translation
dict |
|---|
{
"en": "So then, what do we do about that? ",
"ja": "ใงใฏไธไฝใใฉใใใใใใใฎใงใใใใ๏ผใ"
} |
{
"en": "I mean, that's a fine logic, that sounds pretty convincing, pretty ironclad, doesn't it? ",
"ja": "ใญใธใใฏใฏๆ็ขบใ่ชฌๅพๅใใใใ้ใฎๆใกๆใใชใ่ชฌๆใใงใใใ๏ผใ"
} |
{
"en": "But it isn't. ",
"ja": "ใใใใใใชไบใฏใใใใพใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Before I tell you why it isn't, I'm going to go a little bit into what I'm calling step two. ",
"ja": "ใใฎ็็ฑใใ่ฉฑใใๅใซใๅฐใๆจช้ใซ้ธใใพใใใ็งใใในใใใ2ใใจๅผใใงใใใใฎใซใคใใฆใ"
} |
{
"en": "Just suppose, as I said, that we do acquire -- let's say we do it today for the sake of argument -- the ability to confer 30 extra years of healthy life on people who are already in middle age, let's say 55. ",
"ja": "ใใงใซใๆใ
ใฏๆใซๅ
ฅใใฆใใใใงใใๆดใซ30ๅนดไปฅไธๅฅๅบทใง้ใใๅใๆใซๅ
ฅใใใไปๆฅใฏใใฎ่ญฐ่ซใฎใใใซใ็ณใไธใใพใใไธญๅนดใฎๆนใ55ๆญณๅๅพใฎๆนใๅฏพ่ฑกใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I'm going to call that \"robust human rejuvenation.\" OK. ",
"ja": "็งใใไบบ้กใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใใจๅผใใงใใใใฎใ"
} |
{
"en": "What would that actually mean for how long people of various ages today -- or equivalently, of various ages at the time that these therapies arrive -- would actually live? ",
"ja": "ใใใไธไฝใไฝใๆๅณใใฆใใใฎใ๏ผใๆงใ
ใชๅนด้ฝขใฎไบบใ
ใซใจใฃใฆใใฉใใชๆๅณใ๏ผใใใฎ่ๅๆฒป็ๆณใ่กใ็ใๅ
ใซใฏใไฝใใใ๏ผใๅฎ้ใๆฌๅฝใซ็ใใใใใฎใ๏ผใ"
} |
{
"en": "In order to answer that question -- you might think it's simple, but it's not simple. ",
"ja": "็ญใใใใใจๆใใใใใใใใพใใใใใใจใฏใใใๅ็ดใงใฏใใใพใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "We can't just say, \"Well, if they're young enough to benefit from these therapies, then they'll live 30 years longer.\" ",
"ja": "ใใใใใชใใใใฎ่ๅๆฒป็ใซ็ธๅฟใใๅนด้ฝขใชใใๆดใซ30ๅนด้ทใ็ใใใใใงใใใใใ ใชใใฆใ"
} |
{
"en": "That's the wrong answer. ",
"ja": "ใใใชๅ็ญใฏใใคใใคใใงใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And the reason it's the wrong answer is because of progress. ",
"ja": "ๆ่กใฎ้ฒๆญฉใ่ฆ่ฝใจใใฆใใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "There are two sorts of technological progress really, for this purpose. ",
"ja": "2ใคใฎๅคงใใชๆ่ก็ใช้ฒๆญฉใใ้ขใใฃใฆใใใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "There are fundamental, major breakthroughs, and there are incremental refinements of those breakthroughs. ",
"ja": "ๆฌ่ณช็ใชใใฌใคใฏในใซใผใใใใฌใคใฏในใซใผใฏใๅพใ
ใซๅขๅ ใใฆใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Now, they differ a great deal in terms of the predictability of time frames. ",
"ja": "ไปใฏใพใ ใๆ้้้ใฎ่ฆ็นใใใฟใฆใๅคงใใชๆฑใใซใฏใชใฃใฆใใพใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Fundamental breakthroughs: very hard to predict how long it's going to take to make a fundamental breakthrough. ",
"ja": "ๆฌ่ณช็ใชใใฌใคใฏในใซใผใจใฏ่จใฃใฆใใๅฎ็พใพใงใฉใใ ใๆ้ใใใใใใฏใไบๆธฌใใใฎใๅฐ้ฃใ ใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "It was a very long time ago that we decided that flying would be fun, and it took us until 1903 to actually work out how to do it. ",
"ja": "้ฅใๆใไบบ้กใฏ้ฃใถใใจใฎๆฅฝใใฟใ่ฆใใ ใใ1903ๅนดใพใงใซใฏ็พๅฎใฎใใฎใจใใพใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "But after that, things were pretty steady and pretty uniform. ",
"ja": "ใใใใใฎๅพใๆใ
ใฏใใๅบๅฎ่ฆณๅฟต็ใซใชใฃใฆใใพใฃใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I think this is a reasonable sequence of events that happened in the progression of the technology of powered flight. ",
"ja": "ไบบๅ้ฃ่กๆ่กใฎ้ฒๆญฉใ่ตทใใใๆฐใ
ใฎๅบๆฅไบใฏใ็ใซๅถใฃใฆใใใจ็งใฏๆใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "We can think, really, that each one is sort of beyond the imagination of the inventor of the previous one, if you like. ",
"ja": "ๆใ
ใฏ่ใใใใจใใงใใใฎใงใใใใคใฆใฎ็บๆ่
ใฎๆณๅๅใ่ถใใฆใ"
} |
{
"en": "The incremental advances have added up to something which is not incremental anymore. ",
"ja": "้ฒๆญฉใฎๅขๅ ใฏใๅขๅ ็ใงใฏใชใไฝใใซใใคใญใซไพๆ ใใฆใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "This is the sort of thing you see after a fundamental breakthrough. ",
"ja": "ใใใฏๅบ็ค็ใชใใฌใคใฏในใซใผใฎๅพใซใใฃใฆใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And you see it in all sorts of technologies. ",
"ja": "ใใใใฃใ็พ่ฑกใใใใใใๆ่กๅ้ใซ่ฆๅใใใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Computers: you can look at a more or less parallel time line, happening of course a bit later. ",
"ja": "ใณใณใใฅใผใฟใผใฎ้ฒๆญฉใใๅคใใๅฐใชใใใใใใฃใ็พ่ฑกใใ่ฆใฆๅใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "You can look at medical care. I mean, hygiene, vaccines, antibiotics -- you know, the same sort of time frame. ",
"ja": "ใกใใฃใซใซใฑใขใซใคใใฆใฏใ่ก็ใใใฏใฏใใณใๆ็็ฉ่ณชใธใใ่ฆงใฎใใใซใๅใๆ้้้ใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "So I think that actually step two, that I called a step a moment ago, isn't a step at all. ",
"ja": "ใงใใใใ็งใในใใใ2ใ ใจ่ใใฆใใใๅผใใงใใใใฎใใ้ๅปใจใชใใในใใใใงใฏใชใใชใฃใฆใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "That in fact, the people who are young enough to benefit from these first therapies that give this moderate amount of life extension, even though those people are already middle-aged when the therapies arrive, will be at some sort of cusp. ",
"ja": "ๅฎ้ใ่ๅๆฒป็ๆณใใๆฉๆตใๅใใใปใฉใๅๅใซ่ฅใไบบใใกใงใใฃใฆใใใปใฉใใๅฏฟๅฝๅปถ้ทใ่กใใ็จๅบฆใฎๆฎต้ใงใๆฒป็ใๅใใใใจใซใชใใๆขใซไธญๅนดใฎๆนใ
ใงใใๅใใใจใชใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "They will mostly survive long enough to receive improved treatments that will give them a further 30 or maybe 50 years. ",
"ja": "ๅฝผใใฏใใ้ฒใใ ๆฒป็ใๅใใไฝใซใฏ้ท็ใใใใงใใใใใใฎใใจใงใ30ๅนดใใ50ๅนดใปใฉๅฏฟๅฝใๅปถใณใใงใใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "In other words, they will be staying ahead of the game. ",
"ja": "่จใๆใใใฐใใใฏใฒใผใ ใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The therapies will be improving faster than the remaining imperfections in the therapies are catching up with us. ",
"ja": "ใใฎๆฒป็ๆณใใใๆฉใ็บๅฑใใๆใ
ใฎๅฏฟๅฝใใๆฉใใไธๅฎๅ
จใช้จๅใๅ
ๆใงใใใใใจใใใฒใผใ ใ"
} |
{
"en": "This is a very important point for me to get across. ",
"ja": "ใใใฏใใ็่งฃใ้ ใไธใง้ๅธธใซ้่ฆใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Because, you know, most people, when they hear that I predict that a lot of people alive today are going to live to 1,000 or more, they think that I'm saying that we're going to invent therapies in the next few decades that are so thoroughly eliminating aging that those therapies will let us live to 1,000 or more. ",
"ja": "ใชใใชใๅคใใฎไบบใ
ใฏๆขใซ่ณใซใใฆใใใงใใใใใไป็ใใฆใๅคใใฎไบบใ
ใฎๅฏฟๅฝใฏ1000ๆญณใ่ถ
ใใใใจใใ็งใฎไบๆธฌใซใคใใฆใไปๅพๆฐ10ๅนดใใใฆ็ขบ็ซใใใใจใใฆใใๆฒป็ๆณใซใคใใฆ่ฉฑใใฆใใใจใใใ่ใใฆใใใใใฎ่ๅๆฒป็ๆณใซใใฃใฆๅฏฟๅฝใฏ1000ๆญณใใใไปฅไธใซใชใ๏ผใ"
} |
{
"en": "I'm not saying that at all. ",
"ja": "็งใฏใใใใชใใจไธ่จใ่จใฃใฆใพใใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I'm saying that the rate of improvement of those therapies will be enough. ",
"ja": "ใใฎๆฒป็ๆณใฎ้ฒๆญฉใ้ใพใใฐใใใๅฏ่ฝใ ใจใใใ่จใฃใฆใใใ ใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "They'll never be perfect, but we'll be able to fix the things that 200-year-olds die of, before we have any 200-year-olds. ",
"ja": "ๅฎๆใงใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ็ๆใงใใใจใใใ ใใงใใๆใ
ใ200ๆญณใซใชใๅใซใญใ"
} |
{
"en": "And the same for 300 and 400 and so on. ",
"ja": "ใใใ300ๅนดใ ใใใ400ๅนดใ ใใใๅใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I decided to give this a little name, which is \"longevity escape velocity.\" ",
"ja": "็งใฏใใฎไธไปถใซใคใใฆๅๅใใคใใพใใใใในใใผใใใใฎ้ไบกใใจใญใ"
} |
{
"en": "(Laughter) Well, it seems to get the point across. ",
"ja": "๏ผ็ฌ๏ผใใใใจใใ็่งฃ้ ใใใใใงใใญใ"
} |
{
"en": "So, these trajectories here are basically how we would expect people to live, in terms of remaining life expectancy, as measured by their health, for given ages that they were at the time that these therapies arrive. ",
"ja": "ใใฎใฐใฉใใฎ่ป้ใฏๆใ
ใฎๅฏฟๅฝใฎๆๅพ
ๅคใงใใๆฎใใฎๅฏฟๅฝใจใใ่ฆณ็นใใ่ฆใฆใใพใใไปใฎๅฅๅบท็ถๆ
ใใๆจๆธฌใใฆใใใฎ่ๅๆฒป็ๆณใไธใใฆใใใๆ้ใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "If you're already 100, or even if you're 80 -- and an average 80-year-old, we probably can't do a lot for you with these therapies, because you're too close to death's door for the really initial, experimental therapies to be good enough for you. ",
"ja": "ใใใใใงใซ100ๆญณใ80ๆญณใ80ๆญณๅๅพใฎๆนใ
ใซใคใใฆใฏใใใฎ่ๅๆฒป็ๆณใซๅบๆฅใใใจใฏๅคใใชใใใใใใพใใใใใใใฃใๆนใ
ใฏใๆขใซๆญปใซ้ใใชใ่ฟใใใใงใใๅๆใฎๅฎ้จ็ๆฒป็ใใๆฉๆตใฏๅพใใใใงใใใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "You won't be able to withstand them. ",
"ja": "ใพใใใใใพใงไฟใใชใใงใใใใญใ"
} |
{
"en": "But if you're only 50, then there's a chance that you might be able to pull out of the dive and, you know -- (Laughter) -- eventually get through this and start becoming biologically younger in a meaningful sense, in terms of your youthfulness, both physical and mental, and in terms of your risk of death from age-related causes. ",
"ja": "ใงใใใ50ๆญณๅๅพใฎๆนใซใจใฃใฆใฏใใฃใณในใงใใใใใช้ขจใซใใฎใชใฎใชใง้ใซๅใใใใ๏ผ็ฌ๏ผใใคใใซใฏใใใพใ็ใๆใใฆใใพใใใใ็็ฉๅญฆ็ใฏ่ฅ่ฟใใๅงใพใใพใใๅฟ่บซๅ
ฑใซใ่ฅใ
ใใใชใใจใใใใจใงใใ่ๅนดๆงใฎๆญปไบกใชในใฏใจใใ่ฆณ็นใใ่ฆใฆใใ่ฅใใชใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And of course, if you're a bit younger than that, then you're never really even going to get near to being fragile enough to die of age-related causes. ",
"ja": "ใใใฆใไปฎใซใใชใๆนใใใฃใจ่ฅใใใฐใ่ๅใซๅๅ ใใใใจใใใ็
ๆฐใซ่
ใใใใๅผฑใฃใฆใใใใจใชใฉใๆฑบใใฆใชใใงใใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "So this is a genuine conclusion that I come to, that the first 150-year-old -- we don't know how old that person is today, because we don't know how long it's going to take to get these first-generation therapies. ",
"ja": "ๆญฃ็ๆญฃ้ใใใใ็ต่ซใงใใๆๅใซ150ๆญณใพใง็ใใใใจใซใชใไบบใใไปๆฅใไฝๆญณใชใฎใใ็ฅใใใจใฏใงใใพใใใใชใใชใๆใ
ใซใฏ็ฅใไบใใงใใชใใใใงใใใใฎๆฒป็ใๅใใๆๅใฎไธไปฃใฏใใฉใฎไธไปฃใชใฎใใ"
} |
{
"en": "But irrespective of that age, I'm claiming that the first person to live to 1,000 -- subject of course, to, you know, global catastrophes -- is actually, probably, only about 10 years younger than the first 150-year-old. ",
"ja": "ใใใใๅนด้ฝขใซ้ขไฟใชใใ็งใฏใใไธปๅผตใใพใใๆๅใซ1000ๆญณใพใง็ใใไบบใฏใใคใพใใไธ็็ใชๅคง็ฝๅฎณใพใง็ใใๆฎใไบบใฏใ็พๅฎ็ใซ่ฆใฆใใๅใใฆ150ๆญณใพใง็ใใไบบใใใใใใใ10ๅนด่ฅใ็จๅบฆใ ใจๆใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And that's quite a thought. ",
"ja": "ๆฌๅฝใซใใใ่ใใฆใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Alright, so finally I'm going to spend the rest of the talk, my last seven-and-a-half minutes, on step one; namely, how do we actually get to this moderate amount of life extension that will allow us to get to escape velocity? ",
"ja": "ใใฆใใใใงใกใใฃใจไผๆฉใใพใใใใใๆๅพใฎ7ๅๅใฏใในใใใ๏ผใซใคใใฆ่ฉฑใใใพใใ่ๅใฎในใใผใใใ้ใใชใใใๅฏฟๅฝใๅปถใฐใใซใฏใฉใใใใใใใฎใ๏ผใใใใ่ชฌๆใใใซใฏใ"
} |
{
"en": "And in order to do that, I need to talk about mice a little bit. ",
"ja": "ใใฆในใฎๅฎ้จใซใคใใฆใ่ฉฑใใๅฟ
่ฆใใใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I have a corresponding milestone to robust human rejuvenation. ",
"ja": "ใไบบ้กใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใใซใคใชใใใใคใซในใใผใณใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I'm calling it \"robust mouse rejuvenation,\" not very imaginatively. ",
"ja": "็งใฏใใใใใญใใฟใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใใจๅผใใงใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And this is what it is. ",
"ja": "ใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I say we're going to take a long-lived strain of mouse, which basically means mice that live about three years on average. ",
"ja": "ๅๅใซ็ใใใใฆในใจใใใฎใฏใๅบๆฌ็ใซใๅนณๅๅฏฟๅฝใ3ๅนด็จๅบฆใชใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "We do exactly nothing to them until they're already two years old. ",
"ja": "ๅฎ้จใงใฏใใฆในใ2ๆญณใซใชใใพใงไฝใใใพใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And then we do a whole bunch of stuff to them, and with those therapies, we get them to live, on average, to their fifth birthday. ",
"ja": "ใใฎๅพใในใฟใใใฎ็ทๅใ็ต้ใใฆใใใฎๆฒป็ๆณใงๅฏฟๅฝใๅปถใฐใใใ่ฉฆใฟใใจใ2ๆญณใฎใใฆในใใๅนณๅ5ๆญณใพใง็ใใใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "So, in other words, we add two years -- we treble their remaining lifespan, starting from the point that we started the therapies. ",
"ja": "ใใชใใกใใใฎ2ๅนดใซๅ ใใฆใๆใ
ใฏใใใฎๆฒป็ใ้ๅงใใ้ ใจๆฏในใฆใๆฎใใฎๅฏฟๅฝใ3ๅใซใใไบใใงใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The question then is, what would that actually mean for the time frame until we get to the milestone I talked about earlier for humans? ",
"ja": "1ใค็ๅใใใใจใใใจใใใฎๆๆใไบบ้กใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใซใ้ฉ็จใฎ็ฎๅฆใไปใใปใฉใๆ้้้ใๆฉใใใใใ๏ผใ"
} |
{
"en": "Which we can now, as I've explained, equivalently call either robust human rejuvenation or longevity escape velocity. ",
"ja": "ใใใฏๅฏ่ฝใงใใใๆขใซใ่ชฌๆใใ้ใใใไบบ้กใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใใใในใใผใใใใฎ้ไบกใใจๅผใใงใใใใฎใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Secondly, what does it mean for the public's perception of how long it's going to take for us to get to those things, starting from the time we get the mice? ",
"ja": "2ใค็ฎใฎ็ๅใฏใๅคง่กใฎ็่งฃใๅพใใใใใจใใใใจใใใฆในใซใใใๆๅใใๅใใฆใใใใงไธไฝใใฉใฎ็จๅบฆใๆ้ใใใใใฎใ๏ผใ"
} |
{
"en": "And thirdly, the question is, what will it do to actually how much people want it? ",
"ja": "ใใใฆใ3ใคใใฎ็ๅใฏใไฝไบบใใใใๆใใ๏ผใ"
} |
{
"en": "And it seems to me that the first question is entirely a biology question, and it's extremely hard to answer. ",
"ja": "1ใค็ฎใฎ็ๅใฏ็งใซใจใฃใฆใฏใ็็ฉๅญฆ็ใชๅ้กใชใฎใงใใ็ญใใใใฎใๆฅตใใฆ้ฃใใใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "One has to be very speculative, and many of my colleagues would say that we should not do this speculation, that we should simply keep our counsel until we know more. ",
"ja": "2ใค็ฎใฎ็ๅใฏไบๆธฌๅฏ่ฝใชใฎใงใใใๅๅใฎๅคใใไบๆธฌใๆงใใใจ่จใใงใใใใใใฃใจๅคใใฎไบใใใใใพใงใๆ
ๅ ฑๅ
ฌ้ใฏๆๅฐ้ใซใในใใ ใจใ"
} |
{
"en": "I say that's nonsense. ",
"ja": "ใใใใใใใฏใใณใปใณในใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I say we absolutely are irresponsible if we stay silent on this. ",
"ja": "ๆใ
ใๆฒ้ปใใใฎใฏใๆฅตใใฆ็ก่ฒฌไปปใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "We need to give our best guess as to the time frame, in order to give people a sense of proportion so that they can assess their priorities. ",
"ja": "้ใใใๆ้ใฎไธญใงใใในใใๅฐฝใใในใใงใใไบบใ
ใใๆฌๆฅใฎใใฉใณในๆ่ฆใๅใๆปใๆฉไผใๆไพใใใใใใใใๅชๅ
้ ไฝใ่ใ็ดใใใจใซใคใชใใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "So, I say that we have a 50/50 chance of reaching this RHR milestone, robust human rejuvenation, within 15 years from the point that we get to robust mouse rejuvenation. ",
"ja": "ใใฃใณในใฏไบๅไบๅใใไบบ้กใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใใฎๅน้ใใใใชใใกใใไบบ้กใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใใฏใใใญใใฟใฎ่ฅ่ฟใใใฎๅฎ็พใใใใใใ15ๅนดๅพใซใใฃใฆใใใงใใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "15 years from the robust mouse. ",
"ja": "ใใใงใใใใใฆในใใ15ๅนดๅพใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The public's perception will probably be somewhat better than that. ",
"ja": "ใใฎ้ใไธ่ฌๅธธ่ญใฏ่ฏใๆนๅใธๅคใใฃใฆ่กใใงใใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The public tends to underestimate how difficult scientific things are. ",
"ja": "ไธ่ฌๅคง่กใฏใ็งๅญฆ็้ฃ้กใ็ใ่ฆใใกใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "So they'll probably think it's five years away. ",
"ja": "ไบบ้กใธใฎ้ฉ็จใใใใใใ5ๅนดใจ่ใใใใใใใพใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "They'll be wrong, but that actually won't matter too much. ",
"ja": "ใใใฏ้้ใใ ใใ่ช่ญใๆฌ ใใฆใใใฎใงใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And finally, of course, I think it's fair to say that a large part of the reason why the public is so ambivalent about aging now is the global trance I spoke about earlier, the coping strategy. ",
"ja": "ๆ็ต็ใซใ็งใฏใใ่ใใฆใใใฎใงใใๅคง่กใฎ่ๅใซๅฏพใใใขใณใใใฌใณใใชๆ
ๅบฆใฎ็็ฑใใใๅฝ้็ใชๅฆๆณใใจ็งใๅผใใงใใใใฎใ ใจใ"
} |
{
"en": "That will be history at this point, because it will no longer be possible to believe that aging is inevitable in humans, since it's been postponed so very effectively in mice. ",
"ja": "ใใใใใ้ๅปใฎ็ฉใจใชใฃใฆใใใงใใใใไบบ้กใ่ๅใ้ฟใใใใชใใจใฏใใใไฟกใใใชใใชใใใใงใใใใฆในใฎๅฏฟๅฝใๅปถ้ทใใใๅฝฑ้ฟใงใ"
} |
{
"en": "So we're likely to end up with a very strong change in people's attitudes, and of course that has enormous implications. ",
"ja": "ไบบใ
ใฎๆ
ๅบฆใฏใๆฅๆฟใซๅคใใฃใฆใใใงใใใใใใใซใฏใๅคงใใชๆๅณใใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "So in order to tell you now how we're going to get these mice, I'm going to add a little bit to my description of aging. ",
"ja": "ใใฆในๅฎ้จใฎๆๅใซใคใใฆใใชใๆนใซ่ชใใใใซใ่ๅใฎ่ชฌๆใซไธใคใ็จ่ชใไปใๅ ใใพใใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "I'm going to use this word \"damage\" to denote these intermediate things that are caused by metabolism and that eventually cause pathology. ",
"ja": "ใใใกใผใธใใจใใ่จ่ใงใใใใกใผใธใฏๆฐ้ณไปฃ่ฌใๅๅ ใง่ตทใใไธญ้็ฉ่ณชใงใใใใใ็
ๆฐใฎๅผใ้ใซใชใใใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Because the critical thing about this is that even though the damage only eventually causes pathology, the damage itself is caused ongoing-ly throughout life, starting before we're born. ",
"ja": "ใชใใใ่จใใใใๆฑบๅฎ็่จผๆ ใใใใใงใใๆใ
ใ็ใพใใฆใใใไธ็ใ้ใใฆใใใกใผใธใใฎใใฎใ็
ๆฐใซใคใชใใ่จผๆ ใใ"
} |
{
"en": "But it is not part of metabolism itself. ",
"ja": "ใงใใใใใกใผใธใฏๆฐ้ณไปฃ่ฌใฎไธ้จใงใฏใชใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And this turns out to be useful. ",
"ja": "ใใใๆ็จใชใใฎใชใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Because we can re-draw our original diagram this way. ",
"ja": "ใชใใชใใใใฎใใใชๅณใจใใฆ่กจใใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "We can say that, fundamentally, the difference between gerontology and geriatrics is that gerontology tries to inhibit the rate at which metabolism lays down this damage. ",
"ja": "่ๅนดๅญฆใจ่ๅนดๅปๅญฆใจใฎ้ใใใ่ชฌๆใใพใใใใ่ๅนดๅญฆใฏใใกใผใธใไบ้ฒใใใใจใใใไปฃ่ฌใๅผใ่ตทใใใใกใผใธใใญใ"
} |
{
"en": "And I'm going to explain exactly what damage is in concrete biological terms in a moment. ",
"ja": "ใ่ชฌๆใใฆใใใพใใใใใใงใใใใใกใผใธใใจใฏใๅณๅฏใซใฏใ็็ฉๅญฆ็จ่ชใจใใฆไฝฟใฃใฆใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And geriatricians try to hold back the sands of time by stopping the damage converting into pathology. ",
"ja": "ไธๆนใ่ๅนดๅปๅญฆ่
ใฏๆ้ใๆปใใใจใใใใใกใผใธใ็
ๆฐใซๅคใใใฎใๆญขใใใใจใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And the reason it's a losing battle is because the damage is continuing to accumulate. ",
"ja": "ใใใใใใใๆ่ฉฎใ่ฒ ใๆฆใชใฎใฏใ็ตๆ็ใซใใกใผใธใฏใ่็ฉใ็ถใใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "So there's a third approach, if we look at it this way. ",
"ja": "ใใใง็ฌฌไธใฎใขใใญใผใใใ่ฆงใซๅ
ฅใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "We can call it the \"engineering approach,\" and I claim that the engineering approach is within range. ",
"ja": "ๆใ
ใฏใๅทฅๅญฆใ็ใขใใญใผใใจๅผใใงใพใใใๅทฅๅญฆ็ใขใใญใผใใใใฎ็ฏๅฒใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The engineering approach does not intervene in any processes. ",
"ja": "ๅทฅๅญฆ็ใขใใญใผใใฏใ่ๅใใญใปในใซใฏไปๅ
ฅใใพใใใ"
} |
{
"en": "It does not intervene in this process or this one. ",
"ja": "ใใใงใใใ่ๅใใญใปในใซไปๅ
ฅใใชใใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And that's good because it means that it's not a losing battle, and it's something that we are within range of being able to do, because it doesn't involve improving on evolution. ",
"ja": "ใใใใใใ่ฒ ใๆฆใซใชใใชใ็็ฑใงใใใใฎ็ฏๅฒใงใใงใใใใจใใใใฎใงใใ็็ฉใฎ้ฒๅ็บๅฑใจใฏ้ขไฟใชใใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The engineering approach simply says, \"Let's go and periodically repair all of these various types of damage -- not necessarily repair them completely, but repair them quite a lot, so that we keep the level of damage down below the threshold that must exist, that causes it to be pathogenic.\" ",
"ja": "ๅทฅๅญฆใขใใญใผใใฏใใไธปๅผตใใใฎใงใใใใใใใ็จฎ้กใฎใใกใผใธใใๅฎๆ็ใซไฟฎๅพฉใใพใใใใๅฎๅ
จใซไฟฎๅพฉใใๅฟ
่ฆใฏใชใใๅบๆฅใ้ใใงใใๅญๅจๅฏ่ฝใใใค็
ๆฐใซใชใ่จ็ไปฅไธใฎๆฐดๆบใพใงใใใกใผใธใไธใใใใฎ็ถๆ
ใ็ถญๆใใพใใ"
} |
{
"en": "We know that this threshold exists, because we don't get age-related diseases until we're in middle age, even though the damage has been accumulating since before we were born. ",
"ja": "ๆใ
ใฏใใฎ้็ๆฐดๆบใซใคใใฆ็่งฃใใฆใพใใไธญๅนดใพใง่ๅนดๆงใฎ็
ๆฐใซใชใใชใใใจใใๆใใใชใฎใงใใ็ใพใใฆใใใใกใผใธใ่็ฉใ็ถใใฆใใใซใ้ขใใใใญใ"
} |
{
"en": "Why do I say that we're in range? Well, this is basically it. ",
"ja": "ใชใใ็งใฏใใฎ็ฏๅฒใงใขใใ่ชใใฎใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The point about this slide is actually the bottom. ",
"ja": "ในใฉใคใใฎใใฎใใคใณใใฏใๆไฝ้ใฎ้
็ฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "If we try to say which bits of metabolism are important for aging, we will be here all night, because basically all of metabolism is important for aging in one way or another. ",
"ja": "ใใไปฃ่ฌใ่ๅใซใจใฃใฆ้่ฆใ ใจใใใฃใจ็บไฟกใใใใจใใใจใไธๆฉไธญใใใซๅฑ
ใไบใซใชใใใชใใชใไปฃ่ฌใฎๅ
จใฆใใ่ๅใซใจใฃใฆใไปใฎไฝใใ้่ฆใ ใใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "This list is just for illustration; it is incomplete. ",
"ja": "ใใฎใชในใใฏ่ชฌๆ็จใงใใใๆชๅฎๆใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "The list on the right is also incomplete. ",
"ja": "ใใฎๅณๅดใฎใชในใใใๅๆงใซๆชๅฎๆใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "It's a list of types of pathology that are age-related, and it's just an incomplete list. ",
"ja": "ใใใฏ่ๅใซ้ขใใ็
ๅใฎใชในใใงใใใใพใใซใๆชๅฎๆใฎใชในใใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "But I would like to claim to you that this list in the middle is actually complete -- this is the list of types of thing that qualify as damage, side effects of metabolism that cause pathology in the end, or that might cause pathology. ",
"ja": "ใใใๅฃฐใๅคงใซใใฆ่จใใพใใใใฎใชในใใฏใใฎ็ถๆ
ใงๅฎๆใใฆใใใใใฏใใกใผใธใซใใๅถ้ใฎใชในใใงใใไปฃ่ฌใฎๅฏไฝ็จใงใใใ็
ๆฐใฎๅๅ ใซใชใใใใใใใฏใใใใชใใใใใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "And there are only seven of them. ",
"ja": "ใใใใชใใจใใใฃใ๏ผใคใชใฎใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "They're categories of things, of course, but there's only seven of them. ",
"ja": "ใใใใฏ๏ผใคใฎใซใใดใชใผใงใใ"
} |
{
"en": "Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes, mutations in the mitochondria and so on. ",
"ja": "็ดฐ่ๅชๅคฑใๆ ธใฎ็ช็ถๅค็ฐใใใใณใณใใชใขใฎ็ช็ถๅค็ฐใใชใฉใชใฉใ"
} |
{
"en": "First of all, I'd like to give you an argument for why that list is complete. ",
"ja": "ๆๅใซใใชใใใฎใชในใใงๅฎๅ
จใชใฎใใ่ฉฑใใพใใใใ"
} |
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