July 2002, Ethiopia announced a major food crisis, to the same proportions as 1984: 14 million people at risk of starvation. ", "ja": "半年後の2002年7月　エチオピアは、1400万人もの人々が飢餓に瀕した1984年と、同じレベルの食料飢饉を発表。" }
{ "en": "What also happened that year is in the areas where there were good rains, and where farmers had previously produced surplus grain, farmers had decided to withdraw from the fertilizer market, not use fertilizer and actually had dropped their use of fertilizer by 27 percent. ", "ja": "同じく2002年、雨がよく降り、あまるほどの、収穫を得た農家が、肥料を使うのをやめることを決め、実際に肥料の使用率が27%減りました。" }
{ "en": "This is a tragic example of arrested development, or a budding green revolution stopped in its tracks. ", "ja": "これこそ発育遅延の悲劇的な例であり、芽生え始めた緑の革命を、途中で止めるようなものといえます。" }
{ "en": "And this is not just specific to Ethiopia, but happens over and over, all over Africa. ", "ja": "これはエチオピアだけではなく、アフリカ全土で起こっていることなのです。" }
{ "en": "Well, I'm not here today to lament about the situation, or wring my hands. ", "ja": "今日私はこの状況を、嘆きに来たのではありません。" }
{ "en": "I am here to tell you that change is in the air. ", "ja": "変革が近い事を伝えるために来たのです。" }
{ "en": "Africa today is not the Africa waiting for aid solutions, or cookie-cutter foreign expert policy prescriptions. ", "ja": "今のアフリカは援助を待っているのでも、ありきたりな外資の政策に頼るのでもありません。" }
{ "en": "Africa has learned, or is learning somewhat slowly, that markets don't happen by themselves. ", "ja": "アフリカは成長を遂げ、ゆっくりではありますが、市場は自ら始まらない、と理解するようになりました。" }
{ "en": "In the 1980s, it was very fashionable to talk about getting prices right. ", "ja": "80年代は、上手く値段交渉することが、良しとされていました。" }
{ "en": "There was a very influential book about that, which was mainly about getting governments out of the market. ", "ja": "これに影響を与える本も書かれ、政府と市場を分離することについて、述べられています。" }
{ "en": "We now recognize that getting markets right is about not just price incentives, but also investing in the right infrastructure and the appropriate and necessary institutions to create the conditions to unleash the power of innovation in the market. ", "ja": "今となっては、正しく機能する市場とは、価格インセンティブだけでなく、正しい基盤作りに投資し、適切な制度によって、市場での革新が、進むような状態を作りだすことが定説です。" }
{ "en": "When conditions are right, we know and see that that innovation is ready to explode in rural Africa, just like anywhere else. ", "ja": "そのような状況にあってこそ、アフリカの辺境地ででも、他の地域と同じように、革新が進められるのです。" }
{ "en": "Nearly three years ago, I decided to leave my comfortable job as a World Bank senior economist in Washington and come back to my country of birth, Ethiopia, after nearly 30 years abroad. ", "ja": "約３年前、私はそれまでワシントンでやっていた、世界銀行のシニアエコノミストの職を辞め、30年間も過ごした外国から、生まれ故郷のエチオピアに帰りました。" }
{ "en": "I did so for a simple reason. ", "ja": "理由はシンプルです。" }
{ "en": "After having spent more than a decade understanding, studying, and trying to convince policymakers and donors about what was wrong with Africa's agricultural markets, I decided it was time to do something about it. ", "ja": "10年以上も、アフリカの農業市場について学び、政策立案者やドナーを、説得しつづけるなかで、今こそ行動に移す時と感じたからです。" }
{ "en": "I currently lead, in Ethiopia, an exciting new initiative to establish the first Ethiopia Commodity Exchange, or ECX. ", "ja": "現在、私はエチオピアで、エチオピア商品取引所(ECX)の、設立に取り組んでいます。" }
{ "en": "Now, the commodity exchange itself, that concept, is not new to the world. ", "ja": "商品取引というコンセプトは、目新しいものではありません。" }
{ "en": "In fact, in 1848, 82 grain merchants and farmers got together in a small town at the crossroads of the Illinois River and Lake Michigan to establish a way to trade better amongst themselves. ", "ja": "事実1848年にはイリノイ川とミシガン湖が、交差するあたりの、小さな町で、82の穀物商人と農家が一丸となり、自分たちの力でよりよい取引をするための、仕組みを作りました。" }
{ "en": "That was, of course, the birth of the Chicago Board of Trade, which is the most famous commodity exchange in the world. ", "ja": "これこそがシカゴ商品取引所の始まりであり、現在、世界で最も有名な商品取引所です。" }
{ "en": "The Chicago Board of Trade was established then for precisely the same reasons that our farmers today would benefit from a commodity exchange. ", "ja": "当時、シカゴ商品取引所が、設立されたのと全く同じ理由で、エチオピアの農家も、商品取引所の恩恵にあずかるでしょう。" }
{ "en": "In the American Midwest, farmers used to load grain onto barges and send it upriver to the Chicago market. ", "ja": "アメリカ中西部の農家は、川上のシカゴの市場まで、船で穀物を運びました。" }
{ "en": "But once it arrived, if no buyer was to be found, or if prices suddenly dropped, farmers would incur tremendous losses. ", "ja": "もしそこで買い手が見つからなかったり、予期せず値段が下がったら、大きな負担なります。" }
{ "en": "And in fact, would even dump the grain in Lake Michigan, rather than spend more money transporting it back to their farms. ", "ja": "穀物を持ち帰る費用を浮かせるため、ミシガン湖に捨てることまであったそうです。" }
{ "en": "Well, the need to avoid these huge risks and tremendous losses led to the birth of the futures market, and the underlying system of grading grain and receipting -- issuing warehouse receipts on the basis of which trade could be done. ", "ja": "大きなリスクと甚大な損害を避けるため、先物取引市場が生まれ、穀物の査定や卸売領収書の発行など、売買をするための基盤がしかれます。" }
{ "en": "From there, the greatest innovation of all came about in this market, which is that buyers and sellers could transact grain without actually having to physically or visually inspect the grain. ", "ja": "そこから、市場における最大の革新ともいえる、買い手と売り手とが、実際に穀物を目にすることなく、取引するシステムが出来上がりました。" }
{ "en": "That meant that grain could be traded across tremendous distances, and even across time -- as far forward as 18 months into the future. ", "ja": "もはや穀物は距離や時間に縛られることなく、ずっと先、最長18か月先の分まで、取引できます。" }
{ "en": "This innovation is at the heart of the transformation of American agriculture, and the rise of Chicago to a global market, agricultural market, superpower from where it was, a small regional town. ", "ja": "この革新があったからこそ、アメリカの農業が変わり、シカゴが小さな町の農業市場から、世界市場へ進出することにまでなったのです。" }
{ "en": "Now, over the last century, we tend to think of commodity exchanges as the purview of Western industrialized countries, and that the reference prices for cotton, coffee, cocoa -- products produced mainly in the south -- are actually a reference price, or a price discovered in these organized commodity exchanges in the northern countries. ", "ja": "前世紀では、商品取引は、発展の進んだ西欧諸国に限られたものと、考えられていました。綿やコーヒーやココアなど、グローバルサウスの生産物の、値段を左右するのは、北半球の国々にある商品取引所です。" }
{ "en": "But that is actually changing. ", "ja": "しかし、それも変わりつつあります。" }
{ "en": "And we're seeing a shift -- powered mainly because of information technology -- a shift in market dominance towards the emerging markets. ", "ja": "おもにITの発展がもたらす、変化を目の当たりにしています。市場の優勢が新しい市場へと移っているのです。" }
{ "en": "And over the last decade, you see that the share of Western exchanges -- and this is the U.S. share of exchanges in the world -- has gone down by nearly half in just the last decade. ", "ja": "また過去10年間で西欧諸国の取引所、特にアメリカの、世界の取引に占める割合が、10年前の約半分にまで減りました。" }
{ "en": "Similarly, there's been explosive growth in India, for example, where rural farmers are using exchanges -- growing here over the last three years by 270 percent a year. ", "ja": "同様に、たとえばインドでも、爆発的な発展がありました。地方の農家が取引所の仕組みを使うことで、過去3年間で270%もの、伸び高を見せています。" }
{ "en": "This is powered by low-cost VSAT technology, aggressively trying to reach farmers to bring them into the market. ", "ja": "これは低価格なVSATテクノロジーを介し、積極的に農家の市場参加を促した結果です。" }
{ "en": "China's Dalian Commodity Exchange, three years ago, 2004, overtook the Chicago Board of Trade to become the second largest commodity exchange in the world. ", "ja": "また中国の大連商品取引所は、３年前の2004年、シカゴ商品取引所を抜き、世界で２番目に大きな、商品取引所になりました。" }
{ "en": "Now, in Ethiopia, we're in the process of designing the first organized Ethiopia Commodity Exchange. ", "ja": "今エチオピアでは、史上はじめての、商品取引所を構築している最中です。" }
{ "en": "We're not trying to cut and paste the Chicago model or the India model, but creating a system uniquely tailored to Ethiopia's needs and realities, Ethiopia's small farmers. ", "ja": "シカゴやインドの例をまねるのではなく、エチオピア独自が抱えるニーズや現実、エチオピアの小規模農家に合わせた、システムを作ろうとしています。" }
{ "en": "So, the ECX is an Ethiopian exchange for Ethiopia. ", "ja": "つまりECXとは、エチオピアのための商品取引所。" }
{ "en": "We're creating a system that serves all market actors, that creates integrity, trust, efficiency, transparency and enables small farmers to manage the risks that I have described. ", "ja": "参加する全ての人々が、恩恵を受けられる場所となり、健全で信用できる　、効率的で透明性のある仕組みが生まれ、小規模農家が先述のリスクに、対応できるようになります。" }
{ "en": "In the design of our commodity exchange in Ethiopia, we've done something rather unique, which is to take the approach of an integrated perspective, or what we call the ECX Edge. ", "ja": "私たちが構想する、エチオピア商品取引所の、ユニークなところは、統合的な視野を持つアプローチで、私たちはECX、Edgeと呼んでいます。" }
{ "en": "The ECX Edge pretty much creates the entire ecosystem in which the market will develop itself. ", "ja": "ECX、Edgeとは、ひとつの生態系を作りだし、市場はそこで自ら成長するのです。" }
{ "en": "And this is because one of the things we've learned over the last decade of studying market development in Africa is that the piecemeal approach does not work. ", "ja": "これまで、アフリカの市場発展を調べる中で、断片的なアプローチでは問題解決しないと、学んだからこそ、辿り着いたシステムです。" }
{ "en": "You've got one donor trying to develop market information, another trying to work on or sponsor grades and standards, another ICT, and yet another on warehousing, or warehouse receipts. ", "ja": "問題は、市場情報システムを、構築するドナーがいて、また別のところで、評価と基準の仕組みを作ろうとし、ほかにもICTや貨物保管について、作業する人々がバラバラにいる状態です。" }
{ "en": "In our approach in Ethiopia, we've decided to put together the entire ecosystem, or environment, in which trade takes place. ", "ja": "私たちがやろうとしているのは、取引が行われる生態系の全体、もしくはその環境自体を確立するということ。" }
{ "en": "That means that the exchange will operate a trading system, which will initially start as an open outcry, because we don't think the country's ready for full electronic trading. ", "ja": "つまり取引所がシステム運営を行います。初めは大反対を食らうことでしょうが、私たちは、エチオピアが、まだ完全に電子取引ができる状態、ではないとみています。" }
{ "en": "But at the same time, we'll do something which I think no exchange in the world has ever done, which is itself to operate something like an Internet cafe in the rural areas. ", "ja": "また世界中のどの商品取引所にも、例はありませんが、地方各地にネットカフェのようなものを作り、市場取引の一部にするつもりです。" }
{ "en": "So that farmers and small traders can actually come to a terminal center -- what we call the remote access terminal centers -- and actually, without having to buy a computer or figure out how to dial up or any of those things, simply see the trading that's happening on the Addis Ababa trading floor. ", "ja": "私たちが地方アクセスセンターと呼ぶ、「ネットカフェ」に来ることで、各地の小規模農家や業者が、コンピュータを買う必要や、使いこなす必要なく、実際にアディスアベバの取引所で行われる、取引を観覧することができます。" }
{ "en": "At the same time, what's very fundamental to this market is that -- and again, an innovation that we've designed for our exchange -- is that the exchange will operate warehouses around the country, in which grade certification and warehouse receipting will be done. ", "ja": "同時にこの市場に欠かせないことは、私たちが新しく構想したものの、ひとつでもあるのですが、中央の取引所が各地にある貯蔵所を運営し、評価証明や貨物保管も行うということです。" }
{ "en": "And in turn, we'll operate an in-house clearing system, to assure that payment is done appropriately, in the right amount and at the right time, so that basically, we create trust and integrity in the system. ", "ja": "そして独自の手形交換制度も設け、支払いが適切に、正しい値段と、正しいタイミングで行われることで、システムに信用性を持たせられます。" }
{ "en": "Obviously, we work with exchange actors, and as we're developing the exchange market itself, we're also developing the regulatory infrastructure and legal framework, the overarching legal framework for making this market work. ", "ja": "取引所を構築する際にはもちろん、市場に参加する人たちとも協力し、市場の仕組み全体が作用するための、規定や法的基盤もつくりあげます。" }
{ "en": "So, in fact, our proclamation is going to parliament next month. ", "ja": "私たちのこの提案は、来月エチオピア議会に提出されます。" }
{ "en": "What's really important is that the ECX will operate a market information system to disseminate prices in real time to farmers around the country, using VSAT technology to bring an electronic price dissemination directly to farmers. ", "ja": "ここで重要なことは、ECXの市場情報システムが、電子的に価格普及させる、VSATテクノロジーを介し、国内各地の農家にリアルタイムで、農作物の値段を、知らせられるということです。" }
{ "en": "What this does is transforms, fundamentally, the farmers' relationship to the market. ", "ja": "このことで農家と市場のかかわりが、根本的に変わることとなります。" }
{ "en": "Whereas before the farmer used to think local -- meaning that he or she would go to the nearest local market, eight to 10 kilometers away on average, and sell whatever they happened to have, without any idea of what the price premium or anything else was -- now farmers come with knowledge of what prices are at the national market. ", "ja": "これまでの考え方は地域に限られたもので、住んでいる場所から一番近くて、平均約8~10kmほど、離れたところにある市場で、自分の商品が持つ付加価値や、適正な価値も知らないままに、売るしかなかったところ、今は中央市場での値段を知った上で、売買できるのです。" }
{ "en": "And they start to think national, and even global. ", "ja": "これを期に全国区、世界へと視野も広がり始めました。" }
{ "en": "They start to make not only commercial marketing decisions, but also planting decisions, on the basis of information coming from the futures price market. ", "ja": "人々は、売買に関してだけでなく、作付けについてまでも、将来の値段変動に関する、情報に基づいて、決断するようになりました。" }
{ "en": "And they come to the market knowing what grades their products will achieve in terms of a price premium. ", "ja": "そして自分たちの作物が、市場において、付加価値という観点で、どのような評価を受けるか、が分かるようになりました。" }
{ "en": "So all of this will transform farmers. ", "ja": "これらすべてが農家を変えます。" }
{ "en": "It will also transform the way traders do business. ", "ja": "そして業者が、ビジネスを行う方法も変わります。" }
{ "en": "It will stop them from doing simple, back-to-back, limited arbitrage to really thinking strategically about how to move grain across long distances from [surplus regions] to [deficit areas]. ", "ja": "次から次へと続く裁定取引をやめ、より戦略的に考えて、余った穀物を足りない地域に、動かすようになります。" }
{ "en": "Can Ethiopia do this? ", "ja": "エチオピアにこんな事ができるのでしょうか？。" }
{ "en": "It seems very ambitious. ", "ja": "とても無理なようにも思えますが。" }
{ "en": "But it will create new opportunities. ", "ja": "新たな機会も生みます。" }
{ "en": "We believe that this initiative requires great political will, and we'll have to align the financial sector, as well as the ICT sector, and really even the underlying legal framework. ", "ja": "この提案には大変な政治意思に加え、金融機関とICTを提携させて、法的地盤をならす必要があります。" }
{ "en": "We believe that the winds of change are here, and that we can do it. ", "ja": "変化の風が吹いている今、実現できると信じています。" }
{ "en": "ECX is the market for Ethiopia's new millennium, which starts in about eight months. ", "ja": "新世紀エチオピアのための市場ECXは、約8カ月後にスタートします。" }
{ "en": "The last parliament of our century opened with our president announcing to the country that this was the most important economic initiative for the country today. ", "ja": "一番最近行われたエチオピア議会は、この提案が私たちの国にとって、今一番重要な経済革新である、という大統領の発言で閉幕しました。" }
{ "en": "We believe that the stakes are high, but that the returns will be even greater. ", "ja": "大きな賭けに出ているのは知っています。ですが得られるものの方が、断然大きいのです。" }
{ "en": "ECX, moreover, can become a trading platform for a pan-African market in agricultural commodities. ", "ja": "そして何より、ECXはいつかアフリカ全土の、農業取引を行える市場になりえるのです。" }
{ "en": "Ethiopia's domestic market is about one billion dollars of value. ", "ja": "エチオピアの国内市場は、約10億ドルの価値があります。" }
{ "en": "And we feel that over the next five years, if Ethiopia can capture even 40 percent, just 40 percent, of the domestic market, and add just 25 percent value to that market, the value of the market doubles. ", "ja": "私たちの読みでは、今後5年間で、もしエチオピアが、その40%だけ稼働できたとして、たった25%だけ価値を加えることができたら、市場価値は２倍に跳ね上がります。" }
{ "en": "Ethiopia's agricultural market is 30 percent higher than South Africa's grain production, and, in fact, Ethiopia is the second largest maize producer in Africa. ", "ja": "エチオピアの農業市場は、南アフリカの穀物生産より30%高く、アフリカ第２のとうもろこし生産地を誇ります。" }
{ "en": "So the potential is there. ", "ja": "可能性はあります。" }
{ "en": "The will is there. ", "ja": "実現させる意志もあります。" }
{ "en": "The commitment is there. ", "ja": "公約もしました。" }
{ "en": "So we feel that we have a winning value proposition to transform farmers' choices, to grow our agriculture, and to change Africa. ", "ja": "農家の選択肢を増やし、農業を成長させ、アフリカを変える、魅力的な価値の提案が、できていると感じています。" }
{ "en": "So, we are in the business of finding our happiness. ", "ja": "つまり私たちは、幸福を手に入れるための、ビジネスをしているのです。" }
{ "en": "Thank you very much. ", "ja": "ありがとうございました。(拍手)。" }
{ "en": "(Applause) Illegal wildlife trade in Brazil is one of the major threats against our fauna, especially birds, and mainly to supply the pet market with thousands of animals taken from nature every month, and transported far from their origins, to be sold mainly in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. ", "ja": "ありがとうございました。(拍手)、ブラジルでの野生動物密売は、動物相、とくに鳥類にとって、深刻な脅威の１つとなっています。、主にペット市場への供給です。、毎月何千もの動物達が生息する大自然から、連れ去られ、主にサンパウロやリオデジャネイロ、で売買されます。。" }
{ "en": "It is estimated that all kinds of illegal wildlife trade in Brazil withdraw from nature almost 38 million animals every year, a business worth almost two billion dollars. ", "ja": "ブラジルでの様々な違法野生動物売買によって、毎年3800万体ほどの動物が自然から、持ち出され、、商業的価値は、200億ドルにも匹敵すると、言われています。。" }
{ "en": "The police intercepts these huge cargos with live animals, intended to supply the pet market, or they seize the animals directly from the people's houses, and this is how we end up, every month, with thousands of seized animals. ", "ja": "警察はペット市場に出される、、生きてる動物の入っている、巨大なカーゴをインターセプトしたり、、住居から直接動物を押収したりしています。、毎月何千匹もの動物を、押収する結果となっています。。" }
{ "en": "And for us to understand what happens with them, we're going to follow Brad. ", "ja": "次に何が起こるのかを理解するため、、「ブラッド」を追って見ましょう。。" }
{ "en": "In the eyes of many people, after the animals are seized, they say, \"Yay, justice has been served. ", "ja": "多くの人は、動物が保護されると、「やった！正義は下された！、正義の味方がやってきて、。" }
{ "en": "The good guys arrived, took the cute, mistreated animals from the hands of the evil traffickers, and everyone lived happily ever after.\" ", "ja": "虐待された愛くるしい動物を、邪悪な密売者の手から、救い出し、、皆、幸せに暮らしました」と言うでしょう。。" }
{ "en": "But did they? Actually, no, and this is where many of our problems begin. ", "ja": "本当にそうでしょうか?、実際は違います。、多くの問題はここから始まります。。" }
{ "en": "Because we have to figure out what to do with all these animals. ", "ja": "これらの動物をどうするかを、考える必要があるからです。。" }
{ "en": "In Brazil, they are usually first sent to governmental triage facilities, in which most of the cases, the conditions are as bad as with the traffickers. ", "ja": "ブラジルでは一般的に、まず、国営トリアージ機関に送られます。、その環境は、密猟者のと同等に、劣悪なものです。。" }
{ "en": "In 2002, these centers received 45,000 animals, of which 37,000 were birds. ", "ja": "トリアージ機関は2002年に、、4万5千体の動物を受け入れ、、その内3万7千体は鳥類でした。。" }
{ "en": "And the police estimates that we seize only five percent of what's being trafficked. ", "ja": "警察の推測によると、密猟された内、５%程度しか救出されていません。。" }
{ "en": "Some lucky ones -- and among them, Brad -- go to serious rehabilitation centers after that. ", "ja": "「ブラッド」を含む幸運な動物達は、、トリアージ後本格的リハビリ施設へ行きます。。" }
{ "en": "And in these places they are cared for. ", "ja": "そこでは手当を受けます。。" }
{ "en": "They train their flying, they learn how to recognize the food they will find in nature, and they are able to socialize with others from the same species. ", "ja": "飛び方を教わります。、自然における食物の見つけ方も学びます。、そして同じ種族と、交際できるようになります。。" }
{ "en": "(Laughter) But then what? ", "ja": "（笑）、しかしその後は?。" }
{ "en": "The Brazil Ornithological Society -- so now we're talking only birds -- claims that we have too little knowledge about the species in nature. ", "ja": "鳥類だけを見てみます。、ブラジル鳥類学機構は、野生動物に対する知識が、なさすぎると主張しています。。" }
{ "en": "Therefore, it would be too risky to release these animals, both for the released and for the natural populations. ", "ja": "よって、動物を自然に、帰すことは保護された動物と自然で生息する動物にとって、多大なリスクを伴います。。" }
{ "en": "They also claim that we spend too many resources in their rehabilitation. ", "ja": "その上、リハビリに資源を、費やしすぎていると主張しています。。" }
{ "en": "Following this argument, they suggest that all the birds seized from non-threatened species should be euthanized. ", "ja": "この議論に際して、保護された鳥類の内、、絶滅危惧種でない種は、安楽死させるべきだと提案しています。。" }

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