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where do i get an order of protection | Restraining order - wikipedia
A restraining order or protective order is an order used by a court to protect a person, business, company, establishment, or entity, and the general public, in a situation involving alleged domestic violence, harassment, stalking, or sexual assault. In the United States, every state has some form of domestic violence restraining order law, and many states also have specific restraining order laws for stalking and sexual assault.
Restraining and personal protection order laws vary from one jurisdiction to another but all establish who can file for an order, what protection or relief a person can get from such an order, and how the order will be enforced. The court will order the adverse party to refrain from certain actions and / or require compliance with certain provisions. Failure to comply is a violation of the order which can result in the arrest and prosecution of the offender. Violations in some jurisdictions may also constitute criminal or civil contempt of court.
All protective order statutes permit the court to instruct an alleged abuser to stay a certain distance away from someone, their home, their workplace or their school ("stay away '' provisions) and to not contact them. Alleged victims generally may also request the court to order that all contact, whether it be by telephone, notes, mail, fax, email, text, or delivery of flowers or gifts, be prohibited ("no contact '' provisions). Courts can also instruct an alleged abuser to not hurt or threaten someone ("cease abuse '' provisions).
Some states also allow the court to order the alleged abuser to pay temporary support or continue to make mortgage payments on a home owned by both people ("support '' provisions), to award sole use of a home or car owned by both people ("exclusive use '' provisions), or to pay for medical costs or property damage caused by the alleged abuser ("restitution '' provisions). Some courts might also be able to instruct the alleged abuser to turn over any firearms and ammunition he or she has ("relinquish firearms '' provisions), attend a batterers ' treatment program, appear for regular drug tests, or start alcohol or drug abuse counselling. Its issuance is sometimes called a "de facto divorce ''.
The standard of proof required to obtain a restraining order can vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but it is generally lower than the standard of beyond a reasonable doubt required in criminal trials. Many US states -- such as Oregon and Pennsylvania along with many others -- use a standard of preponderance of the evidence. Other states use different standards, such as Wisconsin which requires that restraining orders be based on "reasonable grounds ''.
Judges have some incentives to err on the side of granting restraining orders. If a judge should grant a restraining order against someone who might not warrant it, typically the only repercussion is that the defendant might appeal the order. If, on the other hand, the judge denies a restraining order and the plaintiff is killed or injured, sour publicity and an enraged community reaction may harm the jurist 's career.
Colorado 's statute inverts the standard court procedures and due process, providing that after the court issues an ex parte order, the defendant must "appear before the court at a specific time and date and... show cause, if any, why said temporary civil protection order should not be made permanent. '' That is, Colorado courts place the burden of proof on the accused to establish his or her innocence, rather than requiring the accuser to prove his or her case. Hawaii similarly requires the defendant to prove his or her own innocence.
The low burden of proof for restraining orders has led to some high - profile cases involving stalkers of celebrities obtaining restraining orders against their targets. For example, in 2005 a New Mexico judge issued a restraining order against New York City - based TV host David Letterman after a woman made claims of abuse and harassment, including allegations that Letterman had spoken to her via coded messages on his TV show. The judge later admitted that he granted the restraining order not on the merits of the case, but because the petitioner had completely filled out the required paperwork.
Another criticism is that restraining orders are sometimes used in divorce cases for tactical advantage. Joseph E. Cordell, an attorney who specializes in representing men in divorce and custody cases, estimates that about 85 % of restraining orders are filed by women alleging abuse by men, yet over 90 % of restraining orders against men are tactical rather than due to legitimate fears of abuse or injury. Some attorneys offer to have restraining orders dropped in exchange for financial concessions in such proceedings.
There have also been cases of abusers obtaining restraining orders against their victims, forcing them to divest themselves of firearms that could otherwise have been used for self - defense.
Experts disagree on whether restraining orders are effective in preventing further harassment. A 2010 analysis published in the Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law reviewed 15 U.S. studies of restraining order effectiveness, and concluded that restraining orders "can serve a useful role in threat management ''. However, a 2002 analysis of 32 U.S. studies found that restraining orders are violated an average of 40 percent of the time and are perceived as being "followed by worse events '' almost 21 percent of the time, and concluded that "evidence of (restraining orders ') relative efficacy is lacking '', and that they may pose some degree of risk. Other studies have found that restraining orders offer little or no deterrent against future interpersonal violence. A large America - wide telephone survey conducted in 1998 found that, of stalking victims who obtained a restraining order, more than 68 percent reported it being violated by their stalker.
Threat management experts are often suspicious of restraining orders, believing they may escalate or enrage stalkers. In his 1997 book The Gift of Fear, American security specialist Gavin de Becker characterized restraining orders as "homework assignments police give to women to prove they 're really committed to getting away from their pursuers '', and said they "clearly serve police and prosecutors '', but "they do not always serve victims ''. The Independent Women 's Forum decries them as "lulling women into a false sense of security '', and in its Family Legal Guide, the American Bar Association warns "a court order might even add to the alleged offender 's rage ''.
Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S. 748 (2005), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled, 7 -- 2, that a town and its police department could not be sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for failing to enforce a restraining order, which had led to the murder of a woman 's three children by her estranged husband.
Although the restrained person and the protected person may be of any gender or sex, restraining orders most commonly protect a woman against a male alleged abuser. A California study found that 72 % of restraining orders active in the state at the time protected a woman against a male abuser. The Wisconsin Coalition Against Domestic Violence uses female pronouns to refer to petitioners and male pronouns to refer to abusers due to the fact that most petitioners are women and most abusers are men.
In English law, a non-molestation order may be granted under Section 42 of the Family Law Act 1996. Non-molestation orders are a type of injunction used to protect an individual from intimidation or harassment. Breaching a non-molestation order is a criminal offence. Under the Domestic Violence Crime and Victims Act 2004, cohabiting same - sex couples are able to seek a non-molestation order. Non-molestation orders sought for protection from domestic violence qualify for legal aid regardless of the applicant 's income.
Federal law requires that all states give "full faith and credit '' to every portion of a restraining order issued by any state provided that certain minimum due process requirements are met. Thus a state with very lax standards for issuing a restraining order may enter such a protective order, and every state and federal territory would be required to adhere to every provision. Federal law prohibits any person who is subject to a state protective order from possessing a firearm, provided that the protected party is an intimate partner, meaning a spouse or former spouse, or a person with whom the protected party has had a child. Violating a restraining order is a deportable offense.
Some states (e.g. Mississippi) may also call a restraining order a peace bond and are similar to ASBO laws in the UK. Minnesota law provides for an Order for Protection (OFP) and a Harassment Restraining Order (HRO).
Many jurisdictions offer a simplified process for filing a civil complaint for unrepresented litigants. For example, in North Carolina, pro se litigants can file a 50B (also called a DVPO, for Domestic Violence Protective Order) complaint with the Clerk of Court.
In the US, each state has its own restraining order laws, but they tend to be divided into about five main types. Not every state will have every type of restraining order on the books. A domestic violence restraining order generally protects only parties deemed to be in some form of "domestic '' relationship which may, depending on the statute, include a family, household, intimate, or sexual relationship. A sexual assault restraining order specifically protects a victim of sexual assault regardless of what relationship may or may not exist between petitioner and respondent. If her state has no sexual assault restraining order statute, she may still qualify for a domestic violence restraining order if the sexual assault occurred in the context of a domestic relationship or if the statute is written sufficiently broad. In such cases, sexual assault survivors can sometimes qualify for domestic violence restraining orders because any act of sexual intercourse between petitioner and respondent, even during rape, legally establishes the required sexually intimate relationship. Harassment and stalking restraining orders also generally do not require any specific relationship to exist or not exist between the parties, but also may not be available in all states. These types of restraining orders also generally require at least two instances of, respectively, harassment or stalking to qualify. In many cases, one statute may cover more than one type of restraining order. For example, what is called a harassment restraining order in Wisconsin also specifically includes cases of sexual assault and stalking.
Finally, an extreme risk restraining order is a new form of USA restraining order, currently in use in only four states but with 19 other states showing interest in enacting similar laws. Other forms of restraining order will sometimes order firearms restrictions as a part of a larger injunction intended to protect a specific individual. But with an extreme risk restraining order, the sole focus is on the firearms restrictions. It is sought when household members or police believe a particular individual is at risk to use firearms to harm themselves or others. If a court agrees, the person can have their firearms taken away. This type of restraining order is not intended to protect a specific individual but rather the community at large from someone believed to be a danger for gun violence. It has been cited as a possible tool to help prevent mass shootings such as the Orlando nightclub shooting.
Davis, J.A. (2001, August). Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection, CRC Press, 568 pages.
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where was the hallmark movie angels sing filmed | Angels sing - Wikipedia
Angels Sing is a 2013 Christmas family drama film. An adaptation of Turk Pipkin 's 1999 novel When angels sing, the film is directed by Tim McCanlies, and stars Harry Connick Jr., Connie Britton, Chandler Canterbury, Fionnula Flanagan, Lyle Lovett, Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson.
The film stars Harry Connick Jr. as the history professor Michael, who as a child loved Christmas, but after a tragic accident, his holiday spirit was crushed. As a grown up, he still ca n't find the joy of Christmas. But as his son faces a tragedy, he needs to find his holiday spirit again. He gets a push in the right direction when he meets a man named Nick (Willie Nelson), who gives him a gift that helps him find the joy of Christmas again.
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who sang gloom despair and agony on me | Hee Haw - Wikipedia
Hee Haw was an American television variety show featuring country music and humor with the fictional rural "Kornfield Kounty '' as a backdrop. It aired first - run on CBS from 1969 to 1971, and in syndication from 1971 to 1993. Reruns aired on TNN from 1996 to 1997. RFD - TV began airing reruns in 2008, where it currently remains.
The show was inspired by Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In, the major difference being that Hee Haw was far less topical, and was centered on country music and rural culture. Hosted by country music artists Buck Owens and Roy Clark for most of its run, the show was equally well known for its voluptuous, scantily clad women in stereotypical farmer 's daughter outfits and country - style minidresses (a group that came to be known as the "Hee Haw Honeys ''), and its corn pone humor.
Hee Haw 's appeal, however, was not limited to a rural audience. It was successful in all of the major markets, including New York, Los Angeles, Boston, and Chicago. Other niche programs such as The Lawrence Welk Show (which targeted older audiences) and Soul Train (which targeted black audiences) also rose to prominence in syndication during the era. Like Laugh - In, the show minimized production costs by taping all of the recurring sketches for a season in batches, setting up for the Cornfield one day, the Joke Fence on another day, etc. At the height of its popularity, an entire season 's worth of shows would be taped in two separate week - long sessions, then individual shows were assembled from edited sections. Only musical performances were taped with a live audience; a laugh track was added to all other segments.
The series was taped for CBS at its network affiliate WLAC - TV (now WTVF) in downtown Nashville, and later at Opryland USA in the Donelson area of Nashville. The show was produced by Yongestreet Productions through the mid-1980s; it was later produced by Gaylord Entertainment, which distributed the show in syndication. The show 's name was coined by show business talent manager and producer Bernie Brillstein and derives from a common English onomatopoeia used to describe the braying sound that a donkey makes.
After 25 seasons, the series initially ended its run in June 1993, where it was soon picked up by TNN for reruns. TNN would eventually order an additional season of first - run episodes, beginning November 23, 1996. The show ultimately ended for good on December 27, 1997.
Much of Hee Haw 's origin was Canadian. The series ' creators, comedy writers Frank Peppiatt and John Aylesworth, were from Canada. From 1969 until the late 1980s, Hee Haw was produced by Yongestreet Productions, named after Yonge Street, a major thoroughfare in Toronto. Gordie Tapp and Don Harron, both writer / performers on the show, were also Canadian.
Hee Haw premiered on CBS as a summer 1969 replacement for The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. Though the show had respectable ratings (it sat at # 16 for the 1970 - 71 season), it was dropped in July 1971 by CBS as part of the so - called "Rural Purge '' (along with fellow country - themed shows The Beverly Hillbillies, Mayberry R.F.D., and Green Acres). The success of Hee Haw and other country - themed shows was the source of a heated dispute in CBS 's corporate offices; Michael Dann, although he personally disliked the shows, considered total viewership the benchmark of success and encouraged the shows to stay on the air, while Fred Silverman believed certain demographics -- the ones in which Hee Haw and the others performed poorly -- could draw more advertising dollars. Silverman 's view won out, and CBS canceled the rural shows in summer 1971.
Undaunted, the producers put together a syndication deal for the show, which continued in roughly the same format for 20 more years (though Owens departed in 1986). After Owens left, Clark was assisted each week by a country music celebrity co-host.
During the show 's peak in popularity, Hee Haw often competed in syndication against The Lawrence Welk Show, a long - running ABC program which had also been canceled in 1971, also in an attempt to purge the networks of older demographic - leaning programs. Like Hee Haw, Lawrence Welk was picked up for syndication in the fall of 1971, and there were some markets where the same station aired both programs. (The success of Hee Haw and Lawrence Welk in syndication, and the network decisions that led to their respective cancellations, were the inspiration for a novelty song called "The Lawrence Welk - Hee Haw Counter-Revolution Polka, '' performed by Clark; the song became a top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in the fall of 1972.) Welk and Hee Haw also competed against another music - oriented niche program that moved to syndication in 1971: Soul Train, a black - oriented program (originally a local program based in Chicago) that also went on to a very long run in syndication.
Mirroring the long downward trend in the popularity of variety shows in general that had taken place in the 1970s, ratings began to decline for Hee Haw by the mid-1980s, a trend that continued into the early 1990s. In the fall of 1991, in an attempt to win back viewers and attract a younger audience, the show 's format and setting underwent a dramatic overhaul. The changes included a new title (The Hee Haw Show), more pop - oriented country music, and the barnyard - cornfield setting replaced by a city street and shopping mall set. The first of the new shows aired in January 1992.
Despite the attempt to keep the show fresh, the changes alienated many of its longtime viewers while failing to gain the hoped - for younger viewers, and the ratings continued their decline.
During the summer of 1992, a decision was made to end first - run production, and instead air highlights of the show 's earlier years in a revamped program called Hee Haw Silver (as part of celebrating the show 's 25th season). Under the new format, Clark hosted a mixture of classic clips and new footage.
The Hee Haw Silver episodes spotlighted many of their classic sketches and musical performances from the show, with a series of retrospective looks at performers who had since died, such as David "Stringbean '' Akeman, Archie Campbell, Junior Samples, and Kenny Price. According to the show 's producer, Sam Lovullo, the ratings showed improvement with these classic reruns; however, the series was finally canceled in June 1993 at the conclusion of its 25th season. Hee Haw continued to pop up in reruns (see below for details) throughout the 1990s and later during the following decade, in a series of successful DVD releases from Time Life.
After the show 's syndication run ended, reruns aired on The Nashville Network from 1993 until 1996. Upon the cancellation of reruns in 1996 the program resurfaced, for another first - run season, ultimately concluding the series in 1997. Its 22 years in TV syndication (1971 -- 93) was the record for the longest - running U.S. syndicated TV program, until Soul Train surpassed it in 1993; Hee Haw remains the fifth longest - running syndicated American TV program, though the longest - running of its genre.
During the 2006 -- 07 season CMT aired a series of reruns and TV Land also recognized the series with an award presented by k.d. lang; in attendance were Roy Clark, Gunilla Hutton, Barbi Benton, the Hager twins, Linda Thompson, Misty Rowe, and others. It was during this point, roughly between the years of 2004 and 2007, that Time Life began selling selected episodes of the show on DVD. Among the DVD content offered was the 1978 10th anniversary special that had n't been seen since its original airing. CMT sporadically aired the series, usually in graveyard slots, and primarily held the rights in order to be able to air the musical performances as part of their music video library (such as during the "Pure Vintage '' block on CMT Pure Country).
Reruns of Hee Haw began airing on RFD - TV in September 2008, where it currently remains, anchoring the network 's Sunday night lineup, although beginning in January 2014 an episode airs on Saturday afternoon and the same episode is rerun the following Sunday night. In 2011, the network began re-airing the earliest episodes from 1969 -- 70 on Thursday evenings. That summer, many of the surviving cast members and an ensemble of country artists taped a Country 's Family Reunion special, entitled Salute to the Kornfield, which aired on RFD - TV in January 2012. The special is also part of Country 's Family Reunion 's DVD series. Concurrent with the special was the unveiling of a Hee Haw exhibit, titled Pickin ' and Grinnin ', at the Oklahoma History Center in Oklahoma City.
As part of the promotions for its DVD products, Time - Life also compiles and syndicates a half - hour clip show series, The Hee Haw Collection.
Two rural - style comedians, already well known in their native Canada, gained their first major U.S. exposure: Gordie Tapp and Don Harron (whose KORN Radio character, newscaster Charlie Farquharson, had been a fixture of Canadian television since 1952 and later appeared on The Red Green Show).
Other cast members over the years included, but were not limited to: Roy Acuff, Cathy Baker (as the show 's emcee), Billy Jim Baker, Barbi Benton, Kelly Billingsley, Vicki Bird, Jennifer Bishop, Archie Campbell, Phil Campbell, Harry Cole (Weeping Willie), Mackenzie Colt, John Henry Faulk, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Marianne Gordon (Rogers), Jim and Jon Hager, Victoria Hallman, Diana Goodman, Gunilla Hutton, Linda Johnson, Grandpa Jones, Zella Lehr (the "unicycle girl ''), George Lindsey (reprising his "Goober '' character from The Andy Griffith Show), Jimmy Little, Irlene Mandrell, Charlie McCoy, Dawn McKinley, Patricia McKinnon, Sherry Miles, Rev. Grady Nutt, Minnie Pearl, Claude "Jackie '' Phelps, Slim Pickens, Kenny Price, Anne Randall, Chase Randolph, Susan Raye, Jimmie Riddle, Jeannine Riley, Alice Ripley, Lulu Roman, Misty Rowe, Junior Samples, Ray Sanders, Terry Sanders, Gailard Sartain, Diana Scott, Shotgun Red, Gerald Smith (the "Georgia Quacker ''), Jeff Smith, Donna Stokes, Dennis Stone, Roni Stoneman, Mary Taylor, Nancy Taylor, Linda Thompson, Lisa Todd, Pedro Tomas, Nancy Traylor, Buck Trent, Jackie Waddell, Pat Woodell, and Jonathan Winters, among many others.
The Buckaroos (Buck Owens ' band) initially served as the house band on the show and consisted of members Don Rich, Jim Shaw, Jerry Brightman, Jerry Wiggins, Rick Taylor, Doyle Singer (Doyle Curtsinger), Don Lee, Ronnie Jackson, Terry Christoffersen, Doyle Holly, and in later seasons fiddle player Jana Jae, and Victoria Hallman, who replaced Don Rich on harmony vocals (Rich was killed in a motorcycle accident in 1974). In later seasons, harmonica player Charlie McCoy joined the cast and became the show 's music director, forming the Hee Haw Band, which became the house band for the remainder of the series ' run. The Nashville Edition, a four - member (two male, two female) singing group, served as the background singers for most of the musical performances.
Some of the cast members made national headlines: Lulu Roman was twice charged with drug possession in 1971, David "Stringbean '' Akeman and his wife were murdered in November 1973 during a robbery at their home; and as mentioned above, Buck Owens ' lead guitarist and harmony singer Don Rich of the Buckaroos was killed in a motorcycle crash in 1974.
Some cast members, such as Charlie McCoy and Tennessee Ernie Ford, originally appeared on the show as guest stars.
After Buck Owens left the show, a different country music artist would accompany Roy Clark as a guest co-host each week, who would give the episode 's opening performance, participate with Clark in the "Pickin ' and Grinnin ' '' sketch, and assist Clark in introducing the other guest stars ' performances. The show 's final season (Hee Haw Silver) was hosted by Clark alone.
Some of the most popular sketches and segments on Hee Haw included, but were not limited to:
Guest stars often participated in some of the sketches (mostly the "PFFT! You Was Gone '' and "The Cornfield '' sketches); however, this did not occur until later seasons.
Hee Haw was a premiere showcase on commercial television throughout its run for country, bluegrass, gospel, and other styles of American traditional music, featuring hundreds of elite musical performances that were paramount to the success, popularity and legacy of the series for a broad audience of Southern, rural and purely music fans alike. Although country music was the primary genre of music featured on the show, guest stars and cast members alike also performed music from other genres, such as oldies and pop standards.
Some of the music - based segments on the show (other than guest stars ' performances) included:
Lovullo also has made the claim the show presented "what were, in reality, the first musical videos. '' Lovullo said his videos were conceptualized by having the show 's staff go to nearby rural areas and film animals and farmers, before editing the footage to fit the storyline of a particular song. "The video material was a very workable production item for the show, '' he wrote. "It provided picture stories for songs. However, some of our guests felt the videos took attention away from their live performances, which they hoped would promote record sales. If they had a hit song, they did n't want to play it under comic barnyard footage. '' The concept 's mixed reaction eventually spelled an end to the "video '' concept on Hee Haw. However, several of co-host Owens ' songs -- including "Tall, Dark Stranger, '' "Big in Vegas '', and "I Would n't Live in New York City (If They Gave Me the Whole Dang Town) '' -- aired on the series and have since aired on Great American Country and CMT as part of their classic country music programming blocks.
Hee Haw featured at least two, and sometimes three or four, guest celebrities each week. While most of the guest stars were country music artists, a wide range of other famous luminaries were featured from actors and actresses to sports stars to politicians.
Sheb Wooley, one of the original cast members, wrote the show 's theme song. After filming the initial 13 episodes, other professional demands caused him to leave the show, but he returned from time to time as a guest.
Loretta Lynn was the first guest star of Hee Haw and made more guest appearances (24) than any other artist. She also co-hosted the show more than any other guest co-host and therefore appears on more of the DVD releases for retail sale than any other guest star. Tammy Wynette was second with 21 guest appearances. Tammy Wynette married George Richey (the musical director for Hee Haw from 1970 to 1977) in 1978.
From 1990 -- 92, country megastar Garth Brooks appeared on the show four times. In 1992, producer Sam Lovullo tried unsuccessfully to contact Brooks because he wanted him for the final show. Brooks then surprised Lovullo by showing up at the last minute, ready to don his overalls and perform for the final episode.
A barn interior set was used as the main stage for most of the musical performances from the show 's premiere until the debut of the "Hee Haw Honky Tonk '' sketch in the early 1980s. Afterwards, the "Hee Haw Honky Tonk '' set would serve as the main stage for the remainder of the series ' run. Buck Owens then began using the barn interior set for his performances after it was replaced by the "Hee Haw Honky Tonk '' set and was named "Buck 's Place '' (as a nod to one of Owens ' hits, "Sam 's Place ''). Other settings for the musical performances throughout the series ' run included a haystack (where the entire cast performed songs), the living room of a Victorian house, the front porch and lawn of the Samuel B. Sternwheeler home, a grist mill (where Roy Clark performed many of his songs in earlier seasons), and a railroad depot, where Buck Owens performed his songs before acquiring "Buck 's Place. ''
Elvis Presley was a fan of Hee Haw and wanted to appear as a guest on the program, but Presley was afraid that his manager, Colonel Tom Parker, would not allow him to do so. Two of the Hee Haw Honeys dated Presley long before they joined the cast, Linda Thompson in the mid-1970s, whom Presley had a long - term relationship with after his divorce from Priscilla; and Diana Goodman shortly afterwards. Shortly after Presley 's death, his father, Vernon Presley, made a cameo appearance on the show, alongside Thompson and Buck Owens, and paid tribute to his late son, noting how much Elvis enjoyed watching the show, and introduced one of his favorite gospel songs, as performed by the Hee Haw Gospel Quartet.
Hee Haw produced a short - lived spin - off series, Hee Haw Honeys (not to be confused with Hee Haw 's female cast members), for the 1978 -- 79 television seasons. The musical sitcom starred Kathie Lee Johnson (Gifford) along with Hee Haw regulars Misty Rowe, Gailard Sartain, Lulu Roman, and Kenny Price as a family who owned a truck stop restaurant (likely inspired by the "Lulu 's Truck Stop '' sketch on Hee Haw). Their restaurant included a bandstand, where guest country artists would perform a couple of their hits of the day, sometimes asking the cast to join them. Cast members would also perform songs occasionally; and the Nashville Edition, Hee Haw 's backup singing group, frequently appeared on the show, portraying regular patrons of the restaurant. Notable guest stars on Honeys included, but were not limited to: Loretta Lynn, The Oak Ridge Boys, Larry Gatlin, Dave & Sugar, and the Kendalls.
The Hee Haw Theater opened in Branson, Missouri, in 1981 and operated through 1983. It featured live shows using the cast of the television series, as well as guests and other talent. The format was similar with a country variety show - type family theme.
Charlton Comics also published humor comics based on Hee Haw. They were drawn by Frank Roberge.
When Hee Haw went into syndication, its normal time slot was on Saturday night in the pre-prime time hour (7: 00pm ET).
Hee Haw continues to remain popular with its long - time fans and those who have discovered the program through DVD releases or its reruns on RFD - TV. In spite of the loving of the series by its fans, the program has never been a favorite of television critics or reviewers; the Hee Haw Honeys spin - off, in particular, was cited in a 2002 TV Guide article as one of the ten worst television series ever.
On at least four episodes of the animated Fox series Family Guy, when the storyline hits a dead - end, a cutaway to Conway Twitty performing a song is inserted. The handoff is done in Hee Haw style, and often uses actual footage of Twitty performing on the show.
Lulu Roman released a new album titled At Last on January 15, 2013. The album features Lulu 's versions of 12 classics and standards including guest appearances by Dolly Parton, T. Graham Brown, Linda Davis, and Georgette Jones (daughter of George Jones and Tammy Wynette).
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mary poppins a man has dreams (the life i lead) (spoonful of sugar) | A Man Has Dreams - Wikipedia
"A Man Has Dreams '' is a song from Walt Disney 's film Mary Poppins, written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman. The song melody is a slowed down version of "The Life I Lead '' which serves as Banks 's leitmotif as he was fired. In both the motion picture and the stage musical, the song is performed as a conversational duet between Bert, the chimney sweep (Dick Van Dyke) and George Banks (David Tomlinson). It is operatic in nature, sung dialogue, and was highly unusual for a musical film of that era. The song incorporates a reprise of "A Spoonful of Sugar '' which is Mary Poppins 's leitmotif.
The melody first appears as George Banks marches through the front door of his home. At that point in the film, the song is bouncy in nature to reflect Banks 's triumphant spirit. The song is then titled "The Life I Lead ''. It is reprised several times throughout the film. The final reprise is sung when Banks thinks he has lost everything, during which the music is somber and the song itself retitled as, "A Man Has Dreams ''.
This song is pivotal in both the stage musical as well as the film.
According to Disney archival records, the song was originally titled "Mr. Banks and Bert Converse '' but the title was changed to its present one, prior to first print publication of sheet music. "A Man Has Dreams '' are the first four words of the song; they are not repeated after that.
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when was the last time pakistan won icc | ICC Champions Trophy - wikipedia
Australia India (2 times winner each)
The ICC Champions Trophy is a one day international (ODI) cricket tournament organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC), second in importance only to the Cricket World Cup.
It was inaugurated as the ICC KnockOut Tournament in 1998 and has been played approximately every four years since. Its name was changed to the Champions Trophy in 2002.
The ICC conceived the idea of the Champions Trophy -- a short cricket tournament to raise funds for the development of the game in non-test playing countries, with the first tournaments being held in Bangladesh and Kenya. Due to its massive commercial success, the tournament has been held in nations like India and England as a revenue generator for the ICC, and the number of teams has been reduced to eight. The tournament, later dubbed as the mini-World Cup as it involved all of the full members of the ICC, was planned as a knock - out tournament so that it was short and did not reduce the value and importance of the World Cup. However, from 2002, the tournament has had a round - robin format, followed by a few knockout games but the tournament still takes places over a short period of time -- about two weeks.
The number of teams competing has varied over the years; originally all the ICC 's full members took part, and from 2000 to 2004 associate members were also involved. Since 2009, the tournament has only involved the eight highest - ranked teams in the ICC ODI Rankings as of six months prior to the beginning of the tournament. The tournament has been held in 7 different countries since its inception, with England hosting it thrice.
A total of thirteen teams have competed in the eight editions of the tournament, with eight competing in the latest edition in 2017. Australia and India have won the tournament twice each (India 's 2002 win was shared with Sri Lanka), while South Africa, New Zealand, Sri Lanka (shared with India), West Indies and Pakistan have won it once each. No non-full member team has ever crossed the first round of the Champions Trophy.
Up to 2006 the Champions Trophy was held every two years. The tournament had been scheduled to be held in Pakistan in 2008 but was moved to South Africa in 2009 due to security reasons. From then on it has been held every four years like the World Cup. The Champions Trophy differs from the World Cup in a number of ways. The matches in the Champions Trophy are held over a period of around two and a half weeks, while the World Cup can last for over a month. The number of teams in the Champions Trophy are much less than the World Cup, with the latest edition of the World Cup having 14 teams whereas the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy had 8 teams.
For 2002 and 2004, twelve teams played a round - robin tournament in four pools of three, with the top team in each pool moving forward to the semi-final. A team would play only four games (two in the pool, semi-final and final) to win the tournament. The format used in the Knock Out tournaments differed from the formats used in the Champions Trophy. The competition was a straight knock out, with no pools and the loser in each game being eliminated. Only eight games were played in 1998, and 10 games in 2000.
Since 2006, eight teams have played in two pools of four in a round - robin format, with the top two teams in each pool playing in the semi-finals. Losing a single match potentially means elimination from the tournament. A total of 15 matches are played in the present format of the tournament, with the tournament lasting about two and a half weeks.
Thirteen nations have qualified for the Champions Trophy at least once. Seven teams have competed in every finals tournament. Seven different nations have won the title. South Africa won the inaugural tournament, India and Australia have each won twice, while New Zealand, Sri Lanka, West Indies and Pakistan have each won once. Australia (2006, 2009) is the only nation to have won consecutive titles. Bangladesh, Zimbabwe and England are the only Test playing nations who are yet to win the Champions Trophy. England has reached the final twice but lost both times (2004, 2013), Bangladesh reached the semi-finals in 2017 while Zimbabwe has never got past the first round. The highest rank secured by a non-Test playing nation is the 9th rank achieved by Kenya in 2000.
Sri Lanka was the first and only host to win the tournament, in 2002, but they were declared co-champions with India as the final was twice washed out. England is the only other host to have made the final. It has achieved this twice -- in 2004 and 2013. Bangladesh is the only host who did not take part in the tournament while hosting it, in 1998. Kenya in 2000, India in 2006, and South Africa in 2009 have been the only host teams that were eliminated in the first round.
Comprehensive results for all teams participating in all tournaments for the ICC Champions Trophy:
Legend
Notes
The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams over past ICC Champions Trophy. Teams are sorted by best performance, then by appearances, total number of wins, total number of games, and alphabetical order respectively.
∗ India and Sri Lanka were declared joint winners in 2002.
The win percentage excludes matches with no result and counts ties as half a win.
Won by South Africa
All of the matches in the 1998 tournament were played in Bangladesh at Bangabandhu National Stadium. The tournament was won by South Africa who beat West Indies in the final. Philo Wallace of West Indies was the leading run scorer in the tournament of scoring 221 runs. This was the first and till date the only ICC event won by South Africa.
Won by New Zealand
All of the matches in the 2000 tournament were played in Nairobi, Kenya. All the test playing nations participated in the tournament along with inals, involving Kenya, India, Sri Lanka, West Indies, Bangladesh and England. The tournament was won by New Zealand who beat India in the final. Indian skipper Sourav Ganguly (348) was the leading run scorer in this tournament. Venkatesh Prasad (8) was the leading wicket taker. This was the first and till date the only ICC event won by New Zealand.
Won by India / Sri Lanka (Declared Co-Champions)
The 2002 ICC Champions Trophy was held in Sri Lanka, and included the 10 ICC Test playing nations including the newly appointed full member Bangladesh, Kenya (ODI status) and the 2001 ICC Trophy winners Netherlands. The final between India and Sri Lanka was washed out due to rain twice to leave no result. First, Sri Lanka played 50 overs and then India played two overs before the rain caused interruption. The next day, Sri Lanka again played 50 overs and India played eight overs. In the end India and Sri Lanka were declared joint winners. The teams played 110 overs, but there was no result. Virender Sehwag (271) had the highest number of runs in the tournament and Muralitharan (10) had the highest number of wickets.
Won by West Indies
ICC CT 2004 was held in England and the nations competing included the ten ICC Test nations, Kenya (ODI status), and -- making their One Day International debut -- the United States who qualified by winning the recent 2004 ICC Six Nations Challenge. The completion was more like a knockout series where teams losing even one game at the group stage were out of the tournament. The 12 teams were divided into 4 groups and the table topper from each group played semi finals. ENG defeated AUS in the 1st semi-final to make their 4th appearance in final of an ICC event. PAK lost to WI in the second semi final, which was a low scoring game. In the final game the WI team under Lara 's leadership won a tense match with the help of wicket keeper C Browne and tailender Ian Bradshaw.
Won by Australia
The 2006 ICC Champions Trophy was held in India with the final on 5 November 2006. A new format was used. Eight teams were competing in the group phase: the top six teams in the ICC ODI Championship on 1 April 2006, plus two teams chosen from the other four Test - playing teams Sri Lanka, West Indies, Bangladesh and Zimbabwe, chosen from a pre-tournament round robin qualifying round. West Indies and Sri Lanka qualified ahead of Bangladesh and Zimbabwe.
The eight teams were then split into two groups of four in a round robin competition. While Australia and West Indies qualified from Group A, South Africa and New Zealand qualified from Group B for the semifinals. Australia and West Indies reached the final defeating New Zealand and South Africa, respectively. In the final, Australia beat West Indies by 8 wickets to win the trophy for the first time. The venues for the tournament were Mohali, Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Mumbai.
Won by Australia
In 2006, the ICC selected Pakistan to host the 2008 ICC Champions Trophy.
On 24 August 2008 it was announced that the 2008 ICC Champions Trophy in Pakistan has been postponed to October 2009 as several countries were reluctant to visit Pakistan for security reasons. However, due to the crowded international schedule around that date, and concerns about whether the security situation would have changed by that time, there was widespread scepticism whether it would actually take place in 2009.
On 16 March 2009, an announcement was made that the ICC has recommended that the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy be moved from Pakistan to South Africa.
On 2 April 2009, Cricket South Africa confirmed that it would host the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy from 24 September to 5 October. The Board accepted recommendations from the ICC that Liberty Life Wanderers (Johannesburg) and Supersport Park (Centurion) be the host venues. The details of SA 's hosting of the Champions Trophy were ironed out at a meeting between CSA 's CEO Gerald Majola and ICC general manager -- Commercial, Campbell Jamieson. Majola confirmed that the six warm - up games will be played at Benoni 's Willowmoore Park, and Senwes Park in Potchefstroom.
Australia beat England by 9 wickets in the 1st semi-final, and New Zealand beat Pakistan by 5 wickets in the 2nd semi-final, to set up a final that saw Australia beat New Zealand by 6 wickets, in 45.2 overs.
Won by India
England and Wales hosted the 2013 Champions Trophy. England became the only country to host the Champions Trophy twice. Australia failed to win a single game in their group, and were knocked out along with New Zealand in Group A. Pakistan lost all three games in Group B and were knocked out along with West Indies. England and Sri Lanka from Group A, and India and South Africa from Group B, made it to the semi-finals.
India and England won their respective games against Sri Lanka and South Africa comprehensively and the final between the two took place on 23 June 2013. India beat England by 5 runs at Edgbaston, winning their second title, although their first title, in 2002, was shared with Sri Lanka due to the final being washed out. Ravindra Jadeja was adjudged man of the match and he also received the "Golden Ball '' for taking the most wickets in the tournament. Shikhar Dhawan received the "Golden Bat '' for scoring the most runs in the series and was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his consistent outstanding performances. MS Dhoni became the first captain in history to win all three major ICC trophies -- World Cup in 2011, World T20 in 2007 and this edition of the Champions Trophy.
Won by Pakistan
In the lead - up to the 2013 tournament, the ICC announced that the 2013 Champions Trophy was to be the last, with its place in the cricketing calendar to be taken by a new ICC World Test Championship. However, in January 2014, that decision was reversed, due to the massive success of the 2013 edition, with the ICC confirming that the 2017 Champions Trophy tournament would take place and the proposed Test Championship was cancelled. England and Wales hosted the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy. England became the only country to host the Champions Trophy thrice, and England and Wales became the only countries to host the ICC Champions Trophy consecutively, also hosting the 2013 edition. Bangladesh replaced the West Indies, who finished outside the top eight in ninth position, in the ICC ODI Team Rankings on the cut - off date. Bangladesh returned to the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time since 2006, and, for the first time, the West Indies failed to qualify.
Security around the tournament was increased following the Ariana Grande concert attack in Manchester, just before the start of the competition. The International Cricket Council (ICC) announced that they would review security concerns. The 15 games played in the tournament were held across three venues -- The Oval in London, Edgbaston Cricket Ground in Birmingham and Sophia Gardens in Cardiff. India did not announce their squad by the 25 April deadline due to what it described as "operational '' reasons, although this was widely seen as a protest by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) in an ongoing disagreement with the ICC over finance and governance. After interference from senior officials, the Indian squad was finally named on 8 May 2017. Pakistan 's Shoaib Malik played in his sixth consecutive Champions Trophy.
Rain and poor weather affected 5 of the 15 matches played in the tournament. The top two teams in the ICC ODI Rankings at the time (South Africa and Australia) were knocked out in the group stage, with Australia not winning a single game out of their three. 2015 World Cup finalists New Zealand were also knocked out in the group stage, also not winning a single game, along with Sri Lanka. Thus, England and Bangladesh from Group A, and India and Pakistan from Group B qualified for the semi-finals. Pakistan beat England comfortably in the first semi-final, winning by 8 wickets with almost 13 overs to spare to make their first final ever in the Champions Trophy. India beat Bangladesh in the second semi-final, also winning comfortably by 9 wickets, in what was Bangladesh 's first semi-final in an ICC tournament.
Arch - rivals India and Pakistan took each other on in the final of a tournament for the first time since 2007, with the final taking place at The Oval in London. It was India 's fourth appearance and Pakistan 's maiden appearance in a Champions Trophy final. Pakistan beat India comfortably by 180 runs, outclassing them across all three departments - batting, bowling and fielding. Pakistan, the lowest - ranked team in the competition, won their first Champions Trophy title and became the seventh nation to win it. Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114. Shikhar Dhawan of India received the "Golden Bat '' award for scoring 338 runs while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the "Golden Ball '' award for taking 13 wickets; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan 's first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992.
The prize money for the 2017 edition of the ICC Champions Trophy was increased by half a million dollars from 2013 to a total of $4.5 million. The winning team got a cheque of $2.2 million and the runner - up got $1.1 million. The other two semifinalists earned $450,000 each. Teams finishing third in each group took home $90,000 each, while the teams finishing last in each group got $60,000 each.
In the lead - up to the 2017 tournament, the ICC had proposed starting an ODI League in 2019, which will most likely lead to the Champions Trophy getting scrapped. If the 2021 Champions Trophy does go ahead, it is due to be played in India. Following the 2017 Champions Trophy, David Richardson (the ICC CEO) stated that the future status of the Champions Trophy was undecided, with both a possible Test league and an additional World T20 putting additional pressure of fixtures.
Team appearing for the first time, in alphabetical order per year.
* Joint Champions in 2002
Most consecutive wins: India & West Indies with 6 matches.
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what is sales and service tax in malaysia | Goods and services tax (Malaysia) - wikipedia
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value added tax in Malaysia. GST is levied on most transactions in the production process, but is refunded with exception of Blocked Input Tax, to all parties in the chain of production other than the final consumer.
The existing standard rate for GST effective from 1 April 2015 is 6 %. Many domestically consumed items such as fresh foods, water and electricity are zero - rated, while some supplies such as education and health services are GST exempted.
GST was scheduled to be implemented by the government during the third quarter of 2011, but the implementation was delayed until 1 April 2015. Its purpose is to replace the sales and service tax which has been used in the country for several decades. The government is seeking additional revenue to offset its budget deficit and reduce its dependence on revenue from Petronas, Malaysia 's state - owned oil company. The 6 % tax will replace a sales - and - service tax of between 5 -- 15 %.
The Goods and Services Tax Bill 2009 was tabled for its first reading at the Dewan Rakyat (the lower house of the Malaysian parliament) on 16 December 2009. It was delayed amid mounting criticism. The government responded by asserting that the tax on oil income will not be sustainable in the future. National Consumer Complaints Centre head Muhammad Sha'ani Abdullah has said, "The government should create more awareness on what the GST is. The public can not be blamed for their lack of understanding, and thus, their fears ''. Sha'ani says that the GST will improve accounting, reduce tax fraud, and facilitate enforcement of the upcoming Anti-Profiteering Act. Muslim Consumer Association of Malaysia leader Datuk Dr. Ma'amor Osman said the GST could help end dishonest business practices, but expressed concern about how the tax would be applied to medical products and services. A group leading the campaign against the GST, Protes (which objects to the GST because of concerns about its effects on low - income Malaysians), cancelled a planned protest but has stated that they will continue to agitate against the legislation.
During the government reading of the 2014 budget, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak announced a GST tax of 6 % starting on 1 April 2015. This will replace the Sales and Services Tax. Implementing GST tax will be a part of the Government 's tax reform program to enhance the capability, effectiveness and transparency of tax administration and management. The GST was implemented on 1 April 2015.
By June 2015, worldwide crude oil prices fall to half its value, several nation & oil industries consider it a crisis, the income from newly implemented GST manage to supplant Malaysia national budget from deficit induced by a lost in oil tax revenue. On 7 March 2016, the Malaysian King Yang di - Pertuan Agong Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah congratulate the government for implementing GST.
Certain good and services, mainly for domestic use and essential services, are categorized as zero - rated supplies and exempted supplies. Zero - rated supplies are taxable supplies that are taxed at a GST of 0 %; exempted supplies are non-taxable supplies that are not subjected to GST. While the net effect on consumers for both zero - rated and exempted supplies is the same, i.e. consumers do not pay any GST, the difference lies in the input tax credit claim by businesses. For zero - rated supplies, while GST is charged at the zero rate to the end consumer, businesses may claim input tax credit on the GST incurred in producing the supplies. On the other hand, for exempted supplies, businesses can not charge GST to the end consumer, and they are not eligible to claim input tax credit on the GST incurred in producing the supplies.
Examples of zero - rated supplies:
Examples of exempted supplies:
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who sings you can't make me love you | I Ca n't Make You Love Me - wikipedia
"I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' is a song written by Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin and recorded by American singer Bonnie Raitt for her eleventh studio album Luck of the Draw (1991). Released as the album 's third single in 1991, "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' became one of Raitt 's most successful singles, reaching the top - twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the top - ten on the Adult Contemporary.
In August 2000, Mojo magazine voted "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' the eighth best track on its The 100 Greatest Songs of All Time list. The song is ranked at number 339 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. On 27 November 2016, the Grammy Hall of Fame announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs.
"I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was written by Nashville writers Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin, who were well - noted for their successes in the country music arena. The song was rewritten many times before being finalized, months later. "We wrote, most every week, in Mike 's basement, '' Shamblin told Peter Cooper in an interview with the Nashville Tennessean. "And we 'd worked on this song for more than six months. One day, he said, ' Come up to the living room, ' where his piano was. He sat down and started playing this melody, and it was one of the most moving pieces of music I 'd heard. I mean, it hit me in a hard way... Instantly, I knew it was the best thing I 'd ever been a part of. '' Reid and Shamblin were both country music songwriters, who according to some accounts originally wrote the song as a fast, bluegrass number. Upon slowing down the tempo considerably, they realized the song gained considerable power and thought about giving the song to one of three artists: Bonnie Raitt, Bette Midler or Linda Ronstadt. Eventually, the song made its way to Bonnie Raitt, who recorded the track for her eleventh studio album, "Luck of the Draw '' (1991). Raitt co-produced the song with Don Was, while Bruce Hornsby provided a piano accompaniment.
"I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was composed in the key of Bb major, with a moderate slow tempo of 72 beats per minute. Raitt 's vocal range on the song spans from the low - note of F3 to the high - note of Bb4. The idea for the song came to Reid while reading an article about a man arrested for getting drunk and shooting at his girlfriend 's car. The judge asked him if he had learned anything, to which he replied, "I learned, Your Honor, that you ca n't make a woman love you if she do n't. '' Raitt recorded the vocal in just one take in the studio, later saying that it was so sad a song that she could not recapture the emotion: "We 'd try to do it again and I just said, ' You know, this ai n't going to happen. ' ''
A pensive ballad, "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was recorded against a quiet electric piano - based arrangement, with prominent piano fills and interpolations supplied by Bruce Hornsby. The singer depicts a now one - sided romantic relationship about to end in soft but brutally honest terms: "Turn down the lights, turn down the bed / Turn down these voices inside my head / Lay down with me, tell me no lies / Just hold me close, do n't patronize... do n't patronize me / ' Cause I ca n't make you love me if you do n't / You ca n't make your heart feel something that it wo n't, '' she sings.
"I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' received acclaim from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic praised the track, calling it a "strong song '' and picking it as one of the album 's best tracks. Steve Hochman of Los Angeles Times hailed the song as one of Raitt 's most elegant tracks. Elysa Gardner wrote for Rolling Stone that "Raitt 's gorgeously understated rendering of ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me, ' in which sentiments such as ' I will lay down my heart and I 'll feel the power / But you wo n't ' are delivered with a quiet resignation that 's worth a hundred glissandi in emotional weight. ''
"I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' entered many lists of the greatest songs of all time. In 2000, Mojo magazine placed it at number 8 on its "100 Greatest Songs of All Time '' list. The song is also ranked # 339 on the Rolling Stone magazine 's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The website "Ultimate Classic Rock '' placed the song at number 24 on their "25 Saddest Songs Ever '', praising Bonnie Raitt vocals, writing that "she sings in one of her most impassioned vocals ever. There 's real ache in every word that drips from her pained lips. ''
The song 's popularity helped solidify her remarkable late - in - career commercial success that had begun two years before. In the time since, "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' has gone on to become a pop standard and a mainstay of adult contemporary radio formats. For Raitt, the song was notoriously difficult to sing, due to its required vocal range, difficult phrasing and breathing, and the emotional content involved. At the televised Grammy Awards of 1992 Raitt performed it in an even more austere setting than on record, with just her and Hornsby highlighted. As she negotiated the final vocal line, she let out a big audible and visible sigh of relief that she had successfully gotten through it. Her live performance of the song was released on the 1994 album Grammy 's Greatest Moments Volume III. Raitt has continued to sing the song in all her concert tours:
The song was a big hit for Raitt, reaching number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. The song placed at number 100 on the Billboard Year - End chart of 1992. In New Zealand, the song was Raitt 's highest charting - single, reaching number 22, while in Netherlands, the song charted moderately at number 43.
Although Bruce Hornsby had no hand in writing the song, his piano part on it became associated with him. Phil Collins described it as instantly recognizable as Hornsby 's work. Hornsby 's own publicity material mentions his role on the "classic ''.
On his own subsequent tours, Hornsby included the song in a number of his set lists. He sometimes let a female backing singer in his band take on the vocal. Other times, he sang the song himself.
English singer George Michael covered "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' and released as a B - side of his single, "Older '', which was released on 20 January 1997 as the fourth single from the album of the same name. Michael 's version was also included on his compilation, Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael (1998). "Older '' and "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' both reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart.
After the release of his second studio album, Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1 (1990), George Michael started a legal battle with his label, Sony Music, declaring his contract was financially inequitable and creatively stifling. Michael sued Sony to end his contract, leading to a long and costly legal battle that ended in 1995, with Michael signing to the newly launched Dreamworks Records label in the United States and Virgin in the rest of the world. In 1995, the singer released the song "Jesus to a Child '', which became a huge hit worldwide, followed by "Fastlove '' and "Spinning the Wheel '', which also became successful songs from his third studio album, Older (1996).
While choosing the fourth single from the album, the title track "Older '' was announced as the chosen one, with an EP also titled "Older '' being released to promote the song. The EP features four tracks, including "Older '', "The Strangest Thing '' (also from the album "Older '') and two covers: the famous Brazilian song "Desafinado '' and Bonnie Raitt 's "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '', which became the official B - side of the single. Since it was released as a B - side to "Older '', "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' also entered the UK Singles Chart at number 3.
The peak position is the same of its A-side single "Older ''.
American R&B vocal group Boyz II Men recorded "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' for their third cover album, Love (2009). Their version was released as the album 's first single on October 27, 2009. Having a more R&B approach, "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' received generally favorable reviews from music critics, while it has achieved minor success on the Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart.
After releasing their second cover album in 2007, Motown: A Journey Through Hitsville USA, which was well received by critics, but failed to produce a successful single, the band announced plans for a new cover album, that features cover versions of songs by "artists I do n't think people would expect us to cover, '' according to member Shawn Stockman. On October 23, 2009, "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was announced as Love 's lead - single. The song was later released on October 27, 2009 through iTunes store. For the band members, "We wanted to stay true to our roots, and it 's a very beautiful song. And with our sound, we gave it an R&B twist. It 's always been a favorite of ours, and we hope people will fall in love with it again. ''
A writer for Soul Bounce wrote that "The biggest surprise on this album is the bluesy interpretation of Bonnie Rait 's country hit, ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me. ' Starting with strong lyrics and a deep fried instrumental, the Boyz make this song their own with their unique flow providing good contrast to a familiar melodic line. '' Los Angeles Theatre called it an "impassioned '' performance. On the charts, the song performed very modestly, reaching number 75 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart.
In 2011, English singer Adele covered "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' for her first live album, Live at the Royal Albert Hall (2011). The song was acclaimed by music critics, who praised Adele 's delivery and vocals. The song has charted on the UK Singles Chart, reaching the top - forty, although it was never released as a single.
In addition to receiving positive reviews from music critics, Adele 's second album 21 became one of the most successful albums of the 2010s, being the biggest selling musical release for both 2011 and 2012 and entering the Guinness World Records. While promoting the album and its third single, "Set Fire to the Rain '', Adele performed on the iTunes Festival London 2011. On the setlist, Adele performed tracks from 21 and a cover of "I Ca n't Make You Love Me ''. Before performing the track, Adele stated that it was one of her favorite songs and described it as "perfect in every way ''. She added that Bonnie Raitt has a "stunning voice '' and went on to compliment the lyrics, calling them "mind - blowing ''.
After the positive response of the iTunes Festival performance, Adele covered once again the track, during her first live album, Live at the Royal Albert Hall, recorded on 22 September 2011. She made further comment over the song, saying, "It blows me away '' and further adding that she thought the song was "incredibly moving ''. Adele also commented on the emotions the song gives her, saying, "It makes me really, really happy and really, really devastated and depressed at the same time. It makes me think of my fondest and best times in my life, and it makes me think of the worst as well, and combined, probably is a recipe for disaster, but I do love this song. It 's just fucking stunning. ''
While reviewing her iTunes Festival performance, David Smyth of London Evening Standard wrote that Adele sang the song "with raw expressiveness. '' Andrew Leahey of Allmusic wrote that the cover "made all the more tender by the rarely heard frailties in Adele 's voice. '' Donald Gibson of Seattle Pi wrote that "she breathes new life into Bonnie Raitt 's ' I Ca n't Make You Love Me, ' with similar intimacy and conviction. ''
While reviewing her Live at the Royal Albert Hall DVD, critics lauded Adele 's rendition. Andy Gill of The Independent called it an "impassioned version, '' while Alex Young of Consequence of Sound named it "heartfelt and stunning. '' Kit O'Toole of Blogcritics praised her rendition, writing that it "retains its heart - wrenching, devastating mood thanks to Adele 's multi-layered voice. Hearing her perform this song, one would imagine her as an older woman who has survived lifelong heartaches instead of a 23 - year - old. '' Maria Schurr of PopMatters lauded the covers (Raitt 's "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' and Bob Dylan 's "Make You Feel My Love '') on the live album, naming "the most successful, '' writing that "both seem deeply heartfelt, like Adele understands, and is the only one who can make these words that are not hers ring true. '' Chris Willman of The Wrap called it "a classic of unrequited love that you 'd have to swear she wrote if Bonnie Raitt had n't turned it into the ultimate female weepie back when Adele was 2. ''
Despite not being released as a single, "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' debuted at number 53 on the UK Singles Chart week of 30 September 2012. It later peaked at number 37, on the following week, 6 October 2012, becoming her eighth top - forty song and first non-single top - forty hit.
In 2014, Indian actress and singer Priyanka Chopra recorded a version of "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' for her upcoming debut studio album. Speaking about the song, Chopra said "This is one of my favorite tracks on the album. It 's my ode to a classic, a song that I love, and one that says so much -- this is for the actor in me. '' Chopra 's version of the song incorporates electronic dance music (EDM) and electropop in its production,. which comes courtesy of German producer Manuel "DJ Manian '' Reuter. Andy Gensler from Billboard commented on how different Chopra 's version was from the original by Raitt, saying that "Chopra 's more uptempo take on the song is more likely to connect with a generation of ravers with no idea of the song 's origin '' The up - tempo version was demoed by American singer Ester Dean at the request of Interscope Records chairman Jimmy Iovine.
It was released on 22 April 2014, by DesiHits, in association with 2101 Records and Interscope Records. It is the third internationally released single following "In My City '' (featuring will.i.am), which failed to achieve airplay in the United States, and "Exotic ''. In the United Kingdom, "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was originally planned to be Chopra 's debut single, but was never released.
Chopra 's version of "I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' was used to promote Beats by Dre. In a press release, it was revealed that the song would be used in the launch of a new campaign for the popular Beats Pill XL portable Bluetooth speaker. Chopra and her new track would be featured in the national ad campaign, that ran nationwide from May 1 through May 25.
An accompanying music video was filmed in Los Angeles in February 2014. It was conceptualised and directed by duo Jeff Nicholas and Jonathan Craven of The Uprising Creative. Actor Milo Ventimiglia plays Chopra 's love interest and scenes include Chopra throwing coloured paint at Ventimiglia as part of celebrations for the Indian festival of Holi, as well as embraces between the couple and solo scenes with Chopra. According to NDTV, the video charts a fictional relationship that "goes from loving to hellish ''. Behind the scenes footage was released to Access Hollywood. It premiered in New York City on 30 April 2014. Gensler noted that the video also contained product placement for Nokia and Beats by Dre speakers.
CNN - News18 said, "The singer certainly sounds great, so much that it 's almost unbelievable it is Priyanka Chopra. The number is definitely foot - tapping and you 're going to be hearing this one at every restaurant and club in the days to come '' and added that Chopra had "definitely done a great job recreating the Bonnie Ratt song ''.
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who wins americas next top model season 4 | America 's Next Top Model (season 4) - wikipedia
The fourth season of America 's Next Top Model aired in spring 2005, with the shooting location being moved from New York City to Los Angeles. The catch - phrase of the season was "Dive In. ''
These were the last appearances of Janice Dickinson and Nolé Marin who participated as judges. The Beauty Tip of the Week has now been replaced by the My Life as a CoverGirl segment. The house that the girls stayed in the first half of the competition was later used in The CW TV series (successor to UPN with the WB) The Pussycat Dolls Present: Girlicious and Oxygen TV series Pretty Wicked.
The international destination for the cycle was Capetown, South Africa.
The winner was 20 - year - old Naima Mora from Detroit, Michigan.
The prizes for this cycle were a modeling contract with Ford Models, a fashion spread and cover in Elle Magazine, and a US $ 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics.
(ages stated are at start of contest)
First aired March 2, 2005.
The cycle begins with thirty - five semi-finalists going through interviews with Tyra Banks, J. Alexander, and Jay Manuel. Twenty participants moved on to the second round of cuts. The remaining participants had their first picture assignment, taking pictures in a photo booth. The episode concludes with the selection of the top fourteen.
First aired March 9, 2005.
The fourteen finalists had their first photoshoot posing as aliens taking over Manhattan on a Paramount Studios backlot. The finalists also received makeovers and had their first topless photoshoot. The judging saw Brita become the first finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired March 16, 2005.
This week the thirteen remaining finalists competed in a dual runway challenge at K - Mart, with the winner being Rebecca. The photoshoot was a campaign for 1 - 800 - Flowers. The judging saw Sarah become the second finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired March 23, 2005.
This week the twelve remaining finalists had a challenged where they were tested to how well they handle extreme pressure, with the winner of the challenge being Naima. For the photoshoot, they were harnessed and represented the twelve signs of the zodiac. The judging saw Brandy become the third finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired March 30, 2005.
The eleven remaining finalists competed in a makeup challenge where they had to create a haute couture look with the winner being Naima. Their photoshoot was a campaign for Got Milk? where they changed ethnicities and posed with children. The judging saw Noelle become the fourth finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired April 6, 2005.
The ten remaining finalists competed in a challenge where they were to successfully mingle at a Cover Girl party, with the winner being Keenyah. The photoshoot had them portraying mechanics while dealing with the elements. The judging saw Lluvy become the fifth finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired April 13, 2005.
The nine remaining finalists participated in an acting challenge with Boris Kodjoe, which was won by Naima. They shot a campaign for Wonder Bra where they were in a pillow fight with a male model. In a surprise double elimination, judging saw Tiffany and Rebecca become the sixth and seventh finalists eliminated from the competition.
First aired April 20, 2005.
The seven remaining finalists participated in interview challenge with Entertainment Tonight, which was won by Christina. The photoshoot had them portraying the seven deadly sins while lying in a grave. The judging saw Tatiana become the eighth finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired April 27, 2005.
The sixth remaining finalists participated a challenge where they had to imitate animal poses which was won by Brittany. The finalists were flown to Capetown, South Africa where they shot a campaign for Lubriderm where they portrayed different African animals. The judging saw Michelle become the ninth finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired May 4, 2005.
The five remaining finalists were challenged to go on go - sees with the winner being Keenyah. They went kloofing to their waterfall photoshoot location where they made their own wardrobe out of the environment. The judging saw Christina become the tenth finalist eliminated from the competition.
First aired May 11, 2005.
The four remaining finalists participated in a challenge where they had to learn and perform an African dance which was won by Naima. They did a 1940 's inspired campaign for Caress Sensational Smoothing Body Wash at an ostrich farm. The judging saw Brittany become the eleventh finalist eliminated from the competition.
This episode was an overview of the past eleven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage.
First aired May 17, 2005.
First aired May 18, 2005.
The final three contestants, Kahlen Rondot, Naima Mora, and Keenyah Hill, filmed a commercial and did a campaign for Cover Girl. Keenyah became the twelfth finalist to be eliminated at panel.
Kahlen and Naima partook in a fashion show featuring three South African designers, Poison Ivy, Gavin Rajah, and Ruby. The final judging session saw Naima crowned America 's Next Top Model.
The Return To The Runway special aired on September 20, 2005, preceding the premiere of the fifth cycle. In this "Where are they now? '' episode, we learned:
It also focused on the ANTM tour featuring:
Shannon Stewart, Mercedes Scelba - Shorte, Shandi Sullivan, Catie Anderson, Ann Markley, Norelle Van Herk, Eva Marcille, Amanda Swafford, Toccara Jones, Kahlen Rondot, Brittany Brower, Tiffany Richardson, Keenyah Hill and Naima Mora.
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who sings i was a fool for love | I Was a Fool - wikipedia
"I Was a Fool '' is a song written and performed by Canadian duo Tegan and Sara for their seventh studio album, Heartthrob. Inspired by Rihanna 's singles "Unfaithful '' and "Umbrella '', the song is about a woman who is in a troubled relationship but doing nothing to fix it, making her seem like a fool.
"I Was a Fool '' was released in Canada as the second single from the album on April 24, 2013, and peaked at nineteen on Canadian Hot 100 and number one on CBC Radio 2 Top 20, making Tegan and Sara the first twins in history to take the top spot on the chart. In July 2013 "I Was a Fool '' was certified Gold in Canada.
In November 2011, Tegan and Sara announced that they were writing new material for their seventh studio album, with Tegan saying that "(we) are back in our home studios working away at more songs. We 're really looking forward to making a new record now. Our hope is to be in the studio by early 2012. '' Tegan composed "I Was a Fool '' and wrote the verses and chorus. She began the composition process on a guitar, then moving it to the piano. She was inspired to write a piano ballad after listening to Rihanna 's 2006 single "Unfaithful '': "I was listening to (it) and wanted to create a similar piano riff. '' She also wanted "I Was a Fool '' to be "something really sad and kind of fucked, but something that everybody would relate to '', in the vein of Rihanna 's "Umbrella ''.
As Tegan recalls writing the lyrics, "I was in Los Angeles where I have a place with my girlfriend and I was messing around on the guitar. We ran out to do some errands and halfway there, I said to my girlfriend, ' We have to go back. ' I had the line ' I did behave ' stuck in my head so I went home and recorded that one part. It sat on my computer for about a week then I sat down to continue writing and the rest of the song came together really fast. '' Sara wrote the bridge, with Tegan explaining in a track - by - track commentary, "There were eight or 16 bars of silence in the song -- I ca n't remember what the number was -- that I 'd just left for her. She called me and was like, "That is impossible! You need to put a guitar or something in there. '' So I ended up just using the same chords from the chorus, and she sang overtop of it. ''
The original demo of "I Was a Fool '' consisted only of a piano, an acoustic guitar and synths. Tegan showed it with six producers, one of them who was Greg Kurstin: "he was the only producer out of all of the producers we talked to who was like, "This is a pop song, a huge pop single ballad. '' I was like, "What? '' It 's awesome that he heard that. '' This helped the duo decide who they were going to work with on the seventh album, which was titled Heartthrob and recorded between February and May 2012.
The entire production of "I Was a Fool '' took place in studios in Los Angeles, California. The original mix of "I Was a Fool '' was produced, engineered with Jesse Shatkin, and programmed by Greg Kurstin, who also played keyboards, guitar, bass and piano, at Echo Studio. Billy Bush recorded the drums, which were played by Joey Waronker, at EastWest Studios in Hollywood, with Andrew Ford and Jeremy Miller assisting. The track was mixed by Manny Marroquin at Larrabee Studios with help from Chris Galland and Del Bowers. Finally, Brian Gardner mastered it at Bernie Grundman 's studio, also in Hollywood. Sara said about the song in a MTV Hive interview, "I think that it surprised me so much, it was a beautifully - written song of Tegan 's, but something in production and mixing really, to me, sounded like a super-classic song. Almost like I could n't believe that it was our song. '' She also said it was one of their favorite songs from Heartthrob to perform live.
The three - minute, 24 - second "I Was a Fool '' is performed in common time at a tempo of 88 beats per minute. Originally composed in the key of B ♭ minor, the vocal range spans from A ♭ to D ♭. The lyrics of "I Was a Fool '' deal with a troubled relationship but doing nothing about it, repeatedly packing her bags without leaving, making her a fool. Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club and AbsolutePunk critic Drew Beringer opined "I Was a Fool '' to be reminiscent of 1980s big - hair - era power ballads by Heart. Consequence of Sound reviewer Sarah H. Grant wrote the song sounded like the Irish band The Corrs, while Spin 's Chris Martins described it as a Kate Bush - style ballad. Carolyn Vallejo of Alter the Press! said it sounded like a song from Britney Spears ' album... Baby One More Time.
"I Was a Fool '' was given positive reviews by critics and publications. Carl Williott of Idolator described it as "a warm, shimmering song that makes you want to sway '', and another writer for the site, Stephen Sears, called it the best song of Heartthrob, writing that "Gwen Stefani 's make - up will run as she cries with jealousy over (the track) ''. Stereogum journalist Michael Nelson also honored it as the best track of the record, saying that it "sounds like an instant classic, the type of thing that should soundtrack a few million breakups over the next few years and still be prominent in our cultural consciousness three decades from now ''. Marc Burrows of Drowned in Sound called "I Was a Fool '' one of the album 's "best moments '', along with "Love They Say '' and "Now I 'm All Messed Up '', praising the lyrical content: "the heartbreak comes in waves, but it 's never cloying, never over the top. Instead it gives real punch... ''
Sarah H. Grant, reviewing Heartthrob for Consequence of Sound, called it "magnificent '', and named it an "essential track '' of the album, along with "Now I 'm All Messed Up '' and "Closer ''. In a review by Pitchfork Media, Laura Snapes used the song as an example to show the LP avoided being anything generic or radio - friendly. Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz said, "The lyrics are simple but effective, and Tegan delivers each word with purpose. '' However, in a positive review of the album by Paste, Dan Weiss called "I Was a Fool '' an "early misfire '', also noting it as the only track that did n't have "one memorable phrase you wo n't be able to excise from your head ' til at least April. '' Carolyn Vallejo wrote for Alter the Press! that it fell "short of irony - pop and find themselves stuck in boy band territory '', describing it as "sickeningly sweet and a bit too naïve ''.
"I Was a Fool '' debuted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 at number 73, on the issue dated May 18, 2013. By July 20, 2013, it made its peak position of 19. It lasted a total of 22 weeks on the chart. It topped the CBC Radio 2 Top 20, making Tegan and Sara the first twins in history to get a number - one on the chart. By July 2013, it had been certified gold by Music Canada. On the American Billboard Adult Top 40 chart, it landed in the top 40 at number 37, making it the duo 's second to appear on the chart after "Closer ''. It entired at number 143 on the UK Singles Chart, their first single to chart in the country.
The video was released on April 24, 2013, simultaneously with the single. Tegan is shown singing the song while playing the piano. A woman portrayed by Mae Whitman is shown crying, looking at a painting signed "Sid '' as well as turning her phone over after receiving a call from the same person, whose name is revealed to be Sidney. Sara is seen singing on the balcony. The woman is later shown next to smashed up records as she picks up a copy of Heartthrob. She also throws away paintings and burns more of Sidney 's possessions, and then proceeds to throw the shards of the broken records from her balcony and smile. Tegan and Sara are then shown on both sides of a glass window as Tegan places her hand to it; Sara disappears and Tegan is then replaced by the woman with her hand to the window, looking out at the sun.
The duo premiered "I Was a Fool '', along with "Now I 'm All Messed Up '' and "I 'm Not Your Hero '', in Vancouver on September 23, 2012. Tegan and Sara appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! to perform "I Was a Fool '' and "Closer ''. Kyle McGovern of Spin opined on their performance of "I Was a Fool '': "the Canadian pair beautifully blended acoustic guitar strums and their signature harmonies with a lilting piano line, deservedly earning cheers and whistles from the crowd. '' In February 2013, the duo played the song in February 2013 at the Virgin Red Room. In January 2014, they performed it at Billboard Women In Music 2013.
In February 2013, American singer Bridgit Mendler released her cover of "I Was a Fool ''. The music video was released on February 20, 2013 on Mendler 's official YouTube channel and on social networking services. Mendler said she decided to record the song after spending weeks singing it nonstop. In the video she sings on an old stage with great curtains in the background. A guitarist and a keyboardist accompany Mendler. The video is shot in black and white. The cover was positively received. Carl Smith of Sugar Space was positive about Mendler 's cover and said he loved it, while also remarking that "Bridgit 's given the tune an acoustic twist with a dramatic black and white video to match. There is literally nothing this girl can not do. '' Richard Dawson of 5 Things About Pop compared the cover to Mendler 's own song "Hold On for Dear Love '' and said that the version was lovely. Writers for Teen Beat said they were falling in love with the song, and Mendler was very excited. In May 2013 Mendler performed the song on MTV Live UK.
Matthew Dear premiered his remix of "I Was a Fool '' on April 18, 2013. Its consists of an "icy, slow - building ambient bassline and beat '' that Michael Nelson of Stereogum said to have made Tegan and Sara 's vocals "somehow even more heartbreaking ''. On May 21, 2014, the duo teamed up with Indaba Music to start a remix contest for the song, with the prize being $750, inclusion on one of their official releases, autographed merchandise products and exposure on their official website. The contest lasted until June 18, 2014, with the winner being the VBND remix. On September 30, 2014, a release consisting of sixteen remixes, including remixes by Matthew Dear and VBND, was issued.
The following information adapted from the liner notes of Heartthrob:
shipments figures based on certification alone
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our love is like a red red rose | A Red, Red Rose - wikipedia
"A Red, Red Rose '' is a 1794 song in Scots by Robert Burns based on traditional sources. The song is also referred to by the title "Oh, My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose '', "My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose '' or "Red, Red Rose '' and is often published as a poem.
O my Luve 's like a red, red rose That 's newly sprung in june; O my Luve 's like the melodie That 's sweetly play 'd in tune: As fair art thou, my bonnie lass, So deep in luve am I: And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a ' the seas gang dry: Till a ' the seas gang dry, my dear, And the rocks melt wi ' the sun: I will luve thee still, my dear, While the sands o ' life shall run. And fare thee weel, my only Luve And fare thee weel, a while! And I will come again, my Luve, Tho ' it were ten thousand mile.
Burns worked for the final seven years of his life on projects to preserve traditional Scottish songs for the future. In all, Burns had a hand in preserving over 300 songs for posterity, the most famous being "Auld Lang Syne ''. He worked on this project for James Johnson 's the Scots Musical Museum (1787 - 1803) and for George Thomson 's five - volume A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice. Burns had intended the work to be published as part of Thomson 's selection. However, he wrote to a friend that Thomson and he disagreed on the merits of that type of song. "What to me appears to be the simple and the wild, to him, and I suspect to you likewise, will be looked on as the ludicrous and the absurd. ''
Instead, Burns gave the song to Scots singer Pietro Urbani who published it in his Scots Songs. In his book, Urbani claimed "the words of The Red Red Rose were obligingly given to him by a celebrated Scots poet, who was so struck by them when sung by a country girl that he wrote them down and, not being pleased with the air, begged the author to set them to music in the style of a Scots tune, which he has done accordingly. '' In other correspondence, Burns referred to it as a "simple old Scots song which I had picked up in the country. ''
Other sources have been suggested as an inspiration for Burns. A contemporary poem, "O fare thee well, my dearest dear '', written by a Lieutenant Hinches bears a striking similarity to Burns 's verse, notably the lines which refer to "ten thousand miles '' and "Till a ' the seas gang dry, my dear ''. A ballad originating from the same period entitled "The Turtle Dove '' also contains similar lines, such as "Though I go ten thousand mile, my dear '' and "Oh, the stars will never fall down from the sky / Nor the rocks never melt with the sun ''. Of particular note is a collection of verse dating from around 1770, The Horn Fair Garland, a copy of which is thought to exist bearing an inscription "Robine Burns aught this buik and no other ''. A poem in this collection, "The loyal Lover 's faithful promise to his Sweet - heart on his going on a long journey '' also contains similar verses such as "Althou ' I go a thousand miles '' and "The day shall turn to night, dear love / And the rocks melt in the sun ''.
The lyrics of the song are simple but effective. "My luve 's like a red, red rose / That 's newly sprung in June '' describe a love that is both fresh and long lasting. David Daiches in his work describes Burns as "the greatest songwriter Britain has produced '' for his work in refurbishing and improving traditional Scots songs including "Red, Red Rose '' which he described as a "combination of tenderness and swagger. ''
Urbani published the song to an original tune that he wrote. The song appeared in Johnson 's Museum in 1797 to the tune of Niel Gow 's "Major Graham '' which was the tune that Burns wanted. In 1799, it appeared in Thomson 's Scottish Airs set to William Marshall 's Wishaw 's Favourite with the lyric "And fare thee weel awhile '' changed.
The song became more popular when Robert Archibald Smith paired it with the tune of "Low Down in the Broom '' in his Scottish Minstrel book in 1821. This has become the most popular arrangement. The song has been widely performed by a range of artists in the 20th and 21st centuries including Jean Redpath, Pat Boone, Kenneth McKellar, the Fureys, Eddi Reader, Camera Obscura, Eva Cassidy, Izzy, and Ronnie Browne of the Corries (in his solo album after Roy Williamson 's death, ' Scottish Love Songs ' (1995)).
Robert Schumann composed a setting of a German translation of Burns 's poem in 1840.
Singer and actor Pat Boone performed the song on piano in the 1959 film adaptation of A Journey to the Center of the Earth.
Modern choral arrangements include a four - part, a cappella version by David Dickau, an intimate, Irish folk music - influenced setting, also SATB a cappella, by Matthew Brown ("A Red, Red Rose, '' published by Santa Barbara Music), an accompanied SATB setting by James Mulholland as well as a broader version by American composer René Clausen. Clausen 's arrangement incorporates a piano, two violins, and a four - part chorus. (SATB) A Swedish translation and recording named "Min älskling (du är som en ros) '' was made famous by the renowned Swedish musician Evert Taube.
Carly Simon sang a solo version of "A Red, Red Rose '' on the album The Simon Sisters Sing The Lobster Quadrille And Other Songs For Children that she produced with her sister Lucy Simon. A version of Oh My Love is like a Red, Red Rose by Italian singer Ariella Uliano was performed with classical guitar accompaniment on the album Leave Only Your Footsteps Behind.
Eva Cassidy sang a slightly modified version titled "My Love 's Like A Red Red Rose '' which is featured as a live performance on her posthumous album "Somewhere ''.
The lyrics are included in the song "Final Breath '' by the post rock band Pelican on their album What We All Come to Need.
Moscow - based art - rock band "Red Red Rose '' derives its name from the poem and has a song called "RRR '' inspired by the poem.
When asked for the source of his greatest creative inspiration, American singer songwriter Bob Dylan selected Burns ' 1794 song A Red, Red Rose, as the lyrics that have had the biggest effect on his life.
The song is highly evocative, including lines describing rocks melting with the sun, and the seas running dry. Burns may have been inspired by the concept of deep time put forward a few years earlier by geologist James Hutton in his Theory of the Earth in 1789. Hutton and Burns were contemporaries, and would have mixed in similar circles in Edinburgh.
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why did the french give the united states the statue of liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia
The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.
The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas, a Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad.
Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples. Because of the post-war instability in France, work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions.
The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island. The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.
The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service. Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916.
According to the National Park Service, the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye, president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist, and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor. In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: "If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations. '' The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870. In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, "With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy. ''
According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who later recounted the story, Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired Bartholdi. Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III, Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye. Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects; in the late 1860s, he approached Isma'il Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia, a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant, robed and holding a torch aloft, at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said. Sketches and models were made of the proposed work, though it was never erected. There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes: an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun, Helios. This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet (30 m) high, and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships.
Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War, in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians, and a more liberal republic was installed in France. As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States, he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans. In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye.
Arriving at New York Harbor, Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island (now named Liberty Island) as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: "land common to all the states. '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers, Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant, who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue. Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail, and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project. But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal, and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign.
Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870. The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's, U.S. artist John LaFarge, later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio. Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France. He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians. One of these was the Lion of Belfort, a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort, which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months. The defiant lion, 73 feet (22 m) long and half that in height, displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism, which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty.
Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty. In early American history, two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation. One of these symbols, the personified Columbia, was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess, which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans. The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty, derived from Libertas, the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome, especially among emancipated slaves. A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time, and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom (1863) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building.
Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol. A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France. However, Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People (1830). In this painting, which commemorates France 's July Revolution, a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen. Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution, and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes. Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work, Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch, representing progress, for the figure to hold.
Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a pileus, the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America, was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol. He ordered that it be changed to a helmet. Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus, and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well. Instead, he used a diadem, or crown, to top its head. In so doing, he avoided a reference to Marianne, who invariably wears a pileus. The seven rays form a halo or aureole. They evoke the sun, the seven seas, and the seven continents, and represent another means, besides the torch, whereby Liberty enlightens the world.
Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept: a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty, wearing a stola and pella (gown and cloak, common in depictions of Roman goddesses) and holding a torch aloft. According to popular accounts, the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi, the sculptor 's mother, but Regis Huber, the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this, as well as other similar speculations, have no basis in fact. He designed the figure with a strong, uncomplicated silhouette, which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan. He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling, reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose. Bartholdi wrote of his technique:
The surfaces should be broad and simple, defined by a bold and clear design, accentuated in the important places. The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared. By exaggerating the forms, in order to render them more clearly visible, or by enriching them with details, we would destroy the proportion of the work. Finally, the model, like the design, should have a summarized character, such as one would give to a rapid sketch. Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study, and that the artist, concentrating his knowledge, should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity.
Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved. Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain, but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War. The erected statue does stride over a broken chain, half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground. Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand; he settled on a tabula ansata, used to evoke the concept of law. Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution, he chose to inscribe "JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet, thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty.
Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor, architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc, in the project. As chief engineer, Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue, to which the skin would be anchored. After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget, Gauthier & Co., Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin, copper sheets, and the method used to shape it, repoussé, in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers. An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume, as the copper need be only 0.094 inches (2.4 mm) thick. Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet (46 m) for the statue, double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius, both made with the same method.
By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support. In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World. The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal. The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia. French monarchists opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a senator for life. Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful, including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25, 1876, that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod. The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde, the French version of the statue 's announced name.
Despite its initial focus on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181 French municipalities. Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War. Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal. The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes, Norway, though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples. According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York, 200,000 pounds (91,000 kg) was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 128,000 pounds (58,000 kg) of copper.
Although plans for the statue had not been finalized, Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm, bearing the torch, and the head. Work began at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop. In May 1876, Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition, and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities. The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August; because of its late arrival, it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue, and while some reports correctly identified the work, others called it the "Colossal Arm '' or "Bartholdi Electric Light ''. The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest, including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi. Nevertheless, the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days, and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds. After the exhibition closed, the arm was transported to New York, where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue.
During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union. Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the "American Committee ''. One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt, the future governor of New York and president of the United States. On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.
On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair. Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered. The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000 francs had been raised.
The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc, who fell ill in 1879. He soon died, leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier. The following year, Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel. Eiffel and his structural engineer, Maurice Koechlin, decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower. Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure, which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking. A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon, then, to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days, he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps, known as "saddles '', that were riveted to the skin, providing firm support. In a labor - intensive process, each saddle had to be crafted individually. To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure, Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac.
Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction, in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing, but is instead supported by an interior framework. He included two interior spiral staircases, to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown. Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided, but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder, 40 feet (12 m) long. As the pylon tower arose, Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure. The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret.
The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly. He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island.
In a symbolic act, the first rivet placed into the skin, fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe, was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton. The skin was not, however, crafted in exact sequence from low to high; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors. Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban. By 1882, the statue was complete up to the waist, an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue. Laboulaye died in 1883. He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of the Suez Canal. The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4, 1884, and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York. The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal; by January 1885, this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage.
The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal. The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade. The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money: construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete. There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. In the years following the Civil War, most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history, rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue. There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism, even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen. Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that "M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it, and given us statue and pedestal at once. '' The New York Times stated that "no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances. '' Faced with these criticisms, the American committees took little action for several years.
The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood, a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811. Since 1823, it had rarely been used, though during the Civil War, it had served as a recruiting station. The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star. The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast, greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean. In 1881, the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal. Within months, Hunt submitted a detailed plan, indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months. He proposed a pedestal 114 feet (35 m) in height; faced with money problems, the committee reduced that to 89 feet (27 m).
Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture, including Doric portals, as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture. The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail, in order to focus attention on the statue. In form, it is a truncated pyramid, 62 feet (19 m) square at the base and 39.4 feet (12.0 m) at the top. The four sides are identical in appearance. Above the door on each side, there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states (between 1876 and 1889, there were 38 U.S. states), although this was not done. Above that, a balcony was placed on each side, framed by pillars. Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal, above which the statue itself rises. According to author Louis Auchincloss, the pedestal "craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty ''. The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work. Construction on the 15 - foot - deep (4.6 m) foundation began in 1883, and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884. In Hunt 's original conception, the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite. Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans; the final design called for poured concrete walls, up to 20 feet (6.1 m) thick, faced with granite blocks. This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford, Connecticut. The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time.
Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty. His work involved design computations, detailed fabrication and construction drawings, and oversight of construction. In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame, Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel.
Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882. The committee organized a large number of money - raising events. As part of one such effort, an auction of art and manuscripts, poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work. She initially declined, stating she could not write a poem about a statue. At the time, she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe. These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced. She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue. The resulting sonnet, "The New Colossus '', including the iconic lines "Give me your tired, your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '', is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base.
Even with these efforts, fundraising lagged. Grover Cleveland, the governor of New York, vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884. An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000, sufficient to complete the project, also failed. The New York committee, with only $3,000 in the bank, suspended work on the pedestal. With the project in jeopardy, groups from other American cities, including Boston and Philadelphia, offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it.
Joseph Pulitzer, publisher of the New York World, a New York newspaper, announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today. Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor, no matter how small the amount given. The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers, especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors. "A young girl alone in the world '' donated "60 cents, the result of self denial. '' One donor gave "five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund. '' A group of children sent a dollar as "the money we saved to go to the circus with. '' Another dollar was given by a "lonely and very aged woman. '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons. A kindergarten class in Davenport, Iowa, mailed the World a gift of $1.35. As the donations flooded in, the committee resumed work on the pedestal.
On June 17, 1885, the French steamer Isère, arrived in New York with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the ship. After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.
Even with the success of the fund drive, the pedestal was not completed until April 1886. Immediately thereafter, reassembly of the statue began. Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled. Once this was done, the sections of skin were carefully attached. Due to the width of the pedestal, it was not possible to erect scaffolding, and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections. Nevertheless, no one died during the construction. Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it; a week before the dedication, the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal, fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded. Instead, Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them. A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs. After the skin was completed, renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park, supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication.
A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28, 1886. President Grover Cleveland, the former New York governor, presided over the event. On the morning of the dedication, a parade was held in New York City; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million. President Cleveland headed the procession, then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America. General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade. The route began at Madison Square, once the venue for the arm, and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway, with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row. As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange, traders threw ticker tape from the windows, beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade.
A nautical parade began at 12: 45 p.m., and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication. De Lesseps made the first speech, on behalf of the French committee, followed by the chairman of the New York committee, Senator William M. Evarts. A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech, but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely. The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address. President Cleveland spoke next, stating that the statue 's "stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world ''. Bartholdi, observed near the dais, was called upon to speak, but he declined. Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address.
No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies, which were reserved entirely for dignitaries. The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people. The restriction offended area suffragists, who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island. The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote. A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather.
Shortly after the dedication, The Cleveland Gazette, an African American newspaper, suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation "in reality '':
"Liberty enlightening the world, '' indeed! The expression makes us sick. This government is a howling farce. It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders. Shove the Bartholdi statue, torch and all, into the ocean until the "liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family, without being ku - kluxed, perhaps murdered, his daughter and wife outraged, and his property destroyed. The idea of the "liberty '' of this country "enlightening the world, '' or even Patagonia, is ridiculous in the extreme.
When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication, it produced only a faint gleam, barely visible from Manhattan. The World characterized it as "more like a glowworm than a beacon. '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light, but this proved too expensive. The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect; in spite of its efforts, the statue remained virtually invisible at night. When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893, he made additional suggestions, all of which proved ineffective. He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue, allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design. In 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt, once a member of the New York committee, ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department, as it had proved useless as a lighthouse. A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923, after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction.
The statue rapidly became a landmark. Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight. Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty. One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled:
I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself, "Lady, you 're such a beautiful! (sic) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it, to do something, to be someone in America. '' And always that statue was on my mind.
Originally, the statue was a dull copper color, but shortly after 1900 a green patina, also called verdigris, caused by the oxidation of the copper skin, began to spread. As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue. Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion, Congress authorized US $62,800 (equivalent to $1,710,000 in 2017) for various repairs, and to paint the statue both inside and out. There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting. The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, "softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful. '' The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal.
On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City, New Jersey, in what is now part of Liberty State Park, close to Bedloe 's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated, and seven people were killed. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch - bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 (equivalent to about $2,250,000 in 2017). The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since.
That same year, Ralph Pulitzer, who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World, began a drive to raise US $30,000 (equivalent to $675,000 in 2017) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night. He claimed over 80,000 contributors, but failed to reach the goal. The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936. An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood. Gutzon Borglum, who later sculpted Mount Rushmore, redesigned the torch, replacing much of the original copper with stained glass. On December 2, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights, successfully illuminating the statue.
After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue.
In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument. The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later, when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death, glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base.
In 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service (NPS). In 1937, the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island. With the Army 's departure, the NPS began to transform the island into a park. The Works Progress Administration (WPA) demolished most of the old buildings, regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island, and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear. The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue, temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced. Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced, as well. Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal. The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938.
During World War II, the statue remained open to visitors, although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts. It was lit briefly on December 31, 1943, and on D - Day, June 6, 1944, when its lights flashed "dot - dot - dot - dash '', the Morse code for V, for victory. New, powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945, and beginning on V-E Day, the statue was once again illuminated after sunset. The lighting was for only a few hours each evening, and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night, all night. In 1946, the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away.
In 1956, an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island, a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier. The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island, which backers took as federal approval of the project, though the government was slow to grant funds for it. Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965. In 1972, the immigration museum, in the statue 's base, was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon. The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island.
In 1970, Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read "WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE! ''
Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left December 28 following a Federal Court order. The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence, opposition to abortion, and opposition to US intervention in Grenada. Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally.
A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976. The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail, a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4, 1976, and sailed around Liberty Island. The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue.
The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986. In 1982, it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration. Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure. It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure. In addition, the head had been installed 2 feet (0.61 m) off center, and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind. The armature structure was badly corroded, and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced. Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936, when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed, much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years.
In May 1982, President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission, led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca, to raise the funds needed to complete the work. Through its fundraising arm, the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., the group raised more than $350 million in donations. The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign. A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card, the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue. The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project.
In 1984, the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation. Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold, which obscured the statue from view. Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades, leaving two layers of coal tar, originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion. Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper. The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively, as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion. Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear, dubbed "moon suits '', with self - contained breathing circuits. Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired, and new copper was added where necessary. The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs, which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's; in exchange, the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing. The torch, found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations, was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch. Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead. The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one, whose flame is covered in 24 - karat gold. The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night.
The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced. Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium, an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves. To prevent the ray and arm making contact, the ray was realigned by several degrees. The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue, showing off various details. Access to the pedestal, which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s, was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation. A modern elevator was installed, allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal. An emergency elevator was installed within the statue, reaching up to the level of the shoulder.
July 3 -- 6, 1986, was designated "Liberty Weekend '', marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President François Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail, and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5. In Reagan 's dedication speech, he stated, "We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see. ''
Following the September 11 attacks, the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public. The island reopened at the end of 2001, while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits. The pedestal reopened in August 2004, but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency. The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration. New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade. On May 17, 2009, President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior, Ken Salazar, announced that as a "special gift '' to America, the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4, but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day.
The statue, including the pedestal and base, closed on October 29, 2011, for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities, such as restrooms, up to code. The statue was reopened on October 28, 2012, only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy. Although the storm did not harm the statue, it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island, severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue. On November 8, 2012, a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done. Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island, a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night. The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument, David Luchsinger, whose home on the island was severely damaged, stated that it would be "optimistically... months '' before the island was reopened to the public. The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4, 2013. Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013. For part of October 2013, Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, along with other federally funded museums, parks, monuments, construction projects and buildings. The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4, 2018, due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue.
On October 7, 2016, construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, 26,000 - square - foot (2,400 m) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019, as opposed to the current museum, which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit. The museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, will integrate with the parkland around it. Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum, and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking.
The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800. As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 - acre (0.93 ha) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory.
No charge is made for entrance to the national monument, but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use, as private boats may not dock at the island. A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, replacing Circle Line, which had operated the service since 1953. The ferries, which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan, also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public, making a combined trip possible. All ferry riders are subject to security screening, similar to airport procedures, prior to boarding. Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket. Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket, which may be reserved up to a year in advance. A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend: ten per group, three groups per hour. Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening.
There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty.
A group of statues stands at the western end of the island, honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty. Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi, Eiffel, and Laboulaye -- are depicted. They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner.
In 1984, the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The UNESCO "Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a "masterpiece of the human spirit '' that "endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation, debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty, peace, human rights, abolition of slavery, democracy and opportunity. ''
Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide. A smaller version of the statue, one - fourth the height of the original, was given by the American community in Paris to that city. It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes, facing west toward her larger sister. A replica 30 feet (9.1 m) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum. In a patriotic tribute, the Boy Scouts of America, as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952, donated about two hundred replicas of the statue, made of stamped copper and 100 inches (2.5 m) in height, to states and municipalities across the United States. Though not a true replica, the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty. Among other recreations of New York City structures, a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.
As an American icon, the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps. It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial, and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series. An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997, and it was placed on the reverse, or tails, side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins. Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill. The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino.
Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions. Between 1986 and 2000, New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue. The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo, in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball. The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey, beginning in 1997. The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four, played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex, featured the statue in its logo. The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem.
The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture. In music, it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies, as in Toby Keith 's song "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue (The Angry American) '', and in opposition, appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy, which protested the Reagan administration. In film, the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur. The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes, in which it is seen half - buried in sand. It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off. In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again, the right arm of the statue, on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park, plays a crucial role. Robert Holdstock, consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, wondered in 1979:
Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted (E) arth -- giants have uprooted it, aliens have found it curious... the symbol of Liberty, of optimism, has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future.
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where does british airways fly to in the caribbean | British Airways destinations - wikipedia
British Airways is one of few carriers serving destinations across all six inhabited continents. Following is a list of destinations the airline flies to, as of March 2017; terminated destinations are also listed. The list does not include cities served solely by affiliated regional carriers, and some terminated destinations may now be served either via franchise or through codeshare agreements with other carriers. Each destination is provided with the name of the country served, the name of the airport served, and both the International Air Transport Association (IATA) three - letter designator (IATA airport code) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) four - letter designator (ICAO airport code).
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who is eligible for the baseball hall of fame in 2018 | Baseball Hall of Fame balloting, 2018 - wikipedia
Chipper Jones
Vladimir Guerrero
Jim Thome
Trevor Hoffman
Jack Morris
Alan Trammell
Elections to the Baseball Hall of Fame for 2018 proceeded according to rules most recently amended in 2016. As in the past, the Baseball Writers ' Association of America (BBWAA) voted by mail to select from a ballot of recently retired players. The results were announced on January 24, 2018, with the BBWAA electing Chipper Jones, Vladimir Guerrero, Jim Thome, and Trevor Hoffman to the Hall of Fame. Jones and Thome were elected in their first year of eligibility.
The three voting panels that replaced the more broadly defined Veterans Committee following a 2010 rules change were replaced by a new set of four panels in 2016. The Modern Baseball Era Committee convened on December 10, 2017 to select from a ballot of retired players and non-playing personnel who made their greatest contributions to the sport between 1970 and 1987, with Jack Morris and Alan Trammell elected by this body. The formal induction ceremony was held at the Hall 's facilities in Cooperstown, New York on July 29, 2018.
The BBWAA election rules remained identical to those that were in effect for the most recent elections. The BBWAA voted at the 2016 winter meetings to make all Hall of Fame ballots public one week after the results were announced, effective with this election. However, the Hall rejected the BBWAA 's proposal, and ballots remain confidential unless individual voters choose to reveal them (which is allowed by Hall of Fame rules).
Another recent rules change, announced in 2015, tightened the qualifications for the BBWAA electorate. Beginning with the 2016 election, eligible voters must not only have 10 years of continuous BBWAA membership, but also be currently active members, or have held active status within the 10 years prior to the election. A BBWAA member who has not been active for more than 10 years can regain voting status by covering MLB in the year preceding the election. As a result of the new rule, the vote total in 2016 decreased by 109 from the previous year, to 440.
The ballot included two categories of players:
422 ballots were cast, 20 fewer than in 2017.
Voting results from 2018:
Players who were eligible for the first time in 2018 but were not on the ballot included Rod Barajas, Miguel Batista, Geoff Blum, Miguel Cairo, Aaron Cook, Francisco Cordero, Juan Cruz, Brian Fuentes, Bill Hall, Willie Harris, Nick Johnson, Adam Kennedy, Rodrigo López, Mike MacDougal, Guillermo Mota, Will Ohman, Vicente Padilla, Carl Pavano, Scott Podsednik, Juan Rivera, J.C. Romero, Brian Schneider, Ben Sheets, Jeff Suppan, Kip Wells, Dan Wheeler, and Jack Wilson.
On July 23, 2016, the Hall of Fame announced changes to the Era Committee system. The system 's timeframes were restructured to place a greater emphasis on the modern game, and to reduce the frequency at which individuals from the pre-1970 game (including Negro Leagues figures) will have their careers reviewed.
Separate 16 - member subcommittees continue to vote on individuals from different eras of baseball, with candidates still being classified by the time periods that cover their greatest contributions:
All committees ' ballots will include 10 candidates. While there was previously a one - year waiting period after elimination from annual BBWAA consideration, there is now no waiting period. At least one committee convenes every December, in the calendar year before the induction ceremony in July. The Early Baseball committee will convene decennially in years ending in 0, and the Golden Days committee will convene every five years, in years ending in 0 and 5. The Today 's Game and Modern Baseball committees alternate their meetings in that order, skipping years in which the Golden Days and Early Baseball committees meet.
Accordingly, the committees will meet in the following years as part of the elections for the next calendar year:
Additionally, the Hall of Fame has modified the criteria for consideration of active executives. Previously, active executives 65 or older were eligible for consideration by era - based committees; the lower age limit has now been raised to 70. The new criteria explicitly state that for those who meet the age cutoff, neither their positions in an organization nor their currently active status will affect their election.
On November 6, 2017, the Hall announced the 10 candidates to be considered when the Modern Baseball Era Committee met at the 2017 winter meetings near Walt Disney World on December 10, with the voting results announced immediately after the committee met. The cutoff for election and induction remained the standard 75 %, or 12 of 16 votes.
The committee consisted of the following individuals:
All candidates except Miller were living when the ballot was announced. Mattingly, Morris, Murphy, and Trammell were being considered for the first time; the others had been considered at least once by one of the predecessors to this committee. Garvey, John, Miller, Parker, and Simmons were most recently considered in 2014 by the former Expansion Era Committee, and Tiant was most recently considered by the former Golden Era Committee in 2015. Among players, Simmons was the only candidate who was not on the BBWAA ballot for the full 15 - year period formerly allowed by Hall rules; he received less than 5 % when he debuted on the BBWAA ballot in 1994 and thus did not appear on further ballots. The Hall changed the eligibility period to 10 years starting with the 2015 election, but Trammell and Mattingly (who were then past the new 10 - year cutoff) retained their original 15 - year eligibility window.
The J.G. Taylor Spink Award has been presented by the BBWAA at the annual summer induction ceremonies since 1962. Through 2010, it was awarded during the main induction ceremony, but is now given the previous day at the Hall of Fame Awards Presentation. It recognizes a sportswriter "for meritorious contributions to baseball writing ''. The recipients are not members of the Hall of Fame but are featured in a permanent exhibit at the National Baseball Museum.
The three finalists for the 2018 award were announced during the 2017 All - Star break.
Ocker was announced as the recipient during the 2017 winter meetings on December 12. He covered the Cleveland Indians for more than three decades, serving as Cleveland Indians beat reporter for the Beacon - Journal from 1981 until his retirement at the end of the 2013 season. Ocker received 168 of the 426 ballots cast (including two blanks) to Reeves ' 143 and Reusse 's 113.
Various changes in July 2016 were also made to the annual Ford C. Frick Award elections, presented annually to a preeminent baseball broadcaster since 1978. According to the Hall, the new criteria for selection are "Commitment to excellence, quality of broadcasting abilities, reverence within the game, popularity with fans, and recognition by peers. ''
Additionally, a ballot of eight candidates will now be set, down from 10 in years past. The three ballot slots previously determined by fan voting on Facebook will now be filled by a committee of historians.
A new election cycle has been established, rotating annually between Current Major League Markets (team - specific announcers) with the 2017 Frick Award; National Voices (broadcasters whose contributions were realized on a national level) with the 2018 Frick Award; and Broadcasting Beginnings (early team voices and pioneers of baseball broadcasting) with the 2019 Frick Award. This cycle will repeat every three years.
The Hall announced the following finalists for the 2018 Ford C. Frick Award on October 23, 2017.
Four finalists were members of the Hall of Fame as players -- Dean, Drysdale, Morgan, and Reese. When the ballot was announced, Buck, Costas, Michaels, and Morgan were still alive. The other four were deceased.
Costas was announced as the recipient at the 2017 winter meetings on December 13. He began his sportscasting career as a play - by - play caller for the Spirits of St. Louis in the American Basketball Association, and went from there to calling NBA and NFL games for CBS, but made his greatest mark as part of NBC 's broadcast team for its national MLB telecasts from 1982 to 2009. Costas then joined the MLB Network, where he was serving as the network 's documentary host when he was announced as the Frick Award recipient.
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when does the nba regular season start for 2018 | 2018 -- 19 NBA season - wikipedia
The 2018 -- 19 NBA season is the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The regular season began on October 16, 2018, and will end on April 10, 2019. The playoffs will begin April 13, 2019, with the NBA Finals concluding in June. The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 17, 2019, at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Free agency negotiations began on July 1. Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended.
The preseason began on September 28 and ended on October 12.
The Toronto Raptors played two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29, and second with the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10.
The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers played two preseason games in China, in Shanghai on October 5 and in Shenzhen on October 8.
The regular season began on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released on August 10, 2018.
Notes
On June 20, 2018, the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom on January 17, 2019.
On August 7, 2018, the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City. They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13, 2018, and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15, 2018.
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Week.
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Players of the Month.
The following players were named the Eastern and Western Conference Rookies of the Month.
The following coaches were named the Eastern and Western Conference Coaches of the Month.
This will be the third year of the current nine - year contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.
In April 2016, the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017 -- 18 season. Prior and during the 2017 -- 18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract. Before the 2018 -- 19 season six more teams signed such contracts:
As of October 16, 2018, three teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract: Indiana Pacers, Oklahoma City Thunder, and Washington Wizards.
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when was the first wooden baseball bat made | Baseball bat - wikipedia
A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal club used in the sport of baseball to hit the ball after it is thrown by the pitcher. By regulation it may be no more than 2.75 inches (70 mm) in diameter at the thickest part and no more than 42 inches (1,100 mm) long. Although historically bats approaching 3 pounds (1.4 kg) were swung, today bats of 33 ounces (0.94 kg) are common, topping out at 34 ounces (0.96 kg) to 36 ounces (1.0 kg).
A baseball bat is divided into several regions. The "barrel '' is the thick part of the bat, where it is meant to hit the ball. The part of the barrel best for hitting the ball, according to construction and swinging style, is often called the "sweet spot ''. The end of the barrel is called the "top '', "end '' or "cap '' of the bat. Opposite the cap, the barrel narrows until it meets the "handle ''. The handle is comparatively thin, so that batters can comfortably grip the bat in their hands. Sometimes, especially on metal bats, the handle is wrapped with a rubber or tape "grip ''. Finally, below the handle is the "knob '' of the bat, a wider piece that keeps the bat from slipping from a batter 's hands.
"Lumber '' is an often - used slang term for a bat, especially when wielded by a particularly able batter.
The "bat drop '' of a bat is its weight, in ounces, minus its length, in inches. For example, a 30 - ounce, 33 - inch - long bat has a bat drop of minus 3 (30 − 33 = − 3). Larger bat drops help to increase swing speed. Bats with smaller drops create more power.
The bat 's form has become more refined over time. In the mid-1800s, baseball batters were known to shape or whittle their own bats by hand. This allowed there to be a wide variety in shape, size, and weight. For example, there were flat bats, round bats, short bats, and fat bats. Earlier bats were known to be much heavier and larger than today 's regulated ones. During the 19th century, many shapes were experimented with, as well as handle designs. Today, bats are much more uniform in design.
Since the bat regulations were set, there have not been many major design changes in the bats.
Baseball bats are made of either wood, or a metal alloy (typically aluminum). Most wooden bats are made from ash. Other woods include maple, hickory, and bamboo. Hickory has fallen into disfavor over its greater weight, which slows down bat speed, while maple bats gained popularity following the introduction of the first major league sanctioned model in 1997. The first player to use one was Joe Carter of the Toronto Blue Jays. Barry Bonds used maple bats the seasons he broke baseball 's single - season home run record in 2001, and the career home run record in 2007. In 2010, the increased tendency of maple bats to shatter has caused Major League Baseball to examine their use, banning some models in minor league play.
Manufacturers position each bat 's label over the mechanically weaker side of the wood. To reduce chance of fracture, and maybe deliver more energy to the ball, a bat is intended to be held so the label faces sky or ground when it strikes the ball during a horizontal swing. In this orientation, the bat is considered stiffer and less likely to break.
Different types of wood will fracture differently. For bats made of ash, labels will generally be where the grain spacing is widest. For maple bats they will usually be positioned where grain is tightest.
Maple bats in particular were once known (circa 2008) to potentially shatter in a way that resulted in many sharp edges, sometimes creating more dangerous projectiles when a bat broke. Maple bat manufacture evolved significantly, in cooperation with Major League Baseball, paying special attention to grain slope, and including an ink spot test to confirm safest wood grain orientation.
Based on consistent anecdotal reports of sales at sporting goods stores, Maple appears to be displacing Ash as most popular new baseball bat material in the United States. Next and rising in popularity is Bamboo, which has more isotropic fine grain, great strength, and less weight for a bat of any given size.
Within league standards there is ample latitude for individual variation, many batters settling on their own bat profile, or one used by a successful batter. Formerly, bats were hand - turned from a template with precise calibration points; today they are machine - turned to a fixed metal template. Historically significant templates may be kept in a bat manufacturers ' vault; for example, Babe Ruth 's template, which became popular among major - league players, is R43 in the Louisville Slugger archives.
Once the basic bat has been turned, it has the manufacturer 's name, the serial number, and often the signature of the player endorsing it branded into it opposite the wood 's best side. Honus Wagner was the first player to endorse and sign a bat. Next, most bats are given a rounded head, but some 30 % of players prefer a "cup - balanced '' head, in which a cup - shaped recess is made in the head; this lightens the bat and moves its center of gravity toward the handle. Finally, the bat is stained in one of several standard colors, including natural, red, black, and two - tone blue and white.
The emerald ash borer, an exotic beetle imported accidentally from Asia, has killed more than 50 million trees and now threatens groves in New York 's Adirondack Mountains that are used to make baseball bats. Global temperature rise likely allows the beetle to survive in what was once too cold of a climate.
In the American major leagues, Rule 1.10 (a) states:
The bat shall be a smooth, round stick not more than 2.61 inches in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches in length. The bat shall be one piece of solid wood.
Bats are not allowed to be hollowed or corked -- that is, filled with an alien substance such as cork which reduces the weight. This corking is thought to increase bat speed without greatly reducing hitting power, though this idea was challenged as unlikely on the Discovery Channel series MythBusters.
Both wooden and metal alloy (generally aluminum) bats are generally permitted in amateur baseball. Metal alloy bats are generally regarded as being capable of hitting a ball faster and farther with the same power. However, increasing numbers of "wooden bat leagues '' have emerged in recent years, reflecting a trend back to wood over safety concerns and, in the case of collegiate summer baseball wood - bat leagues, to better prepare players for the professional leagues that require wood bats. Metal alloy bats can send a ball towards an unprotected pitcher 's head up to 60 ft 6 in (18.44 m) away at a velocity far too high for the pitcher to get out of the way in time. Some amateur baseball organizations enforce bat manufacturing and testing standards which attempt to limit maximum ball speed for wood and non-wood bats.
In high school baseball in the United States:
In some 12 - year - old - and - under youth leagues (such as Little League baseball), the bat may not be more than 2 ⁄ inches (57 mm) in diameter. However, in many other leagues (like PONY League Baseball, and Cal Ripken League Baseball), the bat may not be more than 2 ⁄ inches (70 mm) in diameter.
There are limitations to how much and where a baseball player may apply pine tar to a baseball bat. According to Rule 1.10 (c) of the Major League Baseball Rulebook, it is not allowed more than 18 inches up from the bottom handle. An infamous example of the rule in execution is the Pine Tar Incident on July 24, 1983. Rules 1.10 and 6.06 were later changed to reflect the intent of Major League Baseball, as exemplified by the league president 's ruling. Rule 1.10 now only requires that the bat be removed from the game if discovered after being used in a game; it no longer necessitates any change to the results of any play which may have taken place. Rule 6.06 refers only to bats that are "altered or tampered with in such a way to improve the distance factor or cause an unusual reaction on the baseball. This includes, bats that are filled, flat - surfaced, nailed, hollowed, grooved or covered with a substance such as paraffin, wax, etc. '' It no longer makes any mention of an "illegally batted ball ''. In 2001, MLB approved the use of Gorilla Gold Grip Enhancer in major and minor league games as an alternative to pine tar.
Players can be very particular about their bats. Ted Williams cleaned his bats with alcohol every night and periodically took them to the post office to weigh them. "Bats pick up condensation and dirt lying around on the ground, '' he wrote, "They can gain an ounce or more in a surprisingly short time. '' Ichiro Suzuki also takes great care that his bats do not accumulate moisture and thus gain weight: he stores his bats in humidors, one in the club house and another, a portable one, for the road. Rod Carew fought moisture by storing his bats in a box full of sawdust in the warmest part of his house. "The sawdust acts as a buffer between the bats and the environment, '' he explained, "absorbing any moisture before it can seep into the wood. ''
Many players "bone '' their bats, meaning that before games, they rub their bats repeatedly with a hard object, believing this closes the pores on the wood and hardens the bat. Animal bones are a popular boning material, but rolling pins, soda bottles and the edge of a porcelain sink have also been used. Pete Rose had his own way of hardening his bats: he soaked them in a tub of motor oil in his basement then hung them up to dry.
A fungo bat is a specially designed bat used by baseball and softball coaches for practice. The etymology of the word fungo (/ ˈfʌŋɡoʊ /) is uncertain, but the Oxford English Dictionary suggests it is derived from the Scots fung: to pitch, toss, or fling. A fungo is longer and lighter than a regulation bat, with a smaller diameter. The bat is designed to hit balls tossed up in the air by the batter, not pitched balls. Typical fungo bats are 35 to 37 inches (89 to 94 cm) long and weigh 17 to 22 ounces (480 to 620 g). Coaches hit many balls during fielding practice, and the weight and length allow the coach to hit balls repeatedly with high accuracy. The small diameter also allows coaches to easily hit pop - ups to catchers and infielders along with ground balls due to better control of the barrel of the bat.
Baseball bats are often used as a club - like weapon.
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convention on the safety of un and associated personnel | Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated personnel - wikipedia
The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel is a United Nations treaty that has the goal of protecting United Nations peacekeepers and other UN personnel.
New Zealand and Ukraine proposed such a convention in 1993, and the International Law Commission drafted the convention in 1994. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution adopting the convention on 9 December 1994.
Parties to the convention agree to criminalise the commission of murders or kidnappings of UN or association personnel as well as violent attacks against the equipment, official premises, private accommodation, or means of transport of such persons. Parties to the convention also agree to criminalise the attempted commission or threatened commission of such acts. "UN personnel '' refers to individuals engaged or deployed by the UN Secretary - General as members of the military, police, or civilian components of a UN operation; it also includes officials of the UN specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency. "Associated personnel '' includes other personnel -- such as members of non-governmental organizations -- assigned to act in an official capacity by UN personnel.
A central provision of the convention is the principle of aut dedere aut judicare -- that a party to the treaty must either (1) prosecute a person who commits an offence against UN or associated personnel or (2) send the person to another state that requests his or her extradition for prosecution of the same crime.
The convention states that the military and police components of a UN operation -- including vehicles, aircraft, and vessels -- shall bear distinctive UN identification and that all UN and associated personnel shall carry appropriate identification. The treaty also states that the UN and associated personnel shall respect and abide by the domestic laws of the host state.
By the end of 1995, the convention had been signed by 43 states and it came into force on 15 January 1999 after it had been ratified by 22 states. As of June 2016, the treaty has been ratified by 93 states, which includes 92 UN member states plus the State of Palestine. The states that signed the convention but have not yet ratified it are Haiti, Honduras, Malta, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, and the United States.
On 8 December 2005, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel was adopted by the UN General Assembly. The Optional Protocol simply expands the scope of what constitutes a "UN operation '' to include "delivering humanitarian, political or development assistance in peacebuilding '' and "delivering emergency humanitarian assistance ''. The Optional Protocol was signed by 34 states, came into force on 19 August 2010, and as of June 2016 has been ratified by 30 states.
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performers at rock and roll hall of fame | List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, established in 1983 and located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians, bands, producers, and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry, particularly in the area of rock and roll. Originally, there were four categories of induction: performers, non-performers, early influences, and lifetime achievement. In 2000, "sidemen '' was introduced as a category.
The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category. Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are then sent to 600 "rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2010, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees. As of 2017, new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland; prior to that, the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland, New York, and Los Angeles.
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals, nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock, ignoring entire rock genres, and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters. The Sex Pistols, who were inducted in 2006, refused to attend the ceremony; John Lydon writing a note, read out by Jann Wenner, calling the museum a "piss stain. ''
The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll. '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees. In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this, '' said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result. ''
^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.
^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.
^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.
^ Note 4. Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall 's history to not have an official induction speaker. Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself.
Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists. '' Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy '' Jones. ^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R.H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E.A. Rundless. ^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp. ^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody '' Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin. ^ E. Nominated as a performer. ^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr
The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll. '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee. This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria. In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award ''.
This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers. ''
^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.
At the 2018 ceremony, a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt. According to Van Zandt, the category is "a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock ' n ' roll, kind of a rock ' n ' roll jukebox, records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall. They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment. ''
Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert. '' A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees. In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence ''. According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized. ''
The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category. ''
As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds. Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010.
One inducted band was a spinoff of another inducted band: Journey was founded by two former members of Santana.
The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years (1987 / 88 for McPhatter, 1992 / 93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000).
The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.
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yeh rishta kya kehlata hai 8 february ka full episode | Hina Khan (actress) - Wikipedia
Hina Khan (born on 2 October 1987) is an Indian television actress. She played the role of Akshara in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai. She is one of the highest - paid actresses in Indian Television Industry. Khan was the 1st runner - up in reality shows Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 and Bigg Boss 11 which were telecasted on Colors TV.
Khan was born in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. She belongs to a family of 4 - her parents, herself and her younger brother Aamir Khan, who is the owner of a travel agency company. She completed her Master of Business Administration (MBA) in 2009 at the CCA School of Management, Gurgaon, Delhi.
Khan is dating her former Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Supervisor producer Rocky Jaiswal since 2014. She confirmed on Bigg Boss 11 that she suffers from asthma.
Khan made her television debut in 2009, when she starred on Indian soap opera Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai as Akshara. After 8 long years, she decided quit the show in 2016 to pursue other projects. She was named in the Top 50 Sexiest Asian Women List by Eastern Eye in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017. In 2014, she was listed eight among the "35 Hottest Actresses In Indian Television '' by MensXP.com, an Indian lifestyle website for men. She was included in fourth place on "Television 's Top 10 Actresses '' list by Rediff. In 2017, she joined Colors TVs Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi Season 8 as a contestant where she finished up as the 1st runner up. On September 30, she entered the Bigg Boss 11 house as a celebrity contestant. She became the first runner up of the show. Khan earned the title of Sher Khan in Bigg Boss 11. In November 2017, she was named the most loved contestant on Bigg Boss 11 house by Ormax Media. On December 25, She was named one of the Top 30 TV Personality of 2017 by Sabras Radio. She was also named the Most Favorite Actress of 2017 by Biz Asia. Including winning the Pinkvilla 's award for the Most Stylish TV Actress of 2017. On January 25, 2018, she won the Most Stylish TV Personality Award at the Hindustan Times Style Awards. On Feb 2, 2018, she debuted as a showstopper on Lakme Fashion Week for the Kolkata - based label Osaa by Adarsh.
In late February 2018, she wrapped up the shooting of a Punjabi music video with Sonu Thukral which is set to release in March 2018. In the same year, she became the victim of troll for posting the image of her teddybear named ' Pooh ' which she have lost it when saving her co-contastant Luv Tyagi during the task in Bigg Boss. Again, she was trolled for her Dubai photos which she posted on Twitter, but this time, she also replied to trollers. On 7th March 2018, a day before Women 's Day, Hina also received a "Power Woman '' award at Power Women Fiesta Awards 2018. In March 2018, she appeared on the magazine cover of Fitlook magazine for March issue. On March 31st, it was announced that she has signed on to make her digital debut with Ankoosh Bhatt 's short film ' SmartPhone ' opposite actor Kunaal Roy Kapur. On April 2nd, she walked the ramp for Streax Professional in Mumbai for marigold collection. On April 21st, Hina Was awarded "Dada Saheb Phalke Excellence Award '' for the Best Entertainer in Reality Show Bigg Boss.
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when does episode 2 of american horror story season 7 air | List of American Horror Story episodes - wikipedia
American Horror Story (often abbreviated AHS) is an American anthology horror television series created and produced by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk which premiered on October 5, 2011 on FX. Described as an anthology series, each season is conceived as a mostly self - contained miniseries, following a disparate set of characters and settings, and a storyline with its own "beginning, middle, and end. ''
In October 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh season titled Cult, which premiered on September 5, 2017 on FX. In January 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season. As of November 14, 2017, 84 episodes of American Horror Story have aired, concluding the seventh season.
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which phase attaches spindle fibers to the chromosomes at the middle of the cell | Spindle apparatus - wikipedia
In cell biology, the spindle apparatus (or mitotic spindle) refers to the cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells. It is referred to as the mitotic spindle during mitosis, a process that produces genetically identical daughter cells, or the meiotic spindle during meiosis, a process that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
Besides chromosomes, the spindle apparatus is composed of hundreds of proteins. Microtubules comprise the most abundant components of the machinery.
Attachment of microtubules to chromosomes is mediated by kinetochores, which actively monitor spindle formation and prevent premature anaphase onset. Microtubule polymerization and depolymerization dynamics drive chromosome congression. Depolymerization of microtubules generates tension at kinetochores; bipolar attachment of sister kinetochores to microtubules emanating from opposite cell poles couples opposing tension forces, aligning chromosomes at the cell equator and poising them for segregation to daughter cells. Once every chromosome is bi-oriented, anaphase commences and cohesin, which couples sister chromatids, is severed, permitting the transit of the sister chromatids to opposite poles.
The cellular spindle apparatus includes the spindle microtubules, associated proteins, which include kinesin and dynein molecular motors, condensed chromosomes, and any centrosomes or asters that may be present at the spindle poles depending on the cell type. The spindle apparatus is vaguely ellipsoid in cross section and tapers at the ends. In the wide middle portion, known as the spindle midzone, antiparallel microtubules are bundled by kinesins. At the pointed ends, known as spindle poles, microtubules are nucleated by the centrosomes in most animal cells. Acentrosomal or anastral spindles lack centrosomes or asters at the spindle poles, respectively, and occur for example during female meiosis in most animals. In this instance, a Ran GTP gradient is the main regulator of spindle microtubule organization and assembly. In fungi, spindles form between spindle pole bodies embedded in the nuclear envelope, which does not break down during mitosis.
The dynamic lengthening and shortening of spindle microtubules, through a process known as dynamic instability determines to a large extent the shape of the mitotic spindle and promotes the proper alignment of chromosomes at the spindle midzone. Microtubule - associated proteins (MAPs) associate with microtubules at the midzone and the spindle poles to regulate their dynamics. γ - tubulin is a specialized tubulin variant that assembles into a ring complex called γ - TuRC which nucleates polymerization of α / β tubulin heterodimers into microtubules. Recruitment of γ - TuRC to the pericentrosomal region stabilizes microtubule minus - ends and anchors them near the microtubule - organizing center. The microtubule - associated protein Augmin acts in conjunction with γ - TURC to nucleate new microtubules off of existing microtubules.
The growing ends of microtubules are protected against catastrophe by the action of plus - end microtubule tracking proteins (+ TIPs) to promote their association with kinetochores at the midzone. CLIP170 was shown to localize near microtubule plus - ends in HeLa cells and to accumulate in kinetochores during prometaphase. Although how CLIP170 recognizes plus - ends remains unclear, it has been shown that its homologues protect against catastrophe and promote rescue, suggesting a role for CLIP170 in stabilizing plus - ends and possibly mediating their direct attachment to kinetochores. CLIP - associated proteins like CLASP1 in humans have also been shown to localize to plus - ends and the outer kinetochore as well as to modulate the dynamics of kinetochore microtubules (Maiato 2003). CLASP homologues in Drosophila, Xenopus, and yeast are required for proper spindle assembly; in mammals, CLASP1 and CLASP2 both contribute to proper spindle assembly and microtubule dynamics in anaphase. Plus - end polymerization may be further moderated by the EB1 protein, which directly binds the growing ends of microtubules and coordinates the binding of other + TIPs.
Opposing the action of these microtubule - stabilizing proteins are a number of microtubule - depolymerizing factors which permit the dynamic remodeling of the mitotic spindle to promote chromosome congression and attainment of bipolarity. The kinesin - 13 superfamily of MAPs contains a class of plus - end - directed motor proteins with associated microtubule depolymerization activity including the well - studied mammalian MCAK and Xenopus XKCM1. MCAK localizes to the growing tips of microtubules at kinetochores where it can trigger catastrophe in direct competition with stabilizing + TIP activity. These proteins harness the energy of ATP hydrolysis to induce destabilizing conformational changes in protofilament structure that cause kinesin release and microtubule depolymerization. Loss of their activity results in numerous mitotic defects. Additional microtubule destabilizing proteins include Op18 / stathmin and katanin which have roles in remodeling the mitotic spindle as well as promoting chromosome segregation during anaphase.
The activities of these MAPs are carefully regulated to maintain proper microtubule dynamics during spindle assembly, with many of these proteins serving as Aurora and Polo - like kinase substrates.
In a properly formed mitotic spindle, bi-oriented chromosomes are aligned along the equator of the cell with spindle microtubules oriented roughly perpendicular to the chromosomes, their plus - ends embedded in kinetochores and their minus - ends anchored at the cell poles. The precise orientation of this complex is required to ensure accurate chromosome segregation and to specify the cell division plane. However, it remains unclear how the spindle becomes organized. Two models predominate the field, which are synergistic and not mutually exclusive. In the search - and - capture model, the spindle is predominantly organized by the poleward separation of centrosomal microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Spindle microtubules emanate from centrosomes and ' seek ' out kinetochores; when they bind a kinetochore they become stabilized and exert tension on the chromosomes. In an alternative self assembly model, microtubules undergo acentrosomal nucleation among the condensed chromosomes. Constrained by cellular dimensions, lateral associations with antiparallel microtubules via motor proteins, and end - on attachments to kinetochores, microtubules naturally adopt a spindle - like structure with chromosomes aligned along the cell equator.
In this model, microtubules are nucleated at microtubule organizing centers and undergo rapid growth and catastrophe to ' search ' the cytoplasm for kinetochores. Once they bind a kinetochore, they are stabilized and their dynamics are reduced. The newly mono - oriented chromosome oscillates in space near the pole to which it is attached until a microtubule from the opposite pole binds the sister kinetochore. This second attachment further stabilizes kinetochore attachment to the mitotic spindle. Gradually, the bi-oriented chromosome is pulled towards the center of the cell until microtubule tension is balanced on both sides of the centromere; the congressed chromosome then oscillates at the metaphase plate until anaphase onset releases cohesion of the sister chromatids.
In this model, microtubule organizing centers are localized to the cell poles, their separation driven by microtubule polymerization and ' sliding ' of antiparallel spindle microtubules with respect to one another at the spindle midzone mediated by bipolar, plus - end - directed kinesins. Such sliding forces may account not only for spindle pole separation early in mitosis, but also spindle elongation during late anaphase.
In contrast to the search - and - capture mechanism in which centrosomes largely dictate the organization of the mitotic spindle, this model proposes that microtubules are nucleated acentrosomally near chromosomes and spontaneously assemble into anti-parallel bundles and adopt a spindle - like structure. Classic experiments by Heald and Karsenti show that functional mitotic spindles and nuclei form around DNA - coated beads incubated in Xenopus egg extracts and that bipolar arrays of microtubules are formed in the absence of centrosomes and kinetochores. Indeed, it has also been shown that laser ablation of centrosomes in vertebrate cells inhibits neither spindle assembly nor chromosome segregation. Under this scheme, the shape and size of the mitotic spindle are a function of the biophysical properties of the cross-linking motor proteins.
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase Ran (Regulator of chromosome condensation 1 or RCC1) is attached to nucleosomes via core histones H2A and H2B. Thus, a gradient of GTP - bound Ran is generated around the vicinity of mitotic chromatin. Glass beads coated with RCC1 induce microtubule nucleation and bipolar spindle formation in Xenopus egg extracts, revealing that the Ran GTP gradient alone is sufficient for spindle assembly. The gradient triggers release of spindle assembly factors (SAFs) from inhibitory interactions via the transport proteins importin β / α. The unbound SAFs then promote microtubule nucleation and stabilization around mitotic chromatin, and spindle bipolarity is organized by microtubule motor proteins.
Spindle assembly is largely regulated by phosphorylation events catalyzed by mitotic kinases. Cyclin dependent kinase complexes (CDKs) are activated by mitotic cyclins, whose translation increases during mitosis. CDK1 (also called CDC2) is considered the main mitotic kinase in mammalian cells and is activated by Cyclin B1. Aurora kinases are required for proper spindle assembly and separation. Aurora A associates with centrosomes and is believed to regulate mitotic entry. Aurora B is a member of the chromosomal passenger complex and mediates chromosome - microtubule attachment and sister chromatid cohesion. Polo - like kinase, also known as PLK, especially PLK1 has important roles in the spindle maintenance by regulating microtubule dynamics.
By the end of DNA replication, sister chromatids are bound together in an amorphous mass of tangled DNA and protein that would be virtually impossible to partition into each daughter cell. To avoid this problem, mitotic entry triggers a dramatic reorganization of the duplicated genome. Sister chromatids are disentangled and resolved from one another. Chromosomes also shorten in length, up to 10,000 fold in animal cells, in a process called condensation. Condensation begins in prophase and chromosomes are maximally compacted into rod - shaped structures by the time they are aligned in the middle of the spindle at metaphase. This gives mitotic chromosomes the classic "X '' shape seen in karyotypes, with each condensed sister chromatid linked along their lengths by cohesin proteins and joined, often near the center, at the centromere.
While these dynamic rearrangements are vitally important to ensure accurate and high - fidelity segregation of the genome, our understanding of mitotic chromosome structure remains largely incomplete. A few specific molecular players have been identified, however: Topoisomerase II uses ATP hydrolysis to catalyze decatenation of DNA entanglements, promoting sister chromatid resolution. Condensins are 5 - subunit complexes that also use ATP - hydrolysis to promote chromosome condensation. Experiments in Xenopus egg extracts have also implicated linker Histone H1 as an important regulator of mitotic chromosome compaction.
The completion of spindle formation is a crucial transition point in the cell cycle called the spindle assembly checkpoint. If chromosomes are not properly attached to the mitotic spindle by the time of this checkpoint, the onset of anaphase will be delayed. Failure of this spindle assembly checkpoint can result in aneuploidy and may be involved in aging and the formation of cancer.
Cell division orientation is of major importance for tissue architecture, cell fates and morphogenesis. Cells tend to divide along their long axis according to the so - called Hertwig rule. The axis of cell division is determined by the orientation of the spindle apparatus. Cells divide along the line connecting two centrosomes of the spindle apparatus. After formation, the spindle apparatus undergoes rotation inside the cell. The astral microtubules originating from centrosomes reach the cell membrane where they are pulled towards specific cortical clues. In vitro, the distribution of cortical clues is set up by the adhesive pattern. In vivo polarity cues are determined by localization of Tricellular junctions localized at cell vertices. The spatial distribution of cortical clues leads to the force fieldd that determine final spindle apparatus orientation and the subsequent orientation of cell division.
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an indicator of growth in an economy over a period of time is the | Economic growth - wikipedia
Economic growth is the increase in the inflation - adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time. It is conventionally measured as the percent rate of increase in real gross domestic product, or real GDP.
Growth is usually calculated in real terms -- i.e., inflation - adjusted terms -- to eliminate the distorting effect of inflation on the price of goods produced. Measurement of economic growth uses national income accounting. Since economic growth is measured as the annual percent change of gross domestic product (GDP), it has all the advantages and drawbacks of that measure. The economic growth rates of nations is commonly compared using the ratio of the GDP to population or per - capita income.
The "rate of economic growth '' refers to the geometric annual rate of growth in GDP between the first and the last year over a period of time. Implicitly, this growth rate is the trend in the average level of GDP over the period, which implicitly ignores the fluctuations in the GDP around this trend.
An increase in economic growth caused by more efficient use of inputs (such as labor productivity, physical capital, energy or materials) is referred to as intensive growth. GDP growth caused only by increases in the amount of inputs available for use (increased population, new territory) is called extensive growth.
The economic growth rate is calculated from data on GDP estimated by countries _́ statistical agencies. The rate of growth of GDP / capita is calculated from data on GDP and people for the initial and final periods included in the analysis.
In national income accounting, per capita output can be calculated using the following factors: output per unit of labor input (labor productivity), hours worked (intensity), the percentage of the working age population actually working (participation rate) and the proportion of the working - age population to the total population (demography). "The rate of change of GDP / population is the sum of the rates of change of these four variables plus their cross products. ''
Increases in labor productivity (the ratio of the value of output to labor input) have historically been the most important source of real per capita economic growth. "In a famous estimate, MIT Professor Robert Solow concluded that technological progress has accounted for 80 percent of the long - term rise in U.S. per capita income, with increased investment in capital explaining only the remaining 20 percent. ''
(Note: There are various measures of productivity. The term used here applies to a broad measure of productivity. By contrast, Total factor productivity (TFP) growth measures the change in total output relative to the change in capital and labor inputs. Many of the cited references use TFP.) Increases in productivity lower the real cost of goods. Over the 20th century the real price of many goods fell by over 90 %.
Economic growth has traditionally been attributed to the accumulation of human and physical capital and the increase in productivity arising from technological innovation.
Before industrialization technological progress resulted in an increase in the population, which was kept in check by food supply and other resources, which acted to limit per capita income, a condition known as the Malthusian trap. The rapid economic growth that occurred during the Industrial Revolution was remarkable because it was in excess of population growth, providing an escape from the Malthusian trap. Countries that industrialized eventually saw their population growth slow down, a phenomenon known as the demographic transition.
Increases in productivity are the major factor responsible for per capita economic growth -- this has been especially evident since the mid-19th century. Most of the economic growth in the 20th century was due to increased output per unit of labor, materials, energy, and land (less input per widget). The balance of the growth in output has come from using more inputs. Both of these changes increase output. The increased output included more of the same goods produced previously and new goods and services.
During the Industrial Revolution, mechanization began to replace hand methods in manufacturing, and new processes streamlined production of chemicals, iron, steel, and other products. Machine tools made the economical production of metal parts possible, so that parts could be interchangeable. See: Interchangeable parts.
During the Second Industrial Revolution, a major factor of productivity growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor. Also there was a great increase in power as steam powered electricity generation and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and water power. Since that replacement, the great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in energy conversion efficiency. Other major historical sources of productivity were automation, transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads, and highways), new materials (steel) and power, which includes steam and internal combustion engines and electricity. Other productivity improvements included mechanized agriculture and scientific agriculture including chemical fertilizers and livestock and poultry management, and the Green Revolution. Interchangeable parts made with machine tools powered by electric motors evolved into mass production, which is universally used today.
Great sources of productivity improvement in the late 19th century were railroads, steam ships, horse - pulled reapers and combine harvesters, and steam - powered factories. The invention of processes for making cheap steel were important for many forms of mechanization and transportation. By the late 19th century both prices and weekly work hours fell because less labor, materials, and energy were required to produce and transport goods. However, real wages rose, allowing workers to improve their diet, buy consumer goods and afford better housing.
Mass production of the 1920s created overproduction, which was arguably one of several causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Following the Great Depression, economic growth resumed, aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services, such as automobiles, telephones, radios, electricity and household appliances. New goods and services included television, air conditioning and commercial aviation (after 1950), creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week. The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post World War II growth, as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries. The post World War II economy also benefited from the discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world, particularly in the Middle East. By John W. Kendrick 's estimate, three - quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity.
Economic growth in the United States slowed down after 1973. In contrast growth in Asia has been strong since then, starting with Japan and spreading to Korea, China, the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia. In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana, and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana 's. The Japanese economic growth has slackened considerably since the late 1980s.
Productivity in the United States grew at an increasing rate throughout the 19th century and was most rapid in the early to middle decades of the 20th century. US productivity growth spiked towards the end of the century in 1996 -- 2004, due to an acceleration in the rate of technological innovation known as Moore 's law. After 2004 U.S. productivity growth returned to the low levels of 1972 -- 96.
The work week declined considerably over the 19th century. By the 1920s the average work week in the U.S. was 49 hours, but the work week was reduced to 40 hours (after which overtime premium was applied) as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933.
Demographic factors may influence growth by changing the employment to population ratio and the labor force participation rate. Industrialization creates a demographic transition in which birth rates decline and the average age of the population increases.
Women with fewer children and better access market employment tend to join the labor force in higher percentages. There is a reduced demand for child labor and children spend more years in school. The increase in the percentage of women in the labor force in the U.S. contributed to economic growth, as did the entrance of the baby boomers into the work force. See: Spending wave
"As institutions influence behavior and incentives in real life, they forge the success or failure of nations. ''
In economics and economic history, the transition to capitalism from earlier economic systems was enabled by the adoption of government policies that facilitated commerce and gave individuals more personal and economic freedom. These included new laws favorable to the establishment of business, including contract law and laws providing for the protection of private property, and the abolishment of anti-usury laws. When property rights are less certain, transaction costs can increase, hindering economic development. Enforcement of contractual rights is necessary for economic development because it determines the rate and direction of investments. When the rule of law is absent or weak, the enforcement of property rights depends on threats of violence, which causes bias against new firms because they can not demonstrate reliability to their customers.
Much of this literature was built on the success story of the British state that after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 combined high fiscal capacity with constraints on the power of the king generating some respect for the rule of law. However, others have questioned that this institutional formula is not so easily replicable elsewhere as a change in the Constitution -- and the type of institutions created by that change -- does not necessarily create a change in political power if the economic powers of that society are not aligned with the new set of rule of law institutions. In England, a dramatic increase in the state 's fiscal capacity followed the creation of constraints on the crown, but elsewhere in Europe, increases in state capacity happened before major rule of law reforms.
There are many different ways through which states achieved state (fiscal) capacity and this different capacity accelerated or hindered their economic development. Thanks to the underlying homogeneity of its land and people, England was able to achieve a unified legal and fiscal system since the Middle Ages that enabled it to substantially increase the taxes it raised after 1689. On the other hand, the French experience of state building faced much stronger resistance from local feudal powers keeping it legally and fiscally fragmented until the French Revolution despite significant increases in state capacity during the seventeenth century. Furthermore, Prussia and the Habsburg empire -- much more heterogeneous states than England -- were able to increase state capacity during the eighteenth century without constraining the powers of the executive. Nevertheless, it is unlikely that a country will generate institutions that respect property rights and the rule of law without having had first intermediate fiscal and political institutions that create incentives for elites to support them. Many of these intermediate level institutions relied on informal private - order arrangements that combined with public - order institutions associated with states, to lay the foundations of modern rule of law states.
In many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system. In many urban areas the poor "invade '' private or government land to build their houses, so they do not hold title to these properties. Much unregistered property is held in informal form through various property associations and other arrangements. Reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building. In some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land. Other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency.
Not having clear legal title to property limits its potential to be used as collateral to secure loans, depriving many poor countries one of their most important potential sources of capital. Unregistered businesses and lack of accepted accounting methods are other factors that limit potential capital.
Businesses and individuals participating in unreported business activity and owners of unregistered property face costs such as bribes and pay - offs that offset much of any taxes avoided.
"Democracy Does Cause Growth, '' according to Acemoglu et al. Specifically, "democracy increases future GDP by encouraging investment, increasing schooling, inducing economic reforms, improving public goods provision, and reducing social unrest. ''
Capital in economics ordinarily refers to physical capital, which consists of structures and equipment used in business (machinery, factory equipment, computers and office equipment, construction equipment, business vehicles, etc.). Up to a point increases in the amount of capital per worker are an important cause of economic output growth. Capital is subject to diminishing returns because of the amount that can be effectively invested and because of the growing burden of depreciation.
In the development of economic theory the distribution of income was considered to be between labor and the owners of land and capital.
In recent decades there have been several Asian countries with high rates of economic growth driven by capital investment.
Another major cause of economic growth is the introduction of new products and services and the improvement of existing products. New products create demand, which is necessary to offset the decline in employment that occurs through labor saving technology.
Economic growth in the U.S. and other developed countries went through phases that affected growth through changes in the labor force participation rate and the relative sizes of economic sectors. The transition from an agricultural economy to manufacturing increased the size of the sector with high output per hour (the high - productivity manufacturing sector), while reducing the size of the sector with lower output per hour (the lower productivity agricultural sector). Eventually high productivity growth in manufacturing reduced the sector size, as prices fell and employment shrank relative to other sectors. The service and government sectors, where output per hour and productivity growth is low, saw increases in their shares of the economy and employment during the 1990s. The public sector has since contracted, while the service economy expanded in the 2000s.
In classical (Ricardian) economics, the theory of production and the theory of growth are based on the theory or law of variable proportions, whereby increasing either of the factors of production (labor or capital), while holding the other constant and assuming no technological change, will increase output, but at a diminishing rate that eventually will approach zero. These concepts have their origins in Thomas Malthus 's theorizing about agriculture. Malthus 's examples included the number of seeds harvested relative to the number of seeds planted (capital) on a plot of land and the size of the harvest from a plot of land versus the number of workers employed. See: Diminishing returns
Criticisms of classical growth theory are that technology, an important factor in economic growth, is held constant and that economies of scale are ignored.
Natural rate of growth:
According to Prof. Harrod, Natural growth rate which is the maximum rate of growth allowed by the increase of variables like population growth, technological improvement & growth in natural resources.
In fact, Natural growth rate is the highest attainable growth rate which would bring about the fullest possible employment of the resources existing in the economy.
Robert Solow and Trevor Swan developed what eventually became the main model used in growth economics in the 1950s. This model assumes that there are diminishing returns to capital and labor. Capital accumulates through investment, but its level or stock continually decreases due to depreciation. Due to the diminishing returns to capital, with increases in capital / worker and absent technological progress, economic output / worker eventually reaches a point where capital per worker and economic output / worker remain constant because annual investment in capital equals annual depreciation. This condition is called the ' steady state '.
In the Solow - Swan model if productivity increases through technological progress, then output / worker increases even when the economy is in the steady state. If productivity increases at a constant rate, output / worker also increases at a related steady - state rate. As a consequence, growth in the model can occur either by increasing the share of GDP invested or through technological progress. But at whatever share of GDP invested, capital / worker eventually converges on the steady state, leaving the growth rate of output / worker determined only by the rate of technological progress. As a consequence, with world technology available to all and progressing at a constant rate, all countries have the same steady state rate of growth. Each country has a different level of GDP / worker determined by the share of GDP it invests, but all countries have the same rate of economic growth. Implicitly in this model rich countries are those that have invested a high share of GDP for a long time. Poor countries can become rich by increasing the share of GDP they invest. One important prediction of the model, mostly borne out by the data, is that of conditional convergence; the idea that poor countries will grow faster and catch up with rich countries as long as they have similar investment (and saving) rates and access to the same technology.
The Solow - Swan model is considered an "exogenous '' growth model because it does not explain why countries invest different shares of GDP in capital nor why technology improves over time. Instead the rate of investment and the rate of technological progress are exogenous. The value of the model is that it predicts the pattern of economic growth once these two rates are specified. Its failure to explain the determinants of these rates is one of its limitations.
Although the rate of investment in the model is exogenous, under certain conditions the model implicitly predicts convergence in the rates of investment across countries. In a global economy with a global financial capital market, financial capital flows to the countries with the highest return on investment. In the Solow - Swan model countries with less capital / worker (poor countries) have a higher return on investment due to the diminishing returns to capital. As a consequence, capital / worker and output / worker in a global financial capital market should converge to the same level in all countries. Since historically financial capital has not flowed to the countries with less capital / worker, the basic Solow - Swan model has a conceptual flaw. Beginning in the 1990s, this flaw has been addressed by adding additional variables to the model that can explain why some countries are less productive than others and, therefore, do not attract flows of global financial capital even though they have less (physical) capital / worker.
Growth theory advanced again with theories of economist Paul Romer and Robert Lucas, Jr. in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Unsatisfied with the assumption of exogenous technological progress in the Solow - Swan model, economists worked to "endogenize '' technology in the 1980s. They developed the endogenous growth theory that includes a mathematical explanation of technological advancement. This model also incorporated a new concept of human capital, the skills and knowledge that make workers productive. Unlike physical capital, human capital has increasing rates of return. Research done in this area has focused on what increases human capital (e.g. education) or technological change (e.g. innovation).
Unified growth theory was developed by Oded Galor and his co-authors to address the inability of endogenous growth theory to explain key empirical regularities in the growth processes of individual economies and the world economy as a whole. Endogenous growth theory was satisfied with accounting for empirical regularities in the growth process of developed economies over the last hundred years. As a consequence, it was not able to explain the qualitatively different empirical regularities that characterized the growth process over longer time horizons in both developed and less developed economies. Unified growth theories are endogenous growth theories that are consistent with the entire process of development, and in particular the transition from the epoch of Malthusian stagnation that had characterized most of the process of development to the contemporary era of sustained economic growth.
One popular theory in the 1940s was the Big Push, which suggested that countries needed to jump from one stage of development to another through a virtuous cycle, in which large investments in infrastructure and education coupled with private investments would move the economy to a more productive stage, breaking free from economic paradigms appropriate to a lower productivity stage. The idea was revived and formulated rigorously, in the late 1980s by Kevin Murphy, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny.
Schumpeterian growth is an economic theory named after the 20th - century Austrian economist Joseph Schumpeter. The approach explains growth as a consequence of innovation and a process of creative destruction that captures the dual nature of technological progress: in terms of creation, entrepreneurs introduce new products or processes in the hope that they will enjoy temporary monopoly - like profits as they capture markets. In doing so, they make old technologies or products obsolete. This can be seen as an annulment of previous technologies, which makes them obsolete, and "... destroys the rents generated by previous innovations. '' (Aghion 855) A major model that illustrates Schumpeterian growth is the Aghion - Howitt model.
According to Acemoğlu, Simon Johnson and James Robinson, the positive correlation between high income and cold climate is a by - product of history. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where these colonizers faced high mortality rates (e.g., due to the presence of tropical diseases), they could not settle permanently, and they were thus more likely to establish extractive institutions, which persisted after independence; in places where they could settle permanently (e.g. those with temperate climates), they established institutions with this objective in mind and modeled them after those in their European homelands. In these ' neo-Europes ' better institutions in turn produced better development outcomes. Thus, although other economists focus on the identity or type of legal system of the colonizers to explain institutions, these authors look at the environmental conditions in the colonies to explain institutions. For instance, former colonies have inherited corrupt governments and geo - political boundaries (set by the colonizers) that are not properly placed regarding the geographical locations of different ethnic groups, creating internal disputes and conflicts that hinder development. In another example, societies that emerged in colonies without solid native populations established better property rights and incentives for long - term investment than those where native populations were large.
Many theoretical and empirical analyses of economic growth attribute a major role to a country 's level of human capital, defined as the skills of the population or the work force. Human capital has been included in both neoclassical and endogenous growth models.
A country 's level of human capital is difficult to measure, since it is created at home, at school, and on the job. Economists have attempted to measure human capital using numerous proxies, including the population 's level of literacy, its level of numeracy, its level of book production / capita, its average level of formal schooling, its average test score on international tests, and its cumulative depreciated investment in formal schooling. The most commonly - used measure of human capital is the level (average years) of school attainment in a country, building upon the data development of Robert Barro and Jong - Wha Lee. This measure is widely used because Barro and Lee provide data for numerous countries in five - year intervals for a long period of time.
One problem with the schooling attainment measure is that the amount of human capital acquired in a year of schooling is not the same at all levels of schooling and is not the same in all countries. This measure also presumes that human capital is only developed in formal schooling, contrary to the extensive evidence that families, neighborhoods, peers, and health also contribute to the development of human capital. Despite these potential limitations, Theodore Breton has shown that this measure can represent human capital in log - linear growth models because across countries GDP / adult has a log - linear relationship to average years of schooling, which is consistent with the log - linear relationship between workers ' personal incomes and years of schooling in the Mincer model.
Eric Hanushek and Dennis Kimko introduced measures of students ' mathematics and science skills from international assessments into growth analysis. They found that this measure of human capital was very significantly related to economic growth. Eric Hanushek and Ludger Woessmann have extended this analysis. Theodore Breton shows that the correlation between economic growth and students ' average test scores in Hanushek and Woessmann 's analyses is actually due to the relationship in countries with less than eight years of schooling. He shows that economic growth is not correlated with average scores in more educated countries. Hanushek and Woessmann further investigate whether the relationship of knowledge capital to economic growth is causal. They show that the level of students ' cognitive skills can explain the slow growth in Latin America and the rapid growth in East Asia.
Energy economic theories hold that rates of energy consumption and energy efficiency are linked causally to economic growth. A fixed relationship between historical rates of global energy consumption and the historical accumulation of global economic wealth has been observed. Increases in energy efficiency were a portion of the increase in Total factor productivity. Some of the most technologically important innovations in history involved increases in energy efficiency. These include the great improvements in efficiency of conversion of heat to work, the reuse of heat, the reduction in friction and the transmission of power, especially through electrification. "Electricity consumption and economic growth are strongly correlated ''. "Per capita electric consumption correlates almost perfectly with economic development. ''
Over long periods of time, even small rates of growth, such as a 2 % annual increase, have large effects. For example, the United Kingdom experienced a 1.97 % average annual increase in its inflation - adjusted GDP between 1830 and 2008. In 1830, the GDP was 41,373 million pounds. It grew to 1,330,088 million pounds by 2008. A growth rate that averaged 1.97 % over 178 years resulted in a 32-fold increase in GDP by 2008.
The large impact of a relatively small growth rate over a long period of time is due to the power of exponential growth. The rule of 72, a mathematical result, states that if something grows at the rate of x % per year, then its level will double every 72 / x years. For example, a growth rate of 2.5 % per annum leads to a doubling of the GDP within 28.8 years, whilst a growth rate of 8 % per year leads to a doubling of GDP within 9 years. Thus, a small difference in economic growth rates between countries can result in very different standards of living for their populations if this small difference continues for many years.
One theory that relates economic growth with quality of life is the "Threshold Hypothesis, '' which states that economic growth up to a point brings with it an increase in quality of life. But at that point -- called the threshold point -- further economic growth can bring with it a deterioration in quality of life. This results in an upside - down - U-shaped curve, where the vertex of the curve represents the level of growth that should be targeted. Happiness has been shown to increase with a higher GDP per capita, at least up to a level of $15,000 per person.
Economic growth has the indirect potential to alleviate poverty, as a result of a simultaneous increase in employment opportunities and increased labor productivity. A study by researchers at the Overseas Development Institute (ODI) of 24 countries that experienced growth found that in 18 cases, poverty was alleviated.
In some instances, quality of life factors such as healthcare outcomes and educational attainment, as well as social and political liberties, do not improve as economic growth occurs.
Productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the United States, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s.
Economists distinguish between short - run economic changes in production and long - run economic growth. Short - run variation in economic growth is termed the business cycle. Generally, economists attribute the ups and downs in the business cycle to fluctuations in aggregate demand. In contrast, economic growth is concerned with the long - run trend in production due to structural causes such as technological growth and factor accumulation.
Some theories developed in the 1970s suggested possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development. Savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand.
Later analysis, such as the political economy approach, developed by Alesina and Rodrik (1994) and Persson and Tabellini (1994), stressed the negative impacts of inequality on economic development; inequality generates a pressure to adopt redistributive policies that have an adverse effect on investment and economic growth. However, empirical tests of an extended version of Alesina and Rodrik 's model by Li and Zou found that "income inequality is positively, and most of the time significantly, associated with economic growth ''.
The credit market imperfection approach, developed by Galor and Zeira (1993), argued that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development.
A study by Perotti (1996) showed that in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, while lower level of human capital is associated with lower growth and lower levels of economic growth. In contrast, his examination of the political economy channel found no support for the political economy mechanism.
A 1999 review in the Journal of Economic Literature stated that high inequality lowers growth, perhaps because it increases social and political instability; however, changes in the degree of inequality have a relatively minor effect on growth.
Research by Harvard economist Robert Barro, found that there is "little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment ''. According to Barro, high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries. Princeton economist Roland Benabou 's research shows that inequality does not matter per se to growth, but "inequality in the relative distribution of earnings and political power '' does matter.
According to Andrew Berg and Jonathan Ostry (2011) of the International Monetary Fund, inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with subsequent economic growth. Likewise, economists Dierk Herzer and Sebastian Vollmer found that increased income inequality reduces economic growth, but growth itself also increases income inequality in the long run.
In 2013, French economist Thomas Piketty postulated that in periods when the average annual rate on return on investment in capital (r) exceeds the average annual growth in economic output (g), the rate of inequality will increase. According to Piketty, this is the case because wealth that is already held or inherited, which is expected to grow at the rate r, will grow at a rate faster than wealth accumulated through labor, which is more closely tied to g. An advocate of reducing inequality levels, Piketty suggests levying a global wealth tax in order to reduce the divergence in wealth caused by inequality.
While acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development, poverty reduction and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth. The effect of economic growth on poverty reduction -- the growth elasticity of poverty -- can depend on the existing level of inequality. For instance, with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty, can halve poverty in ten years, but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction. In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki - Moon: "While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty. ''
Although resource depletion in the past has been addressed by technological advances and substitution, emergent environmental and physical constraints may limit economic growth.
Critics such as the Club of Rome argue that a narrow view of economic growth, combined with globalization, is creating a scenario where we could see a systemic collapse of our planet 's natural resources.
Concerns about negative environmental effects of growth have prompted some people to advocate lower levels of growth, or the abandoning of growth altogether. In academia, concepts like uneconomic growth, steady - state economy and degrowth have been developed in order to achieve this. In politics, green parties embrace the Global Greens Charter, recognising that "... the dogma of economic growth at any cost and the excessive and wasteful use of natural resources without considering Earth 's carrying capacity, are causing extreme deterioration in the environment and a massive extinction of species. ''
Those more optimistic about the environmental impacts of growth believe that, though localized environmental effects may occur, large - scale ecological effects are minor. The argument, as stated by commentator Julian Lincoln Simon, states that if these global - scale ecological effects exist, human ingenuity will find ways to adapt to them.
Up to the present, there is a close correlation between economic growth and the rate of carbon dioxide emissions across nations, although there is also a considerable divergence in carbon intensity (carbon emissions per GDP). Up to the present, there is also a direct relation between global economic wealth and the rate of global emissions. The Stern Review notes that the prediction that, "Under business as usual, global emissions will be sufficient to propel greenhouse gas concentrations to over 550 ppm CO by 2050 and over 650 -- 700 ppm by the end of this century is robust to a wide range of changes in model assumptions. '' The scientific consensus is that planetary ecosystem functioning without incurring dangerous risks requires stabilization at 450 -- 550 ppm.
As a consequence, growth - oriented environmental economists propose government intervention into switching sources of energy production, favouring wind, solar, hydroelectric, and nuclear. This would largely confine use of fossil fuels to either domestic cooking needs (such as for kerosene burners) or where carbon capture and storage technology can be cost - effective and reliable. The Stern Review, published by the United Kingdom Government in 2006, concluded that an investment of 1 % of GDP (later changed to 2 %) would be sufficient to avoid the worst effects of climate change, and that failure to do so could risk climate - related costs equal to 20 % of GDP. Because carbon capture and storage is as yet widely unproven, and its long term effectiveness (such as in containing carbon dioxide ' leaks ') unknown, and because of current costs of alternative fuels, these policy responses largely rest on faith of technological change.
British conservative politician and journalist Nigel Lawson has deemed carbon emission trading an ' inefficient system of rationing '. Instead, he favours carbon taxes to make full use of the efficiency of the market. However, in order to avoid the migration of energy - intensive industries, the whole world should impose such a tax, not just Britain, Lawson pointed out. There is no point in taking the lead if nobody follows suit.
Many earlier predictions of resource depletion, such as Thomas Malthus ' 1798 predictions about approaching famines in Europe, The Population Bomb (1968), and the Simon -- Ehrlich wager (1980) have not materialized. Diminished production of most resources has not occurred so far, one reason being that advancements in technology and science have allowed some previously unavailable resources to be produced. In some cases, substitution of more abundant materials, such as plastics for cast metals, lowered growth of usage for some metals. In the case of the limited resource of land, famine was relieved firstly by the revolution in transportation caused by railroads and steam ships, and later by the Green Revolution and chemical fertilizers, especially the Haber process for ammonia synthesis.
Resource quality is composed of a variety of factors including ore grades, location, altitude above or below sea level, proximity to railroads, highways, water supply and climate. These factors affect the capital and operating cost of extracting resources. In the case of minerals, lower grades of mineral resources are being extracted, requiring higher inputs of capital and energy for both extraction and processing. Copper ore grades have declined significantly over the last century. Another example is natural gas from shale and other low permeability rock, which can be developed with much higher inputs of energy, capital, and materials than conventional gas in previous decades. Offshore oil and gas has exponentially increasing cost as water depth increases.
Some physical scientists like Al Bartlett regard continuous economic growth as unsustainable. Several factors may constrain economic growth -- for example: finite, peaked, or depleted resources.
In 1972, The Limits to Growth study modeled limitations to infinite growth; originally ridiculed, these models have been validated and updated.
Malthusians such as William R. Catton, Jr. are skeptical of technological advances that improve resource availability. Such advances and increases in efficiency, they suggest, merely accelerate the drawing down of finite resources. Catton claims that increasing rates of resource extraction are "... stealing ravenously from the future ''.
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when was dna testing first used in court | DNA profiling - wikipedia
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting, DNA testing, or DNA typing) is the process of determining an individual 's DNA characteristics, called a DNA profile, that is very likely to be different in unrelated individuals, thereby being as unique to individuals as are fingerprints (hence the alternative name for the technique). DNA profiling with the aim of identifying not an individual but a species is called DNA barcoding.
DNA profiling is most commonly used as a forensic technique in criminal investigations to identify an unidentified person or whose identity needs to be confirmed, or to place a person at a crime scene or to eliminate a person from consideration. DNA profiling has also been used to help clarify paternity, in immigration disputes, in parentage testing and in genealogical research or medical research. DNA fingerprinting has also been used in the study of animal and floral populations and in the fields of zoology, botany, and agriculture.
The modern process of DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys while working in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester.
Although 99.9 % of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different that it is possible to distinguish one individual from another, unless they are monozygotic ("identical '') twins. DNA profiling uses repetitive ("repeat '') sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), in particular short tandem repeats (STRs), also known as microsatellites, and minisatellites. VNTR loci are very similar between closely related individuals, but are so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs.
Developed by Professor of Genetics Sir Alec Jeffreys, the process begins with a sample of an individual 's DNA (typically called a "reference sample ''). A common method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, which is easy, non-invasive and cheap. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order is needed but not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, vaginal lubrication, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. a toothbrush, razor) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue). Samples obtained from blood relatives (related by birth, not marriage) can provide an indication of an individual 's profile, as could human remains that had been previously profiled.
A reference sample is then analyzed to create the individual 's DNA profile using one of a number of techniques, discussed below. The DNA profile is then compared against another sample to determine whether there is a genetic match.
The first methods for finding out genetics used for DNA profiling involved RFLP analysis. DNA is collected from cells, such as a blood sample, and cut into small pieces using a restriction enzyme (a restriction digest). This generates thousands of DNA fragments of differing sizes as a consequence of variations between DNA sequences of different individuals. The fragments are then separated on the basis of size using gel electrophoresis.
The separated fragments are then transferred to a nitrocellulose or nylon filter; this procedure is called a Southern blot. The DNA fragments within the blot are permanently fixed to the filter, and the DNA strands are denatured. Radiolabeled probe molecules are then added that are complementary to sequences in the genome that contain repeat sequences. These repeat sequences tend to vary in length among different individuals and are called variable number tandem repeat sequences or VNTRs. The probe molecules hybridize to DNA fragments containing the repeat sequences and excess probe molecules are washed away. The blot is then exposed to an X-ray film. Fragments of DNA that have bound to the probe molecules appear as fluoresent bands on the film.
The Southern blot technique is laborious, and requires large amounts of undegraded sample DNA. Also, Karl Brown 's original technique looked at many minisatellite loci at the same time, increasing the observed variability, but making it hard to discern individual alleles (and thereby precluding paternity testing). These early techniques have been supplanted by PCR - based assays.
Developed by Kary Mullis in 1983, a process was reported by which specific portions of the sample DNA can be amplified almost indefinitely (Saiki et al. 1985, 1988). This has revolutionized the whole field of DNA study. The process, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), mimics the biological process of DNA replication, but confines it to specific DNA sequences of interest. With the invention of the PCR technique, DNA profiling took huge strides forward in both discriminating power and the ability to recover information from very small (or degraded) starting samples.
PCR greatly amplifies the amounts of a specific region of DNA. In the PCR process, the DNA sample is denatured into the separate individual polynucleotide strands through heating. Two oligonucleotide DNA primers are used to hybridize to two corresponding nearby sites on opposite DNA strands in such a fashion that the normal enzymatic extension of the active terminal of each primer (that is, the 3 ' end) leads toward the other primer. PCR uses replication enzymes that are tolerant of high temperatures, such as the thermostable Taq polymerase. In this fashion, two new copies of the sequence of interest are generated. Repeated denaturation, hybridization, and extension in this fashion produce an exponentially growing number of copies of the DNA of interest. Instruments that perform thermal cycling are readily available from commercial sources. This process can produce a million-fold or greater amplification of the desired region in 2 hours or less.
Early assays such as the HLA - DQ alpha reverse dot blot strips grew to be very popular due to their ease of use, and the speed with which a result could be obtained. However, they were not as discriminating as RFLP analysis. It was also difficult to determine a DNA profile for mixed samples, such as a vaginal swab from a sexual assault victim.
However, the PCR method was readily adaptable for analyzing VNTR, in particular STR loci. In recent years, research in human DNA quantitation has focused on new "real - time '' quantitative PCR (qPCR) techniques. Quantitative PCR methods enable automated, precise, and high - throughput measurements. Inter-laboratory studies have demonstrated the importance of human DNA quantitation on achieving reliable interpretation of STR typing and obtaining consistent results across laboratories.
The system of DNA profiling used today is based on PCR and uses simple sequences or short tandem repeats (STR). This method uses highly polymorphic regions that have short repeated sequences of DNA (the most common is 4 bases repeated, but there are other lengths in use, including 3 and 5 bases). Because unrelated people almost certainly have different numbers of repeat units, STRs can be used to discriminate between unrelated individuals. These STR loci (locations on a chromosome) are targeted with sequence - specific primers and amplified using PCR. The DNA fragments that result are then separated and detected using electrophoresis. There are two common methods of separation and detection, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and gel electrophoresis.
Each STR is polymorphic, but the number of alleles is very small. Typically each STR allele will be shared by around 5 - 20 % of individuals. The power of STR analysis comes from looking at multiple STR loci simultaneously. The pattern of alleles can identify an individual quite accurately. Thus STR analysis provides an excellent identification tool. The more STR regions that are tested in an individual the more discriminating the test becomes.
From country to country, different STR - based DNA - profiling systems are in use. In North America, systems that amplify the CODIS 20 core loci are almost universal, whereas in the United Kingdom the DNA - 17 17 loci system (which is compatible with The National DNA Database) is in use, and Australia uses 18 core markers. Whichever system is used, many of the STR regions used are the same. These DNA - profiling systems are based on multiplex reactions, whereby many STR regions will be tested at the same time.
The true power of STR analysis is in its statistical power of discrimination. Because the 20 loci that are currently used for discrimination in CODIS are independently assorted (having a certain number of repeats at one locus does not change the likelihood of having any number of repeats at any other locus), the product rule for probabilities can be applied. This means that, if someone has the DNA type of ABC, where the three loci were independent, we can say that the probability of having that DNA type is the probability of having type A times the probability of having type B times the probability of having type C. This has resulted in the ability to generate match probabilities of 1 in a quintillion (1x10) or more. However, DNA database searches showed much more frequent than expected false DNA profile matches. Moreover, since there are about 12 million monozygotic twins on Earth, the theoretical probability is not accurate.
In practice, the risk of contaminated - matching is much greater than matching a distant relative, such as contamination of a sample from nearby objects, or from left - over cells transferred from a prior test. The risk is greater for matching the most common person in the samples: Everything collected from, or in contact with, a victim is a major source of contamination for any other samples brought into a lab. For that reason, multiple control - samples are typically tested in order to ensure that they stayed clean, when prepared during the same period as the actual test samples. Unexpected matches (or variations) in several control - samples indicates a high probability of contamination for the actual test samples. In a relationship test, the full DNA profiles should differ (except for twins), to prove that a person was not actually matched as being related to their own DNA in another sample.
Another technique, AmpFLP, or amplified fragment length polymorphism was also put into practice during the early 1990s. This technique was also faster than RFLP analysis and used PCR to amplify DNA samples. It relied on variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms to distinguish various alleles, which were separated on a polyacrylamide gel using an allelic ladder (as opposed to a molecular weight ladder). Bands could be visualized by silver staining the gel. One popular focus for fingerprinting was the D1S80 locus. As with all PCR based methods, highly degraded DNA or very small amounts of DNA may cause allelic dropout (causing a mistake in thinking a heterozygote is a homozygote) or other stochastic effects. In addition, because the analysis is done on a gel, very high number repeats may bunch together at the top of the gel, making it difficult to resolve. AmpFLP analysis can be highly automated, and allows for easy creation of phylogenetic trees based on comparing individual samples of DNA. Due to its relatively low cost and ease of set - up and operation, AmpFLP remains popular in lower income countries.
Using PCR technology, DNA analysis is widely applied to determine genetic family relationships such as paternity, maternity, siblingship and other kinships.
During conception, the father 's sperm cell and the mother 's egg cell, each containing half the amount of DNA found in other body cells, meet and fuse to form a fertilized egg, called a zygote. The zygote contains a complete set of DNA molecules, a unique combination of DNA from both parents. This zygote divides and multiplies into an embryo and later, a full human being.
At each stage of development, all the cells forming the body contain the same DNA -- half from the father and half from the mother. This fact allows the relationship testing to use all types of all samples including loose cells from the cheeks collected using buccal swabs, blood or other types of samples.
There are predictable inheritance patterns at certain locations (called loci) in the human genome, which have been found to be useful in determining identity and biological relationships. These loci contain specific DNA markers that scientists use to identify individuals. In a routine DNA paternity test, the markers used are short tandem repeats (STRs), short pieces of DNA that occur in highly differential repeat patterns among individuals.
Each person 's DNA contains two copies of these markers -- one copy inherited from the father and one from the mother. Within a population, the markers at each person 's DNA location could differ in length and sometimes sequence, depending on the markers inherited from the parents.
The combination of marker sizes found in each person makes up his / her unique genetic profile. When determining the relationship between two individuals, their genetic profiles are compared to see if they share the same inheritance patterns at a statistically conclusive rate.
For example, the following sample report from this commercial DNA paternity testing laboratory Universal Genetics signifies how relatedness between parents and child is identified on those special markers:
The partial results indicate that the child and the alleged father 's DNA match among these five markers. The complete test results show this correlation on 16 markers between the child and the tested man to enable a conclusion to be drawn as to whether or not the man is the biological father.
Each marker is assigned with a Paternity Index (PI), which is a statistical measure of how powerfully a match at a particular marker indicates paternity. The PI of each marker is multiplied with each other to generate the Combined Paternity Index (CPI), which indicates the overall probability of an individual being the biological father of the tested child relative to a randomly selected man from the entire population of the same race. The CPI is then converted into a Probability of Paternity showing the degree of relatedness between the alleged father and child.
The DNA test report in other family relationship tests, such as grandparentage and siblingship tests, is similar to a paternity test report. Instead of the Combined Paternity Index, a different value, such as a Siblingship Index, is reported.
The report shows the genetic profiles of each tested person. If there are markers shared among the tested individuals, the probability of biological relationship is calculated to determine how likely the tested individuals share the same markers due to a blood relationship.
Recent innovations have included the creation of primers targeting polymorphic regions on the Y - chromosome (Y - STR), which allows resolution of a mixed DNA sample from a male and female or cases in which a differential extraction is not possible. Y - chromosomes are paternally inherited, so Y - STR analysis can help in the identification of paternally related males. Y - STR analysis was performed in the Sally Hemings controversy to determine if Thomas Jefferson had sired a son with one of his slaves. The analysis of the Y - chromosome yields weaker results than autosomal chromosome analysis. The Y male sex - determining chromosome, as it is inherited only by males from their fathers, is almost identical along the patrilineal line. This leads to a less precise analysis than if autosomal chromosomes were testing, because of the random matching that occurs between pairs of chromosomes as zygotes are being made.
For highly degraded samples, it is sometimes impossible to get a complete profile of the 13 CODIS STRs. In these situations, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is sometimes typed due to there being many copies of mtDNA in a cell, while there may only be 1 - 2 copies of the nuclear DNA. Forensic scientists amplify the HV1 and HV2 regions of the mtDNA, and then sequence each region and compare single - nucleotide differences to a reference. Because mtDNA is maternally inherited, directly linked maternal relatives can be used as match references, such as one 's maternal grandmother 's daughter 's son. In general, a difference of two or more nucleotides is considered to be an exclusion. Heteroplasmy and poly - C differences may throw off straight sequence comparisons, so some expertise on the part of the analyst is required. mtDNA is useful in determining clear identities, such as those of missing people when a maternally linked relative can be found. mtDNA testing was used in determining that Anna Anderson was not the Russian princess she had claimed to be, Anastasia Romanov.
mtDNA can be obtained from such material as hair shafts and old bones / teeth. Control mechanism based on interaction point with data. This can be determined by tooled placement in sample.
An early application of a DNA database was the compilation of a Mitochondrial DNA Concordance, prepared by Kevin W.P. Miller and John L. Dawson at the University of Cambridge from 1996 to 1998 from data collected as part of Miller 's PhD thesis. There are now several DNA databases in existence around the world. Some are private, but most of the largest databases are government - controlled. The United States maintains the largest DNA database, with the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) holding over 9 million records as of 2011. The United Kingdom maintains the National DNA Database (NDNAD), which is of similar size, despite the UK 's smaller population. The size of this database, and its rate of growth, are giving concern to civil liberties groups in the UK, where police have wide - ranging powers to take samples and retain them even in the event of acquittal. The Conservative -- Liberal Democrat coalition partially addressed these concerns with part 1 of the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012, under which DNA samples must be deleted if suspects are acquitted or not charged, except in relation to certain (mostly serious and / or sexual) offences.
The U.S. Patriot Act of the United States provides a means for the U.S. government to get DNA samples from other countries if they are either a division of or a head office of a company operating in the U.S. Under the act; the American offices of the company may not divulge to their subsidiaries / offices in other countries the reasons that these DNA samples are sought or by whom.
When a match is made from a national DNA databank to link a crime scene to an offender having provided a DNA sample to a databank, that link is often referred to as a cold hit. A cold hit is of value in referring the police agency to a specific suspect but is of less evidential value than a DNA match made from outside the DNA Databank.
FBI agents can not legally store DNA of a person not convicted of a crime. DNA collected from a suspect not later convicted must be disposed of and not entered into the database. In 1998, a man residing in the UK was arrested on accusation of burglary. His DNA was taken and tested, and he was later released. Nine months later, this man 's DNA was accidentally and illegally entered in the DNA database. New DNA is automatically compared to the DNA found at cold cases and, in this case, this man was found to be a match to DNA found at a rape and assault case one year earlier. The government then prosecuted him for these crimes. During the trial the DNA match was requested to be removed from the evidence because it had been illegally entered into the database. The request was carried out.
The DNA collected from victims of rape is often stored for years until matched with the perpetrator 's, usually when committing another crime. In 2014, Congress extended a bill that helps states deal with "a backlog '' of unexamined evidence.
In the early days of the use of genetic fingerprinting as criminal evidence, juries were often swayed by spurious statistical arguments by defense lawyers along these lines: Given a match that had a 1 in 5 million probability of occurring by chance, the lawyer would argue that this meant that in a country of say 60 million people there were 12 people who would also match the profile. This was then translated to a 1 in 12 chance of the suspect 's being the guilty one. This argument is not sound unless the suspect was drawn at random from the population of the country. In fact, a jury should consider how likely it is that an individual matching the genetic profile would also have been a suspect in the case for other reasons. Also, different DNA analysis processes can reduce the amount of DNA recovery if the procedures are not properly done. Therefore, the number of times a piece of evidence is sampled can diminish the DNA collection efficiency. Another spurious statistical argument is based on the false assumption that a 1 in 5 million probability of a match automatically translates into a 1 in 5 million probability of innocence and is known as the prosecutor 's fallacy.
When using RFLP, the theoretical risk of a coincidental match is 1 in 100 billion (100,000,000,000), although the practical risk is actually 1 in 1000 because monozygotic twins are 0.2 % of the human population. Moreover, the rate of laboratory error is almost certainly higher than this, and often actual laboratory procedures do not reflect the theory under which the coincidence probabilities were computed. For example, the coincidence probabilities may be calculated based on the probabilities that markers in two samples have bands in precisely the same location, but a laboratory worker may conclude that similar -- but not precisely identical -- band patterns result from identical genetic samples with some imperfection in the agarose gel. However, in this case, the laboratory worker increases the coincidence risk by expanding the criteria for declaring a match. Recent studies have quoted relatively high error rates, which may be cause for concern. In the early days of genetic fingerprinting, the necessary population data to accurately compute a match probability was sometimes unavailable. Between 1992 and 1996, arbitrary low ceilings were controversially put on match probabilities used in RFLP analysis rather than the higher theoretically computed ones. Today, RFLP has become widely disused due to the advent of more discriminating, sensitive and easier technologies.
Since 1998, the DNA profiling system supported by The National DNA Database in the UK is the SGM+ DNA profiling system that includes 10 STR regions and a sex - indicating test. STRs do not suffer from such subjectivity and provide similar power of discrimination (1 in 10 for unrelated individuals if using a full SGM+ profile). Figures of this magnitude are not considered to be statistically supportable by scientists in the UK; for unrelated individuals with full matching DNA profiles a match probability of 1 in a billion is considered statistically supportable. However, with any DNA technique, the cautious juror should not convict on genetic fingerprint evidence alone if other factors raise doubt. Contamination with other evidence (secondary transfer) is a key source of incorrect DNA profiles and raising doubts as to whether a sample has been adulterated is a favorite defense technique. More rarely, chimerism is one such instance where the lack of a genetic match may unfairly exclude a suspect.
It is possible to use DNA profiling as evidence of genetic relationship, although such evidence varies in strength from weak to positive. Testing that shows no relationship is absolutely certain. Further, while almost all individuals have a single and distinct set of genes, ultra-rare individuals, known as "chimeras '', have at least two different sets of genes. There have been two cases of DNA profiling that falsely suggested that a mother was unrelated to her children. This happens when two eggs are fertilized at the same time and fuse together to create one individual instead of twins.
In one case, a criminal planted fake DNA evidence in his own body: John Schneeberger raped one of his sedated patients in 1992 and left semen on her underwear. Police drew what they believed to be Schneeberger 's blood and compared its DNA against the crime scene semen DNA on three occasions, never showing a match. It turned out that he had surgically inserted a Penrose drain into his arm and filled it with foreign blood and anticoagulants.
The functional analysis of genes and their coding sequences (open reading frames (ORFs)) typically requires that each ORF be expressed, the encoded protein purified, antibodies produced, phenotypes examined, intracellular localization determined, and interactions with other proteins sought. In a study conducted by the life science company Nucleix and published in the journal Forensic Science International, scientists found that an in vitro synthesized sample of DNA matching any desired genetic profile can be constructed using standard molecular biology techniques without obtaining any actual tissue from that person. Nucleix claims they can also prove the difference between non-altered DNA and any that was synthesized.
In the case of the Phantom of Heilbronn, police detectives found DNA traces from the same woman on various crime scenes in Austria, Germany, and France -- among them murders, burglaries and robberies. Only after the DNA of the "woman '' matched the DNA sampled from the burned body of a male asylum seeker in France did detectives begin to have serious doubts about the DNA evidence. It was eventually discovered that DNA traces were already present on the cotton swabs used to collect the samples at the crime scene, and the swabs had all been produced at the same factory in Austria. The company 's product specification said that the swabs were guaranteed to be sterile, but not DNA - free.
Familial DNA searching (sometimes referred to as "familial DNA '' or "familial DNA database searching '') is the practice of creating new investigative leads in cases where DNA evidence found at the scene of a crime (forensic profile) strongly resembles that of an existing DNA profile (offender profile) in a state DNA database but there is not an exact match. After all other leads have been exhausted, investigators may use specially developed software to compare the forensic profile to all profiles taken from a state 's DNA database to generate a list of those offenders already in the database who are most likely to be a very close relative of the individual whose DNA is in the forensic profile. To eliminate the majority of this list when the forensic DNA is a man 's, crime lab technicians conduct Y - STR analysis. Using standard investigative techniques, authorities are then able to build a family tree. The family tree is populated from information gathered from public records and criminal justice records. Investigators rule out family members ' involvement in the crime by finding excluding factors such as sex, living out of state or being incarcerated when the crime was committed. They may also use other leads from the case, such as witness or victim statements, to identify a suspect. Once a suspect has been identified, investigators seek to legally obtain a DNA sample from the suspect. This suspect DNA profile is then compared to the sample found at the crime scene to definitively identify the suspect as the source of the crime scene DNA.
Familial DNA database searching was first used in an investigation leading to the conviction of Jeffrey Gafoor of the murder of Lynette White in the United Kingdom on 4 July 2003. DNA evidence was matched to Gafoor 's nephew, who at 14 years old had not been born at the time of the murder in 1988. It was used again in 2004 to find a man who threw a brick from a motorway bridge and hit a lorry driver, killing him. DNA found on the brick matched that found at the scene of a car theft earlier in the day, but there were no good matches on the national DNA database. A wider search found a partial match to an individual; on being questioned, this man revealed he had a brother, Craig Harman, who lived very close to the original crime scene. Harman voluntarily submitted a DNA sample, and confessed when it matched the sample from the brick. Currently, familial DNA database searching is not conducted on a national level in the United States, where states determine how and when to conduct familial searches. The first familial DNA search with a subsequent conviction in the United States was conducted in Denver, Colorado, in 2008, using software developed under the leadership of Denver District Attorney Mitch Morrissey and Denver Police Department Crime Lab Director Gregg LaBerge. California was the first state to implement a policy for familial searching under then Attorney General, now Governor, Jerry Brown. In his role as consultant to the Familial Search Working Group of the California Department of Justice, former Alameda County Prosecutor Rock Harmon is widely considered to have been the catalyst in the adoption of familial search technology in California. The technique was used to catch the Los Angeles serial killer known as the "Grim Sleeper '' in 2010. It was n't a witness or informant that tipped off law enforcement to the identity of the "Grim Sleeper '' serial killer, who had eluded police for more than two decades, but DNA from the suspect 's own son. The suspect 's son was arrested and convicted in a felony weapons charge and swabbed for DNA last year. When his DNA was entered into the database of convicted felons, detectives were alerted to a partial match to evidence found at the "Grim Sleeper '' crime scenes. David Franklin Jr., also known as the Grim Sleeper, was charged with ten counts of murder and one count of attempted murder. More recently, familial DNA, led to the arrest of 21 - year - old Elvis Garcia on charges of sexual assault and false imprisonment of a woman in Santa Cruz in 2008. In March 2011 Virginia Governor Bob McDonnell announced that Virginia would begin using familial DNA searches. Other states are expected to follow.
At a press conference in Virginia on March 7, 2011, regarding the East Coast Rapist, Prince William County prosecutor Paul Ebert and Fairfax County Police Detective John Kelly said the case would have been solved years ago if Virginia had used familial DNA searching. Aaron Thomas, the suspected East Coast Rapist, was arrested in connection with the rape of 17 women from Virginia to Rhode Island, but familial DNA was not used in the case.
Critics of familial DNA database searches argue that the technique is an invasion of an individual 's 4th Amendment rights. Privacy advocates are petitioning for DNA database restrictions, arguing that the only fair way to search for possible DNA matches to relatives of offenders or arrestees would be to have a population - wide DNA database. Some scholars have pointed out that the privacy concerns surrounding familial searching are similar in some respects to other police search techniques, and most have concluded that the practice is constitutional. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in United States v. Pool (vacated as moot) suggested that this practice is somewhat analogous to a witness looking at a photograph of one person and stating that it looked like the perpetrator, which leads law enforcement to show the witness photos of similar looking individuals, one of whom is identified as the perpetrator. Regardless of whether familial DNA searching was the method used to identify the suspect, authorities always conduct a normal DNA test to match the suspect 's DNA with that of the DNA left at the crime scene.
Critics also claim that racial profiling could occur on account of familial DNA testing. In the United States, the conviction rates of racial minorities are much higher than that of the overall population. It is unclear whether this is due to discrimination from police officers and the courts, as opposed to a simple higher rate of offence among minorities. Arrest - based databases, which are found in the majority of the United States, lead to an even greater level of racial discrimination. An arrest, as opposed to conviction, relies much more heavily on police discretion.
For instance, investigators with Denver District Attorney 's Office successfully identified a suspect in a property theft case using a familial DNA search. In this example, the suspect 's blood left at the scene of the crime strongly resembled that of a current Colorado Department of Corrections prisoner. Using publicly available records, the investigators created a family tree. They then eliminated all the family members who were incarcerated at the time of the offense, as well as all of the females (the crime scene DNA profile was that of a male). Investigators obtained a court order to collect the suspect 's DNA, but the suspect actually volunteered to come to a police station and give a DNA sample. After providing the sample, the suspect walked free without further interrogation or detainment. Later confronted with an exact match to the forensic profile, the suspect pleaded guilty to criminal trespass at the first court date and was sentenced to two years probation.
In Italy a familiar DNA search has been done to solve the case of the murder of Yara Gambirasio whose body was found in the bush three months after her disappearance. A DNA trace was found on the underwear of the murdered teenage near and a DNA sample was requested from a person who lived near the municipality of Brembate di Sopra and a common male ancestor was found in the DNA sample of a young man not involved in the murder. After a long investigation the father of the supposed killer was identified as Giuseppe Guerinoni, a deceased man, but his two sons born from his wife were not related to the DNA samples found on the body of Yara. After three and a half years the DNA found on the underwear of the deceased girl was matched with Massimo Giuseppe Bosetti who was arrested and accused of the murder of the 13 - year - old girl.In the summer of 2016 Bosetti was found guilty and sentenced to life by the Corte d'assise of Bergamo.
Partial DNA matches are not searches themselves, but are the result of moderate stringency CODIS searches that produce a potential match that shares at least one allele at every locus. Partial matching does not involve the use of familial search software, such as those used in the UK and United States, or additional Y - STR analysis, and therefore often misses sibling relationships. Partial matching has been used to identify suspects in several cases in the UK and United States, and has also been used as a tool to exonerate the falsely accused. Darryl Hunt was wrongly convicted in connection with the rape and murder of a young woman in 1984 in North Carolina. Hunt was exonerated in 2004 when a DNA database search produced a remarkably close match between a convicted felon and the forensic profile from the case. The partial match led investigators to the felon 's brother, Willard E. Brown, who confessed to the crime when confronted by police. A judge then signed an order to dismiss the case against Hunt. In Italy, partial matching has been used in the controversial murder of Yara Gambirasio Murder_of_Yara_Gambirasio, a child found dead about a month after her presumed kidnapping. In this case, the partial match has been used as the only incriminating element against the defendant, Massimo Bossetti, who has been subsequently condemned for the murder (waiting appeal by the Italian Supreme Court).
Police forces may collect DNA samples without a suspect 's knowledge, and use it as evidence. The legality of the practice has been questioned in Australia.
In the United States, it has been accepted, courts often ruling that there is no expectation of privacy, citing California v. Greenwood (1985), in which the Supreme Court held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside the curtilage of a home. Critics of this practice underline that this analogy ignores that "most people have no idea that they risk surrendering their genetic identity to the police by, for instance, failing to destroy a used coffee cup. Moreover, even if they do realize it, there is no way to avoid abandoning one 's DNA in public. ''
The United States Supreme Court ruled in Maryland v. King (2013) that DNA sampling of prisoners arrested for serious crimes is constitutional.
In the UK, the Human Tissue Act 2004 prohibits private individuals from covertly collecting biological samples (hair, fingernails, etc.) for DNA analysis, but exempts medical and criminal investigations from the prohibition.
Evidence from an expert who has compared DNA samples must be accompanied by evidence as to the sources of the samples and the procedures for obtaining the DNA profiles. The judge must ensure that the jury must understand the significance of DNA matches and mismatches in the profiles. The judge must also ensure that the jury does not confuse the match probability (the probability that a person that is chosen at random has a matching DNA profile to the sample from the scene) with the probability that a person with matching DNA committed the crime. In 1996 R v. Doheny Phillips LJ gave this example of a summing up, which should be carefully tailored to the particular facts in each case:
Members of the Jury, if you accept the scientific evidence called by the Crown, this indicates that there are probably only four or five white males in the United Kingdom from whom that semen stain could have come. The Defendant is one of them. If that is the position, the decision you have to reach, on all the evidence, is whether you are sure that it was the Defendant who left that stain or whether it is possible that it was one of that other small group of men who share the same DNA characteristics.
Juries should weigh up conflicting and corroborative evidence, using their own common sense and not by using mathematical formulae, such as Bayes ' theorem, so as to avoid "confusion, misunderstanding and misjudgment ''.
In R v Bates, Moore - Bick LJ said:
We can see no reason why partial profile DNA evidence should not be admissible provided that the jury are made aware of its inherent limitations and are given a sufficient explanation to enable them to evaluate it. There may be cases where the match probability in relation to all the samples tested is so great that the judge would consider its probative value to be minimal and decide to exclude the evidence in the exercise of his discretion, but this gives rise to no new question of principle and can be left for decision on a case by case basis. However, the fact that there exists in the case of all partial profile evidence the possibility that a "missing '' allele might exculpate the accused altogether does not provide sufficient grounds for rejecting such evidence. In many there is a possibility (at least in theory) that evidence that would assist the accused and perhaps even exculpate him altogether exists, but that does not provide grounds for excluding relevant evidence that is available and otherwise admissible, though it does make it important to ensure that the jury are given sufficient information to enable them to evaluate that evidence properly.
There are state laws on DNA profiling in all 50 states of the United States. Detailed information on database laws in each state can be found at the National Conference of State Legislatures website.
In August 2009, scientists in Israel raised serious doubts concerning the use of DNA by law enforcement as the ultimate method of identification. In a paper published in the journal Forensic Science International: Genetics, the Israeli researchers demonstrated that it is possible to manufacture DNA in a laboratory, thus falsifying DNA evidence. The scientists fabricated saliva and blood samples, which originally contained DNA from a person other than the supposed donor of the blood and saliva.
The researchers also showed that, using a DNA database, it is possible to take information from a profile and manufacture DNA to match it, and that this can be done without access to any actual DNA from the person whose DNA they are duplicating. The synthetic DNA oligos required for the procedure are common in molecular laboratories.
The New York Times quoted the lead author, Daniel Frumkin, saying, "You can just engineer a crime scene... any biology undergraduate could perform this ''. Frumkin perfected a test that can differentiate real DNA samples from fake ones. His test detects epigenetic modifications, in particular, DNA methylation. Seventy percent of the DNA in any human genome is methylated, meaning it contains methyl group modifications within a CpG dinucleotide context. Methylation at the promoter region is associated with gene silencing. The synthetic DNA lacks this epigenetic modification, which allows the test to distinguish manufactured DNA from genuine DNA.
It is unknown how many police departments, if any, currently use the test. No police lab has publicly announced that it is using the new test to verify DNA results.
DNA testing is used to establish the right of succession to British titles.
Cases:
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who is mentioned the most in the quran | List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran - wikipedia
List of characters and names, mentioned in the Quran. The names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Bibilical name (title or relationship). This list makes use of ISO 233 for the Romanization of Arabic words.
Anbiyā ' (Arabic: أَنۢـبِـيَـاء , Prophets) were of two types:
Those of the Perseverance and Strong Will (Arabic: أُولُـو الـعَـزْم ) (42: 13, 46: 35) reverse chronological order:
A'dā ' (Arabic: أَعْـدَاء , Enemies or foes), aṣḥāb (Arabic: أَصْـحَـاب , companions or friends), qurbā (Arabic: قُـرْبَى , kin), or followers of Prophets:
Fākihāt (Arabic: فَـاكِـهَـات ) or Thamarāt (Arabic: ثَـمَـرَات ):
Shajar (Arabic: شَـجَـر , bushes, trees or plants):
Maṣābīḥ (Arabic: مَـصَـابِـيْـح , literally ' lamps '):
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taj mahal in 7 wonders of the world | Wonders of the World - wikipedia
Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day, to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures.
The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia. The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty, and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently, plus the sun and moon. Many similar lists have been made.
The historian Herodotus (484 -- ca. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305 -- 240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders. Their writings have not survived, except as references.
The classic seven wonders were:
The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages, Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages, Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind, and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages. However, it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages, because the word "medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era, and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century. Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as "later list (s) '', suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages.
Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known.
Typically representative are:
Other sites sometimes included on such lists:
Following in the tradition of the classical list, modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern. Some of the most notable lists are presented below.
In 1994, the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World, paying tribute to the "greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '':
In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges. An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24, 2006 from viewer feedback.
Similar to the other lists of wonders, there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world, and there has been debate over how large the list should be. One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN:
In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments. Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1, 2006. Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder, the Great Pyramid of Giza, would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty, the Sydney Opera House, and other landmarks, calling the project absurd. In response, Giza was named an honorary Candidate. The results were announced on July 7, 2007, in Lisbon, Portugal:
New7Wonders of Nature (2007 -- 11), a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll, was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign.
New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders.
The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International, an American - based non-profit group for divers, dedicated to ocean preservation and research.
In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists, including Dr. Eugenie Clark, to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection. The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges, star of TV 's Sea Hunt:
British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World, a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 2003, the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats, with Cadbury as a producer. Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders:
Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world. Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject, one with 10 man - made wonders, and one with 10 natural wonders. British biographer, science writer, and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World, which lists 52 wonders, one for each week of the year.
Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek list of Wonders of the World.
In a 1999 article, Astronomy magazine listed the Seven Wonders of the Solar System. This article was later made into a video.
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who played maggie mum on home and away | List of home and Away characters (2017) - wikipedia
Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera. It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988. The following is a list of characters that appeared in 2017, by order of first appearance. All characters are introduced by the soap 's executive producer, Lucy Addario. The 30th season of Home and Away began airing from 30 January 2017. Riley Hawkins was introduced during the following episode. Scarlett Snow made her debut in May, while June saw the arrival of the four - strong Astoni family consisting of parents Ben and Maggie Astoni, and their daughters Coco and Ziggy Astoni. Robbo made his first appearance in July, and Beth Ellis was introduced in August. Ryder Jackson make his debut in October. November saw the first appearance of Willow Harris, and Jasmine Delaney arrived in December.
Riley Hawkins, played by Ryan O'Kane, made his first appearance on 31 January 2017. O'Kane's housemate Rob Mills also auditioned for the role. He was waiting for his agent to let him know the outcome when O'Kane revealed that he had won the part. Riley is introduced as Tori Morgan 's (Penny McNamee) former boyfriend and a surgeon at the local hospital, who steps in to perform surgery on Justin Morgan (James Stewart). McNamee said the moment Tori is reunited with Riley is "shocking '' for her because she has not seen him in seven years. While Riley is surprised to learn that Tori and her siblings have been in witness protection. Fellow doctor Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor), who broke up with Tori, is jealous of her history with Riley.
On his first day at Northern Districts Hospital, Riley is asked to operate on Justin Morgan, the brother of his former partner Tessa Lee, now known as Tori. Tori explains to Riley that she and her brothers had to go into witness protection after their parents were shot. Riley tells Nate Cooper that he and Tori used to be a couple, and that he wants her back. He also apologises to Tori for cheating on her. When Justin learns Riley is in town, he warns him to stay away from Tori. Riley later treats Justin when he is admitted with an infection. He also tells Tori that Nate tried to make a bet with him about her, but she soon realises that he lied. Riley performs a bronchoscopy on Billie Ashford (Tessa de Josselin) and finds a mass in her airway. Tori and Riley go on a lunch date, where he asks her for another chance, but she is cautious due to his history. Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood) sees Riley flirting with Evelyn MacGuire (Philippa Northeast) at Billie 's wake, and tells him not to mess Tori around again. Shortly after they get back together, Riley asks Tori to move to the city with him. She turns him down for the sake of her family. Riley then sees her and Nate talking and hugging. He amends Billie 's notes and then makes a formal complaint in an attempt to get Nate fired for medical negligence. Tori proves the notes were doctored and when Riley admits that he did it, she breaks up with him. When he shows up at her house, Tori tells him to get out of her life. Justin overhears them arguing and fights with Riley, before Tori orders him to leave. Riley quits his job at the hospital and leaves town.
Scarlett Snow, played by Tania Nolan, made her first appearance on 8 May 2017. Nolan was living in Los Angeles when she learned the role was available. She flew to Sydney, where the show is filmed, for a screen test. She returned to Los Angeles the following day, but soon learned she had won the role and had to fly back to Sydney two days later. Nolan was contracted for six months and she finished filming in May. Nolan described her character as "a bit of a mystery '', and explained that no one knows why she is in the Bay, but she has suffered a tragedy in her past that she is dealing with. Nolan accepted the part and relocated to Sydney because of the character 's "unique '' storyline. The actress added, "I could relate to certain things Scarlett has been through. Not specifically, but unfortunately I know what it 's like to go through what she went through. ''.
Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood) jumps into Scarlett 's car and orders her to drive, as he is avoiding the police. Scarlett pulls the car over and offers Brody her handbag, which he takes. Brody goes to Scarlett 's house to return the handbag, but Scarlett hits him over the head with a vase and ties him up. She threatens to call the police, and Brody opens up to her about his drug addiction. She makes him call his family and then frees him. Brody leaves with William Zannis (Caleb Alloway), who he says is his brother, and Scarlett thinks he is going to get help. The police track down Scarlett and ask her about the carjacking. She tells them she did not get a good look at the carjacker. Scarlett finds Brody sleeping on the beach, and he blames her for his arrest. She buys him a coffee and takes him back to her house. She then visits his family and brings them to him. Mason Morgan (Orpheus Pledger) suggests that Brody stays with Scarlett and she agrees. Scarlett disapproves of the way Justin Morgan (James Stewart) handles Brody 's addiction. Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) tells Scarlett off for spear fishing in the wrong place. When she enquires about hiring a boat, Alf tells her she can borrow one for free if she can get it mended. Scarlett reluctantly hires Justin to help her.
Brody relapses and flees shortly before Scarlett finds he has ransacked the house, and stolen $10,000 and a bracelet. Her landlord asks her to leave, and Alf gives her a caravan at the Summer Bay Caravan Park, as well as a job at his bait shop. Bruno Addlen (Johnny Nasser) turns up in the Bay looking for Scarlett, having been hired by her husband. Bruno asks for $8000 to leave and keep her whereabouts a secret. Alf offers to lend Scarlett the money, but she turns him down. Tori later thanks Scarlett for helping Brody secure a lawyer and tells her the family will repay the money Brody stole, which allows Scarlett to pay Bruno. Scarlett bonds with Justin 's daughter Ava Gilbert (Grace Thomas) when she visits him. Scarlett later listens to a voicemail message from her son, Max (Addison Price). While working on the boat together, Justin accidentally causes Scarlett 's phone to fall into the sea. He retrieves it and gets it working again. He also notices that she has a son and questions her about it, causing Scarlett to slap him. She later apologises and decides to leave town, until Justin asks her to stay. Scarlett 's estranged husband sends another private investigator after her, as he wants her to come home. Justin helps her to get out of the Bay and Scarlett tells him that her son died a year ago. Justin admits that he care for her and allows Scarlett to take his car. Scarlett returns a week later and gets drunk on the anniversary of Max 's death. She wakes up in Justin 's bed and assumes they had sex, but he explains that she took a shower and fell asleep, while he slept on the couch. Scarlett apologises for over-reacting and tells Justin how her marriage broke down because of Max 's death. Alf and Justin take Scarlett out in the boat for some fishing. When they attempt to leave, their boat fails to start and they have to spend the night on the beach. Alf is attacked by Robbo (Jake Ryan), who also scares Scarlett. Justin fixes the boat and they return home.
Scarlett attempts to kiss Justin, but he rejects her advances, later explaining that he still loves his former fiancée, Phoebe Nicholson (Isabella Giovinazzo). He later changes his mind and they go back to Scarlett 's caravan, but Justin calls out Phoebe 's name and they stop. After avoiding each other, Scarlett and Justin decide to give their relationship a chance. They go swimming, but Justin hits his head and does not resurface. Scarlett pulls him out and gets him breathing again, but she suffers a flashback to her son 's death. Scarlett and Kat move in together, and Scarlett offers to be Brody 's lawyer at his court case. After Brody is accused of stabbing someone, Scarlett looks at Kat 's police files and then goes to a drugs den to find the weapon. She and Kat briefly fall out. While Scarlett and Justin are celebrating Brody 's suspended sentence, they are interrupted by the arrival of her estranged husband Caleb Snow (Josh McConville). Scarlett spends time with Caleb and they later meet over dinner, where Caleb brings her Max 's stuffed toy, causing Scarlett to leave. Caleb reveals that he has been seeing a counsellor. Scarlett, Justin, Kat and Robbo go away to a cabin in the bush, where a bomb explodes and causes a piece of wood to pierce Scarlett 's shoulder. While Justin looks after her, she calls out Caleb 's name. Justin later breaks up with Scarlett, telling her that he cares for her, but their relationship will not work because of Caleb. Scarlett tells Caleb that she has feelings for Justin, but Caleb kisses her and tells her he wants her to move back home. Scarlett realises that Justin is right and she decides to leave the Bay with Caleb.
Ziggy Astoni played by Sophie Dillman, made her first appearance on 20 June 2017. Details about Ziggy were released in June. Ziggy is the eldest daughter of Ben (Rohan Nichol) and Maggie Astoni (Kestie Morassi). The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years, since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000. Karlie Rutherford of The Daily Telegraph described Ziggy as a "wild child '' and a "rebel teenager ''. Ziggy is a potential love interest for Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood).
After running away from her father, Ben, Ziggy enters a bathroom and asks Brody Morgan to hide her. He allows her to hide in his car and she thanks him, after Ben leaves. Ziggy goes back home, where Ben confronts her about stealing a car. He and his wife Maggie take Ziggy and her younger sister, Coco, on a road trip and they end up in Summer Bay. Ziggy meets Brody again in the Surf Club. Ziggy steals money from Kat Chapman 's (Pia Miller) purse and soon learns Kat is a police officer. Ben and Maggie collect her from the police station. After her parents decide to move to the Bay, Ziggy refuses to stay and Brody drives her back to the city. There she finds her boyfriend, Jarrod (Joel Davies) has been cheating on her. She returns to the Bay and decides to give it a chance. She spends more time with Brody and they kiss, but she and her parents soon learn he is a drug addict, and Ziggy rejects him. Ziggy is given a job at Summer Bay Auto. After learning Brody and his brother Mason Morgan (Orpheus Pledger) have been involved in a car accident, Ziggy comes to see him at the hospital, but he tells her to leave. Ziggy befriends Olivia Fraser Richards (Raechelle Banno) when she helps Olivia unlock her car, after the keys get locked inside.
Ziggy is approached by William Zannis (Caleb Alloway), who asks her if she has seen Brody and whether she is his girlfriend, which she denies. Zannis later has Ziggy kidnapped and he uses her phone to lure Brody to a motel room, where he plans to ply them with alcohol and drugs. Kat and Robbo (Jake Ryan) rescue them. Ziggy tells Brody to stay away from her. She later suffers a panic attack at the beach and Brody sends his sister, Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) to check on Ziggy. Tori convinces Ziggy to see a counsellor. Ziggy thanks Brody and after they talk, they have sex. The meet up the following day, but Brody tells Ziggy that they can not be together as he is still in recovery. However, they decide to date in secret. Brody convinces Ziggy to tell her parents about their relationship. When she does eventually tell Ben and Maggie, they voice their disapproval and Ziggy leaves the house. Ben apologises to Ziggy and asks her to come home, but when Ziggy asks him to accept her relationship with Brody, Ben tells her he can not and she refuses to come back. During the launch party for Olivia 's fashion line, Brody breaks up with Ziggy.
Ben Astoni, played by Rohan Nichol, made his first appearance on 20 June 2017. Nichol previously appeared in the show in 2004 as Stafford McRae. Nichol relocated from Melbourne to Manly, so he would be closer to Palm Beach for the role. Ben moves to Summer Bay along with his wife Maggie (Kestie Morassi) and their two daughters Coco (Anna Cocquerel) and Ziggy Astoni (Sophie Dillman). The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years, since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000.
After his daughter, Ziggy, runs away from him, Ben asks Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood) if he has seen her. At home, Ben confronts Ziggy about stealing a car and then learns that his youngest daughter, Coco, has been suspended from school. His wife Maggie suggests that they get away from the city and visit her mother, but after Ben leaves the main road, they end up in Summer Bay. When they go to leave, the car does not start. Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) offers them a caravan, while the car is fixed overnight. After Ziggy gets into trouble for stealing, Ben asks Martin Ashford (George Mason) if the car is ready, and Ash admits the clutch is not stable. The family try to leave, but Ben accidentally reverses the car into a water tank, causing a pipe to burst. He tells Alf that he will fix it, leading the family to stay in the Bay for a week. Ben befriends Justin Morgan (James Stewart). Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse and she and Ben decide to buy it and the Pier, which leads them to clash with business owners Leah Patterson (Ada Nicodemou), Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger) and Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher). Ben and Maggie learn Ziggy has befriended Brody, who is a recovering drug addict, and ask her to stay away from him. Ben 's renovation plans cause tension between Maggie and Leah, and Maggie asks him to reconsider the plans, but later changes her mind.
Ben and Maggie learn that Ziggy has been dating Brody in secret and they disapprove of the relationship. Ziggy leaves the house and Ben tells her not to come back. He apologises to her the next day, but does not accept her relationship with Brody, so Ziggy refuses to come home. Brody later breaks up with her. Ben begins making surf boards to sell at the pier. Ben finds Coco convulsing in the garden and he and Maggie learn she has bulimia. Ziggy later leaves home. Days later, Ben sees her with Brody, who is attempting to bring her home, and punches him in the face. Olivia Fraser Richards (Raechelle Banno) tells Sergeant Phillip McCarthy (Nicholas Cassim) and Ben is arrested. McCarthy and Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) learns he has a criminal record for assaulting his brother. Ben insults Kat, which leads to him being charged. Maggie secures a loan to get him out on bail. Maggie 's mother, Diana (Sarah Chadwick) came to Summer Bay to visit the family and Diana told Ben and Maggie that she is the one who bailed Ben out of jail.
Margaret "Maggie '' Astoni, played by Kestie Morassi, made her first appearance on 21 June 2017. Morassi 's casting was revealed in early 2017 when she was pictured filming on set, while her character details were announced on 4 June. Morassi told Luke Dennehy of Herald Sun that it took some time for her to get used to the fast paced filming schedule of the show. She commented, "It was definitely a shock to the system. I 'm mostly used to working on film, where you have a lot more time for rehearsals. With film you are shooting maybe three minutes a day, whereas here, you are shooting almost an episode a day. '' Maggie moves to Summer Bay with her husband Ben Astoni (Rohan Nichol) and their two daughters Coco (Anna Cocquerel) and Ziggy Astoni (Sophie Dillman). The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years, since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000.
Maggie brings her youngest daughter Coco home, after she is suspended from school for cyber bullying. Maggie suggests to her husband, Ben, that they go on a trip and they decide to visit her mother, but they end up in Summer Bay when Ben leaves the main road. After their car breaks down, the family stay at the Caravan Park. Ben and Maggie go to the Pier Diner for dinner and Maggie falls out with Leah Patterson - Baker (Ada Nicodemou), after jokingly implying that Leah was checking Ben out. Maggie, Coco and Ziggy take a bus tour around the Bay and Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse, which is for sale. She later learns that the principal job at the local high school is available. She has an interview and is offered the position. She and Ben decide to purchase the Farmhouse and the pier, which includes the leases for the diner and bait shop. Maggie and Ben are invited to lunch with Leah, Irene Roberts (Lynne McGranger), Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher) and Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker), where they try and discuss their plans for adding another business to the pier, which would mean taking space from the diner. Leah and Irene object to their plans. Maggie later apologises to everyone. She embarrasses Coco on her first day at Summer Bay High, by calling her by her nickname "Coco Pops ''.
Coco Astoni, played by Anna Cocquerel, made her first appearance on 21 June 2017. Coco is the youngest daughter of Ben (Rohan Nichol) and Maggie Astoni (Kestie Morassi). The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years, since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000. Imogen Groome of the Metro reported that Coco could be a new love interest for VJ.
Coco is suspended from school for cyber-bullying another student. When Ziggy and Coco fight, their father, Ben, puts Coco 's phone in the blender and turns it on. Ben and his wife, Maggie, decide to get away from the city and the family ends up in Summer Bay. Coco befriends Raffy Morrison (Olivia Deeble). Ben and Maggie decide to move the family to the Bay. Coco meets VJ Patterson and Raffy tells him that she is her French tutor. Coco plays along and VJ asks her out on a date. His mother, Leah Patterson - Baker (Ada Nicodemou) interrupts their date and reveals that Coco is only 16. She leaves the restaurant and later apologises to VJ. On her first day at Summer Bay High, Coco is embarrassed when her mother calls her by her nickname "Coco Pops ''. Jennifer Dutton (Brittany Santariga) then teases her about it and Raffy attempts to stand up for Coco, who tells her to get lost. Coco and Raffy make up when Coco offers to cover for Raffy, while she leaves the school. Jennifer continues bullying Coco and Raffy stands up for her. As Coco is teased for her appearance, she begins binge eating and making herself sick. She and Jennifer are suspended when they get into a fight at the beach.
Jennifer later realises that Coco has an eating disorder. She says that she will not tell anyone, if Coco can set her up on a date with VJ. Coco agrees and Jennifer 's negative attitude towards her changes, causing strain on Coco and Raffy 's friendship. During a surf lesson with VJ and Jennifer, Coco faints. She faints again while out jogging, causing her to fall down some stairs and fracture her wrist. She almost passes out again, but is caught by Robbo (Jake Ryan), who takes her to the hospital. Raffy and Coco mend their friendship. Coco continues to binge and make herself sick, and Leah later catches her doing. Leah tries to convince Coco to tell Ben and Maggie, but she refuses and begs Leah to keep it quiet. Leah offers her support and tells her to call if she is attempted to binge again. Coco discovers that Ziggy was involved in an incident at their old school in which Maggie was injured. Coco asks Ziggy to come clean, but Ziggy tells her that it will tear their family apart. While working outside, Coco collapses and suffers a seizure. At the hospital, Coco finally admits that she has bulimia. Coco blames Ziggy for putting their mother under stress. While Coco is at the Surf Club, she meets Ryder Jackson (Lukas Radovich) and he buys her a drink. Coco and Ryder later meet up at the Diner, where he asks her for her phone number. When he calls, Coco gets Ben to scare him off. Coco and Raffy soon befriend Ryder. When he overhears them organising a girls movie night, he invites himself along. Coco asks Raffy if she likes Ryder and Raffy replies that he is cool and asks Coco if she likes Ryder too, but Coco denies it. But after seeing Raffy and Ryder getting closer, Coco become jealous and leaves early. At home, Maggie catches Coco about to binge eat. Coco tells Raffy about her bulimia and that she also likes Ryder. Coco hosts a Glow Day event to raise money for charity. Raffy informs Coco that she told Ryder that she is not interested in dating him, so Coco can pursue Ryder.
Robbo (also John Doe), played by Jake Ryan, made his first appearance on 25 July 2017. Ryan admitted that he was not prepared for the fame that will come from appearing on the show, saying "Sometimes these bad boy characters can work in your favour and maybe no one will like me. '' He also told Karlie Rutherford of news.com.au that he lost 13 kg ahead of his debut, after gaining weight following a injury that ended his taekwondo career. Producers introduced Robbo in a bid to fill "the heart - throb void '' left by Darryl Braxton (Stephen Peacocke). Ryan previously auditioned for the role of Brax, and he said, "Both characters have been painted with the bad boy brush... but they 're very different. '' Robbo will also be Kat 's new love interest.
John Doe watches on as Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher), Scarlett Snow (Tania Nolan) and Justin Morgan (James Stewart) approach the cove, where he is hiding out, on in a boat. While they are fishing, John Doe attempts to hot - wire the boat, but gives up when he sees Justin approaching. The boat fails to start and Alf, Scarlett and Justin camp out on the island. When Alf goes in search of firewood the following morning, John Doe hits him with a tree branch and takes his knife. He hides on the boat and emerges once it is docked in Summer Bay. John Doe breaks into the Pier Diner to steal some food, and Alf later finds him hiding on the boat. He pushes past Alf and Justin and later follows Alf to his house, where he produces the knife. John Doe tells Alf that he can not recall who he is and needs answers. Alf 's daughter Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) and Constable Kat Chapman (Pia Miller) approach the scene and Kat talks him into giving her the knife. She calls Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) to treat John Doe 's head injury, and Tori takes him to the hospital to get a CT scan, as he is suffering from post-traumatic amnesia. He later leaves the hospital, but Kat convinces him to return. Kat runs his finger prints and DNA against the police database, but there are no hits. The nurses name him "Robbo '' after Robinson Crusoe and he is discharged. Alf allows Robbo to stay at the Caravan Park.
Robbo decides to leave the Bay, but after saving Raffy Morrison (Olivia Deeble) from Mackenzie (Luke Davis), he decides to stay and wait to see if any information comes back about his tattoos. Kat and Scarlett take Robbo back to the cove and search his campsite. Kat finds a picture of herself, but Robbo does not know why he has it. John Palmer (Shane Withington) and Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons) try to help Robbo figure out who he is, but when John attempts to teach him how to drive, Robbo backs the car into Kat 's police cruiser. While taking him to the station, Kat stops off at a motel to find Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood). Robbo notices Faz (Jesse Rowles) leave the room, and when he and Bob (Neal Horton) emerge with Brody and Ziggy Astoni (Sophie Dillman), Robbo attacks them. William Zannis (Caleb Alloway) pulls a gun, but Robbo disarms him, leading Kat to think Robbo might have been a police officer. Alf offers Robbo a job doing maintenance work around the Caravan Park. After Kat breaks up with her boyfriend Martin Ashford (George Mason), Robbo comes to her caravan and offers her a bottle of whiskey. They kiss, but Kat tells him it was a mistake. Scarlett offers to help Robbo and later gets a hit on one of his tattoos, which is connected to a woman called Rose. She gives him a list of addresses and Kat helps him out. At the second address, Robbo finds a burnt photo that shows his arm around a woman. He and Kat then find her body inside. Robbo decides to give up searching for information about his past and asks Kat to close the investigation. Robbo helps Coco Astoni (Anna Cocquerel) to the hospital when she faints at the beach.
During an overnight trip in the bush with Kat, Scarlett, and Justin, their cabin is set fire to by a stranger who Robbo chases down. He tells him his real name is Beckett Reid, and escapes before he can ask more. The man, whose name is revealed to be Dennis Novak, returns and targets Kat. After confronting him, he tells Robbo they were partners in crime, and urges him to come back. After he kidnaps and attempts to murder Kat, Robbo saves her and kills Novak, burying him in the bush. As the police uncover Novak 's death, they close in on Robbo as the prime suspect. After Kat and Ash discover proof of his guilt, he tries to convince her to flee the Bay with him, but she refuses. After kidnapping and releasing Tori with an address for Kat, he escapes, but returns to confront Kat and asks her to come with him. She again refuses and he hands himself into the police; however, Kat frees him and they drive off together. As they are leaving the Bay they are involved in a major car accident which leaves them both severely injured. He flees as Kat is taken back to the Bay, where she dies in surgery. He reaches the house where he mourns her and the unborn child. Ash swears to find Robbo and exact his revenge.
Elizabeth "Beth '' Ellis, played by Anneliese Apps, made her first appearance on 31 August 2017. The actress secured the role five months after graduating from Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts. She initially thought she had performed badly in the audition, but received a callback, which she felt had gone well. She learned she had won the role a week later.
Apps was excited for the audience to meet Beth and said her storyline was "moving ''. Describing her character, Apps stated "Beth is cheeky, layered and she wants to make the people around her feel good. She is mysterious, perhaps even a bit quirky, like me -- I 'm not that mysterious, but I 'm definitely a bit quirky. '' Beth was also introduced as a love interest for Mason Morgan (Pledger). Apps told a columnist for New Idea that Beth wants to help Mason, as she sees part of herself in him.
While she is at the hospital, Beth overhears Mason Morgan shouting at his siblings about his paralysis. She later changes into some nursing scrubs and attempts to cheer Mason up. Beth convinces him to get in the wheelchair and they race around the corridors. Mason meets Beth again and they spend some more time together. It emerges Beth is a patient when she returns to her room to continue her treatment. Beth and Mason spend more time together, and he introduces her to his sister Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee). Beth keeps up the pretence that she is a nurse, but Mason later finds her in her room undergoing a procedure. He attempts to look at her file and Beth catches him. She tells Mason that she has cardiomyopathy and is waiting for a heart transplant. Beth explains that she liked pretending to be someone else, as she did not want Mason to pity her. They agree to start their friendship over. Beth encourages Mason to forgive his brother Brody Morgan (Jackson Heywood) for causing the crash that paralysed him. Mason finds Beth 's bucket list and arranges for them to get tattoos together. Beth kisses him during their dinner date, and they later go skinny dipping. When Beth asks Mason what he would put on his bucket list, Mason arranges for them to get dressed up and go to a casino. Beth cancels a hospital appointment for the trip, but during the drive she becomes short of breath and faints. Mason helps Beth into the back seat of the car and he is forced to drive them to Tori, who helps transfer Beth to an ambulance. Beth later visits Mason to let him know she is okay. Mason introduces her to his siblings as his girlfriend.
When Mason sees Beth and her father, Alan Ellis (Blair McDonough) together, he introduces himself and realises that Beth has not told her parents about their relationship. Beth tells Mason that she knew they would want her to focus on her health. Alan invites Mason to lunch and Beth 's mother Jackie (Rachael Coopes) joins them. Mason later tells Beth that Alan asked him to stay away from her, so she confronts her father and tells him that she is not breaking up with Mason. Beth collapses and is admitted to the hospital, where Tori informs her that she needs a stent. Beth 's condition worsens and she is moved up the transplant list. When Beth is feeling better, Mason is given permission to take her out for the afternoon. Mason arranges for them to have lunch on the beach, where he gives Beth a promise ring. Beth suddenly becomes short of breath and Mason gets her back to the hospital, where she suffers a sudden fatal arrhythmia and dies. After her funeral, Mason sees a vision of Beth in his room, she tells him to move on in his life.
Ryder Jackson, played by Lukas Radovich, made his first appearance on 25 October 2017. The character and Radovich 's casting details were announced on 23 October. Radovich secured the part shortly after graduating from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts and it marks his first acting role. Ryder is the son of Quinn Jackson (Lara Cox) and grandson of Alf Stewart (Ray Meagher). His first scenes see him break into the Surf Club. When he is later caught for trying to steal from Hunter King (Scott Lee) and VJ Patterson (Matt Little), Ryder explains that he is Alf 's grandson. Ryder refuses to give out Quinn 's phone number, leading his aunt Roo Stewart (Georgie Parker) to suspect he has run away.
Ryder steals some sandwiches from the Summer Bay Surf Club. Later he steals money from VJ Patterson and Hunter King, who give chase and catch him. They bring him to Alf Stewart and Ryder tells him that he is his grandson. Alf does not believe Ryder, until he tells him and Roo Stewart that his mother is Quinn Jackson. Ryder tells them he has lost his phone and can not give them Quinn 's contact details. Ryder takes money from Alf 's wallet and leaves. He returns to the Surf Club where he meets Coco Astoni (Anna Cocquerel), who he is attracted to, and he offers to buy her a drink. Roo finds Ryder and he tells her he does not want to go back to his mother 's, so she takes him back to Summer Bay House. Ryder meets Coco at the Diner and he asked her for her number, but unaware that Coco actually gave him her father, Ben Astoni 's (Rohan Nichol) number instead. Ryder kept calling for Coco and Ben threatens Ryder for harassing Coco. Quinn later calls Alf and states that Ryder 's is his grandson. He is then asked to go back to camp, but Roo decides he should stay in Summer Bay. Ryder meets and become attracted to Raffy Morrison (Olivia Deeble) at the Surf Club and they play pool together.
Willow Harris (also Ranger), played by Sarah Roberts, made her first appearance on 14 November 2017. Prior to securing the role of Willow, Roberts auditioned for both Kat Chapman and Scarlett Snow. She flew up from Melbourne to Sydney for the audition and had a chemistry reading with James Stewart, who plays Justin Morgan. Roberts did not think she had won the part, as it took a while for the producers to contact her.
Roberts described Willow as a "strong, female character '', who is also independent, loyal and fierce. The actress said Willow would bring "mischief and a bit of trouble '' to Summer Bay. Willow 's introductory scenes see her attack Justin Morgan at the local garage, as she tries to find a large amount of money that has been stolen from her. A writer for New Idea observed that Justin 's reluctance to report her to the police, could be because he is developing a crush on her. Roberts added that Willow was "definitely a bad girl. But for all the right reasons. She has taken wrong turns and made decisions that some people would consider ' bad ', but only to help the people that she loves. ''
Willow pulls up to Summer Bay Auto, attracting the attention of Justin Morgan. She hits him in the stomach with her motorcycle helmet and demands to know where her $15,000 is. She ties Justin to a table and he explains that he gave the money to the police, after it fell out of the bumper of a customer 's car. Willow takes Justin 's wallet and leaves him locked up in the garage overnight. She returns in the morning, after finding Justin 's bank account empty, and reveals that the money does not belong to her, before fleeing as Justin 's partner and assistant arrive. Willow takes Justin 's dog Buddy and demands a ransom.
Jasmine Delaney (also Delany), played by Sam Frost, made her first appearance on 18 December 2017. Frost 's casting was announced on 17 July 2017. She was asked to audition for the show while she was appearing on Hell 's Kitchen Australia. Frost did not think she would win the role, after going up against several actresses, but she was told that she had secured the role after a second audition. Frost commented "I grew up watching Home and Away and never in my wildest dreams did I think I would be on set and part of the cast. '' The role marks Frost 's acting debut. Frost 's casting attracted criticism from some actors, who dubbed it a publicity stunt. The artistic director of the Australian Acting Academy, Brendan Glanville admitted that he was "disappointed '' by the casting, saying "To me it demonstrates that Home and Away has lost faith in its writers if directors are resorting to this kind of stunt, rather than using their storylines to pull viewers. I ca n't comment on Sam Frost 's acting because some people have a natural ability, but this is a non-artistic choice that is disappointing. ''
Details of Frost 's character were not immediately released, but press photographs showed Frost would be involved in a car crash that would result in the death of Kat Chapman, played by Pia Miller.
Jasmine crashes into a car containing Kat Chapman and Robbo (Jake Ryan). She is knocked unconscious and taken to the local hospital.
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who were the sons of liberty and what did they do | Sons of Liberty - wikipedia
The Sons of Liberty was an organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765. The group officially disbanded after the Stamp Act was repealed. However, the name was applied to other local separatist groups during the years preceding the American Revolution.
In the popular imagination, the Sons of Liberty was a formal underground organization with recognized members and leaders. More likely, the name was an underground term for any men resisting new Crown taxes and laws. The well - known label allowed organizers to make or create anonymous summons to a Liberty Tree, "Liberty Pole '', or other public meeting - place. Furthermore, a unifying name helped to promote inter-Colonial efforts against Parliament and the Crown 's actions. Their motto became "No taxation without representation. ''
In 1765, the British government needed money to afford the 10,000 officers and soldiers living in the colonies, and intended that the colonists living there should contribute. The British passed a series of taxes aimed at the colonists, and many of the colonists refused to pay certain taxes; they argued that they should not be held accountable for taxes which were decided upon without any form of their consent through a representative. This became commonly known as "No Taxation without Representation. '' Parliament insisted on its right to rule the colonies despite the fact that the colonists had no representative in Parliament. The most incendiary tax was the Stamp Act of 1765, which caused a firestorm of opposition through legislative resolutions (starting in the colony of Virginia), public demonstrations, threats, and occasional hurtful losses.
The organization spread hour by hour, after independent starts in several different colonies. In August 1765, the group was founded in Boston, Massachusetts. By November 6, a committee was set up in New York to correspond with other colonies. In December, an alliance was formed between groups in New York and Connecticut. January bore witness to a correspondence link between Boston and New York City, and by March, Providence had initiated connections with New York, New Hampshire, and Newport, Rhode Island. March also marked the emergence of Sons of Liberty organizations in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia.
In Boston, another example of violence could be found in their treatment of local stamp distributor Andrew Oliver. They burned his effigy in the streets. When he did not resign, they escalated to burning down his office building. Even after he resigned, they almost destroyed the whole house of his close associate Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson. It is believed that the Sons of Liberty did this to excite the lower classes and get them actively involved in rebelling against the authorities. Their actions made many of the stamp distributors resign in fear.
Early in the American Revolution, the former Sons of Liberty generally joined more formal groups, such as the Committee of Safety.
The Sons of Liberty popularized the use of tar and feathering to punish and humiliate offending government officials starting in 1767. This method was also used against British Loyalists during the American Revolution. This punishment had long been used by sailors to punish their mates.
In December 1773, a new group calling itself the Sons of Liberty issued and distributed a declaration in New York City called the Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York, which formally stated that they were opposed to the Tea Act and that anyone who assisted in the execution of the act was "an enemy to the liberties of America '' and that "whoever shall transgress any of these resolutions, we will not deal with, or employ, or have any connection with him ''.
After the end of the American Revolutionary War, Isaac Sears, Marinus Willet, and John Lamb in New York City revived the Sons of Liberty. In March 1784, they rallied an enormous crowd that called for the expulsion of any remaining Loyalists from the state starting May 1. The Sons of Liberty were able to gain enough seats in the New York assembly elections of December 1784 to have passed a set of punitive laws against Loyalists. In violation of the Treaty of Paris (1783), they called for the confiscation of the property of Loyalists. Alexander Hamilton defended the Loyalists, citing the supremacy of the treaty.
In 1767, the Sons of Liberty adopted a flag called the rebellious stripes flag with nine vertical stripes, four white and five red. A flag having 13 horizontal red and white stripes was used by Commodore Esek Hopkins (Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Navy) and by American merchant ships during the war. This flag was also associated with the Sons of Liberty. Red and white were common colors of the flags, although other color combinations were used, such as green and white or yellow and white.
At various times, small secret organizations took the name "sons of liberty ''. They generally left very few records.
The name was also used during the American Civil War. By 1864, the Copperhead group the Knights of the Golden Circle set up an offshoot called Order of the Sons of Liberty. They both came under federal prosecution in 1864 for treason, especially in Indiana.
A radical wing of the Zionist movement launched a boycott in the U.S. against British films in 1948, in response to British policies in Palestine. It called itself the "Sons of Liberty. ''
The patriotic spirit of the Sons of Liberty has been used by Walt Disney Pictures through their 1957 film adaptation of Esther Forbes ' novel Johnny Tremain. Within the movie, the Sons of Liberty sing a rousing song titled "The Liberty Tree ''. This song raises the Liberty Tree to a national icon in a manner similar to the way in which George M. Cohan 's "You 're a Grand Old Flag '' revitalized respect for the American flag in the early twentieth century.
In the 1995 alternative history novel The Two Georges, the Sons of Liberty are depicted as a nativist terrorist organisation whose aim is to make the North American Union independent of the British Empire; their attempts include the theft of the titular portrait for a fifty million pound ransom and two assassination attempts on King - Emperor Charles III. The flag used by the Sons of Liberty and the Independence Party alike is a variation of the North American Jack and Stripes with the Union Jack in the canton being replaced by a bald eagle.
The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2001 video game Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. It refers to them in the title, and a group within the game calls itself the Sons of Liberty and models itself after them.
In 2015, a three - part mini-series aired on the History Channel with the same name.
The Sons of Liberty are referred to in the 2015 Broadway show Hamilton. In the song "Yorktown (The World Turned Upside Down), '' the character Hercules Mulligan sings, "I am runnin ' with the Sons of Liberty and I am lovin ' it. ''
In an episode of the Claymation children 's TV show Gumby, entitled "Son of Liberty '' (first aired in 1966), Gumby becomes a member of the Sons of Liberty.
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when have england reached the world cup semi finals | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia
The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950. The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament, first played in 1930, whose finals stage has been held every four years since, except 1942 and 1946, due to the Second World War.
The tournament consists of two parts, the qualification phase and the final phase (officially called the World Cup Finals). The qualification phase, which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals, is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals. The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title, at venues within the host nation (or nations) over a period of about a month. The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final.
England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments. They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea / Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).
England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup, which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals. They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title. Since then, they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for, including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups. At the world cup, England have had more goalless draws than any other team.
England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship. The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park, Cardiff, against Wales. Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes, and just seven minutes later, Jackie Milburn doubled the lead. This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick, which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play. Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time, but England held on for a comfortable victory.
A month later, England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road, and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes. England were already 6 -- 0 up, thanks to Jack Froggatt, two for Stan Pearson, Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley, by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes. Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal, however, leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark. The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that, with only one apeice before the final whistle, with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth, and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland.
It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland, who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales. With the top two from the group qualifying, both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals, and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship, and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil. A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory, the title and the top spot in the group.
England were seeded in pot one for the finals, which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2, which also contained Spain, Chile and the United States. England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro, and, as was expected, England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory, courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion.
Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time. Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory, which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets. A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back, they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour. However, this has proven to be untrue.
This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match, against Spain in Rio. They needed to win, and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through, and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour. As it turned out, no such calculations were necessary, despite Chile 's victory, as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game, eliminating England from the competition.
As with their first World Cup, England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship. They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again, and the 4 -- 1 result was the same. However, unlike four years earlier, it was the home side that went into the lead, after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch. Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time, England scored four within eight minutes of the restart; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse.
Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland, who were newly renamed Northern Ireland. Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes. Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark, but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later. Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England.
With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals, the final game between England and Scotland, at Hampden Park, settled nothing except the placings within the group, despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales. Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes, but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later. Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time, and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal. Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time, and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play, England topped the competition for the second time in a row.
England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals, with hosts Switzerland, Italy and Belgium. In an odd twist, unique to the 1954 tournament, England and Italy, as the two seeded teams in the group, did not have to play each other.
Equally, Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other. England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel, and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes. Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later, and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later, it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians.
Broadis scored his second just after the hour, but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down. Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again. In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup, drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time, and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3.
Just one minute into the added period, Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it, but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4. It stayed this way until the extra period was up, and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group, the match was recorded as a draw.
England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern. This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions, and they scored one goal in each half (from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0. As Switzerland (against England), Italy (against Switzerland) and Belgium (against Italy) had all lost one game, England progressed as group winners, along with Switzerland, who won a play - off against Italy.
England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals. Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes, but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later. England were clearly struggling, but held on until just before half time, when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay.
Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break, but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal. However, it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play. The score remained at 4 -- 2, and England were eliminated from the cup.
For the first time, England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden. They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark. In the qualifying round, England won three out of the four games and drew the other. Four months before the World Cup, Roger Byrne, Duncan Edwards, David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United. At the finals, which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part, the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups.
England were drawn against the Soviet Union (2 -- 2), Brazil (0 -- 0) and Austria (2 -- 2), who finished third in the 1954 World Cup. At the end of the group stage, Soviet Union and England each had three points, and had scored four goals and conceded four goals. This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group, the winner to qualify. England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out. The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose.
The third World Cup which took place in South America, saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group, which contained Portugal and Luxembourg, defeating Luxembourg on both occasions, and defeating Portugal at home, and drawing in Lisbon.
At the finals, England were drawn in a group with Hungary, Argentina and Bulgaria. England defeated Argentina 3 - 1, thanks to goals from Ron Flowers, Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves, before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria, and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary.
England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3, defending champions Brazil, in the quarter - finals. Brazil scored first through Garrincha, before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time. However, second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1, and eliminated England from the competition. This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge. Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals. From May 1963, Alf Ramsey became the manager of England.
In the 1966 World Cup Finals, England used their home advantage and, under Ramsey, won their first, and only, World Cup title. England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London, which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege. After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay, which started a run of four games all ending goalless. England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals.
The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina, which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England. This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina, when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game. A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed. Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament. The final saw England play West Germany, with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England, after extra time.
1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup. England were drawn in a group with Romania, former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia. Each of the matches only saw one goal, with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia, and losing to Brazil. The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final, with England playing West Germany. England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill, and Peter Bonetti played instead. England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters, but in the 70th minute, Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany.
After Beckenbauer 's goal, Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton, who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever, with caps totalling 106. Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute, thereby taking the game into extra time. During extra time, Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2. This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England.
For the first time, England did not qualify for a World Cup. In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales, England could not overtake Poland. After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland, meant that England had to beat Poland at home, whilst Poland only needed to draw. Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half, who had Martin Peters playing for them. Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski.
England equalised six minutes later, with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke. England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay. Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a "clown ''. The commentator of the game then said "it 's all over ''. Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place. After failing to qualify, Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time, where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years, no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years. This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager.
England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America. This time, England were denied by Italy, who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points. Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same, following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team. The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg, but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive. Nevertheless, Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England, after taking the role in 1977.
1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams, where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup. Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania, Switzerland and Norway.
At the finals, England won all three group games, defeating France 3 - 1, with a brace from Bryan Robson, before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0, with a Jozef Barmos own goal, and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0, thanks to a Trevor Francis goal.
The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams, a first time event at the World Cup. England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1, England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round. England, however, only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish. England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament. After the World Cup, Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended, and he was replaced by Bobby Robson.
1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico. England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland, who qualified in second place, Romania, Finland and Turkey. In Mexico, England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco. The final group game, however, saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0, which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup, with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick.
This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco. England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16. In the quarter - finals, England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals, both scored by Diego Maradona. Maradona 's first goal, known as the Hand of God, was illegal and should not have counted, as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net. However, the referee missed this infringement, and ruled that the goal should stand. Maradona then made the score 2 - 0, famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring. Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1, but England ran out of time to equalise, and were eliminated. Nevertheless, Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner.
By winning three and drawing three, England qualified for Italia ' 90, the second World Cup to be held in Italy, scoring ten goals and conceding none. England were unbeaten through qualification, winning three games, and drawing the remaining three, but still finished second to Sweden, whom they drew with twice. England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark, who, had they won, would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team. West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams.
Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches, England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily. In group F, was the European champions Netherlands, the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England. After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch, England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0. This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup. England won the group with four points.
In the next round, England had to play Belgium. The game went to extra time, and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute, David Platt scored the winning goal. England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals. Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals. England opened the scoring through David Platt, but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1. Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time. He then scored a second penalty, to see England reach the semi-finals.
In the semi-finals, England met West Germany. There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes, which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games. There was also no separating the two teams after extra time, thereby taking the game to penalties.
Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty, he was unable to save any. German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner, having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties, saved England 's fourth penalty, taken by Stuart Pearce. Olaf Thon then scored for Germany, meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty. However, Waddle 's penalty missed completely, going high over the crossbar, thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition. The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time. Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup, Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end.
For the 1994 World Cup in the United States, under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor, England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament. In a group with six teams, England lost to Norway and the Netherlands, finishing third above Poland, Turkey and San Marino.
England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify. In the game against San Marino, Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds, taking the lead for the outsiders. England went on to win 7 -- 1, which was too small a goal margin. Additionally, despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1, the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1, meaning that however many goals England scored, they could still not qualify. Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables, who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996, hosted in England.
After missing out on the World Cup in 1994, England, managed by Glenn Hoddle, qualified for the World Cup in France. England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy, Poland, Georgia and Moldova. England beat Poland, Georgia and Moldova both home and away, but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification. The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group.
At the finals in France, England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game, with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes. Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen, Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time. In their final group game, England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match, thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham. England finished second in Group G, which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase, and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H, Argentina.
In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties, David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence, knocking over Diego Simeone. Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game, before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later. England took the lead through Owen, in the 16th minute. Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half.
The game finished 2 - 2, and, as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time, penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round. While David Seaman did save one penalty, Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two, including the vital one from David Batty, thereby knocking England out of the World Cup. Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post.
In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time. England, under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson, were able to qualify for the tournament. England were drawn in Group 9, alongside Germany, Finland, Greece and Albania. In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium, (which closed after the match) England played Germany, losing 1 -- 0, the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann. The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan, who resigned at the end of the match, and was replaced by Eriksson. By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich, England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised, and they qualified automatically, by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece. Germany, who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland, had to play a play - off game against Ukraine, with England qualifying ahead winning the group.
In Japan, England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland, Sweden, and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw. England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0, thanks to a Beckham penalty. However, England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria, meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round, where they played Denmark, they qualified as runners up, which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified.
England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0, thanks to goals from Micheal Owen, Rio Ferdinand, and Emile Heskey. England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals. Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal, a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1, and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England, and went on to win the tournament.
England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup. The group featured other home nations in Wales, and Northern Ireland, as well as Poland (who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany), Azerbaijan and Austria. England won eight of the 10 games, and qualified as group winners, in front of Portugal, despite drawing to Austria in Vienna, and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast.
In Germany, however, England were less convincing. England played in Group B, alongside Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, and Sweden. England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal. The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead, with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal, and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard. The last group game saw England play against Sweden, where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners, thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany.
In the last 16 stage, a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals, where they faced Portugal. The game finished goalless, and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out. Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard, Steven Gerrard, and Jamie Carragher; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves. Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1, despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana. This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager.
Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello, after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008. By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine, England qualified ahead of Croatia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Andorra. England 's group was seen as a favourable one, containing comparatively much weaker teams. However, England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States, thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green. They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans, drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney. England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0, but only qualified as runners up to the United States, thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany.
In the second round match, Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose, who opened the scoring. The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes. Shortly after, England defender Matthew Upson scored a header. Later, Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line; which was confirmed on replays. German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line, but decided to deceive the referee. The German media reported it was "revenge for Wembley '', while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology. Ironically, despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology, Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out. As England tried to equalise, Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals. This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup, winning 4 - 1.
Under Roy Hodgson, who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA, England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil. Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds. The other opponents included Montenegro, Poland, Moldova and San Marino. After winning six games and drawing four, England qualified unbeaten.
The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay, both former world champions, which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group, along with Costa Rica. England lost to Italy and Uruguay, and were thus knocked out after two games. The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw. This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup, ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match, their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup.
England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup, in a group of six with Slovakia, Slovenia, Scotland, Lithuania and Malta, with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification. England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce, only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules.
Under Allardyce 's replacement, Gareth Southgate, England went undefeated throughout qualification, winning eight matches out of 10, drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana, and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane. This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated, having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup, and Euro 2016 qualifying.
Under Gareth Southgate, the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia. The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute. Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker. Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane, inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out. England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute, again by Harry Kane, resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory.
In the second group stage match, England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1. Jesse Lingard scored the third goal, John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second, fifth and sixth goals.
In the final group stage match, England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium. Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams, with England specificially making 9 changes. Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial, as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world. The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second, setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia.
England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena, Moscow, with the same team as against Tunisia. Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament, and the third penalty, after once again being fouled in the box from a corner, similarly as against Panama. The score remained at 1 - 0, until stoppage time, where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time. Neither team managed to score in extra time, and the match went to penalties, which England won 4 - 3. As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 (last defeating Ecuador in the last 16); it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out. The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in, with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match.
England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena, Samara on 7 July 2018. They won the match 2 -- 0, with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal, a header scored from a corner, and Dele Alli a second header from close range. This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990, and third overall. The team played Croatia in the semi-final, resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time. England would later finish fourth in the competition, the best result since 1990. England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff, thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard, despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld.
The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966.
Last update: 14 July 2018
Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia
Historically, very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad.
Team Awards
Individual Awards
Team Records
Individual Records
Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees, more than by any other football association. The first Englishman to officiate a final, George Reader, is also the oldest World Cup referee to date, as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil. The other final referees are William Ling (1954), Jack Taylor (1974) and Howard Webb (2010).
Arthur Ellis, who was a linesman at the 1950 final, is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups (1950 -- 1958).
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who wrote sit down i think i love you | Sit Down, I Think I Love You - wikipedia
"Sit Down, I Think I Love You '' is a 1966 song composed by American singer - songwriter Stephen Stills and originally recorded by American - Canadian rock band Buffalo Springfield. A cover version by The Mojo Men was released as a single in 1967 and reached the U.S. Top 40. Also that year, Australian band The Executives charted in their home country with their version of the song.
Stephen Stills wrote "Sit Down, I Think I Love You '' as a fairly direct love song. It was written prior to the formation of Buffalo Springfield, when Stills had just settled in Los Angeles and had begun writing songs that he felt "were personal statements and had something to say. '' The song was included on Buffalo Springfield 's eponymous debut album, but because Stills had sold the song 's publishing rights, he never received any writer 's royalties. Allmusic 's Matthew Greenwald said the song "showcases Stills ' already refined pop moxie and melodic instinct, crossed with a strong folk flavoring. '' Dave Swanson of Ultimate Classic Rock described it as "pristine folk - rock with a great garage band feel '' and ranked it as the ninth best song by Buffalo Springfield.
San Francisco - based group The Mojo Men released a cover version of "Sit Down, I Think I Love You '' as a single in early 1967. Arranged by Van Dyke Parks, the song was the band 's biggest hit in the United States, peaking at number 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. In Canada, it reached number 26 on RPM magazine 's singles chart.
Greenwald said The Mojo Men 's recording "transformed the song into a near - Mamas & Papas graft, complete with counterpoint vocals and a warm feeling. An odd and wide variety of instruments (from mandolins, Dobro, to multiple keyboards) add great texture to the melody, creating one of the great ' lost ' masterpieces of the era. '' The song was included on the seminal 1972 Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965 -- 1968 garage rock compilation album.
Australian pop group The Executives released their cover of "Sit Down, I Love You '' as a single in 1967. It peaked at number 4 in Sydney, 13 in Brisbane, and 28 on the Go - Set national chart.
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what is p on the periodic table of elements | Block (periodic table) - wikipedia
A block of the periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups. The term appears to have been first used by Charles Janet. The respective highest - energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same atomic orbital type. Each block is named after its characteristic orbital; thus, the blocks are:
The block names (s, p, d, f and g) are derived from the spectroscopic notation for the associated atomic orbitals: sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental, and then g which follows f in the alphabet.
The following is the order for filling the "subshell '' orbitals, according to the Aufbau principle, which also gives the linear order of the "blocks '' (as atomic number increases) in the periodic table:
For discussion of the nature of why the energies of the blocks naturally appear in this order in complex atoms, see atomic orbital and electron configuration.
The "periodic '' nature of the filling of orbitals, as well as emergence of the s, p, d and f "blocks '' is more obvious, if this order of filling is given in matrix form, with increasing principal quantum numbers starting the new rows ("periods '') in the matrix. Then, each subshell (composed of the first two quantum numbers) is repeated as many times as required for each pair of electrons it may contain. The result is a compressed periodic table, with each entry representing two successive elements:
There is an approximate correspondence between this nomenclature of blocks, based on electronic configuration, and groupings of elements based on chemical properties. The s - block and p - block together are usually considered as the main - group elements, the d - block corresponds to the transition metals, and the f - block are the lanthanides and the actinides. However, not everyone agrees on the exact membership of each set of elements, so that for example the group 12 elements Zn, Cd and Hg are considered as main group by some scientists and transition metals by others, because they are chemically and physically more similar to the p - block elements than the other d - block elements. Furthermore, the group 3 elements and the f - block are sometimes also considered main group elements due to their similarities to the s - block elements. Groups (columns) in the f - block (between groups 3 and 4) are not numbered.
Helium is from the p - block s - block, with its outer (and only) electrons in the 1s atomic orbital, although its chemical properties are more similar to the p - block noble gases due to its full shell. In addition to the blocks listed in this table, there is a hypothetical g - block which is not pictured here. The g - block elements can be seen in the expanded extended periodic table. Also, lanthanum and actinium are placed under scandium and yttrium to reflect their status as d - block elements, as they have no electrons in the 4f and 5f orbitals, respectively, while lutetium and lawrencium do.
The s - block is on the left side of the periodic table and includes elements from the first two columns, the alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals (group 2), plus hydrogen and helium. Helium is a controversial element for the scientists as it can be placed in the second group of s block as well as the 18th group of p - block, but most scientists consider it to rest at the top of group 18 i.e. above neon (atomic number 10) as it has many properties similar to the group 18 elements.
Most s - block elements are highly reactive metals due to the ease with which their outer s - orbital electrons interact to form compounds. The first period elements in this block, however, are nonmetals. Hydrogen is highly chemically reactive, like the other s - block elements, but helium is a virtually unreactive noble gas.
S - block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons (outermost electrons) are in the s orbital. The s - orbital is a single spherical cloud which can contain only one pair of electrons; hence, the s - block consists of only two columns in the periodic table. Elements in column 1, with a single s - orbital valence electron, are the most reactive of the block. Elements in the second column have two s - orbital valence electrons, and, except for helium, are only slightly less reactive. The general electron configuration (G.E.F.) of s - block elements is ns2, np6. This block is first block.
The p - block is on the right side of the periodic table and includes elements from the six columns beginning with column 13 and ending with column 18. Helium, though being in the top of group 18, is not included in the p - block.
The p - block is home to the biggest variety of elements and is the only block that contains all three types of elements: metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Generally, the p - block elements are best described in terms of element type or group.
P - block elements are unified by the fact that their valence electrons (outermost electrons) are in the p orbital. The p orbital consists of six lobed shapes coming off a central point at evenly spaced angles. The p orbital can hold a maximum of six electrons, hence there are six columns in the p - block. Elements in column 13, the first column of the p - block, have one p - orbital electron. Elements in column 14, the second column of the p - block, have two p - orbital electrons. The trend continues this way until we reach column 18, which has six p - orbital electrons.
P - block metals have classic metal characteristics: they are shiny, they are good conductors of heat and electricity, and they lose electrons easily. Generally, these metals have high melting points and readily react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. Ionic compounds form when a positive metal ion bonds with a negative nonmetal ion.
Of the p - block metals, several have fascinating properties. Gallium, in the 3rd row of column 13, is a metal that can melt in the palm of a hand. Tin, in the fourth row of column 14, is an abundant, flexible, and extremely useful metal. It is an important component of many metal alloys like bronze, solder, and pewter.
Sitting right beneath tin is lead, a toxic metal. Ancient people used lead for a variety of things, from food sweeteners to pottery glazes to eating utensils. It has been suspected that lead poisoning is related to the fall of Roman civilization, but further research has shown this to be unlikely. For a long time, lead was used in the manufacturing of paints. It was only within the last century that lead paint use has been restricted due to its toxic nature.
Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals, but the term ' metalloid ' lacks a strict definition. All of the elements that are commonly recognized as metalloids are in the p - block: boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. Metalloids tend to have lower electrical conductivity than metals, yet often higher than nonmetals. They tend to form chemical bonds similarly to nonmetals, but may dissolve in metallic alloys without covalent or ionic bonding. Metalloid additives can improve properties of metallic alloys, sometimes paradoxically to their own apparent properties. Some may give a better electrical conductivity, higher corrosion resistance, ductility, or fluidity in molten state, etc. to the alloy.
Boron has many carbon - like properties, but is very rare. It has many uses, for example a P type semiconductor dopant.
Silicon is perhaps the most famous metalloid. It is the second most abundant element in Earth 's crust and one of the main ingredients in glass. It is used to make semiconductor circuits, from large power switches and high current diodes to microchips for computers and other electronic devices. It is also used in certain metallic alloys, e.g. to improve casting properties of alumimium. So valuable is silicon to the technology industry that Silicon Valley in California is named after it.
Germanium has properties very similar to silicon, yet this element is much more rare. It was once used for its semiconductor properties pretty much as silicon is now, and it has some superior properties at that, but is now a rare material in the industry.
Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that has been used throughout history as an additive to metal alloys, paints, and even makeup.
Antimony is used as a constituent in casting alloys such as printing metal.
Previously called inert gases, their name was changed as there are a few other gases that are inert but not noble gases, such as nitrogen. The noble gases are located in the far right column of the periodic table, also known as group 0 or group 18. Noble gases are also called as aerogens but this nomenclature of the group is not officially accepted by the IUPAC.
All of the noble gases have full outer shells with eight electrons. However, at the top of the noble gases is helium, with a shell that is full with only two electrons. The fact that their outer shells are full means they rarely react with other elements, which led to their original title of "inert. ''
Because of their chemical properties, these gases are also used in the laboratory to help stabilize reactions that would usually proceed too quickly. As the atomic numbers increase, the elements become rarer.
The second column from the right side of the periodic table, group 17, is the halogen family of elements. These elements are all just one electron shy of having full shells. Because they are so close to being full, they have the trait of combining with many different elements and are very reactive.
Not all halogens react with the same intensity. Fluorine is the most reactive and combines with most elements from around the periodic table. As with other columns, reactivity decreases as the atomic number increases.
When a halogen combines with another element, the resulting compound is called a halide. One of the best examples of a halide is sodium chloride (NaCl).
The d - block is on the middle of the periodic table and includes elements from columns 3 through 12. These elements are also known as the transition metals because they show a transitivity in their properties i.e. they show a trend in their properties in simple incomplete d orbitals. Transition basically means d orbital lies between s and p orbitals and shows a transition from properties of s to p.
The d - block elements are all metals which exhibit two or more ways of forming chemical bonds. Because there is a relatively small difference in the energy of the different d - orbital electrons, the number of electrons participating in chemical bonding can vary. This results in the same element exhibiting two or more oxidation states, which determines the type and number of its nearest neighbors in chemical compounds.
D - block elements are unified by having in their outermost electrons one or more d - orbital electrons but no p - orbital electrons. The d - orbitals can contain up to five pairs of electrons; hence, the block includes ten columns in the periodic table.
The f - block is in the center - left of a 32 - column periodic table but in the footnoted appendage of 18 - column tables. These elements are not generally considered as part of any group. They are often called inner transition metals because they provide a transition between the s - block and d - block in the 6th and 7th row (period), in the same way that the d - block transition metals provide a transitional bridge between the s - block and p - block in the 4th and 5th rows.
The known f - block elements come in two series, the lanthanides of period 6 and the radioactive actinides of period 7. All are metals. Because the f - orbital electrons are less active in determining the chemistry of these elements, their chemical properties are mostly determined by outer s - orbital electrons. Consequently, there is much less chemical variability within the f - block than within the s -, p -, or d - blocks.
F - block elements are unified by having one or more of their outermost electrons in the f - orbital but none in the d - orbital or p - orbital. The f - orbitals can contain up to seven pairs of electrons; hence, the block includes fourteen columns in the periodic table.
The g - block is a hypothetical block of elements in the extended periodic table whose Outermost electrons are posited to have one or more g - orbital electrons but no f -, d - or p - orbital electrons.
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quincy jones you put a move on my heart lyrics | You Put a Move on My Heart - wikipedia
"You Put a Move on My Heart '' is a song by British recording artist Mica Paris, written and produced by Rod Temperton for her third studio Whisper a Prayer (1993).
Though not released as a single, the song received general acclaim from critics. Andrew Hamilton of Allmusic expressed, ' Mica Paris ' original rendition of Rod Temperton 's ballad supreme (...) shames Tamia 's more successful rendition '. Hamilton also described the tone of her voice as ' glorious ', writing, it ' never pales; it glows like a warm fire as the devastating British woman squeezes the last drop of soul from the lyrics. '
Whilst Entertainment Weekly writer James Earl Hardy described the song as ' sexy R&B ', Daryl Easlea of the BBC called it ' beautiful and passionately delivered ' he also expressed, ' you long for it being recorded at a different time, not with Paris in front of a keyboard with an orchestra setting button and a drum machine '.
In 1994, Canadian singer Tamia performed at a multiple sclerosis benefit in Aspen, Colorado when she met music manager, Lionel Richie 's ex-wife Brenda Richie, who was co-sponsoring the event and introduced herself to Tamia after the show. A few months later, Tamia, who was being courted by Warner Bros. Records at the time, called Richie to say that she was coming to Los Angeles for a photo session, resulting in her lasting stay and a management deal with Richie.
Weeks later, Richie arranged for her to perform at a star - studded party that she held for singer Luther Vandross. Her performance reportedly impressed all in attendance, including veteran producer Quincy Jones, who later offered her the chance to appear on his album Q 's Jook Joint (1995). Overwhelmed by his offer, Tamia recorded vocals for "You Put a Move on My Heart '', which Jones later selected as the album 's first single. A moderate commercial success, the collaboration earned acclaim from critics; it was later nominated for a Grammy Award.
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with a well labelled diagram describe the cpu memory read operation | System bus - wikipedia
A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity, and although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, more modern computers use a variety of separate buses adapted to more specific needs.
Many early electronic computers were based on the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC report published in 1945. In what became known as the Von Neumann architecture, a central control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU, which he called the central arithmetic part) were combined with computer memory and input and output functions to form a stored program computer. The Report presented a general organization and theoretical model of the computer, however, not the implementation of that model. Soon designs integrated the control unit and ALU into what became known as the central processing unit (CPU).
Computers in the 1950s and 1960s were generally constructed in an ad - hoc fashion. For example, the CPU, memory, and input / output units were each one or more cabinets connected by cables. Engineers used the common techniques of standardized bundles of wires and extended the concept as backplanes were used to hold printed circuit boards in these early machines. The name "bus '' was already used for "bus bars '' that carried electrical power to the various parts of electric machines, including early mechanical calculators. The advent of integrated circuits vastly reduced the size of each computer unit, and buses became more standardized. Standard modules could be interconnected in more uniform ways and were easier to develop and maintain.
To provide even more modularity with reduced cost, memory and I / O buses (and the required control and power buses) were sometimes combined into a single unified system bus. Modularity and cost became important as computers became small enough to fit in a single cabinet (and customers expected similar price reductions). Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) further reduced cost for mass - produced minicomputers, and memory - mapped I / O into the memory bus, so that the devices appeared to be memory locations. This was implemented in the Unibus of the PDP - 11 around 1969, eliminating the need for a separate I / O bus. Even computers such as the PDP - 8 without memory - mapped I / O were soon implemented with a system bus, which allowed modules to be plugged into any slot. Some authors called this a new streamlined "model '' of computer architecture.
Many early microcomputers (with a CPU generally on a single integrated circuit) were built with a single system bus, starting with the S - 100 bus in the Altair 8800 computer system in about 1975. The IBM PC used the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus as its system bus in 1981. The passive backplanes of early models were replaced with the standard of putting the CPU and RAM on a motherboard, with only optional daughterboards or expansion cards in system bus slots.
The Multibus became a standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as IEEE standard 796 in 1983. Sun Microsystems developed the SBus in 1989 to support smaller expansion cards. The easiest way to implement symmetric multiprocessing was to plug in more than one CPU into the shared system bus, which was used through the 1980s. However, the shared bus quickly became the bottleneck and more sophisticated connection techniques were explored.
Even in very simple systems, at various times the data bus is driven by the program memory, by RAM, and by I / O devices. To prevent bus contention on the data bus, at any one instant only one device drives the data bus. In very simple systems, only the data bus is required to be a bidirectional bus. In very simple systems, the memory address register always drives the address bus, the control unit always drives the control bus, and an address decoder selects which particular device is allowed to drive the data bus during this bus cycle. In very simple systems, every instruction cycle starts with a READ memory cycle where program memory drives the instruction onto the data bus while the instruction register latches that instruction from the data bus. Some instructions continue with a WRITE memory cycle where the memory data register drives data onto the data bus into the chosen RAM or I / O device. Other instructions continue with another READ memory cycle where the chosen RAM, program memory, or I / O device drives data onto the data bus while the memory data register latches that data from the data bus.
More complex systems have a multi-master bus -- not only do they have many devices that each drive the data bus, but also have many bus masters that each drive the address bus. The address bus as well as the data bus in bus snooping systems is required to be a bidirectional bus, often implemented as a three - state bus. To prevent bus contention on the address bus, a bus arbiter selects which particular bus master is allowed to drive the address bus during this bus cycle.
As CPU design evolved into using faster local buses and slower peripheral buses, Intel adopted the dual independent bus (DIB) terminology, using the external front - side bus to the main system memory, and the internal back - side bus between one or more CPUs and the CPU caches. This was introduced in the Pentium Pro and Pentium II products in the mid to late 1990s. The primary bus for communicating data between the CPU and main memory and input and output devices is called the front - side bus, and the back - side bus accesses the level 2 cache.
Since 2005 / 2006, considering an architecture in which 4 processors share a chipset, the DIB is composed by two busses, each of them is shared among two CPUs. The theoretical bandwidth is doubled compared to a shared front - side bus up to 12.8 GB / s in the best case. However, the snoop information useful to guarantee the cache coherence of shared data located in different caches have to be sent in broadcast, reducing the available bandwidth. To mitigate this limitation, a snoop filter was inserted in the chipset, in order to cache the snoop information.
Modern personal and server computers use higher - performance interconnection technologies such as HyperTransport and Intel QuickPath Interconnect, while the system bus architecture continued to be used on simpler embedded microprocessors. The systems bus can even be internal to a single integrated circuit, producing a system - on - a-chip. Examples include AMBA, CoreConnect, and Wishbone.
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when does tokyo ghoul re episodes come out | List of Tokyo ghoul episodes - wikipedia
Tokyo Ghoul is an anime television series by Studio Pierrot aired on Tokyo MX between July and September 2014 with a second season titled Tokyo Ghoul √ A that aired January 8, 2015, to March 26, 2015, and a third season titled Tokyo Ghoul: re, a split cour, who 's first part aired from April 3, 2018, to June 12, 2018. Studio Pierrot also produced an OVA for Tokyo Ghoul: JACK along with a portion of the light novel Tokyo Ghoul: Hibi titled Tokyo Ghoul: PINTO.
Kanae von Rosewald brings Shu Tsukiyama the underwear that Chie Hori had collected from Haise Sasaki, but the latter falls into despair after realizing that he could n't recognize the scent as Kaneki 's. Later, the Quinx Squad continue their investigation of Nutcracker and cross-dress to disguise themselves at a nightclub where she had been sighted. At the nightclub, two members of the Clowns recognize Sasaki as Kaneki and note that "for Kaneki to come out, Sasaki will have to ' die. ' '' The squad, alongside Juzo Suzuya, then follow up on a lead that takes them to the auction where the Nutcracker had been selling her victims to the gourmets.
The series was released to DVD and Blu - Ray format in four volumes.
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who has more aircraft marines or air force | List of active United States military aircraft - wikipedia
Active United States military aircraft is a list of military aircraft that are used by the United States military. For aircraft no longer in - service see List of military aircraft of the United States.
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where did the term out of left field come from | Out of left field - wikipedia
"Out of left field '' is American slang meaning "unexpectedly '', "odd '' or "strange ''. The phrase came from baseball terminology referring to the area covered by the left fielder who has the farthest throw to first base. According to mlb.com there is another meaning: "The term ' way out in left field ' is taken to mean ' crazy. ' '' Cook County Hospital (by the West Side Grounds, the Chicago Cubs first location under what is now the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine) had a mental institution behind left field, (This can not be true. Left field was against Wood St.) (...) The bottom line is, patients could be heard yelling and screaming things at fans behind the left field wall. ' '' Variations include "out in left field '' and simply "left field ''.
Popular music historian Arnold Shaw wrote in 1949 for the Music Library Association that the term "out of left field '' was first used in the idiomatic sense of "from out of nowhere '' by the music industry to refer to a song that unexpectedly performed well in the market. Based on baseball lingo, a sentence such as "That was a hit out of left field '' was used by song pluggers who promoted recordings and sheet music, to describe a song requiring no effort to sell. A "rocking chair hit '' was the kind of song which came "out of left field '' and sold itself, allowing the song plugger to relax. A 1943 article in Billboard magazine expands the use to describe people unexpectedly drawn to radio broadcasting:
"Latest twist in radio linked with the war is the exceptional number of quasi-clerical groups and individuals who have come out of left field in recent months and are trying to buy, not promote, radio time. ''
Further instances of the phrase were published in the 1940s, including more times in Billboard magazine and once in a humor book titled How to Be Poor.
In May 1981, columnist William Safire asked readers of The New York Times to send him any ideas they had regarding the origin of the phrase "out of left field '' -- he did not know where it came from, and did not refer to Shaw 's work. On June 28, 1981, he devoted most of his Sunday column to the phrase, offering up various responses he received. The earliest scholarly citation Safire could find was a 1961 article in the journal American Speech, which defined the variation "out in left field '' as meaning "disoriented, out of contact with reality. '' Linguist John Algeo told Safire that the phrase most likely came from baseball observers rather than from baseball fans or players.
In Safire 's Political Dictionary, Safire writes that the phrase "out of left field '' means "out of the ordinary, out of touch, far out. '' The variation "out in left field '' means alternately "removed from the ordinary, unconventional '' or "out of contact with reality, out of touch. '' He compares the term to left - wing politics and the Left Coast -- slang for the liberal - leaning coastal cities in California, Oregon and Washington.
In 1998, American English professor Robert L. Chapman, in his book American Slang, wrote that the phrase "out of left field '' was in use by 1953. He did not cite Shaw 's work and he did not point to printed instances of the phrase in the 1940s. Marcus Callies, an associate professor of English and philology at the University of Mainz in Germany, wrote that "the precise origin is unclear and disputed '', referring to Christine Ammer 's conclusion in The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms. Callies suggested that the left fielder in baseball might throw the ball to home plate in an effort to get the runner out before he scores, and that the ball, coming from behind the runner out of left field, would surprise the runner.
From the Way Out In Left Field Society: "The phrase "way out in left field '' has evolved to mean an eccentric, odd, misguided or peculiar statement or act. Although the origin of the phrase has been challenged and debated over the years, the most logical and realistic explanation comes from an extinct baseball park called West Side Grounds that the Chicago Cubs called home from 1893 to 1915. As legend has it, a mental hospital called the Neuropsychiatric Institute was located directly behind the left field wall. The Institute housed mental patients who could be heard making strange and bizarre comments within listening distance of players and fans. Thus, if someone said that you were "way out in left field, '' the person was questioning your sanity and comparing you with a mental patient ''
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is the legend of sleepy hollow public domain | The Legend of Sleepy Hollow - wikipedia
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' is a horror story by American author Washington Irving, contained in his collection of 34 essays and short stories entitled The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent... Written while Irving was living abroad in Birmingham, England, "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' was first published in 1820. Along with Irving 's companion piece "Rip Van Winkle '', "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' is among the earliest examples of American fiction with enduring popularity, especially during Halloween because of a character known as the Headless Horseman believed to be a Hessian soldier who lost his head to a cannonball in battle.
From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by name of Sleepy Hollow... A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere.
The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town (historical Tarrytown, New York), in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the haunting atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants and visitors. Some residents say this town was bewitched during the early days of the Dutch settlement. Other residents say an old Native American chief, the wizard of his tribe, held his powwows here before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson. The most infamous spectre in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, said to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper that had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle '' of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head ''.
The "Legend '' relates the tale of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones '' Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18 - year - old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer, Baltus Van Tassel. Ichabod Crane, a Yankee and an outsider, sees marriage to Katrina as a means of procuring Van Tassel 's extravagant wealth. Bones, the local hero, vies with Ichabod for Katrina 's hand, playing a series of pranks on the jittery schoolmaster, and the fate of Sleepy Hollow 's fortune weighs in the balance for some time. The tension among the three is soon brought to a head. On a placid autumn night, the ambitious Crane attends a harvest party at the Van Tassels ' homestead. He dances, partakes in the feast, and listens to ghostly legends told by Brom and the locals, but his true aim is to propose to Katrina after the guests leave. His intentions, however, are ill - fated.
After having failed to secure Katrina 's hand, Ichabod rides home "heavy - hearted and crestfallen '' through the woods between Van Tassel 's farmstead and the Sleepy Hollow settlement. As he passes several purportedly haunted spots, his active imagination is engorged by the ghost stories told at Baltus ' harvest party. After nervously passing under a lightning - stricken tulip tree purportedly haunted by the ghost of British spy Major André, Ichabod encounters a cloaked rider at an intersection in a menacing swamp. Unsettled by his fellow traveler 's eerie size and silence, the teacher is horrified to discover that his companion 's head is not on his shoulders, but on his saddle. In a frenzied race to the bridge adjacent to the Old Dutch Burying Ground, where the Hessian is said to "vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone '' upon crossing it, Ichabod rides for his life, desperately goading his temperamental plow horse down the Hollow. However, to Crane 's horror, the ghoul clambers over the bridge, rears his horse, and hurls his severed head into Ichabod 's terrified face.
The next morning, Ichabod has mysteriously disappeared from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was said "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related ''. Indeed, the only relics of the schoolmaster 's flight are his wandering horse, trampled saddle, discarded hat, and a mysterious shattered pumpkin. Although the nature of the Headless Horseman is left open to interpretation, the story implies that the ghost was really Brom (an agile stunt rider) in disguise. Irving 's narrator concludes, however, by stating that the old Dutch wives continue to promote the belief that Ichabod was "spirited away by supernatural means '', and a legend develops around his disappearance and sightings of his melancholy spirit.
Irving wrote The Sketch Book during a tour of Europe, and parts of the tale may also be traced to European origins. Headless horsemen were staples of Northern European storytelling, featuring in German, Irish (e.g., Dullahan), Scandinavian (e.g., the Wild Hunt), and English legends, and were included in Robert Burns 's poem "Tam o ' Shanter '' (1790) and Bürger 's Der wilde Jäger, translated as The Wild Huntsman (1796). Usually viewed as omens of ill - fortune for those who chose to disregard their apparitions, these specters found their victims in proud, scheming persons and characters with hubris and arrogance. One particularly influential rendition of this folktale was recorded by the German folklorist Karl Musäus.
During the height of the American Revolutionary War, Irving writes that the country surrounding Tarry Town "was one of those highly - favored places which abound with chronicle and great men. The British and American line had run near it during the war; it had, therefore, been the scene of marauding, and infested with refugees, cow - boys, and all kinds of border chivalry. ''
After the Battle of White Plains in October 1776, the country south of the Bronx River was abandoned by the Continental Army and occupied by the British. The Americans were fortified north of Peekskill, leaving Westchester County a 30 - mile stretch of scorched and desolated no - man 's land, vulnerable to outlaws, raiders, and vigilantes. Besides droves of Loyalist rangers and British light infantry, Hessian Jägers -- renowned sharpshooters and horsemen -- were among the raiders who often skirmished with Patriot militias. The Headless Horseman, said to be a decapitated Hessian soldier, may have indeed been based loosely on the discovery of just such a Jäger 's headless corpse found in Sleepy Hollow after a violent skirmish, and later buried by the Van Tassel family, in an unmarked grave in the Old Dutch Burying Ground. The dénouement of the fictional tale is set at the bridge over the Pocantico River in the area of the Old Dutch Church and Burying Ground in Sleepy Hollow.
Irving, while he was an aide - de-camp to New York Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, met an army captain named Ichabod Crane in Sackets Harbor, New York during an inspection tour of fortifications in 1814. Irving may have patterned the character in "The Legend '' after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809. The inspiration for the character of Katrina Van Tassel was based on an actual young woman named Katrina Van Tassel. Washington Irving stayed with her family for a short time, and asked permission to use her name, and loosely base the character on her. He told her and her family he liked to give his characters the names of people he had met.
The story was the longest one published as part of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (commonly referred to as The Sketch Book), which Irving issued serially throughout 1819 and 1820, using the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon ''. With "Rip Van Winkle '', "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow '' is one of Irving 's most anthologized, studied, and adapted sketches. Both stories are often paired together in books and other representations, and both are included in surveys of early American literature and Romanticism. Irving 's depictions of regional culture and his themes of progress versus tradition, supernatural intervention in the commonplace, and the plight of the individual outsider in an homogeneous community permeate both stories and helped to develop a unique sense of American cultural and existential selfhood during the early 19th century.
Notable film and television variations include:
"Sleepy Hollow '' a thriller. Written by Jason Newkirk premiered in 2007 in Columbus, IN. Again in September 2017 at Gateway Center for the Arts in Debary, FL. As an annual Halloween event.
On the Far North Coast of NSW lies the sleepy hollow rest stop. There is a stop located either side of the road so that North and South bound traffic is able to stop. The northbound stop is located 58 km north of Ballina, NSW and the southbound stop is located 32 km south of Tweed Heads.
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meaning of it matters not how strait the gate | Invictus - wikipedia
"Invictus '' is a short Victorian poem by the English poet William Ernest Henley (1849 -- 1903). It was written in 1875 and published in 1888 in his first volume of poems, Book of Verses, in the section Life and Death (Echoes).
Originally, the poem was published with no title. The second edition of Henley 's Book of Verses added a dedication "To R.T.H.B. '' -- a reference to Robert Thomas Hamilton Bruce (1846 -- 1899), a successful Scottish flour merchant, baker, and literary patron. The 1900 edition of Henley 's Poems, published after Bruce 's death, altered the dedication to "I.M.R.T. Hamilton Bruce (1846 -- 1899) '' (I.M. standing for "in memoriam '').
The poem was reprinted in nineteenth - century newspapers under a variety of titles, including "Myself '', "Song of a Strong Soul '', "My Soul '', "Clear Grit '', "Master of His Fate '', "Captain of My Soul '', "Urbs Fortitudinis '', and "De Profundis ''.
The established title "Invictus '' (Latin for "unconquered '') was added by editor Arthur Quiller - Couch when the poem was included in The Oxford Book of English Verse (1900).
Out of the night that covers me, Black as the pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul. In the fell clutch of circumstance I have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed. Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade, And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find me, unafraid. It matters not how strait the gate, How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate: I am the captain of my soul.
In 1875 one of Henley 's legs required amputation due to complications arising from tuberculosis. Immediately after the amputation, he was told that his other leg would require a similar procedure. He chose instead to enlist the services of the distinguished English surgeon Joseph Lister, who was able to save Henley 's remaining leg after multiple surgical interventions on the foot. While recovering in the infirmary, he was moved to write the verses that became "Invictus ''. This period of his life, coupled with recollections of an impoverished childhood, were primary inspirations for the poem, and play a major role in its meaning. A memorable evocation of Victorian stoicism -- the "stiff upper lip '' self - discipline and fortitude in adversity, which popular culture rendered into a British character trait, "Invictus '' remains a cultural touchstone. With the message of displaying fortitude in the face of adversity, the poem evokes Victorian stoicism and a "stiff upper lip ''.
The fourth stanza alludes to a phrase from the King James Bible, which has, at Matthew 7: 14,
Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.
In modern English this is rendered as "But the gate to life is very narrow. '' In this context "life '' means "eternal salvation. ''
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how many bits do most modern systems use to represent a standard character e.g. 'a' | Binary - coded decimal - wikipedia
In computing and electronic systems, binary - coded decimal (BCD) is a class of binary encodings of decimal numbers where each decimal digit is represented by a fixed number of bits, usually four or eight. Special bit patterns are sometimes used for a sign or for other indications (e.g., error or overflow).
In byte - oriented systems (i.e. most modern computers), the term unpacked BCD usually implies a full byte for each digit (often including a sign), whereas packed BCD typically encodes two decimal digits within a single byte by taking advantage of the fact that four bits are enough to represent the range 0 to 9. The precise 4 - bit encoding may vary however, for technical reasons, see Excess - 3 for instance. The ten states representing a BCD decimal digit are sometimes called tetrades (for the nibble typically needed to hold them also known as tetrade) with those do n't care - states unused named pseudo-tetrad (e) s (de) or pseudo-decimal digit).
BCD 's main virtue is its more accurate representation and rounding of decimal quantities as well as an ease of conversion into human - readable representations, in comparison to binary positional systems. BCD 's principal drawbacks are a small increase in the complexity of the circuits needed to implement basic arithmetics and a slightly less dense storage.
BCD was used in many early decimal computers, and is implemented in the instruction set of machines such as the IBM System / 360 series and its descendants, Digital Equipment Corporation 's VAX and the Motorola 68000 - series processors. Although BCD per se is not as widely used as in the past and is no longer implemented in newer computers ' instruction sets (such as ARM; x86 does not support its BCD instructions in long mode any more), decimal fixed - point and floating - point formats are still important and continue to be used in financial, commercial, and industrial computing, where subtle conversion and fractional rounding errors that are inherent in floating point binary representations can not be tolerated.
BCD takes advantage of the fact that any one decimal numeral can be represented by a four bit pattern. The most obvious way of encoding digits is "natural BCD '' (NBCD), where each decimal digit is represented by its corresponding four - bit binary value, as shown in the following table. This is also called "8421 '' encoding.
Other encodings are also used, including so - called "4221 '' and "7421 '' -- named after the weighting used for the bits -- and "Excess - 3 ''. For example, the BCD digit 6, ' 0110'b in 8421 notation, is ' 1100'b in 4221 (two encodings are possible), ' 0110'b in 7421, and ' 1001'b (6 + 3 = 9) in excess - 3.
As most computers deal with data in 8 - bit bytes, it is possible to use one of the following methods to encode a BCD number:
As an example, encoding the decimal number 91 using unpacked BCD results in the following binary pattern of two bytes:
In packed BCD, the same number would fit into a single byte:
Hence the numerical range for one unpacked BCD byte is zero through nine inclusive, whereas the range for one packed BCD is zero through ninety - nine inclusive.
To represent numbers larger than the range of a single byte any number of contiguous bytes may be used. For example, to represent the decimal number 12345 in packed BCD, using big - endian format, a program would encode as follows:
Note that the most significant nibble of the most significant byte is zero, implying that the number is in actuality 012345. Also note how packed BCD is more efficient in storage usage as compared to unpacked BCD; encoding the same number (with the leading zero) in unpacked format would consume twice the storage.
Shifting and masking operations are used to pack or unpack a packed BCD digit. Other logical operations are used to convert a numeral to its equivalent bit pattern or reverse the process.
BCD is very common in electronic systems where a numeric value is to be displayed, especially in systems consisting solely of digital logic, and not containing a microprocessor. By employing BCD, the manipulation of numerical data for display can be greatly simplified by treating each digit as a separate single sub-circuit. This matches much more closely the physical reality of display hardware -- a designer might choose to use a series of separate identical seven - segment displays to build a metering circuit, for example. If the numeric quantity were stored and manipulated as pure binary, interfacing to such a display would require complex circuitry. Therefore, in cases where the calculations are relatively simple, working throughout with BCD can lead to a simpler overall system than converting to and from binary. Most pocket calculators do all their calculations in BCD.
The same argument applies when hardware of this type uses an embedded microcontroller or other small processor. Often, smaller code results when representing numbers internally in BCD format, since a conversion from or to binary representation can be expensive on such limited processors. For these applications, some small processors feature BCD arithmetic modes, which assist when writing routines that manipulate BCD quantities.
In packed BCD (or simply packed decimal), each of the two nibbles of each byte represent a decimal digit. Packed BCD has been in use since at least the 1960s and is implemented in all IBM mainframe hardware since then. Most implementations are big endian, i.e. with the more significant digit in the upper half of each byte, and with the leftmost byte (residing at the lowest memory address) containing the most significant digits of the packed decimal value. The lower nibble of the rightmost byte is usually used as the sign flag, although some unsigned representations lack a sign flag. As an example, a 4 - byte value consists of 8 nibbles, wherein the upper 7 nibbles store the digits of a 7 - digit decimal value and the lowest nibble indicates the sign of the decimal integer value.
Standard sign values are 1100 (hex C) for positive (+) and 1101 (D) for negative (−). This convention comes from the zone field for EBCDIC characters and the signed overpunch representation. Other allowed signs are 1010 (A) and 1110 (E) for positive and 1011 (B) for negative. IBM System / 360 processors will use the 1010 (A) and 1011 (B) signs if the A bit is set in the PSW, for the ASCII - 8 standard that never passed. Most implementations also provide unsigned BCD values with a sign nibble of 1111 (F). ILE RPG uses 1111 (F) for positive and 1101 (D) for negative. These match the EBCDIC zone for digits without a sign overpunch. In packed BCD, the number 127 is represented by 0001 0010 0111 1100 (127C) and − 127 is represented by 0001 0010 0111 1101 (127D). Burroughs systems used 1101 (D) for negative, and any other value is considered a positive sign value (the processors will normalize a positive sign to 1100 (C)).
No matter how many bytes wide a word is, there are always an even number of nibbles because each byte has two of them. Therefore, a word of n bytes can contain up to (2n) − 1 decimal digits, which is always an odd number of digits. A decimal number with d digits requires 1 / 2 (d + 1) bytes of storage space.
For example, a 4 - byte (32 - bit) word can hold seven decimal digits plus a sign, and can represent values ranging from ± 9,999,999. Thus the number − 1,234,567 is 7 digits wide and is encoded as:
(Note that, like character strings, the first byte of the packed decimal -- with the most significant two digits -- is usually stored in the lowest address in memory, independent of the endianness of the machine.)
In contrast, a 4 - byte binary two 's complement integer can represent values from − 2,147,483,648 to + 2,147,483,647.
While packed BCD does not make optimal use of storage (about one - sixth of the memory used is wasted), conversion to ASCII, EBCDIC, or the various encodings of Unicode is still trivial, as no arithmetic operations are required. The extra storage requirements are usually offset by the need for the accuracy and compatibility with calculator or hand calculation that fixed - point decimal arithmetic provides. Denser packings of BCD exist which avoid the storage penalty and also need no arithmetic operations for common conversions.
Packed BCD is supported in the COBOL programming language as the "COMPUTATIONAL - 3 '' (an IBM extension adopted by many other compiler vendors) or "PACKED - DECIMAL '' (part of the 1985 COBOL standard) data type. It is supported in PL / I as "FIXED DECIMAL ''. Besides the IBM System / 360 and later compatible mainframes, packed BCD is implemented in the native instruction set of the original VAX processors from Digital Equipment Corporation and some models of the SDS Sigma series mainframes, and is the native format for the Burroughs Corporation Medium Systems line of mainframes (descended from the 1950s Electrodata 200 series).
Ten 's complement representations for negative numbers offer an alternative approach to encoding the sign of packed (and other) BCD numbers. In this case, positive numbers always have a most significant digit between 0 and 4 (inclusive), while negative numbers are represented by the 10 's complement of the corresponding positive number. As a result, this system allows for, a 32 - bit packed BCD numbers to range from − 50,000,000 to + 49,999,999, and − 1 is represented as 99999999. (As with two 's complement binary numbers, the range is not symmetric about zero.)
Fixed - point decimal numbers are supported by some programming languages (such as COBOL, PL / I and Ada). These languages allow the programmer to specify an implicit decimal point in front of one of the digits. For example, a packed decimal value encoded with the bytes 12 34 56 7C represents the fixed - point value + 1,234.567 when the implied decimal point is located between the 4th and 5th digits:
The decimal point is not actually stored in memory, as the packed BCD storage format does not provide for it. Its location is simply known to the compiler and the generated code acts accordingly for the various arithmetic operations.
If a decimal digit requires four bits, then three decimal digits require 12 bits. However, since 2 (1,024) is greater than 10 (1,000), if three decimal digits are encoded together, only 10 bits are needed. Two such encodings are Chen -- Ho encoding and densely packed decimal (DPD). The latter has the advantage that subsets of the encoding encode two digits in the optimal seven bits and one digit in four bits, as in regular BCD.
Some implementations, for example IBM mainframe systems, support zoned decimal numeric representations. Each decimal digit is stored in one byte, with the lower four bits encoding the digit in BCD form. The upper four bits, called the "zone '' bits, are usually set to a fixed value so that the byte holds a character value corresponding to the digit. EBCDIC systems use a zone value of 1111 (hex F); this yields bytes in the range F0 to F9 (hex), which are the EBCDIC codes for the characters "0 '' through "9 ''. Similarly, ASCII systems use a zone value of 0011 (hex 3), giving character codes 30 to 39 (hex).
For signed zoned decimal values, the rightmost (least significant) zone nibble holds the sign digit, which is the same set of values that are used for signed packed decimal numbers (see above). Thus a zoned decimal value encoded as the hex bytes F1 F2 D3 represents the signed decimal value − 123:
(*) Note: These characters vary depending on the local character code page setting.
Some languages (such as COBOL and PL / I) directly support fixed - point zoned decimal values, assigning an implicit decimal point at some location between the decimal digits of a number. For example, given a six - byte signed zoned decimal value with an implied decimal point to the right of the fourth digit, the hex bytes F1 F2 F7 F9 F5 C0 represent the value + 1,279.50:
IBM used the terms Binary - Coded Decimal Interchange Code (BCDIC, sometimes just called BCD), for 6 - bit alphanumeric codes that represented numbers, upper - case letters and special characters. Some variation of BCDIC alphamerics is used in most early IBM computers, including the IBM 1620, IBM 1400 series, and non-Decimal Architecture members of the IBM 700 / 7000 series.
The IBM 1400 series are character - addressable machines, each location being six bits labeled B, A, 8, 4, 2 and 1, plus an odd parity check bit (C) and a word mark bit (M). For encoding digits 1 through 9, B and A are zero and the digit value represented by standard 4 - bit BCD in bits 8 through 1. For most other characters bits B and A are derived simply from the "12 '', "11 '', and "0 '' "zone punches '' in the punched card character code, and bits 8 through 1 from the 1 through 9 punches. A "12 zone '' punch set both B and A, an "11 zone '' set B, and a "0 zone '' (a 0 punch combined with any others) set A. Thus the letter A, which is (12, 1) in the punched card format, is encoded (B, A, 1). The currency symbol $, (11, 8, 3) in the punched card, was encoded in memory as (B, 8, 2, 1). This allows the circuitry to convert between the punched card format and the internal storage format to be very simple with only a few special cases. One important special case is digit 0, represented by a lone 0 punch in the card, and (8, 2) in core memory.
The memory of the IBM 1620 is organized into 6 - bit addressable digits, the usual 8, 4, 2, 1 plus F, used as a flag bit and C, an odd parity check bit. BCD alphamerics are encoded using digit pairs, with the "zone '' in the even - addressed digit and the "digit '' in the odd - addressed digit, the "zone '' being related to the 12, 11, and 0 "zone punches '' as in the 1400 series. Input / Output translation hardware converted between the internal digit pairs and the external standard 6 - bit BCD codes.
In the Decimal Architecture IBM 7070, IBM 7072, and IBM 7074 alphamerics are encoded using digit pairs (using two - out - of - five code in the digits, not BCD) of the 10 - digit word, with the "zone '' in the left digit and the "digit '' in the right digit. Input / Output translation hardware converted between the internal digit pairs and the external standard 6 - bit BCD codes.
With the introduction of System / 360, IBM expanded 6 - bit BCD alphamerics to 8 - bit EBCDIC, allowing the addition of many more characters (e.g., lowercase letters). A variable length Packed BCD numeric data type is also implemented, providing machine instructions that perform arithmetic directly on packed decimal data.
On the IBM 1130 and 1800, packed BCD is supported in software by IBM 's Commercial Subroutine Package.
Today, BCD data is still heavily used in IBM processors and databases, such as IBM DB2, mainframes, and Power6. In these products, the BCD is usually zoned BCD (as in EBCDIC or ASCII), Packed BCD (two decimal digits per byte), or "pure '' BCD encoding (one decimal digit stored as BCD in the low four bits of each byte). All of these are used within hardware registers and processing units, and in software. To convert packed decimals in EBCDIC table unloads to readable numbers, you can use the OUTREC FIELDS mask of the JCL utility DFSORT.
The Digital Equipment Corporation VAX - 11 series includes instructions that can perform arithmetic directly on packed BCD data and convert between packed BCD data and other integer representations. The VAX 's packed BCD format is compatible with that on IBM System / 360 and IBM 's later compatible processors. The MicroVAX and later VAX implementations dropped this ability from the CPU but retained code compatibility with earlier machines by implementing the missing instructions in an operating system - supplied software library. This is invoked automatically via exception handling when the no longer implemented instructions are encountered, so that programs using them can execute without modification on the newer machines.
The Intel x86 architecture supports a unique 18 - digit (ten - byte) BCD format that can be loaded into and stored from the floating point registers, and computations can be performed there.
The Motorola 68000 series had BCD instructions.
In more recent computers such capabilities are almost always implemented in software rather than the CPU 's instruction set, but BCD numeric data is still extremely common in commercial and financial applications. There are tricks for implementing packed BCD and zoned decimal add or subtract operations using short but difficult to understand sequences of word - parallel logic and binary arithmetic operations. For example, the following code (written in C) computes an unsigned 8 - digit packed BCD add using 32 - bit binary operations:
It is possible to perform addition in BCD by first adding in binary, and then converting to BCD afterwards. Conversion of the simple sum of two digits can be done by adding 6 (that is, 16 -- 10) when the five - bit result of adding a pair of digits has a value greater than 9. For example:
Note that 10001 is the binary, not decimal, representation of the desired result. Also note that it can not fit in a 4 - bit number. In BCD as in decimal, there can not exist a value greater than 9 (1001) per digit. To correct this, 6 (0110) is added to that sum and then the result is treated as two nibbles:
The two nibbles of the result, 0001 and 0111, correspond to the digits "1 '' and "7 ''. This yields "17 '' in BCD, which is the correct result.
This technique can be extended to adding multiple digits by adding in groups from right to left, propagating the second digit as a carry, always comparing the 5 - bit result of each digit - pair sum to 9. Some CPUs provide a half - carry flag to facilitate BCD arithmetic adjustments following binary addition and subtraction operations.
Subtraction is done by adding the ten 's complement of the subtrahend. To represent the sign of a number in BCD, the number 0000 is used to represent a positive number, and 1001 is used to represent a negative number. The remaining 14 combinations are invalid signs. To illustrate signed BCD subtraction, consider the following problem: 357 − 432.
In signed BCD, 357 is 0000 0011 0101 0111. The ten 's complement of 432 can be obtained by taking the nine 's complement of 432, and then adding one. So, 999 − 432 = 567, and 567 + 1 = 568. By preceding 568 in BCD by the negative sign code, the number − 432 can be represented. So, − 432 in signed BCD is 1001 0101 0110 1000.
Now that both numbers are represented in signed BCD, they can be added together:
Since BCD is a form of decimal representation, several of the digit sums above are invalid. In the event that an invalid entry (any BCD digit greater than 1001) exists, 6 is added to generate a carry bit and cause the sum to become a valid entry. The reason for adding 6 is that there are 16 possible 4 - bit BCD values (since 2 = 16), but only 10 values are valid (0000 through 1001). So adding 6 to the invalid entries results in the following:
Thus the result of the subtraction is 1001 1001 0010 0101 (− 925). To check the answer, note that the first digit is 9, which means negative. This seems to be correct, since 357 − 432 should result in a negative number. To check the rest of the digits, represent them in decimal. 1001 0010 0101 is 925. The ten 's complement of 925 is 1000 − 925 = 999 − 925 + 1 = 074 + 1 = 75, so the calculated answer is − 75. To check, perform standard subtraction to verify that 357 − 432 is − 75.
Note that in the event that there are a different number of nibbles being added together (such as 1053 − 122), the number with the fewest digits must first be padded with zeros before taking the ten 's complement or subtracting. So, with 1053 − 122, 122 would have to first be represented as 0122, and the ten 's complement of 0122 would have to be calculated.
The binary - coded decimal scheme described in this article is the most common encoding, but there are many others. The method here can be referred to as Simple Binary - Coded Decimal (SBCD) or BCD 8421. In the headers to the table, the ' 8 4 2 1 ', indicates the weight of each bit shown; note that in the fifth column, "BCD 8 4 − 2 − 1 '', two of the weights are negative. Both ASCII and EBCDIC character codes for the digits are examples of zoned BCD, and are also shown in the table.
The following table represents decimal digits from 0 to 9 in various BCD systems:
In the 1972 case Gottschalk v. Benson, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a lower court decision which had allowed a patent for converting BCD encoded numbers to binary on a computer. This was an important case in determining the patentability of software and algorithms.
The BIOS in many personal computers stores the date and time in BCD because the MC6818 real - time clock chip used in the original IBM PC AT motherboard provided the time encoded in BCD. This form is easily converted into ASCII for display.
The Atari 8 - bit family of computers used BCD to implement floating - point algorithms. The MOS 6502 processor has a BCD mode that affects the addition and subtraction instructions. The Psion Organiser 1 handheld computer 's manufacturer - supplied software also used entirely BCD to implement floating point; later Psion models used binary exclusively.
Early models of the PlayStation 3 store the date and time in BCD. This led to a worldwide outage of the console on 1 March 2010. The last two digits of the year stored as BCD were misinterpreted as 16 causing an error in the unit 's date, rendering most functions inoperable. This has been referred to as the Year 2010 Problem.
Various BCD implementations exist that employ other representations for numbers. Programmable calculators manufactured by Texas Instruments, Hewlett - Packard, and others typically employ a floating - point BCD format, typically with two or three digits for the (decimal) exponent. The extra bits of the sign digit may be used to indicate special numeric values, such as infinity, underflow / overflow, and error (a blinking display).
Signed decimal values may be represented in several ways. The COBOL programming language, for example, supports a total of five zoned decimal formats, each one encoding the numeric sign in a different way:
3GPP developed TBCD, an expansion to BCD where the remaining (unused) bit combinations are used to add specific telephony characters, with digits similar to those found in telephone keypads original design.
The mentioned 3GPP document defines TBCD - STRING with swapped nibbles in each byte. Bits, octets and digits indexed from 1, bits from the right, digits and octets from the left.
bits 8765 of octet n encoding digit 2n
bits 4321 of octet n encoding digit 2 (n - 1) + 1
Meaning number 1234, would become 21 43 in TBCD.
If errors in representation and computation are more important than the speed of conversion to and from display, a scaled binary representation may be used, which stores a decimal number as a binary - encoded integer and a binary - encoded signed decimal exponent. For example, 0.2 can be represented as 2 × 10.
This representation allows rapid multiplication and division, but may require shifting by a power of 10 during addition and subtraction to align the decimal points. It is appropriate for applications with a fixed number of decimal places that do not then require this adjustment -- particularly financial applications where 2 or 4 digits after the decimal point are usually enough. Indeed, this is almost a form of fixed point arithmetic since the position of the radix point is implied.
Chen -- Ho encoding provides a boolean transformation for converting groups of three BCD - encoded digits to and from 10 - bit values that can be efficiently encoded in hardware with only 2 or 3 gate delays. Densely packed decimal (DPD) is a similar scheme that is used for most of the significand, except the lead digit, for one of the two alternative decimal encodings specified in the IEEE 754 - 2008 standard.
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what type of school is appalachian state university | Appalachian State University - wikipedia
Appalachian State University / ˌæpəˈlætʃən / (also referred to as Appalachian, App State, App, ASU) is a comprehensive (Master 's L), public, coeducational university in Boone, North Carolina, United States.
Appalachian State was founded as a teacher 's college in 1899 by brothers B.B. and D.D. Dougherty. The two brothers each have buildings located on campus that still bear the founders names. It expanded to include other programs in 1967, and joined the University of North Carolina system in 1971. It is the system 's sixth largest institution with about 17,000 undergraduate and 1,800 graduate students. It offers 176 undergraduate and 42 graduate majors as well as a doctoral degree in educational leadership.
The university has been ranked among the top 10 Southern Master 's Universities since the U.S. News and World Report 's America 's Best Colleges Guide began publication in 1986.
Appalachian State University began in 1899 when a group of citizens in Watauga County, under the leadership of Blanford B. Dougherty and his brother Dauphin D. Dougherty, began a movement to educate teachers in northwestern North Carolina. Land was donated by Daniel B. Dougherty, father of the leaders in the enterprise, and by J.F. Hardin. On this site a wood frame building, costing $1,000, was erected by contributions from citizens of the town and county. In the fall of 1899, the Dougherty brothers, acting as co-principals, began the school which was named Watauga Academy. The first year saw 53 students enrolled in three grades.
In 1903, after interest in the school had spread to adjoining counties, D.D. Doughterty was convinced the state would fund institutions established to train teachers. He traveled to the state capital, Raleigh, after drafting a bill. W.C. Newland of Caldwell County introduced the bill in the North Carolina Legislature to make this a state school, with an appropriation for maintenance and for building. Captain E.F. Lovill of Watauga County, R.B. White of Franklin County, Clyde Hoey of Cleveland County and E.J. Justice of McDowell County spoke in favor of the measure. On March 9, 1903, the bill became law, and the Appalachian Training School for Teachers was established. The school opened on October 5, 1903 with $2,000 from the state and 325 students.
For 22 years, there was a period of steady growth, academic development, and valuable service to the state. In 1925, the legislature changed the name to the Appalachian State Normal School and appropriated additional funding for maintenance and permanent improvement. Four years later, in 1929, the school became a four - year degree granting institution and was renamed Appalachian State Teachers College. Over 1,300 students were enrolled in degree programs offered for primary grades education, physical education, math, English, science, and history.
Appalachian attained national standards by becoming accredited by the American Association for Teacher Education in 1939, and the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools in 1942. In 1948 a Graduate School was formed. Dr. Dougherty retired in 1955, after 56 years of serving the school. J.D. Rankin became interim president until Dr. William H. Plemmons was installed. J.D Rankin 's still lives on as a part of the campus, as one of the largest buildings is named after the interim - president, needing separate divisions to help new students find their way around the large building. Plemmons lead from 1955 to 1969, and his administration oversaw the addition of new buildings as the campus expanded and enrollment grew to nearly 5,000 students.
Appalachian was transformed from a single - purpose teachers ' college into a multipurpose regional university and Appalachian State Teacher 's College became Appalachian State University in 1967. Growth continued in the 1970s to around 9,500 students and 550 faculty. Afterward, four degree granting undergraduate colleges were created: Arts and Sciences, Business, Fine and Applied Arts, and Education. Dr. Herbert Wey succeeded Plemmons as president in 1969 and was named chancellor in 1971. The Wey center is now the home of the Appalachian State Arts Department and large musical performances / productions. In 1972, Appalachian State became part of the University of North Carolina system.
Located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of northwestern North Carolina, Appalachian State University has one of the highest elevations of any university in the United States east of the Mississippi River, at 3,333 feet (1,016 m). The university 's main campus is in downtown Boone, a town of 18,834 compared to an ASU enrollment of 18,811 students. The campus encompasses 1,300 acres (5.3 km), including a main campus of 410 acres (1.7 km) with 20 residence halls, 3 main dining facilities, 30 academic buildings, and 11 recreation / athletic facilities.
The center of campus is nicknamed Sanford Mall, an open grassy quad between the student union, dining halls, and library. Sanford Hall, located on the mall 's edge, is named for Terry Sanford, a former governor of the state. Rivers Street, a thoroughfare for town and university traffic, essentially divides the campus into east and west sections with underground tunnels and a pedestrian bridge connecting the two halves. The eastern half includes Sanford Mall, Plemmons Student Union, Roess Dining Hall (formerly known as Central Dining Hall), and Belk Library, along with two communities of residence halls. The west side has Trivette Dining Hall, the Student Recreation Center (or SRC), the Quinn Recreation Center, Kidd Brewer Stadium, and Stadium Heights and Yosef Hollow, the two remaining residence hall communities. At the north end, Bodenheimer Drive crosses over Rivers Street and leads to Appalachian Heights (an apartment - style residence hall), Mountaineer Hall, the Chancellor 's House, the Living Learning Center, and Jim and Bettie Smith Stadium. The George M. Holmes Convocation Center at the south end of Rivers Street is the gateway and entrance to campus.
The Turchin Center for the Visual Arts on the edge of main campus is the university 's visual art center. The Turchin Center is the largest visual arts center in northwestern North Carolina, eastern Tennessee, and southwestern Virginia. It displays rotating exhibits indoors and outdoors, some exhibits being culturally specific to the Appalachians, and offers community outreach programs through art courses. The center was opened by Appalachian State in 2003. The newly renovated Schaefer Center for the Performing Arts, a 1,635 seat performance venue, hosts artists from around the world.
The University of North Carolina 's Board of Governors plans and develops the coordinated system of higher education with the state. They set university policy but delegate Appalachian State 's daily operations to a chancellor. The chancellor likewise delegates some duties to the provost, several vice-chancellors, and other administrative offices. These administrative offices are advised by several university committees on the needs of campus constituents, as represented by a Faculty Senate, Staff Senate, Graduate Student Association Senate, and the Student Government Association.
In 2005, the Carol Grotnes Belk Library & Information Commons opened in a new 165,000 - square - foot (15,300 m) five - story building. Belk Library holds over 1,871,000 bound books and periodicals, 1.5 million microforms, 24,000 sound recordings, and 14,000 videos. The Library holds varying collections, including the W.L Eury Appalachian Collection for regional studies and the Stock Car Racing Collection. With the opening of the new library building in 2005, Bill and Maureen Rhinehart of Long Island, New York, donated a large collection of rare books in English history, spanning from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The university created a special collections room for this valuable donation which includes some 900 volumes comprising nearly 450 titles. The entire collection was published in two volumes of an annotated bibliography, comprised by retired English professor Dr. M. John Higby. Both volumes comprise almost 240 pages and are excellent in both scholarship and thoroughness.It was the last major endeavor of his distinguished career in education. The library is also home to an impressive stock car racing collection including a donation from the family of Richard "The King '' Petty. Besides serving university patrons, the library also serves the local community with circulation available to registered patrons.
Appalachian State offers 176 undergraduate and 42 graduate majors. The average GPA for incoming freshmen in 2017 was 4.20. Courses at Appalachian are organized into eight colleges and one graduate school:
The College of Arts and Sciences houses 16 programs in the humanities, social sciences, math, and natural science. The departments in the college are:
The College of Fine and Applied Arts has 7 departments:
The College of Health Sciences trains healthcare workers in areas such as nursing, nutrition, communication disorders, exercise science, and health care management. It offers 10 undergraduate degrees:
The College of Health Sciences also offers 6 graduate degree programs.
The Honors College is a selective college that only accepts high achieving undergraduate students attending the University. Students live in one of two Honors residence halls and take at least one honors class per semester. The college also helps students with career or graduate school planning, and connects students with study abroad trips or fellowships.
The Mariam Cannon Hayes School of Music offers the following undergraduate programs in music performance and industry:
In addition, graduate degrees are offered in Music Therapy and Music Education, and there is a certificate in Jazz Music.
The Reich College of Education trains preschool, primary, and secondary school teachers and educational specialists through six departments:
The college also houses the University 's only doctorate program, which is in Educational Leadership
University College is the home of Appalachian State 's first - year seminar, learning assistance program, and the Watauga Global Community. University College also offers five degrees.
The Walker College of Business trains students through academic departments in:
In addition, the college houses an MBA program, a Master of Science in Accounting, a Master of Science in Applied Data Analytics, and a Master of Arts in Industrial - Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management programs.
The Cratis D. Williams Graduate School administers graduate degrees and certificates through several programs.
Appalachian State University offers off - campus courses through three off - campus centers. These centers are:
Off - campus programs offer students the ability to maintain family and careers while working toward a degree. Full - time undergraduate programs are available in Elementary Education, Advertising, Criminal Justice, Management, Social Work and Psychology. Appalachian provides a variety of off - campus, part - time undergraduate and graduate programs.
The history department of ASU publishes History Matters: An Undergraduate Journal of Historical Research (ISSN 1934 - 4651), an undergraduate research journal. It was established in 2003 by Eric Burnnette, an ASU undergraduate student of history. The journal accepts submissions from all undergraduates nationwide and internationally, with special attention to papers that utilize primary sources. The editorial board consists of undergraduate and faculty advisors at ASU.
Members of the ASU Department of Physics and Astronomy serve as editors for the journal The Physics Teacher.
The university publishes or holds copyrights to several other periodicals, including:
The university houses several academic centers and institutes related to its mission. These include:
Students at ASU enjoy a variety of outdoor activities. The mountains offer snowboarding, skiing, tubing, rock climbing, hiking, rafting, camping, and fishing on and around the Blue Ridge Parkway. ASU also has over 400 clubs and organizations run by the McCaskey Center for Student Involvement and Leadership, such as Greek organizations, academic and diversity clubs, and sports clubs. Before the start of every semester, the University hosts a ' Club Expo ' featuring all the clubs and organizations on campus. This event is for students to find an organization or club that suits them and to become involved. The university also has volunteer centers including the Multicultural Center, the LGBT Center, and the Women 's Center (which is the only completely volunteer run Women 's Center in the state of North Carolina). All three centers are under the supervision of the Multicultural Student Development Office. On November 11, 2016, ASU opened a fourth center in their student union; the Student Veterans Resource Center.
The Appalachian Popular Programming Society (A.P.P.S.) is a university funded organization that exists to plan and provide diverse educational, enriching, and entertaining events for the community and student body of Appalachian State. Through its seven programming councils, A.P.P.S. members select, plan, promote, and present a diverse variety of popular entertainment programs and films which enhance the social and cultural life for Appalachian students. A.P.P.S. was founded in 1985 to help with the student nightlife and to support retention. APPS plays a vital role in fostering and developing an inclusive Appalachian State University community. The seven councils include Appalachian heritage, club shows, concerts, cultural awareness and student engagement (CASE), films, special events, and stage shows. Students can enjoy shows, dances, and concerts at Legends, an entertainment facility located on campus.
Appalachian State University leads in creating a world where environmental, societal, and economic qualities exist in balance to meet the resource needs of today and of future generations.
Appalachian has made many sustainable strides in recent years such as:
Appalachian 's sports teams are nicknamed the Mountaineers. The Mountaineers compete in NCAA Division I and are members of the Sun Belt Conference. Appalachian fields varsity teams in 20 sports, 10 for men and 10 for women. The Mountaineer football team started competing in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision in the 2014 -- 2015 academic year.
Kidd Brewer Stadium is the 30,000 seat home of Appalachian football. Affectionately nicknamed "The Rock '', the stadium is located at an elevation of 3,333 feet (1,016 m). In 2017, App State added a new video board, sound system and LED ribbon displays. Kidd Brewer Stadium also offers additional stadium seating with 18 luxury suites, 600 club seats, and the Chancellor 's Box areas that offer a great view of the field and campus.
The George M. Holmes Convocation Center is the home court for Appalachian 's basketball teams. The 200,840 - square - foot (18,659 m) arena, with seating for 8,325, is also the home for volleyball and indoor track and field. In 2017, a new Daktronics video board was installed. The board is made up of nine displays totaling a square footage of 1,200.
University Recreation (UREC) also offers 20 club sports that compete with other regional institutions on a non-varsity level. They are: lacrosse (men 's and women 's), rugby (men 's and women 's), soccer (men 's and women 's), ultimate frisbee (men 's and women 's), volleyball (men 's and women 's), climbing, cycling, equestrian, fencing, ice hockey, skiing, racquetball, snowboarding, swimming, and triathlon.
The university 's cycling team has had success at the regional and national level; they compete within the Atlantic Collegiate Cycling Conference. The team competes in every discipline of bicycle racing that is acknowledged by National Collegiate Cycling Association within USA Cycling. This includes road bicycle racing, Mountain bike racing and Cyclocross. The team won the Division 2, as established by USA Cycling, collegiate team mountain bike national championships in 2008. They won the Division 2 collegiate team cyclocross national championships in 2008 and 2009. The team is now recognized as a Division 1 team.
On February 19, 2011, the Appalachian State Mountaineer Women 's Basketball Team won the 2011 Southern Conference regular season title. The last time they had won the title was 1996. This is a first for Head Coach Darcie Vincent. On May 18, 2012, the Appalachian State Baseball team beat Western Carolina University, becoming Southern Conference baseball champions for the first time since 1985.
Appalachian won three consecutive Division I FCS (I - AA) national championships in 2005, 2006, and 2007, over the University of Northern Iowa, the University of Massachusetts, and the University of Delaware, respectively. The Mountaineers are the first FCS football team to win three straight national championships since the playoffs began in 1978. They are also the first Division I program to win three consecutive national championships since Army accomplished the feat in 1944, 1945, and 1946.
In a milestone for ASU athletics, on September 1, 2007, the Appalachian State football team played their season opener at the fifth - ranked University of Michigan in front of the largest crowd to ever witness an ASU football game. Appalachian State beat Michigan in the game that would become known as the "Alltime Upset '' by Sports Illustrated with a final score of 34 -- 32 and became the first Division I FCS (I - AA) football team to defeat a Division I FBS (I-A) team ranked in the AP poll.
The Hayes School of Music provides support for the Mountaineers at all home football games with the Marching Mountaineers, and at all home basketball games with the Appalachian Pep Band. The Marching Mountaineers travel to a select few away games each football season. The director of the Athletic Bands is Dr. Kevin Richardson. In addition to supporting the athletic department, the Marching Mountaineers have assisted the Rho Tau Chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia in hosting the Appalachian Marching Band Festival annually.
In 2004, a committee for the Appalachian Family Caravan tour created a promotional video titled "Hot Hot Hot '', shown throughout the area by Chancellor Kenneth E. Peacock. The video became an inadvertent internet phenomenon and was featured on VH1 's Web Junk 20 program in early 2006. The video was never intended to promote Appalachian State to anyone but the Family Caravan, much less as a recruiting tool for prospective students. The video is no longer used by the university, due to student and alumni protests.
In 2002, MTV 's program Road Rules visited ASU to produce an episode called Campus Crawl, aired on - campus during an annual, winter student swimming event called the "Polar Plunge ''. The shows participants also crossed a high - wire strung between Coltrane and Gardner Halls.
On March 16, 2012, Appalachian State placed a tenured sociology professor on administrative leave for a variety of charges, which included showing an anti-pornography documentary, The Price of Pleasure. This move gained national attention from the academic community.
Coordinates: 36 ° 12 ′ 50 '' N 81 ° 40 ′ 43 '' W / 36.213843 ° N 81.678621 ° W / 36.213843; - 81.678621
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what is the largest military installation in the united states | List of United States military bases - wikipedia
This is a list of military installations owned or used by the United States Armed Forces currently located in the United States and around the world. This list details only current or recently closed facilities; some defunct facilities are found at Category: Closed military installations of the United States.
An "installation '' is defined as "a military base, camp, post, station, yard, center, homeport facility for any ship, or other activity under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense, including leased space, that is controlled by, or primarily supports DoD 's activities. An installation may consist of one or more sites '' (geographically - separated real estate parcels).
The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad, with 38 "named bases '' having active - duty, National Guard, reserve, or civilian personnel as of September 30, 2014. Its largest, in terms of personnel, was Ramstein AB, in Germany, with almost 9,200 personnel. The Pentagon stated in 2013 that there are "around '' 5000 bases total, with "around '' 600 of them overseas.
See also: United States Military Operations in Niger
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first person to cross niagara falls on a tightrope | Nik Wallenda - wikipedia
Nikolas "Nik '' Wallenda (born January 24, 1979) is an American acrobat, aerialist, daredevil, high wire artist, and author. He is known for his high - wire performances without a safety net. He holds nine Guinness World Records for various acrobatic feats, but is best known as the first person to walk a tightrope stretched directly over Niagara Falls.
Wallenda is a seventh - generation member of The Flying Wallendas family, and he participated in various circus acts as a child. He made his professional tightrope walking debut at age 13, and he chose high - wire walking as his career in 1998 after joining family members in a seven - person pyramid on the wire. In 2001, he was part of the world 's first eight - person high - wire pyramid. He performed with his family at various venues from 2002 to 2005, forming his own troupe in 2005. He performed with Bello Nock in 2007 and 2008 in a double version of the Wheel of Steel that he helped invent. In 2009, he set new personal bests for highest and longest tightrope walks, completing a total of 15 walks above 100 feet (30 m) in the air that year.
In 2008, Wallenda set Guinness World Records for longest and highest bicycle ride on a high - wire 250 - foot - long (76 m) ride at 135 feet (41 m) above the ground in New Jersey. He nearly doubled the height record in 2010 to 260 feet (79 m). On the same day in 2010, he upped his personal best by tightrope walking over 2,000 feet (610 m) in a single performance. He set a world record in 2011 by performing on the Wheel of Death atop the 23 story Tropicana Casino and Resort. Later that year, he and his mother tightrope walked between the two towers of Condado Plaza Hotel in Puerto Rico. The feat was a re-creation of the one that killed Karl Wallenda, Nik 's great - grandfather and primary source of inspiration. On June 10, 2011, Wallenda hung from a helicopter 250 feet (76 m) off the ground using only his toes to hold on.
Wallenda crossed Niagara Falls on June 15, 2012 on a live ABC special, following a two year legal battle involving both sides of the Canada -- United States border to gain approval. He was required to wear a safety harness for the first time in his life. A reality show aired on the Science Channel which followed his feats. In 2013, he released a memoir entitled Balance. He became the first person to high - wire walk across a Grand Canyon area gorge on June 23, 2013, crossing the Little Colorado River outside Grand Canyon National Park; the feat aired live on Discovery. He followed that up with Skyscraper Live, a live Discovery special that aired on November 2, 2014, in which he completed two tightrope walks and set two new Guinness World Records: one for walking the steepest tightrope incline between two buildings, and the other for the highest tightrope walk while blindfolded.
Wallenda is married with three children, and considers his Christian faith to be a central aspect of his life.
Wallenda is a seventh - generation member of The Flying Wallendas family of aerialists. His ancestors were primarily of Austro - Hungarian descent and have been circus performers since the 1700s; they have been doing balancing acts without nets since Karl Wallenda made the family famous for the feat in the 1920s. Nik Wallenda is a direct descendant of Karl, whom he calls his role model and his "biggest hero in life ''. Several members of the family have lost their lives while training or performing. In 1962, the troupe 's famous seven - person pyramid collapsed, killing two family members and paralyzing Wallenda 's uncle Mario. In 1978, Karl Wallenda died after falling from a tight rope at age 73 in Puerto Rico.
Wallenda was born in Sarasota, Florida on January 24, 1979 to Delilah Wallenda and Terry Troffer. His parents bought him a swing set when he was two. Before Troffer had even finished assembling it, Wallenda climbed up to the crossbar and did a somersault. Around the same time, he began performing with his family in their circus act. His first public performance was at SeaWorld San Diego in 1981. He began to play on the wire at age two, walking back and forth while holding his mother 's hand. At age four, he starting walking the wire on his own, learning primarily from his father. He would play on his parents ' practice wire with his older sister Lijana, two feet off the ground. His parents would throw objects at him as he practiced, and even shot him with a BB gun to train him to deal with distractions. At age six, he first visited Niagara Falls and immediately decided that one day he wanted to walk a tightrope across it. He spent most of his youth on the road, living in a mobile home as his parents performed across America.
Wallenda transitioned from being a clown to juggling to a dog act. He made his professional tightrope walking debut at age 13. When he graduated from high school, his parents encouraged him to go to college and explore his options. With live circus losing popularity, becoming a performer did not seem like a viable career path.
Wallenda briefly considered becoming a doctor, and was accepted into college. However, his plans changed in 1998 when he participated in a re-creation of Karl Wallenda 's seven - person pyramid on the high - wire in Detroit, alongside his father, mother, and other family members.
Nik Wallenda has produced a variety of large - scale productions for amusement parks and similar venues in several countries. The acts often feature him alongside family members, especially his wife Erendira. Wallenda 's children are sometimes part of the act. His youngest child, Evita, has been performing balancing feats since she would balance in the palm of her father 's hand at six months old. Wallenda 's shows have incorporated water and diving feats, the Wheel of Death, incline motorcycles, aerial silk and hoop, the Globe of Death, and of course the high - wire. "We 've performed nearly every circus or daredevil skill there is, '' claims Wallenda. "I like to mix it up '', he says. "It keeps (our family) on our toes and gives the public something new to see every year. '' Wallenda 's father, Terry Troffer, serves as his safety coordinator, having retired from acrobatics after 36 years in the business. Troffer 's brother Mike serves as chief engineer. Wallenda has never had a serious accident, describing the worst injury of his life as a broken toe while playing football.
Wallenda performs without a safety net or harness. "My great - grandfather taught that safety nets offer a false sense of security, '' he explains. He notes that a safety net is no guarantee -- an uncle was killed while performing despite falling into a safety net. However, he says he does not have a "death wish in any way. I plan on living and dying a natural death when I 'm old. '' Asked about fear, he remarked "I would say the only thing I fear is God ''. He adds that his Christian faith allows him to "know where I 'm going to go when I die... I 'm not scared of dying. ''
Wallenda says that the high - wire performance is not a daredevil act or a mere stunt, but rather an athletic feat requiring great physical training. "I see a stunt as somebody who gets in a barrel and goes over the edge and hopes they do n't hit a rock, '' he said commenting on his walk across Niagara Falls. "What I do is very calculated. I train a long time for it and I consider it more of an art. I guess I do n't get offended by (people) calling it a stunt, but to me it 's more of an art than anything. '' He aims to be "over-prepared '' for every event he does, training six hours a day, six days a week. He does ten hours of weight training and five hours of aerobic exercise each week. Even so, he says wire walking is primarily a mental skill.
Wallenda has developed several tricks that he often incorporates into his high - wire routine including stopping to make a phone call, sitting on the wire, and lying down on the wire. He is said to be "obsessed '' with the technological aspects of his acts, insisting on calculating every detail himself. When asked why he risks his life on the high - wire, he replied "I do this because I love what I do... If I won the lottery tomorrow, I 'd still be doing what I do. '' "Walking the wire to me is life, '' he adds. Wallenda and his family spend roughly 48 weeks per year on the road.
As of 2013, Wallenda has a contract with the Discovery Channel for near - exclusive broadcast of his acts. He carries a US $ 20 - million insurance policy. He has called his career "extremely lucrative, more lucrative than I would have ever dreamed of. '' He plans to retire at age 50.
In 2001, Wallenda appeared with seven other family members at Japan 's Kurashiki Tivoli Park in an attempt at the world 's first ever eight - person high - wire pyramid. After five months of four hours per day, six days a week preparation, the family successfully walked across a 30 - foot - high (9.1 m) tightrope in six minutes, setting a Guinness World Record. Nik Wallenda cited Karl Wallenda as the primary inspiration for the feat, and stated, "It was a landmark experience for our profession, as well as our family and me personally. ''
From 2002 to 2005, Wallenda performed alongside his wife, children, and other family members at Wet ' n Wild Emerald Pointe in Greensboro, North Carolina. They also toured the United States as part of various circuses. One early act featured Wallenda riding a motorcycle across the high - wire 30 feet (9.1 m) in the air. In 2005, Wallenda and his wife, Erendira, took their act to Raging Waters in San Dimas, California, while his mother and sister stayed at Wet ' n Wild. Throughout this time period, Wallenda continued to participate in the family 's signature seven - person pyramid.
In 2006, McDonald 's sponsored a show in Detroit. To promote the restaurant 's new coffee, Nik Wallenda and his older sister Lijana did an act where they met in the middle of a high - wire and sat down to have some coffee, after starting on opposite ends. After exchanging several toasts, Nik stood up and stepped over his sister. As the siblings headed back to their platforms, a crane winch malfunctioned, preventing Lijana from exiting the wire. After Nik descended to the ground, a crane was moved to reduce the tension on the wire and he rode a hook up to rescue his sister.
In 2007 and 2008, Wallenda was a featured performer in the Ringling Brothers production Bellobration, performing with Bello Nock on a newly contrived, double version of the Wheel of Steel. At the beginning of the act, Wallenda and Nock stood balanced atop twin circles 39 feet in the air. To the audience, the circles appeared to be connected until the act started with a burst of fireworks. The wheels then split, sending the performers in opposite directions without safety nets or harnesses. To stay on the device, the duo had to move in unison, running at up to 20 miles an hour. Vibrations were transferred from one wheel to the other, meaning each performer was affected by what the other was doing. At the top of each arc the performers were rendered weightless, while being subjected to several times the force of gravity at the bottom.
The act was set around a story line. During the first half of the circus, Wallenda 's wife, Erendira, played the love interest of Nock. After intermission, Wallenda and Nock "battled '' it out on the Wheel, competing for her heart. To enhance the entertainment value, they mixed jumping rope, somersaults, and leaps into the routine. In all, the Wheel performance lasted seven minutes.
Also part of the same show was a sway pole performance by Nock and Wallenda 's wife. Using 73 - foot (22 m) poles that swayed as much as 20 feet (6.1 m) in all directions, the couple did a series of tricks that included climbing up and sliding down the poles, swinging all around, and jumping from pole to pole. In all, sixteen members of the Wallenda family were part of Bellobration.
The double Wheel of Steel was invented by Wallenda and Nock. The two had grown up together in Sarasota and had talked about teaming up for years before coming up with the double Wheel concept, drawing up the initial plans on a tablecloth during dinner in 2005. They then spent nine months building the device in Nock 's backyard workshop, and a further four months testing it and designing a performance. The greatest challenge was to find a way to split the wheels while they were still spinning. "There were a lot of back - to - the - drawing - board moments '', Wallenda later recalled. Ultimately, the problem was solved via a system of piston - like pneumatic cylinders. Wallenda 's uncle, Timothy Stephenson, who is an engineer for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), suggested that an axle be built of custom - blended, hardened steel alloy to keep it from breaking. In the end, the device cost more than $100,000 to produce.
On October 15, 2008, Wallenda performed on a live broadcast of Today. The plan was to walk and then bicycle off the roof of the Prudential Center in Downtown Newark, New Jersey, across a suspended high - wire 13 and 1 / 2 stories (135 feet) above the ground. Starting at 8: 30am, he first walked across the 250 - foot - long (76 m) cable with a 45 - foot (14 m) balancing pole. Halfway through, he sat down on the wire and called the Today show hosts. "Where are you? '' he asked, joking that he was expecting to carry one of the show 's hosts across the wire on his shoulder. Sitting down on the wire is easy, he said, it is getting back up that is tricky. A few steps before completing the walk, Wallenda stopped and waved to the crowd. When he resumed, he wobbled and had to bend his knees to regain balance. "I actually slipped, '' he said later. "I lost focus there for a moment '' because of some unexpected tape on the wire. He completed the walk in about five minutes.
Wallenda then crossed the high - wire on an ordinary bicycle with the tires and handlebars removed. Near completion, he paused, causing the bike to slide backward as it lost grip on the wire. He regained control and finished, then jumped onto the roof of Prudential Center and hugged his wife and three children. He explained in an interview: "The back wheel started to slip... It was a little nerve - racking at the end. '' Five years later, he said the slip was closest he ever came to disaster. "It really shook me up '', he recalled. By completing the ride, Wallenda set the world record for both highest and longest bike ride on a high - wire. A representative from Guinness World Records was on hand to present him with a certificate documenting the achievement.
In 2009, Wallenda took his high - wire act to ten Cedar Fair amusement parks in what was dubbed as the "Walk Across America Tour ''. The tour began with a 350 feet (110 m) walk at Worlds of Fun in Kansas City and ended at Carowinds, where Wallenda twice walked across the North Carolina - South Carolina state line on the high - wire. As part of the tour, he walked at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio from the front gate to the Eiffel Tower on August 15. Traveling 800 feet (240 m) at 262 feet (80 m) above the ground, it was the highest walk of his career at the time. He completed the walk in about 25 minutes as several thousand people watched.
On July 3, Wallenda wire walked 200 feet (61 m) over the Allegheny River in Pittsburgh as the headline act of the 2009 Three Rivers Regatta. He paused several times during the performance to kneel and wave to the crowd. At one point, he had to stop for a few minutes to regain his balance in the strong winds and rain. Although Wallenda 's team had ordered an ungreased wire, it was covered in oil when it arrived. To compensate, Wallenda did the walk in his socks rather than in his tightrope shoes. At 1,084 feet (330 m), the 25 - minute walk was the longest of his career to that point.
In total, Wallenda completed 15 high - wire performances at 100 or more feet in the air during 2009. In 2010, he performed in his home town of Sarasota for the first time. On February 4, he walked 600 feet (180 m) from the roof of One Watergate Condominium to the roof of The Ritz - Carlton Hotel. The performance lasted 12 minutes and was aired on national television. From February 12 -- 28, he anchored a version of The Flying Wallenda seven - person pyramid at Circus Sarasota.
On August 30, 2010, Wallenda performed at the Atlantis Paradise Island resort in the Bahamas. For the first part of his act, he rode a bicycle along a high - wire 260 feet (79 m) above the ocean. The 100 - foot - long (30 m) ride set a new Guinness World Record for highest bike ride on a high - wire, nearly doubling Wallenda 's own record from 2008. Following the bike ride, Wallenda tightrope walked 2,000 feet (610 m) over the resort 's marine habitat filled with barracuda, piranha, and sharks. It was the longest walk of his career.
Between the morning bike ride and the late afternoon tightrope walk, Wallenda 's father and safety coordinator Terry passed out from a combination of heat and stress and was rushed to the hospital. Performing without his father watching "was one of the hardest decisions I ever made in my life '', Wallenda said, "but my family history and my family tradition is that the show must go on. '' It was the first time in his career that he performed without the assistance of his father. In addition, he had to battle rain, strong winds, and lightning in the area to complete the feats.
On April 28, 2011, Wallenda visited the Tropicana Casino and Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey for a pair of performances. In the first, he walked a tightrope inside the casino 's shopping center. Performing with a 22 - foot (6.7 m) balancing pole, 45 feet (14 m) in the air, he dropped to one knee and then onto his back during the performance. He walked both forwards and backwards before completing the 100 - foot - long (30 m) journey. Afterwards, Wallenda said he had previously noted the casino 's raised ceiling painted with a sky scene and said to himself "I 've got ta walk there! ''
Later in the day, Wallenda went outside to perform the Wheel of Death off the roof and over the side of the casino 's 23rd floor. In the act, he walked inside the wheel for roughly 10 rotations, then climbed atop it where he walked and jumped rope around it. Part of the act, he performed blindfolded. The performance set a world record for the greatest height at which the Wheel had ever been performed. It was also the first time anyone had performed the act off the side of a building.
On June 4, 2011, Wallenda completed a 100 - foot - long (30 m) high - wire crossing between the two towers of the ten - story Condado Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The 121 - foot - high (37 m) performance was a recreation of the act that had killed Karl Wallenda in 1978. For the performance, Wallenda 's mother, Delilah (Karl 's granddaughter), joined him. The mother and son team started at opposite ends of the wire. When Delilah reached the middle of the wire, roughly the spot Karl had fallen, she sat down on the wire and Nik stepped over her before the two continued to opposite ends of the wire. At one point during the performance, Nik knelt down on the wire and blew a kiss in honor of his great - grandfather 's memory.
After the feat, Wallenda said he was "not scared at all, '' but admitted that the circumstances of Karl 's death had haunted him for years. "This has been a dream of mine to recreate this walk '', he explained. "To be able to walk in his exact footsteps is an extremely huge honor, and I did this for him as much as I did it for my family to get some closure. '' He also called the walk the biggest and most emotional moment of his career to that point. "I ca n't even put it into words. It was so emotional '', he said a week later.
On June 10, 2011, Wallenda performed while hanging from a helicopter 250 feet (76 m) above Silver Dollar City in Branson, Missouri. First he hung from a trapeze with two arms, then one arm, then his legs, and finally by his teeth. In so doing, Wallenda set his sixth world record. He called it his most difficult feat to date, and remarked that training "was very difficult. It was very painful. I had neck problems for months afterwards ''.
For the next couple months, Wallenda performed daily shows at Silver Dollar City with his family. The highlight of the show was a three - person "Chair Pyramid '' on the high - wire. Wallenda and Jonah Finkelstein rode bicycles across the wire while Delilah Wallenda sat in a chair atop a balance bar they carried. In the middle of the performance, Wallenda would purposely act like he was losing control and move the balance bar erratically to heighten the drama. He would then shout "Watch it, Mom! '' before regaining control. Acting off balance was the hardest part of the act, according to Wallenda.
On February 15, 2012, Nik Wallenda received official approval from Ontario 's Niagara Parks Commission (NPC) to walk a tightrope across Niagara Falls, a dream he had had since he was a child. The plan called for crossing the Niagara River and its 200 - foot (61 m) deep gorge from the American side at Goat Island or at the smaller Luna Island, and making his way across the river to land at the Canadian side near the site of Table Rock. The American Falls and Bridal Veil Falls would be behind him and to his right, while the Canadian Falls would be on his immediate left and behind.
The approval came after nearly two years of lobbying governments in both the United States and Canada. In October 2010, Wallenda was approached by Roger Trevino, the executive vice president of Niagara Falls Redevelopment, at an amusement trade show. Trevino later recalled: "I went up to Wallenda and said ' Have you ever thought about walking across the falls? ' and he said, ' ever since I was a little kid, ' and then he asked about the steps involved. '' Wallenda later remarked "I believe people are brought into my life for a reason... I take everyone seriously because you just never know (who you are talking to) ''. Trevino next contacted New York State Senator George Maziarz. After Maziarz met Wallenda, he went to work at drafting a bill granting Wallenda a one - time exemption to the state 's anti-stunting laws. Dennis H. Gabryszak co-sponsored the bill, and it passed the State Senate and Assembly nearly unanimously. The bill was signed into law by governor Andrew Cuomo on September 23, 2011.
On the Canadian side, things went less smoothly. In June 2011, public statements by NPC board members made it clear that they were opposed to Wallenda 's plan. After an October meeting with Wallenda, the twelve - person board voted on December 7 to maintain their anti-stunting rules. NPC officials, led by chair Janice Thomson, feared Wallenda 's plan could bring back the days when amateur daredevils routinely got themselves injured or killed at the Falls, and also believed it would cheapen the area 's natural beauty. "It 's sensationalism, and that 's not what the falls is supposed to be about, '' said Thomson. In response, Wallenda funded an economic impact survey conducted by Enigma Research. The results suggested direct revenue potential of $20.5 million for the city, with up to $122 million of "legacy effects '' over the next five years. The survey also predicted worldwide viewership of 460 million people. Wallenda further promised to fund all the necessary safety - contingencies and to leave no footprint on the environment. Seeing the economic benefits, Ontario Minister of Tourism Michael Chan convinced the NPC to take a second look. On February 15, 2012, the commission voted unanimously to give Wallenda 's plan the go ahead, provided that he paid rigging and commission costs of C $ 105,000. Wallenda described the legal battle as the biggest challenge of his career and "probably more remarkable '' than the walk itself. He attributed the eventual success to divine intervention. "God 's hand is involved in every step of my life, '' he explained. "I believe doors were opened for me that were n't opened for others ''. Six previous high - profile wire walkers had failed in their attempts to gain approval to walk the Falls since 1971.
In preparation for the event, municipal authorities on both sides of the border met to discuss the long - term economic impact of the event, and how to capitalize efficiently on the large number of tourists expected at the Falls when it was held. The event was expected to bring in millions of dollars in tourist revenue on both sides of the border. The Niagara Parks Commission has stated it will be at least twenty years before another major stunt is approved.
Wallenda hopes that eventually he can make the Niagara Falls region a prominent aspect of his business. "I do plan on spending a lot of time in this community, '' he told local reporters months before his historic walk. "This is n't a one - off event where I 'll show up and do an event and be gone. I would like to make this my second home and bring a full - time show here that I would be performing throughout the season along with all my family members as well. ''
The Discovery Channel had Wallenda under contract and negotiated with several of the major television networks for broadcast rights. On May 11, 2012, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Lincoln Square Productions announced they had secured worldwide broadcasting rights for the event. Josh Elliott and Hannah Storm were chosen to host the coverage. In Canada, CTV 's coverage of the event, although a direct feed from ABC, invoked simultaneous substitution over ABC network broadcasts in some parts of Canada.
On his final performance before heading to Niagara for training, Wallenda walked 82 feet (25 m) above Baltimore 's Inner Harbor. According to Wallenda, it was the first time anyone had attached a high - wire to a barge; he remarked that the configuration made the walk "a little more unstable '' than normal. Near the end of the 300 - foot - long (91 m) journey, he had a significant slip, but managed to regain his balance quickly. He called the slip "a wake - up call '' for Niagara. "My friend was up in the basket and I started talking to him, and it was just enough of a distraction '', he explained. "The wire kind of moved a little bit and I just misstepped. It 's why I 've trained for so long: you stay on the wire. Your heart jumps up into your throat and two seconds later, you 're fine. '' The May 9 event was sponsored by Ripley 's Believe It or Not which was opening a museum on the harbor. When it opened it June, a feature exhibit allowed visitors to walk on a piece of the wire Wallenda had used in Baltimore.
To prepare for the Niagara event, Wallenda practiced in the parking lot of Seneca Niagara Casino for eleven straight days. He had fire trucks spray him with water and brought in a high - powered fan to try to simulate the conditions he would face over Niagara Falls. Practices were open to the public. Wallenda 's safety coordinator and father, Terry Troffer, said the training was primarily mental. "This is a mental game. It 's convincing himself that... it 's just a different location, '' Troffer explained.
Eleven days before the scheduled walk date, Wallenda faced a new challenge. Official permits had not yet been granted in New York and park officials were threatening to cancel the event over payment issues. Wallenda 's managers claimed to be on schedule with the US $225,000 the state was charging him. The park commission claimed that Wallenda 's failure to sign the necessary paperwork was holding things up. To avoid negative publicity, Wallenda 's manager, David Simone, withdrew $75,000 from his personal account to foot the bill. Permits were issued the next day. However, two days before the event, New York parks threatened to pull the permits as Wallenda 's team still owed over $10,000. According to Wallenda, "the U.S. side was just nasty to deal with toward the end. They were accusing us of lying and saying we were n't fulfilling the contract. '' However, he said the local officials were great to work with, blaming higher - ups in Albany for the problems. Maziarz acknowledged there were "some tense moments '', but said there was never any chance of the event not happening. Ultimately, a wire transfer by ABC resolved the issue. No similar issues arose on the Canadian side.
On the day of the walk, June 15, 2012, crowds estimated in the tens of thousands gathered on the American side of the falls. On the Canadian side, the crowd was estimated at 120,000 people. Due to the location, the wire could not use supports and had to be custom made. As a result, the wire was able to sway significantly in the breeze, making the crossing more difficult than it would have otherwise been. It was the first time in Wallenda 's career that he performed without guy wire stabilizers. The wire was two inches (five centimeters) in diameter, significantly wider than the 5 / 8 of an inch wire Wallenda typically uses, and weighed roughly 8.5 tons (7,700 kg). The extra width was necessary to make the cable strong enough to withstand the tension required. Getting it across the Falls was a major technological challenge. On June 12, a helicopter flew a yellow rope across the canyon. The rope was attached to the steel high - wire and a giant winch was used to slowly pull the wire across as the crew slowly increased tension to support the increasing weight. Weighted pendulums were attached every 150 feet (46 m) to keep the wire from twisting.
To make the walk accessible to viewers worldwide, it was held after dark, with the first step coming at 10: 16 p.m. local time (02: 16 June 16 UTC). The time was also advantageous to Wallenda, as half of the volume of water going over the Falls is diverted for power generation purposes after dusk. Wallenda wore a microphone for the event which allowed Troffer to talk with him, while the public listened in, throughout the walk.
Wallenda 's chosen path took him 1,800 feet (550 m) across the widest part of the falls. He slowly inched his way across the slippery wire, praying and praising Jesus Christ as he went. As he took his first steps over the water, walking on a downward slope, he told reporters, "It 's a beautiful view... A dream in the making. '' Later he described the first step over the falls as the toughest part of his journey. "Mentally, your mind goes, ' What are you doing? ' '' he recalled. When he reached the midpoint, he was roughly 35 feet (11 m) lower than where he started due to the sag of the wire. The second half of the walk brought him uphill, back to the same elevation at which he began.
Wallenda did not falter or totter in the slightest during his walk, nor did he stop to do any extra tricks during the walk (as he often does). Talking to ABC reporters live, as he entered the final phase of the trip he admitted, "I 'm drained... My hands are going numb. I feel like I 'm getting weak. '' Later he said, "my forearm just started to cramp worse than it ever has been before '', attributing it the stress of the day. Near the end, he stopped, got down on one knee, and blew a kiss to the crowd. He got up, pumped his fist, and ran the final few steps. He completed the crossing at 10: 41 p.m. EDT, 25 minutes after he started. In so doing, Wallenda became the first person to cross directly over Niagara Falls on a high - wire. In the 1800s, a few tightrope walkers had crossed over the Niagara Gorge down river, but none had ever crossed directly over the Falls. He also set the world record for longest walk over a waterfall. Prior to Wallenda, the last person to cross the river on tightrope was James Hardy in 1896. According to Wallenda, it was the longest unsupported tightrope walk in history. He carried his passport on the trip and was required to present it to Canadian border guards waiting for him upon his arrival on the Canadian side of the falls.
ABC required Wallenda to wear a safety harness for the walk. After the decision was made in mid-May, a spokesperson for ABC explained: "We had always made clear from the beginning that significant safety precautions would need to be taken. This is the outcome of that. '' Wallenda was not happy about the decision, stating "It 's disheartening -- I wanted to do it without anything. '' The Niagara Parks Commission indicated it was unaware of such a requirement when they were considering approval. During the walk, Wallenda told his dad that he felt "like a jackass '' wearing the harness. Many observers predicted he would remove the harness partway through the walk, but ultimately he did not do so. Before the crossing, Wallenda had promised that he only would remove the harness if it became a hazard during the walk. "When I first found out about it, there was no doubt in my mind I was going to take it off '', he later said. "But as (the event) got closer and closer, I realized I had to honor my word. I 've always said I 'm a man of integrity. '' He also acknowledged that removing the harness would have created contractual problems with ABC. "The way a TV network works, if something goes wrong, they fire people, '' he said. "If I would have dropped that tether, four people would have been fired because I 'm too selfish to care or because it 's all about me. '' In addition to the harness, Wallenda wore a waterproof track suit and shoes custom made by his mother for the walk. Part moccasin, part ballet shoe, the shoes were designed to get a good grip when wet.
Project costs were between US $1.2 and $1.3 million, necessitating ABC 's financial support (and with it, their demand of a safety harness). "I 'd dare say that never in the history of the circus industry has there been one event that costs this much, '' said Wallenda. The production was a serious financial strain on Wallenda. "It 's been a tough situation all around '', he said a week before the event, blaming the lingering fight over the safety harness for inhibiting sponsorship deals. When production costs ran over the original estimate of $1 million, he appealed to the public for help using the fundraising website Indiegogo. He eventually met his goal of $50,000. Additionally, Niagara Falls, Ontario, mayor Jim Diodati asked local businesses to chip in, saying he hoped to raise $250,000. Ultimately, he helped generate about $200,000 of support from local business associations. The main causes of the overrun were the need to produce two custom cables -- one for the performance and a shorter one for practice -- and the need to hire a new helicopter company to set up the cable at the last minute, after the original one discovered they did not hold the necessary licenses. After the event, Wallenda said he had probably lost money on the event; however, he added, it was "clearly worth it '' in the long term. With all but one bill accounted for, Wallenda said he lost less than $50,000 on the event. The fundraising, combined with several contractors lowering their bills, helped him get close to budget. "I think people still have the impression that Nik Wallenda is going to walk away from this thing making millions of dollars, but that 's not the case, '' he commented.
After completing the walk, Wallenda said it was more difficult than he had expected. "That mist was thick. It was hard to see at times. The wind was wild. It 'd come at me one way and hit me from the front, and hit me from the back. '' Weather instruments showed gusts up to 14 mph during the walk. Wallenda further remarked that the turbulent waters below made it difficult for him to see the wire. Before the walk, Jay Cochrane, a veteran wire walker who had unsuccessfully petitioned to walk Horseshoe Falls for 30 years, said of the local weather "Unpredictable is a mild word. It is unforgiving... (Horseshoe Falls) can spray mist anywhere from 380 to 590 feet in the air. I 've seen it, I 've measured it. '' He added that walking Horseshoe Falls was an opportunity "like none other in history. '' Long - time circus performer, Jackie LeClaire, remarked "aerialists always try to calculate risk. Nik could n't do that because this walk had never been done before. '' Local historian, Paul Gromosiak, who has researched daredevil activity in the Niagara region for his books, said Wallenda 's proximity to the falls made his act far more dangerous than any prior act.
After talking briefly with reporters, Wallenda called his grandmother, who reportedly had been too frightened to watch the walk, in order to let her know he made it safely. In a news conference shortly thereafter, Wallenda remarked "I feel like I 'm on cloud nine right now... The impossible is not quite the impossible if you set your mind to it. '' He credited a combination of prayer, concentration, and preparation for his success.
On June 16, Engima Research estimated that one billion people had seen or heard about Wallenda 's walk, up from an estimate of 410 million prior to the event. Niagara Falls, Ontario, mayor Jim Diodati declared that "the stars aligned perfectly '' allowing the event hit its "full potential. '' Media representatives from Australia, China, France, Germany, Great Britain, Korea, and the Middle East were on hand to cover the event. Overnight Nielsen Ratings indicated that the two - hour special was the most watched television broadcast in the United States for the night. Initial estimates put the show at a peak rating of 7.7, representing almost 13 million viewers during the last half - hour of the program. When final numbers were released, the viewership number was upped to 13.3 million for the final half - hour, and an average of 10.3 million for the entire two - hour special. Viewership peaked at around 16 million.
It was ABC 's highest rated Friday night program since November 2007, and the highest non-sports summertime program on any of the major networks in six years. The program, together with the NBA finals, helped ABC beat their nearest competitor by 36 % in total viewers and 88 % in the important 18 - 49 demographic for the week. In Buffalo, New York the show peaked at a 48.5 rating / 67 share for the last half - hour, meaning two out of every three TV viewers at the time in that area were watching the event. The rating possibly represented the highest summertime viewership for any program in history there. In Canada, the program averaged 3.9 million viewers, with viewership peaking as the walk ended with 6.8 million watching. The program set a new summertime record for most watched non-sports special. Viewership was highest in Toronto where the production brought in a 20.8 rating / 50.4 share, meaning more than half of the city 's television were tuned in.
The morning after walking Niagara Falls, Wallenda drove his family to the airport so they could rejoin the Fabulous Wallendas Famous Family Circus in Branson, Missouri. Later on June 16, Niagara Falls, New York, mayor Paul A. Dyster presented Wallenda with the key to the city. He also said that the city may erect a permanent memorial on Goat Island to document Wallenda 's feat. Dyster had initially been skeptical of the event, but was won over by Wallenda 's personality. "The way he 's been conducting himself since he 's been in Niagara Falls has won him a lot of friends, '' Dyster explained. On the Canadian side, Diodati said he would like to erect a statue of Wallenda at Table Rock with a green screen photo booth to allow visitors to "participate '' in the historic walk. On June 27, Janice Thomson said plans were in the works to install plaques near Table Rock and on White Water Walk. Previously, she described the event as a complete success, remarking that it had showcased the river 's natural beauty to an international audience.
On July 20, it was revealed that Niagara Falls, New York, was attempting to bill Wallenda an additional $25,000 for police and fireman overtime. City officials cited the state law passed to allow the walk, which read "Mr. Wallenda shall pay... reasonable costs associated with security or law enforcement stemming from this activity ''. Dyster said to forgive the alleged debt would amount to "a gift of public funds ''. Wallenda called the request "disgusting and sad, '' saying "This was a great thing for the area... (They) gave me a key to the city, and now they want to ask for more money? '' He noted that the city staged a downtown festival to take advantage of the crowds, and said he should not have to pay the security costs related to the festival. His lawyer, John P. Bartolomei, said Wallenda was only responsible for money spent by the city in the park itself, which had already been more than paid. He also noted that Wallenda 's contract was with the state parks commission, not the city itself. Senator Maziarz called the city 's position "shortsighted '' and accused Dyster of being "disingenuous ''. He noted that Dyster had been against the walk from the beginning and that the city had never tried to bill other entertainers for costs associated with their acts. On July 24, the city council passed a resolution encouraging Dyster to stop pursuing the alleged debt by a 4 - 1 margin. Dyster responded by stating he was legally obligated to continue his efforts, remarking "Since the council did n't establish the fee I 'm not sure if the council can forgive it ''. He did, however, say he would ask the state comptroller for second opinion.
On the Canadian side, Diodati and the NPC said Wallenda had fulfilled all financial obligations. Diodati added that he was not billing Wallenda for $10,000 of unbudgeted costs incurred by the city. "We 're treating this event as an investment, not as an expense. We 're quite happy with the way this turned out '', he said. Wallenda says that the experience has made him less likely to stage a permanent attraction on the American side of the falls.
According to The Buffalo News Wallenda was seen picking up cigarette butts and other trash long after most of the media had left. He grabbed a shovel and helped fill in the hole left by apparatus. "It 's just something that has to be done, '' he said. "I 'm not scared of working. '' "We take great pride in being a zero - impact operation '', he said prior to the event. A parks official said the area was clean and back to normal by 3 p.m. the day after the walk. Wallenda reiterated that he hopes to develop a lasting presence in Niagara Falls. "There will always be a piece of my heart in Niagara Falls, '' he remarked. "I do see a future here and hope to have a show in this area and hope to spend more time here. '' He did, however, rule out a repeat performance saying, "No. That 's not really my thing. I 've done it. It 's done. ''
Research released by Niagara University 's Hospitality Training and Research Center on July 1, suggested that Wallenda 's walk had brought in $3.3 million of revenue for the city of Niagara Falls, New York. The research indicated that 38,000 people gathered on the American side of the falls to watch the act, 41 % of which were from out of town. Among the out - of - town visitors, 52 % came specifically to see Wallenda. Niagara Tourism and Convention Corporation reported that hotel bookings and related business was up 30 % in the two weeks after the walk. Website traffic and sales of multiple attraction passes experienced similar increases. Data released by Smith Travel Research indicated that June hotel occupancy in Niagara Falls, New York, rose from 76.5 percent in 2011 to 81.6 percent in 2012.
On the Canadian side, no official effort was made to calculate the economic impact, although Enigma Research said the event "might have done better '' than the $21.5 million the company estimated before the event. Wallenda 's feat has also been credited with creating a "surge of interest in circus and circus arts across the world ''.
A reality show, originally titled Danger By Design, following Wallenda and his family premiered on The Science Channel on June 18, 2012. The show 's pilot had previously aired in 2010 under the title Life on a Wire, before Discovery decided to hold the show until after the Niagara Falls walk. The pilot episode, which tracked Wallenda 's high - wire walk and bicycle ride in The Bahamas, was described as "a sometimes painfully candid look at the creative tensions -- and the strong familial bond -- between Wallenda and his dad, Terry Troffer, who got so stressed out during preparations for that stunt he wound up in the hospital '' by the Sarasota Herald - Tribune. Later episodes showcased Wallenda hanging from a helicopter by his teeth, preparing for the Wheel of Death in Atlantic City, blowing himself up in a box, and retracing the steps of Karl Wallenda 's fatal last act in Puerto Rico. The show focused on the science and engineering that go into Wallenda 's acts.
After two episodes had aired, the show was renamed Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara. The next week, on July 2, it was put "on hold '' by The Science Channel. Wallenda said the decision was "not that surprising '' given the limited marketing efforts and multiple name changes. The Science Channel declined to comment on the decision.
On June 20, 2012, Wallenda rejoined his family in Branson. He was greeted by a parade in his honor at the Silver Dollar theme park. For Wallenda, it was back to business as usual. "I never want to get complacent '', he said in a press release. "I could get hurt just as easily on a wire here as walking over Niagara Falls. ''
On August 9, Wallenda conducted a 1,300 - foot (400 m) tightrope walk across the Atlantic City beach from Sovereign Avenue to the Tropicana Resort, roughly 100 feet (30 m) in the air. According to him, the walk was a unique challenge due to potentially dangerous ocean winds. Additionally, Wallenda was surprised by the large amount of sand that stuck to the wire and considered cancelling as a result. "I learned a lesson, '' he remarked. "There was a lot of sand on the cable and it actually made it a little bit slippery, definitely eerie at the beginning ''. Ultimately, he completed the half - hour walk without any visible difficulty. Large crowds were reported for the public event, with attendance estimates ranging from 100,000 to 150,000. Wallenda believes that the feat marked the first time that a wire walker attempted such a walk on any beach.
The beach walk was done to promote Wallenda 's new show, "Beyond the Falls: Nik Wallenda and the Wallenda Family Experience '', which premiered at the Tropicana Resort on August 12. The show featured Nik, wife Erendira, mother Delilah, cousin Blake, and about a dozen other performers in a variety of circus acts including contortion, quick - change artistry, and juggling. Michael Richter served as the lead clown and the show ended with the Wallendas doing a bicycle pyramid on the wire. Amy Rosenberg of The Philadelphia Inquirer described the show as "an old fashion vaudeville variety act '' and remarked "I dug the show and so did all the little kids around me ''.
On June 4, 2013, Wallenda 's memoir, Balance: A Story of Faith, Family, and Life on the Line, was published by FaithWorks. Ghost written by David Ritz, the book details his family history, Christian faith, and his circus career. Ritz got in touch with Wallenda after his Niagara walk to pitch the idea. He then spent several months following Wallenda around and asking questions. Erendira, who has an excellent memory, supplied much of the dialogue.
Balance weaves in themes of faith throughout, as it chronicles Wallenda 's childhood, adolescence, and adult career, with particular emphasis on the ups and down of his marriage and personal life. It concludes with the Niagara Falls crossing. "One of the challenges of writing a book '', Wallenda commented, "is there 's things you probably do n't want people to know about you... It was very emotional telling these stories at times... It is a challenge to reveal your life story. ''
Reviewer John Law remarked, "Wallenda is really juggling two books with Balance -- one about his tireless belief in God 's plan, and the stuff readers actually want to know: The hardships, the drama, the thrill of life on a wire. '' He said the book felt "rushed '', likely in an attempt to get it out before Wallenda 's crossing of the Grand Canyon, but said it is "worth it for the chapter on the Falls ''.
On June 23, 2013, Wallenda highwire walked across the Little Colorado River Gorge in Navajo territory outside Grand Canyon National Park 's borders about 40 miles east of the main tourist facilities. The event, billed as a "Grand Canyon crossing '' and titled Skywire Live with Nik Wallenda, aired live worldwide on the Discovery Channel with a 10 - second delay. Opinions varied on whether the event was truly a walk across the Grand Canyon. The Reuters news agency described the location as simply "the Grand Canyon '', while the Associated Press described it as a "gorge near the Grand Canyon. '' According to the United States Geological Survey, the Grand Canyon geological area includes the Little Colorado River Gorge.
Wallenda originally obtained permits to walk across the canyon in 2008, and planned to make the trip as early as 2009. However, the walk was delayed due to substantial logistical hurdles. When the opportunity to cross Niagara Falls arose, the Grand Canyon walk was put on hold. Shortly after crossing Niagara Falls, Wallenda said he would try to make the Grand Canyon crossing "within a year ''. In August 2012, he said that he was "98 percent '' certain that the walk would take place in May or June 2013 and said he would get "something in writing '' that no safety harness would be required for the walk. On March 18, 2013, Wallenda announced that he had come to terms with The Discovery Channel for television rights.
According to Wallenda, "There 's a lot of updrafts and downdrafts, and the winds are hard to predict (in the Canyon) ''. To prepare for the winds, Wallenda walked a 1,000 - foot (300 m) wire twice daily along the banks of a Sarasota river with fans watching. He used wind machines to simulate wind gusts up to 91 miles per hour (146 km / h) and practiced during the heavy rain of Tropical Storm Andrea. Wallenda said it was "hard to prepare for (the updrafts)... when it comes down to Mother Nature, we 're not in control. ''
At 1,500 feet (460 m), the walk was the highest of Wallenda 's career, about seven times as high as the Niagara crossing. He covered a distance of approximately 1,400 feet (430 m) in 22 minutes, 54 seconds, using a 2 - inch - thick (5.1 cm) wire. He carried a 30 - foot - long (9.1 m) balancing pole weighing 43 pounds (20 kg).
As the walk began, Wallenda realized the wire had become slippery due to gathered dust. He spat on his hands and rubbed his shoes for better grip. Shortly thereafter, he stopped and crouched down on the wire due to wind gusts. He later stopped a second time to break the bounce of the wire that his walking had induced. Throughout the walk, Wallenda could be heard praying, repeatedly saying "Thank you, Jesus. '' Wallenda ran the last few steps then jumped off and kissed the ground. Completing the walk in 22 minutes, 54 seconds, Wallenda became the first person to highwire walk across a Grand Canyon area gorge.
After the walk, Wallenda said it was more difficult than he had expected and that "it took every bit of me to stay focused ''. He said that dust had accumulated in his contacts and called the walk unusually stressful. However, he called the view breathtaking, and said the opportunity "was a dream come true. '' Skywire Live drew an average of 10.7 million viewers in the United States, making it the highest rated program of the night. During the walk itself, viewership increased to 13 million. It became the highest rated live program in Discovery 's history and won 71 % of TV - related social media usage for the day.
During a live interview on Skywire Live, Wallenda said for his next feat he would like to walk between the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building in New York City. The following day the New York City Police Commissioner Ray Kelly said the city would not grant permission for a stunt like that.
Wallenda was unable to get permission to do the walk in New York City, but, in April 2014, announced he was scouting skyscrapers in Chicago, Illinois for a televised tight walk event for the Discovery Channel. Wallenda said he was very interested in tight walking between the Willis Tower with another nearby skyscraper. On November 2, 2014, Discovery aired the special, entitled Skyscraper Live, and an official mobile game, SkyBalance by Nik Wallenda, was developed by Tapinator, Inc. to coincide with the event. In the special, Wallenda completed two tightrope walks, setting two new Guinness World Records: one for walking the steepest tightrope incline between two buildings (19 degrees) and the other for the highest tightrope walk while blindfolded.
In the long run, Wallenda 's goal is to achieve global recognition and celebrity. "I 've had a vision for my name since I was very young, that I was going to take it to the top of my industry '', he says. His wirewalking "wishlist '' includes traversing the Bosphorus continental divide in Turkey and Inca ruins at Machu Picchu. He would like to do an event with the Eiffel Tower and Egypt 's pyramids. "There 's a lot of expectations on my end '', he says, adding that he wants to "(reinvent) the circus ''. "Whenever we 're someplace unique or different, '' says Erendira, "he 's always looking around -- ' Oh, I could string a wire from here to there and walk there. ' '' Wallenda, who spent the summer of 2014 in Western New York with shows at Darien Lake and the Erie County Fair, hopes to develop a longer - term tourist attraction near Niagara Falls honoring stuntmen such as his family.
In 1999, Wallenda proposed to his future wife Erendira (née Vasquez, from famous Mexican circus family) on a wire 30 feet (9.1 m) high during a performance in Montreal, Quebec. Having just performed a seven - man pyramid act with his family, he stayed on the platform while the family descended. He walked to the middle of the wire and got down on one knee, proposing to Erendira in front of 25,000 people. A week later, they were married. "I do n't know if either of us could be married to someone who did n't perform, '' says Erendira. "I ca n't see either of us ever being happy sitting behind a desk. ''
Wallenda credits God for his success, saying that what he does on the high - wire is a gift from God. He grew up in "a Bible - believing, God - fearing family '' and describes himself as a "born - again Christian ''. Faith is "the most important part of my life, '' he says. According to family friend Michael Mascitto, "When he started doing some of these bigger stunts, he realized that he was developing a platform, or rather God was giving him a platform, to use his abilities for God 's glory ''. Mascitto says Wallenda 's faith has been strengthened as his profile grew. "He truly believes it 's because God has given him this platform for a reason -- to glorify Him... Him with a capital H. ''
Before every wire walk, Wallenda joins his family in prayer and he always wears a cross as he performs. He remarks, "The Bible says pray without ceasing and I 'm always praying. '' He denies that his stunts "test '' God. "To test God would be to never train, never practice, and then to walk across the Grand Canyon; or to jump off a building, or throw myself in front of a truck, '' he says. Wallenda says he tries to live "an upright life '' and be a good example. Despite his success, Wallenda wants people to think of him as just a regular guy. "I want people to like me, just for who I am, '' he says. "What you get is a regular person. I want people to relate to me. '' Friends described him as a lighthearted guy who is always cracking jokes.
Wallenda describes himself as a challenge - driven person. "Do n't tell me, ' It ca n't be done, ' because I 'll find a way to do it '', he says. "My whole thing '', he says, "is I do n't want to just break records. I want to set myself apart from any record that 's been done before. '' Wallenda lives by the mantra "Never Give Up ''. He believes that through hard work, one can achieve anything they desire. "I think (challenges are) what life is about '', he remarks. "We all go through challenges. But once we get through them, we look back and say look how much our lives have changed by going through that challenge. ''
Wallenda and his wife own and operate Wallendas Inc. They have three children: Yanni, aged 16, Amadaos, 13, and Evita, 10. The children are free to choose their own professions, Wallenda says. Evita is said to be the most interested in following in her father 's footsteps. "In the back yard we have a wire that 's two feet off the ground and that 's what 's fun for my daughter. Kids want to do what their parents do, '' Wallenda remarks. Erendira and the children are always nearby; the six days they were separated from Nik while he prepared for Niagara Falls was the longest separation in nine years.
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who won the queen's tennis tournament 2015 | Queen 's Club Championships - wikipedia
The Queen 's Club Championships is an annual tournament for male tennis players, held on grass courts at the Queen 's Club in West Kensington, London. The event is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour. It is currently promoted as the Aegon Championships for sponsorship reasons. For many years previously it was known as the Stella Artois Championships.
Queen 's is one of the most prestigious grass court tournaments, as well as one of the oldest Tennis tournaments in the world, and serves as a warm - up for Wimbledon. Andy Roddick and Lleyton Hewitt dominated the tournament in the early 21st century, each winning four titles. Andy Murray won a record five titles between 2009 and 2016. Andy Roddick has called the courts at the Queen 's Club "arguably the best in the world ''.
Originally known as the London Grass Court Championships, the tournament traces back to 1884 when a tennis tournament was held at the London Athletic Club at Stamford Bridge, Fulham. One year later the tournament was given the title of the London Championships, and it was on held outdoor grass courts. In 1890, the tournament moved to its current location, the Queen 's Club and consisted of a men 's and women 's singles event. In 1903 a men 's doubles event was added followed in 1905 by the mixed doubles competition. In 1915 the addition of a women 's doubles event completed the programme. The two World Wars interrupted the tournament from 1915 -- 1918 and 1940 -- 1946. Between 1970 and 1989 the Championships were part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. The women 's tournament was discontinued after the 1973 edition and from 1974 until 1976 no men 's tournament was held. The event is currently an ATP World Tour 500 series tournament on the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Tour and was upgraded from a ATP World Tour 250 series in 2015.
During the 2004 singles tournament, Andy Roddick set the then world record for the fastest serve, recorded at 153 mph (246.2 km / h) during a straight - set victory over Thailand 's Paradorn Srichaphan in the quarter - finals.
In 2016. Andy Murray won the singles title for a record fifth time. Seven men have won four singles titles; Major Ritchie, Anthony Wilding, Roy Emerson, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Lleyton Hewitt and Andy Roddick.
The Queen 's Club Championships are held every year in June. They start one week after the clay - court French Open and conclude one week before the start of the grass court Wimbledon Championships, which are held just 4 miles (6 km) away. The equivalent warm - up event for women is the Eastbourne International, although this is held one week later.
Up to 2014, the break between the French Open and Wimbledon was just two weeks, and the Queen 's Club Championships started the day after the French Open 's men 's final. This changed when Wimbledon moved back a week to expand the length of the grass court season.
Grass courts are the least common playing surface for top - level events on the ATP World Tour. The 2009 schedule included only four grass court tournaments in the run - up to Wimbledon. They were the Queen 's Club Championships, Gerry Weber Open, Eastbourne International, and the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships. An additional tournament is played on grass in Newport, Rhode Island, USA, in the week immediately after Wimbledon.
Queen 's enjoys full coverage on the BBC in the UK, via BBC television, BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Sport online. It was shown in High Definition for the first time in 2009. Eurosport also broadcasts throughout each tournament.
The ball girls for the Aegon Championships are provided by Nonsuch High School and St Philomena 's Catholic High School for Girls, two schools in the London Borough of Sutton.
From 1979 until 2008, the tournament was sponsored by Stella Artois, and thus called the Stella Artois Championships. In 2009 the tournament was renamed the Aegon Championships following a comprehensive sponsorship deal between Lawn Tennis Association and Aegon, which also led to renaming of Birmingham and Eastbourne grass court events. In 2014, Hackett London became the official clothing sponsors of the tournament.
Since 1890:
Since 1969:
(Note: Tournament dates back to 1890)
Centre Court holds 6,479 spectators. The highest total attendance for the week was in 2003, when 52,553 people attended the event; The highest attendance for one day was 8,362 on 11 June 2003.
Coordinates: 51 ° 29 ′ 17 '' N 0 ° 12 ′ 43 '' W / 51.488 ° N 0.212 ° W / 51.488; - 0.212
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relationship between man and environment in ecological perspective | Human ecology - wikipedia
Human ecology is an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary study of the relationship between humans and their natural, social, and built environments. The philosophy and study of human ecology has a diffuse history with advancements in ecology, geography, sociology, psychology, anthropology, zoology, epidemiology, public health, and home economics, among others.
The roots of ecology as a broader discipline can be traced to the Greeks and a lengthy list of developments in natural history science. Ecology also has notably developed in other cultures. Traditional knowledge, as it is called, includes the human propensity for intuitive knowledge, intelligent relations, understanding, and for passing on information about the natural world and the human experience. The term ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 and defined by direct reference to the economy of nature.
Like other contemporary researchers of his time, Haeckel adopted his terminology from Carl Linnaeus where human ecological connections were more evident. In his 1749 publication, Specimen academicum de oeconomia naturae, Linnaeus developed a science that included the economy and polis of nature. Polis stems from its Greek roots for a political community (originally based on the city - states), sharing its roots with the word police in reference to the promotion of growth and maintenance of good social order in a community. Linnaeus was also the first to write about the close affinity between humans and primates. Linnaeus presented early ideas found in modern aspects to human ecology, including the balance of nature while highlighting the importance of ecological functions (ecosystem services or natural capital in modern terms): "In exchange for performing its function satisfactorily, nature provided a species with the necessaries of life '' The work of Linnaeus influenced Charles Darwin and other scientists of his time who used Linnaeus ' terminology (i.e., the economy and polis of nature) with direct implications on matters of human affairs, ecology, and economics.
Ecology is not just biological, but a human science as well. An early and influential social scientist in the history of human ecology was Herbert Spencer. Spencer was influenced by and reciprocated his influence onto the works of Charles Darwin. Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest '', he was an early founder of sociology where he developed the idea of society as an organism, and he created an early precedent for the socio - ecological approach that was the subsequent aim and link between sociology and human ecology.
The history of human ecology has strong roots in geography and sociology departments of the late 19th century. In this context a major historical development or landmark that stimulated research into the ecological relations between humans and their urban environments was founded in George Perkins Marsh 's book Man and Nature; or, physical geography as modified by human action, which was published in 1864. Marsh was interested in the active agency of human - nature interactions (an early precursor to urban ecology or human niche construction) in frequent reference to the economy of nature.
In 1894, an influential sociologist at the University of Chicago named Albion W. Small, collaborated with sociologist George E. Vincent and published a "' ' laboratory guide ' ' to studying people in their ' ' every - day occupations. ' ' '' This was a guidebook that trained students of sociology how they could study society in a way that a natural historian would study birds. Their publication "explicitly included the relation of the social world to the material environment. ''
The first English - language use of the term "ecology '' is credited to American chemist and founder of the field of home economics, Ellen Swallow Richards. Richards first introduced the term as "oekology '' in 1892, and subsequently developed the term "human ecology ''.
The term "human ecology '' was published in 1907 in Ellen Swallow Richards work "Sanitation in Daily Life '', defined there as "the study of the surroundings of human beings in the effects they produce on the lives of men ''. Richard 's use of the term recognized humans as part of rather than separate from nature. The term made its first formal appearance in the field of sociology in the 1921 book "Introduction to the Science of Sociology '', published by Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess (also from the sociology department at the University of Chicago). Their student, Roderick D. McKenzie helped solidify human ecology as a sub-discipline within the Chicago school. These authors emphasized the difference between human ecology and ecology in general by highlighting cultural evolution in human societies.
Human ecology has a fragmented academic history with developments spread throughout a range of disciplines, including: home economics, geography, anthropology, sociology, zoology, and psychology. Some authors have argued that geography is human ecology. Much historical debate has hinged on the placement of humanity as part or as separate from nature. In light of the branching debate of what constitutes human ecology, recent interdisciplinary researchers have sought a unifying scientific field they have titled coupled human and natural systems that "builds on but moves beyond previous work (e.g., human ecology, ecological anthropology, environmental geography). '' Other fields or branches related to the historical development of human ecology as a discipline include cultural ecology, urban ecology, environmental sociology, and anthropological ecology.
Biological ecologists have traditionally been reluctant to study human ecology gravitating instead to the allure of wild nature. Human ecology has a history of focusing attention on humans ' impact on the biotic world. Paul Sears was an early proponent of applying human ecology, addressing topics aimed at the population explosion of humanity, global resource limits, pollution, and published a comprehensive account on human ecology as a discipline in 1954. He saw the vast "explosion '' of problems humans were creating for the environment and reminded us that "what is important is the work to be done rather than the label. '' "When we as a profession learn to diagnose the total landscape, not only as the basis of our culture, but as an expression of it, and to share our special knowledge as widely as we can, we need not fear that our work will be ignored or that our efforts will be unappreciated. ''
Human ecology has been defined as a type of analysis applied to the relations in human beings that was traditionally applied to plants and animals in ecology. Toward this aim, human ecologists (which can include sociologists) integrate diverse perspectives from a broad spectrum of disciplines covering "wider points of view ''. In its 1972 premier edition, the editors of Human Ecology: An Interdisciplinary Journal gave an introductory statement on the scope of topics in human ecology. Their statement provides a broad overview on the interdisciplinary nature of the topic:
Forty years later in the same journal, Daniel G. Bates (2012) notes lines of continuity in the discipline and the way it has changed:
Today there is greater emphasis on the problems facing individuals and how actors deal with them with the consequence that there is much more attention to decision - making at the individual level as people strategize and optimize risk, costs and benefits within specific contexts. Rather than attempting to formulate a cultural ecology or even a specifically "human ecology '' model, researchers more often draw on demographic, economic and evolutionary theory as well as upon models derived from field ecology.
While theoretical discussions continue, research published in Human Ecology Review suggests that recent discourse has shifted toward applying principles of human ecology. Some of these applications focus instead on addressing problems that cross disciplinary boundaries or transcend those boundaries altogether. Scholarship has increasingly tended away from Gerald L. Young 's idea of a "unified theory '' of human ecological knowledge -- that human ecology may emerge as its own discipline -- and more toward the pluralism best espoused by Paul Shepard: that human ecology is healthiest when "running out in all directions. ''. But human ecology is neither anti-discipline nor anti-theory, rather it is the ongoing attempt to formulate, synthesize, and apply theory to bridge the widening schism between man and nature. This new human ecology emphasizes complexity over reductionism, focuses on changes over stable states, and expands ecological concepts beyond plants and animals to include people.
The application of ecological concepts to epidemiology has similar roots to those of other disciplinary applications, with Carl Linnaeus having played a seminal role. However, the term appears to have come into common use in the medical and public health literature in the mid-twentieth century. This was strengthened in 1971 by the publication of Epidemiology as Medical Ecology, and again in 1987 by the publication of a textbook on Public Health and Human Ecology. An "ecosystem health '' perspective has emerged as a thematic movement, integrating research and practice from such fields as environmental management, public health, biodiversity, and economic development. Drawing in turn from the application of concepts such as the social - ecological model of health, human ecology has converged with the mainstream of global public health literature.
In addition to its links to other disciplines, human ecology has a strong historical linkage to the field of home economics through the work of Ellen Swallow Richards, among others. However, as early as the 1960s, a number of universities began to rename home economics departments, schools, and colleges as human ecology programs. In part, this name change was a response to perceived difficulties with the term home economics in a modernizing society, and reflects a recognition of human ecology as one of the initial choices for the discipline which was to become home economics. Current human ecology programs include Cornell University College of Human Ecology and the University of Alberta 's Department of Human Ecology, among others.
Changes to the Earth by human activities have been so great that a new geological epoch named the Anthropocene has been proposed. The human niche or ecological polis of human society, as it was known historically, has created entirely new arrangements of ecosystems as we convert matter into technology. Human ecology has created anthropogenic biomes (called anthromes). The habitats within these anthromes reach out through our road networks to create what has been called technoecosystems containing technosols. Technodiversity exists within these technoecosystems. In direct parallel to the concept of the ecosphere, human civilization has also created a technosphere. The way that the human species engineers or constructs technodiversity into the environment, threads back into the processes of cultural and biological evolution, including the human economy.
The ecosystems of planet Earth are coupled to human environments. Ecosystems regulate the global geophysical cycles of energy, climate, soil nutrients, and water that in turn support and grow natural capital (including the environmental, physiological, cognitive, cultural, and spiritual dimensions of life). Ultimately, every manufactured product in human environments comes from natural systems. Ecosystems are considered common - pool resources because ecosystems do not exclude beneficiaries and they can be depleted or degraded. For example, green space within communities provides sustainable health services that reduces mortality and regulates the spread of vector borne disease. Research shows that people who are more engaged with regular access to natural areas have lower rates of diabetes, heart disease and psychological disorders. These ecological health services are regularly depleted through urban development projects that do not factor in the common - pool value of ecosystems.
The ecological commons delivers a diverse supply of community services that sustains the well - being of human society. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, an international UN initiative involving more than 1,360 experts worldwide, identifies four main ecosystem service types having 30 sub-categories stemming from natural capital. The ecological commons includes provisioning (e.g., food, raw materials, medicine, water supplies), regulating (e.g., climate, water, soil retention, flood retention), cultural (e.g., science and education, artistic, spiritual), and supporting (e.g., soil formation, nutrient cycling, water cycling) services.
Global assessments of biodiversity indicate that the current epoch, the Holocene (or Anthropocene) is a sixth mass extinction. Species loss is accelerating at 100 -- 1000 times faster than average background rates in the fossil record. The field of conservation biology involves ecologists that are researching, confronting, and searching for solutions to sustain the planet 's ecosystems for future generations.
"Human activities are associated directly or indirectly with nearly every aspect of the current extinction spasm. ''
Nature is a resilient system. Ecosystems regenerate, withstand, and are forever adapting to fluctuating environments. Ecological resilience is an important conceptual framework in conservation management and it is defined as the preservation of biological relations in ecosystems that persevere and regenerate in response to disturbance over time. However, persistent, systematic, large and nonrandom disturbance caused by the niche constructing behavior of human beings, habitat conversion and land development, has pushed many of the Earth 's ecosystems to the extent of their resilient thresholds. Three planetary thresholds have already been crossed, including biodiversity loss, climate change, and nitrogen cycles. These biophysical systems are ecologically interrelated and naturally resilient, but human civilization has transitioned the planet to an Anthropocene epoch, where the threshold for planetary scale resilience has been crossed and the ecological state of the Earth is deteriorating rapidly to the detriment of humanity. The world 's fisheries and oceans, for example, are facing dire challenges as the threat of global collapse appears imminent, with serious ramifications for the well - being of humanity; while the Anthropocene is yet to be classified as an official epoch, current evidence suggest that "an epoch - scale boundary has been crossed within the last two centuries. '' The ecology of the planet is further threatened by global warming, but investments in nature conservation can provide a regulatory feedback to store and regulate carbon and other greenhouse gases.
In 1992, William Rees developed the ecological footprint concept. The ecological footprint and its close analog the water footprint has become a popular way of accounting for the level of impact that human society is imparting on the Earth 's ecosystems. All indications are that the human enterprise is unsustainable as the footprint of society is placing too much stress on the ecology of the planet. The WWF 2008 living planet report and other researchers report that human civilization has exceeded the bio-regenerative capacity of the planet. This means that the footprint of human consumption is extracting more natural resources than can be replenished by ecosystems around the world.
Ecological economics is an economic science that extends its methods of valuation onto nature in an effort to address the inequity between market growth and biodiversity loss. Natural capital is the stock of materials or information stored in biodiversity that generates services that can enhance the welfare of communities. Population losses are the more sensitive indicator of natural capital than are species extinction in the accounting of ecosystem services. The prospect for recovery in the economic crisis of nature is grim. Populations, such as local ponds and patches of forest are being cleared away and lost at rates that exceed species extinctions. The mainstream growth - based economic system adopted by governments worldwide does not include a price or markets for natural capital. This type of economic system places further ecological debt onto future generations.
Human societies are increasingly being placed under stress as the ecological commons is diminished through an accounting system that has incorrectly assumed "... that nature is a fixed, indestructible capital asset. '' The current wave of threats, including massive extinction rates and concurrent loss of natural capital to the detriment of human society, is happening rapidly. This is called a biodiversity crisis, because 50 % of the worlds species are predicted to go extinct within the next 50 years. Conventional monetary analyses are unable to detect or deal with these sorts of ecological problems. Multiple global ecological economic initiatives are being promoted to solve this problem. For example, governments of the G8 met in 2007 and set forth The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) initiative:
In a global study we will initiate the process of analyzing the global economic benefit of biological diversity, the costs of the loss of biodiversity and the failure to take protective measures versus the costs of effective conservation.
The work of Kenneth E. Boulding is notable for building on the integration between ecology and its economic origins. Boulding drew parallels between ecology and economics, most generally in that they are both studies of individuals as members of a system, and indicated that the "household of man '' and the "household of nature '' could somehow be integrated to create a perspective of greater value.
Human ecology expands functionalism from ecology to the human mind. People 's perception of a complex world is a function of their ability to be able to comprehend beyond the immediate, both in time and in space. This concept manifested in the popular slogan promoting sustainability: "think global, act local. '' Moreover, people 's conception of community stems from not only their physical location but their mental and emotional connections and varies from "community as place, community as way of life, or community of collective action. ''
In these early years, human ecology was still deeply enmeshed in its respective disciplines: geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and economics. Scholars through the 1970s until present have called for a greater integration between all of the scattered disciplines that has each established formal ecological research.
While some of the early writers considered how art fit into a human ecology, it was Sears who posed the idea that in the long run human ecology will in fact look more like art. Bill Carpenter (1986) calls human ecology the "possibility of an aesthetic science, '' renewing dialogue about how art fits into a human ecological perspective. According to Carpenter, human ecology as an aesthetic science counters the disciplinary fragmentation of knowledge by examining human consciousness.
While the reputation of human ecology in institutions of higher learning is growing, there is no human ecology at the primary and secondary education levels. Educational theorist Sir Kenneth Robinson has called for diversification of education to promote creativity in academic and non-academic (i.e. - educate their "whole being '') activities to implement a "new conception of human ecology ''.
In the late 1960s, ecological concepts started to become integrated into the applied fields, namely architecture, landscape architecture, and planning. Ian McHarg called for a future when all planning would be "human ecological planning '' by default, always bound up in humans ' relationships with their environments. He emphasized local, place - based planning that takes into consideration all the "layers '' of information from geology to botany to zoology to cultural history. Proponents of the new urbanism movement, like James Howard Kunstler and Andres Duany, have embraced the term human ecology as way to describe the problem of -- and prescribe the solutions for -- the landscapes and lifestyles of an automobile oriented society. Duany has called the human ecology movement to be "the agenda for the years ahead. '' While McHargian planning is still widely respected, the landscape urbanism movement seeks a new understanding between human and environment relations. Among these theorists is Frederich Steiner, who published Human Ecology: Following Nature 's Lead in 2002 which focuses on the relationships among landscape, culture, and planning. The work highlights the beauty of scientific inquiry by revealing those purely human dimensions which underlie our concepts of ecology. While Steiner discusses specific ecological settings, such as cityscapes and waterscapes, and the relationships between socio - cultural and environmental regions, he also takes a diverse approach to ecology -- considering even the unique synthesis between ecology and political geography. Deiter Steiner 's 2003 Human Ecology: Fragments of Anti-fragmentary view of the world is an important expose of recent trends in human ecology. Part literature review, the book is divided into four sections: "human ecology '', "the implicit and the explicit '', "structuration '', and "the regional dimension ''. Much of the work stresses the need for transciplinarity, antidualism, and wholeness of perspective.
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who plays rowley jefferson in diary of a wimpy kid | List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters - Wikipedia
This is a list of characters in Jeff Kinney 's book series Diary of a Wimpy Kid as well as the film versions of the first, second, and third book. Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of graphic novels written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney. The books are written as the journals of the main character named Greg Heffley.
Diary of a Wimpy Kid is also a series of films based on the books. Jeff Kinney was an executive producer. Like the books, the movies are the journals of Greg Heffley, played by Zachary Gordon in Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules, and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days, and Jason Drucker in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul.
Gregory "Greg '' Heffley is 12 years old in the first novel. Greg 's actions can however be antagonistic at times, including terrorizing kids, trying to steal money from a church collection basket, lying in confession, picking on other students, playing pranks on his best friend, selling falsely advertised fitness water and even praying for bad stuff to happen to others. However, he can also be a kind hearted character. He helps his brother with his homework, gets his friend a date for a dance, helps out, and forgives his friends. Greg is portrayed by Zachary Gordon and Jason Drucker in the movie series. He ca n't stop flirting with girls. But after all, he is a funny kid.
Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's best friend. In the first book, Rowley is an antagonist in Greg 's point of view while technically in a third - person view, Greg is the antagonist and Rowley is the protagonist. In Dog Days, they separate after Rowley damages Greg 's chances of winning a video game championship, but they get back together at the end of The Ugly Truth. At the end of The Third Wheel, Rowley begins dating Abigail Brown, a girl who was originally Greg 's date for the Valentine 's Day dance. This plot continues in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck, where he ditches Greg for his new girlfriend Abigail. At the end of the book, the couple break up and he becomes friends with Greg again.
Rowley has what Greg considers strange interests for his age and gender, such as liking a singer for "six - year - old girls '' named Joshie and action figures Greg believes are for younger kids. Rowley is also the owner of the comic strip Zoo Wee Mama. Rowley claims that Greg had nothing to do with the comic strip in the first book, a rare antagonistic move from him. In the movie series, Rowley is portrayed by Robert Capron & Owen Asztalos. Rowley 's shortest appearance was in The Long Haul, where he is only mentioned on one page.
Francis "Frank '' Heffley is Greg 's overreactive but well - meaning father. He is interested in U.S. history, and his replica of a Civil War battlefield is a plot point in the series. Frank is edgy around Rowley, does not appreciate Greg 's skill at video games, loathes heavy metal, and adolescents. In Rodrick Rules, during Thanksgiving dinner, Frank turns up the thermostat to make everyone leave. He tries to toughen Greg up and threatens to send him to a military academy in The Last Straw, although ultimately this does not come to fruition, much to Greg 's relief. However, Greg and Frank grow together in Dog Days. Frank is portrayed by Steve Zahn in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, he is played by Tom Everett Scott.
The mother of Greg Heffley and his two brothers. Susan, though very loving and motherly, is also embarrassing, overprotective, hypocritical, absent - minded and naive. Susan can also rather old - fashioned and out - of - touch with modern times, acting like she knows what things kids Greg and Rodrick 's age are into when, in reality, she does n't know. She does n't like technology causing her and the family to have their differences. She believes that her family is distant from technology. She also wants to become a good mother in front of her peers. She and her husband pay far more attention to Manny than their other two sons. She is portrayed by Rachael Harris in the first three films of the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series. In Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, she is portrayed by Alicia Silverstone. In the online version of the first book, Susan was known as Ann Heffley.
Manuel "Manny '' Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's younger brother, and the youngest of the Heffley family. He is an annoying, selfish, spoiled child who is constantly doted on by his mother. He makes a great number of demands and throws huge temper tantrums if they are not fulfilled. He is really immature by watching babyish TV shows like The Snurples. Among Manny 's most well - known characteristics are his refusal to be toilet - trained and his complete inability to remain in nursery school. He frequently damages Greg 's property, and uses his age as an excuse for doing so. Whenever they go on vacations, Manny ends up ruining it and gets away with it. The excessive coddling he receives from his parents infuriates Greg. He also takes advantage of his overindulgence. It is revealed in The Third Wheel that Manny has imaginary friends, whom he blames for his misbehavior. Despite his very young age and spoiled attitude, Manny shows signs of actually possessing more intelligence than he appears to have. He surprises his family by his ability to speak Spanish in The Long Haul, but plays this to his advantage by persuading some Mexican men to take them to retrieve their pet pig. He is his grandmother 's favorite, although she denies this. In the three movies based on the first four books, Manny is portrayed by Connor and Owen Fielding. In the movie, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, he is portrayed by Wyatt and Dylan Walters.
Manny has similar traits to those of Farley Drexel "Fudge '' Hatcher.
Rodrick is Greg 's formerly aggressive older brother. He is the drummer in a garage band called "Löded Diper '' (loaded diaper), noted for their substandard heavy metal concerts and limited musical abilities. Rodrick is not an exception to Frank 's notorious distrust of all teenagers.
Rodrick is infamous for his stereotypical rebellious nature, feigning illness in Rodrick Rules so as to be allowed to remain at home to throw a chaotic house party during his parents ' absence, only for the evidence to appear in newly developed photographs that are quickly discovered by the boys ' parents. He bullies Greg a lot and pulls awful pranks that ruins Greg 's and his family 's life. Rodrick also possesses incompetent tendencies, as his school assignments are notoriously crude and idiotic. He assumes that Abraham Lincoln was the author of To Kill a Mockingbird and, with Greg 's aid, bases a science presentation around the hypothesis of whether or not plants sneeze. His spelling abilities are also poor, and he devotes a lot of time to tormenting Greg. In the books, Rodrick owns and drives a white van, which sports his band 's name written in large black letters, on either side of it and lacks any back seats, the reason being that Rodrick needs room for his band equipment. In the movie series, the van is revealed to be a 1996 Chevrolet Astro AWD van, which also sports a diaper 's pin drawn on the rear doors. In Rodrick Rules, Greg is haunted by the fact that Rodrick knows about his most mortifying experience during the summertime. This haunts him when he returns to school. However, his fears are quickly eased after the story becomes distorted to Greg 's advantage due to it being passed around by so many people (à la Chinese Whispers), temporarily boosting his popularity. By the end of the film adaptation of Rodrick Rules, he is much closer to Greg, and his actions to him becomes much less aggressive. This is also shown in the film adaptation of Dog Days when Rodrick thanks Greg for getting him a gig at Heather Hills ' Sweet 16. In the film series based on the books, Rodrick is played by Devon Bostick. In the film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, Rodrick is played by Charlie Wright.
Gramma is Susan 's mother and Greg 's maternal grandmother. Gramma is known to drive a car like the Heffleys '. Greg often calls her to his home as a way to avoid his dad 's scoldings, since his dad will not do this when she is around. When she is about to leave, Greg quickly goes to accompany her.
Greg 's paternal grandfather is a typical unpredictable grandfather who is asked to babysit Rodrick and his brother in Rodrick Rules. He lives in a care home called Leisure Towers and enjoys playing games such as "Gutbusters '', which the two boys find boring. Grandpa is a smoker. He has his television tuned to the CCTV in the care home lobby, which he spends his time watching. In Old School, he moves out of Leisure Towers because the rent is too high and moves in with the Heffleys. Grandpa has a girlfriend named Darlene in the book "Hard Luck '' and broke up with her in the book "Old School ''. Grandpa dates online. Greg is his favorite. Grandpa is known for making an awful dish named "Watercress Salad '' which is just cucumber and floating beans in a pool of vinegar. This dish is hated by Greg but Rodrick makes him have more. It 's stated that Grandpa never spent much time with Frank when he was a boy.
Joe Heffley is Frank 's brother and Greg 's uncle. Frank has a sibling rivalry with Joe due to his actions. When Manny started potty training, Uncle Joe insisted that there was a "potty monster '' that was about to get him, causing him to fear using the bathroom, forcing Frank to change his diapers for a longer time. Greg says that he could hear Frank cursing Joe under his breath every time he changed Manny 's diapers because of this. Uncle Joe 's children call their uncle "Aunt Fwank '', which Frank swears he told them to do on purpose; Susan thinks it 's cute. In Dog Days, Greg mentions that he tried to make Uncle Joe convince Frank to get a dog, but that did not work out. He also mentions that Joe 's dog, Killer ate most of his birthday cake.
Joe Heffley 's wife is a dark - haired woman and Greg 's aunt. She appears rarely in the books.
Joe Heffley has at least 3 children, who appear to be a bit older than Manny, and are Greg 's cousins. They all call Frank "Aunt Fwank. ''
Charlie Heffley is Nana Heffley 's brother and Greg 's great uncle. He is also Greg 's "secret weapon '' at Christmas, as he asks him to buy him presents that his parents have forbidden him from receiving. However, this backfires as he is usually given the wrong thing. For example, Greg wanted to use a Barbie dollhouse as a fort for his soldier action figures, but Charlie gave him a Barbie doll instead, and Greg got a shoe stuck in his nose. Also, when it was brought up at a family meeting that Greg was into superheroes, he received Wonder Woman underwear. Charlie is a bachelor and spends his spare money well. Greg says he wants to follow in his footsteps. in the first book, Greg thought Charlie got him Twisted Wizard because of the size of the box, but it was just an 8x10 picture of Charlie. In The Last Straw, Charlie got Greg a laundry hoop, hinting that he is tired of being Greg 's secret weapon at Christmas, as the events that transpired meant that Greg effectively got a chore for Christmas.
Cecil is the boys ' uncle but is only 3 or 4 years old. He sits at the grown - ups table at family gatherings because Greg 's Great Aunt Marcie adopted him and since he 's her son, he 's allowed to sit at the grown - ups ' table. He only appears in Hard Luck.
Loretta Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt and the sister of Grandpa, Arthur and Reba. She got a thank you note for some pants she gave Greg at Christmas. She appeared mainly in Rodrick Rules at the Thanksgiving dinner. She also appeared a couple of times in the Do It Yourself Book and The Ugly Truth. It is implied that Greg and Rodrick dislike her, as they fight over who has to greet her first when she visits.
Aunt Veronica is Greg 's aunt and Susan 's sister. Greg states that she has never been seen in person since he was 2 or 3 years old, but calls his family members on video chat. When Greg was sitting on the toilet playing games on his brand new phone (which was actually a hand - me - down from his mother), she started a video chat with him. This startled him, leading to him dropping the phone into the toilet... She appears in Hard Luck multiple times - often in person - but on other occasions by video conference on a tablet and the used phone that Susan gave to Greg.
Terrence, who has a mustache and glasses, is Frank 's second cousin. It is implied that Greg thinks he is stupid This was suggested when he was explaining that when Terrence was his age, he looked exactly like him, which is true. Greg then mentions he better start saving up for plastic surgery.
Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother, and the unofficial head of the Heffley family. She only appears in The Ugly Truth, as a minor character. She also has Legos that Susan bought so that her kids had something to do at her house. Gammie glued them together to make one whole brick because of the mess the blocks make. Gammie is a trickster and knows a lot because of "experience ''. When someone in the family is about 12 or 13 years old she gives them The Talk, which is about how kids should not be hurrying to grow up. Gammie loves having visitors for dinner. One day she bought a scratch ticket, and matched up two pictures and told all her family members that she had won a lot of money. Everyone was in a very big rush to visit her. When they all arrived Frank told Gammie that to win you had to match up three pictures. When she found this out, she did not really care. She pulled a roast right out of the oven, and Greg figures she got what she really wanted anyway. Gammie is the mother of Grandpa, Arthur, Reba, and Loretta Heffley.
Gammie is briefly mentioned by Greg in Cabin Fever when he says she gave a miniature carousel that held spoons from all over the world to Greg 's family five or six years before.
Reba Heffley is Greg 's great - aunt. Gammie forgot to give her an invitation at Christmas, but she came anyway. She made everyone feel guilty. She only appears in The Ugly Truth. She is stubborn. She and Loretta are identical twins. Reba is the sister of Grandpa, Loretta, and Arthur Heffley.
Garrison "Gary '' Heffeley is Greg 's uncle and has been married four times. In The Ugly Truth it is revealed that all of his wives divorced him as soon as they found out about his financial situation and job. In The Third Wheel he comes to live with Greg 's family after he discovers his job selling shirts in Boston was a ripoff - "Boston '' was spelled "Botson ''. Later in the book he is chosen to be the DJ at Greg 's Valentine 's Day dance.
In Double Down, Gary cut down a big branch hanging over his driveway and ended up breaking his collarbone.
Reason for divorce: Job unappealing for her (Gary was working as a mascot at children 's parties).
Reason for divorce: Financial miscommunication (He had $45 in his bank instead of $45,000.)
Reason for divorce: Unknown, possibly because of a tattoo that used to read "Lydia '' (and was later modified to read "I am not in love with Lydia anymore '').
Reason for likely divorce: He was only engaged to her by accident when a plane with a banner saying "MARRY SONJA '' flew over the baseball game where he was going to break up with her because he wanted to start dating her sister. Apparently, there was another Sonja at the baseball stadium. Before Gary could say anything, Sonja turned around and said "YES, YES! '' When they divorced, it was after their wedding when Gary 's friend included the story in his speech.
Dorothy is Greg 's great aunt who always kisses him on the lips. Greg 's mom, Susan, says it is rude to wipe off the kisses Dorothy gives him. She is overweight and sometimes passes gas loudly, much to Greg 's dismay.
She appears on the "Have You Ever '' page in the Do - It - Yourself Book when Greg asks: "Have you ever been kissed full on the lips by a relative who 's older than seventy? '' This probably means she is older than 70 years old, and that she is actually his great - aunt.
Arthur Heffley is Greg 's great - uncle. He only speaks in grunts or makes random sounds. He never has an actual conversation with anybody, but sometimes Greg tries to respond to him just in case he is trying to communicate. For example, once when he said "Rrup? '', Greg replied "Umm... No thank you ''. He wears glasses and a neck tie. Arthur is the brother of Reba, Grandpa, and Loretta Heffley.
Great Uncle Bruce is a deceased character who is mentioned in Cabin Fever and The Third Wheel. Greg is presented with a rather luxurious blanket as a Christmas gift, only to be repelled by it upon learning that it had formerly belonged to Great Uncle Bruce before his death. This leads him to give it to an unsuspecting Rodrick as a birthday present. In The Third Wheel, Greg uses Great Uncle Bruce 's old cologne on Valentine 's Day, which ends up attracting some old ladies.
Byron is Frank 's cousin whom Greg is not excited to see because at Gammie 's last meeting, he was sent out to get milk, but hit a pothole halfway home, and got a flat tire. Greg had to get him. He needed supplies, so Greg returned to Gammie 's. Because of his muddy shoes the ladies needed to warn him since he was about to track mud into the house. Unfortunately, he forgot about Byron 's tire, and he was not happy when he got to Gammie 's.
He only appears in The Ugly Truth.
Not much is known about Nana, but according to a young Greg, she smells like asparagus. She is Greg, Rodrick, and Manny 's paternal grandmother, mother to Frank, Joe and Gary, and Mother - in - law to Susan. She is Grandpa 's wife. It is revealed in Double Down she died when Greg was younger and it makes him uncomfortable to think she is "watching '' him from heaven.
Her first appearance was in Double Down.
Aunt Cakey is Susan 's oldest sister and does not like kids. She used to have a dog. She despises kids, and Susan now never trusts her to babysit Greg.
Aunt Audra is one of Susan 's sisters. She believed in crystal balls and took Greg along with her to see her fortuneteller a few times. Susan think Audra is wasting her money, but the fortuneteller once told Greg, "A dark haired woman will try to plant a seed of doubt in your mind. '' The fortuneteller also told Audra that Meemaw 's ring was inside a photo album. It turned out the fortuneteller did not mean it literally.
Aunt Gretchen is Susan 's youngest sister. She has two out - of - control twin sons, Malvin and Malcolm. Aunt Gretchen has at least thirty pets. In Hard Luck, her rabbit (which everyone thought was a male but was actually female) has a litter of bunnies, angering Frank. Once they played throw and catch with a strong sharp piece of concrete. Malvin had to go to the emergency room to get stitches in his forehead.
Malvin and Malcolm are Gretchen 's two sons. They are out - of control kids, playing catch with rocks and cement chunks. Malcolm is the wilder. He once got hold of Frank 's shaving kit and shaved himself. He also called the police to report Greg 's family for running out of ketchup. This results in Frank angrily making them leave.
Meemaw and Peepaw are the parents of Gramma and her two sisters, and are the grandparents of Susan. Their first appearance was in Hard Luck. Peepaw is portrayed as old and batty. Meemaw is dead, while Peepaw is still alive. Meemaw was in charge of putting prizes in the Easter eggs, and wore a diamond ring, which was extremely valuable because it had been in her family for three generations. Before she died, she accidentally put her ring in an Easter egg that was found by Greg at the end of the book.
Meemaw appears in the film adaption of the Long Haul played by Mimi Gould. Meemaw 's birthday results in Susan 's "great Heffley road trip ''.
Gramma 's sisters are the great - aunts of Rodrick, Greg, and Manny. They are the aunt 's of Susan Heffley and her sisters.
Lawrence Heffley is Greg 's uncle who is always traveling, and therefore is unable to make it to family events. He did, however, appear at Great - Grandpa Chester 's funeral by webcam. He only appears in The Ugly Truth.
Chester Heffley was Greg 's great - grandfather and Gammie Heffley 's husband. It was revealed that he died in The Ugly Truth. Greg referred to him as Remus in The Do it Yourself Book.
Georgia is Greg 's cousin who has an extremely loose tooth that she does not want to pull out. She only appears in Hard Luck.
Benjy Heffley is Greg 's cousin. He can read chapter books and speak in full sentences. However, he still is n't potty trained. He only appears in The Ugly Truth.
Tony and Patricia Heffley are Greg 's aunt and uncle and the parents of Benjy Heffley.
Uncle Larry is supposedly Greg 's uncle. Greg is not sure if he is an actual relative, and he thinks someone invited him to a family gathering at some point and that he has been coming ever since. When Audra 's fortuneteller told her Meemaw 's ring was in a photo album, Larry helped realize that the ring was in a plastic egg. This was proved to be true, as it was found in a plastic egg by Greg later on.
Martina is Susan 's cousin who smashed her collarbone at a buffet in Las Vegas, and ended up suing the hotel. She possibly owns a Porsche.
Gerald is Susan 's cousin who lives in California. He lived with Greg 's family a few months after Greg was born, and even used to change his diapers.
Mr. Jefferson is Rowley 's father, and is far more shrill than Mr. Heffley. He is extremely rude and paranoid, and does not accept any criticism from anyone of himself or his property. He is the strictest father in the series so far. He will not let Rowley play any video game with the slightest bit of violence or fighting in it, as he thinks doing this could change Rowley into a different person. Mr. Jefferson thinks Greg is a "bad influence '' on his son. It is also shown that Mr. Jefferson had a close bond with Rowley.
He shows little interest in sports until Dog Days, where he is found playing tennis with Rowley and golf with a caddy. In Rodrick Rules, Greg and Rowley say in their secret language: "Your - pa dad - pa smells - pa like - pa a woman - pa! '' Greg is then sent home early, and questions how Mr. Jefferson cracked the code.
In Dog Days, it is revealed that Mr. Jefferson 's first name is Robert. When Susan emailed him because of the note Greg sent her, it had Mr. Jefferson 's first name on it.
In "Old School '', he is stuck chaperoning the group of extra kids (which includes Rowley and Greg), much to Greg 's dismay. Later, Rowley adds poison ivy to a fire started by him and he has problems breathing on the next morning, which means he and Rowley (Who had spots on his body) would be going back home.
In the film series, Mr. Jefferson has not spoken until the third film, implying that he is a man of a few words.
Mrs. Jefferson is Rowley 's mother. She often seems to be concerned about Rowley such as the time he broke his big toe after Greg put one of his dad 's dumbbells under a pillow that Rowley kept kicking at Greg 's sleepover. She also had Greg apologize to her for what he did to Rowley. Despite this, Mrs. Jefferson always enjoys Greg 's company with Rowley. Although Mrs. Jefferson loves Greg, she does not let him come over because her husband dislikes him. In day 24 of the online version, it is revealed that her first name is Linda from Greg 's The Boy Whose Family Thinks He 's a DOG comic.
In the first film, Rowley 's mother is portrayed by Kaye Capron, Robert Capron 's real life mother; in Dog Days she is portrayed by Bronwen Smith.
Rowley 's grandfather only appears in Rodrick Rules. It is his birthday and he asks for a chocolate cake for his next birthday. Because of his no lying policy Greg replies: "If you 're even alive next year ''. He is 90 years old in Rodrick Rules. He is an antagonist.
Fregley is Greg 's firm and impeccably graspable acquaintance and neighbor noted for his unexplained lot of odd or disgusting eccentricities. He has been known to perplex others with his behavior, and does not have any known friends. Greg has been forced to hang around with Fregley on several occasions, to his chagrin or aggravation. It has been mentioned that Fregley is prohibited from eating sugar by his parents, and the consumption of it in large quantities will send him into hysterical, uncontrollable frenzies. Fregley won the "Student of the Week '' award in "Cabin Fever '' for not biting anyone for five days. In the film adaptions of the books, Fregley is played by Grayson Russell.
Preston Francis Mudd is the name of one of Greg 's classmates. He is said to have been the best player in the basketball unit of gym class during sixth grade at Westmore Middle School.
Christopher Brownfield is one of Greg 's friends and is shown to have been a great mosquito magnet while hanging out with Greg in the summer. However, Greg does not see him as a close friend because he is "not a school - year friend ''. Later in "The Ugly Truth '', he is on Greg 's team for a game and hides behind a soda machine after the teachers threaten to call all of their parents.
Tyson Sanders is a friend of Greg who appears in "The Ugly Truth ''. He is mentioned at the beginning along with Christopher when Greg is considering new best friends, and mentions that although Tyson is nice and into the same video games as Greg, he is turned off by the fact Tyson pulls his pants all the way down when using the urinal. When they play a game of "Guess Who? '', the team take a picture of Tyson 's bent arm, which gets them disqualified as the chaperones think the picture is of his buttocks.
Holly Elizabeth Hills is the name of one of Greg 's classmates; an older girl who primarily serves as Greg 's unrequited romantic interest and also Heather Hills ' younger sister. She is the youngest daughter of Mr. Hills and Mrs. Hills. A minor character, she earns a prominent role in The Last Straw as the object of Greg 's most recent infatuation. He is continuously motivated to impress her to no avail. Virtually oblivious to Greg 's existence or identity (Greg stops trying to impress her after she mistakes him for Fregley), she appears to take an interest in Rowley 's sweetness, judging by an enthusiastic message which she had signed in his yearbook (as opposed to the note that she had written for the envious Greg). She seldom appears afterwards. Greg 's interest in her is seemingly damaged by events such as this and he starts showing an interest in other girls, including Holly 's older sister Heather.
Whereas her personality is hardly explored in the books, Holly 's role was increased in film adaptions, debuting in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules as a newcomer to Greg 's middle school with whom he is instantly besotted. She is depicted as being friendly and good - natured. The relationship she shares with Greg and Rowley is emphasized and exaggerated in the film portrayals, to the extent it can be assumed that the feelings Greg has for her may be mutual. She reappears in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. Her family is portrayed as being wealthy and her sister shown to be tyrannical, spoiled, and selfish.
Holly seems to enjoy the boys ' companionship, and shows gratitude for Rodrick Heffley 's unintentional blunders that wind up destroying the undeserving Heather 's birthday party. The party ends with Holly slipping her hand into Greg 's, implying that she likes him as well, and she, Greg and Rowley had a pool party not long after.
Holly is portrayed by Peyton R. List.
Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's schoolmates and a minor character in the books. He is characterized by his short stature. Although he and Greg are well - acquainted and generally amiable to one another, Greg started the "Invisible Chirag '' prank in Rodrick Rules. During the summer the Gupta family were to move away but an unexplained alteration in their plans changed this. As a result, Chirag 's classmates teasingly ignore his existence or presence for days on end, which aggravates and shocks him. Though Chirag has apparently forgiven Greg and his fellow schoolmates for concocting the prank, it is mentioned in one book that he takes advantage of his family 's non-observance of the Christmas holiday, and no obligation to behave for Santa Claus, to pick on Greg.
In the movie adaptions, Chirag 's role is enhanced and he is a close friend of Greg and Rowley. He also plays a considerably more prominent role in these films, appearing in adaptions of books in which he is absent or hardly mentioned. He is depicted as being Indian - American. He is portrayed by Karan Brar.
Patricia "Patty '' Farrell is a minor character who shares an intense rivalry with Greg, which is showcased on a few occasions. It is implied she is a hardworking but sanctimonious and domineering student. She earns Greg 's animosity after she suggests a map of the United States displayed in the classroom be covered during a geography quiz. Greg had planned to cheat using the map and this causes great difficulties for him, and makes him agitated. Motivated by his lust for revenge, he volunteers to play a tree in the school 's upcoming production of "The Wizard of Oz '' after viewing the movie adaption for the first time. He believes the role entails having to bombard the character of Dorothy Gale (whom Patty would be portraying in the play) with apples, only to learn that this scene was deleted for the school production. He winds up re-enacting this scene, despite the script, sending his parents into a rage. She has yet to play quite as significant a role in the book series again. She has become something of a minor recurring character whose appearances are rare.
In the film adaptions of the books, Patty 's role is enhanced slightly. She is depicted as being monstrously demanding. Her parents are involved with the school board in this portrayal. The motivation given for her hatred of Greg is his recital of an offensive playground chant poking fun at her that sent her bursting into tears in elementary school. She appears in the film adaptions of all three films Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Diary of a Wimpy Kid; Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. Alterations made to the books include her talent for both wrestling and playing tennis. She snatches any opportunity to assault Greg somehow while engaged in either sport with him. She is played by Laine MacNeil.
Heather Hills is the attractive elder sister of Holly Elizabeth Hills, with whom Rodrick is infatuated. A minor character in the books, but the main antagonist in the third film, Heather is only featured in several books as the object of Greg 's unrequited infatuation. However, she seems oblivious to this. A student attending Westmore High School with Rodrick, she has had several minor occupations throughout the course of the books, during each of which Rodrick fecklessly attempts to grab her attention or to impress her.
Little insight into her personality is provided in the book series. Similar to her younger sister, Holly, Heather 's personality and role is further enhanced in the only film adaption in which she has appeared, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. In a modification of the events of the books, she is depicted as the oldest daughter of the Hills family. She is spoiled, obnoxious, rude, ignorant, selfish, conceited, ungrateful, unforgiving, cold - hearted, demanding, mistreating her family and acquaintances. Plus, she proves to be even worse than Rodrick. Lovelorn, Rodrick Heffley and his band are hired to perform at Heather 's ostentatious upcoming sixteenth birthday party, and, in an attempt to earn her admiration, Rodrick winds up messing up the celebration and decorations during a boisterous, and substandard performance of Justin Bieber 's "Baby '', which makes Heather very upset and the party ends in disaster. She is portrayed by Melissa Roxburgh. Heather has a slight reference to the behavior of the Carnotaur from Disney 's "Dinosaur (film) ''.
Albert Sandy is a minor character, who talks often about rumors he has heard. The validity of his statements are unconfirmed. One of the statement which was not confirmed by Greg was when Albert told him that "it was medically impossible for a girl to fart ''. Greg knew that it was not true because when his mom hugged Aunt Dorothy on Christmas Eve she farted.
Albert has appeared in The Last Straw, The Ugly Truth, Old School, and Double Down.
Only appearing in Diary of a Wimpy Kid, Mr. Ira is a teacher at Greg 's middle school who is on the school newspaper adult staff, and enlists a replacement comic strip for the newspaper. He was made fun of in a comic strip entitled Dumb Teachers, and later bowdlerises Greg 's Creighton the Cretin comic. He does not do the same with Rowley 's Zoo - Wee Mama strip, much to Greg 's chagrin.
First appearing in The Last Straw, The Snellas are a family that lives in the Heffleys ' neighborhood. They have a lot of children, all of whom are male, with names beginning with the letter S. Five of the children 's names are revealed, and they are (from oldest to youngest): Shawn, Shane, Sam, Scott, and Seth. In The Last Straw, it is revealed that each Snella child has a half birthday party at which the adults perform funny stunts, to attempt to make the babies laugh. According to Greg, however, no baby has laughed once. Mr. Snella records the action on his camcorder.
Mr. Snella then sends the videos to America 's Funniest Families, a spoof and parody of America 's Funniest Home Videos, and has never won anything (though after Greg is filmed wearing Wonder Woman underoos hanging off a tree with his trousers below his ankles at the end of The Last Straw, the footage is sent, and it is never explained if Mr Snella won with it).
Their most recent appearance was in The Ugly Truth, when they move to another house because of a strange smell they can not get rid of in their home. The smell was deviled eggs, which Greg hates and threw into one of their plant pots when he was having dinner at their house. Despite trying to find the cause of the smell, the Snellas can not figure it out and eventually just move. Greg feels guilty when he sees that they are taking the plant pot with them, but he resolves to try to find a way to sneak deviled eggs into Fregley 's house.
In Cabin Fever, it is revealed a man named Mr. Alexander moved into the Snellas ' house.
Scotty is a first grader from Rowley 's karate class. In Rodrick Rules, Scotty was going to do a magic act in the Talent Show with Rowley as his assistant. But after Greg breaks Rowley 's big toe, he has to fill in for Rowley. Greg complains about being a magician 's assistant to Scotty, but Susan tells Scotty 's mother that Greg would be happy to replace Rowley. In the tryouts, Greg messes up the act so badly they are the only ones not to make the auditions.
Scotty has a remarkably similar appearance to Greg 's comic character, Creighton The Cretin, except Creighton 's eyes are wide open and Scotty 's eyes are beady just like all the other characters that do not wear glasses. In The Ugly Truth, he becomes the new Peachy Breeze kid, yet can not say the slogan right. Between Rodrick Rules and The Ugly Truth it appears that Scotty has two siblings - an unnamed baby sister and an older brother (who is supposed to be ugly). In The Third Wheel, when Greg and Rowley become private investigators Greg looks through the window at his house to find him playing one of Greg 's video games with Rowley.
Mr. Underwood is Greg 's Phys Ed coach. In the film series, he is named Coach Malone.
Bill Walter is a 35 - year - old high school drop out, and professional singer, who has a rude attitude. Rodrick idolizes him and his lifestyle. In the novel Rodrick Rules, he was voted "Most Likely to Be a Rock Star '' which influenced Rodrick to persuade him to join the band. Frank Heffley strongly dislikes Bill because he disapproves of his lifestyle, and is afraid Rodrick will follow in his footsteps. In the movie version of Rodrick Rules he is portrayed by Fran Kranz and is an antagonist. He agrees to join Rodrick 's rock band Loded Diper and later attempts to kick him out for an unknown reason. After performing the song Exploded Diper, Rodrick retaliates and kicks him out. He also makes an appearance with Rodrick at the beginning at the roller rink. In the book Greg describes him as unemployed and still living with his parents even though he is 35 years old. Also, in Rodrick Rules Bill appears to be a slob, as he "slorks '' pot roast.
Dr. Kagan, Frank 's dentist, makes his debut in The Ugly Truth. Frank takes Greg to Dr. Kagan instead of his usual dentist, a pretty woman named Rachel on whom Greg has a crush. Greg bites Dr. Kagan 's finger when his teeth are being checked. In what Greg believes to be an act of revenge, Dr. Kagan tells Frank that Greg needs headgear to correct his overbite. Greg says Dr. Kagan is scary and evil and that he never fools around. He has sharp metal tools and never smiles -- not even when his picture is taken. He also has billboards on the highway with ads that freak Greg out. His motto is, "Bad oral health is nothing to smile about. ''
Dr. Kagan makes a brief appearance in Double Down when Greg compares him to a book he read called Spineticklers # 67: My Dentist is The Devil.
Lenwood Heath only appears in The Last Straw. He is a rebellious teenager, who was Greg 's father 's arch - enemy for about three months before he was sent to military academy. This resulted in him becoming a fine young man who works at the movie theater. In the Dog Days film, he is portrayed by Tom Stevens, and is seen working as a lifeguard at the pool the Heffleys are attending.
Taylor Pringle is a minor character who only appears in the films, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules and Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days and does not appear in the books. She is a girl who is very rude and unforgiving, and is first seen at the end of the opening scene in Rodrick Rules in which during her birthday party at the roller rink, Rodrick embarrasses Greg, prompting Greg to try and tackle him, but he misses and lands in Taylor 's birthday cake, destroying it. As a result of this, Taylor gets angry and she and her friends begin beating up Greg as the intro begins. She appears again in Dog Days, at the country club 's pool, in which she simply asks Heather what time the snack bar closes and Heather rudely states "What do you think I am, a guide book? Come back to me when you 're drowning. ''. Later, when Greg attempts to impress Holly by jumping off the high diving board, he becomes nervous, due to it being very high above the water. Taylor then comes up behind Greg and states that he is talking to himself, due to being scared. When Greg gives Taylor a brush - off that he is not scared and that she is "just a little kid '', she pressures him to jump. When Greg jumps, he loses his swimsuit on the board, and Taylor chucks it onto a nearby fence to get back at Greg for berating her. As a result, Greg is forced to borrow a girl 's swimsuit that reads Holly on it until he goes to the fence to retrieve his own swimsuit, and as he does so, he gets taunted by Patty. Taylor is portrayed by Dalila Bela.
Only appearing in The Ugly Truth, Jordan Jury is the popular boy in the grade above Greg, who 's known for always throwing huge boy - girl parties that have little to no adult - supervision. Greg is amazed when he discovers that he has been given a textbook that used to belong to him. Jordan invites Greg and Rowley to his latest party, but Greg can not not go because of his Uncle Gary 's fourth wedding. But at the end of the book, Greg discovers that it 's actually a good thing he did n't go to the party -- as it would seem, the only reason Jordan invited the kids in Greg and Rowley 's grade to his party was to basically use them as servants.
Angie Steadman only appears as an additional character in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film. She is in seventh grade, has a pink streak of hair, works for the school newspaper, and hates middle school, calling it an "intellectual wasteland. '' In the film, Greg and Rowley meet her under the bleachers during a game of "Gladiator ''. She gets along with Rowley, but starts a rocky relationship with Greg after he egotistically declines her offer to join the school newspaper. Greg later tells the whole school he ate the cheese instead of Rowley and she compliments and accepts him when she sees that Greg is learning the errors of his ways. In the film, she is portrayed by Chloë Grace Moretz.
Pete Hosey is the leader of the teenagers who attacked Greg and Rowley on Halloween. He is an antagonist in the first film. He is unnamed in the first book and he is replaced by Herbie Reamer in the online version. After hassling Greg and Rowley on Halloween, Greg yells that he will call the cops, and they chase him to Greg 's grandmother 's house. In the book, Greg and Rowley sneak back home, but in the movie, they try to intimidate Pete and his friends with a weed hacker, before Pete scratches his car and they are chased into the woods. In both the book and the movie, the teens hold a vendetta against Greg and Rowley. Near the end they corner them on the school field and decide to force them to eat the moldy cheese. Rowley is forced to eat the cheese, but Greg avoids it by saying he 's lactose intolerant. In the movie they are chased off by the coach.
Although his family is vaguely referenced in the books, the Warren 's are what got Frank thinking of making Greg more manly. Frank is deeply jealous of the Warrens. In stark contrast to Greg, the Warrens ' children are shown to be athletic and sporty. In the third film, Stan, the father of the family, is shown to be a neighbor of the Heffley 's. He had a childhood rivalry with Frank, that they appear to have gotten over as adults. Greg finds out that Stan has been making fun of his father behind his back and comes up with an elaborate prank to get back at him. In the movie, Mr Warren is the troop master of the Wilderness Explorers, and invites everyone over for an Independence Day party. They only appear in Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw.
Only appearing in The Long Haul, the Beardos are the main antagonists of the book. They are a couple with three sons. The Heffleys indirectly met them during their road trip, though only Greg knows who they are. Their first encounter is at a motel, where Greg angrily berates one of the Beardo children, who then tells his father on him, causing Greg to fear running into them again. Greg and his family are convinced that the Beardos have stolen their luggage and belongings at a place they both attended called "Soak Central. '' They try to track them down though it was revealed at the end that Greg actually had the key to their locker in Soak Central, and that he got the number wrong. Their belongings were actually there. The Beardos were known for driving a purple van, similar to the Heffleys ' minivan. The family 's real surname is unknown, as Greg himself does not who they are. It is likely he dubbed them this because of the patriarch 's noticeably long beard.
In the film adaption of The Long Haul, Mr. and Mrs. Beardo are portrayed by Chris Coppola and Kimberli Lincoln, and have a daughter named Brandi and two sons named Brandon and Brent.
Joshie is a singer who is famous in Europe and is Rowley 's favorite singer and idol. Greg believes that Joshie is for six - year old girls, but Rowley ignores him, saying that Greg is jealous because he was the one who "discovered '' Joshie.
Maddox Selsam is a boy who lives in the middle of the woods. He is not allowed to have any screen time, and does not have a TV at his house. He enjoys playing with his Legos and practicing his violin. He met Greg in Double Down when he found Greg 's balloon for the Balloon Brigade at his school.
Sweetie is a dog that first appeared in Dog Days. Greg 's dad buys him after discovering that his father lied about accidentally killing his childhood dog, Nutty. Sweetie wreaks havoc in the Heffley household and is given to Gramma at the end of the book. Sweetie undergoes drastic weight gain at Gramma 's house because he is fed lots of table scraps. Eventually Gramma dresses him up in a suit and tie like a little human. Greg and Rodrick like playing with him by going up behind him and making flatulence sounds. He will then sniff his rear end until he goes to sleep.
Nutty is Frank 's old dog which he had when he was around Greg 's age. Grandpa accidentally ran over and killed Nutty with his station wagon when he backed out of the driveway. Grandpa covered the truth by saying that Nutty ran away to a butterfly farm. Frank is very angry when he finds out the truth during a Father 's Day brunch.
Killer is Joe Heffley 's Rottweiler - type family dog. In Dog Days, he wreaks havoc by eating most of Greg 's birthday cake, leaving Greg not wanting to eat it.
Rudy was Aunt Cakey 's dog. He was usually oblivious to what was going on around him, opting to stare straight ahead doing nothing. It is not known how Rudy died.
Henry is Gramma 's dog who died around the time of the dog days of summer.
Rebel is a Rottweiler that used to chase Greg and Rowley on their way to school before his owner installed an electric fence around the front yard. He only appears in Hard Luck.
In Dog Days, Greg buys an angel fish from a pet store. He also buys a journal to log the actions of his fish but later realizes he can not put much in it. Greg 's fish was later made to share a tank with Rodrick 's fish, who ate it while Greg and his family were at the water park on Father 's Day.
Rodrick 's fish is a piranha - type fish that was picked out the fish at a pet store in Dog Days, because it was described as aggressive. Due to Rodrick 's neglect at cleaning the tank it was made to share a tank with Greg 's fish, which it ate. The fish has not appeared since Dog Days, with no further mention of its eventual fate.
Aunt Gretchen has about thirty pets that the Heffleys pet - sit in Hard Luck, while she is sightseeing. Her pets include three dogs, two cats, a mouse, a parakeet, a turtle, a snake, a lizard, and a litter of bunnies that her rabbit gave birth to while Gretchen is away.
Squirm was an inchworm Greg found and took care of when he was nine. It was stood on and squashed by Manny when he began learning how to walk.
The Heffley 's pet pig has appeared in all books except The Getaway since The Long Haul, in which Manny Heffley won it at a country fair for correctly guessing the weight of a hog. To the annoyance of Greg, the pig exhibits extraordinary intelligence and gains human characteristics. One running gag is that despite not having opposable thumbs, the pig opens objects such as soda cans or a jar full of candy corn.
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where does the term silver spoon come from | Silver spoon - wikipedia
The English language expression silver spoon is synonymous with wealth, especially inherited wealth; someone born into a wealthy family is said to have "been born with a silver spoon in his mouth ''. As an adjective, "silver spoon '' describes someone who has a prosperous background or is of a well - to - do family environment, often with the connotation that the person does not appreciate or deserve his or her advantage, its having been inherited rather than earned.
Before the place setting became popular around 1700, people brought their own spoons to the table, carrying them in the same way that people today carry wallet and keys. In pre-modern times, ownership of a silver spoon was an indication of social class, denoting membership in the land - owning classes. In the Middle Ages, when farmers and craftsmen worked long hours and frequently got dirt under their fingernails, it was important to not be mistaken for a serf or escaped slave. Under these circumstances, a silver spoon served the functional equivalent of passport, driving licence, and credit card. Since most members of the land - owning classes were smallhold farmers and craftsmen, the silver spoon was primarily a lower - middle - class cultural marker.
Silver spoons, because of their weight and number, were often among the most valuable tangible assets of a middle - class household, and therefore, a traditional target for burglars. For example, in the feature film Far and Away (1992), the character Shannon plans to pay for her emigration from Ireland to the United States with spoons she stole from her wealthy landowner parents.
Beyond their value and aesthetics, silver utensils self - sanitize: silver has antimicrobial properties, due to the oligodynamic effect.
Silver spoons have also been used to detect poison, particularly in the Korean Joseon Dynasty: due to its reactivity, silver tarnishes on contact with sulfur, thus detecting the presence of arsenic sulfides and warning of arsenic poisoning.
The phrase "born with a silver spoon in his mouth '' appeared in print in English as early as 1719, in Peter Anthony Motteux 's translation of the novel Don Quixote: "Mum, Teresa, quoth Sancho, ' tis not all Gold that glisters (sic), and every Man was not born with a Silver Spoon in his Mouth. '' Because the phrase is used as a translation of a Spanish proverb with a different literal meaning ("muchas veces donde hay estacas no hay tocinos, '' literally: "often where there are hooks (for hanging hams) there are no hams ''), it seems that the phrase was already considered proverbial in English at the time.
The phrase next appears in a book of Scottish proverbs published in 1721, in the form "Every Man is no born with a Silver Spoon in his Mouth. ''
John Galsworthy 's novel, The Forsyte Saga (1922), contains a chapter called "The Silver Spoon '', which refers to a cockered heiress, Fleur Forsyte.
The Italian cookbook Il cucchiaio d'argento (1950) translates to "The Silver Spoon '' and uses that title in its English edition; the title is, according to the introduction to the Phaidon Press printing, derived from the English expression.
The term, or parodies thereof, have frequently made their way into popular music. For example:
However, some modern uses of the phrase relate to drug use rather than privilege. For example:
There are similar expressions in other languages. For example, in Portuguese and Spanish, an expression translated as "born in a gold cradle '' is fiduciary to the English, "born with a silver spoon ''.
The term "gold spoon '' is much less commonly used, but finds occasional use, such as the 1840 American Gold Spoon Oration criticizing then - president Martin Van Buren for his supposedly luxurious lifestyle. In some languages, like Swedish and Finnish, the common expression is gold spoon rather than silver spoon, although both can be used.
"Silver fork novels '' are described by English professor Paola Brunetti to her husband Guido, in Donna Leon 's fourth Commissario Guido Brunetti novel Death and Judgment aka A Venetian Reckoning (1995), chapter 22, as "books written in the eighteenth century, when all that money pored into England from the colonies, and the fat wives of Yorkshire weavers had to be taught which fork to use. ''
In Australia the expression "silvertail '' is also used, with nearly identical meaning. It has been used in cultural or political situations to describe someone as aristocratic or out of touch with the common people.
In the United States, to say that someone "was born on third base but thinks he hit a triple '' conveys a similar meaning but makes the undeserving / unappreciated aspect denotatively explicit. It describes someone who acts as if their inherited wealth were earned, or acts as if an earned portion of it were n't built using inherited advantages, such as available business capital from lenders or investors eager to curry favor with the family or to invest in a venture that the family is likely to bail out if it flounders, or parents ' networking connections or called - in favors.
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when was the nursing process introduced in the uk | Nursing process - wikipedia
The nursing process is a modified scientific method.. Nursing practise was first described as a four - stage nursing process by Ida Jean Orlando in 1958. It should not be confused with nursing theories or health informatics. The diagnosis phase was added later.
The nursing process uses clinical judgement to strike a balance of epistemology between personal interpretation and research evidence in which critical thinking may play a part to categorize the clients issue and course of action. Nursing offers diverse patterns of knowing. Nursing knowledge has embraced pluralism since the 1970s.
Some authors refer to a mind map or abductive reasoning as a potential alternative strategy for organizing care. Intuition plays a part for experienced nurses.
The nursing process is goal - oriented method of caring that provides a framework to nursing care. It involves seven major steps:
According to some theorists, this seven - steps description of the nursing process is outdated and misrepresents nursing as linear and atomic.
The nurse completes an holistic nursing assessment of the needs of the individual / family / community, regardless of the reason for the encounter. The nurse collects subjective data and objective data using a nursing framework, such as Marjory Gordon 's functional health patterns.
Nursing assessments provide the starting point for determining nursing diagnoses. It is vital that a recognized nursing assessment framework is used in practice to identify the patient 's * problems, risks and outcomes for enhancing health. The use of an evidence - based nursing framework such as Gordon 's Functional Health Pattern Assessment should guide assessments that support nurses in determination of NANDA - I nursing diagnoses. For accurate determination of nursing diagnoses, a useful, evidence - based assessment framework is best practice.
Nursing diagnoses represent the nurse 's clinical judgment about actual or potential health problems / life process occurring with the individual, family, group or community. The accuracy of the nursing diagnosis is validated when a nurse is able to clearly identify and link to the defining characteristics, related factors and / or risk factors found within the patients assessment. Multiple nursing diagnoses may be made for one client.
In agreement with the client, the nurse addresses each of the problems identified in the diagnosing phase. When there are multiple nursing diagnoses to be addressed, the nurse prioritizes which diagnoses will receive the most attention first according to their severity and potential for causing more serious harm. For each problem a measurable goal / outcome is set. For each goal / outcome, the nurse selects nursing interventions that will help achieve the goal / outcome. A common method of formulating the expected outcomes is to use the evidence - based Nursing Outcomes Classification to allow for the use of standardized language which improves consistency of terminology, definition and outcome measures. The interventions used in the Nursing Interventions Classification again allow for the use of standardized language which improves consistency of terminology, definition and ability to identify nursing activities, which can also be linked to nursing workload and staffing indices. The result of this phase is a nursing care plan.
The nurse implements the nursing care plan, performing the determined interventions that were selected to help meet the goals / outcomes that were established. Delegated tasks and the monitoring of them is included here as well.
Activities
The nurse evaluates the progress toward the goals / outcomes identified in the previous phases. If progress towards the goal is slow, or if regression has occurred, the nurse must change the plan of care accordingly. Conversely, if the goal has been achieved then the care can cease. New problems may be identified at this stage, and thus the process will start all over again.
The nursing process is a cyclical and ongoing process that can end at any stage if the problem is solved. The nursing process exists for every problem that the individual / family / community has. The nursing process not only focuses on ways to improve physical needs, but also on social and emotional needs as well.
The entire process is recorded or documented in order to inform all members of the health care team.
The PIE method is a system for documenting actions, especially in the field of nursing. The name comes from the acronym PIE, meaning Problem, Intervention, Evaluation.
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what verses are left out of the niv bible | List of New Testament verses not included in modern English translations - wikipedia
The New Testament verses not included in modern English translations are verses of the New Testament that existed in older versions of the Bible (primarily the King James Version), but did not appear or were relegated to footnotes in later versions, such as the New International Version. Scholars generally regarded these verses as later additions to the original text.
Although many lists of missing verses specifically name the NIV as the version that had omitted them, these same verses were missing from the main text (and mostly relegated to footnotes) by the Revised Version of 1881, the American Standard Version of 1901, the Revised Standard Version of 1947, the Today 's English Version (the Good News Version) of 1966, and several others. Lists of "missing '' verses and phrases go back to the Revised Version and to the Revised Standard Version, without waiting for the appearance of the NIV (1973). Some of these lists of "missing verses '' specifically mention "sixteen verses '' - although the lists are not all the same.
The citations of manuscript authority use the designations popularized in the catalog of Caspar Rene Gregory, and used in such resources (which are also used in this remainder of this article) as Souter, Nestle - Aland, and the UBS Greek New Testament (which gives particular attention to ' problem ' verses such as these). Some Greek editions published well before the 1881 Revised Version made similar omissions.
The removal or relegation of these verses was done in keeping with the principle of critical editing, as articulated (but not originated) by what Rev. Samuel T. Bloomfield wrote in 1832, "Surely, nothing dubious ought to be admitted into ' the sure word ' of ' The Book of Life '. '' A movement called King James Version Only (KJVO), which believes that only the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible (1611) in English is the true word of God, has sharply criticized these translations for the omitted verses.
In most instances another verse, elsewhere in the New Testament and remaining in modern versions, is very similar to the verse that was omitted because of its doubtful provenance. These are mentioned to show that the omission of the doubtful verse did not cause the loss of the teaching it expressed.
KJV: Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting.
Reason: The verse closely resembles Mark 9: 29, but it is lacking in Matthew in א (original handwriting), B, θ, some Italic & Syriac & Coptic & Ethiopic mss. It is, however, found in this place in some Greek mss not quite so ancient - C, D, K, L - as well as some other mss of the ancient versions. It is believed to have been assimilated from Mark.
KJV: For the Son of man is come to save that which was lost.
Reason: This verse is lacking in א, B, L (original handwriting), θ, ƒ, ƒ, some old Italic & Syriac & Coptic & Georgian mss, and such ancient sources as the Apostolic Canons, Eusebius, Jerome, and others. It is found in some other sources, not quite so ancient, such as D, K, W, X, and the Latin Vulgate. According to Bruce Metzger, "There can be little doubt that the words... are spurious here, being omitted by the earliest witnesses representing several textual types... (This verse was) manifestly borrowed by copyists from Luke 19: 10. ''
KJV: Woe unto you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! for ye devour widows ' houses, and for a pretence make long prayer: therefore ye shall receive the greater damnation.
Reason: This verse is very similar to Mark 12: 40 and Luke 20: 47. This verse is lacking altogether in א, B, D, L, Z, θ, ƒ, Ethiopic, Armenian, several Italic and Syrian and Coptic mss, and the writings of several early Church Fathers. It appears before verse 13 in K, W, and several minuscules. It appears after verse 13 in ƒ, some Italic and Syriac and Coptic mss. The fact that it is absent from the most ancient sources of multiple text types and that the sources that do contain the verse disagree about its placement, as well as the fact that it is a repetition of verses found elsewhere, show "that verse 14 is an interpolation derived from the parallel in Mark 12: 40 or Luke 20: 47 is clear. ''
KJV: If any man have ears to hear, let him hear. Reason: This verse is nearly identical with verses 4: 9 and 4: 23. This verse here is lacking in א, B, L, Δ (original handwriting), some Coptic mss. It is included in mss only slightly less ancient, A, D, K, W, ƒ, ƒ, Italic mss, the Vulgate, some other ancient versions. As it is missing in the very oldest resources and yet is identical to verses that remain, many editors seem confident in omitting its appearance here.
KJV: Where their worm dieth not, and the fire is not quenched... (Both verses identical to each other, and to 9: 48, which is still in the main text)
Reason: Both verses 44 and 46 are duplicates of verse 48, which remains in the text. Verses 44 and 46 are both lacking in א, B, C, L, ƒ, and some mss of the ancient versions, but appear in somewhat later sources such as A, D, K, θ, some Italic mss and the Vulgate. The UBS text assigns this omission a confidence rating of A.
KJV: But if ye do not forgive, neither will your Father which is in heaven forgive your trespasses.
Reason: This verse is very similar to Matthew 6: 15. This verse appeared in the Complutensian Polyglot and most Textus Receptus editions but not in the editions of Erasmus. The UBS edition gave the omission of this verse a confidence rating of A.
KJV: And the scripture was fulfilled, which saith, "And he was numbered with the transgressors. ''
NIV2011fn: Some manuscripts include here words similar to Luke 22: 37.
KJV: Two men shall be in the field; the one shall be taken, and the other left.
Reason: It is possible that this verse is a repetition of Matthew 24: 40. Even the King James Version had doubts about this verse, as it provided (in the original 1611 edition and still in many high quality editions) a sidenote that said, "This 36th verse is wanting in most of the Greek copies. '' This verse is missing from Tyndale 's version (1534) and the Geneva Bible (1557). Among major Textus Receptus editions, this verse does not appear in the editions of Erasmus (1516 - 1535), Aldus (1518), Colinaeus (1534), Stephanus 1st - 3rd eds (1546 - 1550), but it did appear in the Complutensian (1514), Stephanus 4th ed (1551), and all of Beza 's eds (1565 - 1604). In modern conservative Greek editions it is also omitted from the main text of Scrivener 's Greek NT according to the Textus Receptus, and the two Majority Text editions. Verse 36 is included by very few Greek manuscripts of the Western text - type and by Old - Latin and Vulgate manuscripts.
KJV:... waiting for the moving of the water. For an Angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water: whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had.
(Note: not only is verse 4 omitted, but also the tail end of verse 3.)
Reason: These words clearly were not in the original text of the Gospel. They are lacking in the "earliest and best witnesses '', and several ancient Greek mss that do contain them enclose them with markings indicating doubts about their authenticity, the passage contains words or expressions that appear nowhere else in John (such as the Greek words for "at a certain season (= occasionally) '' and "stirring '' and "diseases ''), and the mss that contain this verse differ among themselves as to the wording. The UBS text gave the omission of this verse a confidence rating of A. This verse was omitted from Edward Harwood 's Greek NT (1776), marked as doubtful in Griesbach 's editions (1777), and thereafter generally relegated to a footnote, enclosed in brackets, or omitted completely.
Henry Alford wrote, "The spuriousness of this controverted passage can hardly be questioned. '' Without the words at issue the context simply states that a swimming or bathing pool in or near Jerusalem was a gathering place for sick and crippled people, some of whom sought to get into the pool (either for physical comfort or for ritual cleansing) and it was there that Jesus performed a miraculous healing. But the words quoted above complicate this story by asserting that miraculous cures were already taking place at this pool in the absence of Jesus, owing to the unpredictable intervention of an (apparently invisible) angel. This passage in John 5 is the only mention of this pool - no such miraculous pool is mentioned in Josephus or other histories The words in question do not appear in the oldest manuscripts, and in those manuscripts that contain them they are sometimes marked as doubtful, and differ from manuscript to manuscript "with that extreme variation in the reading which so often indicates grounds for suspicion ''.
The italicized words do not appear at all in p, א, A (original hand), B, C (original hand), L, and some Italic, Syriac, Coptic, and Latin Vulgate manuscripts, and in quotations of the story by several early Greek Fathers. Verse 4 ("For an angel... '') appears but without the concluding words of verse 3 (' waiting for the stirring of the water... ") in A (where it says the angel "bathed in the water '' rather than "descended into the water ''), L, 18 (fourteenth century), and an Egyptian manuscript. The concluding words of verse 3 but not any of verse 4 appear in D, 33 (ninth century), and some Latin manuscripts. The entire italicized passage appears in C (third hand), K (also with the angel "bathed in the water ''), Δ, Θ, Ψ, and numerous other manuscripts, and some Italic, Syriac, Coptic, and Armenian manuscripts, and several Latin Fathers, Some manuscripts - S, Λ, Π, and a few others - contain the words enclosed by marks of doubt. Among the manuscripts that contain this sentence - and - a-half, there are many variations and permutations.
The Revised Version (1881) omitted the italicized words from its main text, making the passage read: "... a multitude of them that were sick, blind, halt, withered. (5) And a certain man was there... '', and as a side - note, "Many ancient authorities insert, wholly or in part, '' and here present the italicized words exactly as they appeared in the KJV. Several modern versions similarly relegate those words to a footnote, and some others (such as Moffatt) include the words in the main text but enclosed in brackets with an explanation in a footnote.
KJV: And Philip said, "If thou believest with all thine heart, thou mayest. '' And he (the Eunuch) answered and said, "I believe that Jesus Christ is the Son of God. ''
Reason: The earliest Greek manuscript (E / E) of the New Testament to include this verse dates from the late sixth or early seventh century and it is only found in Western witnesses to the text with many minor variations. The majority of Greek manuscripts copied after 600 AD and the majority of translations made after 600 AD do not include the verse. The tradition of the confession was current in the time of Irenaeus as it is cited by him (c. 180) and Cyprian (c. 250)
"For although in the Acts of the Apostles the eunuch is described as at once baptized by Philip, because "he believed with his whole heart, '' this is not a fair parallel. For he was a Jew, and as he came from the temple of the Lord he was reading the prophet Isaiah, '' (Cyprian) and is found in the Old Latin (2nd / 3rd century) and the Vulgate (380 -- 400). In his notes Erasmus says that he took this reading from the margin of 4ap and incorporated it into the Textus Receptus. J.A. Alexander (1857) suggested that this verse, though genuine, was omitted by many scribes, "as unfriendly to the practice of delaying baptism, which had become common, if not prevalent, before the end of the 3rd century. ''
KJV: Notwithstanding it pleased Silas to abide there still.
Reason: Although this verse, or something similar to it, is quite old, it does not appear in the oldest manuscripts, and the manuscripts that do contain it are inconsistent about its text. It does not appear at all in א, A, B, E, L, P, Ψ, and other mss, some Italic, Syriac, Coptic, Slavonic, the best mss of the Latin Vulgate, and other versions, and quotations of this paragraph in Chrysostom. The verse as it appears in the KJV is found in less ancient Greek mss (cursives, after the 9th century) and some other Italic, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Ethiopic, and other versions. However some other, equally old resources, such as the C codex, and several cursives, change one word to make the verse read, "Notwithstanding it pleased Silas that they should abide there still. '' Several other sources, such as Codex D (Codex Bezae) and some Italic mss, extend the verse with the ending, "and Judas traveled alone ''; and a couple of Italic and Latin mss add to that, "to Jerusalem. '' As F.H.A. Scrivener put it, "No doubt this verse is an unauthorised addition, self - condemned indeed by its numerous variations... (It must have begun as) a marginal gloss, designed to explain how... Silas was at hand in verse 40, conveniently for Saint Paul to choose him as a companion in travel. This verse was omitted from the Revised Version and most modern versions, but many versions include it in a footnote.
KJV: Who also hath gone about to profane the Temple, whom we took, and would have judged according to our law. But the chief captain, Lysias, came upon us, and with great violence took him away out of our hands, Commanding his accusers to come unto thee, by examining of whom thyself mayest take knowledge of all these things, whereof we accuse him.
(Note above that not only is verse 7 omitted, but also the end of verse 6 and beginning of verse 8.)
To clarify, only the italicized words are omitted, removing all of verse 7, but leaving the beginning of verse 6 and most of verse 8. The resulting text looks like this (from the Revised Version):
RV: Who moreover assayed to profane the temple; on whom we also laid hold; from whom thou wilt be able, by examining him thyself, to take knowledge of all these things, whereof we accuse him.
KJV: And when he had said these words, the Jews departed, and had great reasoning (arguing) among themselves.
Reason:
KJV: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all. Amen.
KJV: For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the holy Ghost, and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth,...
Reason: A multitude of books were devoted to just this verse, including: A Vindication of I John V, 7 from the Objections of M. Griesbach (by Thomas Burgess) (1821, London); Das Comma Ioanneum: Auf Seine Hewrkunft Untersucht (The Johannine Comma, an examination of its origin) by Karl Künstle (1905, Frieburg, Switz.); Letters to Mr. Archdeacon (George) Travis in answer to his Defence of the Three Heavenly Witnesses by Richard Porson (1790, London); A New Plea for the Authenticity of the Text of the Three Heavenly Witnesses or Porson 's Letters to Travis Eclectically Examined by Rev. Charles Forster (1867, London), Memoir of The Controversy respecting the Three Heavenly Witnesses, I John V. 7 ˈ by ' Criticus ' (Rev. William Orme) (1830, London), reprinted (1872, Boston, "a new edition, with notes and an appendix by Ezra Abbot ''); and The Three Witnesses - the disputed text in St. John, considerations new and old by Henry T. Armfield (1893, London); and many more. Eberhard Nestle, writing in Germany at the end of 19th century, said, "The fact that it (the Comma Johanneum) is still defended even from the Protestant side is interesting only from a pathological point of view. '' F.H.A. Scrivener, usually regarded as a defender of the KJV text, said of this verse, "The authenticity of (this verse) will, perhaps, no longer be maintained by anyone whose judgment ought to have weight; but this result has been arrived at after a long and memorable controversy, which helped keep alive, especially in England, some interest in Biblical studies... ''
Early Church Fathers did not mention this verse, even when eagerly scraping together verses to support the Doctrine of the Trinity. This verse first appears, not in a New Testament manuscript, but in a fifth century Confession of Faith, and after that it was assimilated into mss of the Latin Vulgate, but it was (because of the lack of Greek documentary support) omitted from the first two "Textus Receptus '' printed editions of the New Testament (namely those edited by Erasmus, 1516 and 1519), as well as some other very early Textus Receptus editions, such as Aldus 1518, Gerbelius 1521, Cephalius 1524 and 1526, and Colinaeus 1534. Stephanus (Robert Estienne), in his influential Editio Regia of 1550 (which was the model edition of the Textus Receptus in England), was the first to provide an apparatus showing variant readings and showed this verse was lacking in seven Greek manuscripts. Martin Luther rejected this verse as a forgery and excluded it from his German translation of the Bible while he lived - it was inserted into the text by other hands after his death. The first appearance of the Comma in a Greek New Testament manuscript is no earlier than the 15th century.
Doubts about its genuineness were indicated in printed Greek New Testaments as early as that of the first two editions (1515 & 1519) of Erasmus of Rotterdam, who simply left the verse out because he could not find a Greek ms containing it - and provided a comment that "this is all I find in the Greek manuscript ''. Expressions of doubt also appeared in the edition of Stephen Courcelles (Étienne de Courcelles), in 1658, and from Johann Jakob Griesbach 's edition of 1775. Most critical editions relegated the Comma to a footnote or otherwise marked it as doubtful. The American Bible Union. a Baptist organization, omitted this verse from the new English translations of the New Testament it published in the 1860s. The Roman Catholic Church was a bit more resistant about yielding up this verse; an 1897 decision of the Holy Inquisition forbade a Catholic "to deny or even express doubt about the authenticity of '' the Johannine Comma, but this was effectively reversed by a declaration of the Holy Office on June 2, 1927, which allows scholars to express doubts and even denials of the genuineness of the Comma, tempered by the fact that the Vatican would have the final authority. and, e.g., the 1966 Jerusalem Bible omits the Comma without a footnote. The spurious nature of this verse is so notorious that even the Revised Version of 1881 did not bother to include nor provide a footnote for this verse, and many other modern versions do likewise. Ezra Abbot wrote, "It may be said that the question (of excluding this verse) is obsolete; that the spuriousness of the disputed passage had long been conceded by all intelligent and fair - minded scholars. This is true, but a little investigation will show that great ignorance still exists on the subject among the less - informed in the Christian community. '' Even the two leading editions of the so - called Majority Text (Robinson & Pierpont, and Hodges & Farstad) omit this verse (the Hodges & Farstad edition acknowledge the ' Textus Receptus ' version of this verse in a footnote).
KJV: And whosoever shall not receive you, nor hear you, when ye depart thence, shake off the dust under your feet, for a testimony against them: Verily I say unto you, it shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrha in the Day of Judgement, than for that city. And they went out, and preached...
RV: (omits the emphasized words, without a footnote).
Reason: Many (perhaps most) modern versions emulate the Revised Version and simply omit the sentence in question, without any explanatory comment. This is a complete sentence and yet it did not receive, in the Textus Receptus editions, a verse number of its own. It does not appear here in the majority of important codices, such as א, B, C, D, L, W, Δ, Θ, and Latin, Sahidic, and some Syriac and Boharic manuscripts. It does, however, appear in some significant manuscripts, including ƒ, A, two very old Latin manuscripts, and some Syriac and Boharic manuscripts, and with slight differences in minuscule 33 (9th century). It was already doubted even before the KJV; this sentence does not appear in Wycliff (1380), the Bishops Bible (1568), and the Rheims (1582). Westcott and Hort omitted it and did not even mention it in their Appendix volume, nor is it mentioned in Scrivener 's Plain Introduction to Criticism of the New Testament, nor is it mentioned in Metzger 's Commentary, nor does it get even a footnote in the Souter or UBS Greek New Testament. Henry Alford 's edition of the New Testament includes this sentence in the main text, but bracketed and italicized, with the brief footnote: "omitted in most ancient authorities: probably inserted here from Matthew 10: 15. '' The same two sentences do appear, without any quibbling about their authenticity, in Matthew 10: 14 - 15, and it is plausible that some very early copyist assimilated the sentence into Mark, perhaps as a sidenote subsequently copied into the main text. In any case, its omission from Mark 6: 11 does not effect its unchallenged presence in Matthew 10: 15.
KJV: For of necessity he must release one unto them at the feast.
NIV2011fn Some manuscripts include here words similar to Matt. 27: 15 and Mark 15: 6.
There are two passages (both 12 verses long) that continue to appear in the main text of most of the modern versions, but distinguished in some way from the rest of the text, such as being enclosed in brackets or printed in different typeface or relegated to a footnote. These are passages which are well supported by a wide variety of sources of great antiquity and yet there is strong reason to doubt that the words were part of the original text of the Gospels. In the words of Philip Schaff, "According to the judgment of the best critics, these two important sections are additions to the original text from apostolic tradition. ''
KJV: Now when Jesus was risen early the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary Magdalene, out of whom he had cast seven devils. And she went and told them that had been with him, as they mourned and wept. And they, when they had heard that he was alive, and had been seen of her, believed not. After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country. And they went and told it unto the residue: neither believed they them. Afterward he appeared unto the eleven as they sat at meat, and upbraided them with their unbelief and hardness of heart, because they believed not them which had seen him after he was risen. And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned. And these signs shall follow them that believe; In my name shall they cast out devils; they shall speak with new tongues; They shall take up serpents; and if they drink any deadly thing, it shall not hurt them; they shall lay hands on the sick, and they shall recover. So then after the Lord had spoken unto them, he was received up into heaven, and sat on the right hand of God. And they went forth, and preached every where, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word with signs following. Amen.
Entire volumes have been written about these twelve verses, and considerable attention is paid to these verses in many (or most) texts on textual criticism of the New Testament, and many articles in learned journals. The twelves verses shown in the KJV, called the "longer ending '' of Mark, usually are retained in modern versions, although sometimes separated from verse 8 by an extra space, or enclosed in brackets, or relegated to a footnote, and accompanied by a note to the effect that this ending is not found in the very oldest Greek mss but it is found in sources almost as old. The RV of 1881 put an extra space between verse 8 and this verse 9 and included a marginal note to that effect, a practice followed by many subsequent English versions. The RSV edition of 1947 ends its main text at verse 8 and then in a footnote provides this ending with the note that "other texts and versions '' include it; but the revised RSV of 1971 and the NRSV reverted to the practice of the RV. Although the Longer Ending appears in 99 % of the surviving Greek mss and most ancient versions, there is strong evidence, both external and internal, for concluding that it was not part of the original text of the Gospel.
The preceding portion of chapter 16 tells how Mary Magdalene and two other women came to the tomb, found it opened and Jesus 's body missing, and were told by an angel to convey a message to Peter and the other disciples, but the women fled and said nothing to anyone because they were frightened. The last words of verse 8 are, in Greek, έφοβούντο γάρ, usually translated "for they were afraid ''. It is nowadays widely accepted that these are the last remaining verses written by St. Mark. The Gospel of St. Mark ends (somewhat abruptly) at end of verse 8 ("for they were afraid. '') in א and B (both 4th century) and some much later Greek mss, a few mss of the ancient versions (Syriac, Coptic, Armenian), and is specifically mentioned in the writings of such Church Fathers as Eusebius and Jerome explicitly doubted the authenticity of the verses after verse 8, most other Church Fathers do n't quote from this ending. No papyrus contains any portion of the 12 verses. On the other hand, these 12 verses occur in slightly less ancient Greek mss, A, C, D, K, θ, ƒ, and a "vast number '' of others, and a great many mss of the ancient versions, and is quoted by some other Church Fathers, the earliest being Irenaeus (although his quotations are imprecise). So it would appear, initially, that the evidence was nearly in equipoise. Yet other ancient sources include this longer ending - but mark it with asterisks or other signs or notations indicating the copyists had doubts about its authenticity, most notably ƒ and several minuscules (all twelfth century or later), according to the UBS notes and Bruce Metzger.
Although this Longer Ending is of great antiquity, some early Church Fathers were familiar with mss that lacked it. Eusebius, in the first half of the fourth century, wrote, in response to a query from a man named Marinus, about how Matthew 28: 1 conflicts with the Longer Ending on which day Jesus rose from the dead, with the comment, "He who is for getting rid of the entire passage (at the end of Mark) will say that it is not met with in all the copies of Mark 's Gospel; the accurate copies, at all events, making the end of Mark 's narrative come after the words... '... for they were afraid. ' (verse 8) For at those words, in almost all copies of the Gospel According to Mark, comes the end. What follows, which is met with seldom, (and only) in some copies, certainly not in all, might be dispensed with; especially if it should prove to contradict the record of the other Evangelists. This, then, is what a person will say who is for evading and entirely getting rid of a gratuitous problem. '' Eusebius goes on to try to reconcile the Longer Ending with the other Gospel accounts, if the Longer Ending were to be regarded as authentic. St. Jerome, in the first half of the fifth century, received a very similar query from a lady named Hedibia and responded, "Either we should reject the testimony of Mark, which is met with in scarcely any copies of the Gospel, - almost all the Greek codices being without this passage, - especially since it seems to narrate what contradicts the other Gospels; - or else, we shall reply that both Evangelists state what is true. '' This might be thought an authoritative statement but Jerome compromised it by including the Longer Ending, without any apparent notation about doubting it, in his Latin Vulgate, and Burgon (among others) thinks this inclusion is an endorsement of its authenticity. It has been suggested or suspected that Jerome 's expression of doubt was actually a rehash of the similar comment by Eusebius, but, to the contrary, it is possible that Jerome was unaware of this particular opinion of Eusebius, considering that it was utterly unknown to modern scholars until its fortuitous discovery in 1825. Burgon also found a patristic comment previously attributed to Gregory of Nyssa (of the late fourth century), but which he suspected was more likely written by Hesychius of Jerusalem (middle of the fifth century) or Severus of Antioch (middle sixth century), again answering the same sort of query, and saying, "In the more accurate copies, the Gospel according to Mark has its end at ' for they were afraid. ' In some copies, however, this also is added - ' Now when He was risen early (on) the first day of the week, He appeared first to Mary Magdalene... '. '' In this instance Gregory of Nyssa (or Hesychius or Severus) goes on to eliminate the problem by suggesting the imposition of punctuation different from that used in any of the Greek manuscripts (the earliest had no punctuation at all, the later mss had little more than commas and periods) or in the KJV, to make the first verse of the Longer Ending appear to be "Now when He was risen: Early on the first day of the week He appeared first to Mary Magdalene... '' In other words, that Jesus had risen presumably at the end of the Sabbath, as suggested in the other Gospels, but He did not appear to Mary Magdalene until the next day.
Actually, Greek codex W (also known as the Freer Gospels or the Codex Washingtonianus), dating from the fourth or fifth century, is the oldest known Greek ms that sets forth the Longer Ending and it contains a lengthy addition (which appears nowhere else), known as the Freer Logion, between the familiar verses 14 and 15. The addition in Codex W is included in James Moffatt 's 1935 translation, with a note indicating Moffatt 's belief that it was part of the original text of the longer ending "but was excised for some reason at an early date. '' It was not included in the RSV, but is set forth in a footnote to verse 14 in the NRSV with the comment that "other ancient authorities (sic plural) add, in whole or part ''. The addition, as translated by Moffatt:
But they excused themselves saying, "This age of lawlessness and unbelief lies under the sway of Satan, who will not allow what lies under the unclean spirits to understand the truth and power of God; therefore, '' they said to Christ, "reveal your righteousness now. '' Christ answered them, "The term of years for Satan 's power has now expired, but other terrors are at hand. I was delivered to death on behalf of sinners, that they might return to the truth and sin no more, that they might inherit that glory of righteousness which is spiritual and imperishable in heaven. ''
In 1891, Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, while collating several ancient Armenian manuscripts in the library of the monastery at Ećmiadzin, at the foot of Mount Ararat, in what is now Turkey, found a uncial codex written in the year 986, bound with ivory front and back covers. As Conybeare described it: "Now in this codex the Gospel of Mark is copied out as far as έφοβούντο γάρ (i.e., the end of 16: 8). Then a space of two lines is left, after which, in the same uncial hand, only in red, is written "Ariston Eritzou. '' which means "Of the Presbyter Ariston. '' This title occupies one whole line (the book is written in double columns) and then follow the last twelve verses (i.e., the Longer Ending) still in the same hand. They begin near the bottom of the second column of a verse, and are continued on the recto of the next folio. '' The text in this Armenian codex is a literal translation of the Longer Ending from the Greek mss. In other words, the Longer Ending was attributed, in this tenth century Armenian codex, to a "Presbyter Ariston ''. Conybeare theorized that Ariston was the Armenian version of the Greek name Aristion. Of a number of Aristions known to history, Conybeare favored the Aristion who had traveled with the original Disciples and was known to Papias, a famous Bishop of the early 2nd century; a quotation from Papias, mentioning Aristion as a Disciple, is found in the Historia Ecclesiastica of Eusebius, 3: 39: 4. Other candidates includes an Aristo of Pella, who flourished around the year 140, also mentioned by Eusebius in the Historia Ecclesiastica, 4: 6: 3, favored by Alfred Resch, but Conybeare considered him too late to have written the Longer Ending in time for it to have achieved its widespread acceptance. An examination of 220 Armenian mss of Mark showed that 88 contained the Longer Ending as a regular part of the text, 99 stop at verse 8, and 33 contained the Longer Ending as a subsequent insertion into the mss. It may be significant that where the Armenian mss do reproduce the Longer Ending, some have conspicuous variants from the Greek version, and a few Armenian mss put the Longer Ending elsewhere than at the end of Mark - of the 220 Armenian mss studied, two put the Longer Ending at the end of the Gospel of John, and puts it at the end of Luke, and one ms has the Longer Ending at the end of Mark and the Shorter Ending at the end of the Gospel of Luke. Even into the 17th century, some Armenian copyists were omitting the Longer Ending or including it with a note doubting its genuineness.
But this situation is a bit more complicated. Some other ancient sources have an entirely different ending to Mark, after verse 8, known as the "Shorter Ending ''. The RV of 1881 contained a footnote attesting to the existence of this Shorter Ending but its text did not appear in a popular edition of the Bible until somewhat later. It appeared in the footnote at this place in the RSV and then in brackets in the main text of the NRSV:
RSV & NRSV: But they reported briefly to Peter and those with him all that they had been told. After this, Jesus himself sent out by means of them, from east to west, the sacred and imperishable proclamation of eternal salvation.
This Shorter Ending appears, by itself, after verse 8, in only one ms, an Italic ms (Codex Bobbiensis, "k ''), of the 4th or 5th century. But there are a handful of other sources that contain the Shorter Ending then add the longer ending after it. The Shorter Ending is found in Greek in Fragment Sinaiticum ("0112 '') (7th century), Fragment Parisiense ("099 '') (8th cent.), Codex Regius ("L '') (8th cent.) and Codex Athous Laurae ("Ψ '') (8th or 9th century); in the first three it is preceded with a copyist 's note about being found in only some mss, in Ψ it follows verse 8 without such a note, and in all four the Shorter Ending is followed by the Longer Ending. It is also reported to appear similarly (first shorter, then longer ending) in some ancient versions. Wherever the Shorter Ending appears, even when combined with the Longer Ending, there is some separation in the text (decoration or a copyist 's notation) immediately after verse 8; the only exception being Codex Ψ, which treats the Shorter Ending as the proper continuation after verse 8 - but then inserts a copyist 's note before providing the Longer Ending. As a result, there are five possible endings to the Gospel of Mark: (1) An abrupt ending at end of verse 8; (2) the Longer Ending following verse 8; (3) the Longer Ending including the "Freer Logion ''; (4) the Shorter Ending following verse 8; and (5) the Shorter and Longer endings combined (and we could add as a sixth possible ending, anything after verse 8 enclosed in brackets or otherwise distinguished with indicia of doubt).
It would appear that the longer ending does not fit precisely with the preceding portion of chapter 16. For example, verse 9 says Jesus appeared to Mary Magdalene on "the first day of the week '', yet verse 2 said that same day Mary Magdalene did not see Jesus. Perhaps more significantly, verse 9 finds it necessary to identify Mary Magdalene as the woman who had been freed of seven demons, as if she had not been named before, yet she was mentioned without that detail being mentioned in 15: 47 and 16: 1. Verse 9 in Greek does not mention Jesus by name or title, but only says "Having arisen... he appeared... '' (the KJV 's inclusion of the name Jesus was an editorial emendation as indicated by the use of italic typeface) - and, in fact, Jesus is not expressly named until verses 19 and 20 ("the Lord '' in both verses); a lengthy use of a pronoun without identification. Additionally, the style and vocabulary of the longer ending appear not to be in the same style as the rest of the Gospel. The Greek text used by the KJV translators is 166 words long, using a vocabulary of (very approximately) 140 words. Yet, out of that small number, 16 words do not appear elsewhere in the Gospel of Mark, 5 words are used here in a different way than used elsewhere in Mark, and 4 phrases do not appear elsewhere in Mark. The shorter ending, in Greek, is approximately (depending on the variants) 32 words long, of which 7 words do not appear elsewhere in Mark... The Freer Logion consists of 89 words, of which 8 words do not appear elsewhere in Mark... The stylistic differences suggest that none of these was written by the author of the Gospel of St. Mark. Metzger speaks of the "inconcinnities '' (sic) between the first 8 verses of chapter 16 and the longer ending, and suggests, "all these features indicate that the section was added by someone who knew a form of Mark that ended abruptly with verse 8 and who wished to supply a more appropriate conclusion. '' Plummer puts it very strongly, "The twelve verses not only do not belong to Mark, they quite clearly belong to some other document. While Mark has no proper ending, these verses have no proper beginning... Not only does verse 9 not fit onto verse 8, but the texture of what follows is quite different from the texture of what precedes. A piece torn from a bit of satin is appended to the torn end of roll of homespun. ''
The preceding verse, verse 16: 8. ends abruptly. Although the KJV and most English translations render this as the end of a complete sentence ("for they were afraid. ''), the Greek words έφοβούντο γάρ suggest that the sentence is incomplete. The word γάρ is a sort of conjunction and rarely occurs at the end of a sentence. The word έφοβούντο does not mean merely "afraid '' but suggests a mention to the cause of the fear, as if to say "they were afraid of - - - '', but this cause of fear is not stated in the verse. The attachment of neither the Longer nor Shorter Ending (nor both of them) smooth this "ragged edge to an imperfect document. '' There is also a problem with the narrative; verses 6 and 7, whose genuineness is undoubted, says that Jesus is "not here '' (in Jerusalem) but will appear to them and the disciples in Galilee. The Shorter Ending does not contradict this, but the Longer Ending, in verse 9, immediately contradicts this by having Jesus appear to Mary Magdalene while in Jerusalem, and in verse 12 to two disciples apparently not yet in Galilee. This inconsistency has been considered significant by some.
Although the Longer Ending was included, without any indication of doubt, as part of chapter 16 of the Gospel of St. Mark in the various Textus Receptus editions, the editor of the first published Textus Receptus edition, namely Erasmus of Rotterdam, discovered (evidently after his fifth and final edition of 1535) that the Codex Vaticanus ended the Gospel at verse 8, whereupon he mentioned doubts about the Longer Ending in a manuscript which lay unpublished until modern times. The omission of the Longer Ending in the Codex Vaticanus apparently was not realized again until rediscovered in 1801 by the Danish scholar Andreas Birch (whose discovery got very little publicity owing to a fire that destroyed his newly published book before it could be much distributed). After that, the omission was again rediscovered by Johann Jakob Griesbach, and was reflected in his third edition (1803) of the Greek New Testament, where he ended the Gospel at verse 8 and separated the Longer Ending and enclosed it in brackets, very much as most modern editions of the Greek text and most modern English versions continue to do.
A commonly accepted theory for the condition of the last chapter of the Gospel of Mark is that the words actually written by St. Mark end, somewhat abruptly, with verse 8. This abrupt ending may have been a deliberate choice of St. Mark or because the last part of his writing (after verse 8) was somehow separated from the rest of his manuscript and was lost (an alternative theory is that St. Mark died before finishing his Gospel). From the incomplete manuscript the copies that end abruptly at verse 8 were directly or remotely copied. At some point, two other people, dissatisfied with the abrupt ending at verse 8, and writing independently of each other, supplied the Longer and the Shorter endings. The longer ending was written perhaps as early as the last decade of the First Century and acquired some popularity, and the shorter ending could have been written even as late as a few centuries later. The "lost page '' theory has gotten wide acceptance, other theories have suggested that the last page was not lost by accident but was deliberately suppressed, perhaps because something in St. Mark 's original conclusion was troublesome to certain Christians. No matter how or why the original and genuine conclusion to the Gospel disappeared, the fact remains that neither the Longer nor Shorter endings provides an authentic ending to verse 8. Explanations aside, it is now widely (although not unanimously) accepted that St. Mark 's own words end with verse 8 and anything after that was written by someone else at a later date.
KJV: And every man went unto his own house. Jesus went unto the Mount of Olives; And early in the morning he came again unto the Temple, and all the people came unto him, and he sat down, and taught them. And the Scribes and Pharisees brought unto him a woman taken in adultery, and when they had set her in the midst, They say unto him, "Master, this woman was taken in adultery, in the very act. Now Moses in the Law commanded us that such should be stoned, but what sayest thou? '' This they said, tempting (testing) him, that they might have (grounds) to accuse him. But Jesus stooped down, and with his finger wrote on the ground as though he heard them not. So when they continued asking him, he lift up himself, and said unto them, "He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her. '' And again, he stooped down, and wrote on the ground. And they which heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one, beginning at the eldest, even unto the last, and Jesus was left alone, and (with) the woman standing in the midst. When Jesus had lift up himself, and saw none but the woman, he said unto her, "Woman, where are thine accusers? Hath no man condemned thee? '' She said, "No man, Lord. '' And Jesus said unto her, "Neither do I condemn thee. Go, and sin no more. ''
Reason: This familiar story of the adulteress saved by Jesus is a special case. These dozen verses have been the subject of a number of books, including Chris Keith, The Pericope Adulterae, the Gospel of John, and the Literacy of Jesus (2009, Leiden & Boston, E.J. Brill); David Alan Black & Jacob N. Cerone, eds., The Pericope of the Adulteress in Contemporary Research (2016, London & NY, Bloomsbury T&T Clark); and John David Punch, The Pericope Adulterae: Theories of Insertion & Omission (2012, Saarbruken, Lap Lambert Academic Publ'g.). The principal problem affecting this paragraph is that, although it appears in many ancient manuscripts, it does not consistently appear in this place in chapter 8 nor even in the Gospel of John. Moreover, in the various manuscripts in which the passage appears, it presents a much greater number of variations than an equal portion of the New Testament - so much so, that it would seem that there are three distinct versions of the pericope.
By its own context, this paragraph appears misplaced; in the verse preceding this pericope (namely verse 7: 52) Jesus is conversing or arguing with a group of men, and in the verse following this pericope (verse 8: 12) he is speaking "again unto them '', even though verses 8: 9 - 10 would indicate he was alone in the Temple courtyard. It would seem possible that, originally, 7: 52 was immediately followed by 8: 12, and somehow this pericope was inserted between them, interrupting the narrative.
The pericope does not appear in the oldest Codexes - א, A, B, C, L, N, T, W, X, Δ, θ, Ψ - nor in papyri p or p, nor in minuscules 33, 157, 565, 892, 1241, or ƒ. Scrivener lists more than 50 minuscules that lack the pericope, and several more in which the original scribe omitted it but a later hand inserted it. It is also missing from the Syriac and Sahidic versions and some Egyptian versions. The earliest Greek Codex showing this pericope at all is D (Codex Bezae), of the 5th or 6th century, and some Old Latin manuscripts no older than the 5th century, and many subsequent Greek and Latin mss all at the familiar location following John 7: 52. The first Greek Church Father to mention the pericope in its familiar place was Euthymius, of the 12th century.
However, one minuscule (ms. 225) placed the pericope after John 7: 36. Several -- ƒ -- placed it at the very end of the Gospel of John, and Scrivener adds several more that have so placed a shorter pericope beginning at verse 8: 3. Another handful of minuscules -- ƒ -- put it after Luke 21: 38. Some manuscripts -- S, E, Λ -- had it in the familiar place but enclosed the pericope with marks of doubt (asterisks or some other glyph), and Scrivener lists more than 40 minuscules that also apply marks of doubt to the pericope.
Some scholars have suggested that the pericope is not written in the same style as the rest of the Fourth Gospel, and have suggested it is written more in the style of the Gospel of Luke, a suggestion supported by the fact that the ƒ manuscripts actually put the pericope into the Gospel of Luke. For example, nowhere else does the Fourth Gospel mention by name the Mount of Olives, and where a new place is mentioned in the Fourth Gospel some explanatory remarks are attached, nor does the Fourth Gospel mention ' the Scribes ' elsewhere. A theory shared by several scholars is that this pericope represents some very early tradition or folktale about Jesus, not originally found in any of the canonical Gospels, which was so popular or compelling that it was deliberately inserted into a Gospel; a variant on this theory is that this anecdote was written down as a note for a sermon, perhaps in the margin of a codex or on a scrap inserted between the pages of a codex, and a subsequent copyist mistakenly incorporated it in the main text when working up a new copy. Its source might be indicated by Eusebius (early 4th century), in his Historia Ecclesia, book 3, sec. 39, where he says, "Papias (2nd century)... reproduces a story about a woman falsely accused before the Lord of many sins. This is to be found in the Gospel of the Hebrews. ''
The evidence that the pericope, although a much - beloved story, does not belong in the place assigned it by many late manuscripts, and, further, that it might not be part of the original text of any of the Gospels, caused the Revised Version (1881) to enclose it within brackets, in its familiar place after John 7: 52, with the sidenote, "Most of the ancient authorities omit John 7: 51 - 8: 11. This which contain it vary much from each other. '' This practice has been imitated in most of the English versions since then. The Westcott & Hort Greek New Testament omitted the pericope from the main text and places it as an appendix after the end of the Fourth Gospel, with this explanation: "It has no right to a place in the text of the Four Gospels; yet it is evidently from an ancient source, and it could not now without serious loss be entirely banished from the New Testament... As it forms an independent narrative, it seems to stand best alone at the end of the Gospels with double brackets to show its inferior authority... '' Some English translations based on Westcott & Hort imitate this practice of appending the pericope at the end of the Gospel (e.g., The Twentieth Century New Testament), while others simply omit it altogether (e.g., Goodspeed, Rerrar Fenton, The New World Version). The Nestle - Aland and UBS Greek editions enclose it in double brackets. The two ' Majority Text ' Greek editions set forth the pericope in the main text (varying slightly from each other) but provide extensive notes elsewhere attesting to the lack of uniformity in the text of the pericope and doubts about its origin.
O = omitted in main text. B = bracketed in the main text -- The translation team and most biblical scholars today believe were not part of the original text. However, these texts have been retained in brackets in the NASB and the Holman CSB. F = omission noted in the footnote.
Some English translations have minor versification differences compared with the KJV.
The KJV ends the Epistle to the Romans with these verses as 16: 25 - 27:
KJV: Now to him that is of power to establish you according to my Gospel, and the preaching of Jesus Christ, according to the revelation of the mystery, which was kept secret since the world began: But now is made manifest, and by the Scriptures of the Prophets, according to the commandment of the everlasting God, made known to all nations for the obedience of faith, To God, only wise, be glory through Jesus Christ, for ever. Amen.
(Note: Different editions of the KJV show various treatments of the punctuation, especially at the end of the verses, and of capitalization, especially at the beginning of the verses. The quotation above uses the punctuation and capitalization of the original 1611 edition of the KJV.) The KJV has 23 verses in chapter 14 and 33 verses in chapter 15 of Romans.
Most translations follow KJV (based on Textus Receptus) versification and have Romans 16: 25 - 27 and Romans 14: 24 - 26 do not exist.
The WEB bible, however, moves Romans 16: 25 - 27 (end of chapter verses) to Romans 14: 24 - 26 (also end of chapter verses).
WEB explains with a footnote in Romans 16:
Textus Receptus places Romans 14: 24 - 26 at the end of Romans instead of at the end of chapter 14, and numbers these verses 16: 25 - 27
The KJV has:
In some translations, verse 13 is combined with verse 12, leaving verse 14 renumbered as verse 13.
3 John 14 - 15 ESV are merged as a single verse in the KJV. Thus verse 15 does not exist in the KJV.
The KJV is quoted as having 31,102 verses. This is an exact figure.
The ESV, however, is quoted as having 31,103. This is solely because of this difference. The figure 31,103 is achieved by adding up the last verse for each and every chapter which is why it is impacted by end of chapter differences. The figure 31,103 does not account for the "missing verses '' referred to above which are missing mid-chapter. Thus the actual number of verses in the ESV is less than 31,103.
Note that in relation to 2 Corinthians 13: 14, another end of chapter anomaly (as opposed to mid-chapter), the ESV and KJV agree.
This verse does not exist in the ESV or KJV.
The ESV appends this to Revelation 12: 17. The KJV prepends it to the first verse of the next chapter. However, some translations have verse 18 as:
This is another end of chapter versification difference.
This segment deals with part of the Old Testament. The verse numbers used in Hebrew (Jewish) editions of the Old Testament are usually the same numbers as used in the KJV, inasmuch as both used the chapter and verse numbers employed in early printed editions of the Latin Vulgate, but there are exceptions. A table of the places in the Old Testament where the KJV numbering differs from that used in printed Hebrew editions is presented, for example, in Strong 's Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible in the appendix on the page following his Hebrew dictionary.
The part of the Old Testament where the differences in verse numbering is most conspicuous and frequent is the Book of Psalms (in Hebrew, Tehillim), because the title lines of each Psalm are not assigned a number in the Hebrew editions, whereas in the KJV they are always numbered as 1, and the first lyric verse of the Psalm is numbered as 2. The vast majority of English translations adhere to English KJV verse numbering. However, a few translations vary somewhat.
This list is based on Psalm 51.
This segment deals with a part of the Apocrypha, which appeared in the original edition of the KJV (and still appears in some ' complete ' editions). In the KJV text of chapter 7 of the Second Book of Esdras (this book is also known, in the Latin Vulgate, as Fourth Esdras because the Vulgate named the canonical books of Ezra and Nehemiah as First and Second Esdras) the following passage occurs:
KJV: (An angel is speaking to Ezra:) "And the work shall follow, and the reward shall be shown, and the good deeds shall be of force, and wicked deeds shall bear no rule. '' ¶ Then said I, "Abraham prayed first for the Sodomites, and Moses for the fathers that sinned in the wilderness... ''
This was translated from the available printed editions of the Latin Vulgate, and this is how the text stood in every printed edition of the Vulgate of that time and for nearly three centuries afterward. However, the Second Book of Esdras existed also in non-Latin versions - Arabic, Syriac, Ethiopic, Armenian - and those versions exhibited a lengthy additional text of the between the two verses above, in the spot indicated by the pilcrow (¶). This additional text had been noticed, possibly for the first time, in a 14th century Arabic version in the mid-17th century by Oxford scholar John Gregory, and it appeared in print in German books published in the second quarter of the 18th century and it thereafter was translated into English. But this lengthy passage seemed not to appear in any Latin manuscript. And then, around 1826, Professor John Palmer (1769 - 1840), professor of Arabic at St. John 's College, Cambridge, found a 9th or 10th century Latin manuscript in Alcala, Spain - the Codex Complutensis - which contained the passage. He copied the Latin text but did not make it public and it was kept among his papers at Cambridge after his death. Some 37 years later it was found among his papers and published in the Journal of Philology. However, by that time, Professor Robert L. Bensly of Cambridge had independently found that same passage in another Latin manuscript of the 9th century - the manuscript was Codex Ambianensis, at Amiens, France. In 1865, Professor Johann Gildemeister, of the University of Bonn, discovered that in the oldest Latin manuscript of Second Esdras, the Codex Sangermanensis I, written in 822, formerly kept at the Benedictine Abbey of St. Germain des Prés in Paris and by then kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale, the page between the two verses quoted above - the page on which the missing passage would have appeared - had been cut out and the evidence showed that the page had been deliberately cut out in early times and that virtually all the existing Latin manuscripts of Second Esdras had been copied or derived from that codex after that mutilation. Even now only a handful of Latin manuscripts have been found that contain the "Missing Fragment ''. Robert Bensly published a full history of the detective work that discovered the missing passage and the reason it was missing in a book published in 1875.
Bensly was subsequently appointed to the Apocrypha Committee of the Revised Version of the English Bible (he was a published authority on Sirach and Maccabees as well as Second Esdras). He died in 1893, the year before the Revised Version of the Apocrypha was published, but the text set forth the "Missing Fragment '' immediately after verse 35, with its own verses numbered inside square brackets, beginning with verse (36) until the end of the Missing Fragment at verse (105), where the previously known text resumes with verse 36 (modern versions differ on how they number the remaining verses in chapter 7). The Revised version presents the verses before and after the Missing Fragment this way:
RV: "And the word shall follow, and the reward shall be shewed, and good deeds shall awake, and wicked deeds shall not sleep. And the pit of torment shall appear, and over against it shall be the place of rest; and the furnace of hell shall be shewed, and over against it the paradise of delight...
The Missing Fragment adds seventy verses to the text previously known to English - language readers. The Revised Version contained a side - note: "The passage from verse (36) to verse (105), formerly missing, has been restored to the text. '' The seventy added verses prophecy a horrifying image of Judgment Day, in which the vast majority of mankind will be damned, and no one will be left to pray for mercy for them. The text that was available in the KJV resumes after verse (105):
RV:... so never shall anyone pray for another in that day, neither shall one lay a burden on another, for then shall all bear every one his own righteousness or unrighteousness. '' ¶ And I answered and said, "How do we now find that first Abraham prayed for the people of Sodom, and Moses for the fathers that sinned... ''
This disturbing image may be the reason that the page was removed from the Codex Sangermanensis.
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top 10 richest countries in the world per capita income | List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita - wikipedia
Three lists of countries below calculate gross domestic product (at purchasing power parity) per capita, i.e., the purchasing power parity (PPP) value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year.
As of 2015, the average GDP per capita (PPP) of all of the countries of the world is USD $15,800.
The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita figures on this page are derived from PPP calculations. Such calculations are prepared by various organizations, including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. As estimates and assumptions have to be made, the results produced by different organizations for the same country are not hard facts and tend to differ, sometimes substantially, so they should be used with caution.
Comparisons of national wealth are frequently made on the basis of nominal GDP and savings (not just income), which do not reflect differences in the cost of living in different countries (see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita); hence, using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing generalized differences in living standards between nations because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather than using only exchange rates, which may distort the real differences in income. This is why GDP (PPP) per capita is often considered one of the indicators of a country 's standard of living, although this can be problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. (See Standard of living and GDP.)
Note that the Irish GDP data below is subject to material distortion by the tax planning activities of foreign multinationals in Ireland. 2015 Irish GDP is over 150 % of 2015 Irish GNI. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "modified GNI '' (or GNI *) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. 2015 Irish GDP is 143 % of 2015 Irish GNI *.
All figures are in current Geary -- Khamis dollars (also known as international dollars), and rounded up or down to the nearest whole number.
Several economies that are not considered to be sovereign states (such as various dependent territories) are included because they appear in the sources. These non-sovereign entities, former countries and other special groupings are in italics. They are listed in dollar order, but are not given a numerical rank.
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waterboys i saw the whole of the moon | The Whole of the Moon - wikipedia
"The Whole of the Moon '' is a song by the Waterboys which was released as a single from their album This Is the Sea in 1985. It is a classic of the band 's repertoire and has been consistently played at live shows ever since its release. Written and produced by Mike Scott, the subject of the song has inspired some speculation.
The single was not a big success when initially released in 1985, only making the lower ends of the chart, although reached number 12 on the Australian chart. Subsequently, it became one of The Waterboys ' best - known songs and their most commercially successful. It is arguably the band 's signature song and was the Ivor Novello Award winner "Best Song Musically and Lyrically '' in 1991.
The subject of the lyrics has inspired speculation, some of which has been rebutted by the writer. The song apparently began as a "scribble on the back of an envelope on a wintry New York street '', after Scott 's girlfriend asked him if it was difficult to write a song.
Like The Waterboys ' first single "A Girl Called Johnny '', the song is a tribute to an inspirational figure or figures. In each line, the singer describes his own perspective and immediately contrasts it with that of the song 's subject, summarizing the difference with the line "I saw the crescent / You saw the whole of the moon ''.
Allmusic instead suggests that its subject is a number of people who inspired Scott, including writer C.S. Lewis and the musician Prince. Scott himself says that he "could n't have written '' the song without having read Mark Helprin 's novel Winter 's Tale, but goes on to state that the song is not about Helprin. The official Waterboys website 's Frequently Asked Questions clarifies that Scott has said that the song 's subject is "a composite of many people '', including C.S. Lewis, but explicitly states that it is not about Prince. Musician Nikki Sudden, with whom Scott had collaborated before forming The Waterboys, has claimed that the song was written about himself.
The band members at the time were Mike Scott, Anthony Thistlethwaite, Karl Wallinger, and Roddy Lorimer. Drummer Kevin Wilkinson had left the band by the time "The Whole of the Moon '' was recorded and drums were played by session player, Chris Whitten. Demoed but not finished at the beginning of the recording sessions, the song was eventually completed in May 1985.
A feature of "The Whole of the Moon '' is the trumpet work on the recording, courtesy of the classically trained Lorimer. Lorimer spent three days with Scott working on the song 's arrangement and "went home with a tape of the song and thought about a more classical approach. After a while sitting at the piano I came up with the idea of antiphonal trumpets. A piccolo trumpet on the left answered a piccolo on the right and then the same again, growing by adding a B ♭ trumpet below each side of the stereo picture. Mike loved it, except the slightly jazzy chords I had used on the run down at the very end, which he simplified. I used the same classical approach later in the song, mixing two classical - type trumpets behind a later verse. ''
Lorimer also contributes falsetto background vocals to the song, while Thistlethwaite, another brass section member, performs a saxophone solo near the end. Wallinger provided synthesizer, synth bass and backing vocals.
It was first released as a seven and 12 - inch single, which reached number 26 on the United Kingdom singles chart. The single also contained a live recording of "The Girl in the Swing '', from The Waterboys, the band 's first album, an extended mix of "Spirit '', and a song titled "Medicine Jack ''. Following various sell - out tours by the band from 1986 - 90 the song appeared on the group 's greatest hits package The Best of the Waterboys 81 -- 90 in 1991. That year, this song was re-released as a single (7 ", 12 '' and CD) from the album and was a big hit, peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart and receiving an Ivor Novello Award as "Best Song Musically and Lyrically '' in 1991. The second single release had different B sides from the 1985 version. "Golden Age '' was on the 7 '' B side and the 12 '' had "The Golden Age Medley '', which included "A Golden Age '', "Higher In Time '' (fast), "High Far Soon '' and "Soon As I Get Home ''.
Including the 2004 remastered album, the song has been officially released four times and appears on the following Waterboys albums:
"The Whole of the Moon '' was covered by Jennifer Warnes on her 1992 album The Hunter, by Mandy Moore on her 2003 album Coverage, by Human Drama on the compilation New Wave Goes to Hell, by folk singer - songwriter Peter Mulvey on his 1995 album Rapture, by Terry Reid on his album The Driver and by Susan McFadden on the Celtic Woman album Destiny. Steve Hogarth of Marillion has included it in his solo "h natural '' shows. It was also a hit on the Balearic dance scene in the 1980s and has appeared on numerous other compilations.
Prince covered the song at Ronnie Scott 's Jazz Club during his 2014 Hit & Run tour, and again at the Paisley Park Studios during a Dance Rally for Peace in May 2015. "He 's so strict about people filming gigs on their phones, no one 's posted it on YouTube, '' rued Mike Scott. "However, I understand it was a piano - and - vocal solo version. Boy, would I love to hear that. ''
Mike Scott included a live solo version on his 1995 single "Building the City of Light ''.
U2 used it as their walk - up song during much of The Joshua Tree Tour 2017.
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what was the clarinet originally made out of | Clarinet - wikipedia
Plucked
The clarinet is a musical - instrument family belonging to the group known as the woodwind instruments. It has a single - reed mouthpiece, a straight cylindrical tube with an almost cylindrical bore, and a flared bell. A person who plays a clarinet is called a clarinetist (sometimes spelled clarinettist).
While the similarity in sound between the earliest clarinets and the trumpet may hold a clue to its name, other factors may have been involved. During the Late Baroque era, composers such as Bach and Handel were making new demands on the skills of their trumpeters, who were often required to play difficult melodic passages in the high, or as it came to be called, clarion register. Since the trumpets of this time had no valves or pistons, melodic passages would often require the use of the highest part of the trumpet 's range, where the harmonics were close enough together to produce scales of adjacent notes as opposed to the gapped scales or arpeggios of the lower register. The trumpet parts that required this specialty were known by the term clarino and this in turn came to apply to the musicians themselves. It is probable that the term clarinet may stem from the diminutive version of the ' clarion ' or ' clarino ' and it has been suggested that clarino players may have helped themselves out by playing particularly difficult passages on these newly developed "mock trumpets ''.
Johann Christoph Denner is generally believed to have invented the clarinet in Germany around the year 1700 by adding a register key to the earlier chalumeau. Over time, additional keywork and airtight pads were added to improve the tone and playability.
Today, the most popular clarinet is the B ♭ clarinet. However, the clarinet in A, just a semitone lower, is sometimes used in orchestral music, especially older European music. An orchestral clarinetist must have both a B ♭ and an A instrument available, usually in the same performance. Since the middle of the 19th century the bass clarinet (nowadays invariably in B ♭ but with extra keys to extend the register down a few notes) has become an essential addition to the orchestra. The clarinet family ranges from the (extremely rare) BBB ♭ octo - contrabass to the A ♭ piccolo clarinet. The clarinet has proved to be an exceptionally flexible instrument, equally at home in the classical repertoire as in concert bands, military bands, marching bands, klezmer, and jazz.
The word clarinet may have entered the English language via the French clarinette (the feminine diminutive of Old French clarin or clarion), or from Provençal clarin, "oboe ''.
It would seem however that its real roots are to be found amongst some of the various names for trumpets used around the Renaissance and Baroque eras. Clarion, clarin and the Italian clarino are all derived from the medieval term claro which referred to an early form of trumpet. This is probably the origin of the Italian clarinetto, itself a diminutive of clarino, and consequently of the European equivalents such as clarinette in French or the German Klarinette. According to Johann Gottfried Walther, writing in 1732, the reason for the name is that "it sounded from far off not unlike a trumpet ''. The English form clarinet is found as early as 1733, and the now - archaic clarionet appears from 1784 until the early years of the 20th century.
The cylindrical bore is primarily responsible for the clarinet 's distinctive timbre, which varies between its three main registers, known as the chalumeau, clarion, and altissimo. The tone quality can vary greatly with the clarinetist, music, instrument, mouthpiece, and reed. The differences in instruments and geographical isolation of clarinetists led to the development from the last part of the 18th century onwards of several different schools of playing. The most prominent were the German / Viennese traditions and French school. The latter was centered on the clarinetists of the Conservatoire de Paris. The proliferation of recorded music has made examples of different styles of playing available. The modern clarinetist has a diverse palette of "acceptable '' tone qualities to choose from.
The A and B ♭ clarinets have nearly the same bore and use the same mouthpiece. Orchestral clarinetists using the A and B ♭ instruments in a concert could use the same mouthpiece (and often the same barrel) (see ' usage ' below). The A and B ♭ have nearly identical tonal quality, although the A typically has a slightly warmer sound. The tone of the E ♭ clarinet is brighter and can be heard even through loud orchestral or concert band textures. The bass clarinet has a characteristically deep, mellow sound, while the alto clarinet is similar in tone to the bass (though not as dark).
Clarinets have the largest pitch range of common woodwinds. The intricate key organization that makes this possible can make the playability of some passages awkward. The bottom of the clarinet 's written range is defined by the keywork on each instrument, standard keywork schemes allowing a low E on the common B ♭ clarinet. The lowest concert pitch depends on the transposition of the instrument in question. The nominal highest note of the B ♭ clarinet is a semitone higher than the highest note of the oboe. Since the clarinet has a wider range of notes, the lowest note of the B ♭ clarinet is significantly deeper (a minor or major sixth) than the lowest note of the oboe.
Nearly all soprano and piccolo clarinets have keywork enabling them to play the E below middle C as their lowest written note (in scientific pitch notation that sounds D on a soprano clarinet or C, i.e. concert middle C, on a piccolo clarinet), though some B ♭ clarinets go down to E ♭ to enable them to match the range of the A clarinet. On the B ♭ soprano clarinet, the concert pitch of the lowest note is D, a whole tone lower than the written pitch. Most alto and bass clarinets have an extra key to allow a (written) E ♭. Modern professional - quality bass clarinets generally have additional keywork to written C. Among the less commonly encountered members of the clarinet family, contra - alto and contrabass clarinets may have keywork to written E ♭, D, or C; the basset clarinet and basset horn generally go to low C.
Defining the top end of a clarinet 's range is difficult, since many advanced players can produce notes well above the highest notes commonly found in method books. G is usually the highest note clarinetists encounter in classical repertoire. The C above that (C i.e. resting on the fifth ledger line above the treble staff) is attainable by advanced players and is shown on many fingering charts, and fingerings as high as A exist.
The range of a clarinet can be divided into three distinct registers:
All three registers have characteristically different sounds. The chalumeau register is rich and dark. The clarion register is brighter and sweet, like a trumpet (clarion) heard from afar. The altissimo register can be piercing and sometimes shrill.
Sound is a wave that propagates through the air as a result of a local variation in air pressure. The production of sound by a clarinet follows these steps:
The cycle repeats at a frequency relative to how long it takes a wave to travel to the first open hole and back twice (i.e. four times the length of the pipe). For example: when all the holes bar the very top one are open (i.e. the trill ' B ' key is pressed), the note A4 (440 Hz) is produced. This represents a repeat of the cycle 440 times per second.
In addition to this primary compression wave, other waves, known as harmonics, are created. Harmonics are caused by factors including the imperfect wobbling and shaking of the reed, the reed sealing the mouthpiece opening for part of the wave cycle (which creates a flattened section of the sound wave), and imperfections (bumps and holes) in the bore. A wide variety of compression waves are created, but only some (primarily the odd harmonics) are reinforced. These extra waves are what gives the clarinet its characteristic tone.
The bore is cylindrical for most of the tube with an inner bore diameter between 14 and 15.5 millimetres (0.55 and 0.61 in), but there is a subtle hourglass shape, with the thinnest part below the junction between the upper and lower joint. The reduction is 1 to 3 millimetres (0.039 to 0.118 in) depending on the maker. This hourglass shape, although invisible to the naked eye, helps to correct the pitch / scale discrepancy between the chalumeau and clarion registers (perfect twelfth). The diameter of the bore affects characteristics such as available harmonics, timbre, and pitch stability (how far the player can bend a note in the manner required in jazz and other music). The bell at the bottom of the clarinet flares out to improve the tone and tuning of the lowest notes.
Most modern clarinets have "undercut '' tone holes that improve intonation and sound. Undercutting means chamfering the bottom edge of tone holes inside the bore. Acoustically, this makes the tone hole function as if it were larger, but its main function is to allow the air column to follow the curve up through the tone hole (surface tension) instead of "blowing past '' it under the increasingly directional frequencies of the upper registers.
The fixed reed and fairly uniform diameter of the clarinet give the instrument an acoustical behavior approximating that of a cylindrical stopped pipe. Recorders use a tapered internal bore to overblow at the octave when the thumb / register hole is pinched open, while the clarinet, with its cylindrical bore, overblows at the twelfth. Adjusting the angle of the bore taper controls the frequencies of the overblown notes (harmonics). Changing the mouthpiece 's tip opening and the length of the reed changes aspects of the harmonic timbre or voice of the clarinet because this changes the speed of reed vibrations. Generally, the goal of the clarinetist when producing a sound is to make as much of the reed vibrate as possible, making the sound fuller, warmer, and potentially louder.
The lip position and pressure, shaping of the vocal tract, choice of reed and mouthpiece, amount of air pressure created, and evenness of the airflow account for most of the clarinetist 's ability to control the tone of a clarinet. A highly skilled clarinetist will provide the ideal lip and air pressure for each frequency (note) being produced. They will have an embouchure which places an even pressure across the reed by carefully controlling their lip muscles. The airflow will also be carefully controlled by using the strong stomach muscles (as opposed to the weaker and erratic chest muscles) and they will use the diaphragm to oppose the stomach muscles to achieve a tone softer than a forte rather than weakening the stomach muscle tension to lower air pressure. Their vocal tract will be shaped to resonate at frequencies associated with the tone being produced.
Covering or uncovering the tone holes varies the length of the pipe, changing the resonant frequencies of the enclosed air column and hence the pitch. A clarinetist moves between the chalumeau and clarion registers through use of the register key; clarinetists call the change from chalumeau register to clarion register "the break ''. The open register key stops the fundamental frequency from being reinforced, and the reed is forced to vibrate at three times the speed it was originally. This produces a note a twelfth above the original note.
Most instruments overblow at two times the speed of the fundamental frequency (the octave), but as the clarinet acts as a closed pipe system, the reed can not vibrate at twice its original speed because it would be creating a ' puff ' of air at the time the previous ' puff ' is returning as a rarefaction. This means it can not be reinforced and so would die away. The chalumeau register plays fundamentals, whereas the clarion register, aided by the register key, plays third harmonics (a perfect twelfth higher than the fundamentals). The first several notes of the altissimo range, aided by the register key and venting with the first left - hand hole, play fifth harmonics (a major seventeenth, a perfect twelfth plus a major sixth, above the fundamentals). The clarinet is therefore said to overblow at the twelfth and, when moving to the altissimo register, seventeenth.
By contrast, nearly all other woodwind instruments overblow at the octave or (like the ocarina and tonette) do not overblow at all. A clarinet must have holes and keys for nineteen notes, a chromatic octave and a half from bottom E to B ♭, in its lowest register to play the chromatic scale. This overblowing behavior explains the clarinet 's great range and complex fingering system. The fifth and seventh harmonics are also available, sounding a further sixth and fourth (a flat, diminished fifth) higher respectively; these are the notes of the altissimo register. This is also why the inner "waist '' measurement is so critical to these harmonic frequencies.
The highest notes can have a shrill, piercing quality and can be difficult to tune accurately. Different instruments often play differently in this respect due to the sensitivity of the bore and reed measurements. Using alternate fingerings and adjusting the embouchure help correct the pitch of these notes.
Since approximately 1850, clarinets have been nominally tuned according to twelve - tone equal temperament. Older clarinets were nominally tuned to meantone. A skilled performer can use his or her embouchure to considerably alter the tuning of individual notes or produce vibrato, a pulsating change of pitch often employed in jazz. Vibrato is rare in classical or concert band literature; however, certain clarinetists, such as Richard Stoltzman, use vibrato in classical music. Special fingerings may be used to play quarter tones and other microtonal intervals.
Around 1900, Dr. Richard H. Stein, a Berlin musicologist, made a quarter - tone clarinet, which was soon abandoned. Years later, another German, Fritz Schüller of Markneukirchen, built a quarter tone clarinet, with two parallel bores of slightly different lengths whose tone holes are operated using the same keywork and a valve to switch from one bore to the other.
Clarinet bodies have been made from a variety of materials including wood, plastic, hard rubber, metal, resin, and ivory. The vast majority of clarinets used by professionals are made from African hardwood, mpingo (African Blackwood) or grenadilla, rarely (because of diminishing supplies) Honduran rosewood and sometimes even cocobolo. Historically other woods, notably boxwood, were used. Most inexpensive clarinets are made of plastic resin, such as ABS. Resonite is Selmer 's trademark name for its type of plastic. Metal soprano clarinets were popular in the early 20th century until plastic instruments supplanted them; metal construction is still used for the bodies of some contra - alto and contrabass clarinets and the necks and bells of nearly all alto and larger clarinets. Ivory was used for a few 18th - century clarinets, but it tends to crack and does not keep its shape well. Buffet Crampon 's Greenline clarinets are made from a composite of grenadilla wood powder and carbon fiber. Such clarinets are less affected by humidity and temperature changes than wooden instruments but are heavier. Hard rubber, such as ebonite, has been used for clarinets since the 1860s, although few modern clarinets are made of it. Clarinet designers Alastair Hanson and Tom Ridenour are strong advocates of hard rubber. Hanson Clarinets of England manufactures clarinets using a grenadilla compound reinforced with ebonite, known as ' BTR ' (bithermal reinforced) grenadilla. This material is also not affected by humidity, and the weight is the same as that of a wooden clarinet.
Mouthpieces are generally made of hard rubber, although some inexpensive mouthpieces may be made of plastic. Other materials such as crystal / glass, wood, ivory, and metal have also been used. Ligatures are often made of metal and plated in nickel, silver, or gold. Other materials include wire, wire mesh, plastic, naugahyde, string, or leather.
The clarinet uses a single reed made from the cane of Arundo donax, a type of grass. Reeds may also be manufactured from synthetic materials. The ligature fastens the reed to the mouthpiece. When air is blown through the opening between the reed and the mouthpiece facing, the reed vibrates and produces the clarinet 's sound.
Basic reed measurements are as follows: tip, 12 millimetres (0.47 in) wide; lay, 15 millimetres (0.59 in) long (distance from the place where the reed touches the mouthpiece to the tip); gap, 1 millimetre (0.039 in) (distance between the underside of the reed tip and the mouthpiece). Adjustment to these measurements is one method of affecting tone color.
Most clarinetists buy manufactured reeds, although many make adjustments to these reeds, and some make their own reeds from cane "blanks ''. Reeds come in varying degrees of hardness, generally indicated on a scale from one (soft) through five (hard). This numbering system is not standardized -- reeds with the same number often vary in hardness across manufacturers and models. Reed and mouthpiece characteristics work together to determine ease of playability, pitch stability, and tonal characteristics.
Note: A Boehm system soprano clarinet is shown in the photos illustrating this section. However, all modern clarinets have similar components.
The reed is attached to the mouthpiece by the ligature, and the top half - inch or so of this assembly is held in the player 's mouth. In the past clarinetists used to wrap a string around the mouthpiece and reed instead of using a ligature. The formation of the mouth around the mouthpiece and reed is called the embouchure.
The reed is on the underside of the mouthpiece, pressing against the player 's lower lip, while the top teeth normally contact the top of the mouthpiece (some players roll the upper lip under the top teeth to form what is called a ' double - lip ' embouchure). Adjustments in the strength and shape of the embouchure change the tone and intonation (tuning). It is not uncommon for clarinetists to employ methods to relieve the pressure on the upper teeth and inner lower lip by attaching pads to the top of the mouthpiece or putting (temporary) padding on the front lower teeth, commonly from folded paper.
Next is the short barrel; this part of the instrument may be extended to fine - tune the clarinet. As the pitch of the clarinet is fairly temperature - sensitive, some instruments have interchangeable barrels whose lengths vary slightly. Additional compensation for pitch variation and tuning can be made by pulling out the barrel and thus increasing the instrument 's length, particularly common in group playing in which clarinets are tuned to other instruments (such as in an orchestra or concert band). Some performers use a plastic barrel with a thumbwheel that adjusts the barrel length. On basset horns and lower clarinets, the barrel is normally replaced by a curved metal neck.
The main body of most clarinets is divided into the upper joint, the holes and most keys of which are operated by the left hand, and the lower joint with holes and most keys operated by the right hand. Some clarinets have a single joint: on some basset horns and larger clarinets the two joints are held together with a screw clamp and are usually not disassembled for storage. The left thumb operates both a tone hole and the register key. On some models of clarinet, such as many Albert system clarinets and increasingly some higher - end Boehm system clarinets, the register key is a ' wraparound ' key, with the key on the back of the clarinet and the pad on the front. Advocates of the wraparound register key say it improves sound, and it is harder for moisture to accumulate in the tube beneath the pad. Nevertheless, there is a consensus among repair techs that this type of register key is harder to keep in adjustment, i.e., it is hard to have enough spring pressure to close the hole securely.
The body of a modern soprano clarinet is equipped with numerous tone holes of which seven (six front, one back) are covered with the fingertips, and the rest are opened or closed using a set of keys. These tone holes let the player produce every note of the chromatic scale. On alto and larger clarinets, and a few soprano clarinets, key - covered holes replace some or all finger holes. The most common system of keys was named the Boehm system by its designer Hyacinthe Klosé in honour of flute designer Theobald Boehm, but it is not the same as the Boehm system used on flutes. The other main system of keys is called the Oehler system and is used mostly in Germany and Austria (see History). The related Albert system is used by some jazz, klezmer, and eastern European folk musicians. The Albert and Oehler systems are both based on the early Mueller system.
The cluster of keys at the bottom of the upper joint (protruding slightly beyond the cork of the joint) are known as the trill keys and are operated by the right hand. These give the player alternative fingerings that make it easy to play ornaments and trills. The entire weight of the smaller clarinets is supported by the right thumb behind the lower joint on what is called the thumb - rest. Basset horns and larger clarinets are supported with a neck strap or a floor peg.
Finally, the flared end is known as the bell. Contrary to popular belief, the bell does not amplify the sound; rather, it improves the uniformity of the instrument 's tone for the lowest notes in each register. For the other notes the sound is produced almost entirely at the tone holes and the bell is irrelevant. On basset horns and larger clarinets, the bell curves up and forward and is usually made of metal.
Theobald Boehm did not directly invent the key system of the clarinet. Boehm was a flautist who created the key system that is now used for the transverse flute. Klosé and Buffet applied Boehm 's system to the clarinet. Although the credit goes to those people, Boehm 's name was given to that key system because it was based on that used for flute.
The current Boehm key system consists of generally 6 rings, on the thumb, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th and 6th holes, a register key just above the thumb hole, easily accessible with the thumb. Above the 1st hole, there is a key that lifts two covers creating the note A in the throat register (high part of low register) of the clarinet. A key at the side of the instrument at the same height as the A key lifts only one of the two covers, producing G ♯ a semitone lower. The A key can be used in conjunction solely with the register key to produce A ♯ / B ♭.
The clarinet has its roots in the early single - reed instruments or hornpipes used in Ancient Greece, old Egypt, Middle East, and Europe since the Middle Ages, such as the albogue, alboka, and double clarinet.
The modern clarinet developed from a Baroque instrument called the chalumeau. This instrument was similar to a recorder, but with a single - reed mouthpiece and a cylindrical bore. Lacking a register key, it was played mainly in its fundamental register, with a limited range of about one and a half octaves. It had eight finger holes, like a recorder, and two keys for its two highest notes. At this time, contrary to modern practice, the reed was placed in contact with the upper lip.
Around the turn of the 18th century, the chalumeau was modified by converting one of its keys into a register key to produce the first clarinet. This development is usually attributed to German instrument maker Johann Christoph Denner, though some have suggested his son Jacob Denner was the inventor. This instrument played well in the middle register with a loud, shrill sound, so it was given the name clarinetto meaning "little trumpet '' (from clarino + - etto). Early clarinets did not play well in the lower register, so players continued to play the chalumeaux for low notes. As clarinets improved, the chalumeau fell into disuse, and these notes became known as the chalumeau register. Original Denner clarinets had two keys, and could play a chromatic scale, but various makers added more keys to get improved tuning, easier fingerings, and a slightly larger range. The classical clarinet of Mozart 's day typically had eight finger holes and five keys.
Clarinets were soon accepted into orchestras. Later models had a mellower tone than the originals. Mozart (d. 1791) liked the sound of the clarinet (he considered its tone the closest in quality to the human voice) and wrote numerous pieces for the instrument., and by the time of Beethoven (c. 1800 -- 1820), the clarinet was a standard fixture in the orchestra.
The next major development in the history of clarinet was the invention of the modern pad. Because early clarinets used felt pads to cover the tone holes, they leaked air. This required pad - covered holes to be kept to a minimum, restricting the number of notes the clarinet could play with good tone. In 1812, Iwan Müller, a Baltic German community - born clarinetist and inventor, developed a new type of pad that was covered in leather or fish bladder. It was airtight and let makers increase the number of pad - covered holes. Müller designed a new type of clarinet with seven finger holes and thirteen keys. This allowed the instrument to play in any key with near - equal ease. Over the course of the 19th - century makers made many enhancements to Müller 's clarinet, such as the Albert system and the Baermann system, all keeping the same basic design. Modern instruments may also have cork or synthetic pads.
The final development in the modern design of the clarinet used in most of the world today was introduced by Hyacinthe Klosé in 1839. He devised a different arrangement of keys and finger holes, which allow simpler fingering. It was inspired by the Boehm system developed for flutes by Theobald Boehm. Klosé was so impressed by Boehm 's invention that he named his own system for clarinets the Boehm system, although it is different from the one used on flutes. This new system was slow to gain popularity but gradually became the standard, and today the Boehm system is used everywhere in the world except Germany and Austria. These countries still use a direct descendant of the Mueller clarinet known as the Oehler system clarinet. Also, some contemporary Dixieland players continue to use Albert system clarinets.
Other key systems have been developed, many built around modifications to the basic Boehm system: Full Boehm; Mazzeo,; McIntyre; NX; and Reform - Boehm. systems, for example. Each of these addressed -- and often improved -- issues of particular "weak '' tones, or simplified awkward fingerings, but none has caught on widely among players, and the Boehm system remains the standard, to date.
The modern orchestral standard of using soprano clarinets in B ♭ and A has to do partly with the history of the instrument and partly with acoustics, aesthetics, and economics. Before about 1800, due to the lack of airtight pads (see History), practical woodwinds could have only a few keys to control accidentals (notes outside their diatonic home scales). The low (chalumeau) register of the clarinet spans a twelfth (an octave plus a perfect fifth), so the clarinet needs keys / holes to produce all nineteen notes in this range. This involves more keywork than on instruments that "overblow '' at the octave -- oboes, flutes, bassoons, and saxophones, for example, which need only twelve notes before overblowing. Clarinets with few keys can not therefore easily play chromatically, limiting any such instrument to a few closely related keys. For example, an eighteenth - century clarinet in C could be played in F, C, and G (and their relative minors) with good intonation, but with progressive difficulty and poorer intonation as the key moved away from this range. In contrast, for octave - overblowing instruments, an instrument in C with few keys could much more readily be played in any key. This problem was overcome by using three clarinets -- in A, B ♭, and C -- so that early 19th - century music, which rarely strayed into the remote keys (five or six sharps or flats), could be played as follows: music in 5 to 2 sharps (B major to D major concert pitch) on A clarinet (D major to F major for the player), music in 1 sharp to 1 flat (G to F) on C clarinet, and music in 2 flats to 4 flats (B ♭ to A ♭) on the B ♭ clarinet (C to B ♭ for the clarinetist). Difficult key signatures and numerous accidentals were thus largely avoided.
With the invention of the airtight pad, and as key technology improved and more keys were added to woodwinds, the need for clarinets in multiple keys was reduced. However, the use of multiple instruments in different keys persisted, with the three instruments in C, B ♭, and A all used as specified by the composer.
The lower - pitched clarinets sound "mellower '' (less bright), and the C clarinet -- being the highest and therefore brightest of the three -- fell out of favour as the other two could cover its range and their sound was considered better. While the clarinet in C began to fall out of general use around 1850, some composers continued to write C parts after this date, e.g., Bizet 's Symphony in C (1855), Tchaikovsky 's Symphony No. 2 (1872), Smetana 's overture to The Bartered Bride (1866) and Má Vlast (1874), Dvořák 's Slavonic Dance Op. 46, No. 1 (1878), Brahms ' Symphony No. 4 (1885), Mahler 's Symphony No. 6 (1906), and Richard Strauss deliberately reintroduced it to take advantage of its brighter tone, as in Der Rosenkavalier (1911).
While technical improvements and an equal - tempered scale reduced the need for two clarinets, the technical difficulty of playing in remote keys persisted, and the A has thus remained a standard orchestral instrument. In addition, by the late 19th century, the orchestral clarinet repertoire contained so much music for clarinet in A that the disuse of this instrument was not practical. Attempts were made to standardise to the B ♭ instrument between 1930 and 1950 (e.g., tutors recommended learning routine transposition of orchestral A parts on the B ♭ clarinet, including solos written for A clarinet, and some manufacturers provided a low E ♭ on the B ♭ to match the range of the A), but this failed in the orchestral sphere.
Similarly there have been E ♭ and D instruments in the upper soprano range, B ♭, A, and C instruments in the bass range, and so forth; but over time the E ♭ and B ♭ instruments have become predominant. The B ♭ instrument remains dominant in concert bands and jazz. B ♭ and C instruments are used in some ethnic traditions, such as klezmer.
In classical music, clarinets are part of standard orchestral and concert band instrumentation.
The orchestra frequently includes two clarinetists playing individual parts -- each player is usually equipped with a pair of standard clarinets in B ♭ and A, and clarinet parts commonly alternate between B ♭ and A instruments several times over the course of a piece, or less commonly, a movement (e.g., 1st movement Brahms ' 3rd symphony). Clarinet sections grew larger during the last few decades of the 19th century, often employing a third clarinetist, an E ♭ or a bass clarinet. In the 20th century, composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, and Olivier Messiaen enlarged the clarinet section on occasion to up to nine players, employing many different clarinets including the E ♭ or D soprano clarinets, basset horn, alto clarinet, bass clarinet, and / or contrabass clarinet.
In concert bands, clarinets are an important part of the instrumentation. The E ♭ clarinet, B ♭ clarinet, alto clarinet, bass clarinet, and contra - alto / contrabass clarinet are commonly used in concert bands. Concert bands generally have multiple B ♭ clarinets; there are commonly 3 B ♭ clarinet parts with 2 -- 3 players per part. There is generally only one player per part on the other clarinets. There are not always E ♭ clarinet, alto clarinet, and contra - alto clarinets / contrabass clarinet parts in concert band music, but all three are quite common.
This practice of using a variety of clarinets to achieve coloristic variety was common in 20th - century classical music and continues today. However, many clarinetists and conductors prefer to play parts originally written for obscure instruments on B ♭ or E ♭ clarinets, which are often of better quality and more prevalent and accessible.
The clarinet is widely used as a solo instrument. The relatively late evolution of the clarinet (when compared to other orchestral woodwinds) has left solo repertoire from the Classical period and later, but few works from the Baroque era. Many clarinet concertos have been written to showcase the instrument, with the concerti by Mozart, Copland, and Weber being well known.
Many works of chamber music have also been written for the clarinet. Common combinations are:
The clarinet was originally a central instrument in jazz, beginning with the New Orleans players in the 1910s. It remained a signature instrument of jazz music through much of the big band era into the 1940s. American players Alphonse Picou, Larry Shields, Jimmie Noone, Johnny Dodds, and Sidney Bechet were all pioneers of the instrument in jazz. The B ♭ soprano was the most common instrument, but a few early jazz musicians such as Louis Nelson Delisle and Alcide Nunez preferred the C soprano, and many New Orleans jazz brass bands have used E ♭ soprano.
Swing clarinetists such as Benny Goodman, Artie Shaw, and Woody Herman led successful big bands and smaller groups from the 1930s onward. Duke Ellington, active from the 1920s to the 1970s, used the clarinet as lead instrument in his works, with several players of the instrument (Barney Bigard, Jimmy Hamilton, and Russell Procope) spending a significant portion of their careers in his orchestra. Harry Carney, primarily Ellington 's baritone saxophonist, occasionally doubled on bass clarinet. Meanwhile, Pee Wee Russell had a long and successful career in small groups.
With the decline of the big bands ' popularity in the late 1940s, the clarinet faded from its prominent position in jazz. By that time, an interest in Dixieland or traditional New Orleans jazz had revived; Pete Fountain was one of the best known performers in this genre. Bob Wilber, active since the 1950s, is a more eclectic jazz clarinetist, playing in several classic jazz styles. During the 1950s and 1960s, Britain underwent a surge in the popularity of what was termed ' Trad jazz '. In 1956 the British clarinetist Acker Bilk founded his own ensemble. Several singles recorded by Bilk reached the British pop charts, including the ballad "Stranger on the Shore ''.
The clarinet 's place in the jazz ensemble was usurped by the saxophone, which projects a more powerful sound and uses a less complicated fingering system. The requirement for an increased speed of execution in modern jazz also did not favour the clarinet, but the clarinet did not entirely disappear. A few players such as Buddy DeFranco, Tony Scott, and Jimmy Giuffre emerged during the 1950s playing bebop or other styles. A little later, Eric Dolphy (on bass clarinet), Perry Robinson, John Carter, Theo Jörgensmann, and others used the clarinet in free jazz. The French composer and clarinetist Jean - Christian Michel initiated a jazz - classical cross-over on the clarinet with the drummer Kenny Clarke.
In the U.S., the prominent players on the instrument since the 1980s have included Eddie Daniels, Don Byron, Marty Ehrlich, and others playing the clarinet in more contemporary contexts.
The clarinet is uncommon, but not unheard of, in rock music. Jerry Martini played clarinet on Sly and the Family Stone 's 1968 hit, "Dance to the Music ''; Don Byron, a founder of the Black Rock Coalition who was a member of hard rock guitarist Vernon Reid 's band, plays clarinet on the Mistaken Identity album (1996). The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Radiohead, Aerosmith, Billy Joel, and Tom Waits have also all used clarinet on occasion. A clarinet is prominently featured for two different solos in Breakfast in America, the title song from the Supertramp album of the same name.
Clarinets feature prominently in klezmer music, which entails a distinctive style of playing. The use of quarter - tones requires a different embouchure. Some klezmer musicians prefer Albert system clarinets.
The popular Brazilian music styles of choro and samba use the clarinet. Prominent contemporary players include Paulo Moura, Naylor ' Proveta ' Azevedo, Paulo Sérgio dos Santos and Cuban born Paquito D'Rivera.
Even though it has been adopted recently in Albanian folklore (around the 18th century), the clarinet, or gërneta as it is called, is one of the most important instruments in Albania, especially in the central and southern areas. The clarinet plays a crucial role in saze (folk) ensembles that perform in weddings and other celebrations. It is worth mentioning that the kaba (an instrumental Albanian Isopolyphony included in UNESCO 's intangible cultural heritage list) is characteristic of these ensembles. Prominent Albanian clarinet players include Selim Leskoviku, Gaqo Lena, Remzi Lela (Çobani), Laver Bariu (Ustai), and Nevruz Nure (Lulushi i Korçës).
The clarinet is prominent in Bulgarian wedding music also; it is an offshoot of Roma / Romani traditional music. Ivo Papazov is a well - known clarinetist in this genre. In Moravian dulcimer bands, the clarinet is usually the only wind instrument among string instruments.
In old - town folk music in the Republic of Macedonia (called čalgija ("чалгија '')), the clarinet has the most important role in wedding music; clarinet solos mark the high point of dancing euphoria. One of the most renowned Macedonian clarinet players is Tale Ognenovski, who gained worldwide fame for his virtuosity.
In Greece, the clarinet (usually referred to as "κλαρίνο '' -- "clarino '') is prominent in traditional music, especially in central, northwest and northern Greece (Thessaly, Epirus and Macedonia). The double - reed zurna was the dominant woodwind instrument before the clarinet arrived in the country, although many Greeks regard the clarinet as a native instrument. Traditional dance music, wedding music and laments include a clarinet soloist and quite often improvisations. Petroloukas Chalkias is a famous clarinetist in this genre.
The instrument is equally famous in Turkey, especially the lower - pitched clarinet in G. The western European clarinet crossed via Turkey to Arabic music, where it is widely used in Arabic pop, especially if the intention of the arranger is to imitate the Turkish style.
Also in Turkish folk music, a clarinet - like woodwind instrument, the sipsi, is used. However, it is far more rare than the soprano clarinet and is mainly limited to folk music of the Aegean Region.
Groups of clarinets playing together have become increasingly popular among clarinet enthusiasts in recent years. Common forms are:
Clarinet choirs and quartets often play arrangements of both classical and popular music, in addition to a body of literature specially written for a combination of clarinets by composers such as Arnold Cooke, Alfred Uhl, Lucien Caillet and Václav Nelhýbel.
There is a family of many differently pitched clarinet types, some of which are very rare. The following are the most important sizes, from highest to lowest:
(Sopranino clarinet in E ♭)
(Sopranino clarinet in D)
(Soprano clarinet in C)
(Soprano clarinet in B ♭)
(Soprano clarinet in A)
EEE ♭ and BBB ♭ octocontra - alto and octocontrabass clarinets have also been built. There have also been soprano clarinets in C, A, and B ♭ with curved barrels and bells marketed under the names saxonette, claribel, and clariphon.
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who played the leprechaun in leprechaun in the hood | Leprechaun in the Hood - wikipedia
Leprechaun in the Hood is a 2000 American comedy horror film directed by Rob Spera and the fifth installment in the Leprechaun series. It was released straight to video on March 28, 2000 and the last film in the series to be released by Trimark Pictures.
The film was followed by Leprechaun: Back 2 tha Hood (2003).
Los Angeles rap artists Postmaster P. (Anthony Montgomery), Stray Bullet (Rashaan Nall) and Butch (Red Grant) accidentally free a Leprechaun (Warwick Davis) that was imprisoned by record producer Mac Daddy O'Nassas (Ice - T) 20 years earlier. The Leprechaun hunts the friends in order to recover his magic flute, which places listeners of its tune in a euphoric trance. After killing some people, such as a reverend, DJ artists, and a hot girl, the Leprechaun reaches the three friends at Postmaster P. 's home. When the rap artists and the Leprechaun engage in a fight, the Leprechaun kills Stray Bullet by making him shoot himself in the mouth with his own pistol while Postmaster P. and Butch stare in horror. Butch visits Postmaster P. at his grandma 's house and convinces him to use a joint laced with four - leaf clovers to strip the Leprechaun of his powers in order to steal back the flute.
Postmaster P. and Butch then visit the club in which the Leprechaun has taken up residence. In order to gain entry they dress in drag. Postmaster P then disenchants the Zombie Fly Girls by having them smoke one of the joints laced with clovers. The duo then goes upstairs to find the Leprechaun who wants the dragged up Postmaster P. to give him a blowjob. Before proceeding any further, the Leprechaun smokes the clover laced joint and passes out. The rap artists take the flute and head downstairs where Mac Daddy shoots Butch, killing him. Postmaster P. retaliates by shooting Mac Daddy three times. No longer under the effects of clover, the Leprechaun comes downstairs and uses magic to pin Postmaster P. against a girder. Postmaster P. then distracts the Leprechaun, allowing the bullet - ridden Mac Daddy to hit the Leprechaun with a wooden chair. Immediately, the Leprechaun uses magic to explode Mac Daddy 's torso, but with the last of his strength, Mac Daddy throws the magic amulet in the air.
Cut to a dark stage with much fog and a silhouetted Postmaster P. rapping about how he 's finally made it. He moves to the forefront where his eyes are hidden behind sunglasses. He removes the sunglasses to show that his irises glow a neon green, which indicates that he is under the Leprechaun 's spell. The camera pans to the front row, in which the Leprechaun sits wearing the same glasses as Postmaster P.
The film ends with the Leprechaun rapping about being an evil Irish leprechaun.
The film received a negative critical reception, and currently holds a 33 % approval rating, the highest for any film in the series, on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on six reviews. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote that a hip - hop themed sequel in the film series was "inevitable '' and the result is "intermittently amusing ''. Mike Flaherty of Entertainment Weekly rated it B+ and wrote, "Bloody, broad, and comically brutal, it 's blaxploitation at its best. '' Kevin Archibald of IGN rated it 6 / 10 stars and called it "really dumb, but entertaining ''. Scott Weinberg of eFilmCritic rated it 1 / 5 stars and wrote, "There 's simply nothing to recommend here even a little. ''
E! Online ranked it eighth in their Top 10 High - Larious Stoner Movies.
Warwick Davis was nominated for the Video Business Video Premiere Award for best actor in a direct - to - video release.
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meaning of the five rings of the olympic games | Olympic symbols - wikipedia
The Olympic symbols are icons, flags and symbols used by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) to elevate the Olympic Games. Some -- such as the flame, fanfare, and theme -- are more commonly used during Olympic competition, but others, such as the flags, can be seen throughout the years.
The Olympic motto is the hendiatris Citius, Altius, Fortius, which is Latin for "Faster, Higher, Stronger ''. It was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin upon the creation of the International Olympic Committee in 1894. Coubertin borrowed it from his friend Henri Didon, a Dominican priest who was an athletics enthusiast. Coubertin said "These three words represent a programme of moral beauty. The aesthetics of sport are intangible. '' The motto was introduced in 1924 at the Olympic Games in Paris. A more informal but well - known motto, also introduced by Coubertin, is "The most important thing is not to win but to take part! '' Coubertin got this motto from a sermon by the Bishop of Pennsylvania during the 1908 London Games.
The rings are five interlocking rings, coloured blue, yellow, black, green, and red on a white field, known as the "Olympic rings ''. The symbol was originally designed in 1912 by de Coubertin. He appears to have intended the rings to represent the five participating regions: Africa, Asia, America, Oceania and Europe. According to Coubertin, the colours of the rings together with the white of the background included the colours composing every competing nation 's flag at the time. Upon its initial introduction, Coubertin stated the following in the August 1912 edition of Olympique:
... the six colours (including the flag 's white background) combined in this way reproduce the colours of every country without exception. The blue and yellow of Sweden, the blue and white of Greece, the tricolour flags of France, England, the United States, Germany, Belgium, Italy and Hungary, and the yellow and red of Spain are included, as are the innovative flags of Brazil and Australia, and those of ancient Japan and modern China. This, truly, is an international emblem.
In his article published in the Olympic Revue the official magazine of the International Olympic Committee in November 1992, the American historian Robert Barney explains that the idea of the interlaced rings came to Pierre de Coubertin when he was in charge of the USFSA, an association founded by the union of two French sports associations and until 1925, responsible for representing the International Olympic Committee in France: The emblem of the union was two interlaced rings (like the vesica piscis typical interlaced marriage rings) and originally the idea of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung: for him, the ring symbolized continuity and the human being.
The 1914 Congress was suspended due to the outbreak of World War I, but the symbol and flag were later adopted. They would first officially debut at the Games of the VII Olympiad in Antwerp, Belgium, in 1920.
The symbol 's popularity and widespread use began during the lead - up to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. Carl Diem, president of the Organizing Committee of the 1936 Summer Olympics, wanted to hold a torchbearers ' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held. For this reason he ordered construction of a milestone with the Olympic rings carved in the sides, and that a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. The ceremony was celebrated but the stone was never removed. Later, two American authors, Lynn and Gray Poole, when visiting Delphi in the late 1950s, saw the stone and reported in their History of the Ancient Games that the Olympic rings design came from ancient Greece. This has become known as "Carl Diem 's Stone ''. This created a myth that the symbol had an ancient Greek origin.
The current view of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is that the symbol "reinforces the idea '' that the Olympic Movement is international and welcomes all countries of the world to join. As can be read in the Olympic Charter, the Olympic symbol represents the union of the "five continents '' of the world and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. However, no continent is represented by any specific ring. Prior to 1951, the official handbook stated that each colour corresponded to a particular continent: blue for Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Australia and Oceania and red for the Americas; this was removed because there was no evidence that Coubertin had intended it (the quotation above was probably an afterthought). Nevertheless, the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour.
The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925.
The Olympic flag has a white background, with five interlaced rings in the centre: blue, yellow, black, green and red. This design is symbolic; it represents the five continents of the world, united by Olympism, while the six colours are those that appear on all the national flags of the world at the present time.
There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games. During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host, where it will then be taken to the new host and displayed at city hall. These flags should not be confused with the larger Olympic flags designed and created specifically for each games, which are flown over the host stadium and then retired. Because there is no specific flag for this purpose, the flags flown over the stadiums generally have subtle differences, including minor color variations, and, more noticeably, the presence (or lack) of white outlines around each ring.
The first Olympic flag was presented to the Jr National Olympics at the 1920 Summer Olympics by the city of Antwerp, Belgium. At the end of the Games, the flag could not be found and a new Olympic flag had to be made for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. Despite it being a replacement, the IOC officially still calls this the "Antwerp Flag '' instead of the "Paris Flag ''. It was passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics or Winter Olympics until the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, when a separate Olympic flag was created to be used only at the Winter Olympics (see below). The 1924 flag then continued to be used at the Summer Olympics until the Games of Seoul 1988 when it was retired.
In 1997, at a banquet hosted by the US Olympic Committee, a reporter was interviewing Hal Haig Prieste who had won a bronze medal in platform diving as a member of the 1920 US Olympic team. The reporter mentioned that the IOC had not been able to find out what had happened to the original Olympic flag. "I can help you with that, '' Prieste said, "It 's in my suitcase. '' At the end of the Antwerp Olympics, spurred on by teammate Duke Kahanamoku, he climbed a flagpole and stole the Olympic flag. For 77 years the flag was stored away in the bottom of his suitcase. The flag was returned to the IOC by Prieste, by then 103 years old, in a special ceremony held at the 2000 Games in Sydney. The original Antwerp Flag is now on display at the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland, with a plaque thanking him for donating it.
The Oslo flag was presented to the IOC by the mayor of Oslo, Norway, during the 1952 Winter Olympics. Since then, it has been passed to the next organizing city for the Winter Olympics. Currently, the actual Oslo flag is kept preserved in a special box, and a replica has been used during recent closing ceremonies instead.
As a successor to the Antwerp Flag, the Seoul flag was presented to the IOC at the 1988 Summer Olympics by the city of Seoul, South Korea, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics. The Seoul flag is currently on display at the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building.
As a successor to the Seoul Flag, the Rio flag was presented to the IOC at the 2016 Summer Olympics by the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Summer Olympics, Tokyo.
For the inaugural Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was created for the junior version of the Games. The flag is similar to the Olympic flag, but has the host city and year on it and was first presented to Singapore by IOC President Jacques Rogge. During the closing ceremony on 26 August 2010, Singapore officials presented it to the next organizing committee, Nanjing 2014.
For the inaugural winter Youth Olympic Games, an Olympic flag was presented to the IOC at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics by the city of Innsbruck, Austria, and has since then been passed on to the next organizing city of the Winter Youth Olympics.
The modern tradition of moving the Olympic flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue began with the Berlin Games in 1936. Months before the Games are held, the Olympic flame is lit on a torch, with the rays of the Sun concentrated by a parabolic reflector, at the site of the Ancient Olympics in Olympia, Greece. The torch is then taken out of Greece, most often to be taken around the country or continent where the Games are held. The Olympic torch is carried by athletes, leaders, celebrities, and ordinary people alike, and at times in unusual conditions, such as being electronically transmitted via satellite for Montreal 1976, submerged underwater without being extinguished for Sydney 2000, or in space and at the North Pole for Sochi 2014. On the final day of the torch relay, the day of the Opening Ceremony, the Flame reaches the main stadium and is used to light a cauldron situated in a prominent part of the venue to signify the beginning of the Games.
The Olympic medals awarded to winners are another symbol associated with the Olympic games. The medals are made of gold - plated silver -- for the gold medals -- silver, or bronze, and are awarded to the top three finishers in a particular event. Each medal for an Olympiad has a common design, decided upon by the organizers for the particular games. From 1928 until 2000, the obverse side of the medals contained an image of Nike, the traditional goddess of victory, holding a palm in her left hand and a winner 's crown in her right. This design was created by Giuseppe Cassioli. For each Olympic games, the reverse side as well as the labels for each Olympiad changed, reflecting the host of the games.
In 2004, the obverse side of the medals changed to make more explicit reference to the Greek character of the games. In this design, the goddess Nike flies into the Panathenic stadium, reflecting the renewal of the games. The design was by Greek jewelry designer Elena Votsi.
Olympic diplomas are given to competitors placing fourth, fifth, and sixth since 1949, and to competitors placing seventh and eighth since 1981.
The "Olympic Hymn '', officially known as the "Olympic Anthem '', is played when the Olympic flag is raised. It was composed by Spyridon Samaras with words from a poem of the Greek poet and writer Kostis Palamas. Both the poet and the composer were the choice of Demetrius Vikelas, a Greek Pro-European and the first President of the IOC. The anthem was performed for the first time for the ceremony of opening of the 1896 Athens Olympic Games but was n't declared the official hymn by the IOC until 1958. In the following years, every hosting nation commissioned the composition of a specific Olympic hymn for their own edition of the Games until the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley.
Other notable Olympic anthems and fanfares include:
Several other composers have contributed Olympic music, including Henry Mancini, Francis Lai, Marvin Hamlisch, Philip Glass, David Foster, Mikis Theodorakis, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Vangelis, Basil Poledouris, Michael Kamen, and Mark Watters.it had oath too: we swear that we will take part in the Olympic Games in loyal competition, respecting the regulations which govern them and desirous of participating in them in the true spirit of sportsmanship for the honour of our country and for the glory of sports.
The kotinos (Greek: κότινος), is an olive branch, originally of wild olive - tree, intertwined to form a circle or a horse - shoe, introduced by Heracles. In the ancient Olympic Games there were no gold, silver, or bronze medals. There was only one winner per event, crowned with an olive wreath made of wild olive leaves from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia. Aristophanes in Plutus makes a sensible remark as to why victorious athletes are crowned with a wreath made of wild olive instead of gold. The victorious athletes were honoured, feted, and praised. Their deeds were heralded and chronicled so that future generations could appreciate their accomplishments.
Herodotus describes the following story which is relevant to the olive wreath. Xerxes was interrogating some Arcadians after the Battle of Thermopylae. He inquired why there were so few Greek men defending Thermopylae. The answer was "All other men are participating in the Olympic Games ''. And when asked "What is the prize for the winner? '', "An olive - wreath '' came the answer. Then Tigranes, one of his generals uttered a most noble saying: "Good heavens! Mardonius, what kind of men are these against whom you have brought us to fight? Men who do not compete for possessions, but for honour. ''
However, in later times, this was not their only reward; the athlete was rewarded with a generous sum of money by his country. The kotinos tradition was renewed specifically for the Athens 2004 Games, although in this case it was bestowed together with the gold medal. Apart from its use in the awards ceremonies, the kotinos was chosen as the 2004 Summer Olympics emblem.
The Olympic salute is a variant of the Roman salute, with the right arm and hand stretched and pointing upward, the palm outward and downward, with the fingers touching. However, unlike the Roman Salute, the arm is raised higher and at an angle to the right from the shoulder. The greeting is visible on the official posters of the games at Paris 1924 and Berlin 1936.
The Olympic salute has fallen out of use since World War II because of its strong resemblance to the Nazi salute. It was used for the last time by the French team in the opening ceremony of the 1948 Winter Olympics.
Since the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, the Olympic Games have had a mascot, usually an animal native to the area or occasionally human figures representing the cultural heritage. The first major mascot in the Olympic Games was Misha in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Misha was used extensively during the opening and closing ceremonies, had a TV animated cartoon and appeared on several merchandise products. Nowadays, most of the merchandise aimed at young people focuses on the mascots, rather than the Olympic flag or organization logos.
The Olympic movement is very protective of its symbols; as many jurisdictions have given the movement exclusive trademark rights to any interlocking arrangement of five rings, and usage of the word "Olympic ''. The rings are not eligible for copyright protection, both because of their date of creation and because five circles arranged in a pattern do not reach the threshold of originality required to be copyrighted.
The movement has taken action against numerous groups alleged to have violated their trademarks, including the Gay Games; the Minneapolis - based band The Hopefuls, formerly The Olympic Hopefuls; the Redneck Olympics or Redneck Games; Awana Clubs International, a Christian youth ministry who used the term for its competitive games; and Wizards of the Coast, publisher at the time of the IOC 's complaint of the card game Legend of the Five Rings.
In 1938, the Norwegian brewery Frydenlund patented a label for its root beer which featured the five Olympic rings. In 1952, when Norway was to host the Winter Olympics, the Olympic Committee was notified by Norway 's Patent Office that it was Frydenlund who owned the rights to the rings in that country. Today, the successor company Ringnes AS owns the rights to use the patented five rings on its root beer. In addition, a few other companies have been successful in using the Olympic name, such as Olympic Paint, which has a paintbrush in the form of a torch as its logo, and the former Greek passenger carrier Olympic Airlines.
Certain other sporting organizations and events have been granted permission by the IOC to use the word "Olympics '' in their name, such as the Special Olympics, an international sporting event held every four years for people with intellectual disabilities.
In recent years, organizing committees have also demanded the passing of laws to combat ambush marketing by non-official sponsors during the Games -- such as the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006 -- putting heavy restrictions on using any term or imagery that could constitute an unauthorized association with the games, including mere mentioning of the host city, the year, and others.
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i got the moves baby you got the motion | Causing a Commotion - wikipedia
"Causing a Commotion '' is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack to the 1987 film Who 's That Girl. It was released as the album 's second single on August 25, 1987 by Sire Records. Its Silver Screen Single Mix later appeared on the 1991 UK compilation EP The Holiday Collection. Written and produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray, the song was inspired by Madonna 's relationship with then husband Sean Penn, and his abusive and violent nature. Containing a dance - oriented, up - tempo groove, the song begins with the chorus and is accompanied by a four - note descending bassline and staccato chords in the verse.
Since its release, the song has received mixed reviews by critics. It became a top - ten hit in the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom, and topped the Billboard US dance chart. Madonna performed the song on the Who 's That Girl World Tour -- which was transmitted via satellite to the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards -- and the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990. The performances were included in the home video release of the tours.
In 1986, Madonna was shooting for her third motion picture Who 's That Girl, known at the time as Slammer. Needing songs for the soundtrack of the movie, she contacted Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray, with whom she had written and produced her third studio album True Blue in 1986. The song was written and produced by Madonna and Bray for the film 's soundtrack. It was inspired by her then husband Sean Penn and their often tumultuous relationship. Madonna felt that her marriage to Penn was on the verge of breaking up, due to Penn 's abusive and violent nature. That translated as the inspiration behind the song. In a Rolling Stone article dated September 10, 1987, Madonna spoke about Penn 's impact on her life,
"I do n't like violence. I never condone hitting anyone, and I never thought that any violence should have taken place. But on the other hand, I understood Sean 's anger and believe me, I have wanted to hit them (the paparazzi) many times. I never would, you know, because I realize that it would just make things worse. ''
In the United States, "Causing a Commotion '' was released in August 1987. In the United Kingdom, the song was released just before the commencement of Madonna 's 1987 Who 's That Girl World Tour in October. In 1991, the Silver Screen Single Mix of the song was included on Madonna 's The Holiday Collection EP.
"Causing a Commotion '' was recorded and mixed by Bray along with Shep Pettibone who also did additional production on the track. Junior Vasquez was the mixing engineer along with Steve Peck; the former also did the audio editing. Background vocals were provided by Donna De Lory and Niki Haris. "Causing a Commotion '' has a dancey, up - tempo groove in it. The musical arrangement consists of a number of hooks interpolating with each other. It begins with the chorus, where Madonna sings the line "I 've got the moves baby, You 've got the motion, If we got together we be causing a commotion. '' The verses are accompanied by a four - note descending bassline and interjecting staccato chords.
The lyrics make reference to Madonna 's 1985 single "Into the Groove '' and have three parts to the vocal harmony. Andrzej Ciuk, one of the editors of the book Exploring Space noted that the proverbial status of the phrase "opposites attract '' as a defining key ingredient of cultural concept of "love '' and this was evident also in the song with the lyrics: "You met your match when you met me, I know that you 'll disagree its crazy, But opposites attract you 'll see, And I wo n't let you get away so easy ''.
The song received generally mixed reviews. Rikky Rooksby, author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, said that the song was "Perfectly acceptable, though not in the same class as ' Who 's That Girl '. '' Christian Wright from Spin called the song celebratory. Camille Paglia, one of the authors of The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, said that Madonna 's command of massive, resonant basslines impressed her. She wrote: "I recall my stunned admiration as I sat in the theater in 1987 and first experienced the crashing, descending chords of Madonna 's ' Causing a Commotion ', which opened her dreadful movie Who 's That Girl. If you want to hear the essence of modernity, listen to those chords, infernal, apocalyptic, and grossly sensual. This is the authentic voice of fin de siècle. '' Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented that "Causing a Commotion '' and "Who 's That Girl '' were not among Madonna 's best singles.
"Causing a Commotion '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart at number 41 the week of September 12, 1987, as "Who 's That Girl '' was descending from the top ten. The single quickly climbed up the chart, ultimately peaking at number two the week of October 24, 1987, the same week Michael Jackson 's "Bad '' advanced to the pole position. It remained in the runner - up position for three weeks, before descending from the chart. "Causing a Commotion '' reached the top 40 of the Adult Contemporary chart of Billboard and reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Play chart. In Canada, the song debuted at number 90, on the RPM singles chart on September 19, 1987. After six weeks, the song reached a peak of number two on the chart. It was present for a total of 31 weeks and ranked at number 47 on the RPM Year - end chart for 1987.
In the United Kingdom, "Causing a Commotion '' was released on September 19, 1987. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number seven, and peaked at number four. The song was present for a total of nine weeks. According to the Official Charts Company, the song has sold 230,000 copies there. In Germany, the song debuted on the Media Control Charts at number 66 on September 29, 1987, reaching a peak of number 14 in its third week, and spending 12 weeks on the chart. The song reached the top ten in Australia and the European Hot 100 Singles, peaking at number seven and three respectively. Elsewhere, the song reached the top ten in Belgium, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand and Switzerland and the top 20 in Austria, Norway and Sweden.
Madonna performed "Causing a Commotion '' on the Who 's That Girl World Tour of 1987 and the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990. In the Who 's That Girl World Tour, "Causing a Commotion '' was the sixth song of the setlist. Collaborating with Marlene Stewart on the clothes for the tour, Madonna expanded on the idea of bringing her video characters to life and to display a gangster theme for the song. She wore a golden lamé jacket and performed the song while accompanied by two dancers, each holding a gun. Performances of the song on this tour can be found on the Who 's That Girl: Live in Japan video, filmed in Tokyo, Japan, on June 22, 1987, and on the Ciao Italia: Live from Italy video, filmed in Turin, Italy, on September 4, 1987. The latter performance was transmitted via satellite on the 1987 MTV Video Music Awards.
On the Blond Ambition World Tour, the song was performed as the third song of the set list. The outfit she wore for the performance was described by Carol Clerk, author of Madonnastyle, as the "perfect visual combination of masculine and feminine ''. It consisted of a double - breasted suit with a tight jacket, which was cut in slits, allowing her conical bra to point through. She also wore her characteristic monocle chain. Madonna wore heavy makeup with thick, blackened eyebrows and heavy application of dark liner. As she finished the performance of "Open Your Heart '', Madonna opened the jacket and started to simulate sexual intercourse with one of her dancers while playing the dominant role. It was followed by an exhibitionist dance routine with a chair as a prop and Madonna singing the song. The performance ended with Madonna wrestling with her female backup singers. Two different performances were released on video: the Blond Ambition Japan Tour 90, taped in Yokohama, Japan, on April 27, 1990, and the Blond Ambition World Tour Live, taped in Nice, France, on August 5, 1990.
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes.
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define judicial review. explain how the power of judicial review developed | Judicial review - wikipedia
Judicial review is a process under which executive and (in some countries) legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. A court with judicial review power may invalidate laws and decisions that are incompatible with a higher authority; an executive decision may be invalidated for being unlawful or a statute may be invalidated for violating the terms of a written constitution. Judicial review is one of the checks and balances in the separation of powers: the power of the judiciary to supervise the legislative and executive branches when the latter exceed their authority. The doctrine varies between jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ between and within countries.
Judicial review can be understood in the context of two distinct -- but parallel -- legal systems, civil law and common law, and also by two distinct theories of democracy regarding the manner in which government should be organized with respect to the principles and doctrines of legislative supremacy and the separation of powers.
First, two distinct legal systems, civil law and common law, have different views about judicial review. Common - law judges are seen as sources of law, capable of creating new legal principles, and also capable of rejecting legal principles that are no longer valid. In the civil - law tradition, judges are seen as those who apply the law, with no power to create (or destroy) legal principles.
Secondly, the idea of separation of powers is another theory about how a democratic society 's government should be organized. In contrast to legislative supremacy, the idea of separation of powers was first introduced by Montesquieu; it was later institutionalized in the United States by the Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison under the court of John Marshall. Separation of powers is based on the idea that no branch of government should be able to exert power over any other branch without due process of law; each branch of government should have a check on the powers of the other branches of government, thus creating a regulative balance among all branches of government. The key to this idea is checks and balances. In the United States, judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary.
Differences in organizing "democratic '' societies led to different views regarding judicial review, with societies based on common law and those stressing a separation of powers being the most likely to utilize judicial review. Nevertheless, many countries whose legal systems are based on the idea of legislative supremacy have learned the possible dangers and limitations of entrusting power exclusively to the legislative branch of government. Many countries with civil - law systems have adopted a form of judicial review to stem the tyranny of the majority.
Another reason why judicial review should be understood in the context of both the development of two distinct legal systems (civil law and common law) and two theories of democracy (legislative supremacy and separation of powers) is that some countries with common - law systems do not have judicial review of primary legislation. Though a common - law system is present in the United Kingdom, the country still has a strong attachment to the idea of legislative supremacy; consequently, judges in the United Kingdom do not have the power to strike down primary legislation. However, since the United Kingdom became a member of the European Union there has been tension between its tendency toward legislative supremacy and the EU 's legal system, which specifically gives the Court of Justice of the European Union the power of judicial review.
Most modern legal systems allow the courts to review administrative acts (individual decisions of a public body, such as a decision to grant a subsidy or to withdraw a residence permit). In most systems, this also includes review of secondary legislation (legally enforceable rules of general applicability adopted by administrative bodies). Some countries (notably France and Germany) have implemented a system of administrative courts which are charged with resolving disputes between members of the public and the administration. In other countries (including the United States and United Kingdom), judicial review is carried out by regular civil courts although it may be delegated to specialized panels within these courts (such as the Administrative Court within the High Court of England and Wales). The United States employs a mixed system in which some administrative decisions are reviewed by the United States district courts (which are the general trial courts), some are reviewed directly by the United States courts of appeals and others are reviewed by specialized tribunals such as the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims (which, despite its name, is not technically part of the federal judicial branch). It is quite common that before a request for judicial review of an administrative act is filed with a court, certain preliminary conditions (such as a complaint to the authority itself) must be fulfilled. In most countries, the courts apply special procedures in administrative cases.
There are three broad approaches to judicial review of the constitutionality of primary legislation -- that is, laws passed directly by an elected legislature.
Some countries do not permit a review of the validity of primary legislation. In the United Kingdom, statutes can not be set aside under the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. Another example is the Netherlands, where the constitution expressly forbids the courts to rule on the question of constitutionality of primary legislation.
In the United States, federal and state courts (at all levels, both appellate and trial) are able to review and declare the "constitutionality '', or agreement with the Constitution (or lack thereof) of legislation by a process of judicial interpretation that is relevant to any case properly within their jurisdiction. In American legal language, "judicial review '' refers primarily to the adjudication of constitutionality of statutes, especially by the Supreme Court of the United States. This is commonly held to have been established in the case of Marbury v. Madison, which was argued before the Supreme Court in 1803. A similar system was also adopted in Australia.
In 1920, Czechoslovakia adopted a system of judicial review by a specialized court, the Constitutional Court as written by Hans Kelsen, a leading jurist of the time. This system was later adopted by Austria and became known as the Austrian System, also under the primary authorship of Hans Kelsen, being emulated by a number of other countries. In these systems, other courts are not competent to question the constitutionality of primary legislation; they often may, however, initiate the process of review by the Constitutional Court.
Russia adopts a mixed model since (as in the US) courts at all levels, both federal and state, are empowered to review primary legislation and declare its constitutionality; as in the Czech Republic, there is a constitutional court in charge of reviewing the constitutionality of primary legislation. The difference is that in the first case, the decision about the law ′ s adequacy to the Russian Constitution only binds the parties to the lawsuit; in the second, the Court 's decision must be followed by judges and government officials at all levels.
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which of the following is earned value management (evm | Earned value Management - wikipedia
Earned value management (EVM), earned value project management, or earned value performance management (EVPM) is a project management technique for measuring project performance and progress in an objective manner.
Earned value management is a project management technique for measuring project performance and progress. It has the ability to combine measurements of the project management triangle: scope, time, and costs.
In a single integrated system, earned value management is able to provide accurate forecasts of project performance problems, which is an important contribution for project management.
Early EVM research showed that the areas of planning and control are significantly impacted by its use; and similarly, using the methodology improves both scope definition as well as the analysis of overall project performance. More recent research studies have shown that the principles of EVM are positive predictors of project success. Popularity of EVM has grown in recent years beyond government contracting, a sector in which its importance continues to rise (e.g. recent new DFARS rules), in part because EVM can also surface in and help substantiate contract disputes.
Essential features of any EVM implementation include:
EVM implementations for large or complex projects include many more features, such as indicators and forecasts of cost performance (over budget or under budget) and schedule performance (behind schedule or ahead of schedule). However, the most basic requirement of an EVM system is that it quantifies progress using PV and EV.
Project A has been approved for a duration of one year and with the budget of X. It was also planned that the project spends 50 % of the approved budget in the first six months. If now, six months after the start of the project, a project manager would report that he has spent 50 % of the budget, one can initially think, that the project is perfectly on plan. However, in reality the provided information is not sufficient to come to such a conclusion. The project can spend 50 % of the budget, whilst finishing only 25 % of the work, which would mean the project is not doing well; or the project can spend 50 % of the budget, whilst completing 75 % of the work, which would mean that project is doing better than planned. EVM is meant to address such and similar issues.
EVM emerged as a financial analysis specialty in United States Government programs in the 1960s, but it has since become a significant branch of project management and cost engineering. Project management research investigating the contribution of EVM to project success suggests a moderately strong positive relationship. Implementations of EVM can be scaled to fit projects of all sizes and complexities.
The genesis of EVM occurred in industrial manufacturing at the turn of the 20th century, based largely on the principle of "earned time '' popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, but the concept took root in the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s. The original concept was called PERT / COST, but it was considered overly burdensome (not very adaptable) by contractors whom were mandated to use it, and many variations of it began to proliferate among various procurement programs. In 1967, the DoD established a criterion - based approach, using a set of 35 criteria, called the Cost / Schedule Control Systems Criteria (C / SCSC). In the 1970s and early 1980s, a subculture of C / SCSC analysis grew, but the technique was often ignored or even actively resisted by project managers in both government and industry. C / SCSC was often considered a financial control tool that could be delegated to analytical specialists.
In 1979, EVM was introduced to the architecture and engineering industry in a "Public Works Magazine '' article by David Burstein, a project manager with a national engineering firm. This technique has been taught ever since as part of the project management training program presented by PSMJ Resources, an international training and consulting firm that specializes in the engineering and architecture industry.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, EVM emerged as a project management methodology to be understood and used by managers and executives, not just EVM specialists. In 1989, EVM leadership was elevated to the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, thus making EVM an element of program management and procurement. In 1991, Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney canceled the Navy A-12 Avenger II Program because of performance problems detected by EVM. This demonstrated conclusively that EVM mattered to secretary - level leadership. In the 1990s, many U.S. Government regulations were eliminated or streamlined. However, EVM not only survived the acquisition reform movement, but became strongly associated with the acquisition reform movement itself. Most notably, from 1995 to 1998, ownership of EVM criteria (reduced to 32) was transferred to industry by adoption of ANSI EIA 748 - A standard.
The use of EVM expanded beyond the U.S. Department of Defense. It was adopted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States Department of Energy and other technology - related agencies. Many industrialized nations also began to utilize EVM in their own procurement programs.
An overview of EVM was included in the Project Management Institute 's first PMBOK Guide in 1987 and was expanded in subsequent editions. In the most recent edition of the PMBOK guide, EVM is listed among the general tools and techniques for processes to control project costs.
The construction industry was an early commercial adopter of EVM. Closer integration of EVM with the practice of project management accelerated in the 1990s. In 1999, the Performance Management Association merged with the Project Management Institute (PMI) to become PMI 's first college, the College of Performance Management. The United States Office of Management and Budget began to mandate the use of EVM across all government agencies, and, for the first time, for certain internally managed projects (not just for contractors). EVM also received greater attention by publicly traded companies in response to the Sarbanes - Oxley Act of 2002.
In Australia EVM has been codified as standards AS 4817 - 2003 and AS 4817 - 2006.
It is helpful to see an example of project tracking that does not include earned value performance management. Consider a project that has been planned in detail, including a time - phased spend plan for all elements of work. Figure 1 shows the cumulative budget (cost) for this project as a function of time (the blue line, labeled PV). It also shows the cumulative actual cost of the project (red line, labeled AC) through week 8. To those unfamiliar with EVM, it might appear that this project was over budget through week 4 and then under budget from week 6 through week 8. However, what is missing from this chart is any understanding of how much work has been accomplished during the project. If the project was actually completed at week 8, then the project would actually be well under budget and well ahead of schedule. If, on the other hand, the project is only 10 % complete at week 8, the project is significantly over budget and behind schedule. A method is needed to measure technical performance objectively and quantitatively, and that is what EVM accomplishes.
Consider the same project, except this time the project plan includes pre-defined methods of quantifying the accomplishment of work. At the end of each week, the project manager identifies every detailed element of work that has been completed, and sums the EV for each of these completed elements. Earned value may be accumulated monthly, weekly, or as progress is made.
E V = ∑ S t a r t C u r r e n t P V (C o m p l e t e d) o r E V = b u d g e t a t C o m p l e t i o n (B A C) × A c t u a l % C o m p l e t e (\ textstyle (\ begin (aligned) \ mathrm (EV) & = \ sum _ (\ mathrm (Start)) ^ (\ mathrm (Current)) \ mathrm (PV (Completed)) \ quad \ mathrm (or) \ quad \ mathrm (EV) = \ mathrm (budget \, at \, Completion \, (BAC)) \ times \ mathrm (Actual \ % \, Complete) \ end (aligned)))
Figure 2 shows the EV curve (in green) along with the PV curve from Figure 1. The chart indicates that technical performance (i.e. progress) started more rapidly than planned, but slowed significantly and fell behind schedule at week 7 and 8. This chart illustrates the schedule performance aspect of EVM. It is complementary to critical path or critical chain schedule management.
Figure 3 shows the same EV curve (green) with the actual cost data from Figure 1 (in red). It can be seen that the project was actually under budget, relative to the amount of work accomplished, since the start of the project. This is a much better conclusion than might be derived from Figure 1.
Figure 4 shows all three curves together -- which is a typical EVM line chart. The best way to read these three - line charts is to identify the EV curve first, then compare it to PV (for schedule performance) and AC (for cost performance). It can be seen from this illustration that a true understanding of cost performance and schedule performance relies first on measuring technical performance objectively. This is the foundational principle of EVM.
The foundational principle of EVM, mentioned above, does not depend on the size or complexity of the project. However, the implementations of EVM can vary significantly depending on the circumstances. In many cases, organizations establish an all - or - nothing threshold; projects above the threshold require a full - featured (complex) EVM system and projects below the threshold are exempted. Another approach that is gaining favor is to scale EVM implementation according to the project at hand and skill level of the project team.
There are many more small and simple projects than there are large and complex ones, yet historically only the largest and most complex have enjoyed the benefits of EVM. Still, lightweight implementations of EVM are achievable by any person who has basic spreadsheet skills. In fact, spreadsheet implementations are an excellent way to learn basic EVM skills.
The first step is to define the work. This is typically done in a hierarchical arrangement called a work breakdown structure (WBS) although the simplest projects may use a simple list of tasks. In either case, it is important that the WBS or list be comprehensive. It is also important that the elements be mutually exclusive, so that work is easily categorized in one and only one element of work. The most detailed elements of a WBS hierarchy (or the items in a list) are called activities (or tasks).
The second step is to assign a value, called planned value (PV), to each activity. For large projects, PV is almost always an allocation of the total project budget, and may be in units of currency (e.g. dollar, euro or naira) or in labor hours, or both. However, in very simple projects, each activity may be assigned a weighted "point value '' which might not be a budget number. Assigning weighted values and achieving consensus on all PV quantities yields an important benefit of EVM, because it exposes misunderstandings and miscommunications about the scope of the project, and resolving these differences should always occur as early as possible. Some terminal elements can not be known (planned) in great detail in advance, and that is expected, because they can be further refined at a later time.
The third step is to define "earning rules '' for each activity. The simplest method is to apply just one earning rule, such as the 0 / 100 rule, to all activities. Using the 0 / 100 rule, no credit is earned for an element of work until it is finished. A related rule is called the 50 / 50 rule, which means 50 % credit is earned when an element of work is started, and the remaining 50 % is earned upon completion. Other fixed earning rules such as a 25 / 75 rule or 20 / 80 rule are gaining favor, because they assign more weight to finishing work than for starting it, but they also motivate the project team to identify when an element of work is started, which can improve awareness of work - in - progress. These simple earning rules work well for small or simple projects because generally each activity tends to be fairly short in duration.
These initial three steps define the minimal amount of planning for simplified EVM. The final step is to execute the project according to the plan and measure progress. When activities are started or finished, EV is accumulated according to the earning rule. This is typically done at regular intervals (e.g. weekly or monthly), but there is no reason why EV can not be accumulated in near real - time, when work elements are started / completed. In fact, waiting to update EV only once per month (simply because that is when cost data are available) only detracts from a primary benefit of using EVM, which is to create a technical performance scoreboard for the project team.
In a lightweight implementation such as described here, the project manager has not accumulated cost nor defined a detailed project schedule network (i.e. using a critical path or critical chain methodology). While such omissions are inappropriate for managing large projects, they are a common and reasonable occurrence in many very small or simple projects. Any project can benefit from using EV alone as a real - time score of progress. One useful result of this very simple approach (without schedule models and actual cost accumulation) is to compare EV curves of similar projects, as illustrated in Figure 5. In this example, the progress of three residential construction projects are compared by aligning the starting dates. If these three home construction projects were measured with the same PV valuations, the relative schedule performance of the projects can be easily compared.
The actual critical path is ultimately the determining factor of every project 's duration. Because earned value schedule metrics take no account of critical path data, big budget activities that are not on the critical path have the potential to dwarf the impact of performing small budget critical path activities. This can lead to "gaming '' the SV and SPI metrics by ignoring critical path activities in favor of big budget activities that may have lots of float. This can sometimes even lead to performing activities out - of - sequence just to improve the schedule tracking metrics, which can cause major problems with quality.
A simple two - step process has been suggested to fix this:
In this way, the distorting aspect of float would be eliminated. There would be no benefit to performing a non-critical activity with lots of float until it is due in proper sequence. Also, an activity would not generate a negative schedule variance until it had used up its float. Under this method, one way of gaming the schedule metrics would be eliminated. The only way of generating a positive schedule variance (or SPI over 1.0) would be by completing work on the current critical path ahead of schedule, which is in fact the only way for a project to get ahead of schedule.
In addition to managing technical and schedule performance, large and complex projects require that cost performance be monitored and reviewed at regular intervals. To measure cost performance, planned value (or BCWS - Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled) and earned value (or BCWP - Budgeted Cost of Work Performed) must be in units of currency (the same units that actual costs are measured.) In large implementations, the planned value curve is commonly called a Performance Measurement Baseline (PMB) and may be arranged in control accounts, summary - level planning packages, planning packages and work packages. In large projects, establishing control accounts is the primary method of delegating responsibility and authority to various parts of the performing organization. Control accounts are cells of a responsibility assignment (RACI) matrix, which is the intersection of the project WBS and the organizational breakdown structure (OBS). Control accounts are assigned to Control Account Managers (CAMs). Large projects require more elaborate processes for controlling baseline revisions, more thorough integration with subcontractor EVM systems, and more elaborate management of procured materials.
In the United States, the primary standard for full - featured EVM systems is the ANSI / EIA - 748A standard, published in May 1998 and reaffirmed in August 2002. The standard defines 32 criteria for full - featured EVM system compliance. As of the year 2007, a draft of ANSI / EIA - 748B, a revision to the original is available from ANSI. Other countries have established similar standards.
In addition to using BCWS and BCWP, prior to 1998 implementations often use the term actual cost of work performed (ACWP) instead of AC. Additional acronyms and formulas include:
Proponents of EVM note a number of issues with implementing it, and further limitations may be inherent to the concept itself.
Because EVM requires quantification of a project plan, it is often perceived to be inapplicable to discovery - driven or Agile software development projects. For example, it may be impossible to plan certain research projects far in advance, because research itself uncovers some opportunities (research paths) and actively eliminates others. However, another school of thought holds that all work can be planned, even if in weekly timeboxes or other short increments.
Traditional EVM is not intended for non-discrete (continuous) effort. In traditional EVM standards, non-discrete effort is called "level of effort '' (LOE). If a project plan contains a significant portion of LOE, and the LOE is intermixed with discrete effort, EVM results will be contaminated. This is another area of EVM research.
Traditional definitions of EVM typically assume that project accounting and project network schedule management are prerequisites to achieving any benefit from EVM. Many small projects do n't satisfy either of these prerequisites, but they too can benefit from EVM, as described for simple implementations, above. Other projects can be planned with a project network, but do not have access to true and timely actual cost data. In practice, the collection of true and timely actual cost data can be the most difficult aspect of EVM. Such projects can benefit from EVM, as described for intermediate implementations, above, and Earned Schedule.
As a means of overcoming objections to EVM 's lack of connection to qualitative performance issues, the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) PEO (A) organization initiated a project in the late 1990s to integrate true technical achievement into EVM projections by utilizing risk profiles. These risk profiles anticipate opportunities that may be revealed and possibly be exploited as development and testing proceeds. The published research resulted in a Technical Performance Management (TPM) methodology and software application that is still used by many DoD agencies in informing EVM estimates with technical achievement. The research was peer - reviewed and was the recipient of the Defense Acquisition University Acquisition Research Symposium 1997 Acker Award for excellence in the exchange of information in the field of acquisition research.
There is the difficulty inherent for any periodic monitoring of synchronizing data timing: actual deliveries, actual invoicing, and the date the EVM analysis is done are all independent, so that some items have arrived but their invoicing has not and by the time analysis is delivered the data will likely be weeks behind events. This may limit EVM to a less tactical or less definitive role where use is combined with other forms to explain why or add recent news and manage future expectations.
There is a measurement limitation for how precisely EVM can be used, stemming from classic conflict between accuracy and precision, as the mathematics can calculate deceptively far beyond the precision of the measurements of data and the approximation that is the plan estimation. The limitation on estimation is commonly understood (such as the ninety - ninety rule in software) but is not visible in any margin of error. The limitations on measurement are largely a form of digitization error as EVM measurements ultimately can be no finer than by item, which may be the Work Breakdown Structure terminal element size, to the scale of reporting period, typically end summary of a month, and by the means of delivery measure. (The delivery measure may be actual deliveries, may include estimates of partial work done at the end of month subject to estimation limits, and typically does not include QC check or risk offsets.)
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in cmmi the name of maturity level 5 is | Capability maturity model Integration - wikipedia
Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) is a process level improvement training and appraisal program. Administered by the CMMI Institute, a subsidiary of ISACA, it was developed at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). It is required by many United States Department of Defense (DoD) and U.S. Government contracts, especially in software development. CMU claims CMMI can be used to guide process improvement across a project, division, or an entire organization. CMMI defines the following maturity levels for processes: Initial, Managed, Defined, Quantitatively Managed, and Optimizing. Version 1.3 was published in 2010. CMMI is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office by CMU.
CMMI addresses three areas of interest:
CMMI was developed by a group from industry, government, and the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at CMU. CMMI models provide guidance for developing or improving processes that meet the business goals of an organization. A CMMI model may also be used as a framework for appraising the process maturity of the organization. By January 2013, the entire CMMI product suite was transferred from the SEI to the CMMI Institute, a newly created organization at Carnegie Mellon.
CMMI originated in software engineering but has been highly generalized over the years to embrace other areas of interest, such as the development of hardware products, the delivery of all kinds of services, and the acquisition of products and services. The word "software '' does not appear in definitions of CMMI. This generalization of improvement concepts makes CMMI extremely abstract. It is not as specific to software engineering as its predecessor, the Software CMM (CMM, see below).
CMMI was developed by the CMMI project, which aimed to improve the usability of maturity models by integrating many different models into one framework. The project consisted of members of industry, government and the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute (SEI). The main sponsors included the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and the National Defense Industrial Association.
CMMI is the successor of the capability maturity model (CMM) or Software CMM. The CMM was developed from 1987 until 1997. In 2002, version 1.1 was released, version 1.2 followed in August 2006, and version 1.3 in November 2010. Some major changes in CMMI V1. 3 are the support of agile software development, improvements to high maturity practices and alignment of the representation (staged and continuous).
According to the Software Engineering Institute (SEI, 2008), CMMI helps "integrate traditionally separate organizational functions, set process improvement goals and priorities, provide guidance for quality processes, and provide a point of reference for appraising current processes. ''
In March 2016, the CMMI Institute was acquired by ISACA.
CMMI exists in two representations: continuous and staged. The continuous representation is designed to allow the user to focus on the specific processes that are considered important for the organization 's immediate business objectives, or those to which the organization assigns a high degree of risks. The staged representation is designed to provide a standard sequence of improvements, and can serve as a basis for comparing the maturity of different projects and organizations. The staged representation also provides for an easy migration from the SW - CMM to CMMI.
Depending on the areas of interest (acquisition, services, development) used, the process areas it contains will vary. Process areas are the areas that will be covered by the organization 's processes. The table below lists the seventeen CMMI core process areas that are present for all CMMI areas of interest in version 1.3.
The process areas below and their maturity levels are listed for the CMMI for services model:
Maturity Level 2 - Managed
Maturity Level 3 - Defined
Maturity Level 4 - Quantitatively Managed
Maturity Level 5 - Optimizing
CMMI best practices are published in documents called models, each of which addresses a different area of interest. Version 1.3 provides models for three areas of interest: development, acquisition, and services.
An organization can not be certified in CMMI; instead, an organization is appraised. Depending on the type of appraisal, the organization can be awarded a maturity level rating (1 - 5) or a capability level achievement profile.
Many organizations find value in measuring their progress by conducting an appraisal. Appraisals are typically conducted for one or more of the following reasons:
Appraisals of organizations using a CMMI model must conform to the requirements defined in the Appraisal Requirements for CMMI (ARC) document. There are three classes of appraisals, A, B and C, which focus on identifying improvement opportunities and comparing the organization 's processes to CMMI best practices. Of these, class A appraisal is the most formal and is the only one that can result in a level rating. Appraisal teams use a CMMI model and ARC - conformant appraisal method to guide their evaluation of the organization and their reporting of conclusions. The appraisal results can then be used (e.g., by a process group) to plan improvements for the organization.
The Standard CMMI Appraisal Method for Process Improvement (SCAMPI) is an appraisal method that meets all of the ARC requirements. Results of a SCAMPI appraisal may be published (if the appraised organization approves) on the CMMI Web site of the SEI: Published SCAMPI Appraisal Results. SCAMPI also supports the conduct of ISO / IEC 15504, also known as SPICE (Software Process Improvement and Capability Determination), assessments etc.
This approach promotes that members of the EPG and PATs be trained in the CMMI, that an informal (SCAMPI C) appraisal be performed, and that process areas be prioritized for improvement. More modern approaches, that involve the deployment of commercially available, CMMI - compliant processes, can significantly reduce the time to achieve compliance. SEI has maintained statistics on the "time to move up '' for organizations adopting the earlier Software CMM as well as CMMI. These statistics indicate that, since 1987, the median times to move from Level 1 to Level 2 is 23 months, and from Level 2 to Level 3 is an additional 20 months. Since the release of the CMMI, the median times to move from Level 1 to Level 2 is 5 months, with median movement to Level 3 another 21 months. These statistics are updated and published every six months in a maturity profile.
The Software Engineering Institute 's (SEI) team software process methodology and the use of CMMI models can be used to raise the maturity level. A new product called Accelerated Improvement Method (AIM) combines the use of CMMI and the TSP.
To address user security concerns, two unofficial security guides are available. Considering the Case for Security Content in CMMI for Services has one process area, Security Management. Security by Design with CMMI for Development, Version 1.3 has the following process areas:
While they do not affect maturity or capability levels, these process areas can be reported in appraisal results.
The SEI published that 60 organizations measured increases of performance in the categories of cost, schedule, productivity, quality and customer satisfaction. The median increase in performance varied between 14 % (customer satisfaction) and 62 % (productivity). However, the CMMI model mostly deals with what processes should be implemented, and not so much with how they can be implemented. These results do not guarantee that applying CMMI will increase performance in every organization. A small company with few resources may be less likely to benefit from CMMI; this view is supported by the process maturity profile (page 10). Of the small organizations (< 25 employees), 70.5 % are assessed at level 2: Managed, while 52.8 % of the organizations with 1001 -- 2000 employees are rated at the highest level (5: Optimizing).
Turner & Jain (2002) argue that although it is obvious there are large differences between CMMI and agile software development, both approaches have much in common. They believe neither way is the ' right ' way to develop software, but that there are phases in a project where one of the two is better suited. They suggest one should combine the different fragments of the methods into a new hybrid method. Sutherland et al. (2007) assert that a combination of Scrum and CMMI brings more adaptability and predictability than either one alone. David J. Anderson (2005) gives hints on how to interpret CMMI in an agile manner.
CMMI Roadmaps, which are a goal - driven approach to selecting and deploying relevant process areas from the CMMI - DEV model, can provide guidance and focus for effective CMMI adoption. There are several CMMI roadmaps for the continuous representation, each with a specific set of improvement goals. Examples are the CMMI Project Roadmap, CMMI Product and Product Integration Roadmaps and the CMMI Process and Measurements Roadmaps. These roadmaps combine the strengths of both the staged and the continuous representations.
The combination of the project management technique earned value management (EVM) with CMMI has been described (Solomon, 2002). To conclude with a similar use of CMMI, Extreme Programming (XP), a software engineering method, has been evaluated with CMM / CMMI (Nawrocki et al., 2002). For example, the XP requirements management approach, which relies on oral communication, was evaluated as not compliant with CMMI.
CMMI can be appraised using two different approaches: staged and continuous. The staged approach yields appraisal results as one of five maturity levels. The continuous approach yields one of four capability levels. The differences in these approaches are felt only in the appraisal; the best practices are equivalent and result in equivalent process improvement results.
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saint maria josefa of the heart of jesus | María Josefa Sancho de Guerra - wikipedia
Saint María Josefa Sancho de Guerra (7 September 1842 -- 20 March 1912) was a Spanish Roman Catholic nun who established her own congregation known as the Servants of Jesus of Charity. She wanted her new congregation to focus on the care of the sick and the poor. She assumed the name of "María Josefa of the Heart of Jesus ''.
Pope John Paul II beatified her on 27 September 1992 and canonized her on 1 October 2000.
María Josefa Sancho de Guerra was born on 7 September 1842 in Spain as the eldest daughter of Bernabe Sancho and Petra de Guerra. She was baptized the following day. She received the sacrament of Confirmation on 10 August 1844. At the age of seven, her father died and her mother took charge of her spiritual development. Her mother also sent her to her relatives in Madrid for further education.
At the age of 18, she returned to Vitoria to announce to her mother her desire to join a monastery, responding to her vocation, repeatedly telling her: "I was born with a religious vocation ''. She joined the Institute of the Servants of Mary at the age of 18 but by the time she approached her time for profession, she was aware of uncertainties about her vocation. Telling various confessors, each told her that she had misinterpreted her vocation. After a brief period, she decided to leave the order to establish her own congregation.
She established a new congregation known as the Servants of Jesus of Charity in 1871 with a focus on the care of children, the sick, the elderly and the poor. She was its first Mother Superior. At that point, she selected as her new name "María Josefa of the Heart of Jesus ''.
She died on 20 March 1912. Her remains were transferred in 1926 from the local cemetery to the motherhouse of the institute. Her institute expanded after her death with over 100 houses in many different countries such as Chile, Italy, France, Portugal, Argentina, Paraguay, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico, the Philippines and the Dominican Republic.
The sainthood process commenced in Bilbao with the opening of a local process in 1951 which finished in 1954. The formal introduction of the cause came on 7 January 1972 which granted her the title of Servant of God. The Positio - documentation on her life of heroic virtue - was submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 1984. Pope John Paul II approved the findings and conferred upon her the title of Venerable on 7 September 1989.
The miracle required for her beatification was investigated and ratified on 8 June 1990 leading to papal approval on 13 June 1992. She was beatified on 27 September 1992. The second miracle that was needed for her canonization was also investigated after her beatification and was ratified on 13 October 1995. John Paul II approved it on 28 June 1999 and canonized her on 1 October 2000.
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u.s. customs and border protection - nogales/mariposa port of entry | Nogales - Grand Avenue Port of Entry - wikipedia
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The Nogales Arizona Port of Entry on Grand Avenue has been in existence since the early 20th century. It connects Interstate 19 with Mexican Federal Highway 15. Photo predates the boundary fence as well as border inspection facilities. The port of entry is named after former Arizona Senator Dennis DeConcini. The border station was completely rebuilt in 1966 and upgrades to the pedestrian gates were made by the General Services Administration in 2012.
Since its inception, vehicles, pedestrians and trains have been inspected here. It is one of three border crossings in Nogales; the Nogales - Mariposa Port of Entry, built in 1973, handles commercial traffic west of the Grand Avenue crossing, while the adjacent Nogales - Morley Gate Port of Entry is used for pedestrians.
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what is the function of the three specialized tissues in plants | Vascular tissue - wikipedia
Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue, formed of more than one cell type, found in vascular plants. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally. There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue: the vascular cambium and the cork cambium. All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant.
The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender. Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant, it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes. The individual cells of phloem are connected end - to - end, just as the sections of a pipe might be. As the plant grows, new vascular tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant. The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue, maintaining its connection throughout the plant. The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in long, discrete strands called vascular bundles. These bundles include both xylem and phloem, as well as supporting and protective cells. In stems and roots, the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem. In the stems of some Asterales dicots, there may be phloem located inwardly from the xylem as well.
Between the xylem and phloem is a meristem called the vascular cambium. This tissue divides off cells that will become additional xylem and phloem. This growth increases the girth of the plant, rather than its length. As long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells, the plant will continue to grow more stout. In trees and other plants that develop wood, the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth. Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem, woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem. The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth.
In leaves, the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll. The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf (usually the upper side), and phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf. This is why aphids are typically found on the underside of the leaves rather than on the top, since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface.
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which is not an rss reader or feeder | RSS - Wikipedia
RSS (Rich Site Summary; originally RDF Site Summary; often called Really Simple Syndication) is a type of web feed which allows users to access updates to online content in a standardized, computer - readable format. These feeds can, for example, allow a user to keep track of many different websites in a single news aggregator. The news aggregator will automatically check the RSS feed for new content, allowing the content to be automatically passed from website to website or from website to user. This passing of content is called web syndication. Websites usually use RSS feeds to publish frequently updated information, such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, video. An RSS document (called "feed '', "web feed '', or "channel '') includes full or summarized text, and metadata, like publishing date and author 's name.
A standard XML file format ensures compatibility with many different machines / programs. RSS feeds also benefit users who want to receive timely updates from favourite websites or to aggregate data from many sites.
Subscribing to a website RSS removes the need for the user to manually check the website for new content. Instead, their browser constantly monitors the site and informs the user of any updates. The browser can also be commanded to automatically download the new data for the user.
RSS feed data is presented to users using software called a news aggregator. This aggregator can be built into a website, installed on a desktop computer, or installed on a mobile device. Users subscribe to feeds either by entering a feed 's URI into the reader or by clicking on the browser 's feed icon. The RSS reader checks the user 's feeds regularly for new information and can automatically download it, if that function is enabled. The reader also provides a user interface.
The RSS formats were preceded by several attempts at web syndication that did not achieve widespread popularity. The basic idea of restructuring information about websites goes back to as early as 1995, when Ramanathan V. Guha and others in Apple Computer 's Advanced Technology Group developed the Meta Content Framework.
RDF Site Summary, the first version of RSS, was created by Dan Libby and Ramanathan V. Guha at Netscape. It was released in March 1999 for use on the My.Netscape.Com portal. This version became known as RSS 0.9. In July 1999, Dan Libby of Netscape produced a new version, RSS 0.91, which simplified the format by removing RDF elements and incorporating elements from Dave Winer 's news syndication format. Libby also renamed the format from RDF to RSS Rich Site Summary and outlined further development of the format in a "futures document ''.
This would be Netscape 's last participation in RSS development for eight years. As RSS was being embraced by web publishers who wanted their feeds to be used on My.Netscape.Com and other early RSS portals, Netscape dropped RSS support from My.Netscape.Com in April 2001 during new owner AOL 's restructuring of the company, also removing documentation and tools that supported the format.
Two parties emerged to fill the void, with neither Netscape 's help nor approval: The RSS - DEV Working Group and Dave Winer, whose UserLand Software had published some of the first publishing tools outside Netscape that could read and write RSS.
Winer published a modified version of the RSS 0.91 specification on the UserLand website, covering how it was being used in his company 's products, and claimed copyright to the document. A few months later, UserLand filed a U.S. trademark registration for RSS, but failed to respond to a USPTO trademark examiner 's request and the request was rejected in December 2001.
The RSS - DEV Working Group, a project whose members included Guha and representatives of O'Reilly Media and Moreover, produced RSS 1.0 in December 2000. This new version, which reclaimed the name RDF Site Summary from RSS 0.9, reintroduced support for RDF and added XML namespaces support, adopting elements from standard metadata vocabularies such as Dublin Core.
In December 2000, Winer released RSS 0.92 a minor set of changes aside from the introduction of the enclosure element, which permitted audio files to be carried in RSS feeds and helped spark podcasting. He also released drafts of RSS 0.93 and RSS 0.94 that were subsequently withdrawn.
In September 2002, Winer released a major new version of the format, RSS 2.0, that redubbed its initials Really Simple Syndication. RSS 2.0 removed the type attribute added in the RSS 0.94 draft and added support for namespaces. To preserve backward compatibility with RSS 0.92, namespace support applies only to other content included within an RSS 2.0 feed, not the RSS 2.0 elements themselves. (Although other standards such as Atom attempt to correct this limitation, RSS feeds are not aggregated with other content often enough to shift the popularity from RSS to other formats having full namespace support.)
Because neither Winer nor the RSS - DEV Working Group had Netscape 's involvement, they could not make an official claim on the RSS name or format. This has fueled ongoing controversy in the syndication development community as to which entity was the proper publisher of RSS.
One product of that contentious debate was the creation of an alternative syndication format, Atom, that began in June 2003. The Atom syndication format, whose creation was in part motivated by a desire to get a clean start free of the issues surrounding RSS, has been adopted as IETF Proposed Standard RFC 4287.
In July 2003, Winer and UserLand Software assigned the copyright of the RSS 2.0 specification to Harvard 's Berkman Center for Internet & Society, where he had just begun a term as a visiting fellow. At the same time, Winer launched the RSS Advisory Board with Brent Simmons and Jon Udell, a group whose purpose was to maintain and publish the specification and answer questions about the format.
In September 2004, Stephen Horlander created the now ubiquitous RSS icon () for use in the Mozilla Firefox browser.
In December 2005, the Microsoft Internet Explorer team and Microsoft Outlook team announced on their blogs that they were adopting Firefox 's RSS icon. In February 2006, Opera Software followed suit. This effectively made the orange square with white radio waves the industry standard for RSS and Atom feeds, replacing the large variety of icons and text that had been used previously to identify syndication data.
In January 2006, Rogers Cadenhead relaunched the RSS Advisory Board without Dave Winer 's participation, with a stated desire to continue the development of the RSS format and resolve ambiguities. In June 2007, the board revised their version of the specification to confirm that namespaces may extend core elements with namespace attributes, as Microsoft has done in Internet Explorer 7. According to their view, a difference of interpretation left publishers unsure of whether this was permitted or forbidden.
RSS is XML - formatted plain text. The RSS format itself is relatively easy to read both by automated processes and by humans alike. An example feed could have contents such as the following:
When retrieved, reading software could use the XML structure to present a neat display to the end users.
There are several different versions of RSS, falling into two major branches (RDF and 2. *).
The RDF (or RSS 1. *) branch includes the following versions:
The RSS 2. * branch (initially UserLand, now Harvard) includes the following versions:
Later versions in each branch are backward - compatible with earlier versions (aside from non-conformant RDF syntax in 0.90), and both versions include properly documented extension mechanisms using XML Namespaces, either directly (in the 2. * branch) or through RDF (in the 1. * branch). Most syndication software supports both branches. "The Myth of RSS Compatibility '', an article written in 2004 by RSS critic and Atom advocate Mark Pilgrim, discusses RSS version compatibility issues in more detail.
The extension mechanisms make it possible for each branch to copy innovations in the other. For example, the RSS 2. * branch was the first to support enclosures, making it the current leading choice for podcasting, and as of 2005 is the format supported for that use by iTunes and other podcasting software; however, an enclosure extension is now available for the RSS 1. * branch, mod_enclosure. Likewise, the RSS 2. * core specification does not support providing full - text in addition to a synopsis, but the RSS 1. * markup can be (and often is) used as an extension. There are also several common outside extension packages available, e.g. one from Microsoft for use in Internet Explorer 7.
The most serious compatibility problem is with HTML markup. Userland 's RSS reader -- generally considered as the reference implementation -- did not originally filter out HTML markup from feeds. As a result, publishers began placing HTML markup into the titles and descriptions of items in their RSS feeds. This behavior has become expected of readers, to the point of becoming a de facto standard, though there is still some inconsistency in how software handles this markup, particularly in titles. The RSS 2.0 specification was later updated to include examples of entity - encoded HTML; however, all prior plain text usages remain valid.
As of January 2007, tracking data from www.syndic8.com indicates that the three main versions of RSS in current use are 0.91, 1.0, and 2.0, constituting 13 %, 17 %, and 67 % of worldwide RSS usage, respectively. These figures, however, do not include usage of the rival web feed format Atom. As of August 2008, the syndic8.com website is indexing 546,069 total feeds, of which 86,496 (16 %) were some dialect of Atom and 438,102 were some dialect of RSS.
The primary objective of all RSS modules is to extend the basic XML schema established for more robust syndication of content. This inherently allows for more diverse, yet standardized, transactions without modifying the core RSS specification.
To accomplish this extension, a tightly controlled vocabulary (in the RSS world, "module ''; in the XML world, "schema '') is declared through an XML namespace to give names to concepts and relationships between those concepts.
Some RSS 2.0 modules with established namespaces are:
Although the number of items in an RSS channel is theoretically unlimited, some news aggregators do not support RSS files larger than 150KB. For example, applications that rely on the Common Feed List of Windows might handle such files as if they were corrupt, and not open them. Interoperability can be maximized by keeping the file size under this limit.
Some BitTorrent clients support RSS. RSS feeds which provide links to. torrent files allow users to subscribe and automatically download content as soon as it is published.
Some services deliver RSS to email inbox, sending updates from user 's personal selection and schedules. Conversely, some services deliver email to RSS readers. Examples of those services include Blogtrottr, IFTTT and Zapier.
Both RSS and Atom are widely supported and are compatible with all major consumer feed readers. RSS gained wider use because of early feed reader support. Technically, Atom has several advantages: less restrictive licensing, IANA - registered MIME type, XML namespace, URI support, Relax NG support.
The following table shows RSS elements alongside Atom elements where they are equivalent.
Note: the asterisk character (*) indicates that an element must be provided (Atom elements "author '' and "link '' are only required under certain conditions).
Several major sites such as Facebook and Twitter previously offered RSS feeds but have reduced or removed support. Additionally, widely used readers such as Shiira, FeedDemon, and Google Reader have been discontinued having cited declining popularity in RSS. RSS support was removed in OS X Mountain Lion 's versions of Mail and Safari, although the features were partially restored in Safari 8. It was announced in July 2018, that Mozilla would be removing RSS support from Mozilla Firefox, joining Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge which do not include RSS support, thus making Internet Explorer the last major browser to include RSS support by default. Additionally, reader services such as Feedly provide synchronization between desktop RSS readers and mobile devices.
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why does snake eyes not show his face | Snake Eyes (G.I. Joe) - wikipedia
Snake Eyes (also released as Snake - Eyes) is a fictional character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic books, and cartoon series. He is one of the original and most popular members of the G.I. Joe Team, and is most known for his relationships with Scarlett and Storm Shadow. Snake Eyes is one of the most prominent characters in the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero franchise, having appeared in every series of the franchise since its inception. He is portrayed by Ray Park in the 2009 live - action film G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, and the 2013 sequel G.I. Joe: Retaliation.
Snake Eyes is the code name of a member of the G.I. Joe Team. He is the team 's original commando, and much of his history and information, including his real name, place of birth and service number, have remained "CLASSIFIED '' throughout all depictions of his origin. All that is known for certain is his rank / grade (originally U.S. Army Sergeant / E-5, eventually reaching Sergeant First Class / E-7 before it too was made "CLASSIFIED ''), his primary military specialty is infantry, and his secondary military specialty is hand - to - hand combat instructor. Snake Eyes was trained at the MACV Recondo School (Nha Trang), and served in LRRPs in Southeast Asia with Stalker and Storm Shadow, eventually leaving the service to study martial arts with Storm Shadow 's Arashikage ninja clan. He has undergone drill sergeant training, and is a former U.S. Army Special Forces and Delta Force operator. Very little else about his past has been revealed.
Snake Eyes was living a life of strict self - denial and seclusion in the High Sierras with a pet wolf named Timber, when he was recruited for the G.I. Joe Team. He is an expert in all NATO and Warsaw Pact small arms, and a black belt in 12 different fighting systems. He is also highly skilled in the use of edged weapons, especially his Japanese sword and spike - knuckled trench knives, but is equally qualified with and willing to use firearms and explosives. Snake Eyes is quiet in his movements, and rarely relies on one set of weapons to the exclusion of others.
During one of his first missions for G.I. Joe, Snake Eyes ' face was severely disfigured in a helicopter explosion. Since then, Snake Eyes has had extensive plastic surgery to repair the damage, but his vocal cords can not be repaired. He usually wears a black bodysuit, along with a balaclava and visor to cover his face. When out of his uniform, Snake Eyes is shown to be Caucasian with an athletic build, blonde hair, and blue eyes.
Snake Eyes has been shown in most continuities to be romantically involved with fellow team member Scarlett. He has also had several apprentices, including Kamakura, Tiger Claw, and Jinx. His personal quote is "Move with the wind, and you will never be heard. ''
Snake Eyes was one of the original figures in the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline in 1982. He shared many parts with other figures of that series, except for his unique head sculpt. He was designed to save Hasbro money in the paint application process, as his first figure was made of black plastic with no paint applied for details, and his head did not require any detail because of the mask. All of the original sixteen figures from 1982 were released with "straight arms ''. The same figure was re-released in 1983 with "swivel - arm battle grip '', which made it easier for figures to hold their rifles and accessories.
A second version of Snake Eyes was released in 1985, packaged with his wolf Timber. A third version of Snake Eyes was released in 1989, and a fourth version in 1991. Snake Eyes has also been released as a member of several sub-lines of G.I. Joe figures, such as Ninja Force (1993) and Shadow Ninjas (1994). He has also been released in several Hasbro multi-packs such as the Heavy Assault Squad, Winter Operations, and the Desert Patrol Squad Toys "R '' Us exclusive. A common element in almost all Snake Eyes figures, is that his face is covered (except for the 2005 "Classified '' series action figure, depicting him before he was disfigured).
The 1991 version was also released as a 12 '' G.I. Joe Hall of Fame action figure in 1992. This Snake Eyes figure introduced a new variation on the trademark G.I. Joe scar by putting the scar over the figure 's left eye, instead of on his right cheek as had traditionally been the case during the vintage era (1964 -- 1978) of G.I. Joe.
A version of Snake Eyes with no accessories came with the Built to Rule Headquarters Attack in 2004. The figure featured additional articulation with a mid-thigh cut joint, and the forearms and the calves of the figure sported places where blocks could be attached.
The 1982 mold of Snake Eyes was used in several countries in various forms. In most countries, because he was different from all of the other G.I. Joe figures available at that time, he was treated as a member of Cobra. In Brazil, his head was recolored and used to create Cobra De Aço, and the entire mold was used with a silver Cobra logo to create Cobra Invasor. The figure was also available without the Cobra logo as O Invasor. In Argentina, Snake Eyes was recolored in red and silver, and released as Cobra Mortal and as a different version of Cobra Invasor.
Snake Eyes was featured in the G.I. Joe Team 5 pack for the 25th Anniversary in 2007 as a Commando, using a new mold heavily based on his first design. His ninja design (V2) also was sold in the first line of individual figures packaged with Timber in 2007. In 2008, he received an updated version of his "Version 3 '' mold from 1989, which featured removable butterfly swords for the first time. For the finale of the 25th anniversary in April 2009, Hasbro launched a poll on their website, for fans to pick their favorite figures for the Hall of Heroes line. Two versions of Snake Eyes were selected for this series, which featured the figures packaged on a blister card, but also in a special collectors box.
In 2009, to coincide with the film G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, Hasbro released four figures based on the Snake Eyes movie character. The Ninja Commando figure is a classic rendition of his "V2 '' uniform from the original series. The Paris Pursuit figure features a uniform similar to his "V2 '' uniform, but with an overcoat, and includes either a black or grey wolf. The "Arctic Assault '' figure is dressed in a white winter parka, with a traditional black mask. The "City Strike '' figure features the head of Snake Eyes from G.I. Joe: Resolute, on the body of a previous version. Snake Eyes was also released as part of the Target - exclusive "G.I. Joe Rescue Mission '' 4 - pack, with the "Paris Pursuit '' head on a new body. A version of Snake Eyes was released in 2010 with the "Jet Storm Cycle ''.
Snake Eyes was released for the G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra line as a 12 - inch "ninja figure '', with a sound chip and speaker in the torso, and push button "sword fighting action ''. His arms and hands featured molded - on clothing and gear. He was also released in a Wal - Mart exclusive wave of 12 inch figures, packaged with the Arashikage Cycle.
Two versions of Snake Eyes were released in 2010 as part of "The Pursuit of Cobra '' line, one with his wolf Timber, and one with a special "tornado kick '' feature. Both "Arctic Threat '' and "Desert Battle '' versions of Snake Eyes were also released in 2011.
In 2011, two versions of Snake Eyes were released as part of the 30th Anniversary line, including one based on the cartoon series G.I. Joe: Renegades. As with the first movie, Hasbro released four figures based on the Snake Eyes character from G.I. Joe: Retaliation in 2012: a single carded figure, one included with the "Ninja Speed Cycle '', one (with very limited articulation) included with the "Ninja Commando 4x4 '', and one with the "G.I. Joe Ninja Showdown Set ''. Three more versions of Snake Eyes were released in 2013.
Snake Eyes first appears in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero # 1 (June 1982).
In the Marvel Comics ' continuity, Snake Eyes, Stalker, and Storm Shadow served together during the Vietnam War in a LRRP unit. On a particular mission, a heavy firefight with the North Vietnamese NVA resulted in the apparent death of his teammates (among them Wade Collins, who actually survives and later joins Cobra, becoming Fred II of the Fred series Crimson Guardsmen). When a helicopter arrived to pick up the surviving team members, the pursuing NVA opened fire, severely injuring Snake Eyes. Despite a direct order from Stalker to leave him, Storm Shadow went back for Snake Eyes, and was able to get Snake Eyes safely aboard the helicopter.
Upon returning home from the war, Snake Eyes met with Colonel Hawk, who informed him that his family had been killed in a car accident (which involved the brother of the man who would eventually become Cobra Commander). Devastated, Snake Eyes accepts an offer to study the ninja arts with Storm Shadow 's family, the Arashikage Clan. Over time, Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow became sword brothers, and unintentional rivals for the attention and favor of Storm Shadow 's uncle, the Hard Master. During one of Snake Eyes ' training sessions, the Hard Master expressed his desire for Snake Eyes to take over leadership of the Arashikage clan instead of Storm Shadow. Snake Eyes refused, but then Zartan -- hired by Cobra Commander to avenge the death of his brother -- mistakenly killed the Hard Master instead of Snake - Eyes, using an arrow he stole from Storm Shadow. With Storm Shadow believed responsible for the death of the Hard Master, the Arashikage ninja clan dissolved. Snake Eyes returned to America, where he took up residence in the High Sierra mountains, and was eventually recruited for the G.I. Joe Team by Hawk and Stalker.
During one of the team 's first missions in the Middle East, Snake Eyes, Scarlett, Rock ' n Roll, and Grunt are sent to save George Strawhacker from Cobra. On the way, their helicopter collides with another in mid air, forcing the Joes to bail out. When Scarlett is trapped in the burning helicopter, Snake Eyes stays behind to save her, but a window explodes in his face, scarring him and damaging his vocal cords. Despite his injuries, Snake Eyes convinces Hawk to let him continue on with the mission. Strawhacker, who was once engaged to Snake Eyes ' sister, never learns the identity of the "scarred, masked soldier '' who saved his life.
Later, when Scarlett is captured by Storm Shadow, Snake Eyes travels to Trans - Carpathia to rescue Scarlett, and battles Storm Shadow for the first time since he had left the Arashikage clan. Snake Eyes eventually learns that Storm Shadow joined Cobra to find out who was truly behind the murder of the Hard Master. After discovering it was Zartan who killed his uncle, Storm Shadow leaves Cobra and becomes Snake Eyes ' ally, ultimately becoming a member of the G.I. Joe Team.
Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow would team up for some of G.I. Joe 's toughest missions, and the bond between them would be both strengthened and tested. In a story arc titled the "Snake Eyes Trilogy '', the Baroness seeks revenge upon Snake Eyes, under the mistaken belief that he had killed her brother in Southeast Asia. She captures Snake Eyes while he is recovering from plastic surgery to repair his face, and shoots Scarlett in the process. Storm Shadow, Stalker, and Wade Collins lead a rescue at the Cobra Consulate building where Snake Eyes was imprisoned. After a second rescue mission for George Strawhacker and a run - in with the Night Creepers, Snake Eyes is finally reunited with Scarlett. For the first time in many years, Snake Eyes speaks Scarlett 's name, and she wakes from her coma, eventually returning to active duty.
As Marvel 's G.I. Joe series is drawing to a close, Snake Eyes and Cobra Commander finally battle each other in issue # 150. Snake Eyes eventually wins against an armored Cobra Commander, but the Commander would have the last laugh, as he captures Storm Shadow and successfully brainwashes him back to the allegiance of Cobra. Snake Eyes and Scarlett would continue to serve G.I. Joe until its disbandment.
Devil 's Due Publishing and Image Comics introduced new elements into Snake Eyes ' past during their Snake Eyes Declassified miniseries, which show more of Cobra Commander 's motivation to kill Snake Eyes while training to become a ninja. Snake Eyes had an encounter with Cobra Commander prior to the formation of Cobra, where Cobra Commander befriended Snake Eyes and tried to recruit him into murdering a judge. The judge had convicted Cobra Commander 's older brother of arson and insurance fraud, resulting in the ruin of his brother 's life, causing his spiral downward into alcoholism, and ultimately the car accident that claimed both his life and the lives of Snake Eyes ' family. Snake Eyes agreed to accompany Cobra Commander, but at the last minute refused to go along with the plan. Cobra Commander then killed the judge, and swore revenge against Snake Eyes, resulting in him hiring Firefly (who in turn subcontracted Zartan) to kill Snake Eyes while he was training with the Arashikage Clan.
The first four issues of G.I. Joe: Frontline featured Larry Hama 's story "The Mission That Never Was ''. After the official disbandment, the original G.I. Joe team had to transport a particle beam weapon from Florida to General Colton 's location in New York City. Since Billy, Storm Shadow, and the Baroness were left under the influence of Cobra 's Brain Wave Scanner at the end of the original series, Snake Eyes is on this mission to save Storm Shadow. At the end of this story, Storm Shadow returns to his ways as a ninja, and says he will deal with Snake Eyes when he is ready. Snake Eyes and Scarlett move back to his home in the High Sierras, where Timber has died but sired a litter of pups before passing, and Snake Eyes adopts one. After the G.I. Joe Team disbanded, Snake Eyes and Scarlett leave the military and become engaged, but for unknown reasons on the day of the wedding, Snake Eyes disappears and retreats again to his cabin in the High Sierras.
The following Master & Apprentice miniseries reveals that Snake Eyes, along with Nunchuk, and T'Jbang, were training a new apprentice, Ophelia, to be the last of the Arashikage ninja clan, shortly after he and Scarlett became engaged. As Ophelia 's final test, she and Snake Eyes confront Firefly for his role in the murder of the Hard Master. However, Firefly kills Ophelia and escapes, leaving Snake Eyes devastated. As a result, on his wedding day, Snake Eyes breaks off his engagement to Scarlett in front of Stalker, then again disappears to his compound in the Sierras. There, he is approached by Sean Collins, the son of his Vietnam War buddy Wade Collins. Sean asks Snake Eyes to train him as a new apprentice, after watching his crew also get slaughtered by Firefly on the night Ophelia was killed. Some time later, Jinx and Budo call Snake Eyes to investigate new intel on the location of Firefly, who is working for the "Nowhere Man ''. Snake Eyes confronts Firefly, who is meeting with another masked ninja, revealed to be Storm Shadow. Sean is eventually given the name Kamakura, and would later join the G.I. Joe team.
In the pages of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, Snake Eyes and Scarlett would be reunited upon G.I. Joe 's reinstatement, and the two again became engaged. Snake Eyes is involved in many skirmishes with Cobra, including altercations with Storm Shadow, the return of Serpentor (in which Snake Eyes was injured by a grenade blast but quickly recovered), Snake Eyes ' triumph over the Red Ninja leader Sei Tin (which gave Snake Eyes control of the Red Ninja clan), and a close - call defeat at the hands of the heavily armored Wraith. The team is then reduced to a smaller unit, and when Snake Eyes, Scarlett, and Duke get into trouble, a shadowy cabal of generals known as "The Jugglers '' has Snake Eyes and Duke arrested. However, Scarlett meets with Storm Shadow (who had broken free of his mind control), and they rescue Snake Eyes and Duke from a convoy. They escape to Iceland and hide out with Scanner, however they are tailed by former Coil agent Overlord, who fatally injures Scanner and locks the Joes in a bomb shelter. In his last moments, Scanner activates the Icelandic station 's self - destruct mechanism, killing Overlord in the blast and saving the Joes. The team then assists Flint, Lady Jaye, and General Philip Rey in dealing with a new menace, the Red Shadows. When the Red Shadows attempted to assassinate Hawk at a mountain camp, Snake Eyes sends his apprentice Kamakura to get Hawk to safety. Snake Eyes would later help in defeating the Shadows before their plot could be set into motion, even fighting leader Wilder Vaughn, who escapes.
Snake Eyes and Kamakura also travel to Asia, to assist Storm Shadow in finding his apprentice, who had been kidnapped by the Red Ninjas. Snake Eyes helps Storm Shadow defeat Red Ninja leader Sei Tin, but the mission is a failure. Snake Eyes relinquishes control of the Red Ninjas to Storm Shadow, who in turn leaves his clan in T'Jbang's care.
Snake Eyes is reactivated as a member of the team in G.I. Joe: America 's Elite, along with Stalker, Scarlett, Flint, Duke, Shipwreck, Roadblock, and Storm Shadow. With their new covert status and reduced roster, they continued to track down Cobra cells and eliminate them, from their new headquarters in Yellowstone National Park code named "The Rock ''. When Vance Wingfield seemingly returns from the grave, and drops deadly satellites onto major metropolitan areas using equipment supplied by Destro, Duke, Scarlett and Snake Eyes all leave to conduct solo investigations. Snake Eyes tracks Firefly to Chicago, and interrupts his attempt to assassinate a gang lord. Upon returning, Snake Eyes finds that Scarlett has been captured while investigating Cesspool. He reveals that both he and Scarlett had implanted tracking devices in one another, and that only they know the frequencies. He finds her on Destro 's submarine in the Pacific Ocean, and succeeds in rescuing her, but Destro escapes, and Snake Eyes dies during the operation.
Snake Eyes ' body is stolen by the Red Ninjas, in order to resurrect him. The Joes track the Red Ninjas to China, where Sei - Tin takes control of Snake Eyes, and uses him to exact his revenge against Storm Shadow and Kamakura. They eventually defeat Sei - Tin and return Snake Eyes to normal. Shortly after, Scarlett observes Snake Eyes seemingly abandoning all of his ninja training, and focusing solely on his military training instead. Following the session, Scarlett unmasks Snake Eyes and is shocked at the sight. Later, Snake Eyes reveals to Scarlett and Stalker that the Baroness is still alive, and being held captive within the Rock, which leads them to confront General Colton. When ordered on a mandatory break, Snake Eyes and Kamakura go on a retreat to the High Sierras, where Kamakura tries to rationalize that Snake Eyes could not have died, but must have put himself into a trance. He then argues that Snake Eyes should not have given up his ninja skills, and that he wishes to work with him to restore his faith. Snake Eyes returns to active duty, and investigates a medical facility with Stalker and Scarlett, where they find a fatally injured Scalpel. He informs them that the Baroness is free and looking for revenge on both G.I. Joe and Cobra.
In the one - shot comic Special Missions: Antarctica, Snake Eyes is part of the team that is called to investigate an Extensive Enterprises venture in Antarctica. The G.I. Joe team eventually split up to find Tomax and Xamot, and Snake Eyes goes with Snow Job to infiltrate their base, where they fight and chase Tomax off.
Snake Eyes is involved in various battles during the final arc "World War III ''. When the Joes start hunting down every member of Cobra that they can find, Snake Eyes and Scarlett apprehend Vypra, and capture Firefly in Japan. As part of Cobra Commander 's sinister plot, he sends the elite squadron known as The Plague to attack G.I. Joe headquarters. As the evenly matched Plague and G.I. Joe teams clash, Cobra sleeper cells attack government buildings in nations across the globe.
Meanwhile, Storm Shadow tries to stop Cobra from liberating prisoners from the G.I. Joe prison facility "The Coffin ''. He is partially successful, but Tomax manages to free Firefly and several others, while killing those Cobra Commander considered "loose ends ''. Storm Shadow then joins Snake Eyes and the rest of the main team in defeating several Cobra cells, and disarming nuclear weapons that Cobra Commander has placed in the Amazon and Antarctica. Cobra Commander and The Plague retreat to a secret base in the Appalachian Mountains, where the final battle takes place, and Snake Eyes again defeats Firefly in a sword duel. In the end, Snake Eyes is shown among the members of the fully restored G.I. Joe team.
Hasbro later announced that all stories published by Devil 's Due Publishing are no longer considered canonical, and are now considered an alternate continuity.
In the separate continuity of G.I. Joe: Reloaded, which featured a more modern and realistic take on the G.I. Joe / Cobra war, it is hinted that Snake Eyes is a former Cobra agent, who quit and decided to assist G.I. Joe instead. Although he did not serve on the team, it was shown that Snake Eyes was interested in Scarlett, but the series ended before anything further was explored.
Snake Eyes appears in G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers, the Devil 's Due crossover series with Transformers set in an alternate continuity. As G.I. Joe is organized, Snake Eyes is assigned to a group of soldiers protecting a peace conference in Washington. He is called "Chatterbox '' but does not actually speak, because he had been dared by the other soldiers to actually keep quiet for a time. Snake Eyes is terribly scarred, and loses his voice, when a Cobra Commander - controlled Starscream shoots Cover Girl 's missile tank out from under him. His family is also killed during the attack. During the assault on Cobra Island, Snake Eyes slices open one of Starscream 's optics and shoves a grenade into the socket. During the final part of the first miniseries, Snake Eyes is given a Cybertronian - based Mech that allows him to fight the much larger Decepticons, as well as Cobra agents in Decepticon suits. The second miniseries focuses on several Transformers being sent back in time to various time periods, which forces G.I. Joe and Cobra to team - up to retrieve them. The first group to be sent back in time includes Snake Eyes, Lady Jaye, Zartan, and Storm Shadow, sent back to 1970s California. After recovering all of the Transformers, they arrive back on Cybertron. During the third miniseries, it is shown that Snake Eyes has developed a love interest with Scarlett, who returns those feelings after he rescues her from a Decepticon prison, and removes his mask to show his scarred face. Later, they appear to be in a relationship. During the fourth miniseries, Snake Eyes is only shown in one scene as still being an active member of the Joe team, along with Flint, Lady Jaye, and Duke. He also appears briefly fighting several of the Cobra - La Royal Guards.
Transformers / G.I. Joe was originally planned for publication during the same time as G.I. Joe vs. The Transformers by Dreamwave Productions, until they announced bankruptcy, leaving only the first miniseries completed. The story features the Transformers meeting the G.I. Joe team in 1939, where Snake Eyes is prominent in defeating the Decepticons by opening the Matrix. In the second miniseries set in the 1980s, Snake Eyes is somehow still in fighting shape, despite having been a member of the team in 1939.
In 2009, IDW Publishing took over the license for G.I. Joe comics, and started a new series that continues where the Marvel Comics series ended. The series began with a free Comic Book Day issue # 155 1⁄2, and replaces all of the Devil 's Due Publishing continuity that had previously been established. This continuation of the Marvel series is again written by Larry Hama.
IDW Publishing also started a G.I. Joe comic series that does not connect to any of the past continuity. Snake Eyes is once again a member of the team, and throughout the first storyline, he is a renegade agent of G.I. Joe, with whom Scarlett is in communication unapproved by Hawk. Snake Eyes first appears in the Crimean Rivera chasing Nico. It is later mentioned by Duke that Snake Eyes has gone AWOL. Scarlett sends him a message signed "Love Red '', which is a code telling him to run. He heads to Seattle where he finds Mainframe, and gives him the hard drive that Scarlett requested, containing information about Springfield. Once there, they retrieve evidence from a secret lab that Cobra exists, before the town is leveled by a MOAB. With the evidence in hand, the two are accepted back into the G.I. Joe team. Snake Eyes eventually heads to Manhattan, NYC, to meet his old mentor, who helps him heal his mind after his defeat.
In G.I. Joe: Origins, Snake Eyes receives an update to the origin of his wounds. In the first storyline, Duke and Scarlett travel to the North Las Vegas community hospital, and find Snake Eyes in the burn unit intensive care near bed K (BUICK), the only survivor of an explosion at a plastic surgery clinic. Snake Eyes ' face and hands are completely bandaged, and he is now mute because of the explosion. Duke and Scarlett escape with Snake Eyes, before the hospital room is destroyed by the Billionaire / Chimera. Snake Eyes continues to appear with his face wrapped in bandages throughout the first storyline. He later appears in his black uniform with a visor and sword, a variation of his original figure 's uniform, as part of the second storyline on a mission in London.
A solo title G.I. Joe: Snake Eyes started in May 2011, being part of the G.I. Joe: Cobra Civil War saga. After Cobra Civil War ended, G.I. Joe: Snake Eyes continued into the new story arc G.I. Joe: Cobra Command, finally showing why and how he deserted the Joes and what part Storm Shadow had played.
In January 2015, IDW published G.I. Joe: Snake Eyes - Agent of Cobra. Written by Mike Costa, this series looks into Snake Eyes joining Cobra, whether Storm Shadow and Scarlet will join him, and how Destro plays into his transition.
Unlike his comic book counterpart, Snake Eyes did not play a major role in the Sunbow 's G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero TV series, with the exception of the first miniseries "The M.A.S.S. Device '', where some of his origins were explored. He was always portrayed as a trusted and loyal teammate, and even proved to have a sense of humor, as seen when he broke into a break - dancing routine on - stage, and later in a disguise resembling Boy George in the "Pyramid of Darkness '' miniseries. In the first miniseries, Snake Eyes appeared in his "V1 '' uniform, but for all of his later appearances he wore a bluish - grey version of his "V2 '' uniform. Additionally, he does not have a rivalry with Storm Shadow in the cartoon, who instead fights with such characters as Spirit and Quick Kick. Although Snake Eyes does not speak, the vocal effects of Snake Eyes ' wolf Timber were provided by Frank Welker.
Snake Eyes is shown in a few scenes of G.I. Joe: The Movie, including the opening title sequence, but like many of the characters of the Sunbow cartoon, he has a very minor role in the final battle.
Snake Eyes was shown during the DiC 's G.I. Joe series in his 1991 "V4 '' uniform. He did have a few key episodes, and was shown to be working with his blood brother Storm Shadow, who now was a member of the G.I. Joe Ninja Force. Snake Eyes was shown more in this series as a ninja, but none of his origins or his relationships were explored before this series ended.
Snake Eyes is a member of G.I. Joe in all of the direct to video CG - animated movies. The continuity of these movies does not tie into the previous history, and more directly leads into the events of G.I. Joe: Sigma 6. Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow are once again on opposite sides fighting each other.
Snake Eyes is shown throughout G.I. Joe: Spy Troops, which marked his first appearance as a major animated character. He is a part of the team that goes to rescue Scarlett after she is taken hostage by Zartan, but their relationship is not fully explored. Snake Eyes also spares Storm Shadow 's life, even though he asked to have Snake Eyes end it.
Snake Eyes is seen in G.I. Joe: Valor vs. Venom as the master to both of his apprentices Jinx and Kamakura. Snake Eyes gives Kamakura a sword named "Tatsuwashi '', and battles Storm Shadow as well as several of the new Cobra Ninjas.
In the animated short G.I. Joe: Ninja Battles, a new apprentice code named Tiger Claw is joining the G.I. Joe team, and learns of Snake Eyes ' and Storm Shadow 's past in the Arashikage Clan. Most of the movie is narration over original artwork and some scenes from the previous two movies, as well as some new footage at the end. This movie is not in the same continuity as the comics, and events here do not seem to progress into Sigma Six.
Snake Eyes first appears in G.I. Joe: Resolute during a briefing on the attack of the USS Flagg. During an autopsy on Bazooka, a scroll with the Arashikage symbol on it is found. The instructions on the scroll tell Snake Eyes to go where everything began, where he takes out a team of Cobra Neo-Vipers while Storm Shadow watches and waits. After this battle, a brief history of Storm Shadow and Snake Eyes is shown. In this series, their rivalry comes from Storm Shadow wanting his uncle to teach him the Seventh Step to the Sun technique, a move that allows one to kill an opponent in seven blows. When his uncle refuses, Storm Shadow signals Zartan to assassinate his uncle. Snake Eyes is shot in the throat by Zartan, to prevent him from warning their master, resulting in his becoming mute. Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow face off in a one on one battle. Storm Shadow initially dominates the fight, as he had been taught the Sixth Step to the Sun compared to Snake Eyes ' fifth. Snake Eyes however shows that he in fact was taught the Seventh Step to the Sun technique, and kills Storm Shadow with seven blows, the last perforating his skull. He later rejoins the rest of the team in their final assault on Cobra Commander 's headquarters. The love triangle of Snake Eyes, Scarlett and Duke is also explored slightly in this series. Early on in the episode, Duke makes Scarlett choose between Snake Eyes and himself, and she ultimately decides to be with Duke.
In G.I. Joe: Renegades, Snake Eyes is a member of G.I. Joe. He was given the name "Hebi no me '' ("Snake Eyes '') by his Arashikage clan sensei, Hard Master, because he possesses the "steely gaze of a serpent ''. He can not speak after having his throat punctured, and just shows up for special missions when called by Scarlett, who can "translate '' what he is thinking. He is not used to teamwork, but now that he has joined G.I. Joe, his sense of honor and morality would not let him walk away. In the episode "Dreadnoks Rising '', Zartan takes off his visor but puts it back on and says, "You need it more than I do ''. Snake Eyes ' wolf Timber made an appearance in the episode "White Out '', where he was rescued by Snake Eyes from a bear trap, before they were assaulted by Storm Shadow and Shadow - Vipers; at the end, Snake Eyes asks Snow Job to watch Timber until he returns. In the episode "Revelations, Part 1 '', Scarlett learns that Snake Eyes briefly met her father, and promised him to look after his daughter, and he shows signs of having feelings for her. During the time when Snake Eyes still spoke, before his throat injury in the episodes "Return of the Arashikage, Parts 1 - 2 '', Snake Eyes was voiced by Danny Cooksey.
Snake Eyes again appears as part of the G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 toy series. Although similar in concept to the earlier G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, the Sigma 6 action figures do not tie into the continuity of the original G.I. Joe universe, and were 8 '' in height rather than the smaller 3 3⁄4 '' scale figures of the A Real American Hero line.
The first wave in 2005 contained a Snake Eyes figure. A "Ninja Showdown '' battle pack also contained alternate versions of Snake Eyes and Storm Shadow. In 2006, all of the 2005 figures were re-released with new molds and accessories, including four different versions of Snake Eyes. A new version of Snake Eyes was also released in 2007.
To complement the 8 - inch (200 mm) line of G.I. Joe: Sigma 6 action figures and vehicles, Hasbro also introduced a "mission scale '' line of 2 1⁄2 inch scale Mission Sets action figures. Each set of action figures is packaged as a "mission in a box '', and includes a Mission Manual.
In the Sigma 6 animated series, Snake Eyes ' history has been substantially changed from the A Real American Hero series, but he still shares a connection with Storm Shadow, who refers to him as "brother ''. Although Storm Shadow is a brainwashed Cobra agent, he blames Snake Eyes for the ruin of the Arashikage ninja clan. In Sigma 6, both Jinx and Kamakura serve as Snake Eyes ' apprentices and G.I. Joe reserve members. As is in the original series, Snake Eyes is mute, but the reason for this is not explored. While the A Real American Hero cartoon series never showed Snake Eyes ' true face, the Sigma 6 continuity takes some visual cues from the A Real American Hero comics. In one episode, when Snake Eyes is fighting Storm Shadow, his visor breaks and it appears that he has blonde hair, blue eyes, and a scar near his eye as a result of a training accident. In the sixth episode of season 2, Snake Eyes faces off against a pack of wolves; after saving one, the unnamed wolf helps him throughout the episode, and is later seen howling atop a hill near Sigma Six headquarters. This was confirmed as a Sigma 6 version of Timber, when an Arctic Sigma Six figure of Snake Eyes was released with Timber, with the figure 's bio card describing the plot from this episode.
Snake Eyes appeared in the Sigma 6 comic book, released by Devil 's Due Publishing with direct connection to animated series. Snake Eyes is spotlighted in issue # 6, which centers on Storm Shadow, as Snake Eyes is sent in to retrieve a stolen electronic device from him. Storm Shadow refers to Snake Eyes as "brother '', and breaks Snake Eyes ' headgear, partially exposing his face, which again is shown to be of a blonde American with a scar.
Child actor and martial artist Leo Howard, and martial artist / stuntman Ray Park, play young Snake Eyes and adult Snake Eyes respectively, in the film adaptation G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. In an early draft by Stuart Beattie, Snake Eyes would have spoken as a gag, but Larry Hama convinced him to drop the joke.
In the movie, Snake Eyes ' origin is rebooted, with him being an abandoned 10 - year - old child who found his way to the home of Arashikage Clan. He battles the young Thomas Arashikage (Storm Shadow), who attacks him for stealing food. However, the orphan 's natural ability to fight impresses Thomas 's uncle, the Hard Master, who gives Snake Eyes his name, while bringing him under his wing. While Snake Eyes would initially lose to Thomas, Snake Eyes eventually surpasses Thomas and gains the favor of the Hard Master, becoming recognized as Hard Master 's top student. Angered at Hard Master choosing Snake Eyes over him, Thomas appears to kill the Hard Master off - screen, and is then seen running off in midst of the chaos. Since then, Snake Eyes has chosen to take a vow of silence. Learning that Thomas, now known as Storm Shadow, is a member of Cobra, Snake Eyes fights him, before stabbing him and allowing him to fall into icy water at Cobra 's Arctic base, leaving him for dead. Snake Eyes returns to The Pit with the surviving members of G.I. Joe.
Park returns as Snake Eyes in the sequel, G.I. Joe: Retaliation. In the film, Snake Eyes is framed by Zartan for assassinating the President of Pakistan under orders of G.I. Joe. Storm Shadow disguises himself as Snake Eyes to break Cobra Commander out of prison, as the real Snake Eyes watches from the shadows. With the help of Jinx, Snake Eyes captures Storm Shadow and takes him to the Blind Master to pay for his assassination of the Hard Master. However, Snake Eyes learns that Zartan was the one who murdered the Hard Master and framed Storm Shadow for it, and that Storm Shadow only joined Cobra in order to avenge the Hard Master 's death. With this revelation, Storm Shadow teams up with Snake Eyes and the Joes to stop Cobra Commander 's plan to destroy several countries and take over the world. During the final battle, Snake Eyes allows Storm Shadow to deal with Zartan, by giving him the sword that was used to kill the Hard Master. Snake Eyes and the Joes stop Cobra Commander 's plan and are declared heroes, absolved of their accusations, while Storm Shadow avenges the Hard Master 's death by killing Zartan before disappearing.
In May 2018, it was announced that Paramount will develop a movie spin - off featuring Snake Eyes.
Snake Eyes is one of the most popular and recognizable G.I. Joe characters. In 1986, G.I. Joe creator Larry Hama called him to be the most successful character he ever created, believing this is because his mysterious appearance and persona means "he becomes a universal blank slate for projection of fantasy for anybody. ''
In 2008, TechCrunch used the question "Could he / she beat Snake Eyes? '' while evaluating the top video game ninja characters. In 2010, Topless Robot ranked Snake Eyes as the first on the list of The 10 Coolest G.I. Joe Ninjas, calling him "the most popular member of the team ''. UGO.com included him on the lists of TV 's Worst Speakers (in 2010), and the Best Silent Killers of Movies and TV (in 2011).
The character was parodied in the Robot Chicken 2007 episode "More Blood, More Chocolate '', in which Snake Eyes was shown communicating with Duke by using an Etch A Sketch.
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The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings. Behaviours or habits that are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities. According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath and sloth, which are also contrary to the seven virtues. These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one 's natural faculties or passions (for example, gluttony abuses one 's desire to eat).
This classification originated with the desert fathers, especially Evagrius Ponticus, who identified seven or eight evil thoughts or spirits that one needed to overcome. Evagrius ' pupil John Cassian, with his book The Institutes, brought the classification to Europe, where it became fundamental to Catholic confessional practices as evident in penitential manuals, sermons like "The Parson 's Tale '' from Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales, and artworks like Dante 's Purgatory (where the penitents of Mount Purgatory are depicted as being grouped and penanced according to the worst capital sin they committed). The Catholic Church used the doctrine of the deadly sins in order to help people stop their inclination towards evil before dire consequences and misdeeds occur; the leader - teachers especially focused on pride (which is thought to be the one that severs the soul from Grace, and one that is representative and the very essence of all evil) and greed, both of which are seen as inherently sinful and as underlying all other sins (although greed, when viewed just by itself and discounting all the sins it might lead to, is generally thought be less serious than sloth). To inspire people to focus on the seven deadly sins, the vices are discussed in treatises, and depicted in paintings and sculpture decorations on Catholic churches. Peter Brueghel the Elder 's prints of the Seven Deadly Sins and extremely numerous other works, both religious and non-religious, show the continuity of this practice in the culture and everyday life of the modern era.
The seven deadly sins in their current form are not found in the Bible, however there are biblical antecedents. One such antecedent is found in the Book of Proverbs 6: 16 -- 19, however only in the Masoretic Text (the earlier translated Septuagint version of this passage lacks a clear preface and lists only five). Among the verses traditionally associated with King Solomon, it states that the Lord specifically regards "six things doth the LORD hate: yea, seven are an abomination unto Him '', namely:
Another list, given this time in the Epistle to the Galatians (Galatians 5: 19 -- 21), titled "The Works of the Flesh '' in the King James translation, includes more of the traditional seven, although the list is substantially longer: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, sorcery, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, "and such like ''. Since the apostle Paul goes on to say that the persons who practice these sins "shall not inherit the Kingdom of God '', such sins are usually listed as mortal sins (unless sufficient reflection and deliberate consent are not present) rather than capital vices.
Still another list of things that God hates comes from Revelation 21: 8. This list has eight items, however and are inclusive of the seven sins listed previously which states: "But the fearful, and unbelieving, and the abominable, and murderers, and whoremongers, and sorcerers, and idolaters, and all liars, shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death. ''
While the seven deadly sins as we know them did not originate with the Greeks or Romans, there were ancient precedents for them. Aristotle 's Nicomachean Ethics lists several positive, healthy human qualities, excellences, or virtues. Aristotle argues that for each positive quality there are two negative vices that are found on each extreme of the virtue. Courage, for example, is the human excellence or virtue in facing fear and risk. Excessive courage makes one rash, while a deficiency of courage makes one cowardly. This principle of virtue found in the middle or "mean '' between excess and deficiency is Aristotle 's notion of the golden mean. Aristotle lists virtues like courage, temperance or self - control, generosity, "greatness of soul, '' proper response to anger, friendliness, and wit or charm.
Roman writers like Horace extolled the value of virtue while listing and warning against vices. His first epistles says that "to flee vice is the beginning of virtue, and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom. ''
The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to the works of the fourth - century monk Evagrius Ponticus, who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows:
They were translated into the Latin of Western Christianity (largely due to the writings of John Cassian), thus becoming part of the Western tradition 's spiritual pietas (or Catholic devotions), as follows:
These "evil thoughts '' can be categorized into three types:
In AD 590 Pope Gregory I revised this list to form the more common list. Gregory combined tristitia with acedia, and vanagloria with superbia, and added envy. Gregory 's list became the standard list of sins. Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory 's list in his Summa Theologica. The Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church, and Methodist Church, among other Christian denominations, continue to retain this list. Moreover, modern day evangelists, such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins.
Most of the capital sins, with the sole exception of sloth, are defined by Dante Alighieri as perverse or corrupt versions of love for something or another: lust, gluttony, and greed are all excessive or disordered love of good things; sloth is a deficiency of love; wrath, envy, and pride are perverted love directed toward other 's harm. In the seven capital sins are seven ways of eternal death. The capital sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride, which has been labeled as the father of all sins, etc.
Lust, or lechery (Latin, "luxuria '' (carnal)), is intense longing. It is usually thought of as intense or unbridled sexual desire, which leads to fornication, adultery, rape, bestiality, and other immoral sexual acts. However, lust could also mean simply desire in general; thus, lust for money, power, and other things are sinful. In accordance with the words of Henry Edward, the impurity of lust transforms one into "a slave of the devil ''.
Lust, if not managed properly, can subvert propriety.
German philosopher Schopenhauer wrote as follows:
"Lust is the ultimate goal of almost all human endeavour, exerts an adverse influence on the most important affairs, interrupts the most serious business, sometimes for a while confuses even the greatest minds, does not hesitate with its trumpery to disrupt the negotiations of statesmen and the research of scholars, has the knack of slipping its love - letters and ringlets even into ministerial portfolios and philosophical manuscripts ''.
Dante defined lust as the disordered love for individuals. It is generally thought to be the least serious capital sin as it is an abuse of a faculty that humans share with animals, and sins of the flesh are less grievous than spiritual sins.
In Dante 's Purgatorio, the penitent walks within flames to purge himself of lustful thoughts and feelings. In Dante 's Inferno, unforgiven souls of the sin of lust are blown about in restless hurricane - like winds symbolic of their own lack of self - control to their lustful passions in earthly life.
Gluttony (Latin, gula) is the overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of waste. The word derives from the Latin gluttire, meaning to gulp down or swallow.
In Christianity, it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy.
Because of these scripts, gluttony can be interpreted as selfishness; essentially placing concern with one 's own impulses or interests above the well - being or interests of others.
During times of famine, war, and similar periods when food is scarce, it is possible for one to indirectly kill other people through starvation just by eating too much or even too soon.
Medieval church leaders (e.g., Thomas Aquinas) took a more expansive view of gluttony, arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals, and the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly foods. Aquinas went so far as to prepare a list of five ways to commit gluttony, comprising:
Of these, ardenter is often considered the most serious, since it is extreme attachment to the pleasure of mere eating, which can make the committer eat impulsively; absolutely and without qualification live merely to eat and drink; lose attachment to health - related, social, intellectual, and spiritual pleasures; and lose proper judgement: an example is Esau selling his birthright for ordinary food of bread and pottage of lentils. His punishment was that the "profane person... who, for a morsel of meat sold his birthright, '' we learn that "he found no place for repentance, though he sought it carefully, with tears. ''
Greed (Latin, avaritia), also known as avarice, cupidity, or covetousness, is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of desire. However, greed (as seen by the Church) is applied to an artificial, rapacious desire and pursuit of material possessions. Thomas Aquinas wrote, "Greed is a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things. '' In Dante 's Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated excessively on earthly thoughts. Hoarding of materials or objects, theft and robbery, especially by means of violence, trickery, or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by Greed. Such misdeeds can include simony, where one attempts to purchase or sell sacraments, including Holy Orders and, therefore, positions of authority in the Church hierarchy.
In the words of Henry Edward, avarice "plunges a man deep into the mire of this world, so that he makes it to be his god. ''
As defined outside Christian writings, greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs, especially with respect to material wealth. Like pride, it can lead to not just some, but all evil.
Sloth (Latin, tristitia or acedia ("without care '')) refers to a peculiar jumble of notions, dating from antiquity and including mental, spiritual, pathological, and physical states. It may be defined as absence of interest or habitual disinclination to exertion.
In his Summa Theologica, Saint Thomas Aquinas defined sloth as "sorrow about spiritual good ''.
The scope of sloth is wide. Spiritually, acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons, especially monks, wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to God. Mentally, acedia has a number of distinctive components of which the most important is affectlessness, a lack of any feeling about self or other, a mind - state that gives rise to boredom, rancor, apathy, and a passive inert or sluggish mentation, Physically, acedia is fundamentally associated with a cessation of motion and an indifference to work; it finds expression in laziness, idleness, and indolence.
Sloth includes ceasing to utilize the seven gifts of grace given by the Holy Spirit (Wisdom, Understanding, Counsel, Knowledge, Piety, Fortitude, and Fear of the Lord); such disregard may lead to the slowing of one 's spiritual progress towards eternal life, to the neglect of manifold duties of charity towards the neighbor, and to animosity towards those who love God.
Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that one should do. By this definition, evil exists when "good '' people fail to act.
Edmund Burke (1729 -- 1797) wrote in Present Discontents (II. 78) "No man, who is not inflamed by vain - glory into enthusiasm, can flatter himself that his single, unsupported, desultory, unsystematic endeavours are of power to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens. When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall, one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle. ''
Unlike the other capital sins, which are sins of committing immorality, sloth is a sin of omitting responsibilities. It may arise from any of the other capital vices; for example, a son may omit his duty to his father through anger. While the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin, the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances.
Emotionally and cognitively, the evil of acedia finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world, for the people in it, or for the self. Acedia takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world and then from itself. Although the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself, a lesser but more noisome element was also noted by theologians. From tristitia, asserted Gregory the Great, "there arise malice, rancour, cowardice, (and) despair... '' Chaucer, too, dealt with this attribute of acedia, counting the characteristics of the sin to include despair, somnolence, idleness, tardiness, negligence, indolence, and wrawnesse, the last variously translated as "anger '' or better as "peevishness ''. For Chaucer, human 's sin consists of languishing and holding back, refusing to undertake works of goodness because, he / she tells him / her self, the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer. Acedia in Chaucer 's view is thus the enemy of every source and motive for work.
Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body, taking no care for its day - to - day provisions, but also slows down the mind, halting its attention to matters of great importance. Sloth hinders the man in his righteous undertakings and thus becomes a terrible source of human 's undoing.
In his Purgatorio Dante portrayed the penance for acedia as running continuously at top speed.
Dante describes acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart, all one 's mind and all one 's soul; to him it was the middle sin, the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide.
Wrath (Latin, ira) can be defined as uncontrolled feelings of anger, rage, and even hatred. Wrath often reveals itself in the wish to seek vengeance. In its purest form, wrath presents with injury, violence, and hate that may provoke feuds that can go on for centuries. Wrath may persist long after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead. Feelings of wrath can manifest in different ways, including impatience, hateful misanthropy, revenge, and self - destructive behavior, such as drug abuse or suicide.
"People who fly into a rage always make a bad landing. ''
According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, the neutral act of anger becomes the sin of wrath when it 's directed against an innocent person, when it 's unduly strong or long - lasting, or when it desires excessive punishment. "If anger reaches the point of a deliberate desire to kill or seriously wound a neighbor, it is gravely against charity; it is a mortal sin. '' (CCC 2302) Hatred is the sin of desiring that someone else may suffer misfortune or evil, and is a mortal sin when one desires grave harm. (CCC 2302 - 03)
People feel angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended, when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event, when they are certain someone else is responsible, and when they feel they can still influence the situation or cope with it.
Dante described vengeance as "love of justice perverted to revenge and spite ''.
In accordance with Henry Edward, angry people are "slaves to themselves ''.
Wrath is the only sin not necessarily associated with selfishness or self - interest, although one can of course be wrathful for selfish reasons, such as jealousy (closely related to the sin of envy).
Envy (Latin, invidia), like greed and lust, is characterized by an insatiable desire. It can be described as a sad or resentful covetousness towards the traits or possessions of someone else. It arises from vainglory, and severs a man from his neighbor.
Malicious envy is similar to jealousy in that they both feel discontent towards someone 's traits, status, abilities, or rewards. A difference is that the envious also desire the entity and covet it. Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments, specifically, "Neither shall you covet... anything that belongs to your neighbour '' - a statement that may also be related to greed. Dante defined envy as "a desire to deprive other men of theirs ''. In Dante 's Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire because they gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low. According to St. Thomas Aquinas, the struggle aroused by envy has three stages: during the first stage, the envious person attempts to lower another 's reputation; in the middle stage, the envious person receives either "joy at another 's misfortune '' (if he succeeds in defaming the other person) or "grief at another 's prosperity '' (if he fails); the third stage is hatred because "sorrow causes hatred ''.
Envy is said to be the motivation behind Cain murdering his brother, Abel, as Cain envied Abel because God favored Abel 's sacrifice over Cain 's.
Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness, bringing sorrow to committers of envy whilst giving them the urge to inflict pain upon others.
In accordance with the most widely accepted views, only pride weighs down the soul more than envy among the capital sins. Just like pride, envy has been associated directly with the devil, for Wisdom 2: 24 states: '' the envy of the devil brought death to the world, ".
The negative version of pride (Latin, superbia) is considered, on almost every list, the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins: the perversion of the faculties that make humans more like God -- dignity and holiness. It is also thought to be the source of the other capital sins. Also known as hubris (from ancient Greek ὕβρις), or futility, it is identified as dangerously corrupt selfishness, the putting of one 's own desires, urges, wants, and whims before the welfare of people.
In even more destructive cases, it is irrationally believing that one is essentially and necessarily better, superior, or more important than others, failing to acknowledge the accomplishments of others, and excessive admiration of the personal image or self (especially forgetting one 's own lack of divinity, and refusing to acknowledge one 's own limits, faults, or wrongs as a human being).
What the weak head with strongest bias rules, Is pride, the never - failing vice of fools.
As pride has been labelled the father of all sins, it has been deemed the devil 's most prominent trait. C.S. Lewis writes, in Mere Christianity, that pride is the "anti-God '' state, the position in which the ego and the self are directly opposed to God: "Unchastity, anger, greed, drunkenness, and all that, are mere fleabites in comparison: it was through Pride that the devil became the devil: Pride leads to every other vice: it is the complete anti-God state of mind. '' Pride is understood to sever the spirit from God, as well as His life - and - grace - giving Presence.
One can be prideful for different reasons. Author Ichabod Spencer states that "(s) piritual pride is the worst kind of pride, if not worst snare of the devil. The heart is particularly deceitful on this one thing. '' Jonathan Edwards said "(r) emember that pride is the worst viper that is in the heart, the greatest disturber of the soul 's peace and sweet communion with Christ; it was the first sin that ever was, and lies lowest in the foundation of Satan 's whole building, and is the most difficultly rooted out, and is the most hidden, secret and deceitful of all lusts, and often creeps in, insensibly, into the midst of religion and sometimes under the disguise of humility. ''
In Ancient Athens, hubris was considered one of the greatest crimes and was used to refer to insolent contempt that can cause one to use violence to shame the victim. This sense of hubris could also characterize rape. Aristotle defined hubris as shaming the victim, not because of anything that happened to the committer or might happen to the committer, but merely for the committer 's own gratification. The word 's connotation changed somewhat over time, with some additional emphasis towards a gross over-estimation of one 's abilities.
The term has been used to analyse and make sense of the actions of contemporary heads of government by Ian Kershaw (1998), Peter Beinart (2010) and in a much more physiological manner by David Owen (2012). In this context the term has been used to describe how certain leaders, when put to positions of immense power, seem to become irrationally self - confident in their own abilities, increasingly reluctant to listen to the advice of others and progressively more impulsive in their actions.
Dante 's definition of pride was "love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one 's neighbour ''.
Pride is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and is commonly related to expressions of aggression and hostility (Tangney, 1999). As one might expect, pride is not always associated with high self - esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self - esteem. Excessive feelings of pride have a tendency to create conflict and sometimes terminating close relationships, which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions (Rhodwalt, et al.).
Pride is generally associated with an absence of humility. It may also be associated with a lack of knowledge. John Gay states that "By ignorance is pride increased; They most assume who know the least. ''
In accordance with the Sirach 's author 's wording, the heart of a proud man is "like a partridge in its cage acting as a decoy; like a spy he watches for your weaknesses. He changes good things into evil, he lays his traps. Just as a spark sets coals on fire, the wicked man prepares his snares in order to draw blood. Beware of the wicked man for he is planning evil. He might dishonor you forever. '' In another chapter, he says that "the acquisitive man is not content with what he has, wicked injustice shrivels the heart. ''
Benjamin Franklin said "In reality there is, perhaps no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride. Disguise it, struggle with it, stifle it, mortify it as much as one pleases, it is still alive and will every now and then peep out and show itself; you will see it, perhaps, often in this history. For even if I could conceive that I had completely overcome it, I should probably be proud of my humility. '' Joseph Addison states that "There is no passion that steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises than pride. ''
While pride is generally thought to be committed by individuals, it can be committed by groups. Discrimination and prejudice are often the result of group pride.
The proverb "pride goeth (goes) before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall '' (from the biblical Book of Proverbs, 16: 18) (or pride goeth before the fall) is thought to sum up the modern use of pride. Pride is also referred to as "pride that blinds, '' as it often causes a committer of pride to act in foolish ways that belie common sense. In other words, the modern definition may be thought of as, "that pride that goes just before the fall. '' In his two - volume biography of Adolf Hitler, historian Ian Kershaw uses both ' hubris ' and ' nemesis ' as titles. The first volume, Hubris, describes Hitler 's early life and rise to political power. The second, Nemesis, gives details of Hitler 's role in the Second World War, and concludes with his fall and suicide in 1945.
Much of the 10th and part of 11th chapter of the Book of Sirach discusses and advises about pride, hubris, and who is rationally worthy of honor. It goes:
"Do not store up resentment against your neighbor, no matter what his offence; do nothing in a fit of anger. Pride is odious to both God and man; injustice is abhorrent to both of them. Sovereignty is forced from one nation to another because of injustice, violence, and wealth. How can there be such pride in someone who is nothing but dust and ashes? Even while he is living, man 's bowels are full of rottenness. Look: the illness lasts while the doctor makes light of it; and one who is king today will die tomorrow. Once a man is dead, grubs, insects, and worms are his lot. The beginning of man 's pride is to separate himself from the Lord and to rebel against his Creator. The beginning of pride is sin. Whoever perseveres in sinning opens the floodgates to everything that is evil. For this the Lord has inflicted dire punishment on sinners; he has reduced them to nothing. The Lord has overturned the thrones of princes and set up the meek in their place. The Lord has torn up the proud by their roots and has planted the humble in their place. The Lord has overturned the land of pagans and totally destroyed them. He has devastated several of them, destroyed them and removed all remembrance of them from the face of the earth. Pride was not created for man, nor violent anger for those born of woman. Which race is worthy of honor? The human race. Which race is worthy of honor? Those who are good. Which race is despicable? The human race. Which race is despicable? Those who break the commandments. The leader is worthy of respect in the midst of his brethren, but he has respect for those who are good. Whether, they be rich, honored or poor, their pride should be in being good. It is not right to despise the poor man who keeps the law; it is not fitting to honor the sinful man. The leader, the judge, and the powerful man are worthy of honor, but no one is greater than the man who is good. A prudent slave will have free men as servants, and the sensible man will not complain. Do not feel proud when you accomplished your work; do not put on airs when times are difficult for you. Of greater worth is the man who works and lives in abundance than the one who shows off and yet has nothing to live on. My son, have a modest appreciation of yourself, estimate yourself at your true value. Who will defend the man who takes his own life? Who will respect the man who despises himself? The poor man will be honored for his wisdom and the rich man, for his riches. Honored when poor - how much more honored when rich! Dishonored when rich - how much more dishonored when poor! The poor man who is intelligent carries his head high and sits among the great. Do not praise a man because he is handsome and do not hold a man in contempt because of his appearance. The bee is one of the smallest winged insects but she excels in the exquisite sweetness of her honey. Do not be irrationally proud just because of the clothes you wear; do not be proud when people honor you. Do you know what the Lord is planning in a mysterious way? Many tyrants have been overthrown and someone unknown has received the crown. Many powerful men have been disgraced and famous men handed over to the power of others. Do not reprehend anyone unless you have been first fully informed, consider the case first and thereafter make your reproach. Do not reply before you have listened; do not meddle in the disputes of sinners. My child, do not undertake too many activities. If you keep adding to them, you will not be without reproach; if you run after them, you will not succeed nor will you ever be free, although you try to escape. ''
Jacob Bidermann 's medieval miracle play, Cenodoxus, pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor. In Dante 's Divine Comedy, the penitents are burdened with stone slabs on their necks to keep their heads bowed.
Acedia (Latin, acedia "without care '') (from Greek ἀκηδία) is the neglect to take care of something that one should do. It is translated to apathetic listlessness; depression without joy. It is related to melancholy: acedia describes the behaviour and melancholy suggests the emotion producing it. In early Christian thought, the lack of joy was regarded as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God; by contrast, apathy was considered a refusal to help others in time of need.
Pope Gregory combined this with tristitia into sloth for his list. When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpretation of the list, he described it as an uneasiness of the mind, being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart, all one 's mind and all one 's soul; to him it was the middle sin, the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love. Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide.
Acedia is currently defined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as spiritual sloth, which would be believing spiritual tasks to be too difficult. In the fourth century, Christian monks believed acedia was not primarily caused by laziness, but by a state of depression that caused spiritual detachment.
Vainglory (Latin, vanagloria) is unjustified boasting. Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride, so he folded vainglory into pride for his listing of sins. According to Thomas Aquinas, it is the progenitor of envy.
The Latin term gloria roughly means boasting, although its English cognate -- glory -- has come to have an exclusively positive meaning; historically, the term vain roughly meant futile, but by the 14th century had come to have the strong narcissistic undertones, that it still retains today. As a result of these semantic changes, vainglory has become a rarely used word in itself, and is now commonly interpreted as referring to vanity (in its modern narcissistic sense).
With Christianity, historic Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church and Protestant Churches, including the Lutheran Church, recognize seven virtues, which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins.
This virtue is generally considered to be the greatest and the most important of all; hence 1 Corinthians 13: 13 "And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity ''.
Confession is the act of admitting the commission of a sin to a priest, who in turn will forgive the person in the name (in the person) of Christ, give a penance to (partially) make up for the offense, and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards.
According to a 2009 study by Fr Roberto Busa, a Jesuit scholar, the most common deadly sin confessed by men is supposedly lust, and by women, pride. It was unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions committed by each sex, or whether differing views on what "counts '' or should be confessed caused the observed pattern.
The second book of Dante 's epic poem The Divine Comedy is structured around the seven deadly sins. The most serious sins, found at the lowest level, are the abuses of the most divine faculty. For Dante and other thinkers, a human 's rational faculty makes humans more like God. Abusing that faculty with pride or envy weighs down the soul the most. Abusing one 's passions with wrath or a lack of passion as with sloth also weighs down the soul but not as much as the abuse of one 's rational faculty. Finally, abusing one 's desires for to have one 's physical needs met via greed, gluttony, or lust abuses a faculty that humans share with animals. This is still an abuse that weighs down the soul, but it does not weigh it down like other abuses. Thus, the top levels of the Mountain of Purgatory have the top listed sins, while the lowest levels have the more serious sins of wrath, envy, and pride.
The last tale of the Canterbury Tales, the "Parson 's Tale '' is not a tale but a sermon that the parson gives against the seven deadly sins. This sermon brings together many common ideas and images about the seven deadly sins. This tale and Dante 's work both show how the seven deadly sins were used for confessional purposes or as a way to identify, repent of, and find forgiveness for one 's sins.
The Dutch artist created a series of prints showing each of the seven deadly sins. Each print features a central, labeled image that represents the sin. Around the figure are images that show the distortions, degenerations, and destructions caused by the sin. Many of these images come from contemporary Dutch aphorisms.
Spenser 's work, which was meant to educate young people to embrace virtue and avoid vice, includes a colourful depiction of the House of Pride. Lucifera, the lady of the house, is accompanied by advisers who represent the other seven deadly sins.
This work satirized capitalism and its painful abuses as its central character, the victim of a split personality, travels to seven different cities in search of money for her family. In each city she encounters one of the seven deadly sins, but those sins ironically reverse one 's expectations. When the character goes to Los Angeles, for example, she is outraged by injustice, but is told that wrath against capitalism is a sin that she must avoid.
Between 1945 and 1949, the American painter Paul Cadmus created a series of vivid, powerful, and gruesome paintings of each of the seven deadly sins.
Ferdinand Mount maintains that liquid currentness, especially through tabloids, has surprisingly given valor to vices, causing society to regress into that of primitive pagans: "covetousness has been rebranded as retail therapy, sloth is downtime, lust is exploring your sexuality, anger is opening up your feelings, vanity is looking good because you 're worth it and gluttony is the religion of foodies ''.
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when did the term world war 2 start | World War - wikipedia
A world war is a large - scale war involving many of the countries of the world or many of the most powerful and populous ones. World wars span multiple countries on multiple continents, with battles fought in many theaters. While a variety of global conflicts have been subjectively deemed "world wars '', such as the Cold War and the War on Terror, the term is widely and generally accepted only as it is retrospectively applied to two major international conflicts that occurred during the 20th century: World War I (1914 -- 1918) and World War II (1939 -- 1945).
The Oxford English Dictionary cited the first known usage in the English language to a Scottish newspaper: the People 's Journal in 1848: "A war among the great powers is now necessarily a world - war. '' The term "world war '' had been used in 1850 by Karl Marx and his associate, Friedrich Engels, in The Class Struggles in France. Rasmus B. Anderson in 1889 described an episode in Teutonic mythology as a "world war '' (Swedish: världskrig), justifying this description by a line in an Old Norse epic poem, "Völuspá: folcvig fyrst i heimi '' ("The first great war in the world ''.) German writer August Wilhelm Otto Niemann had used the term "world war '' in the title of his anti-British novel, Der Weltkrieg: Deutsche Träume (The World War: German Dreams) in 1904, published in English as The Coming Conquest of England.
In English, the term "First World War '' had been used by Charles à Court Repington, as a title for his memoirs (published in 1920); he had noted his discussion on the matter with a Major Johnstone of Harvard University in his diary entry of September 10, 1918.
The term "World War I '' was coined by Time magazine on page 28b of its June 12, 1939 issue. In the same article, on page 32, the term "World War II '' was first used speculatively to describe the upcoming war. The first use for the actual war came in its issue of September 11, 1939. One week earlier, on September 4, the day after France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany, the Danish newspaper Kristeligt Dagblad used the term on its front page, saying "The Second World War broke out yesterday at 11 a.m. ''
Speculative fiction authors had been noting the concept of a Second World War in 1919 and 1920, when Milo Hastings wrote his dystopian novel, City of Endless Night. Other languages have also adopted the "world war '' terminology, for example; in French: "world war '' is translated as guerre mondiale, in German: Weltkrieg (which, prior to the war, had been used in the more abstract meaning of a global conflict), in Italian: guerra mondiale, in Spanish and Portuguese: guerra mundial, in Danish and Norwegian: verdenskrig, and in Russian: мировая война (mirovaya voyna.)
It occurred from 1914 to 1918 and in terms of human technological history, the scale of World War I was enabled by the technological advances of the second industrial revolution and the resulting globalization that allowed global power projection and mass production of military hardware. Wars on such a scale have not been repeated since the onset of the Atomic Age and the resulting danger of mutually - assured destruction. It had been recognized that the complex system of opposing alliances (the German, Austro - Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires against the British, Russian, and French Empires) was likely to lead to a worldwide conflict if a war broke out. Due to this fact, a very minute conflict between two countries had the potential to set off a domino effect of alliances, triggering a world war. The fact that the powers involved had large overseas empires virtually guaranteed that such a war would be worldwide, as the colonies ' resources would be a crucial strategic factor. The same strategic considerations also ensured that the combatants would strike at each other 's colonies, thus spreading the wars far more widely than those of pre-Columbian times.
War crimes were perpetrated in World War I. Chemical weapons were used in the First World War despite the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 having outlawed the use of such weapons in warfare. The Ottoman Empire was responsible for the Armenian genocide, the death of over one million Armenians during the First World War.
The Second World War occurred from 1939 to 1945 and is the only conflict in which atomic bombs have been used. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in Japan, were devastated by atomic bombs dropped by the United States. Nazi Germany was responsible for genocides, most notably the Holocaust, the killing of six million Jews. The United States, the Soviet Union, and Canada deported and interned minority groups within their own borders, and largely because of the conflict, many ethnic Germans were later expelled from Eastern Europe. Japan was responsible for attacking neutral nations without a declaration of war, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor. It is also known for its brutal treatment and killing of Allied prisoners of war and the inhabitants of Asia. It also used Asians as forced laborers and was responsible for the Nanking massacre where 250,000 civilians in the city were brutally murdered by Japanese troops. Non-combatants suffered at least as badly as or worse than combatants, and the distinction between combatants and non-combatants was often blurred by belligerents of total war in both conflicts.
The outcome of World War II had a profound effect on the course of world history. The old European empires either collapsed or were dismantled as a direct result of the wars ' crushing costs and, in some cases, their fall was due to the defeat of imperial powers. The United States became firmly established as the dominant global superpower, along with its ideological foe, the Soviet Union, in close competition. The two superpowers exerted political influence over most of the world 's nation - states for decades after the end of the Second World War. The modern international security, economic, and diplomatic system was created in the aftermath of the wars.
Institutions such as the United Nations were established to collectivize international affairs, with the explicit goal of preventing another outbreak of general war. The wars had also greatly changed the course of daily life. Technologies developed during wartime had a profound effect on peacetime life as well, such as by advances in jet aircraft, penicillin, nuclear energy, and electronic computers.
Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during the Second World War, there has been a widespread and prolonged fear of a potential Third World War between nuclear - armed powers. The Third World War is generally considered a successor to the Second World War and is often suggested to become a nuclear war, devastating in nature and likely much more violent than the First World War and the Second World War combined; in 1947, Albert Einstein commented that "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. '' It has been anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities and has been explored in fiction in many countries. Concepts have ranged from purely - conventional scenarios, to limited use of nuclear weapons, to the complete destruction of the planet 's surface.
Various former government officials, politicians, authors, and military leaders (including the following people: James Woolsey Alexandre de Marenches, Eliot Cohen, and Subcomandante Marcos) have attempted to apply the labels of the "Third World War '' and "Fourth World War '' to various past and present global wars since the closing of the Second World War, for example, the Cold War and the War on Terror, respectively. Among these are former American, French, and Mexican government officials, military leaders, politicians, and authors: Despite their efforts, none of these wars are commonly deemed world wars.
Wars described by some historians as "World War Zero '' include the Seven Years ' War and the onset of the Late Bronze Age collapse.
The Second Congo War (1998 -- 2003) involved nine nations and led to ongoing low - level warfare despite an official peace and the first democratic elections in 2006. It has often been referred to as "Africa 's World War ''. During the early - 21st century the Syrian Civil War and the Iraqi Civil War and their worldwide spillovers are sometimes described as proxy wars waged between the United States and Russia, which led some commentators to characterize the situation as a "proto - world war '' with nearly a dozen countries embroiled in two overlapping conflicts.
The two world wars of the 20th century had caused unprecedented casualties and destruction across the theaters of conflict. There have been several wars that occurred with as many or more deaths than in the First World War (16,563,868 -- 40,000,000), including:
There have been numerous wars spanning two or more continents throughout history, including:
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who was the villain in big hero 6 | Big Hero 6 (film) - Wikipedia
Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer - animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics, the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada, a young robotics prodigy who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain. The film features the voices of Scott Adsit, Ryan Potter, Daniel Henney, T.J. Miller, Jamie Chung, Damon Wayans, Jr., Genesis Rodriguez, Alan Tudyk, James Cromwell, and Maya Rudolph.
Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated film to feature Marvel Comics characters, whose parent company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2009. Walt Disney Animation Studios created new software technology to produce the film 's animated visuals.
Big Hero 6 premiered at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 23, 2014, and at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31; it was theatrically released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and RealD 3D formats in the United States on November 7, 2014. The film was met with both critical and commercial success, grossing over $657.8 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing animated film of 2014. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie. It also received nominations for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. Big Hero 6 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on February 24, 2015.
A television series, which continues the story of the film, debuted on November 20, 2017 on Disney Channel and Disney XD.
Hiro Hamada is a 14 - year - old robotics genius living in the futuristic city of San Fransokyo who spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights. To redirect Hiro, his elder brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology, where Hiro meets Tadashi 's friends, GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred. Hiro also meets Professor Robert Callaghan, the head of the university 's robotics program. Amazed, Hiro decides to apply to the university.
To enroll, he signs up for the school 's science fair and presents his project: microbots, swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any arrangement imaginable using a neurocranial transmitter. At the fair, Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei, CEO of Krei Tech, to market the microbots, and Callaghan accepts him into the school. At the end of the day, a fire breaks out among the exhibits and Tadashi rushes in to save Callaghan, the only person left inside. The building explodes moments later, killing Tadashi.
Weeks later, a depressed Hiro inadvertently activates Baymax, the inflatable healthcare robot that Tadashi created; the two find Hiro 's only remaining microbot and follow it to an abandoned warehouse. There they discover that someone has been mass - producing the microbots, and are attacked by a man wearing a Kabuki mask who is controlling them. After they escape, Hiro equips Baymax with armor and a battle chip containing various karate moves, and they track the masked man to the docks. GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred arrive, responding to a call from Baymax, and the masked man chases the group. The six escape to Fred 's mansion, where they decide to form a high - tech superhero team to combat the villain.
The group tracks the masked man, whom they suspect to be Krei, to an abandoned Krei Tech laboratory which was used for teleportation research until a test pilot was lost in an accident. The masked man attacks, but the group subdues him and knocks off his mask -- revealing him to be Callaghan, who had stolen Hiro 's microbots to shield himself from the explosion. Enraged, Hiro removes Baymax 's healthcare chip, leaving only the battle chip, and orders him to kill Callaghan. Honey reinstalls the healthcare chip at the last second, preventing Baymax from carrying out the kill order. Callaghan escapes, and Hiro leaves with Baymax, intent on avenging Tadashi.
Back home, Hiro tries to remove the healthcare chip again, but Baymax stops him and states that vengeance is not what Tadashi would have wanted. To calm him down, Baymax shows Hiro videos of Tadashi running numerous tests during Baymax 's development as a demonstration of Tadashi 's benevolence and legacy. Hiro remorsefully apologizes to his friends, who reassure him they will catch Callaghan the right way.
Video footage from the laboratory accident reveals that the lost test pilot was Callaghan 's daughter Abigail, and that Callaghan is seeking revenge on Krei. Callaghan interrupts Krei at a public event and attempts to destroy his headquarters using Krei 's teleportation portal. After a lengthy battle, the team deprives Callaghan of his microbots and the mask, saving Krei, but the portal remains active. Baymax detects Abigail inside, alive but in hyper - sleep, and leaps into the portal with Hiro to rescue her. They find Abigail 's pod, but on the way back out, Baymax is struck by debris, damaging his armor and disabling his thrusters. Baymax uses his armor 's rocket fist to propel Hiro and Abigail back through the portal before it closes. Callaghan is arrested while Abigail is taken to the hospital.
Some time later, Hiro discovers Baymax 's personality chip clenched in the rocket fist. He rebuilds Baymax 's body, and the six friends continue their exploits throughout the city. During the end credits, a series of newspaper headlines reveals that the university has awarded Hiro a grant and dedicated a building in Tadashi 's honor, and that the team has continued protecting the city. In a post-credits scene, Fred discovers a hidden cache of superhero equipment in his family mansion. His father, a retired superhero, returns from vacation and says, "We have a lot to talk about. ''
After Disney 's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009, CEO Bob Iger encouraged the company 's divisions to explore Marvel 's properties for adaptation concepts. By deliberately picking an obscure title, it would give them the freedom to come up with their own version. While directing Winnie the Pooh, director Don Hall was scrolling through a Marvel database when he stumbled upon Big Hero 6, a comic he had never heard of before. "I just liked the title, '' he said. He pitched the concept to John Lasseter in 2011, as one of five ideas for possible productions for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and this particular idea "struck a chord '' with Lasseter, Hall, and Chris Williams.
In June 2012, Disney confirmed that Walt Disney Animation Studios was adapting Marvel Comics ' series and that the film had been commissioned into early stages of development. Because they wanted the concept to feel new and fresh, head of story Paul Briggs (who also voices Yama in the film) only read a few issues of the comic, while screenwriter Robert Baird admitted he had not read the comic at all.
Big Hero 6 was produced solely by Walt Disney Animation Studios, although several members of Marvel 's creative team were involved in the film 's production including Joe Quesada, Marvel 's chief creative officer, and Jeph Loeb, head of Marvel Television. According to an interview with Axel Alonso by CBR, Marvel did not have any plans to publish a tie - in comic. Disney planned to reprint the Marvel version of Big Hero 6 themselves, but reportedly Marvel disagreed. They eventually came to agreement that Yen Press would publish the Japanese manga version of Big Hero 6 for Disney.
Conversely, Lasseter dismissed the idea of a rift between the two companies, and producer Roy Conli stated that Marvel allowed Disney "complete freedom in structuring the story. '' Disney Animation Studio President Andrew Millstein stated: "Hero is one example of what we 've learned over the years and our embracing some of the Pixar DNA. '' Regarding the film 's story, Quesada stated, "The relationship between Hiro and his robot has a very Disney flavor to it... but it 's combined with these Marvel heroic arcs. '' The production team decided early on not to connect the film to the Marvel Cinematic Universe and instead set the film in a stand - alone universe.
With respect to the design of Baymax, Hall mentioned in an interview, "I wanted a robot that we had never seen before and something to be wholly original. That 's a tough thing to do, we 've got a lot of robots in pop culture, everything from The Terminator to WALL - E to C - 3PO on down the line and not to mention Japanese robots, I wo n't go into that. So I wanted to do something original. '' Even if they did not yet know what the robot should look like, artist Lisa Keene came up with the idea that it should be a huggable robot.
Early on in the development process, Hall and the design team took a research trip to Carnegie Mellon University 's Robotics Institute, where they met a team of DARPA - funded researchers who were pioneering the new field of ' soft robotics ' using inflatable vinyl, which ultimately inspired Baymax 's inflatable, vinyl, truly huggable design. Hall stated that "I met a researcher who was working on soft robots.... It was an inflatable vinyl arm and the practical app would be in the healthcare industry as a nurse or doctor 's assistant. He had me at vinyl. This particular researcher went into this long pitch but the minute he showed me that inflatable arm, I knew we had our huggable robot. '' Hall stated that the technology "will have potential probably in the medical industry in the future, making robots that are very pliable and gentle and not going to hurt people when they pick them up. ''
Hall mentioned that achieving a unique look for the mechanical armor took some time and "just trying to get something that felt like the personality of the character. '' Co-director Williams stated, "A big part of the design challenge is when he puts on the armor you want to feel that he 's a very powerful intimidating presence... at the same time, design-wise he has to relate to the really adorable simple vinyl robot underneath. '' Baymax 's face design was inspired by a copper suzu bell that Hall noticed while at a Shinto shrine.
According to Conli, Lasseter initially disliked Baymax 's description (while low on battery power) of Hiro 's cat as a "hairy baby, '' but Williams kept the line in anyway, and at the film 's first test screening, Lasseter admitted that Williams was correct.
According to Williams, Baymax was originally going to be introduced rather late in the film, but then story artist John Ripa conceived of a way for Baymax to meet Hiro much earlier. The entire film became much stronger by establishing the relationship between Hiro and Baymax early on, but the filmmakers ended up having to reconstruct "a fair amount of the first act '' in order to make that idea work.
About ninety animators worked on the film at one point or another; some worked on the project for as long as two years. In terms of the film 's animation style and settings, the film combines Eastern world culture (predominantly Japanese) with Western world culture (predominantly California). In May 2013, Disney released concept art and rendered footage of San Fransokyo from the film. San Fransokyo, the futuristic mashup of San Francisco and Tokyo, was described by Hall as "an alternate version of San Francisco. Most of the technology is advanced, but much of it feels retro... Where Hiro lives, it feels like the Haight. I love the Painted ladies. We gave them a Japanese makeover; we put a cafe on the bottom of one. They live above a coffee shop. '' According to production designer Paul Felix, "The topography is exaggerated because what we do is caricature, I think the hills are 11⁄2 times exaggerated. I do n't think you could really walk up them... When you get to the downtown area, that 's when you get the most Tokyo - fied, that pure, layered, dense kind of feeling of the commercial district there. When you get out of there, it becomes more San Francisco with the Japanese aesthetic.... (It 's a bit like) Blade Runner, but contained to a few square blocks. You see the skyscrapers contrasted with the hills. ''
The reason why Disney wanted to merge Tokyo (which is where the comic book version takes place) with San Francisco was partly because San Francisco had not been used by Marvel before, partly because of all the city 's iconic aspects, and partly because they felt its aesthetics would blend well with Tokyo. The filmmakers ' idea was that San Fransokyo is based on an alternate history in which San Francisco was largely rebuilt by Japanese immigrants in the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake, although this premise is never stated in the film.
To create San Fransokyo as a detailed digital simulation of an entire city, Disney purchased the actual assessor data for the entire city and county of San Francisco. The final city contains over 83,000 buildings and 100,000 vehicles.
A software program called Denizen was used to create over 700 distinctive characters that populate the city. Another one named Bonzai was responsible for the creation of the city 's 250,000 trees, while a new rendering system called Hyperion offered new illumination possibilities, like light shining through a translucent object (e.g. Baymax 's vinyl covering). Pixar 's RenderMan was considered as a "Plan B '' for the film 's rendering, if Hyperion was not able to meet production deadlines.
Development on Hyperion started in 2011 and was based upon research into multi-bounce complex global illumination originally conducted at Disney Research in Zürich. Disney, in turn, had to assemble a new super-computing cluster just to handle Hyperion 's immense processing demands, which consists of over 2,300 Linux workstations distributed across four data centers (three in Los Angeles and one in San Francisco). Each workstation, as of 2014, included a pair of 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon processors, 256 GB of memory, and a pair of 300 GB solid - state drives configured as a RAID Level 0 array (i.e., to operate as a single 600 GB drive). This was all backed by a central storage system with a capacity of five petabytes, which holds all digital assets as well as archival copies of all 54 Disney Animation films.
The emotional climax that takes place in the middle of a wormhole portal is represented by the stylized interior of a mandelbulb.
The post-credits scene was only added to the film in August 2014, late in production, after co-director Don Hall and his crew went to see Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy. He stated that "(i) t horrified us, that people were sat waiting for an end credits thing, because of the Marvel DNA. We did n't want people to leave the movie disappointed. ''
Henry Jackman composed the score for the film. The soundtrack features an original song titled "Immortals '' written and recorded by American rock band Fall Out Boy, which was released by Walt Disney Records on October 14, 2014. The soundtrack album was digitally released by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2014, and had a CD release on November 24. While not part of the soundtrack, a brief instrumental section of "Eye of the Tiger '' plays in the film.
All music composed by Henry Jackman (except "Immortals '', performed by Fall Out Boy).
Big Hero 6 premiered on October 23, 2014 as the opening film at the Tokyo International Film Festival. The world premiere of Big Hero 6 in 3D took place at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31, 2014. It was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on November 7, 2014 with limited IMAX international showings. Theatrically, the film was accompanied by the Walt Disney Animation Studios short, Feast.
For the South Korean release of the film, it was retitled Big Hero, to avoid the impression of being a sequel, and edited to remove indications of the characters ' Japanese origin. This is owing to the tense relations between Korea and Japan. For instance, the protagonist 's name, Hiro Hamada, was changed to "Hero Armada, '' and Japanese - language signage onscreen was changed to English. Nonetheless, the film caused some online controversy in South Korea, because of small images resembling the Rising Sun Flag in the protagonist 's room.
The film was released in China on February 28, 2015.
Big Hero 6 was released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray and DVD on February 24, 2015. Writer Steven T. Seagle, who co-created the comic book Big Hero 6, criticized the Blu - ray featurette documenting the origins of the group, for not mentioning him or co-creator Duncan Rouleau. Seagle also criticized the book Art of Big Hero 6 for the same omission.
Big Hero 6 earned $222.5 million in North America and $435.3 million in other territories for a worldwide estimated total of $657.8 million. Calculating in all expenses, Deadline estimated that the film made a profit of $187.34 million. Worldwide, it is the highest - grossing animated film of 2014, the third - highest - grossing non-Pixar animated film from Disney, and the 16th - highest - grossing animated film of all time. By grossing over $500 million worldwide, it became the fourth Disney release of 2014 to do so; the other titles being Guardians of the Galaxy, Maleficent, and Captain America: The Winter Soldier.
In the U.S. and Canada, the film is the second - highest - grossing science - fiction animated film (behind 2008 's WALL - E), the second - highest - grossing animated superhero comedy film (behind 2004 's The Incredibles), and the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film (behind 2013 's Frozen). The film earned $1.4 million from late Thursday night showings, which is higher than the previews earned by Frozen ($1.2 million) and The Lego Movie ($400,000). In its opening day on November 7, the film earned $15.8 million, debuting at number two behind Interstellar ($16.9 million). Big Hero 6 topped the box office in its opening weekend, earning $56.2 million from 3,761 theaters ahead of Interstellar ($47.5 million); it is Walt Disney Animation Studios ' second - best opening behind Frozen ($67.4 million), both adjusted and unadjusted.
On February 15, 2015, Big Hero 6 became the third - highest - grossing Disney animated film in both the U.S. and Canada, behind The Lion King and Frozen.
Two weeks ahead of its North American release, Big Hero 6 was released in Russia (earned $4.8 million) and Ukraine (earned $0.2 million) in two days (October 25 -- 26). The main reason behind the early release was in order to take advantage of the two weeks of school holidays in Russia. Jeff Bock, box office analyst for Exhibitor Relations, said "For a two - day gross, that 's huge. It 's a giant number in Russia. '' In its second weekend, the film added $4.8 million (up 1 %) bringing its total nine - day cumulative audience to $10.3 million in Russia and $10.9 including its revenue from Ukraine.
In its opening weekend, the film earned $7.6 million from seventeen markets for a first weekend worldwide total of $79.2 million, behind Interstellar ($132.2 million). It went to number one in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia. It opened with $4.8 million in Mexico. In Japan, where the film is locally known as Baymax, it opened at second place behind Yo - Kai Watch: Tanjō no Himitsu da Nyan!, with $5.3 million, marking it the second - biggest Disney opening in Japan behind Frozen. and topped the box office for six consecutive weekends. The film opened in second place with $6 million ($6.8 million including previews) in the U.K., which is 15 % lower than Frozen. It opened at No. 1 with $14.8 million in China, which is the biggest opening for a Disney and Pixar animated film (breaking Frozen 's record) and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends.
The film became the highest - grossing Disney animated film in Vietnam and in China (surpassed by Zootopia)), the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film of all time in Russia, in the Philippines (behind Toy Story 3), and in Japan (behind Frozen). In addition to being the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film, it is also the fifth - highest - grossing animated film of all time in China. In total earnings, its biggest markets outside of the United States and Canada are China ($83.5 million) and Japan ($76 million).
The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 205 reviews, with an average score of 7.3 / 10. The site 's consensus states: "Agreeably entertaining and brilliantly animated, Big Hero 6 is briskly - paced, action - packed, and often touching. '' Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews. ''
Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars, writing that "The real appeal of Big Hero 6 is n't its action. It 's the central character 's heart. '' Maricar Estrella of Fort Worth Star - Telegram gave the film 5 stars, saying it "offers something for everyone: action, camaraderie, superheroes and villains. But mostly, Baymax offers a compassionate and healing voice for those suffering, and a hug that can be felt through the screen. '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, stating, "The breakthrough star of the season is here. His name is Baymax and he 's impossible not to love. The 3 - D animated Big Hero 6 would be a ton less fun without this irresistible blob of roly - poly, robot charisma. '' Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant gave the film 4 out of 5 stars or "excellent, '' explaining that "Big Hero 6 combines Disney wonder and charm with Marvel awe and action to deliver a film that exhibits the best of both studios. '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review, calling it "sweet and sharp and exciting and hilarious '' and says that the film "comes to the rescue of what 's become a dreaded movie trope -- the origin story -- and launches the superhero tale to pleasurable new heights. '' Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film 3.5 of 4 stars, writing that "the storytelling is solid, propelled by characters that you come to care about. And that should make Big Hero 6 a big hit. ''
Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film a positive review, writing, "Directors Don Hall and Chris Williams have made a terrific movie about a boy (Ryan Potter) and his robot friend, who seek answers to a deadly tragedy, '' calling it an "unexpectedly good treat. '' Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying that "Clever, colorful, fast on its feet, frequently very funny and sweet (but not excessively so), Big Hero 6 mixes its myriad influences into a final product that, while in no way original, is immensely entertaining. '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying that "the funny and heartwarming story about the bond between a teen tech geek and a gentle robot represents another ca n't - miss proposition by Walt Disney Animation Studios. '' Jon Niccum of The Kansas City Star gave the film 3.5 out of four stars, writing that while it "may hit a few familiar beats inherent to any superhero "origin story, '' '' it is still "the best animated film of the year, supplying The Incredibles - size adventure with a level of emotional bonding not seen since The Iron Giant, '' and that it "never runs low on battery power. '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the Daily News gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "charming animated adventure, '' saying that with "appealing 3D animation '' and a smart and "sharp story and script, '' it is "one of the rare family films that can fairly boast of having it all: humor, heart and huggability. '' Rafer Guzmán from Newsday gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying that "Marvel plus Disney plus John Lasseter equals an enjoyable jumble of kid - approved action, '' with "rich, vivid colors and filled with clever details. ''
Vinyl toy company Funko released the first images of the toy figures via their Big Hero 6 Funko. The POP Vinyl series collection features Hiro Hamada, GoGo Tomago, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Fred, and a 6 - inch Baymax.
Bandai released a number of action figures related to the film; these toys including a number of different Baymax figures. One is a soft plastic 10 - inch version that includes a series of projected stills from the film on his stomach, which can be changed when the figure 's arm is moved, and which emits accompanying sounds. Deluxe Flying Baymax, which retails for $39.99, depicts the armored version of the character and features lights and sounds that activate at the push of a button. Placing the Hiro figurine on his back changes the sounds into speech and when the figure is tilted, the sounds are those of flying. The Armor - Up Baymax (original retail cost $19.99) comes with 20 pieces of armor that can be assembled onto the robot by the owner. The other characters from the film, including the other members of team and Professor Callaghan (who is called Yokai) are issued in 4 - inch action figures, each of which have eight points of articulation.
On February 18, 2015, the film 's directors, Don Hall and Chris Williams, said a sequel was possible. Hall added, "Having said that, of course, we love these characters, and the thought of working with them again some day definitely has its appeal. '' In March 2015, Genesis Rodriguez told MTV that a sequel was being considered, saying, "... There 's nothing definitive. There 's talks of something happening. We just do n't know what yet. '' In April 2015, Stan Lee mentioned a projected sequel as one of several that he understood were in Marvel 's plans for upcoming films.
In March 2016, Disney announced that a Big Hero 6 television series was in development and premiered on Disney Channel and Disney XD in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film, and is created and executive produced by Kim Possible 's Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, and co-executive produced by Nick Filippi. The majority of the cast from the film returned to voice the characters, except for Wayans Jr. and Miller.
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what nfl quarterback has the most career passing yards | List of National football League career passing yards Leaders - wikipedia
This is a list of National Football League quarterbacks by total career passing yards. This list includes all quarterbacks who have thrown for at least 30,000 career passing yards.
Through Week 8 of 2018 season
Through Week 8 of 2018 season; numbers in yards
Active players are in bold. Minimum 60K yards.
Ten players are recognised as having held the record as the NFL 's career passing yardage leader. The longest record holder was Fran Tarkenton who held the record for 19 years.
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what does the us government spend the most money on | United States federal budget - Wikipedia
The United States federal budget comprises the spending and revenues of the U.S. federal government. The budget is the financial representation of the priorities of the government, reflecting historical debates and competing economic philosophies. The government primarily spends on healthcare, retirement, and defense programs. The non-partisan Congressional Budget Office provides extensive analysis of the budget and its economic effects. It has reported that the U.S. is facing a series of long - term financial challenges, as the country ages and healthcare costs continue growing faster than the economy.
The budget document often begins as the President 's proposal to the U.S. Congress which recommends funding levels for the next fiscal year, beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. The fiscal year is named for the year in which it ends. However, Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the federal budget process. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual appropriations bills to allocate funding to various federal programs.
If Congress fails to pass an annual budget, a series of Appropriations bills must be passed as "stop gap '' measures. After Congress approves an appropriations bill, it is sent to the President, who may sign it into law, or may veto it. A vetoed bill is sent back to Congress, which can pass it into law with a two - thirds majority in each chamber. Congress may also combine all or some appropriations bills into an omnibus reconciliation bill. In addition, the president may request and the Congress may pass supplemental appropriations bills or emergency supplemental appropriations bills.
Several government agencies provide budget data and analysis. These include the Government Accountability Office (GAO), Congressional Budget Office, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the U.S. Treasury Department. These agencies have reported that the federal government is facing a series of important long - run financing challenges, primarily driven by an aging population, rising interest payments, and spending for healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
During fiscal year 2017, the Federal government received approximately $3.3 trillion in tax and fee revenue and had outlays (spending) of $4.0 trillion; the difference was a $666 billion deficit, up $80 billion from 2016. Measured as a percentage of gross domestic product (a measure of the size of the economy), revenues were 17.7 % GDP, above the historical average (1980 -- 2015) of 17.4 % GDP. Outlays of 20.8 % GDP were slightly above the historical average of 20.6 % GDP. The deficit of 3.5 % GDP was above the historical average of 3.2 % GDP. After a significant increase primarily due to the Great Recession, the annual deficit returned to its historical average in fiscal year 2014.
During fiscal year 2016, the Federal government received approximately $3.3 trillion in tax and fee revenue and had outlays (spending) of $3.9 trillion; the difference was a $587 billion deficit. Measured as a percentage of gross domestic product (a measure of the size of the economy), revenues were 17.8 % GDP, above the historical average (1980 -- 2015) of 17.4 % GDP. Outlays of 20.9 % GDP were above the average of 20.6 % GDP. The deficit of 3.2 % GDP was equal to the historical average.
President Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act into law in December 2017. The CBO estimated that implementing the Act would add an estimated $1.455 trillion to the national debt over ten years, or about $1.0 trillion after macroeconomic feedback effects, in addition to the $11 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt.
The U.S. Constitution (Article I, section 9, clause 7) states that "No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. ''
Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. Current law (31 U.S.C. § 1105 (a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents ' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.
The federal budget is calculated largely on a cash basis. That is, revenues and outlays are recognized when transactions are made. Therefore, the full long - term costs of entitlement programs such as Medicare, Social Security, and the federal portion of Medicaid are not reflected in the federal budget. By contrast, many businesses and some other national governments have adopted forms of accrual accounting, which recognizes obligations and revenues when they are incurred. The costs of some federal credit and loan programs, according to provisions of the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990, are calculated on a net present value basis.
Federal agencies can not spend money unless funds are authorized and appropriated. Typically, separate Congressional committees have jurisdiction over authorization and appropriations. The House and Senate Appropriations Committees currently have 12 subcommittees, which are responsible for drafting the 12 regular appropriations bills that determine amounts of discretionary spending for various federal programs. Appropriations bills must pass both the House and Senate and then be signed by the president in order to give federal agencies the legal budget authority to spend. In many recent years, regular appropriations bills have been combined into "omnibus '' bills.
Congress may also pass "special '' or "emergency '' appropriations. Spending that is deemed an "emergency '' is exempt from certain Congressional budget enforcement rules. Funds for disaster relief have sometimes come from supplemental appropriations, such as after Hurricane Katrina. In other cases, funds included in emergency supplemental appropriations bills support activities not obviously related to actual emergencies, such as parts of the 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Special appropriations have been used to fund most of the costs of war and occupation in Iraq and Afghanistan so far.
Budget resolutions and appropriations bills, which reflect spending priorities of Congress, will usually differ from funding levels in the president 's budget. The president, however, retains substantial influence over the budget process through veto power and through congressional allies when the president 's party has a majority in Congress.
The amount of budget authority and outlays for a fiscal year usually differ because the government can incur obligations for future years. This means that budget authority from a previous fiscal year can, in many cases, be used for expenditure of funds in future fiscal years; for example, a multi-year contract.
Budget authority is the legal authority provided by federal law to enter into financial obligations that will result in immediate or future outlays involving federal government funds. Outlays refer to the issuance of checks, disbursement of cash or electronic transfer of funds made to liquidate a federal obligation and is usually synonymous with "expenditure '' or "spending ''. The term "appropriations '' refers to budget authority to incur obligations and to make payments from the Treasury for specified purposes. Some military and some housing programs have multi-year appropriations, in which their budget authority is specified for several coming fiscal years.
In the congressional budgeting process, an "authorization '' (technically the "authorization act '') provides the legal authority for the executive branch to act, establishes an account which can receive money to implement the action, and sets a limit on how much money may be expended. However, this account remains empty until Congress approves an "appropriation '', which requires the U.S. Treasury to provide funds (up to the limit provided for in the authorization). Congress is not required to appropriate as much money as is authorized.
Congress may both authorize and appropriate in the same bill. Known as "authorization bills '', such legislation usually provides for a multi-year authorization and appropriation. Authorization bills are particularly useful when funding entitlement programs (benefits which federal law says an individual has a right to, regardless if any money is appropriated), where estimating the amount of funds to be spent is difficult. Authorization bills are also useful when giving a federal agency the right to borrow money, sign contracts, or provide loan guarantees. In 2007, two - thirds of all federal spending came through authorization bills.
A "backdoor authorization '' occurs when an appropriation is made and an agency required to spend the money even when no authorizing legislation has been enacted. A "backdoor appropriation '' occurs when authorizing legislation requires an agency to spend a specific amount of money on a specific project within a specific period of time. Because the agency would be violating the law if it did not do so, it is required to spend the money -- even if no appropriation has been made. Backdoor appropriations are particularly vexsome because removing the appropriation requires amending federal law, which is often politically impossible to do within a short period of time. Backdoor authorizations and appropriations are sources of significant friction in Congress. Authorization and appropriations committees jealously guard their legislative rights, and the congressional budgeting process can break down when committees overstep their boundaries and are retaliated against.
Several government agencies provide budget data. These include the Government Accountability Office (GAO), the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the U.S. Treasury Department. The CBO publishes The Budget and Economic Outlook in January, which covers a ten - year window and is typically updated in August. It also publishes a Long - Term Budget Outlook in July and a Monthly Budget Review. The OMB, which is responsible for organizing the President 's budget presented in February, typically issues a budget update in July. The GAO and the Treasury issue Financial Statements of the U.S. Government, usually in the December following the close of the federal fiscal year, which occurs September 30. There is a corresponding Citizen 's Guide, a short summary. The Treasury Department also produces a Combined Statement of Receipts, Outlays, and Balances each December for the preceding fiscal year, which provides detailed data on federal financial activities.
Historical tables within the President 's Budget (OMB) provide a wide range of data on federal government finances. Many of the data series begin in 1940 and include estimates of the President 's Budget for 2009 -- 2014. Additionally, Table 1.1 provides data on receipts, outlays, and surpluses or deficits for 1901 -- 1939 and for earlier multi-year periods. This document is composed of 17 sections, each of which has one or more tables. Each section covers a common theme. Section 1, for example, provides an overview of the budget and off - budget totals; Section 2 provides tables on receipts by source; and Section 3 shows outlays by function. When a section contains several tables, the general rule is to start with tables showing the broadest overview data and then work down to more detailed tables. The purpose of these tables is to present a broad range of historical budgetary data in one convenient reference source and to provide relevant comparisons likely to be most useful. The most common comparisons are in terms of proportions (e.g., each major receipt category as a percentage of total receipts and of the gross domestic product).
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) projects budget data such as revenues, expenses, deficits, and debt as part of its "Long - term Budget Outlook '' which is released annually. The 2014 Outlook included projections for debt through 2039 and beyond. CBO outlined several scenarios that result in a range of outcomes. The "Extended Baseline '' scenario and "Extended Alternative Fiscal '' scenario both result in a much higher level of debt relative to the size of the economy (GDP) as the country ages and healthcare costs rise faster than the rate of economic growth. CBO also identified scenarios involving significant austerity measures, which maintain or reduce the debt relative to GDP over time.
The sooner austerity steps are taken (e.g., raising revenues or reducing spending or a combination of both), the smaller those changes can be to maintain or reduce the debt level projected in 2039. For example, under the baseline scenario, stabilizing the ratio of debt to GDP at 74 % (its current level) would require non-interest spending cuts and / or tax hikes of 1.2 % of GDP annually if implemented in 2015, or 1.5 % of GDP annually if begun in 2020. To bring the debt - to - GDP ratio back to its 40 - year average of 39 %, the austerity measures required would be 2.6 % GDP if begun in 2015 and 3.2 % GDP if begun in 2020. Over the 1974 to 2013 period, federal spending averaged 20.5 % GDP and revenue 17.4 % GDP. For scale, a 2 % GDP reduction in spending would be approximately a 10 % spending cut.
During FY2016, the federal government collected approximately $3.27 trillion in tax revenue, up $18 B (billion) or 1 % versus FY2015. Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ($1,546 B or 47 % of total receipts), Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ($1,115 B or 34 %), and corporate taxes ($300 B or 10 %). Other revenue types included excise, estate and gift taxes. FY 2016 revenues were 17.8 % of gross domestic product (GDP), versus 18.2 % in FY 2015. Tax revenues averaged approximately 17.4 % GDP over the 1980 - 2015 period, generally ranging plus or minus 2 % from that level. Tax revenues are significantly affected by the economy. Recessions typically reduce government tax collections as economic activity slows. For example, tax revenues declined from $2.5 trillion in 2008 to $2.1 trillion in 2009, and remained at that level in 2010. From 2008 to 2009, individual income taxes declined 20 %, while corporate taxes declined 50 %. At 14.6 % of GDP, the 2009 and 2010 collections were the lowest level of the past 50 years.
The federal personal income tax is progressive, meaning a higher marginal tax rate is applied to higher ranges of income. For example, in 2010 the tax rate that applied to the first $17,000 in taxable income for a couple filing jointly was 10 %, while the rate applied to income over $379,150 was 35 %. The top marginal tax rate has declined considerably since 1980. For example, the top tax rate was lowered from 70 % to 50 % in 1980 and reached as low as 28 % in 1988. The Bush tax cuts of 2001 and 2003, extended by President Obama in 2010, lowered the top rate from 39.6 % to 35 %. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 raised the income tax rates for individuals earning over $400,000 and couples over $450,000. There are numerous exemptions and deductions, that typically result in a range of 35 -- 40 % of U.S. households owing no federal income tax. The recession and tax cut stimulus measures increased this to 51 % for 2009, versus 38 % in 2007. In 2011 it was found that 46 % of households paid no federal income tax, however the top 1 % contributed about 25 % of total taxes collected. In 2014, the top 1 % paid approximately 46 % of the federal income taxes, excluding payroll taxes.
The federal payroll tax (FICA) partially funds Social Security and Medicare. For the Social Security portion, employers and employees each pay 6.2 % of the workers gross pay, a total of 12.4 %. The Social Security portion is capped at $118,500 for 2015, meaning income above this amount is not subject to the tax. It is a flat tax up to the cap, but regressive overall as it is not applied to higher incomes. The Medicare portion is also paid by employer and employee each at 1.45 % and is not capped. Starting in 2013, an additional 0.9 percent more in Medicare taxes was applied to income of more than $200,000 ($250,000 for married couples filing jointly), making it a progressive tax overall.
For calendar years 2011 and 2012, the employee 's portion of the payroll tax was reduced to 4.2 % as an economic stimulus measure; this expired for 2013. Approximately 65 % percent of tax return filers pay more in payroll taxes than income taxes.
The term "tax expenditures '' refers to income exclusions, deductions, preferential rates, and credits that reduce revenues for any given level of tax rates in the individual, payroll, and corporate income tax systems. Like conventional spending, they contribute to the federal budget deficit. They also influence choices about working, saving, and investing, and affect the distribution of income. The amount of reduced federal revenues are significant, estimated by CBO at nearly 8 % GDP or about $1.5 trillion in 2017, for scale roughly half the revenue collected by the government and nearly three times as large as the budget deficit. Since eliminating a tax expenditure changes economic behavior, the amount of additional revenue that would be generated is somewhat less than the estimated size of the tax expenditure.
CBO reported that the following were among the largest individual (non-corporate) tax expenditures in 2013:
In 2013, CBO estimated that more than half of the combined benefits of 10 major tax expenditures would apply to households in the top 20 % income group, and that 17 % of the benefit would go to the top 1 % households. The top 20 % of income earners pay about 70 % of federal income taxes, excluding payroll taxes. For scale, 50 % of the $1.5 trillion in tax expenditures in 2016 was $750 billion, while the U.S. budget deficit was approximately $600 billion. In other words, eliminating the tax expenditures for the top 20 % might balance the budget over the short - term, depending on economic feedback effects.
During FY2016, the federal government spent $3.85 trillion on a budget or cash basis, up $164 billion or 4 % vs. FY2015 spending of $3.69 trillion. Major categories of FY 2016 spending included: Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ($1,060 B or 28 % of spending), Social Security ($910 B or 24 %), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($600 B or 16 %), Defense Department ($585 B or 15 %), and interest ($240 B or 6 %).
Expenditures are classified as "mandatory '', with payments required by specific laws to those meeting eligibility criteria (e.g., Social Security and Medicare), or "discretionary '', with payment amounts renewed annually as part of the budget process. Around two thirds of federal spending is for "mandatory '' programs. CBO projects that mandatory program spending and interest costs will rise relative to GDP over the 2016 -- 2026 period, while defense and other discretionary spending will decline relative to GDP.
Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid expenditures are funded by more permanent Congressional appropriations and so are considered mandatory spending. Social Security and Medicare are sometimes called "entitlements '', because people meeting relevant eligibility requirements are legally entitled to benefits, although most pay taxes into these programs throughout their working lives. Some programs, such as Food Stamps, are appropriated entitlements. Some mandatory spending, such as Congressional salaries, is not part of any entitlement program. Mandatory spending accounted for 59.8 % of total federal outlays (net of receipts that partially pay for the programs), with net interest payments accounting for an additional 6.5 %. In 2000, these were 53.2 % and 12.5 %, respectively.
Mandatory spending is expected to continue increasing as a share of GDP. This is due in part to demographic trends, as the number of workers continues declining relative to those receiving benefits. For example, the number of workers per retiree was 5.1 in 1960; this declined to 3.0 in 2010 and is projected to decline to 2.2 by 2030. These programs are also affected by per - person costs, which are also expected to increase at a rate significantly higher than economic growth. This unfavorable combination of demographics and per - capita rate increases is expected to drive both Social Security and Medicare into large deficits during the 21st century. Unless these long - term fiscal imbalances are addressed by reforms to these programs, raising taxes or drastic cuts in discretionary programs, the federal government will at some point be unable to pay its obligations without significant risk to the value of the dollar (inflation). By one estimate, 70 % of the growth in these entitlement expenses over the 2016 - 2046 period is due to healthcare.
CBO reported that net interest on the public debt was approximately $240 billion in FY2016 (6 % of spending), an increase of $17 billion or 8 % versus FY2015. A higher level of debt coincided with higher interest rates. During FY2012, the GAO reported a figure of $245 billion, down from $251 billion. Government also accrued a non-cash interest expense of $187 billion for intra-governmental debt, primarily the Social Security Trust Fund, for a total interest expense of $432 billion. GAO reported that even though the national debt rose in FY2012, the interest rate paid declined. Should interest rates rise to historical averages, the interest cost would increase dramatically.
As of January 2012, public debt owned by foreigners has increased to approximately 50 % of the total or approximately $5.0 trillion. As a result, nearly 50 % of the interest payments are now leaving the country, which is different from past years when interest was paid to U.S. citizens holding the public debt. Interest expenses are projected to grow dramatically as the U.S. debt increases and interest rates rise from very low levels to more typical historical levels.
Intuitively, the annual budget deficit should represent the amount added to the national debt. However, there are certain types of spending ("supplemental appropriations '') outside the budget process which are not captured in the deficit computation, which also add to the national debt. Prior to 2009, spending for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan was often funded through special appropriations excluded from the budget deficit calculation. In FY2010 and prior, the budget deficit and annual change in the national debt were significantly different. For example, the U.S. added $1 trillion to the national debt in FY2008 but reported a deficit of $455 billion. Due to rules changes implemented under President Obama in 2009, the two figures have moved closer together and were nearly identical in 2013 (a CBO reported deficit of $680 billion versus change in debt of $672 billion). For FY2014, the difference widened again, with the CBO reporting a deficit of $483 billion versus a change in total debt outstanding of $1,086 billion.
The total federal debt is divided into "debt held by the public '' and "intra-governmental debt. '' The debt held by the public refers to U.S. government securities or other obligations held by investors (e.g., bonds, bills and notes), while Social Security and other federal trust funds are part of the intra-governmental debt. As of September 30, 2012 the total debt was $16.1 trillion, with debt held by the public of $11.3 trillion and intragovernmental debt of $4.8 trillion. Debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP rose from 34.7 % in 2000 to 40.3 % in 2008 and 70.0 % in 2012. U.S. GDP was approximately $15 trillion during 2011 and an estimated $15.6 trillion for 2012 based on activity during the first two quarters. This means the total debt is roughly the size of GDP. Economists debate the level of debt relative to GDP that signals a "red line '' or dangerous level, or if any such level exists. By comparison, China 's budget deficit was 1.6 % of its $10 trillion GDP in 2010, with a debt to GDP ratio of 16 %.
The CBO reported several types of risk factors related to rising debt levels in a July 2010 publication:
However, since mid to late 2010, the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates at Treasury security auctions. At such low rates, government debt borrowing saves taxpayer money according to one economist. There is no guarantee that such rates will continue, but the trend has remained falling or flat as of October 2012.
Fears of a fiscal crisis triggered by a significant selloff of U.S. Treasury securities by foreign owners such as China and Japan did not materialize, even in the face of significant sales of those securities during 2015, as demand for U.S. securities remained robust.
Economist Martin Wolf explained in July 2012 that government fiscal balance is one of three major financial sectoral balances in the U.S. economy, the others being the foreign financial sector and the private financial sector. The sum of the surpluses or deficits across these three sectors must be zero by definition. Since the foreign and private sectors are in surplus, the government sector must be in deficit.
Wolf argued that the sudden shift in the private sector from deficit to surplus due to the global economic conditions forced the government balance into deficit, writing: "The financial balance of the private sector shifted towards surplus by the almost unbelievable cumulative total of 11.2 per cent of gross domestic product between the third quarter of 2007 and the second quarter of 2009, which was when the financial deficit of US government (federal and state) reached its peak... No fiscal policy changes explain the collapse into massive fiscal deficit between 2007 and 2009, because there was none of any importance. The collapse is explained by the massive shift of the private sector from financial deficit into surplus or, in other words, from boom to bust. ''
Economist Paul Krugman also explained in December 2011 the causes of the sizable shift from private sector deficit to surplus: "This huge move into surplus reflects the end of the housing bubble, a sharp rise in household saving, and a slump in business investment due to lack of customers. ''
CBO reported in October 2014: "The federal government ran a budget deficit of $486 billion in fiscal year 2014... $195 billion less than the shortfall recorded in fiscal year 2013, and the smallest deficit recorded since 2008. Relative to the size of the economy, that deficit -- at an estimated 2.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) -- was slightly below the average experienced over the past 40 years, and 2014 was the fifth consecutive year in which the deficit declined as a percentage of GDP since peaking at 9.8 percent in 2009. By CBO 's estimate, revenues were about 9 percent higher and outlays were about 1 percent higher in 2014 than they were in the previous fiscal year. ''
CBO reported in its February 2014 Budget and Economic Outlook (which covers the 2014 - 2024 period) that deficits were projected to return to approximately the historical average relative to the size of the economy (GDP) by 2014. CBO estimated that under current law, the deficit would total $514 billion in fiscal year 2014 or 3.0 % GDP. Deficits would then slowly begin rising again through 2024 due primarily to the pressures of an aging population and rising healthcare costs per person. The debt to GDP ratio would remain stable for much of the decade then begin rising again toward the end of the 10 - year forecast window, from 74 % in 2014 to 79 % in 2024.
The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reports its Long - Term Budget Outlook annually, providing at least two scenarios for spending, revenue, deficits, and debt. The 2014 Outlook mainly covers the 25 - year period through 2039.
The "extended baseline scenario '' assumes that the laws currently on the books will be implemented, for the most part. CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario: "If current laws remained generally unchanged in the future, federal debt held by the public would decline slightly relative to GDP over the next few years. After that, however, growing budget deficits would push debt back to and above its current high level. Twenty - five years from now, in 2039, federal debt held by the public would exceed 100 percent of GDP. Moreover, debt would be on an upward path relative to the size of the economy, a trend that could not be sustained indefinitely. By 2039, the deficit would equal 6.5 percent of GDP, larger than in any year between 1947 and 2008, and federal debt held by the public would reach 106 percent of GDP, more than in any year except 1946 -- even without factoring in the economic effects of growing debt. ''
The "extended alternative fiscal scenario '' assumes the continuation of present trends, which result in a more unfavorable debt position and adverse economic consequences relative to the baseline scenario. CBO reported in July 2014 that under this scenario: "(C) ertain policies that are now in place but are scheduled to change under current law are assumed to continue, and some provisions of current law that might be difficult to sustain for a long period are assumed to be modified. Under that scenario, deficits excluding interest payments would be about $2 trillion larger over the first decade than those under the baseline; subsequently, such deficits would be larger than those under the extended baseline by rapidly increasing amounts, doubling as a percentage of GDP in less than 10 years. CBO projects that real GNP in 2039 would be about 5 percent lower under the extended alternative fiscal scenario than under the extended baseline with economic feedback, and that interest rates would be about three - quarters of a percentage point higher. Reflecting the budgetary effects of those economic developments, federal debt would rise to 183 percent of GDP in 2039. ''
Over the long - term, CBO projects that interest expense and mandatory spending categories (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security) will continue to grow relative to GDP, while discretionary categories (e.g., Defense and other Cabinet Departments) continue to fall relative to GDP. Debt is projected to continue rising relative to GDP under the above two scenarios, although the CBO did also offer other scenarios that involved austerity measures that would bring the debt to GDP ratio down.
CBO estimated under the baseline scenario that the U.S. debt held by the public would increase approximately $8.5 trillion between the end of 2014 and 2024. Under a $2 trillion deficit reduction scenario during that first decade, federal debt held by the public in 2039 would stand at 75 percent of GDP, only slightly above the value of 72 percent at the end of 2013. Under a $4 trillion deficit reduction scenario for that decade, federal debt held by the public would fall to 42 percent of GDP in 2039. By comparison, such debt was 35 percent of GDP in 2007 and has averaged 39 percent of GDP during the past 40 years.
CBO reported in September 2011: "The nation can not continue to sustain the spending programs and policies of the past with the tax revenues it has been accustomed to paying. Citizens will either have to pay more for their government, accept less in government services and benefits, or both. ''
In January 2017, the Congressional Budget Office reported its baseline budget projections for the 2017 - 2027 time periods, based on laws in place as of the end of the Obama administration. CBO forecasted that "debt held by the public '' would increase from $14.2 trillion in 2016 to $24.9 trillion by 2027, an increase of $10.7 trillion. These increases are primarily driven by an aging population, which impacts the costs of Social Security and Medicare, along with interest on the debt. As President Trump introduces his budgetary policies, the impact can be measured against this baseline.
CBO also estimated that if policies in place as of the end of the Obama administration continued over the following decade, real GDP would grow at approximately 2 % per year, the unemployment rate would remain around 5 %, inflation would remain around 2 %, and interest rates would rise moderately. President Trump 's economic policies can also be measured against this baseline.
Many of the debates surrounding the United States federal budget center around competing macroeconomic schools of thought. In general, Democrats favor the principles of Keynesian economics to encourage economic growth via a mixed economy of both private and public enterprise, a welfare state, and strong regulatory oversight. Conversely, Republicans generally support applying the principles of either laissez - faire or supply - side economics to grow the economy via small government, low taxes, limited regulation, and free enterprise. Debates have surrounded the appropriate size and role of the federal government since the founding of the country. These debates also deal with questions of morality, income equality, and intergenerational equity. For example, Congress adding to the debt today may or may not enhance the quality of life for future generations, who must also bear the additional interest and taxation burden.
Political realities make major budgetary deals difficult to achieve. While Republicans argue conceptually for reductions in Medicare and Social Security, they are hesitant to actually vote to reduce the benefits from these popular programs. Democrats on the other hand argue conceptually for tax increases on the wealthy, yet may be hesitant to vote for them because of the effect on campaign donations from the wealthy. The so - called budgetary "grand bargain '' of tax hikes on the rich and removal of some popular tax deductions in exchange for reductions to Medicare and Social Security is therefore elusive.
President Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act into law in December 2017. The CBO estimated that implementing the Act would add an estimated $1.455 trillion to the national debt over ten years, or about $1.0 trillion after macroeconomic feedback effects, in addition to the $11 trillion increase forecast under the current policy baseline and existing $20 trillion national debt. CBO reported on December 21, 2017: "Overall, the combined effect of the change in net federal revenue and spending is to decrease deficits (primarily stemming from reductions in spending) allocated to lower - income tax filing units and to increase deficits (primarily stemming from reductions in taxes) allocated to higher - income tax filing units. ''
The CBO has consistently reported since 2010 that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as "Obamacare '') would reduce the deficit, as its tax increases and reductions in future Medicare spending offset its incremental spending for subsidies for low - income households. The CBO reported in June 2015 that repeal of the ACA would increase the deficit between $137 billion and $353 billion over the 2016 -- 2025 period in total, depending on the impact of macroeconomic feedback effects. In other words, ACA is a deficit reducer, as its repeal would raise the deficit.
The Medicare Trustees provide an annual report of the program 's finances. The forecasts from 2009 and 2015 differ materially, mainly due to changes in the projected rate of healthcare cost increases, which have moderated considerably. Rather than rising to nearly 12 % GDP over the forecast period (through 2080) as forecast in 2009, the 2015 forecast has Medicare costs rising to 6 % GDP, comparable to the Social Security program.
The increase in healthcare costs is one of the primary drivers of long - term budget deficits. The long - term budget situation has considerably improved in the 2015 forecast versus the 2009 forecast per the Trustees Report.
U.S. healthcare costs were approximately $3.2 trillion or nearly $10,000 per person on average in 2015. Major categories of expense include hospital care (32 %), physician and clinical services (20 %), and prescription drugs (10 %). U.S. costs in 2016 were substantially higher than other OECD countries, at 17.2 % GDP versus 12.4 % GDP for the next most expensive country (Switzerland). For scale, a 5 % GDP difference represents about $1 trillion or $3,000 per person. Some of the many reasons cited for the cost differential with other countries include: Higher administrative costs of a private system with multiple payment processes; higher costs for the same products and services; more expensive volume / mix of services with higher usage of more expensive specialists; aggressive treatment of very sick elderly versus palliative care; less use of government intervention in pricing; and higher income levels driving greater demand for healthcare. Healthcare costs are a fundamental driver of health insurance costs, which leads to coverage affordability challenges for millions of families. There is ongoing debate whether the current law (ACA / Obamacare) and the Republican alternatives (AHCA and BCRA) do enough to address the cost challenge.
In the wake of the 2007 -- 2009 U.S. recession, there were several important fiscal debates around key questions:
According to a December 2012 Pew Research Center poll, only a few of the frequently discussed deficit reduction ideas have majority support:
Fewer than 50 % support raising the retirement age for Social Security or Medicare, reducing military defense spending, limiting the mortgage interest deduction, or reducing federal funding for low income persons, education and infrastructure.
There are a variety of proposed strategies for reducing the federal deficit. These may include policy choices regarding taxation and spending, along with policies designed to increase economic growth and reduce unemployment. For example, a fast - growing economy offers the win - win outcome of a larger proverbial economic pie, with higher employment and tax revenues, lower safety net spending and a lower debt - to - GDP ratio. However, most other strategies represent a tradeoff scenario in which money or benefits are taken from some and given to others. Spending can be reduced from current levels, frozen, or the rate of future spending increases reduced. Budgetary rules can also be implemented to manage spending. Some changes can take place today, while others can phase in over time. Tax revenues can be raised in a variety of ways, by raising tax rates, the scope of what is taxed, or eliminating deductions and exemptions ("tax expenditures ''). Regulatory uncertainty or barriers can be reduced, as these may cause businesses to postpone investment and hiring decisions.
The CBO reported in September 2011 that: "Given the aging of the population and rising costs for health care, attaining a sustainable federal budget will require the United States to deviate from the policies of the past 40 years in at least one of the following ways:
During June 2012, Federal Reserve Chair Ben Bernanke recommended three objectives for fiscal policy: 1) Take steps to put the federal budget on a sustainable fiscal path; 2) Avoid unnecessarily impeding the ongoing economic recovery; and 3) Design tax policies and spending programs to promote a stronger economy.
President Barack Obama stated in June 2012: "What I 've said is, let 's make long - term spending cuts; let 's initiate long - term reforms; let 's reduce our health care spending; let 's make sure that we 've got a pathway, a glide - path to fiscal responsibility, but at the same time, let 's not under - invest in the things that we need to do right now to grow. And that recipe of short - term investments in growth and jobs with a long - term path of fiscal responsibility is the right approach to take for, I think, not only the United States but also for Europe. ''
A variety of government task forces, expert panels, private institutions, politicians, and journalists have made recommendations for reducing the deficit and slowing the growth of debt. Several organizations have compared the future impact of these plans on the deficit, debt, and economy. One helpful way of measuring the impact of the plans is to compare them in terms of revenue and expense as a percentage of GDP over time, in total and by category. This helps illustrate how the different plan authors have prioritized particular elements of the budget.
There is significant debate regarding the urgency of addressing the short - term and long - term budget challenges. Prior to the 2008 - 2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits. For example, Fed Chair Ben Bernanke stated in January 2007: "The longer we wait, the more severe, the more draconian, the more difficult the objectives are going to be. I think the right time to start was about 10 years ago. ''
However, experts after the 2008 - 2009 U.S. recession argued that longer - term austerity measures should not interfere with measures to address the short - term economic challenges of high unemployment and slow growth. Ben Bernanke wrote in September 2011: "... the two goals -- achieving fiscal sustainability, which is the result of responsible policies set in place for the longer term, and avoiding creation of fiscal headwinds for the recovery -- are not incompatible. Acting now to put in place a credible plan for reducing future deficits over the long term, while being attentive to the implications of fiscal choices for the recovery in the near term, can help serve both objectives. ''
IMF managing director Christine Lagarde wrote in August 2011: "For the advanced economies, there is an unmistakable need to restore fiscal sustainability through credible consolidation (deficit reduction) plans. At the same time we know that slamming on the brakes too quickly will hurt the recovery and worsen job prospects. So fiscal adjustment must resolve the conundrum of being neither too fast nor too slow. Shaping a Goldilocks fiscal consolidation is all about timing. What is needed is a dual focus on medium - term consolidation and short - term support for growth and jobs. That may sound contradictory, but the two are mutually reinforcing. Decisions on future consolidation, tackling the issues that will bring sustained fiscal improvement, create space in the near term for policies that support growth and jobs. ''
The budget year runs from October 1 to September 30 the following year and is submitted by the President to Congress prior to October for the following year. In this way the budget of 2013 is submitted before the end of September 2012. This means that the budget of 2001 was submitted by Bill Clinton and was in force during most of George W. Bush 's first year in office. The budget submitted by George W. Bush in his last year in office was the budget of 2009, which was in force through most of Barack Obama 's first year in office.
The President 's budget also contains revenue and spending projections for the current fiscal year, the coming fiscal years, as well as several future fiscal years. In recent years, the President 's budget contained projections five years into the future. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) issues a "Budget and Economic Outlook '' each January and an analysis of the President 's budget each March. CBO also issues an updated budget and economic outlook in August.
Actual budget data for prior years is available from the Congressional Budget Office; see the "Historical Budget Data '' links on the main page of "The Budget and Economic Outlook. '' and from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
One of the best ways to understand the long - term budget risks is through helpful charts. The following sources contain charts and commentary:
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what is the site of delivery for subcutaneous injections | Subcutaneous injection - wikipedia
A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis, the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis, collectively referred to as the cutis. Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin, morphine, diacetylmorphine and goserelin. Subcutaneous (as opposed to intravenous) injection of recreational drugs is referred to as "skin popping. '' Subcutaneous administration may be abbreviated as SC, SQ, sub-cu, sub-Q, SubQ, or subcut. Subcut is the preferred abbreviation for patient safety.
Subcutaneous tissue has few blood vessels and so drugs injected here are for slow, sustained rates of absorption. It is slower than intramuscular injections but still faster than intradermal injections.
Sites include,
A 25 to 31 gauge thick, 3 / 8 '' to 1 '' long needle can be used. The size is determined by the amount of subcutaneous tissue present, which is based on patient build. The 3 / 8 '' and 5 / 8 '' needles are most commonly used. Usually, no more than 1 mL of solution is given, compared to intradermal injections, where no more than 0.5 mL is usually given.
Subcutaneous injections are inserted at 45 to 90 degree angles, depending on amount of subcutaneous tissue present and length of needle - a shorter, 3 / 8 '' needle is usually inserted 90 degrees and a 5 / 8 '' needle is usually inserted at 45 degrees. Medication is administered slowly, about 10 seconds / milliliter.
A person with insulin - dependent (either type 1 or type 2) diabetes mellitus typically injects insulin subcutaneously.
The injection should be given under the skin, into the fat layer.
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what three features formed the central northern boundary of the roman empire | Borders of the Roman Empire - wikipedia
The borders of the Roman Empire, which fluctuated throughout the empire 's history, were a combination of natural frontiers (most notably the Rhine and Danube rivers) and man - made fortifications which separated the lands of the empire from the countries beyond.
A limes was a border fortification system of the Roman Empire. The Latin noun "limes '' had a number of different meanings: a path or balk marking off the boundaries of fields; a boundary line or marker; any road or path; any channel, such as a stream channel; or any distinction or difference between two things. Hence it was utilized by Latin writers to denote marked or fortified frontiers. The name given to proper Walls was vallum, which might have represented a border.
In Britannia the Empire built two walls one behind the other, for Mauretania there was a single wall with forts on both sides of it. In other places, such as Syria and Arabia Petraea, there was n't a continuous wall; instead there was a net of border settlements and forts occupied by the Roman army. In Dacia, the limes between the Black Sea and the Danube were a mix of the latter and the wall defenses: the Limes Moesiae was the conjunction of two, and sometimes three, lines of vallum, with a Great Camp and many minor camps spread through the fortifications.
It is now more common to accept that this is an anachronistic terminology, reflecting the views of modern scholars more than Roman reality. Limes was not used to indicate the imperial frontier or a fortified border. After the third century it was an administrative term, indicating a military district, commanded by a dux limitis.
In continental Europe, the borders were generally well defined, usually following the courses of major rivers such as the Rhine and the Danube. Nevertheless, those were not always the final border lines; the province of Dacia, modern Romania, was completely on the far side of the Danube, and the province of Germania Magna, which must not be confused with Germania Inferior and Germania Superior, was the land between the Rhine, the Danube and the Elbe (Although this province was lost three years after its creation as a result of the Battle of Teutoburg Forest).
In Great Britain both Hadrian and Antoninus Pius built defences to protect the province of Britannia from the Caledonians. Hadrian 's Wall, constructed in 122 held a garrison of 10,000 soldiers, while the Antonine Wall, constructed between 142 and 144, was abandoned by 164 and briefly reoccupied in 208, under the reign of Septimius Severus.
The eastern borders changed many times, of which the longest lasting was the Euphrates river, eventually to be left behind as the Romans defeated their rivals, the Parthians, with the march on their capital, Susa in 115. The Parthians were a group of Iranian peoples that ruled most of Greater Iran that is in modern - day Iran, western Iraq, Armenia and the Caucasus. In 118 Hadrian decided that it was in Rome 's interest to re-establish the Euphrates as the limit of its direct control. Hadrian returned to the status quo ante, and surrendered the territories of Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Adiabene to their previous rulers and client - kings and did n't attempt to romanize the Parthian Empire.
At the greatest extent of the Empire, the southern border lay along the deserts of Arabia in the Middle East and the Sahara in North Africa, which represented a natural barrier against expansion. The Empire controlled the Mediterranean shores and the mountain ranges further inland. The Romans attempted twice to occupy the Siwa Oasis and finally used Siwa as a place of banishment. However Romans controlled the Nile many miles into Africa up to the modern border between Egypt and Sudan.
In Africa Romans controlled the area north of the Sahara, from the Atlantic Ocean to Egypt, with many sections of limes (Limes Tripolitanus, Limes Numidiae, etc).
In the south of Mauritania Tingitana Romans made a limes in the third century, just north of the area of actual Casablanca near Sala and stretching to Volubilis.
Septimius Severus expanded the "Limes Tripolitanus '' dramatically, even briefly holding a military presence in the Garamantian capital Garama in 203 AD. Much of the initial campaigning success was achieved by the legate of Legio III Augusta, Quintus Anicius Faustus.
Following his African conquests, the Roman Empire may have reached its greatest extent during the reign of Septimius Severus, under whom the empire encompassed an area of 2 million square miles (5.18 million square kilometers).
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when is the second jurassic park coming out | Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World (2015). Directed by J.A. Bayona, it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series, as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy. Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers, with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers.
Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar, off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs on the island before a volcanic eruption destroys it. Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, B.D. Wong, and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series, with Rafe Spall, Justice Smith, Daniella Pineda, James Cromwell, Toby Jones, Ted Levine, Isabella Sermon, and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast.
Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii. Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures, Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21, 2018, and was released in the United States on June 22, 2018. The film has grossed over $1.1 billion worldwide, making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark, the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 18th highest - grossing film of all time. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised Pratt 's performance, Bayona 's direction, its visuals, and the "surprisingly dark moments '', although many criticized the screenplay and felt the film added nothing new to the franchise, with some suggesting it had run its course. An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11, 2021, with Trevorrow returning to direct.
Shortly after the events of Jurassic World, a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon. After successfully collecting a bone fragment, the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex.
Three years later in 2018, a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington, D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption. Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them. Meanwhile, Jurassic World 's former operations manager, Claire Dearing, has created the dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals. After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs, Hammond 's former partner, Benjamin Lockwood, summons Claire to his Northern California estate. Lockwood and his aide, Eli Mills, reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary. Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals, particularly Blue, the last living Velociraptor. Although they are estranged, Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha, Owen Grady, to help capture her.
On Isla Nublar, Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online. Owen, paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez, and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue. Upon finding her, the encounter escalates, resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen. The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury. Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption. Claire, Franklin, and Owen sneak aboard in time and, finding Zia, assist her in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood. The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose.
Back at the estate, Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market. They will also unveil the Indoraptor, a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA. Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor, unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated. After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction, he confronts Mills, who murders him. Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond, who opposed human cloning, ended their partnership.
The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged. Zia and Franklin evade capture, but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined. Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell. They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype. Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room. In the ensuing chaos, Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy, but it feigns sedation and escapes, killing him, Eversol, and others. The Indoraptor hunts Owen, Claire, and Maisie throughout the mansion. Zia releases Blue, who attacks the Indoraptor, causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death.
When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals, Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning. Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus. Owen, Claire, Maisie, Zia, and Franklin safely get away, while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape.
In a new U.S. Senate hearing, Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist. The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas.
During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World, executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made. In April 2014, Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed: "We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic, and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story. '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked. Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series. In May 2015, Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series: "I would be involved in some way, but not as director. '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films. Pratt had been signed for future films in the series, as was Ty Simpkins, who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World.
On June 3, 2015, Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open: "I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur (...) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source, there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology. '' On June 8, 2015, Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel. Later that month, Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve "dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is "not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '', saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing. Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors, whose names he did not mention.
On July 23, 2015, Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22, 2018, release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly, as they did for Jurassic World; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers. Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film. At the time of the film 's announcement, Trevorrow said the series "is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve "a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating, "That 'll get old real fast. '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline: "It 's almost like InGen is Mac, but what if PC gets their hands on it? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur? ''
In August 2015, Howard said that the script was being written, and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early, on June 7, 2018. Later that year, B.D. Wong said he "would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu, while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017. Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film, saying, "I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back. '' By October 2015, director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film, although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel, a project to which he had already signed on. In January 2016, it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments.
In March 2016, London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film, and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio. On April 14, 2016, actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm, although he said he was open to the possibility. On April 18, 2016, Bayona was announced as the film 's director, with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers. Spielberg, Marshall, and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film, The Impossible, and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World, but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production. Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film, The Orphanage. Before Bayona was hired, he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half, which would play out like a haunted house film. After Bayona was hired, Trevorrow said about the film, "We 're moving it into new territory. J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is. I think it 's important that we take risks. A franchise must evolve or perish. '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production. In June 2016, actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded, "You never say never, but I think it 's moved on. It 's different times. ''
The film, under the working title of Ancient Futures, was in full pre-production as of July 2016, with storyboards being designed. Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona, discussing reference pictures and background details, as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion. Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017. Wales was also confirmed as a filming location, including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn. Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location, while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios, without the story taking place there. Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs, which would only be mentioned in the film.
For the film 's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland, Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings, while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal, but such locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story. Although the film was partially shot in England, Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting during the second half, as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat. Crowley stated, "Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat, which is not very exciting, you needed to get to the place. ''
In September 2016, Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy. Later that year, Marshall said that Wong was "probably going to come back, '' while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film. Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year.
Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World, he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel, while retaining final approval on the project. In June 2015, approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World, Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont. Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film. During their eight - day trip, the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story. Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film: "Dinosaurs and man, two species separated by 65 million years of evolution, have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together. How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect? '' Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that, "A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone. ''
The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park (1990) and its sequel The Lost World (1995), and includes dialogue from the first novel. Isla Nublar 's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel, and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film 's plot. Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to "the burning down of a church or a temple, '' stating, "I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way, and if you 're going to do that, as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is, then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it. '' The idea to include a "silent partner '' of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel. Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel, the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs, which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project, convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people.
In his initial film treatment, Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film, as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World. Although the original ending was the same as the final film, Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world, before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused. For the script 's structure, Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies, in which two seemingly unrelated stories "collide in the middle, and move on together. '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor, stating, "It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is, and then everything changes, and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust. '' Having directed Jurassic World, Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use, as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running.
Regarding the idea of human cloning, Trevorrow stated that "we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs. It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do. (...) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on, I think is something we all feel. So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea. '' Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in "the larger impact '' of genetic power, including its emotional impact and its potential human impact, while further stating "we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science. We want to tell a story about where we are now, which is that we have messed with science, we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences. '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect, an idea that was supported by Spielberg, who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel. Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film, Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, "We made sure that every death was earned. Everybody deserves their death in this movie, a lesson learned. In 2018 everyone earns it. Horrible people. ''
After Bayona was hired, he began reading all of Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and "to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind. '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016, to perfect the script to the director 's liking. Trevorrow stated that the film would be more "suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor: "It 's just the way it 's designed; it 's the way the story plays out. I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility, so the whole thing was just built around his skillset. '' Trevorrow later described the film as "The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs. '' Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island, "you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie, '' while the second half "moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful, darker, claustrophobic, and even has this kind of gothic element, which I love. '' Bayona 's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films, and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, which were both considered darker than their predecessors.
Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be "a parable of the treatment animals receive today: the abuse, medical experimentation, pets, having wild animals in zoos like prisons, the use the military has made of them, animals as weapons. '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg. Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction, "The worst instincts of mankind are revealed. The first film was very clearly about corporate greed. This is just about human greed. '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV (later Jurassic World), presented in the same structure: a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland. The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft, which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film.
Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly. The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly 's script, and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set. Among Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm, who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films. Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm, and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character. Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as "the ' Uh oh, danger, I told you so ' kind of character, '' and Trevorrow said about the character, "I saw him as kind of Al Gore. He 's got a beard now, and he 's like, ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster, and sure enough it is. ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel, which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world.
In October 2016, casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl. Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role, which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon, marking her film debut. By November 2016, Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film, but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts. Toby Jones, Rafe Spall, and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year.
Daniella Pineda, Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017, while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu. To maintain secrecy, the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase. During auditions, references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears. To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia, Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes, as well as improvisation. Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role. She auditioned for Bayona, Atienza, and Crowley, and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming.
In March 2017, Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin, who had roles in each of his previous films, had joined the cast. The next month, it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films. Bayona considered Malcolm a "great character! '' while Marshall said, "The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever. He told us about chaos theory, he was right. ''
Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough, England, on February 23, 2017. Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office, Owen training his baby raptors, and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex. A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios. Because of its large sound stages, Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes. After filming concluded in England, production moved to Hawaii, which was used as a primary filming location. Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films. Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales. The film was shot in CinemaScope, and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40: 1 aspect ratio. The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming. Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity (1953) and Dracula (1979), as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982). Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona.
During filming and in between takes, Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes, as he had done for his previous films. Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series, including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors. In particular, Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes, as his character is portrayed as easily frightened. Prior to being filmed, Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen, and many of Pratt 's ideas were added into the film. Speaking about Levine 's character, Bayona said, "He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man. He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible. (...) And he was so creative on set, trying to give ideas, bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable. '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump, including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the "U.S. president '' has questioned the "existence of dinosaurs in the first place. '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance, which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle. An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a "nasty woman '', a line that was previously made famous by Trump.
In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England, and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. Also that month, filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet, Hampshire, England, where the film 's opening sequence was shot. The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters, rain machines, and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm. Bayona described the opening scene as a "massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films. Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire, where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built, as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought. The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which worked on the previous films. The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios, and after filming, the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate. The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding, was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior. The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate. No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot.
Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes, stating, "Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long, but until you see it in the space, you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it. '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios. The estate set included Eli Mills ' office, Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory, an underground dinosaur containment facility, separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood, and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts. When filming was completed in the Lockwood library, the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage, where the dinosaur auction takes place. Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor. An improvised fist fight scene, between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction, was added late in filming. It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series, and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track.
On May 10, 2017, it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. On May 24, 2017, scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport, which stood in as an American airfield. Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10, 2017. Up to that point, Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes. Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios, during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom. Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios.
Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13, 2017, and lasted more than 25 days, with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point. On June 21, 2017, filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia, Hawaii, which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock. More than half of the harbor was closed for filming, which required the use of smoke machines. Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month. Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue. As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film, the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer, previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle. Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World, before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead. On June 22, 2017, the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. At the time, filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker.
In Hawaii, scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm, a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane, which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors. The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain. The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs. The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England, and Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges. In Hawaii, the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement. In England, an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere, which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar. Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen, Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene. The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios, where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin. Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot; to achieve this, the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot. Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene, which also involved Howard and Smith underwater. Filming in the tank lasted five days, and required 85 crew members. The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew, as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages.
David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research. According to Vickery, the team inquired "how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about "the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow. We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film, but it is definitely all based on real science. '' All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects, although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set, so the actors would know where to react. The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof. The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid, and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set.
The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island. The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World, but was dismantled after filming concluded. For the sequel, Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built, although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size. Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions. Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii, and required more than three months to complete. Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set, which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment.
On July 7, 2017, filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole, where Pratt, Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach. Filming concluded on July 8, 2017, after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole. Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life. The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes, which the filmmakers considered too long. The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut. One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian, an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow, who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons.
The film 's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery (CGI). Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects creative supervisor, while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors. Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs, while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI. ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes, while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes. Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film. Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures, and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs, which included consulting with paleontologists. The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave. Dinosaur expert John Hankla, of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, served as an advisor on the film. After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children, Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up, and stated, "I thought that was the area where I could play with. They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie. '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought.
The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series, as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films, including Allosaurus, Baryonyx, Carnotaurus, Sinoceratops, Stygimoloch, and the fictional Indoraptor. Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI. Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut, but was removed. The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel, and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films. Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film, whereas the previous film only featured one. More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor, including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex. Bayona stated that animatronics "are very helpful on set, especially for the actors so they have something to perform against. There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real. '' Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene: "In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule; you have to take time to film with an animatronic. In the balance, we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way, or as a post-production effect. Once we have looked at each particular case, with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically. ''
Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming, with a crew of approximately 35 people. Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex, the Indoraptor and Blue, while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures.
Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids, rod puppets, and several prop dinosaurs, all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI. Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry, such as blinking, were instead created with computer technology. Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors, which were used for a scene with Pratt, while the final, wider shots of the scene used two - wheeled, remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set. The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump, and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt. Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors, ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films. However, some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona. ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs, and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes.
The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor, set in Maisie 's bedroom, was designed in London and key framed by ILM. Jance Rubinchik, animation supervisor for ILM, stated that the fight was the "trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization. According to Bayona, a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park. The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film. The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition, shortly before the film 's release.
For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements, the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife. Jonathan Cranston, a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon, was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa. Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs. Cranston also worked closely with Pratt, Howard, Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures. Additionally, Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements, and also worked with Bayona on two scenes. Cranston was on set for 12 days, primarily at Pinewood Studios.
A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22, 2017. The first trailer was teased for release on November 30, 2017, but this was later confirmed to be incorrect. Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017, prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7. That month, Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs, as well as a video featuring Howard, Pineda and Smith as their characters. The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins, who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World. A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018. A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13, 2018, announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18. Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world, which frustrated Trevorrow, who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film 's release.
Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign, more than double the cost of the previous film 's partner program. The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film. The partners were Dairy Queen, Doritos, Dr Pepper, Ferrero SpA, Jeep, Juicy Fruit, Kellogg 's, M&M 's, and Skittles. The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film, including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero. Dairy Queen, a returning partner from the previous film, sold "Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups, while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs. For Super Bowl LII, Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex. Within 24 hours of its release, the commercial received 39.7 million online views, which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut. Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film.
Licensing partners included Mattel, Lego, and Funko, all of which created toys based on the film. Mattel produced a variety of toys, including dinosaurs and action figures, as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters. A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie - in to Mattel 's dinosaur toys, which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature. Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film. A video game, Jurassic World Evolution, was released simultaneously with the film. A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World: Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in. It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic, and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption. A website and campaign for "Extinction Now! '', the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group, was created by Trevorrow, Glover and Ewins, and was launched shortly before the film 's release. The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego, a reference to The Lost World: Jurassic Park.
Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid, Spain, on May 21, 2018. The international theatrical release began on June 6, with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7, in the United Kingdom, India, Italy, South Korea and Angola on June 8, and in Pakistan on June 16, 2018. The film was released in the United States on June 22, 2018.
As of July 15, 2018, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom has grossed $363.3 million in the United States and Canada and $771.4 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.135 billion, against a production budget in the range of $170 -- 187 million.
The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5, 2018, becoming the 35th film all - time to make the milestone, and seventh for Universal. It also made Universal the second studio (behind Disney) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide, alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me.
In December 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018. Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross. By the week of its release, the low - end of projections had reached $135 million. It was released on June 22, 2018, in 4,475 theaters (the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day, the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record. The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters, down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World. It ended up debuting to $148 million, the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal. It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back - to - back weekends, following the Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before. In its second weekend the film made $60 million, a drop of 60 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend, and in its third weekend made $28.3 million.
Overseas, the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8, 2018, including France, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Italy, Russia, and Spain, and was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million in its opening weekend. It made $20.2 million on its first day, including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia. In South Korea, it grossed $9.7 million (₩ 10.3 billion) and sold over 1 million tickets, setting opening day records for both (beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers: Infinity War 's 980,000, respectively). It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million, including $8 million from IMAX screenings. Its largest opening markets were South Korea ($27.2 million), the UK ($19.9 million), France ($10 million), Spain ($9.5 million) and Germany ($9.1 million). In China, the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million (¥ 220 million) on its opening day, nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ($17.5 million). It went on to open to $111.9 million (¥ 715 million), the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release (behind The Fate of the Furious, Avengers: Infinity War and Transformers: The Last Knight), and bringing the film 's two week international total to $372.1 million, more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ($368 million). In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million, bringing its total to $561.5 million. China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million (a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country), while it was also released in Mexico ($12.3 million), Brazil ($9.2 million) and Australia $7.9 million). As of July 5, 2018, the film has grossed $245.5 million in China, making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51 % based on 305 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise, although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 59 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A -- '' on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score.
Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote "... (Fallen Kingdom) ends up being just a so - so ride. I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original, it 's actually a great one. The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves. '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote, "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny, and yet, it 's kind of an enjoyable, preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list. '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a "Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting, "It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else: character, mystery, wonder, danger. The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high. ''
In a more critical assessment, Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that "... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related, no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot. '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating, "The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives. '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical, writing, "Like its predecessor, Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums, and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously. '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of "a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder, cartoonish villains, and plot holes '', while Travis M. Andrews of the Washington Post said the film had "achieved the impossible: it makes dinosaurs boring ''.
In a positive review, Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote, "Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous, mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX. That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one. '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter, John DeFore also praised the film saying, "Finally making good on its name, J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good, not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films. '' Exclaim! 's Alex Hudson said the film is "a straight - ahead monster movie: it 's dumb, occasionally gory, and mostly plenty of fun... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs, but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature. ''
Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus, stranded on Isla Nublar, succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship, as "poignant '' or "haunting ''.
An untitled sequel, known as Jurassic World 3, is scheduled for release on June 11, 2021. Trevorrow will direct the film, and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael, based on a story by him and Connolly. Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers. Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film.
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stevie wonder they won't go when i go meaning | They Wo n't Go When I Go - Wikipedia
"They Wo n't Go When I Go '' is a song co-written and performed by Stevie Wonder from his 1974 album Fulfillingness ' First Finale.
This song is the only one on the album that Wonder did not write by himself. His co-writer was Yvonne Lowrene Wright, who co-wrote songs with Wonder for other albums. Wright 's sister, Syreeta Wright, was Wonder 's first wife.
Wonder performed this song, along with "Never Dreamed You 'd Leave in Summer '', at Michael Jackson 's memorial service on July 7, 2009.
The song has been considered a "retro composition '' comparing the piano to that of Beethoven and Chopin. The song is also noted to have a "funeral march '' like tone. There is clear alliusion to the 1850 German chorale tune "O mein Jesu, '' the setting of Thomas Kelly 's 1805 Protestant hymn "Stricken, smitten, and afflicted. '' Critics noted that the song takes a more dramatic tone than most of Wonder 's other compositions. The fact that the song specifically says "They wo n't go when I go '' was said to imply the friends Wonder is talking about may get to heaven eventually, just not before he does. Many consider this song to be a dark consequence of Stevie 's 1973 car accident. The harmonic progression is very similar to Chopin 's Etude Opus 10 number 4, measures 5 and 6, although at a much slower pace.
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when are confirmations held in the catholic church | Confirmation in the Catholic Church - wikipedia
Confirmation is one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church. It is the one of the three sacraments of initiation into the Catholic Church, the other two being Baptism and First Holy Communion.
According to Catholic doctrine, in the sacrament of Confirmation, the faithful are sealed with the gift of the Holy Spirit and are strengthened in their Christian life.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church states:
Recall then that you have received the spiritual seal, the Spirit of wisdom and understanding and courage, the spirit of right judgment and courage, the spirit of knowledge and reverence, the Spirit of holy fear in God 's presence. Guard what you have received. God our Father has marked you with his sign; Christ the Lord has confirmed you and has placed his pledge, the Spirit, in your heart.
The Catechism of the Catholic Church sees as a scriptural basis for Confirmation as a sacrament distinct from Baptism the account in the Acts of the Apostles 8: 14 - 17:
Now when the apostles, who were in Jerusalem, had heard that Samaria had received the word of God, they sent unto them Peter and John. Who, when they were come down, prayed for them, that they might receive the Holy Ghost. For he was not as yet come upon any of them; but they were only baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. Then they laid their hands upon them, and they received the Holy Ghost.
In the Latin Church (i.e. Western Catholic Church), the sacrament is to be conferred on the faithful at about the age of discretion (generally taken to be about 7), unless the Episcopal Conference has decided on a different age, or there is danger of death or, in the judgment of the minister, a grave reason suggests otherwise. Even in those countries where the episcopal conference has set a later age as normal, a bishop may not refuse to confer the sacrament on younger children who request it, provided they are baptized, have the use of reason, are suitably instructed and are properly disposed and able to renew the baptismal promises (letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments published in its 1999 bulletin, pages 537 -- 540).
The sacrament is customarily conferred only on people old enough to understand it, and the ordinary minister of Confirmation is a bishop. Only for a serious reason may the diocesan bishop delegate a priest to administer the sacrament (canon 884 of the Code of Canon Law). However, a priest may confer the sacrament when he baptizes someone who is no longer an infant or admits a person already baptized to full communion with the Catholic Church, or if the person (adult or child) to be confirmed is in danger of death (canon 883). Priests typically administer the sacrament during the Easter Vigil Mass to adults becoming members of the Catholic Church. It is the conclusion of the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults (RCIA) program. Priests customarily ask for and are granted permission for this occasion. (Canon 882 - 888).
In the early Church, through the Middle Ages, confirmation was closely linked with baptism and it was often performed on infants before their first birthday, but in some churches, the minimal age of 10 years comes into play. Like baptism, confirmation was an act for which the parents were held responsible. Two synods held in England during the thirteenth century differed over whether confirmation had to be administered within one year after birth, or within three years. Confirmation became a much more important rite when concerns about understanding and faith grew, in particular following the Reformation.
After the Fourth Lateran Council, Communion, which continued to be given only after Confirmation, was to be administered only on reaching the age of reason. Some time after the 13th century, the age of Confirmation and Communion began to be delayed further, from seven, to twelve and to fifteen. The 1917 Code of Canon Law, while recommending that Confirmation be delayed until about seven years of age, allowed it be given at an earlier age. Only on 30 June 1932 was official permission given to change the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation: the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments then allowed, where necessary, that Confirmation be administered after first Holy Communion. This novelty, originally seen as exceptional, became more and more the accepted practice. Thus, in the mid-20th century, Confirmation began to be seen as an occasion for professing personal commitment to the faith on the part of someone approaching adulthood.
However, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1308 warns: "Although Confirmation is sometimes called the ' sacrament of Christian maturity, ' we must not confuse adult faith with the adult age of natural growth, nor forget that the baptismal grace is a grace of free, unmerited election and does not need ' ratification ' to become effective. ''
On the canonical age for confirmation in the Latin or Western Catholic Church, the present (1983) Code of Canon Law, which maintains unaltered the rule in the 1917 Code, specifies that the sacrament is to be conferred on the faithful at about the age of discretion (generally taken to be about 7), unless the episcopal conference has decided on a different age, or there is a danger of death or, in the judgement of the minister, a grave reason suggests otherwise (canon 891 of the Code of Canon Law). The Code prescribes the age of discretion also for the sacraments of Penance and first Holy Communion.
Since the Second Vatican Council, the setting of a later age, e.g. mid-teens in the United States, early teens in Ireland and Britain, has been abandoned in some places in favour of restoring the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation, Even where a later age has been set, a bishop may not refuse to confer the sacrament on younger children who request it, provided they are baptized, have the use of reason, are suitably instructed and are properly disposed and able to renew the baptismal promises (letter of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments published in its 1999 bulletin, pages 537 -- 540).
Although Confirmation is sometimes called the "sacrament of Christian maturity, '' we must not confuse adult faith with the adult age of natural growth, nor forget that the baptismal grace is a grace of free, unmerited election and does not need "ratification '' to become effective. St. Thomas Aquinas reminds us of this: Age of body does not determine age of soul. Even in childhood man can attain spiritual maturity: as the book of Wisdom says: For old age is not honored for length of time, or measured by number of years. Many children, through the strength of the Holy Spirit they have received, have bravely fought for Christ even to the shedding of their blood. (Catechism of the Catholic Church # 1308)
The "soldier of Christ '' imagery, remains valid but is downplayed if seen as part of the once common idea of Confirmation as a "sacrament of maturity '', was used as far back as 350, by St Cyril of Jerusalem. In this connection, the touch on the cheek that the bishop gave while saying "Pax tecum '' (Peace be with you) to the person he had just confirmed was interpreted in the Roman Pontifical as a slap, a reminder to be brave in spreading and defending the faith: "Deinde leviter eum in maxilla caedit, dicens: Pax tecum '' (Then he strikes him lightly on the cheek, saying: Peace be with you) (cf. the knightly custom of the accolade). When, in application of the Second Vatican Council 's Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy, the Confirmation rite was revised in 1971, mention of this gesture was omitted. However, the French and Italian translations, indication that the bishop should accompany the words "Peace be with you '' with "a friendly gesture '' (French text) or "the sign of peace '' (Italian text), explicitly allow a gesture such as the touch on the cheek, to which they restore its original meaning. This is in accord with the Introduction to the Rite of Confirmation, 17, which indicates that the episcopal conference may decide "to introduce a different manner for the minister to give the sign of peace after the anointing, either to each individual or to all the newly confirmed together. ''
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role of mercuric chloride in plant tissue culture | Mercury (II) chloride - wikipedia
Mercury (II) chloride or mercuric chloride (archaically, corrosive sublimate) is the chemical compound of mercury and chlorine with the formula HgCl. This white crystalline solid is a laboratory reagent and a molecular compound. Once used as a treatment for syphilis, it is no longer used for medicinal purposes because of mercury toxicity and the availability of superior treatments.
Mercuric chloride exists not as a salt composed of discrete ions, but rather is composed of linear triatomic molecules, hence its tendency to sublime. In the crystal, each mercury atom is bonded to two close chloride ligands with Hg -- Cl distance of 2.38 Å; six more chlorides are more distant at 3.38 Å.
Mercuric chloride is obtained by the action of chlorine on mercury or mercury (I) chloride, by the addition of hydrochloric acid to a hot, concentrated solution of mercury (I) compounds such as the nitrate:
Heating a mixture of solid mercury (II) sulfate and sodium chloride also affords volatile HgCl, which sublimes and condenses in the form of small rhombic crystals.
Its solubility increases from 6 % at 20 ° C (68 ° F) to 36 % in 100 ° C (212 ° F). In the presence of chloride ions, it dissolves to give the tetrahedral coordination complex (HgCl).
The main application of mercuric chloride is as a catalyst for the conversion of acetylene to vinyl chloride, the precursor to polyvinylchloride:
For this application, the mercuric chloride is supported on carbon in concentrations of about 5 weight percent. This technology has been eclipsed by the thermal cracking of 1, 2 - dichloroethane. Other significant applications of mercuric chloride include its use as a depolarizer in batteries and as a reagent in organic synthesis and analytical chemistry (see below). It is being used in plant tissue culture for surface sterilisation of explants such as leaf or stem nodes.
Mercuric chloride is occasionally used to form an amalgam with metals, such as aluminium. Upon treatment with an aqueous solution of mercuric chloride, aluminium strips quickly become covered by a thin layer of the amalgam. Normally, aluminium is protected by a thin layer of oxide, thus making it inert. Once amalgamated, aluminium can undergo a variety of reactions. For example, it will dissolve in water (this can be dangerous, as hydrogen gas and heat are generated). Halocarbons react with amalgamated aluminium in the Barbier reaction. These alkylaluminium compounds are nucleophilic and can be used in a similar fashion to the Grignard reagent. Amalgamated aluminium is also used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis. Zinc is also commonly amalgamated using mercuric chloride.
Mercuric chloride is used to remove dithiane groups attached to a carbonyl in an umpolung reaction. This reaction exploits the high affinity of Hg for anionic sulfur ligands.
Mercuric chloride may be used as a stabilising agent for chemicals and analytical samples. Care must be taken to ensure that detected mercuric chloride does not eclipse the signals of other components in the sample, such as is possible in gas chromatography.
Mercury (II) chloride was used as a photographic intensifier to produce positive pictures in the collodion process of the 1800s. When applied to a negative, the mercury (II) chloride whitens and thickens the image, thereby increasing the opacity of the shadows and creating the illusion of a positive image.
For the preservation of anthropological and biological specimens during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, objects were dipped in or were painted with a "mercuric solution ''. This was done to prevent the specimens ' destruction by moths, mites and mold. Objects in drawers were protected by scattering crystalline mercuric chloride over them. It finds minor use in tanning, and wood was preserved by kyanizing (soaking in mercuric chloride). Mercuric chloride was one of the three chemicals used for railroad tie wood treatment between 1830 and 1856 in Europe and the United States. Limited railroad ties were treated in the United States until there were concerns over lumber shortages in the 1890s. The process was generally abandoned because mercuric chloride was water - soluble and not effective for the long term, as well as poisonous. Furthermore, alternative treatment processes, such as copper sulfate, zinc chloride, and ultimately creosote; were found to be less toxic. Limited kyanizing was used for some railroad ties in the 1890s and early 1900s.
Mercuric chloride was used to disinfect wounds by Arab physicians in the Middle Ages. It continued to be used by Arab doctors into the twentieth century, until modern medicine deemed it unsafe for use.
Syphilis was frequently treated with mercuric chloride before the advent of antibiotics. It was inhaled, ingested, injected, and applied topically. Both mercuric - chloride treatment for syphilis and poisoning during the course of treatment was so common that the latter 's symptoms were often confused with those of syphilis. This use of "salts of white mercury '' is referred to in the English - language folk song "The Unfortunate Rake ''.
Yaws was treated with mercuric chloride (labeled as Corrosive Sublimate) before the advent of antibiotics. It was applied topically to alleviate ulcerative symptoms. Evidence of this is found in Jack London 's book "The Cruise of the Snark '' in the chapter entitled The Amateur M.D.
In volume V of Alexandre Dumas ' Celebrated Crimes, he recounts the history of Antoine François Desrues, who killed a noblewoman, Madame de Lamotte, with "corrosive sublimate ''.
Mercuric chloride is highly toxic, both acutely and as a cumulative poison.
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list of public science and technology university in bangladesh | List of universities in Bangladesh - wikipedia
Universities in Bangladesh are mainly categorized into three different types: public (government owned and subsidized), private (private sector owned universities), and international (operated and funded by international organizations such as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation). Bangladeshi universities are affiliated with the University Grants Commission, a commission created according to the Presidential Order (P.O. No 10 of 1973) of the Government of the People 's Republic of Bangladesh.
Most universities focus on general studies, mixing together such areas of study as business, engineering and technology. Seven universities have specialized curricula. Two of these are focused on Islamic studies, two on agricultural science, one on healthcare science, one on veterinary medicine, and one on women 's studies.
Bangladesh has 40 public universities providing education to the bulk of higher studies students. These universities are funded by the government while managed as self - governed organizations.
Dhaka division is home to thirteen public universities, among which eight are in Dhaka City. There are seven public universities in Chittagong division, four in Khulna division, three in Rajshahi division. Each of Mymensingh Division, Rangpur division, Sylhet division & Barisal division has two.
cvasu.ac.bd
Establishment of private universities in Bangladesh was initiated after the institution of the Private University Act 1992. There are 80 such universities that are operational in five out of seven divisions of the country. Another 12 universities has been approved by UGC recently but yet to start operation. So the total number of approved private university is now 92 (as of February 2016).
Most of the private universities are in Dhaka Division, totaling 51. All of them have their campuses in Dhaka city, concentrated mostly in the Gulshan, Dhanmondi, Panthapath and Uttara regions of the city. Two private universities in Dhaka specialize in science and technology, one specializes in women 's studies, and the others are general universities. Six private universities are located in Chittagong Division. All six have their main campuses in Chittagong city. One has its urban campus in Kumira, outside the main city. Five of them are general universities, while one specializes in science and technology. The only private university in Rajshahi Division has its campus in Bogra. In Sylhet Division there are four private universities, all having their main campuses in Sylhet city. There is no private university in Barisal Division and Rangpur Division.
There are only two international universities in Bangladesh. They are neither managed nor funded by the government, like public universities, nor established under the Private University Act and managed by a private governing body, like private universities. International Culture University, established by civil society organization and branded by United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) and United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), is an internationally accredited - affiliated and an active partner of different international organizations working for internationalization of education and international quality. Islamic University of Technology was established by the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and is located in Gazipur, Dhaka division, while another is located in Chittagong division and funded by the Asian University for Women Support Foundation (AUWSF), a United States -- based non-profit corporation.
Following are the public universities that operate through a number of colleges all over Bangladesh instead of a localized campus. Both have headquarters in Gazipur.
In 2016 Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced bringing out Higher Educations reforms to establish at least one university or sub-campus at district level across the country for promotion of higher education.
The following is a list of proposed new universities.
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what are the side effects of lack of zinc | Zinc deficiency - wikipedia
Zinc deficiency is defined either as insufficient zinc to meet the needs of the body, or as a serum zinc level below the normal range. However, since a decrease in the serum concentration is only detectable after long - term or severe depletion, serum zinc is not a reliable biomarker for zinc status. Common symptoms include increased rates of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria. Zinc deficiency affects the skin and gastrointestinal tract; brain and central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems.
Zinc deficiency in humans is caused by reduced dietary intake, inadequate absorption, increased loss, or increased body system utilization. The most common cause is reduced dietary intake. In the U.S., the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 8 mg / day for women and 11 mg / day for men. Zinc plays an essential role in numerous biochemical pathways.
The highest concentration of dietary zinc is found in oysters, meat, beans, and nuts. Increasing the amount of zinc in the soil and thus in crops and animals is an effective preventive measure. Zinc deficiency may affect up to 2 billion people worldwide.
Novel zinc biomarkers, such as the erythrocyte LA: DGLA ratio, have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical trials and are being developed to more accurately detect dietary zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency affects about 2.2 billion people around the world.
Zinc deficiency may manifest as acne, eczema, xerosis (dry, scaling skin), seborrheic dermatitis, or alopecia (thin and sparse hair). There may also be impaired wound healing.
Zinc deficiency can manifest as non-specific oral ulceration, stomatitis, or white tongue coating. Rarely it can cause angular cheilitis (sores at the corners of the mouth) and burning mouth syndrome.
Severe zinc deficiency may disturb the sense of smell and taste. Night blindness may be a feature of severe zinc deficiency, however most reports of night blindness and abnormal dark adaptation in humans with zinc deficiency have occurred in combination with other nutritional deficiencies (e.g. vitamin A).
Impaired immune function in people with zinc deficiency can lead to the development of respiratory, gastrointestinal, or other infections, e.g., pneumonia. The levels of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL - 1β, IL - 2, IL - 6, and TNF - α) in blood plasma are affected by zinc deficiency and zinc supplementation produces a dose - dependent response in the level of these cytokines. During inflammation, there is an increased cellular demand for zinc and impaired zinc homeostasis from zinc deficiency is associated with chronic inflammation.
Zinc deficiency contributes to an increased incidence and severity of diarrhea.
Zinc deficiency may lead to loss of appetite or anorexia nervosa. The use of zinc in the treatment of anorexia has been advocated since 1979 by Bakan. At least 15 clinical trials have shown that zinc improved weight gain in anorexia. A 1994 trial showed that zinc doubled the rate of body mass increase in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Deficiency of other nutrients such as tyrosine, tryptophan and thiamine could contribute to this phenomenon of "malnutrition - induced malnutrition ''.
Cognitive functions, such as learning and hedonic tone, are impaired with zinc deficiency. Moderate and more severe zinc deficiencies are associated with behavioral abnormalities, such as irritability, lethargy, and depression (e.g., involving anhedonia). Zinc supplementation produces a rapid and dramatic improvement in hedonic tone (i.e., general level of happiness or pleasure) under these circumstances. Zinc supplementation has been reported to improve symptoms of ADHD and depression.
Low plasma zinc levels have been alleged to be associated with many psychological disorders. Schizophrenics have been shown to have decreased brain zinc levels and supplementation as an adjuvant was shown to improve symptoms in one study. Evidence suggests that zinc deficiency could play a role in depression. Zinc supplementation may be an effective treatment in major depression. Low serum Zinc has been found in generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder. People with Migraines have been shown to have low levels of Zinc and supplementation improved symptoms in a prospective study.
Zinc deficiency in children can cause delayed growth and has been claimed to be the cause of stunted growth in one third of the world 's population.
Zinc deficiency during pregnancy can negatively affect both the mother and fetus. Animal studies indicate that maternal zinc deficiency can upset both the sequencing and efficiency of the birth process. An increased incidence of difficult and prolonged labor, hemorrhage, uterine dystocia and placental abruption has been documented in zinc deficient animals. These effects may be mediated by the defective functioning of estrogen via the estrogen receptor, which contains a zinc finger protein. A review of pregnancy outcomes in women with acrodermatitis enteropathica, reported that out of every seven pregnancies, there was one abortion and two malfunctions, suggesting the human fetus is also susceptible to the teratogenic effects of severe zinc deficiency. However, a review on zinc supplementation trials during pregnancy did not report a significant effect of zinc supplementation on neonatal survival.
Zinc deficiency can interfere with many metabolic processes when it occurs during infancy and childhood, a time of rapid growth and development when nutritional needs are high. Low maternal zinc status has been associated with less attention during the neonatal period and worse motor functioning. In some studies, supplementation has been associated with motor development in very low birth weight infants and more vigorous and functional activity in infants and toddlers.
Zinc is required to produce testosterone. Thus, zinc deficiency can lead to reduced circulating testosterone, hypogonadism, and delayed puberty.
Zinc deficiency can be caused by a diet high in phytate - containing whole grains, foods grown in zinc deficient soil, or processed foods containing little or no zinc. Conservative estimates suggest that 25 % of the world 's population is at risk of zinc deficiency.
In the U.S., the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is 8 mg / day for women and 11 mg / day for men. The following table summarizes most of the foods with significant quantities of zinc, listed in order of quantity per serving, unfortified. Note that all of the top 10 entries are meat, beans, or nuts.
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an inherited deficiency of the zinc carrier protein ZIP4 resulting in inadequate zinc absorption. It presents as growth retardation, severe diarrhea, hair loss, skin rash (most often around the genitalia and mouth) and opportunistic candidiasis and bacterial infections.
Numerous small bowel diseases which cause destruction or malfunction of the gut mucosa enterocytes and generalized malabsorption are associated with zinc deficiency.
Exercising, high alcohol intake, and diarrhea all increase loss of zinc from the body. Changes in intestinal tract absorbability and permeability due, in part, to viral, protozoal, or bacteria pathogens may also encourage fecal losses of zinc.
Exercising, childhood growth, and pregnancy all increase utilization.
The mechanism of zinc deficiency in some diseases has not been well defined; it may be multifactorial.
Wilson 's disease, sickle cell disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease have all been associated with zinc deficiency. It can also occur after bariatric surgery, mercury exposure and tartrazine.
Although marginal zinc deficiency is often found in depression, low zinc levels could either be a cause or a consequence of mental disorders and their symptoms.
As biosystems are unable to store zinc, regular intake is necessary. Excessively low zinc intake can lead to zinc deficiency, which can negatively impact an individual 's health. The mechanisms for the clinical manifestations of zinc deficiency are best appreciated by recognizing that zinc functions in the body in three areas: catalytic, structural, and regulatory. Zinc (Zn) is only common in its + 2 oxidative state, where it typically coordinates with tetrahedral geometry. It is important in maintaining basic cellular functions such as DNA replication, RNA transcription, cell division and cell activations. However, having too much or too little zinc can cause these functions to be compromised.
In its catalytic role, zinc is a critical component of the catalytic site of hundreds of kinds of different metalloenzymes in each human being. In its structural role, zinc coordinates with certain protein domains, facilitating protein folding and producing structures such as ' zinc fingers '. In its regulatory role, zinc is involved in the regulation of nucleoproteins and the activity of various inflammatory cells. For example, zinc regulates the expression of metallothionein, which has multiple functions, such as intracellular zinc compartmentalization and antioxidant function. Thus zinc deficiency results in disruption of hundreds of metabolic pathways, causing numerous clinical manifestations, including impaired growth and development, and disruption of reproductive and immune function.
Pra1 (pH regulated antigen 1) is a candida albicans protein that scavenges host zinc.
Zinc deficiency can be classified as acute, as may occur during prolonged inappropriate zinc - free total parenteral nutrition; or chronic, as may occur in dietary deficiency or inadequate absorption.
Novel zinc biomarkers, such as the erythrocyte LA: DGLA ratio, have shown promise in pre-clinical and clinical trials and are being developed to more accurately detect dietary zinc deficiency.
Five interventional strategies can be used:
Severe zinc deficiency is rare, and is mainly seen in persons with acrodermatitis enteropathica, a severe defect in zinc absorption due to a congenital deficiency in the zinc carrier protein ZIP4 in the enterocyte. Mild zinc deficiency due to reduced dietary intake is common. Conservative estimates suggest that 25 % of the world 's population is at risk of zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency is thought to be a leading cause of infant mortality.
Providing micronutrients, including zinc, to humans is one of the four solutions to major global problems identified in the Copenhagen Consensus from an international panel of economists.
Significant historical events related to zinc deficiency began in 1869 when zinc was first discovered to be essential to the growth of an organism (Aspergillus Niger). In 1929 Lutz measured zinc in numerous human tissues using the dithizone technique and estimated total body zinc in a 70 kg man to be 2.2 grams. Zinc was found to be essential to the growth of rats in 1933. In 1939 beriberi patients in China were noted to have decreased zinc levels in skin and nails. In 1940 zinc levels in a series of autopsies found it to be present in all tissues examined. In 1942 a study showed most zinc excretion was via the feces. In 1950 a normal serum zinc level was first defined, and found to be 17.3 -- 22.1 micromoles / liter. In 1956 cirrhotic patients were found to have low serum zinc levels. In 1963 zinc was determined to be essential to human growth, three enzymes requiring zinc as a cofactor were described, and a report was published of a 21 - year - old Iranian man with stunted growth, infantile genitalia, and anemia which were all reversed by zinc supplementation. In 1972 fifteen Iranian rejected army inductees with symptoms of zinc deficiency were reported: all responded to zinc. In 1973 the first case of acrodermatitis enteropathica due to severe zinc deficiency was described. In 1974 the National Academy of Sciences declared zinc to be an essential element for humans and established a recommended daily allowance. In 1978 the Food and Drug Administration required zinc to be in total parenteral nutrition fluids. In the 1990s there was increasing attention on the role of zinc deficiency in childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In 2002 the zinc transporter protein ZIP4 was first identified as the mechanism for absorption of zinc in the gut across the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte. By 2014 over 300 zinc containing enzymes have been identified, as well as over 1000 zinc containing transcription factors.
Soil zinc is an essential micronutrient for crops. Almost half of the world 's cereal crops are deficient in zinc, leading to poor crop yields. Many agricultural countries around the world are affected by zinc deficiency. In China, zinc deficiency occurs on around half of the agricultural soils, affecting mainly rice and maize. Areas with zinc deficient soils are often regions with widespread zinc deficiency in humans. A basic knowledge of the dynamics of zinc in soils, understanding of the uptake and transport of zinc in crops and characterizing the response of crops to zinc deficiency are essential steps in achieving sustainable solutions to the problem of zinc deficiency in crops and humans.
Soil and foliar application of zinc fertilizer can effectively increase grain zinc and reduce the phytate: zinc ratio in grain. People who eat bread prepared from zinc enriched wheat have a significant increase in serum zinc.
Zinc fertilization not only increases zinc content in zinc deficient crops, it also increases crop yields. Balanced crop nutrition supplying all essential nutrients, including zinc, is a cost effective management strategy. Even with zinc - efficient varieties, zinc fertilizers are needed when the available zinc in the topsoil becomes depleted.
Plant breeding can improve zinc uptake capacity of plants under soil conditions with low chemical availability of zinc. Breeding can also improve zinc translocation which elevates zinc content in edible crop parts as opposed to the rest of the plant.
Central Anatolia, in Turkey, was a region with zinc - deficient soils and widespread zinc deficiency in humans. In 1993, a research project found that yields could be increased by 6 to 8-fold and child nutrition dramatically increased through zinc fertilization. Zinc was added to fertilizers. While the product was initially made available at the same cost, the results were so convincing that Turkish farmers significantly increased the use of the zinc - fortified fertilizer (1 percent of zinc) within a few years, despite the repricing of the products to reflect the added value of the content. Nearly ten years after the identification of the zinc deficiency problem, the total amount of zinc - containing compound fertilizers produced and applied in Turkey reached a record level of 300,000 tonnes per annum. It is estimated that the economic benefits associated with the application of zinc fertilizers on zinc deficient soils in Turkey is around US $100 million per year. Zinc deficiency in children has been dramatically reduced.
Zinc deficiency can occur in soil, plants, and animals.
There is some evidence that zinc may have an effect on cancer and further study is recommended.
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which statement best describes the diagnostic and statistical manual fifth edition (dsm-5) dsm-5 | DSM - 5 - wikipedia
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM - 5) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by health care providers, are often determined by DSM classifications, so the appearance of a new version has significant practical importance.
The DSM - 5 was published on May 18, 2013, superseding the DSM - IV - TR, which was published in 2000. The development of the new edition began with a conference in 1999 and proceeded with the formation of a Task Force in 2007, which developed and field - tested a variety of new classifications. In most respects, the DSM - 5 is not greatly modified from the DSM - IV - TR; however, some significant differences exist between them. Notable changes in the DSM - 5 include the reconceptualization of Asperger syndrome from a distinct disorder to an autism spectrum disorder; the elimination of subtypes of schizophrenia; the deletion of the "bereavement exclusion '' for depressive disorders; the renaming of gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria, along with a revised treatment plan; the inclusion of binge eating disorder as a discrete eating disorder; the renaming and reconceptualization of paraphilias to paraphilic disorders; the removal of the axis system; and the splitting of disorders not otherwise specified into other specified disorders and unspecified disorders. In addition, the DSM - 5 is the first DSM to use an Arabic numeral instead of a Roman numeral in its title, as well as the first "living document '' version of a DSM.
Various authorities criticized the fifth edition both before and after it was formally published. Critics assert, for example, that many DSM - 5 revisions or additions lack empirical support; inter-rater reliability is low for many disorders; several sections contain poorly written, confusing, or contradictory information; and the psychiatric drug industry unduly influenced the manual 's content. Many of the members of work groups for the DSM - 5 had conflicting interests, including ties to pharmaceutical companies. Various scientists have argued that the DSM - 5 forces clinicians to make distinctions that are not supported by solid evidence, distinctions that have major treatment implications, including drug prescriptions and the availability of health insurance coverage. General criticism of the DSM - 5 ultimately resulted in a petition, signed by many mental health organizations, which called for outside review of the DSM - 5.
This part of the article summarizes changes from the DSM - IV to the DSM - 5. The DSM - 5 is divided into three Sections, using Roman numerals to designate each Section. The same organizational structure is used in this overview, e.g., Section I (immediately below) summarizes relevant changes discussed in the DSM - 5, Section I.
Note that if a specific disorder (or set of disorders) can not be seen, e.g., enuresis and other elimination disorders, mentioned in Section II: diagnostic criteria and codes (below), it means that the diagnostic criteria for those disorders did not change significantly from DSM - IV to DSM - 5.
Section I describes DSM - 5 chapter organization, its change from the multiaxial system, and Section III 's dimensional assessments. The DSM - 5 deleted the chapter that includes "disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence '' opting to list them in other chapters. A note under Anxiety Disorders says that the "sequential order '' of at least some DSM - 5 chapters has significance that reflects the relationships between diagnoses.
This introductory section describes the process of DSM revision, including field trials, public and professional review, and expert review. It states its goal is to harmonize with the ICD systems and share organizational structures as much as is feasible. Concern about the categorical system of diagnosis is expressed, but the conclusion is the reality that alternative definitions for most disorders is scientifically premature.
The new version replaces the NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) categories with two options: other specified disorder and unspecified disorder to increase the utility to the clinician. The first allows the clinician to specify the reason that the criteria for a specific disorder are not met; the second allows the clinician the option to forgo specification.
DSM - 5 has discarded the multiaxial system of diagnosis (formerly Axis I, Axis II, Axis III), listing all disorders in Section II. It has replaced Axis IV with significant psychosocial and contextual features and dropped Axis V (Global Assessment of Functioning, known as GAF). The World Health Organization 's (WHO) Disability Assessment Schedule is added to Section III (Emerging measures and models) under Assessment Measures, as a suggested, but not required, method to assess functioning.
Some of these disorders were formerly part of the chapter on early diagnosis, oppositional defiant disorder; conduct disorder; and disruptive behavior disorder not otherwise specified became other specified and unspecified disruptive disorder, impulse - control disorder, and conduct disorders. Intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, and kleptomania moved to this chapter from the DSM - IV chapter "Impulse - Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified ''.
DSM - 5 substance dependencies include:
There are no more polysubstance diagnoses in DSM - 5; the substance (s) must be specified.
An alternative hybrid dimensional - categorical model for personality disorders is included to stimulate further research on this modified classification system.
These conditions and criteria are set forth to encourage future research and are not meant for clinical use.
In 1999, a DSM -- 5 Research Planning Conference; sponsored jointly by APA and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), was held to set the research priorities. Research Planning Work Groups produced "white papers '' on the research needed to inform and shape the DSM - 5 and the resulting work and recommendations were reported in an APA monograph and peer - reviewed literature. There were six workgroups, each focusing on a broad topic: Nomenclature, Neuroscience and Genetics, Developmental Issues and Diagnosis, Personality and Relational Disorders, Mental Disorders and Disability, and Cross-Cultural Issues. Three additional white papers were also due by 2004 concerning gender issues, diagnostic issues in the geriatric population, and mental disorders in infants and young children. The white papers have been followed by a series of conferences to produce recommendations relating to specific disorders and issues, with attendance limited to 25 invited researchers.
On July 23, 2007, the APA announced the task force that would oversee the development of DSM - 5. The DSM - 5 Task Force consisted of 27 members, including a chair and vice chair, who collectively represent research scientists from psychiatry and other disciplines, clinical care providers, and consumer and family advocates. Scientists working on the revision of the DSM had a broad range of experience and interests. The APA Board of Trustees required that all task force nominees disclose any competing interests or potentially conflicting relationships with entities that have an interest in psychiatric diagnoses and treatments as a precondition to appointment to the task force. The APA made all task force members ' disclosures available during the announcement of the task force. Several individuals were ruled ineligible for task force appointments due to their competing interests.
The DSM - 5 field trials included test - retest reliability which involved different clinicians doing independent evaluations of the same patient -- a common approach to the study of diagnostic reliability.
About 68 % of DSM - 5 task - force members and 56 % of panel members reported having ties to the pharmaceutical industry, such as holding stock in pharmaceutical companies, serving as consultants to industry, or serving on company boards.
Beginning with the fifth edition, it is intended that diagnostic guidelines revisions will be added incrementally. The DSM - 5 is identified with Arabic rather than Roman numerals, marking a change in how future updates will be created. Incremental updates will be identified with decimals (DSM - 5.1, DSM - 5.2, etc.), until a new edition is written. The change reflects the intent of the APA to respond more quickly when a preponderance of research supports a specific change in the manual. The research base of mental disorders is evolving at different rates for different disorders.
Robert Spitzer, the head of the DSM - III task force, publicly criticized the APA for mandating that DSM - 5 task force members sign a nondisclosure agreement, effectively conducting the whole process in secret: "When I first heard about this agreement, I just went bonkers. Transparency is necessary if the document is to have credibility, and, in time, you 're going to have people complaining all over the place that they did n't have the opportunity to challenge anything. '' Allen Frances, chair of the DSM - IV task force, expressed a similar concern.
Although the APA has since instituted a disclosure policy for DSM - 5 task force members, many still believe the association has not gone far enough in its efforts to be transparent and to protect against industry influence. In a 2009 Point / Counterpoint article, Lisa Cosgrove, PhD and Harold J. Bursztajn, MD noted that "the fact that 70 % of the task force members have reported direct industry ties -- an increase of almost 14 % over the percentage of DSM - IV task force members who had industry ties -- shows that disclosure policies alone, especially those that rely on an honor system, are not enough and that more specific safeguards are needed ''.
David Kupfer, chair of the DSM - 5 task force, and Darrel A. Regier, MD, MPH, vice chair of the task force, whose industry ties are disclosed with those of the task force, countered that "collaborative relationships among government, academia, and industry are vital to the current and future development of pharmacological treatments for mental disorders ''. They asserted that the development of DSM - 5 is the "most inclusive and transparent developmental process in the 60 - year history of DSM ''. The developments to this new version can be viewed on the APA website. Public input was requested for the first time in the history of the manual. During periods of public comment, members of the public could sign up at the DSM - 5 website and provide feedback on the various proposed changes.
In June 2009, Allen Frances issued strongly worded criticisms of the processes leading to DSM - 5 and the risk of "serious, subtle, (...) ubiquitous '' and "dangerous '' unintended consequences such as new "false ' epidemics ' ''. He writes that "the work on DSM - V has displayed the most unhappy combination of soaring ambition and weak methodology '' and is concerned about the task force 's "inexplicably closed and secretive process ''. His and Spitzer 's concerns about the contract that the APA drew up for consultants to sign, agreeing not to discuss drafts of the fifth edition beyond the task force and committees, have also been aired and debated.
The appointment, in May 2008, of two of the taskforce members, Kenneth Zucker and Ray Blanchard, led to an internet petition to remove them. According to MSNBC, "The petition accuses Zucker of having engaged in ' junk science ' and promoting ' hurtful theories ' during his career, especially advocating the idea that children who are unambiguously male or female anatomically, but seem confused about their gender identity, can be treated by encouraging gender expression in line with their anatomy. '' According to The Gay City News, "Dr. Ray Blanchard, a psychiatry professor at the University of Toronto, is deemed offensive for his theories that some types of transsexuality are paraphilias, or sexual urges. In this model, transsexuality is not an essential aspect of the individual, but a misdirected sexual impulse. '' Blanchard responded, "Naturally, it 's very disappointing to me there seems to be so much misinformation about me on the Internet. (They did n't distort) my views, they completely reversed my views. '' Zucker "rejects the junk - science charge, saying there ' has to be an empirical basis to modify anything ' in the DSM. As for hurting people, ' in my own career, my primary motivation in working with children, adolescents and families is to help them with the distress and suffering they are experiencing, whatever the reasons they are having these struggles. I want to help people feel better about themselves, not hurt them. ' ''
In 2011, psychologist Brent Robbins co-authored a national letter for the Society for Humanistic Psychology that brought thousands into the public debate about the DSM. Approximately 13,000 individuals and mental health professionals signed a petition in support of the letter. Thirteen other American Psychological Association divisions endorsed the petition. In a November 2011 article about the debate in the San Francisco Chronicle, Robbins notes that under the new guidelines, certain responses to grief could be labeled as pathological disorders, instead of being recognized as being normal human experiences. In 2012, a footnote was added to the draft text which explains the distinction between grief and depression.
The DSM - 5 has been criticized for purportedly saying nothing about the biological underpinnings of mental disorders. A book - long appraisal of the DSM - 5, with contributions from philosophers, historians and anthropologists, was published in 2015.
The financial association of DSM - 5 panel members with industry continues to be a concern for financial conflict of interest. Of the DSM - 5 task force members, 69 % report having ties to the pharmaceutical industry, an increase from the 57 % of DSM - IV task force members.
A 2015 essay from an Australian university criticized the DSM - 5 for having poor cultural diversity, stating that recent work done in cognitive sciences and cognitive anthropology is still only accepting western psychology as the norm.
In 2003, the Treatment and Research Advancements National Association for Personality Disorders (TARA - APD) campaigned to change the name and designation of borderline personality disorder in DSM - 5. The paper How Advocacy is Bringing BPD into the Light reported that "the name BPD is confusing, imparts no relevant or descriptive information, and reinforces existing stigma. '' Instead, it proposed the name "emotional regulation disorder '' or "emotional dysregulation disorder. '' There was also discussion about changing borderline personality disorder, an Axis II diagnosis (personality disorders and mental retardation), to an Axis I diagnosis (clinical disorders).
The TARA - APD recommendations do not appear to have affected the American Psychiatric Association, the publisher of the DSM. As noted above, the DSM - 5 does not employ a multi-axial diagnostic scheme, therefore the distinction between Axis I and II disorders no longer exists in the DSM nosology. The name, the diagnostic criteria for, and description of, borderline personality disorder remain largely unchanged from DSM - IV - TR.
The British Psychological Society stated in its June 2011 response to DSM - 5 draft versions, that it had "more concerns than plaudits ''. It criticized proposed diagnoses as "clearly based largely on social norms, with ' symptoms ' that all rely on subjective judgements... not value - free, but rather reflect (ing) current normative social expectations '', noting doubts over the reliability, validity, and value of existing criteria, that personality disorders were not normed on the general population, and that "not otherwise specified '' categories covered a "huge '' 30 % of all personality disorders.
It also expressed a major concern that "clients and the general public are negatively affected by the continued and continuous medicalisation of their natural and normal responses to their experiences... which demand helping responses, but which do not reflect illnesses so much as normal individual variation ''.
The Society suggested as its primary specific recommendation, a change from using "diagnostic frameworks '' to a description based on an individual 's specific experienced problems, and that mental disorders are better explored as part of a spectrum shared with normality:
While some people find a name or a diagnostic label helpful, our contention is that this helpfulness results from a knowledge that their problems are recognised (in both senses of the word) understood, validated, explained (and explicable) and have some relief. Clients often, unfortunately, find that diagnosis offers only a spurious promise of such benefits. Since -- for example -- two people with a diagnosis of ' schizophrenia ' or ' personality disorder ' may possess no two symptoms in common, it is difficult to see what communicative benefit is served by using these diagnoses. We believe that a description of a person 's real problems would suffice. Moncrieff and others have shown that diagnostic labels are less useful than a description of a person 's problems for predicting treatment response, so again diagnoses seem positively unhelpful compared to the alternatives. - British Psychological Society June 2011 response
National Institute of Mental Health director Thomas R. Insel, MD, wrote in an April 29, 2013 blog post about the DSM - 5:
Insel also discussed an NIMH effort to develop a new classification system, Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), currently for research purposes only. Insel 's post sparked a flurry of reaction, some of which might be termed sensationalistic, with headlines such as "Goodbye to the DSM - V '', "Federal institute for mental health abandons controversial ' bible ' of psychiatry '', "National Institute of Mental Health abandoning the DSM '', and "Psychiatry divided as mental health ' bible ' denounced ''. Other responses provided a more nuanced analysis of the NIMH Director 's post.
In May 2013, Insel, on behalf of NIMH, issued a joint statement with Jeffrey A. Lieberman, MD, president of the American Psychiatric Association, that emphasized that DSM - 5 "... represents the best information currently available for clinical diagnosis of mental disorders. Patients, families, and insurers can be confident that effective treatments are available and that the DSM is the key resource for delivering the best available care. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) has not changed its position on DSM - 5. '' Insel and Lieberman say that DSM - 5 and RDoC "represent complementary, not competing, frameworks '' for characterizing diseases and disorders. However, epistemologists of psychiatry tend to see the RDoC project as a putative revolutionary system that in the long run will try to replace the DSM, its expected early effect being a liberalization of the research criteria, with an increasing number of research centers adopting the RDoC definitions.
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who plays alicia in i know who you are | Sé quién eres - wikipedia
Sé quién eres (English: I Know Who You Are) is a single - season, 16 - episode Spanish television drama series created by Pau Freixas for Telecinco. It premiered on January 16, 2017 and stars Blanca Portillo, Francesc Garrido, Carles Francino, Eva Santolaria and Aida Folch.
The series revolves around Juan Elías, a prestigious lawyer who suffers a complete loss of memory after what seems to be a car crash. With the help of his wife, Judge Alicia Castro, he tries to reconstruct the events when the vehicle is found; but things take a darker turn when traces of the blood of Ana Saura, a niece of Juan who has been missing for days, are found in it. Her father, Ramón, will try to prove Juan has killed her.
On April 9, 2017, the series premiered in Poland on Ale Kino+ under the title Wiem, kim jesteś (I Know Who You Are). In the United Kingdom the BBC acquired the rights to air the series under the title I Know Who You Are. The series premiered on July 15, 2017 on BBC Four, with the final six episodes shown in November.
I Know Who You Are on IMDb
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vapor pressure of water at 20 c kpa | Vapour pressure of water - wikipedia
The vapour pressure of water is the pressure at which water vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state. At higher pressures water would condense. The water vapour pressure is the partial pressure of water vapour in any gas mixture in equilibrium with solid or liquid water. As for other substances, water vapour pressure is a function of temperature and can be determined with the Clausius -- Clapeyron relation.
There are many published approximations for calculating saturated vapour pressure over water and over ice. Some of these are (in approximate order of increasing accuracy):
where temperature T is in ° C and vapour pressure P is in kilopascals (kPa)
where temperature T is in ° C and P is in kPa
where T is in ° C and P is in kPa.
Here is a comparison of the accuracies of these different explicit formulations, showing saturation vapour pressures for liquid water in kPa, calculated at six temperatures with their percentage error from the table values of Lide (2005):
A more detailed discussion of accuracy and considerations of the inaccuracy in temperature measurements is presented in Alduchov and Eskridge (1996). The analysis here shows the simple unattributed formula and the Antoine equation are reasonably accurate at 100 ° C, but quite poor for lower temperatures above freezing. Tetens is much more accurate over the range from 0 to 50 ° C and very competitive at 75 ° C, but Antoine 's is superior at 75 ° C and above. The unattributed formula must have zero error at around 26 ° C, but is of very poor accuracy outside a very narrow range. Tetens ' equations are generally much more accurate and arguably simpler for use at everyday temperatures (e.g., in meteorology). As expected, Buck 's equation for T > 0 ° C is significantly more accurate than Tetens, and its superiority increases markedly above 50 ° C, though it is more complicated to use. The Buck equation is even superior to the more complex Goff - Gratch equation over the range needed for practical meteorology.
For serious computation, Lowe (1977) developed two pairs of equations for temperatures above and below freezing, with different levels of accuracy. They are all very accurate (compared to Clausius - Clapeyron and the Goff - Gratch) but use nested polynomials for very efficient computation. However, there are more recent reviews of possibly superior formulations, notably Wexler (1976, 1977), reported by Flatau et al. (1992).
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la la land what year is it set in | La La Land (film) - Wikipedia
La La Land is a 2016 American musical romantic comedy - drama film written and directed by Damien Chazelle. It stars Ryan Gosling as a jazz pianist and Emma Stone as an aspiring actress, who meet and fall in love in Los Angeles while pursuing their dreams. The film 's title refers simultaneously to the city of Los Angeles and the idiom for being out of touch with reality.
Chazelle wrote the screenplay in 2010 but did not find a studio willing to finance the production without changes to his design. Following the success of his 2014 film Whiplash, the project was picked up by Summit Entertainment. Filming took place from August to September 2015 in Los Angeles. La La Land premiered at the 73rd Venice International Film Festival on August 31, 2016, and was released in the United States on December 9, 2016. It grossed $446 million worldwide against a production budget of $30 million.
La La Land was lauded by critics, being praised for Chazelle 's screenplay and direction, Gosling and Stone 's performances, Justin Hurwitz 's musical score, and the film 's musical numbers. It won in every category for which it was nominated at the 74th Golden Globe Awards, with a record - breaking seven wins, and received 11 nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, winning five. It received 14 nominations at the 89th Academy Awards, including Best Picture, tying the record for the most Oscar nominations with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997). It ended up winning six: Best Director, Best Actress (Stone), Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Original Song ("City of Stars ''), and Best Production Design.
While stuck in traffic on a Los Angeles highway, Mia Dolan, an aspiring actress, has a moment of road rage with Sebastian Wilder, a struggling jazz pianist. After a bad day at work, her subsequent audition goes poorly when the casting director takes a call in the middle of an emotional scene. That night, Mia 's roommates take her to a lavish party in the Hollywood Hills, where Mia hopes for a breakthrough. She walks home after her car is towed.
During a musical gig at a restaurant, Sebastian slips into a passionate jazz improvisation despite warnings from the owner to only play songs from a traditional Christmas setlist. Mia overhears the music as she passes by. Moved, she enters the restaurant, but Sebastian is fired for his disobedience. As he storms out, Mia attempts to compliment him, but he brushes her off.
Months later, Mia runs into Sebastian at a party where he plays in a 1980s pop cover band; she teases him by requesting a song he considers an insult for "a serious musician ''. After the gig, the two walk to their cars, lamenting each other 's company despite the chemistry between them.
The next day, Sebastian arrives at Mia 's work, and she shows Sebastian around the movie studio backlot, where she works as a barista, while explaining her passion for acting. Sebastian takes Mia to a jazz club, describing his passion for jazz and desire to open his own club. They warm up to each other. Sebastian invites Mia to a screening of Rebel Without a Cause; Mia accepts, forgetting a commitment with her current boyfriend. Bored with the double date with her boyfriend, she runs to the theater and finds Sebastian as the film begins. When the projector breaks, the two conclude their evening with a romantic dance at the Griffith Observatory.
After more failed auditions, Mia decides, at Sebastian 's suggestion, to write a one - woman play. Sebastian begins to perform regularly at a jazz club, and the two move in together. Sebastian 's former classmate Keith invites him to be the keyboardist in his jazz fusion band, where he will be offered a steady income. Although he is dismayed by the band 's pop style, Sebastian signs after overhearing Mia trying to convince her mother that Sebastian is working on his career. The band finds success, but when Mia attends one of their concerts she is disturbed, knowing Sebastian does not enjoy their music.
During the band 's first tour, Mia and Sebastian get into an argument; she accuses him of abandoning his dreams, while Sebastian claims she liked him more when he was unsuccessful. Mia leaves, insulted and frustrated. Sebastian misses Mia 's play due to a band photo shoot that he had previously forgotten. The play is a disaster; few people attend, and Mia overhears dismissive comments. Sebastian attempts to apologize to Mia for missing the play, but she is unwilling to forgive him and ends their relationship. Despondent and unable to pay the theater back, Mia moves back home to Boulder City, Nevada.
Sebastian receives a call from a casting director who attended Mia 's play, inviting her to a film audition. Sebastian drives to Boulder City and persuades Mia to attend. The casting directors ask Mia to tell a story; she sings an ode to her aunt who inspired her to pursue acting. Sebastian, confident the audition was a success, encourages Mia to devote herself to the opportunity. The two profess they will always love each other but are uncertain of their future.
Five years later, Mia is a famous actress and happily married to another man, with whom she has a daughter. One night, the couple stumble upon a jazz bar. Noticing the "Seb 's '' logo she had once designed, Mia realizes Sebastian has opened his club. When Sebastian notices Mia in the crowd, he plays their love theme on the piano, and the two imagine what might have been had their relationship worked perfectly. Before Mia leaves with her husband, she shares a poignant smile with Sebastian.
As a drummer, Damien Chazelle has a predilection for musical films. He wrote the screenplay for La La Land in 2010, when the film industry seemed out of reach for him. His idea was "to take the old musical but ground it in real life where things do n't always exactly work out, '' and to salute creative people who move to Los Angeles to chase their dreams. He conceived the film when he was a student at Harvard University with his classmate, Justin Hurwitz. The two explored the concept in their senior thesis through a low - budget musical about a Boston jazz musician, Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench. Chazelle was moved by the tradition of 1920s city symphony films, such as Manhattan (1921) and Man With a Movie Camera (1929), that paid tribute to cities. After graduating, both moved to Los Angeles in 2010 and continued writing the script, but made a few modifications, such as altering the location to Los Angeles instead of Boston.
L.A., even more so than any other American city, obscures, sometimes neglects, its own history. But that can also be its own magical thing, because it 's a city that reveals itself bit by bit, like an onion, if you take the time to explore it.
Rather than trying to match L.A. to the charms of Paris or San Francisco, he focused on the qualities that make the city distinctive: the traffic, the sprawl, and the skylines. The style and tone of the film were inspired by Jacques Demy 's The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and The Young Girls of Rochefort, especially the latter, which was more dance and jazz - oriented. The film also makes visual allusions to Hollywood classics such as Broadway Melody of 1940, Singin ' in the Rain, The Band Wagon and An American in Paris. About An American in Paris, Chazelle commented: "That 's a movie that we just pillaged. It 's an awesome example of how daring some of those old musicals really were. '' It shares some character development and themes with Chazelle 's previous musical work, Whiplash; Chazelle said:
He said that both films reflect his own experiences as a filmmaker working his way up the Hollywood ladder. La La Land in particular is inspired by his experience of moving from the East Coast with preconceived notions of what L.A. would be like, "that it was all just strip malls and freeways. ''
Chazelle was unable to produce the film for years as no studio was willing to finance an original contemporary musical, with no familiar songs. It was also a jazz musical, which The Hollywood Reporter called an "extinct genre ''. He believed that since he and Hurwitz were unknown at that time, it might have made financiers dubious about the project 's potential. Chazelle found producers through friends who introduced him to Fred Berger and Jordan Horowitz. With the two producers on board, the script went to Focus Features at a budget of around $1 million. The studio demanded alterations: the male lead was asked to be changed from a jazz pianist to a rock musician, the complicated opening number had to be altered, and the story 's bittersweet ending needed to be dropped. Chazelle scrapped the project and moved on.
Chazelle later wrote Whiplash, which was an easier concept to sell and a less risky investment. After Whiplash was well received by critics upon its premiere at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival in January, Chazelle continued his efforts to bring La La Land to the big screen. A year later, when Whiplash earned five Oscar nominations at the 87th Academy Awards including Best Picture, and grossed nearly $50 million worldwide off a $3.3 million production budget, Chazelle and his project began to attract attention from studios.
Five years after Chazelle wrote the script, Summit Entertainment and Black Label Media, along with producer Marc Platt, agreed to invest in La La Land and distribute it. They had been impressed by the critical and commercial success of Whiplash. Lionsgate 's Patrick Wachsberger, who had previously worked on the Step Up franchise, pushed Chazelle to increase the film 's budget since he felt high - quality musicals could not be made cheaply.
Initially, Miles Teller and Emma Watson were both set to star in the leads. Watson dropped out over a commitment to the 2017 musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, while Teller departed via long contract negotiations. Conversely, Gosling himself turned down a role as the Beast in Beauty and the Beast in favor of La La Land. Chazelle decided to make his characters somewhat older, with experience in struggling to make their dreams, rather than younger newcomers just arriving in Los Angeles.
Emma Stone plays Mia, a struggling actress in Los Angeles. Stone has loved musicals since she saw Les Misérables when she was 8 years old, saying that "bursting into song has always been a real dream of mine '', and that her favorite film is the 1931 Charlie Chaplin romantic comedy City Lights. She studied pom dancing as a child, with a year of ballet. She moved to Hollywood with her mother at the age of 15 to pursue a career, and struggled constantly to get an audition during her first year. When she did, she was often turned away after singing or saying just one line. Stone drew from her own experiences for her character of Mia, and some were added into the film.
She met Chazelle in 2014 while she was making her Broadway debut in Cabaret. Chazelle and Hurwitz saw her perform on a night when the actress had a cold. She met with Chazelle at Brooklyn Diner in New York City, where the director outlined his vision for the planned film. Stone gained confidence from performing in Cabaret to handle the demands of the film. In preparation for her role, Stone watched some of the musical movies that inspired Chazelle, including The Umbrellas of Cherbourg and Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers collaborations. Stone accepted the offer because Chazelle was so passionate about the project.
Ryan Gosling plays Sebastian, a jazz pianist. Like Stone, Gosling drew from his own experiences as an aspiring artist. One incident was used for Mia. Gosling was performing a crying scene in an audition and the casting director took a phone call during it, talking about her lunch plans while he was emoting. Chazelle met with Gosling at a bar near the latter 's home in Hollywood Hills, when Gosling was about to begin filming for The Big Short.
Chazelle cast the two immediately after Summit bought the film. He said the two "feel like the closest thing that we have right now to an old Hollywood couple '' as akin to Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn, Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, and Myrna Loy and William Powell. The film marked the third collaboration between Gosling and Stone, following Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011) and Gangster Squad (2013). Chazelle asked the two about their audition disasters when they were both trying to make it. Both learned how to sing and dance for the film 's six original tunes.
The rest of the cast -- J.K. Simmons, Sonoya Mizuno, Jessica Rothe, Callie Hernandez, Finn Wittrock, Rosemarie DeWitt, John Legend, Jason Fuchs, Meagen Fay -- were announced between July and August 2015. Legend plays Keith, a long - time friend of Sebastian.
The film was choreographed by Mandy Moore. Rehearsals took place at a production office in Atwater Village, Los Angeles over the span of three to four months, beginning in May 2015. Gosling practiced piano in one room, Stone worked with Moore in another, and costume designer Mary Zophres had her own corner of the complex. Gosling, with no previous experience, had to learn how to play the piano, as no hand models were used. Moore emphasised working on emotion rather than technique, which Stone said was key when they filmed the Prius car scene. To help his cast and crew get their creative mode flowing, Chazelle held screenings on the soundstages every Friday night of classical films that had inspired him for the film, including The Umbrellas of Cherbourg, Singin ' in the Rain, Top Hat, and Boogie Nights.
From the beginning, Chazelle wanted the film 's musical numbers to be filmed "head to toe '' and performed in a single take, like those of the 1930s works of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. He also wanted the film to emulate the widescreen, CinemaScope look of 1950s musicals such as It 's Always Fair Weather. Consequently, the movie was shot on celluloid film (not digitally) with Panavision equipment in a widescreen format, but not true CinemaScope as that technology is no longer available.
Chazelle wanted Los Angeles to be the primary setting for his film, commenting that "there is something very poetic about the city I think, about a city that is built by people with these unrealistic dreams and people who kind of just put it all on the line for that. '' Principal photography on the film officially began in the city on August 10, 2015, and filming took place in more than 60 locations both in and near Los Angeles, including the Angels Flight trolley in downtown, houses in the Hollywood Hills, the Colorado Street Bridge, the Rialto Theatre in South Pasadena, the Warner Bros. studio lot, the Grand Central Market, Hermosa Beach 's Lighthouse Cafe, Chateau Marmont Hotel, and the Watts Towers, with many scenes shot in one take. It took 40 days to complete shooting, finishing in mid-September 2015.
The opening pre-credits sequence was the first to be shot, and was filmed on a closed - off portion of two carpool direct connector ramps of the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange, connecting the I - 105 Carpool Lane to the I - 110 Express Lanes, leading to Downtown Los Angeles. It was filmed in a span of two days, and required over 100 dancers. For this particular scene, Chazelle wanted to give a sense of how vast the city is. The scene was originally planned for a stretch of ground - level highway, until Chazelle decided to shoot it in the 105 -- 110 interchange, which arcs 100 feet (30 m) in the air. Production designer David Wasco said, "I thought somebody was going to fall off and get killed. '' Not every portion of the highway was blocked. Chazelle compared the scene to the yellow brick road leading to the Emerald City in The Wizard of Oz (1939).
Chazelle scouted for "old L.A. '' locations that were in ruins, or were perhaps razed. One such example was the use of the Angels Flight trolley, built in 1901. The funicular had been closed in 2013 after a derailment. Attempts were made to repair and re-open the railway, but to no avail. However, the production team was able to secure permission to use it for a day. Chazelle and his crew then arranged to have it run for shooting (it was re-opened to the public in 2017). Mia works at a coffee shop on the Warner Bros. studio lot; Chazelle considered studio lots to be "monuments '' of Hollywood. Production designer Wasco created numerous fake old film posters. Chazelle occasionally created names for them, deciding to use the title of his first feature, Guy and Madeline on a Park Bench (2009) for one poster, which reimagines it as a 1930s musical.
The six - minute - long Prius car scene had to be completed during the brief "magic hour '' moment at sunset. It took eight takes and two days to shoot it. When Ryan Gosling and Emma Stone finally nailed it, "everybody just exploded, '' Stone said. Since Gosling and Stone were not primarily dancers, the two made a number of mistakes, especially during long uninterrupted single - take musical numbers. However, Chazelle was very sympathetic towards them, understanding their lack of experience and not minding their errors. While shooting Sebastian and Mia 's first dance together, Stone stumbled over the back of a bench, but picked right up and kept on going with the scene.
The fight scene during the romantic dinner that Gosling 's character Sebastian prepared for Mia (Emma Stone) was one of the scenes that was re-written more than any other. Gosling and Stone also helped create the dialogue of the scene to get it to be one of the more realistic scenes in a film filled with fantasy and fantastical elements.
Chazelle spent nearly a year editing the film with editor Tom Cross, as the two were primarily concerned with getting the tone just right.
The songs and score for La La Land were composed and orchestrated by Justin Hurwitz, Chazelle 's Harvard University classmate, who also worked on his two prior films. The lyrics were written by Pasek and Paul, except for "Start a Fire '', which was written by John Legend, Hurwitz, Marius De Vries and Angelique Cinelu.
A soundtrack album was released on December 9, 2016, by Interscope Records, featuring selections from Hurwitz 's score and songs performed by the cast.
La La Land had its world premiere as the Venice Film Festival 's opening night film on August 31, 2016. The film also screened at the Telluride Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival, beginning September 12, 2016, the BFI London Film Festival, the Middleburg Film Festival in late October 2016, the Virginia Film Festival, held at the University of Virginia on November 6, 2016, and the AFI Fest on November 15, 2016.
The film was originally set for a July 15, 2016, release; however, in March 2016, it was announced the film would be given a limited release starting December 2, 2016, before expanding on December 16, 2016. Chazelle stated that the change was because he felt that the release date was not right for the context of the film, and because he wanted to have a slow rollout beginning with the early fall film festivals. The film was later pushed back a week to December 9, 2016, with the wide release still being planned for December 16, 2016. Lionsgate opened the film in five locations on December 9, 2016, and expanded it to about 200 theaters on December 16, 2016, before going nationwide on December 25, 2016. The film went fully wide on January 6, 2017, with a release into select IMAX theaters a week later.
La La Land was released in the United Kingdom on January 12, 2017. The film was released in the Netherlands on December 22, 2016, and in Australia on December 26, with the rest of the territories planned for a release from mid-January 2017.
Lionsgate released La La Land on Digital HD on April 11, 2017, and Blu - ray, Ultra HD Blu - Ray and DVD on April 25, 2017.
La La Land grossed $151.1 million in the United States and Canada and $295 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $446.1 million, against a production budget of $30 million. Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $68.25 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it one of the top 20 most profitable releases of 2016.
La La Land began its theatrical release with a limited release in five theaters in Los Angeles and New York City on December 9. It made $881,107 in its opening weekend, giving the film a per - theater average of $176,221, the best average of the year. In its second week of limited release, the film expanded to 200 theaters and grossed $4.1 million, finishing 7th at the box office. It was an increase of 366 % from the previous week and good for a per - theater of $20,510. The following week, the film had its wide expansion to 734 theaters, grossing $5.8 million for the weekend (including $4 million on Christmas Day and $9.2 million over the four days), and finishing 8th at the box office. On January 6, 2017, the weekend of the Golden Globes, the film expanded to 1,515 theaters and grossed $10 million over the weekend, finishing 5th at the box office. In its 6th week of release, the film grossed $14.5 million (a total of $16.9 million over the four - day MLK weekend), finishing 2nd at the box office behind Hidden Figures. After receiving its 14 Oscar nominations, the film expanded to 3,136 theaters on January 27, 2017 (an increase of 1,271 from the week before) and grossed $12.1 million (up 43 % from its previous week 's $8.4 million). During the weekend of February 24 -- 26 (the weekend of the Academy Awards) the film grossed $4.6 million, exactly the same amount it grossed the previous weekend. The next week, following its six Oscar wins, the film grossed $3 million.
La La Land was met with critical acclaim upon its release, with critics praising its screenplay, direction, performances, chemistry of Gosling and Stone, musical score and musical numbers. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 92 % based on 377 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "La La Land breathes new life into a bygone genre with thrillingly assured direction, powerful performances, and an irresistible excess of heart. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating based on reviews, the film has a score of 93 out of 100, based on 53 critics, indicating "universal acclaim ''. It was the third - and sixth - highest scoring film released in 2016 on each respective site. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A -- '' on an A+ to F scale.
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave La La Land four stars out of four, describing it as "a hot miracle '' and complimenting its musical numbers, particularly the opening scene. He went on to name it his favorite movie of the year. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune similarly lauded the opening sequence, in addition to highlighting Stone 's performance, stating "she 's reason enough to see La La Land. '' Despite being less enthusiastic about Gosling 's dancing and the film 's middle section, Phillips nevertheless gave the film four out of four stars, declaring it "the year 's most seriously pleasurable entertainment ''.
A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film, stating that it "succeeds both as a fizzy fantasy and a hard - headed fable, a romantic comedy and a showbiz melodrama, a work of sublime artifice and touching authenticity ''. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian awarded the film five out of five stars, describing it as "a sun - drenched musical masterpiece. '' Tom Charity of Sight & Sound stated, "Chazelle has crafted that rare thing, a genuinely romantic comedy, and as well, a rhapsody in blue, red, yellow and green. '' Diana Dabrowska of Cinema Scope wrote, "La La Land may look like the world that we dream about, but it also understands the cruelty that can come out of (or undermine) those dreams; it 's shot in CinemaScope, and yet it 's still an intimate masterpiece. ''
Writing for The Boston Globe in December 2016, Ty Burr summarized the effectiveness of the film to relate to audiences stating: "... the movie traffics in the bittersweet happiness of treasuring things that are vanishing, like the unrealized future imagined in the climatic dance number, or those inky, star - filled dance floors that go on forever in old movies, or Hollywood musicals themselves. Or jazz: Sebastian has an early moment at a nightclub where he passionately sticks up for the music he loves. "It 's dying on the vine, '' he says. "And the world says ' Let it die. It had its time. ' Well, not on my watch. '' In that scene, he speaks for the director. By the end of "La La Land, '' he 's speaking for all of us. ''
The film has been criticized for its treatment of race and jazz. Kelly Lawler of USA Today noted that Gosling 's character has been referred to as a "white savior '' by some critics, due to "his quest (and eventual success) to save the traditionally black musical genre from extinction, seemingly the only person who can accomplish such a goal. '' The sentiment was also expressed by Ruby Lott - Lavigna of Wired, Anna Silman of New York, and Ira Madison III of MTV News. Rex Reed of the New York Observer also takes aim at the film 's intention to emulate the MGM musical classics, noting that "the old - fashioned screenplay, by the ambitious writer - director Damien Chazelle, reeks of mothballs '', and that "the movie sags badly in the middle, like a worn - out mattress that needs new springs ''. The South China Morning Post said that the film is a little dull, that the two leads ' singing and dancing are n't exceptional, and that Sebastian is a jazz snob and Mia 's character lacks depth.
La La Land received eleven nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, more than any other film of 2016. The film won in the categories of Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress in a Leading Role for Stone, Best Cinematography and Best Film Music.
At the 74th Golden Globe Awards, La La Land received a leading seven nominations. The film won in all seven categories for which it was nominated, setting a historic record for the most Golden Globes won by a single film, namely Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy, Best Director, Best Actor -- Comedy or Musical for Gosling, Best Actress -- Comedy or Musical for Stone, Best Screenplay, Best Original Score and Best Original Song ("City of Stars '').
At the 89th Academy Awards, La La Land received a leading six awards, including Best Director, Best Actress (for Stone), Best Cinematography, Best Original Score, Best Original Song ("City of Stars '') and Best Production Design. The film received a total of 14 nominations, tying records for most nominations by a single film with All About Eve (1950) and Titanic (1997). Its other nominations included Best Picture, Best Actor (for Gosling), Best Original Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Costume Design, a second nomination for Best Original Song ("Audition ''), Best Sound Editing and Best Sound Mixing.
During the Oscars ceremony, presenter Faye Dunaway incorrectly announced that La La Land had won Best Picture, reading from the card Warren Beatty opened, which was actually a duplicate of the Best Actress card for Emma Stone. After the cast and crew of La La Land took the stage, it took the show 's producers more than two minutes and nearly three whole speeches to rectify the mistake; the actual winner was Moonlight.
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what is the address to san francisco international airport | San Francisco International Airport - wikipedia
San Francisco International Airport (IATA: SFO, ICAO: KSFO, FAA LID: SFO) is an international airport 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown San Francisco, California, United States, near Millbrae and San Bruno in unincorporated San Mateo County. It has flights to points throughout North America and is a major gateway to Europe and Asia.
SFO is the largest airport in Northern California and the second - busiest in California, after Los Angeles International Airport. In 2017, it was the seventh - busiest airport in the United States and the 24th - busiest in the world by passenger count. It is the fifth - largest hub for United Airlines and functions as United 's primary transpacific gateway. It also serves as a secondary hub for Alaska Airlines. It is the sole maintenance hub of United Airlines, and houses the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum and Library.
SFO is owned and policed by the City and County of San Francisco, but is in San Mateo County. Between 1999 and 2004 the San Francisco Airport Commission operated city - owned SFO Enterprises, Inc., to oversee its business purchases and operations of ventures.
The City and County of San Francisco first leased 150 acres (61 ha) at the present airport site on March 15, 1927 for what was then to be a temporary and experimental airport project. San Francisco held a dedication ceremony at the airfield, officially named for Mills Field Municipal Airport of San Francisco, on May 7, 1927 on the 150 - acre cow pasture. The land was leased from the Mills Estate in an agreement made with Ogden L. Mills who oversaw the large tracts of property originally acquired by his grandfather, the banker Darius O. Mills. San Francisco purchased the property and the surrounding area expanding the site to 1,112 acres (450 ha) beginning in August 1930. The airport 's name was officially changed to San Francisco Airport in 1931, upon the purchase of the land, and "International '' was added at the end of World War II as overseas service rapidly expanded.
The earliest scheduled carriers at the airport included Western Air Express, Maddox Air Lines, and Century Pacific Lines. United Airlines was formed in 1934 and quickly became the key carrier at the airport, with Douglas DC - 3 service to Los Angeles and New York beginning in January 1937. A new passenger terminal opened in 1937, constructed with Public Works Administration funding. The March 1939 Official Aviation Guide shows 18 airline departures on weekdays -- seventeen United flights and one TWA flight. The aerial view c. 1940 looks west along the runway that is now 28R; the seaplane harbor at right is still recognizable north of the airport. Earlier aerial looking NW 1943 vertical aerial (enlargeable) The August 1952 chart shows runway 1L 7,000 feet long, 1R 7,750 feet, 28L 6,500 feet, and 28R 8,870 feet.
In addition to United, Pacific Seaboard Air Lines was operating service between San Francisco and Los Angeles in 1933 with Bellanca CH - 300 prop aircraft on a coastal routing of San Francisco -- San Jose -- Salinas -- Monterey -- Paso Robles -- San Luis Obispo -- Santa Maria -- Santa Barbara -- Los Angeles. Competition with United led Pacific Seaboard to move all of its operations to the eastern U.S., and rename itself Chicago and Southern Air Lines (C&S). It became a large domestic and international air carrier. Chicago & Southern was acquired by and merged into Delta Air Lines in 1953 thus providing Delta with its first international routes. Delta used the route authority inherited from C&S to fly one of its first international services operated with Convair 880 jet aircraft from San Francisco to Montego Bay, Jamaica and Caracas, Venezuela via intermediate stops in Dallas and New Orleans in 1962.
During World War II, the airport was used as a Coast Guard base and Army Air Corps training and staging base. Pan American World Airways (Pan Am), which previously operated international flying boat service from Treasure Island, was forced to relocate its Pacific and Alaska seaplane operations to SFO in 1944 after Treasure Island was expropriated for use as a military base. Pan Am began commercial service from SFO in the wake of World War II with five weekly flights to Honolulu, one of which continued on to Canton Island, Fiji, New Caledonia, and Auckland.
The first international service by foreign carriers was jointly operated by Australian National Airways (ANA) and British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines (BCPA) with Douglas DC - 4 propliners flying a routing of Sydney -- Auckland -- Fiji -- Kanton Island -- Honolulu -- San Francisco -- Vancouver, BC with the inaugural flight departing from Australia on September 15, 1946. By 1947, the airport had become a stop on Pan Am 's "round the world '' service serving Guam, Japan, the Philippines, China and other countries, and Pan Am also served Sydney from SFO. United Airlines Douglas DC - 6 propliners flying to and from Hawaii used the Pan Am terminal beginning in 1947. British Commonwealth Pacific Airlines and Philippine Airlines also began trans - Pacific service to SFO in the late 1940s.
TWA began flying nonstop to Europe with Lockheed Constellation propliners (L - 1649 models) in 1957. In 1959, Qantas had taken over the ANA / BCPA route from SFO to Sydney and was operating Boeing 707 service to Australia via intermediate stops in Honolulu and Nadi, Fiji. Pan Am attempted to operate Boeing 707 - 320 jetliners from Tokyo nonstop to SFO in 1960 -- 61 (the westbound nonstops had to await the longer range Boeing 707 - 320B due to the prevailing winds on the route). Also in 1960, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC, the predecessor of British Airways) was serving the airport with Bristol Britannia turboprops that were flying a westbound routing of London -- New York City -- San Francisco -- Honolulu -- Wake Island -- Tokyo -- Hong Kong as part of the airline 's around - the - world service. By the next year, BOAC had replaced the large, British - manufactured Britannia propjets with Boeing 707s now being flown on this intercontinental route, which enabled the airline to eliminate the technical stop at the Wake Island Airfield. Japan Airlines (JAL) was flying Douglas DC - 8 jetliners by 1961 on a routing of San Francisco -- Honolulu -- Tokyo. Also in 1961, Lufthansa had begun serving SFO with Boeing 707s operating a routing of San Francisco -- Montreal Dorval Airport -- Paris Orly Airport -- Frankfurt three days a week. Lufthansa then operated Boeing 720B jets on this same routing in 1963 and was also flying Boeing 707 service to Frankfurt via stops in Montreal and London Heathrow Airport the same year. By 1965, Pan American - Grace Airways, known as Panagra, was operating Douglas DC - 8 jets on an international routing of San Francisco -- Los Angeles -- Panama City, Panama -- Lima, Peru -- Santiago, Chile -- Buenos Aires, Argentina. The Panagra service to Latin America was taken over in the late 1960s by Braniff International, which operated Douglas DC - 8 - 62 long range jetliners into SFO following Braniff 's acquisition of Panagra. By 1970, CP Air (formerly Canadian Pacific Air Lines) was flying nonstop to Vancouver, BC with continuing, no change of plane Boeing 737 - 200 jet service to Winnipeg, Toronto, Ottawa and Montreal.
The first nonstops to the U.S. east coast were flown by United with Douglas DC - 7 propliners in 1954. The airport 's new Terminal Building opened on August 27, 1954. The celebration included in the large static display of aircraft including a Convair B - 36 Peacemaker bomber, a marvel for its time. The building became the Central Terminal with the addition of the South Terminal and the North Terminal and was heavily rebuilt as the International Terminal in 1984 and then modified again as the current Terminal 2. Domestically, the April 1957 Official Airline Guide (OAG) lists 71 scheduled weekday departures on United (plus ten flights a week to Honolulu), 22 on Western Airlines, 19 on Southwest Airways (which was later renamed Pacific Air Lines), twelve on Trans World Airlines (TWA), seven on American Airlines and three on Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA). As for international flights, Pan American had 21 departures a week, Japan Airlines (JAL) had five and Qantas also had five.
Southwest Airways began flying scheduled passenger operations from SFO in 1946 with war surplus C - 47s, the military version of the Douglas DC - 3. In the late 1950s, Southwest Airways changed its name to Pacific Air Lines, which was based at SFO.
In 1959, Pacific Air Lines began operating new Fairchild F - 27 turboprop aircraft from SFO and by 1966 was flying new Boeing 727 - 100 jetliners from the airport. Pacific used the 727 to introduce the first jet service from San Francisco to several destinations in California including Bakersfield, Eureka / Arcata, Fresno, Lake Tahoe, Monterey and Santa Barbara.
In 1968, Pacific merged with Bonanza Air Lines and West Coast Airlines to form Air West, which also had its headquarters at SFO. West Coast Airlines had served SFO primarily with Douglas DC - 9 - 10 jet service and Fairchild F - 27 turboprop flights to destinations in Oregon and Washington state. In 1970, Air West was acquired by Howard Hughes who renamed the airline Hughes Airwest, which continued to be based at the airport where it also operated a hub. By the late 1970s, the airline was operating an all - jet fleet of Boeing 727 - 200, Douglas DC - 9 - 10 and McDonnell Douglas DC - 9 - 30 jetliners serving an extensive route network in the western U.S. with flights to Mexico and western Canada as well. Hughes Airwest was eventually acquired by Minneapolis - based Republic Airlines (1979 -- 1986) in 1980 and the airline 's corporate headquarters office at SFO was closed.
The jet age arrived at SFO in March 1959 when TWA introduced Boeing 707 - 131 jetliners with nonstop service to New York Idlewild Airport (which was subsequently renamed JFK Airport in 1963). United then constructed a large maintenance facility at San Francisco for its new Douglas DC - 8 jets, which were also flying nonstop service to New York. In July 1959 the first jetway bridge was installed at SFO, which was one of the first in the United States. The cover of the January 3, 1960 American Airlines system timetable contained this message: "NOW! 707 JET FLAGSHIP SERVICE -- NONSTOP SAN FRANCISCO -- NEW YORK: 2 FLIGHTS DAILY '' Also in 1960, Western Airlines was operating "champagne flights '' with Boeing 707 jets and Lockheed L - 188 Electra propjets to Los Angeles, Seattle, San Diego and Portland, OR.
In 1961, the airport had helicopter service operated by San Francisco and Oakland Helicopter Airlines (known as SFO Helicopter Airlines and also as SFO Helicopter) with 68 flights a day. Helicopter flights were operated from the airport to downtown heliports in San Francisco and Oakland, to a new heliport located near the Berkeley Marina and also to Oakland Airport (OAK). In its timetable, SFO Helicopter Airlines, which was based at the airport, described its rotorcraft as "modern, jet turbine powered Sikorsky S - 62 ten passenger amphibious helicopters ''.
By 1962, Delta Air Lines was operating Convair 880 jetliners into the airport on one its first international jet services with a routing of San Francisco -- Dallas Love Field -- New Orleans -- Montego Bay, Jamaica -- Caracas, Venezuela. Also in 1962, National Airlines began operating multistop transcontinental jet service with Douglas DC - 8s flying a routing of San Francisco -- Houston Hobby Airport -- New Orleans -- Miami.
Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) was operating all of its SFO flights by 1962 with new Lockheed L - 188 Electra propjets with nonstop service to Los Angeles (LAX) and Burbank (BUR, now Bob Hope Airport) with direct one stop flights to San Diego (SAN) via LAX or BUR. PSA was operating 14 departures a day on a Monday through Thursday basis to southern California in the summer of 1962 with 21 departures on Fridays and 22 departures on Sundays. By 1965, PSA was operating new Boeing 727 - 100 jetliners on its intrastate routes in California, which were joined in 1967 by new Boeing 727 - 200 and McDonnell Douglas DC - 9 - 30 jets. In 1974, PSA was operating new wide - body Lockheed L - 1011 TriStar jetliners on flights from SFO nonstop to Los Angeles and Sacramento with direct one stop service to San Diego and was the only intrastate airline in the U.S. ever to operate wide body aircraft. Following the federal Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, PSA then expanded its route system outside of California. By 1967, another intrastate air carrier had joined PSA at SFO: Air California operating Lockheed L - 188 Electra propjets nonstop to Orange County Airport (SNA, now John Wayne Airport). Like PSA, Air California (later renamed AirCal) eventually became an all - jet airline and expanded its route network outside of California. AirCal was acquired by and merged into American Airlines while PSA was acquired by and merged into USAir (later renamed US Airways and then eventually merged with American Airlines).
The airport closed following the Loma Prieta earthquake on October 17, 1989, reopening the following morning. Minor damage to the runways was quickly repaired.
In 1989, a master plan and Environmental Impact Report were prepared to guide development over the next two decades. During the boom of the 1990s and the dot - com boom SFO became the sixth busiest airport in the world, but since 2001, when the boom ended, SFO has fallen out of the top twenty. United Express turboprops were scheduled 60 minutes apart to shuttle connecting passengers between SFO and nearby San Jose International Airport during the boom era. United Groundlink supplemented this service with alternate 60 - minute frequencies.
A $2.4 billion International Terminal Complex opened in December 2000, replacing Terminal 2 (known then as the International Terminal). The new International Terminal includes the San Francisco Airport Commission Aviation Museum and Library and the Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum, as part of the SFO Museum. SFO 's long - running museum exhibition program, now called SFO Museum, won unprecedented accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums in 1999.
SFO experiences delays (known as flow control) in overcast weather when only two of the airport 's four runways can be used at a time because the centerlines of the parallel runway sets (01R / 01L and 28R / 28L) are only 750 feet (230 m) apart. Airport planners advanced proposals which would extend the airport 's runways by adding up to 2 square miles (1,300 acres; 520 ha) of fill to San Francisco Bay and increase their separation by up to 4,300 feet (1,300 m) in 1998 to accommodate arrivals and departures during periods of low visibility. Other proposals included three floating runways, each approximately 12,000 feet (3,700 m) long and 1,000 feet (300 m) wide. The airport would be required by law to restore Bay land elsewhere in the Bay Area to offset the fill. One mitigation proposal would have the airport purchase and restore the 29,000 acres (12,000 ha) of South Bay wetlands owned by Cargill Salt to compensate for the new fill. These expansion proposals met resistance from environmental groups, including the Sierra Club, fearing damage to the habitat of animals near the airport, recreational degradation (such as windsurfing) and bay water quality.
State Senator John L. Burton introduced SB 1562 on February 18, 2000 to bypass the environmental impact study which would normally be required for a large project like the proposed Bay fill and mitigation in order to expedite construction. SB 1562 was signed into law on September 29, 2000. A study commissioned by the airport and released in 2001 stated that alternatives to airport expansion, such as redirecting traffic to other regional airports (Oakland or San Jose), capping the number of flights, or charging higher landing fees at selected times of the day 2001 would result in higher fares and poorer service. However, the proposal to build new runways on Bay fill continued to attract opposition from environmental groups and local residents. The airport expansion cost was estimated at US $1,400,000,000 (equivalent to $2,100,000,000 in 2017) in 1998, rising to US $2,200,000,000 (equivalent to $3,230,000,000 in 2017) a year later, including an estimate of US $200,000,000 (equivalent to $294,000,000 in 2017) for the Cargill wetlands purchase and restoration.
The delays during poor weather (among other reasons) caused some airlines, especially low - cost carriers such as Southwest Airlines, to shift all of their service from the airport to Oakland and San Jose. However, Southwest eventually returned to SFO in 2007.
A long - planned extension of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system to the airport opened on June 22, 2003, allowing passengers to board BART trains at the international or domestic terminals and have direct rail transportation to downtown San Francisco, Oakland, and the East Bay. On February 24, 2003, the AirTrain people mover opened, transporting passengers between terminals, parking lots, the BART station, and the rental car center on small automatic trains.
SFO became the base of operations for start - up airline Virgin America, with service to over 20 destinations. On October 4, 2007, an Airbus A380 jumbo jet made its first visit to SFO. On July 14, 2008 SFO was voted Best International Airport in North America for 2008 in the World Airports Survey by Skytrax. The following year on June 9, Skytrax announced SFO as the second - best International Airport in North America in the 2009 World Airports Survey, losing to Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport.
In response to longstanding FAA concerns that the airport 's air traffic control tower, located atop Terminal 2, could not withstand a major earthquake, on July 9, 2012, crews broke ground for a new torch - shaped tower. The new tower is located between Terminals 1 and 2, and the base of the tower building contains passages between the two terminals for passengers both pre - and post-security screening, which dictated the narrow tower base. Originally scheduled for completion in the summer of 2016 at a cost of $102 million, the new tower began operations on October 15, 2016.
SFO was one of several US airports that operated the Registered Traveler program from April 2007 until funding ended in June 2009. This program let travelers who had paid for pre-screening pass through security checkpoints quickly. Baggage and passenger screening is operated by Covenant Aviation Security, a Transportation Security Administration contractor, nicknamed "Team SFO ''. SFO was the first airport in the United States to integrate in - line baggage screening into its baggage handling system and has been a model for other airports since the September 11 attacks in 2001.
The airport covers 5,207 acres (21.07 km) at an elevation of 13.1 feet (4.0 m). It has four asphalt runways, arranged in two intersecting sets of parallel runways:
Runways are named for their magnetic heading, to the nearest ten degrees; hence the runways at 14 ° from magnetic north are 01L / 01R, and the runways at 284 ° are 28R / 28L. The layout of the parallel runways (1L / 1R and 28R / 28L) was established in the 1950s, and have a separation (centerline to centerline) of only 750 feet (230 m).
During normal operations (approximately 81 % of the time), domestic departures use Runways 1L and 1R for departure while overseas international departures and all arrivals use Runways 28L and 28R, taking advantage of the prevailing west - northwesterly wind coming through the San Bruno Gap. During periods of heavy winds or if operations at Oakland International Airport conflict with SFO departures (approximately 15 % of the time), Runways 1L and 1R can not be used, and so all departures and all arrivals use Runways 28L and 28R. These configurations are known collectively as the West Plan, and accommodate arrivals at a rate of up to 60 aircraft per hour. Under visual flight rules, aircraft may safely land side - by - side essentially simultaneously on 28L and 28R while maintaining visual separation.
When the visual approach is compromised, the West Plan is maintained with a modification to allow aircraft landing on 28L to use Instrument Landing System (ILS) while the aircraft landing on 28R takes an offset course, monitored via high scan rate ground radar, to maintain a lateral spacing greater than 750 ft until the aircraft are able to maintain visual separation. Visual separation typically occurs once the aircraft have descended below the cloud deck at an altitude of 2,100 feet (640 m). This is known as the Precision Runway Monitor / Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approach, and reduces the capacity to 36 arriving aircraft per hour. In poor visibility conditions, FAA instrument approach rules require aircraft to maintain lateral separation of 4,300 feet (1,300 m), meaning only one runway may be used, reducing the capacity of SFO to 25 - 30 arriving aircraft per hour.
During rainstorms (approximately 4 % of the time), the prevailing winds shift to a south - southeasterly direction, and departing aircraft use Runways 10L and 10R and arriving aircraft use Runways 19L and 19R. This configuration is known as the Southeast Plan.
On rare occasions (less than one day per year, on average), wind conditions dictate other runway configurations, including departures and landings on Runways 10L and 10R, departures and landings on Runways 1L and 1R, and departures on Runways 19L and 19R and landings on Runways 28L and 28R.
SFO was one of the first airports to implement a Fly Quiet Program, which grades airlines on their performance on noise abatement procedures while flying in and out of SFO. The Jon C. Long Fly Quiet Program was started by the Aircraft Noise Abatement Office to encourage airlines to operate as quietly as possible at SFO.
SFO was one of the first U.S. airports to conduct a residential sound abatement retrofitting program. Established by the FAA in the early 1980s, this program evaluated the cost effectiveness of reducing interior sound levels for homes near the airport, within the 65 CNEL noise contour. The program made use of a noise computer model to predict improvement in specific residential interiors for a variety of noise control strategies. This pilot program was conducted for a neighborhood in South San Francisco and success was achieved in all of the homes analyzed. The costs turned out to be modest, and the post-construction interior sound level tests confirmed the predictions for noise abatement. To date over $153 million has been spent to insulate more than 15,000 homes in the neighboring cities of Daly City, Pacifica, San Bruno, and South San Francisco.
The airport has four terminals (1, 2, 3, and International) and seven concourses (Boarding Areas A through G) with a total of 115 gates arranged alphabetically in a counterclockwise ring. Terminal 1 (Boarding Areas B and C), Terminal 2 (Boarding Area D), and Terminal 3 (Boarding Areas E and F) handle domestic flights (including precleared flights from Canada). The International Terminal (Boarding Areas A and G) handle international flights and some domestic flights.
Historically, the oldest terminal building still standing is Terminal 2, completed in 1954 as the Central Terminal with four concourses (Piers B, C, D, and E, lettered sequentially from north to south). Terminal 1 was added as the South Terminal in 1963 with Piers F / FF (Pier F had two satellite rotundas) and G, and Pier E was reassigned to the South Terminal upon its completion. International traffic was routed through Pier G, and a new Rotunda G was completed in 1974 to expand Pier G. Terminal 3 was added as the North Terminal in 1979 with Pier A. Also once the North Terminal was completed in 1979, the piers were renamed counterclockwise, with letter designations corresponding to present - day Boarding Areas, starting with Pier A (present - day Boarding Area A, originally Pier G), Pier B (present - day Boarding Area B, originally Pier F / FF), and Pier C (present - day Boarding Area C, originally Pier E). A new Pier E was added to the North Terminal in 1981 approximately where the old Pier B stood, and the Central Terminal was rebuilt with a single pier (D) to serve international flights in 1983, until a new International Terminal opened in 2000. Since then, the terminals were renamed with numbers in 2001, and the older terminals are in the process of renovation. A rebuild of Terminal 2 (formerly the Central Terminal) completed in 2011, followed by the completed rebuild of Terminal 3 (North Terminal) in 2015, and a projected rebuild of Terminal 1 (South Terminal) is scheduled to be complete by 2024.
There exist two airside connectors at SFO that enable passengers to roam (post-security) between adjacent terminal buildings. A short airside connector links T3 's Boarding Area F (adjacent to Amex Centurion Lounge) to the International Terminal Boarding Area G. An airy 500 - foot airside connector links T1 's Boarding Area C to T2.
There are no airside connectors between: T1 and International Boarding Area A; T2 and T3; International Boarding Areas A and G (the main terminal area of the International Terminal separates the two boarding areas). By approximately 2020 to 2022, the demolition and rebuild of the southern portion of T1 (Boarding Area B) will have been completed and an airside connector to International Boarding Area A will be added.
Formerly known as the "South Terminal '', Terminal 1 is composed of Boarding Area B, which has 24 gates (gates 20 -- 23, 24A -- B, 25 -- 31, 32A -- C, 33 -- 35, 36A -- B, 37 -- 39), and Boarding Area C, which has 10 gates (gates 40 -- 44, 45A -- B, and 46 -- 48). A third boarding area, Rotunda A, was demolished in early 2006, as its functions had been taken over by the new International Terminal.
The South Terminal, which cost US $14,000,000 (equivalent to $111,910,000 in 2017), was initially dedicated on September 15, 1963. The terminal was designed by Welton Becket and Associates. When it opened, the South Terminal had three piers: Pier G (for international flights, approximately at the same location as the present - day Boarding Area (B / A) A in the International Terminal), Pier F / FF (used by Trans World Airlines (TWA) and Western Airlines, later renamed B / AB), and Pier E (used by American Airlines; originally part of Terminal 2, approximately at the present - day B / AC). The three - level Rotunda A addition was completed in 1974 at the end of Pier G. When the North Terminal was completed in 1979, Pier G was renamed Pier A, with the other piers renamed in a counterclockwise direction proceeding from the new Pier A. International flights were moved to the rebuilt Central Terminal (Terminal 2) in 1983, and then to the new International Terminal in 2000.
The South Terminal underwent a US $150,000,000 (equivalent to $310,380,000 in 2017) renovation designed by Howard A. Friedman and Associates, Marquis Associates and Wong & Brocchini that was completed in 1988. Terminal 1 is undergoing a US $2,400,000,000 (equivalent to $2,447,250,000 in 2017) project to modernize the concourse and add gates; the project broke ground on June 29, 2016. The phase of the project to expand Boarding Area B includes the demolition of the old TWA hangar, the demolition of the two rotundas, and the relocation of two taxiways. The multi-phase project will yield a total of 24 gates when complete in 2020 (the existing Boarding Area B has fewer than 20 usable gates), including a secure FIS connector to the existing customs facilities in the International Terminal. This will effectively add six new gates that can handle international arrivals. Planning for a renovation of Boarding Area C is underway, with construction to commence after the completion of work on Boarding Area B. The projected completion date for Boarding Area C work is mid-2024.
As of March 2018, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors is preparing to rename Terminal 1 after slain LGBT supervisor Harvey Milk and install artwork memorializing the civil rights icon.
Terminal 2, formerly known as the "Central Terminal '', opened in 1954 as the main airport terminal. After a drastic rebuilding designed by Gensler, it replaced Rotunda A as SFO 's international terminal in 1983 until it was closed for renovation after the current international terminal opened in 2000. The initial plan was to convert Terminal 2 for domestic travel and reopen it by fall 2001, but the loss of passenger traffic after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 put those plans on hold. The upper levels continued to be used as office spaces and for the airport 's medical clinic, and the control tower remained in use.
On May 12, 2008, a US $383,000,000 (equivalent to $435,330,000 in 2017) renovation project was announced that included a new control tower, the use of green materials, a seismic retrofit, and an expansion from ten to fourteen gates. The terminal reopened for commercial travel on April 14, 2011, with Virgin America (later Alaska Airlines) and American Airlines sharing the new 14-gate common - use facility. Approximately a week earlier, on April 6, 2011, Virgin America 's ceremonial flight VX2001 was the first to arrive at the renovated Terminal 2, an Airbus A320 bearing founder Richard Branson with other invited celebrity guests, such as Buzz Aldrin, Rachel Hunter, and Gavin Newsom. VX2001 had rendezvoused with White Knight Two / SpaceShipTwo over Point Reyes before making a side - by - side landing.
The newly - renovated terminal also designed by Gensler features permanent art installations from Janet Echelman, Kendall Buster, Norie Sato, Charles Sowers, and Walter Kitundu. Transition zones (the immediate post-security line area for "passenger recomposure '') and exit areas (where disembarking passengers may be greeted) were designed with generous space. Terminal 2 set accolades by being the first U.S. airport to achieve LEED Gold status. Paolo Lucchesi, a local food critic, noted the sustainable food and dining program featuring local vendors and sources. Its only concourse is Boarding Area D, which has 14 gates (gates 50, 51A, 51B, 52, 53, 54A, 54B, 55, 56A, 56B, 57, 58A, 58B, 59). The control tower and most operations offices were (and still are) located on the upper levels, and the departure and arrival areas served as walkways between Terminals 1 and 3. American 's check - in counters have been consolidated to T2, but American 's operation is split between T2 's Boarding Area D and T1 's Boarding Area C (linked via an airside connector). Terminal 2 hosts an Admirals Club.
Formerly known as the "North Terminal '', Terminal 3 has Boarding Area E with 10 gates (gates 60 -- 69) and Boarding Area F with 29 gates (gates 70, 71A -- B, 72 -- 76, 73A, 77A -- C, 78 -- 83, 84A -- D, 85 -- 90, and 87A). Terminal 3 is used for United Airlines ' domestic flights. Mainline United flights use both boarding areas, while United Express regional flights use Boarding Area F.
This $82.44 million terminal was originally designed by San Francisco Airport Architects (a joint venture of John Carl Warnecke and Associates, Dreyfuss + Blackford Architecture, and minority architects). The groundbreaking ceremony for the North Terminal was held on April 22, 1971, and Boarding Area F opened in 1979 and Boarding Area E opened in 1981. All terminals (except the International Terminal) were redesignated by number starting October 1, 2001.
A solar roof was installed in 2007 with sufficient generating capacity to power all Terminal 3 lights during the day. American Airlines and Air Canada occupied Boarding Area E until it closed for refurbishment in 2011 under the airport 's FY 2010 / 11 -- FY 2014 / 15 Capital Plan. Designed by Gensler, the renovation. included architectural enhancements, structural renovations, replacement of HVAC systems, roof repair, and new carpeting. Initial modest renovation plans were replaced by a more ambitious project after the popularity of the remodeling of Terminal 2. After the completion of the US $138,000,000 (equivalent to $142,660,000 in 2017) project, Terminal 3 reopened on January 28, 2014. The project moved one gate from Boarding Area F to Boarding Area E to provide a total of ten aircraft parking positions at T3E.
There are three United Clubs in Terminal 3 -- one near the rotunda for Boarding Area F, one on the mezzanine across from gate 71A, and another in the beginning of Boarding Area E. Terminal 3 also houses the American Express Centurion Lounge, located across from Gate 74.
The International Terminal is composed of Boarding Areas A and G. Designed by Craig W. Hartman of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, the terminal opened in December 2000 to replace the International Departures section of Terminal 2. It is the largest international terminal in North America, and the largest building in the world built on base isolators to protect against earthquakes. Food service focuses on quick service versions of leading San Francisco Bay Area restaurants, following other SFO terminals. Planners attempted to make the airport a destination in and of itself, not just for travelers passing through. The international terminal is a common - use facility, with all gates and all ticketing areas shared among international airlines and several domestic carriers. Common - use terminal equipment (CUTE) is used at check - in counters and gates. All international arrivals and departures are handled here (except flights from cities with customs preclearance). The International Terminal houses the airport 's BART station, adjacent to the garage leading to Boarding Area G. The SFO Medical Clinic is located next to the security screening area of Boarding Area A. All gates in this terminal have at least two jetway bridges, except gates A2 and A10, which have one. Gates A1, A3, and A11 can accommodate two aircraft. Six of the gates are designed for the Airbus A380, making SFO one of the first airports in the world with such gates when it was built in 2000. Gates A9 (9A, 9B, 9C) and G101 (101A, 101B, 101C) have three jetways for boarding. Four other gates have two jetways fitted for A380 service.
The International Terminal completed a continuous ring of terminals, by filling in the last remaining gap to the west of then - existing terminals. Its geometry required that the terminal structure be built above the main access road, at enormous expense, including building dedicated ramps for connectivity to Highway 101. The design and construction of the international terminal was by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, Del Campo & Maru Architects, Michael Willis Associates, and built by Tutor Perini (main terminal building), Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum in association with Robin Chiang & Company, Robert B. Wong Architects, and built by Tutor Perini (Boarding Area G), and Gerson / Overstreet Architects and built by Hensel Phelps Construction (Boarding Area A). The contracts were awarded after an architectural design competition.
Most international flights operated by Star Alliance carriers, including all United international flights and select United domestic flights, are assigned to Boarding Area G 's 15 gates (G91, G92 -- G92A, G93 -- G98, G99 -- G99A, G100, G101 -- G101A, G102) and three remote parking stands. Most international flights operated by SkyTeam, Oneworld, and non-aligned international carriers board and deplane at Boarding Area A 's 13 gates (gates A1 -- A10, A11 -- A11A, A12). However, Star Alliance carrier Avianca El Salvador operates out of Boarding Area A, and non-aligned carriers Aer Lingus, Fiji Airways, WestJet (select flights), and WOW air have designated gates located at Boarding Area G. Boarding Area A is also used by domestic carriers Alaska Airlines, JetBlue Airways, Sun Country Airlines, and Hawaiian Airlines. When all gates in an airline 's designated international boarding area are full, the passengers will board or deplane from the opposite international boarding area. Air Canada, Aer Lingus, Etihad Airways, and WestJet operate from airports with United States border preclearance, allowing arriving passengers to skip the wait at customs and immigration when they arrive at SFO, and exit the airport from the departure level.
The two main designations for the International Terminal are "I '', and "INTL '' (abbreviations for "International ''). Oftentimes travel itineraries will say "T-I '', and this has led to instances where passengers misinterpret the "I '' as Terminal 1, especially since both Boarding Area A and Boarding Area G are used for a limited number of domestic flights.
SFO Museum was created in 1980 as a collaboration between the San Francisco Airport Commission and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and was the first museum in an international airport. It was accredited by the American Association of Museums in 1999, and contains both permanent artwork and temporary exhibitions in more than 20 galleries. The Aviation Museum and Library (officially, the San Francisco Airport Commission Aviation Library and Louis A. Turpen Aviation Museum) is located in the International Terminal, featuring a model of a DC - 3. Other prominent installations include works by:
Frequent travelers and airline staff have reportedly told SFO Museum officials they make it a point to arrive to the airport early in order to view the galleries.
AirTrain is the airport 's landside people - mover system. Fully automated and free of charge, it connects all four terminals, the two international terminal garages, the BART station, and the airport 's Rental Car Center.
The San Francisco International Airport (SFO) BART station, located in Parking Garage G of the International Terminal, is the only direct rail link between the airport, the city of San Francisco, and the general Bay Area. The SFO station is served by the Antioch -- SFO / Millbrae line.
BART is SFO 's connection to Caltrain at the Millbrae Station, which requires a transfer at the San Bruno station during most of BART 's weekday operating hours; direct BART service between SFO and Millbrae is available on weekday evenings, weekends, and holidays. Caltrain used to offer a free shuttle to SFO airport from the Millbrae station, but it was replaced by BART service when the SFO extension was completed.
The San Francisco Municipal Railway, San Francisco 's transit agency, does not provide service to the airport. However, SamTrans, San Mateo County 's transit agency, does, with six lines, 140, 292, 397, 398, 399 and KX, connecting the Airport with Downtown San Francisco, the Peninsula, and as far south as Palo Alto. In particular:
Samtrans can be accessed on the arrivals / baggage claim level of the domestic terminals and in courtyard A or G in the International Terminal.
Numerous door - to - door "shared ride '' van and hotel courtesy shuttles stop at the center transportation island on the departure level, while airporter and limousine are on the arrivals / baggage claim level of the airport. Charter services are also available in the courtyards.
The airport is located on U.S. Route 101, 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown San Francisco. It is near the US 101 interchange with Interstate 380, a short freeway that connects US 101 with Interstate 280.
The airport provides both short - term and long - term parking facilities.
Short term parking is located in the central terminal area and two international terminal garages. Long term parking is located on South Airport Blvd. and San Bruno Ave. and are served by shuttle buses.
Passengers can also park long - term at a select number of BART stations that have parking lots, with a permit purchased online in advance.
Taxis depart from designated taxi zones located at the roadway center islands, on the Arrivals / Baggage Claim Level of all terminals.
Ride share services (or transportation network companies) such as Uber are available via their respective mobile app. Due to local regulations, curbside pick up must occur at each terminal 's departure (not arrival) level.
SFO is home to the one of the largest single aircraft maintenance bases in the world with complete MRO base operations (maintenance, repair, overhaul, painting, welding, machine shop, tool and die, parts manufacturing, fabrication, engineering, and retrofitting (Boeing and Airbus certified, among others). It serves as the principal Global MRO Base for United Airlines and serves over 40 other airlines, military customers, and aircraft lease operators.
Nippon Cargo Airlines has its San Francisco branch on the airport property.
Prior to its merger that formed Air West, Pacific Air Lines had its corporate headquarters on the grounds of the airport. Hughes Airwest, the successor to Air West, also had its headquarters on the grounds of the airport.
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who played in the 2018 nba all star celebrity game | NBA All - Star Celebrity Game - wikipedia
The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game is an annual exhibition basketball game held by the National Basketball Association that takes place during the NBA All - Star Weekend and features retired NBA players, WNBA players, actors, musicians and athletes from sports other than basketball.
The game was first held during the 2002 -- 03 season as part of the NBA All - Star Weekend in Atlanta, Georgia. The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game is played on Friday in the same host city as the NBA All - Star Game. However, the game is not held in the same arena as all the other All - Star Saturday events. Instead, it is held on the NBA Jam Session 's practice court.
The game is played with the standard NBA rules; however, there are several rule changes that are used in this game.
The inaugural NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 7, 2003 at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta, Georgia.
Celebrities like Justin Timberlake and Jamie Foxx highlighted this NBA All - Star Celebrity game playing alongside WNBA players, NBA legends, and other celebrities. Former NBA players and current Inside the NBA analysts Kenny Smith and Charles Barkley were the opposing coaches. Kenny Smith and the Jets wound up winning in a tight - knit game 46 - 43.
The 2004 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 13, 2004 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California.
The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game featured celebrities from Paris Hilton to Bill Walton. Although Richard Jefferson of the Lakers led all scorers with 16 points, the Lakers would lose to the Braves 60 - 52.
The 2005 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game sponsored by Sprite was played on Friday, February 18, 2005 at the Colorado Convention Center in Denver, Colorado.
Rapper Nelly, pop rock singer Ryan Cabrera, rapper / actor Ice Cube, and actor Danny Masterson were among some of the celebrities who participated. After playing the first half with the Nuggets, Entertainment Tonight correspondent Kevin Frazier played the second half with Team Denver. R&B Singer Brian McKnight scored the game winning basket as he threw in an off - balance shot that sailed in while getting the foul call with 9.9 seconds in the fourth quarter, and he was named the first ever MVP of the NBA All - Star Celebrity game.
The 2006 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 17, 2006 at the George R. Brown Convention Center in Houston, Texas.
Nelly was named MVP with a game - high 14 points and 12 rebounds and hit H - Town 's only two three - pointers in a losing effort as the Clutch City Team beat the H - Town Team 37 - 33.
The 2007 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game Presented by 2K Sports was played on Friday, February 16, 2007 at the Las Vegas Convention Center in Winchester, Nevada. Jamie Foxx was scheduled to play but did not play to perform at a concert later that night. Donald Faison started for the East but was traded to the West team in exchange for no one during the second quarter. During the third quarter New Orleans Saints running back and West player Reggie Bush slightly sprained his right ankle and did not play the rest of the game. However, Access Hollywood correspondent and fellow West teammate Tony Potts scored 14 points and eight rebounds for the West team as he helped the West beat the East 40 - 21 and was named the game 's MVP. During the game, Jazz Bear, the mascot of the Utah Jazz, ESPN reporter Jim Gray, and former NBA player Jerome Williams played a few minutes in the game.
The NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 15, 2008 at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. A total of 17 celebrities took part in the game. The game was marked by a surprise appearance by Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Terrell Owens in the middle of the second quarter, where he joined and played with the New Orleans team. Owens scored 18 points including a dunk. He was named MVP of the game after helping his team win 51 - 50. ESPN analyst Ric Bucher was the commissioner for the game.
The 2009 McDonald 's NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 13, 2009 at the Phoenix Convention Center in Phoenix, Arizona. A total of 17 celebrities took part in the game. Basketball Hall of Famers Magic Johnson and Julius Erving, who combined for 23 NBA All - Star appearances, served as coaches for the celebrity teams. NBA legends, Dominique Wilkins and Clyde Drexler, were joined by former players, Dan Majerle and Rick Fox, in the celebrity team roster. WNBA stars Lisa Leslie and Kara Lawson also participated in the game along with four Harlem Globetrotters players.
Previous year 's MVP, Terrell Owens scored a game - high 17 points and led the East Sunrisers to a 60 -- 57 victory over the West Sunsetters. Owens, an American football star for Dallas Cowboys, was named as the Celebrity Game MVP for the second year in a row. The game was marked by a surprise appearance by another Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman in the middle of the game, where she joined and played with the East Sunrisers. ESPN play - by - play commentator Mike Breen also made a surprise appearance as the referee for the game.
The 2010 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game presented by Final Fantasy XIII was played on Friday, February 12, 2010 at the Dallas Convention Center in Dallas, Texas. A total of 20 celebrities took part in the game, including several former basketball players. Basketball Hall of Famer Magic Johnson and five - time NBA All - Star Alonzo Mourning, served as coaches for the celebrity teams. Three former NBA players, Robert Horry, Rick Fox and Chris Mullin, along with Hall of Famer Nancy Lieberman and Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban, participated in the game. The West team won 41 -- 37 over the East. "Special K '' Daley, one of the four Harlem Globetrotters player that participated in the game, scored game - high 18 points for the West. Actor Michael Rapaport, who scored 4 points, was named as the Celebrity Game MVP for his defense on football player Terrell Owens, the MVP of the last two Celebrity Games. Owens, who played both college basketball and football in Chattanooga, led the East with 10 points. The Globetrotters, joined by "Curly '' Neal and "Bucket '' Blakes, entertained the crowd during the timeouts with their signature ball - handling tricks.
The 2011 BBVA Celebrity All - Star Game was played on Friday, February 18 at the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles, California. The head coaches were Basketball Hall of Famers Bill Walton and Magic Johnson. Their assistants were comedians Ty Burrell and Jason Alexander. Each team featured fake "general managers '' who simulated to have chosen the team.
The game 's MVP was chosen by voting through text messaging and social media. At the end of the game, Justin Bieber was announced the MVP. Bieber scored eight points (3 - 11 FG), and had two rebounds and four assists. NBA legend Chris Mullin said of Bieber, "He 's got a nice little game... but more importantly, he 's got great passion. It looked like he loves the game. ''
The 2012 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 24, 2012 at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida. Participants in 2012 's version of the game include J. Cole, Common, Vinny Guadagnino, Kevin Hart, and Ne - Yo.
Arne Duncan scored 17 points, and grabbed eight rebounds for the East, but teammate Kevin Hart, who recorded 8 points and 6 assists, was named the game 's MVP. Hart was also given two technical fouls and was ejected from the game with about a minute to go in the fourth quarter for protesting a call made against him. The East won the game 86 - 54. Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard coached for the East team and Oklahoma City Thunder forward Kevin Durant coached the West team.
The 2013 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 15, 2013 at the George R. Brown Convention Center in Houston, Texas. The game featured 18 players, including Jamaican Olympic sprinter Usain Bolt, Entertainment Tonight correspondent Rocsi Diaz, actor Josh Hutcherson, ABC News correspondent John Schriffen, and Kevin Hart. Oklahoma City Thunder point guard Russell Westbrook and Houston Rockets shooting guard James Harden served as the game 's head coaches.
Josh Hutcherson was the leading scorer of the East Team with 11 points which included three 3 - pointers. Arne Duncan and Terrence Jenkins were the leading scorers of the West Team with 11 points; teammate Kevin Hart, however, who scored five points, three rebounds, and one assist, was named Celebrity Game MVP for the second successive year. Hart became the second player to win the Most Valuable Player award twice joining Terrell Owens, who won it in 2008 and 2009.
The 2014 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 14, 2014 from the Sprint Arena at the New Orleans Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. The game featured 18 players including comedian / actor and two - time Celebrity Game MVP Kevin Hart, Victoria 's Secret model Erin Heatherton, ESPN "Mike & Mike '' co-hosts Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg, hip - hop artist Snoop Dogg, Actor Michael B. Jordan ("The Wire ''), United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan, and others. ESPN 's "NBA Countdown '' co-hosts Bill Simmons and Jalen Rose were the head coaches. Brandon Franklin was a fan who won the Sprint 's Assistant Coach For A Day Sweepstakes and he served as assistant coach for the East team.
Arne Duncan led the way with a celebrity game record of 20 points, and added 11 rebounds, and six assists as the East team beat the West team 60 - 56. The West 's Kevin Hart scored 7 points and 4 assists was once again voted MVP by the fans; however, due to his lackluster play he passed the award to Arne Duncan.
(Winner of the Sprint 's Assistant Coach For A Day Sweepstakes)
The 2015 Sprint NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 13, 2015. It was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City, home of the New York Knicks. This was the first celebrity game played at an NBA arena in the event 's history. The game was televised nationally by ESPN.
This game featured 20 players including Arcade Fire frontman, Win Butler, Bollywood actor Abhishek Bachchan, 2014 Little League World Series female pitcher Mo'ne Davis, WNBA player Skylar Diggins, Paralympic athlete Blake Leeper, NBA hall of famer Chris Mullin, and Memphis Grizzlies owner Robert Pera. This game also featured two All - Star Celebrity Game MVPs; 2010 winner Michael Rapaport and 2012, 2013, and 2014 winner Kevin Hart.
ESPN Radio 's "Mike & Mike '' hosts Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg coached the West and East teams respectively. The West team assistant coaches were film director Spike Lee and tennis legend John McEnroe. New York Knicks ' small forward Carmelo Anthony and former Baylor Bears center Isaiah Austin was the assistant coaches for the East team. Actress and singer Keke Palmer sang the national anthem, and Canadian reggae fusion band Magic! performed at halftime.
Although the West led by Atlanta Dream point guard Shoni Schimmel with 17 points beat the East 57 - 51, Kevin Hart of the East who scored 15 points and won the MVP award. This was Hart 's fourth MVP award in a row, a record for the Celebrity Game. Hart would then announce his retirement from the annual celebrity game.
The 2016 NBA Celebrity All - Star Game was played on February 12th, 2016 at the Ricoh Coliseum in Toronto, Ontario.
The game was a matchup of Team Canada vs. Team USA, coached by Canadian rapper Drake, and 4 - time Celebrity Game MVP Kevin Hart, respectively. It featured 21 players, including actors Stephan James, Jason Sudeikis, Anthony Anderson, O'Shea Jackson, Jr., Joel David Moore, and Tom Cavanagh, and TV hosts Nick Cannon, Terrence Jenkins, and the Property Brothers. The game also included four NBA legends in Chauncey Billups, Muggsy Bogues, Tracy McGrady, and Rick Fox, as well as Elena Delle Donne and Tammy Sutton - Brown of the WNBA.
Despite the efforts of head coach Kevin Hart who later played in the game in the second half, Team Canada won 74 -- 64 and Win Butler was named MVP of the game.
The 2017 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game was played on Friday, February 17, 2017 at the Mercedes - Benz Superdome.
The game was a matchup of Team East vs. Team West, coached by ESPN SportsCenter hosts Michael Smith and Jemele Hill, respectively. The game featured 23 players, including actors Ansel Elgort, Caleb McLaughlin, & Romeo Miller, and TV host Nick Cannon. The game also includes two NBA legends, Jason Williams, and Baron Davis, as well as Lindsay Whalen and Candace Parker of the WNBA.
The game ended up being the second most lopsided game in Celebrity Game history to date. The East Team 's 88 points were the most ever scored by one team, and their 29 - point margin of victory was the second largest ever. Even though last year 's MVP and the East Team player Win Butler scored 22 points and 11 rebounds, his teammate Brandon Armstrong won the 2017 All - Star Celebrity Game MVP award with 16 points and 15 rebounds.
The 2018 NBA All - Star Celebrity Game presented by Ruffles was played on Friday, February 16, 2018 at the Los Angeles Convention Center. Since the All - Star Weekend was held in Los Angeles, the competition was represented by the two NBA teams in the city with the Los Angeles Lakers (Team Lakers) and the Los Angeles Clippers (Team Clippers) instead of the typical West Vs. East affair like in previous years.
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song at the end of fast and furious 6 | Fast & Furious 6 (Soundtrack) - Wikipedia
Fast & Furious 6 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack to Fast & Furious 6, released digitally to iTunes on May 17, 2013, and on CD on May 21, 2013 by Def Jam Recordings. It mainly features electronic and hip hop tracks.
Lucas Vidal composed the musical score for Fast & Furious 6 since Brian Tyler had other commitments with Iron Man 3 and Thor: The Dark World.
The track "We Own It '' by 2 Chainz and Wiz Khalifa reached number six on the UK Singles Chart, becoming 2 Chainz 's most successful single in that country.
With the agreement of the record label Axtone (owned by Swedish DJ Axwell from Swedish House Mafia), the tracks "Here We Go '' (featuring Swanky Tunes) and "Quasar '' by Hard Rock Sofa, a Russian band of DJs, were used in the film.
The Glitch Mob remix of The Prodigy 's song Breathe was used in trailers leading up to the release of Fast & Furious 6.
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who won season 1 of zumbos just desserts | Zumbo 's Just Desserts - Wikipedia
Zumbo 's Just Desserts is an Australian baking reality competition television program on the Seven Network. The program was developed by the creators of My Kitchen Rules. The program is hosted by Adriano Zumbo and Rachel Khoo, with Gigi Falanga as assistant.
In January 2016, it was reported that the Seven Network was preparing to launch a then unnamed baking program, very similar to The Great Australian Bake Off. The following month, the title of the program was revealed along with naming Zumbo as host. Khoo was named as co-host in April 2016. In June 2016, Falanga was announced as joining the program as assistant and timekeeper and promos were released, advising the show would air after the 2016 Summer Olympics.
The series aired after the Seven Network 's coverage of the 2016 Olympic Games on 22 August 2016.
Ratings data is from OzTAM and represents the average viewership from the 5 largest Australian metropolitan centres (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide).
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lee jong suk and kim woo bin drama together | School 2013 - wikipedia
School 2013 (Hangul: 학교 2013; Hanja: 學校 2013; RR: Hak - gyo 2013) is a 2012 South Korean television series starring Jang Nara, Choi Daniel, Lee Jong - suk and Kim Woo Bin. The teen drama depicts the struggles and dilemmas that modern - day Korean youth face, such as bullying, student suicides, school violence, deteriorating teacher - student relations, private tutoring and other real - life high school issues, all within the confines of one small classroom at Victory High School.
It is the fifth installment of KBS 's School series which aired from 1999 through 2002. It aired on KBS2 from December 3, 2012 to January 28, 2013 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21: 55 for 16 episodes.
Jung In - jae (Jang Na - ra) and Kang Sae - chan (Choi Daniel) are homeroom teachers whose philosophies are apparently at odds. Together, they manage Victory High 's toughest class; facing bullies, academic underacheivers, and demanding parents, as they help the students overcome their problems.
In the tables below, the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.
School 2013 aired in Japan on cable channel KNTV from December 3, 2012 to January 28, 2013.
It aired in Thailand on Workpoint TV beginning July 6, 2015.
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who sings nothings gonna change my world in the samsung advert | Across the Universe - wikipedia
"Across the Universe '' is a song recorded by the Beatles. It was written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon -- McCartney. The song first appeared on the various artists ' charity compilation album No One 's Gonna Change Our World in December 1969, and later, in different form, on Let It Be, the group 's final released album.
One night in 1967, the phrase "words are flowing out like endless rain into a paper cup '' came to Lennon after hearing his then - wife Cynthia, according to Lennon, "going on and on about something ''. Later, after "she 'd gone to sleep -- and I kept hearing these words over and over, flowing like an endless stream '', Lennon went downstairs and turned it into a song. He began to write the rest of the lyrics and when he was done, he went to bed and forgot about them.
I was lying next to my first wife in bed, you know, and I was irritated, and I was thinking. She must have been going on and on about something and she 'd gone to sleep and I kept hearing these words over and over, flowing like an endless stream. I went downstairs and it turned into a sort of cosmic song rather than an irritated song, rather than a "Why are you always mouthing off at me? '' (The words) were purely inspirational and were given to me as boom! I do n't own it you know; it came through like that.
The flavour of the song was heavily influenced by Lennon 's and the Beatles ' interest in Transcendental Meditation in late 1967 -- early 1968, when the song was composed. Based on this, he added the mantra "Jai guru deva om '' (Sanskrit: जय गुरुदेव ॐ) to the piece, which became the link to the chorus. The Sanskrit phrase is a sentence fragment whose words could have many meanings. Literally it approximates as "glory to the shining remover of darkness '' and can be paraphrased as "Victory to God divine '', "Hail to the divine guru '', or the phrase commonly invoked by the late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in referring to his spiritual teacher, "All glory to Guru Dev ''.
The song 's lyrical structure is straightforward: three repetitions of a unit consisting of a verse, the line "Jai guru deva om '' and the line "Nothing 's gon na change my world '' repeated four times. The lyrics are highly image - based, with abstract concepts reified with phrases like thoughts "meandering '', words "slithering '', and undying love "shining ''. The title phrase "across the universe '' appears at intervals to finish lines, although it never cadences, always appearing as a rising figure, melodically unresolved. It finishes on the leading note; to the Western musical ear, the next musical note would be the tonic and would therefore sound complete.
In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone, Lennon referred to the song as perhaps the best, most poetic lyric he ever wrote: "It 's one of the best lyrics I 've written. In fact, it could be the best. It 's good poetry, or whatever you call it, without chewin ' it. See, the ones I like are the ones that stand as words, without melody. They do n't have to have any melody, like a poem, you can read them. ''
On a standard - tuned guitar (EADGBE) the song is played in the key of D; however, the recording was slowed electronically, resulting in a lower C# tuning to the ear. The verse beginning "Words are flowing out '' (I (D) chord) is notable for a prolonged vi (Bm) -- iii (F # m) to ii7 (Em7) minor drop to the dominant chord V7 (A7) on "across the universe '' in the 4th bar. On the repeat of this chord sequence a turn following the ii7 (Em7) through a iv minor (Gm) brings the verse to a close before moving on directly to the tonic on the "Jai Guru Deva Om '' refrain. The vi -- ii minor drop leading to V had been used earlier in "I Will '' (on "how long I 've loved you '') and George Harrison utilised a shorter vi -- iii minor alternation to delay getting back to the dominant (V) in "I Need You ''. The verse beginning "Words are flowing out like endless rain... '' is also notable for the suitably breathless phrasing and almost constant 8th - note rhythm (initially four D melody notes, then C#, B, A, B).
In February 1968, the Beatles convened at the EMI Abbey Road studios to record a single for release during their absence on their forthcoming trip to India. Paul McCartney had written "Lady Madonna '', and Lennon had "Across the Universe ''. Both tracks were recorded along with Lennon 's "Hey Bulldog '' and the vocal track for Harrison 's "The Inner Light '' between 3 and 11 February.
The basic track was taped on 4 February. Along with acoustic guitar, percussion and tambura, it featured an overdubbed sitar introduction by Harrison. Two teenage fans, Lizzie Bravo and Gayleen Pease, were invited in off the street to provide backup vocals.
Lennon was still not satisfied with the feel of the track, and several sound effects were taped, including 15 seconds of humming and a guitar and a harp - like sound, both to be played backwards; however, none of these were used on the released version. The track was mixed to mono and put aside as the group had decided to release "Lady Madonna '' and "The Inner Light '' as the single. On their return from India, the group set about recording the many songs they had written there, and "Across the Universe '' remained on the shelf. In the autumn of 1968, the Beatles seriously considered releasing an EP including most of the songs for the Yellow Submarine album and "Across the Universe '', and went as far as having the EP mastered.
During the February 1968 recording sessions, Spike Milligan dropped into the studio and, on hearing the song, suggested the track would be ideal for release on a charity album he was organising for the World Wildlife Fund. At some point in 1968, the Beatles agreed to this proposal. In January 1969, the best mono mix was remixed for the charity album. In keeping with the "wildlife '' theme of the album, sound effects of birds were added to the beginning and end. The original (mono) mix from February 1968 is 3: 37 in length. After the effects were added, the track was speeded up so that even with 20 seconds of effects, it is only 3: 49. Speeding up the recording also raised the key to E-flat. By October 1969, it was decided that the song needed to be remixed into stereo. This was done by Geoff Emerick immediately prior to the banding of the album. "Across the Universe '' was first released in this version on the Regal Starline SRS 5013 album No One 's Gonna Change Our World in December 1969. The January 1969 mono mix was also considered for an aborted "Yellow Submarine '' EP and was finally released as part of "The Beatles in Mono '' box set in 2009.
This version was issued on four Beatles compilation albums: the British version of Rarities, the different American version of Rarities, The Beatles Ballads, and the second disc of the two - CD Past Masters album.
The Beatles took the song up again during the Get Back / Let It Be rehearsal sessions of January 1969; footage of Lennon playing the song appeared in the Let It Be movie. Bootleg recordings from the sessions include numerous full group performances of the song, usually with Lennon -- McCartney harmonies on the chorus. To ensure the album tied in with the film, it was decided that the song must be included on what by January 1970 had become the Let It Be album. Also, Lennon 's contributions to the sessions were sparse, and this unreleased piece was seen as a way to fill the gap.
Although the song was extensively rehearsed on the Twickenham Studios soundstage, the only recordings were mono transcriptions for use in the film soundtrack. No multitrack recordings were made after the group 's move to Apple Studios. Thus in early January 1970 Glyn Johns remixed the February 1968 recording. The new mix omitted the teenage girls ' vocals and the bird sound effects of the World Wildlife Fund version. As neither of the Glyn Johns Get Back albums were officially released, the version most are familiar with came from Phil Spector, who in late March and early April 1970 remixed the February 1968 recording yet again and added orchestral and choral overdubs. Spector also slowed the track to 3: 47, close to its original duration. According to Lennon, "Spector took the tape and did a damn good job with it ''.
A previously unreleased February 1968 alternate take of the song (recorded before the master), without heavy production, appeared on Anthology 2 in 1996. This is often referred to as the "psychedelic '' recording because of the strong Indian sitar and tambura sound, and illustrates the band 's original uncertainty over the best treatment for the song.
The February 1968 master was remixed again for inclusion on Let It Be... Naked in 2003, at the correct speed but stripped of most of the instrumentation and digitally processed to correct tuning issues.
Music critic Richie Unterberger of AllMusic said the song was "one of the group 's most delicate and cosmic ballads '' and "one of the highlights of the Let It Be album ''. Music critic Ian MacDonald was critical of the song, calling it a "plaintively babyish incantation '' and saying "its vague pretensions and listless melody are rather too obviously the products of acid grandiosity rendered gentle by sheer exhaustion ''.
Lennon himself was unhappy with the song as it was recorded. In his 1980 Playboy interview Lennon says that the Beatles "did n't make a good record of it '' and says of the Let It Be version that "the guitars are out of tune and I 'm singing out of tune... and nobody 's supporting me or helping me with it and the song was never done properly ''. He further accused McCartney of ruining the song:
On 4 February 2008, at 00: 00 UTC, NASA transmitted the Interstellar Message "Across the Universe '' in the direction of the star Polaris, 431 light years from Earth. The transmission was made using a 70m antenna in the Deep Space Network 's Madrid Deep Space Communication Complex, located outside of Madrid, Spain. It was done with an "X band '' transmitter, radiating into the antenna at 18 kW. This was done to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the song 's recording, the 45th anniversary of the Deep Space Network (DSN), and the 50th anniversary of NASA. The idea was hatched by Beatles historian Martin Lewis, who encouraged all Beatles fans to play the track as it was beamed to the distant star. The event marked the first time a song had ever been intentionally transmitted into deep space, and was approved by McCartney, Yoko Ono, and Apple Corps. (The first musical interstellar message was "1st Theremin Concert to Aliens '', section 2 of the Teen Age Message, in 2001.)
The name of Arjen Anthony Lucassen 's first solo album Pools of Sorrow, Waves of Joy, released in 1996, comes from a quote of "Across the Universe '', which is one of Lucassen 's favourite songs. In David Mitchell 's novel number9dream (named after another Lennon song), the phrase "words are flowing out like endless rain into a paper cup '' is used to express the incoherence of the character Eiji Mitake 's words.
No One 's Gonna Change Our World / Past Masters version:
Let It Be version:
Let It Be... Naked version:
Elements of the performance recorded on 8 February 1968 were replaced by an orchestra and choir recorded on 1 April 1970.
There have been several recordings of "Across the Universe '' released by the Beatles as well as covers by other artists.
In 2007, Jackson Browne and Robby Krieger of The Doors also recorded and released a version of the song.
Additionally, according to the IMDB website, the American band Velvet Revolver, with Slash playing a 12 - string Gibson Les Paul, along with other artists, Bono, Norah Jones, Alicia Keys, Tim McGraw, Steven Tyler, Brian Wilson, Alison Krauss on fiddle, Billie Joe Armstrong, and Stevie Wonder, on lead vocals and harmonica, covered the song live as a tribute to the Tsunami Victims at the 2005 Grammy Awards. According to the 5 March 2005 Billboard magazine, the all - star Grammy recording debuted at no. 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart as a digital download.
On 3 July 2010 Placebo singer Brian Molko performed this song with a full orchestra in Brussels to celebrate the Belgium Presidency of European Union British band Beady Eye covered the track in 2011 for the British Red Cross Japanese Tsunami Appeal. All profits from the track were donated to the appeal. During their 1981 / 1982 Time Tour, Electric Light Orchestra covered "Across the Universe '' together with "Imagine '' and "A Day in the Life '' as part of their tribute to John Lennon. Band leader Jeff Lynne had gained most of his inspiration to make Electric Light Orchestra from the works of Lennon both with The Beatles and his solo career and would later produce new songs for The Beatles Anthology albums. Barbara Dickson recorded Across The Universe in 2006 for her album Nothing 's Gonna Change My World, a modern approach to Beatles songs. Barbara often closes her concerts with this song and a live version can be heard on her 2017 live album, In Good Company, a live recording of her 2017 concert tour
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when does the u bahn stop in berlin | Berlin U-Bahn - wikipedia
The Berlin U-Bahn ((uː. baːn); short for Untergrundbahn, "underground railway '') is a rapid transit railway in Berlin, the capital city of Germany, and a major part of the city 's public transport system. Together with the S - Bahn, a network of suburban train lines, it serves as the main means of transport in the capital. In addition, a tram network operates in the eastern parts of the city.
Opened in 1902, the U-Bahn serves 173 stations spread across ten lines, with a total track length of 151.7 kilometres (94.3 mi), about 80 % of which is underground. Trains run every two to five minutes during peak hours, every five minutes for the rest of the day and every ten minutes in the evening. Over the course of a year, U-Bahn trains travel 132 million km (82.0 million mi), and carry over 400 million passengers. In 2015, 534.5 million passengers rode the U-Bahn. The entire system is maintained and operated by the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe, commonly known as the BVG.
Designed to alleviate traffic flowing into and out of central Berlin, the U-Bahn was rapidly expanded until the city was divided into East and West Berlin at the end of World War II. Although the system remained open to residents of both sides at first, the construction of the Berlin Wall and the subsequent restrictions imposed by the Government of East Germany limited travel across the border. The East Berlin U-Bahn lines from West Berlin were severed, except for two West Berlin lines that ran through East Berlin (U6 and U8). These were allowed to pass through East Berlin without stopping at any of the stations, which were closed. Friedrichstraße was the exception because it was used as a transfer point between U6 and the West Berlin S - Bahn system, and a border crossing into East Berlin. The system was reopened completely following the fall of the Berlin Wall, and German reunification.
The Berlin U-Bahn is the most extensive underground network in Germany. In 2006, travel on the U-Bahn was equivalent to 122.2 million km (76 million mi) of car journeys.
The Berlin U-Bahn was built in three major phases:
At the end of the 19th century, city planners in Berlin were looking for solutions to the increasing traffic problems facing the city. As potential solutions, industrialist and inventor Ernst Werner von Siemens suggested the construction of elevated railways, while AEG proposed an underground system. Berlin city administrators feared that an underground would damage the sewers, favouring an elevated railway following the path of the former city walls; however, the neighbouring city of Charlottenburg did not share Berlin 's fears, and disliked the idea of an elevated railway running along Tauentzienstraße. Years of negotiations followed until, on 10 September 1896, work began on a mostly elevated railway to run between Stralauer Tor and Zoologischer Garten, with a short spur to Potsdamer Platz. Known as the "Stammstrecke '', the route was inaugurated on 15 February 1902, and was immediately popular. Before the year ended, the railway had been extended: by 17 August, east to Warschauer Brücke (Warschauer Straße); and, by 14 December, west to Knie (Ernst - Reuter - Platz).
In a bid to secure its own improvement, Schöneberg also wanted a connection to Berlin. The elevated railway company did not believe such a line would be profitable, so the city built the first locally financed underground in Germany. It was opened on 1 December 1910. Just a few months earlier, work began on a fourth line to link Wilmersdorf in the south - west to the growing Berlin U-Bahn.
The early network ran mostly east to west, connecting the richer areas in and around Berlin, as these routes had been deemed the most profitable. In order to open up the network to more of the workers of Berlin, the city wanted north - south lines to be established. In 1920, the surrounding areas were annexed to form Groß - Berlin ("Greater Berlin ''), removing the need for many negotiations, and giving the city much greater bargaining power over the private Hochbahngesellschaft ("elevated railway company ''). The city also mandated that new lines would use wider carriages -- running on the same, standard - gauge track -- to provide greater passenger capacity; these became known as the Großprofil ("large profile '') network.
Construction of the Nord - Süd - Bahn ("North - South railway '') connecting Wedding in the north to Tempelhof and Neukölln in the south had started in December 1912, but halted for the First World War. Work resumed in 1919, although the money shortage caused by hyperinflation slowed progress considerably. On 30 January 1923, the first section opened between Hallesches Tor and Stettiner Bahnhof (Naturkundemuseum), with a continuation to Seestraße following two months later. Desperately underfunded, the new line had to use trains from the old Kleinprofil network; the carriages exits had to be widened to fill the gap to the platforms with wooden boards that passengers jokingly referred to as Blumenbretter ("boards for flower pots ''). The line branched at Belle - Alliance - Straße, now (Mehringdamm); the continuation south to Tempelhof opened on 22 December 1929, the branch to Grenzallee on 21 December 1930.
In 1912, plans were approved for AEG to build its own north - south underground line, named the GN - Bahn after its termini, Gesundbrunnen and Neukölln, via Alexanderplatz. Financial difficulties stopped the construction in 1919; the liquidation of AEG - Schnellbahn - AG, and Berlin 's commitment to the Nord - Süd - Bahn, prevented any further development until 1926. The first section opened on 17 July 1927 between Boddinstraße and Schönleinstraße, with the intermediate Hermannplatz becoming the first station at which passengers could transfer between two different Großprofil lines. The completed route was opened on 18 April 1930. Before control of the U-Bahn network was handed over completely to the BVG in 1929, the Hochbahngesellschaft started construction on a final line that, in contrast to its previous lines, was built as part of the Großprofil network. The major development was stopped in 1930.
The seizure of power by the National Socialists brought many changes that affected Germany, including the U-Bahn. Most notably, the national flag was hung in every station, and two of the stations were renamed. Extensive plans -- mostly the work of architect Albert Speer -- were drawn up that included the construction of a circular line crossing the established U-Bahn lines, and new lines or extensions to many outlying districts. Despite such grand plans, no U-Bahn development occurred.
During the Second World War, U-Bahn travel soared as car use fell, and many of the underground stations were used as air - raid shelters; however, Allied bombs damaged or destroyed large parts of the U-Bahn system. Although the damage was usually repaired fairly quickly, the reconstructions became more difficult as the war went on. Eventually, on 25 April 1945, the whole system ground to a halt when the power station supplying the network failed.
With the entry of the force of unconditional surrender of the Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (with the Battle of Berlin fighting), there were 437 damaged points and 496 damaged vehicles. 144 hit on the underground, 33 on the above - ground lines. It is estimated that there were about 400 victims in the Berlin subway.
The war had damaged or destroyed much of the network; however, 69.5 km (43.2 mi) of track and 93 stations were in use by the end of 1945, and the reconstruction was completed in 1950. Nevertheless, the consequent division of Berlin into East and West sectors brought further changes to the U-Bahn. Although the network spanned all sectors, and residents had freedom of movement, West Berliners increasingly avoided the Soviet sector and, from 1953, loudspeakers on the trains gave warnings when approaching the border, where passage of East Germans into the Western sectors also became subject to restrictions imposed by their government. There was a general strike on 17 June 1953 which closed the sections of the Berlin U-Bahn that traveled through East Berlin. Just after the strike, on the following day, train service on the line A was resumed and the service C was resumed to provide connections to Nordbahnhof and Friedrichstraße.
Between 1953 and 1955, the 200 - Kilometre - Plan was drawn up, detailing the future development of the U-Bahn, which would grow to 200 km (124.3 mi). Extending the C line to run from Tegel to Alt - Mariendorf was considered the highest priority: the northern extension to Tegel was opened on 31 May 1958. In order to circumvent East Berlin, and provide rapid - transport connections to the densely populated areas in Steglitz, Wedding, and Reinickendorf, a third north -- south line was needed. The first section of line G was built between Leopoldplatz and Spichernstraße, with the intention of extending it at both ends. It had been planned to open the G line on 2 September 1961, but an earlier opening on 28 August was forced by the announcement of the construction of the Berlin Wall.
The next crisis was followed by the Berlin Wall construction on 13 August 1961, which had split the Berlin into east and west. The U2 was split into two sections, and for the north - south lines, trains were not allowed to stop for passengers and become Geisterbahnhöfe ("ghost stations ''), patrolled by armed East - German border guards. Only at Friedrichstraße, a designated border crossing point, were passengers allowed to disembark. A further consequence over the years is that most of the Berlin S - Bahn passengers boycotted the Deutsche Reichsbahn, and transferred to the U-Bahn with numerous expansion.
From 9 November 1989, following months of unrest, the travel restrictions placed upon East Germans were lifted. Tens of thousands of East Berliners heard the statement live on television and flooded the border checkpoints, demanding entry into West Berlin. Jannowitzbrücke, a former ghost station, was reopened two days later as an additional crossing point. It was the first station to be reopened after the opening of the Berlin Wall. Other stations, Rosenthaler Platz and Bernauer Straße on the U8 soon followed suit; and by 1 July 1990, all border controls were removed. In the decade following reunification, only three short extensions were made to U-Bahn lines.
In the 1990s some stations in the eastern portion of the city still sported bullet - riddled tiles at their entrances, a result of World War II battle damage during the Battle of Berlin. These were removed by 21 December 2004.
The U-Bahn has ten lines:
After the construction of the wall, East Berlin was left with line E and the eastern half of line A. This oddity, and the fact that the two - line network was simple to navigate anyway, caused line designations to be gradually abandoned there over the years.
The shortest line in this system was line 5, which was a shuttle between Deutsche Oper and Richard - Wagner - Platz. It was closed in 1970 for incorporation into an extension of line 7, which opened a few years later. The move freed the number 5, which the West Berlin BVG had reserved for East Berlin 's line E in case of reunification -- the only line that ran exclusively in East Berlin territory and was therefore not yet covered in the new West Berlin system.
Among Berlin 's 170 U-Bahn stations there are many with especially striking architecture or unusual design characteristics:
Hermannplatz station resembles something of a U-Bahn cathedral. The platform area is 7 metres high, 132 metres long and 22 metres wide. It was built in connection with the construction of the first North - South Line (Nord - Süd - Bahn), now the U8. The architecturally important department store Karstadt adjacent to the station, was being constructed at the same time. Karstadt contributed a large sum of money towards the decoration of the station and was in return rewarded with direct access from the station to the store. Hermannplatz was also the first U-Bahn station in Berlin to be equipped with escalators. Today, Hermannplatz is a busy interchange between the U7 and U8.
Alexanderplatz station is another of the more notable U-Bahn stations in Berlin, and is an important interchange between three lines (U2, U5 and U8). The first part of the station was opened in 1913 along with an extension of today 's U2 line. In the 1920s Alexanderplatz was completely redesigned, both above and below ground. The U-Bahn station was expanded to provide access to the new D (today 's U8) and E (today 's U5) lines, then under construction. The result was a station with a restrained blue - grey tiled colour - scheme and Berlin 's first underground shopping facilities, designed by Alfred Grenander. Over the last few years Alexanderplatz station has, in stages, been restored; the work was due to be finished in 2007.
Wittenbergplatz station is also unusually designed. It opened in 1902 as a simple station with two side platforms, designed to plans created by Paul Wittig. The station was completely redesigned by Alfred Grenander in 1912, with five platform faces, accommodating two new lines, one to Dahlem on today 's (U3), and the other to Kurfürstendamm, today 's Uhlandstraße (Berlin U-Bahn) on the (U1). A provision for a sixth platform was included but has never been completed. The redesign also featured a new entrance building, which blended into the grand architectural styles of Wittenbergplatz and the nearby KaDeWe department store. The interior of the entrance building was again rebuilt after considerable war damage during World War II, this time in a contemporary 1950s style. This lasted until the early 1980s when the interior was retro - renovated back into its original style. Wittenbergplatz station was presented with a London style "Roundel type '' station sign in 1952, the 50th Anniversary of the Berlin U-Bahn. Today 's station is an interchange station between the U1, U2 and U3 lines.
The name of the Gleisdreieck (rail triangle) station is reminiscent of a construction which can only be imagined today. The wye was built in the opening year 1902. Plans for a redesign were made soon after, because the wye was already obsolete. An accident on September 26, 1908 which claimed 18 to 21 lives was the final straw. The redesign and expansion of the Turmbahnhof, during which the station was still used, took until 1912. After World War II the station was put back into service on October 21 (lower platform), and November 18 (upper platform), 1945. However, service was interrupted again by the construction of the Berlin Wall. From 1972 onwards no trains ran on the lower platform, because servicing the U2 was no longer profitable due to the parallel traffic on the U1. The lower platform was reactivated in 1983, when the test line of the M - Bahn was built from the Gleisdreieck to the Kemperplatz station. It was broken down again after the fall of the Berlin Wall, since it obstructed parts of the reopened U2. Since 1993 the U1 and U2 trains both service the station again.
Berlin public transit passes are available from many places, automated and non-automated, from BVG, Bahn, and authorized third - parties. The Ring - Bahn Line and the other S - Bahn lines are included, as are all U-Bahn lines, buses, trams, ferries, and most trains within the city limits: tickets are valid for all transportation considered part of the Berlin - Regional public transit system.
Ride - passes (tickets) are available in fare classes: Adult and Reduced. Children between the ages of six and 14 and large dogs qualify for the reduced fare. Children below the age of six and small dogs travel free. There are senior discounts in the form of an annual ticket. Residents who have applied for and received a German Disability Identification card confirming 80 % or more disability (ID 's available from the Versorgungsamt, German Disability Office), can ride without a pass, including an additional person (as a helper). The disability identification card must be in the owner 's possession when traveling.
With unemployment in the east averaging 15 %, another common fare class in Berlin is the S (ocial) - Class. These identification cards are cleared through the normal government offices, then fulfilled at a BVG ride - pass non-automated location. Provided either by the Job Center (Arbeitsamt) for out - of - work residents or by the Sozialamt for people who can not work or are disabled, the S - Class ride - passes normally restrict travel to the AB zones and must be renewed (a new pass purchased at a non-automated location) on the 1st of each month.
Additional passes are available for those which want to bring a bicycle on the public transit system. A bicycle - pass is included in the Student - class ride - pass, which is provided through the universities.
For small dogs which can be carried there is no additional fare requirement. For each "large dog '', a reduced fare ride - pass must be purchased. Tourist ride - passes, all - day, group passes, and season passes include a dog fare.
BVG ride - passes are issued for specific periods of time, and most require validation with a stamping machine before they are first used. The validation shows the date and time of the first use, and where the ticket was validated (in code), and therefore when the ticket expires. For example, once validated, an all - day pass allows unlimited use from the time of purchase to 3: 00 am the following day. Unlike most other metro systems, tickets in Berlin are not checked before entering tram, U-Bahn or S - Bahn stations. They are however checked by the bus drivers upon entering. On the tram, S - Bahn and U-Bahn, a proof - of - payment system is used: there are random spot checks inside by plainclothes fare inspectors who have the right to demand to see each passenger 's ticket. Passengers found without a ticket or an expired / invalid ticket are fined € 60 per incident. The passenger may be required to pay on the spot, and is required on the spot to give a valid address to which the relevant fine notice can be mailed (it does not have to be in Germany). On the third incident, the BVG calls the offender to court, as there is now a history of ' riding without paying '.
A full GSM (GSM - 900 and GSM - 1800) mobile phone network for Germany 's four carriers is in place throughout the U-Bahn system of stations and tunnels. This system was in place by 1995 for the E-Plus network, and was one of the first metro systems to allow mobile telephone use; by the late 1990s the other networks could be used as well. Since 2015, UMTS and LTE is also available for E-Plus and O2 (LTE since 2016) customers.
Many of the carriages on the U-Bahn feature small flat screen displays that feature news headlines from BZ, weekly weather forecasts, and ads for local businesses.
Most major interchange stations have large shopping concourses with banks, supermarkets, and fast food outlets.
There are several stations, platforms and tunnels that were built in preparation for future U-Bahn extensions, and others that have been abandoned following planning changes. For example, platforms have already been provided for the planned "U3 '' at Potsdamer Platz on the planned line to Weißensee. It is unlikely that this line, which had the working title "U3 '' will ever be built, so the platforms have been partially converted into a location for events and exhibitions. The line number "U3 '' has been used to re-number the branch to Krumme Lanke, which had been part of "U1 ''.
Line D, today 's U8, was intended to run directly under Dresdner Straße via Oranienplatz to Kottbusser Tor. This segment of tunnel was abandoned in favour of a slightly less direct route in order to provide the former Wertheim department store at Moritzplatz with a direct connection. This involved the construction of a 90 - degree curve of the line between Moritzplatz and Kottbusser Tor stations. The construction of the tunnel under Dresdner Straße had only been partially completed before abandonment, leaving it with only one track. This tunnel is separated into three parts, as it was blocked by a concrete wall where it crossed the border between East and West Berlin. Another concrete wall separates this tunnel, which now houses a transformer for an electricity supplier, from the never - completed Oranienplatz Station which is located partially under the square of the same name.
Stralauer Tor was a station on the eastern bank of the Spree between Warschauer Straße and Schlesisches Tor stations. It was completely destroyed in World War II. It had been opened in 1902 and was renamed Osthafen in 1924. Today, only struts on the viaduct remain to indicate its location. In the post-Second World War period it was not thought necessary to rebuild the station, due its close proximity to the Warschauer Brücke station. Also its location was directly on the border between the Soviet and American sectors. Although a Berlin map dated 1946 shows the station renamed as Bersarinstraße after the Soviet General responsible for restoring civil administration of the city, this name was used later at another location.
Nürnberger Platz station was closed on July 1, 1959. It was replaced by two new stations on either side, Augsburger Straße and an interchange station to the U9 at Spichernstraße. Today, nothing remains of the station as a third track siding was constructed in its place.
Another tunnel, which once connected the U4 to its original depot and workshop at Otzenstraße (Schöneberg), is still in existence. The connection from Innsbrucker Platz station to the depot was severed when a deep level motorway underpass was constructed in the early 1970s; however, the continuation of the tunnel at Eisackstraße is still in existence for a distance of 270 metres and now ends at the former junction to the workshop of the Schöneberg line.
Platforms at five stations, Rathaus Steglitz, Schloßstraße, Walther - Schreiber - Platz, Innsbrucker Platz, and Kleistpark, were provided for the planned but never constructed U10. The U10 platform at Kleistpark has been converted into office space for the BVG. At Schloßstraße, U9 and U10 were planned to share two directional platforms at different levels; the would - be U10 tracks have been abandoned, leaving both platforms used by U9 trains only. The other U10 platforms remain unused and are not generally open to the public.
During the construction of Adenauerplatz (U7) station, which was built in conjunction with an underpass, platforms were also provided for a planned U1 extension from Uhlandstraße to Theodor - Heuss - Platz. A short tunnel section was also constructed in front of the Internationales Congress Centrum (ICC), beneath the Messedamm / Neue Kantstraße junction. This tunnel was built concurrently with a pedestrian subway and was also intended for the planned extension of the U1. The tunnel section, approximately 60 metres long, ends at the location of the planned Messe station adjacent to Berlins central bus station (ZOB). The tunnel is used as a storage area for theater props.
At Jungfernheide station, double U-Bahn platforms similar to those at Schloßstraße were built for the planned extension of the U5. The unused platform sides are fenced off. The finished (U5) tunnel section which leads off towards Tegel airport is now used for firefighting exercises.
Berlin 's chronic financial problems make any expansion not mandated by the Hauptstadtvertrag -- the document that regulates the necessary changes to the city as the capital of Germany -- unlikely. Furthermore, there is still great rivalry for construction money between the U-Bahn and the S - Bahn. After the construction boom that followed the reunification of the city, enthusiasm for further growth has cooled off; many people feel that Berlin 's needs are adequately met by the present U - and S - Bahn. As of 2007, the only proposals receiving serious consideration aim to facilitate travel around the existing system, such as moving Warschauer Straße 's U-Bahn station closer to its S - Bahn station.
There are several long - term plans for the U-Bahn that have no estimated time of completion, most of which involve closing short gaps between stations, enabling them to connect to other lines. This would depend on demand, and new developments in the vicinity. A new Berlin U-Bahn 2014 Plan will result in all those revived sections, thus enabling construction.
In summary, the plans for the Berlin U-Bahn are as follows:
There 's a discussion, whether the U1 should be extended towards the Berlin Ostkreuz station, the most important and frequented S - bahn station in all of Berlin. The line may also be extended to Frankfurter Tor.
The U5 extension -- known as the Kanzlerlinie (chancellor 's line), as it will run through the government quarter -- is planned to go through Berliner Rathaus, along Unter den Linden and the Pariser Platz, terminating at Berlin Hauptbahnhof.
There has been a discussion, whether the U7 should be extended to the Berlin - Brandenburg Airport. These plans has already been shelved as the expected patronage was not high enough to justify such an expansion.
The Berlin U-Bahn uses 750 - volt DC electric trains that run on standard gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ⁄ in)) tracks. The first trains were based on trams; they have a width of 2.30 m (7.5 ft), and take their power from an upward facing third rail. To accommodate greater passenger numbers without lengthening the trains -- which would require costly extended platforms -- trains that ran on lines built after World War I were required to be wider. The original trains and lines, which continued to operate, were designated Kleinprofil (small profile), and the newer, wider trains and lines were designated Großprofil (large profile). Großprofil trains are 2.65 m (8.7 ft) wide, and take their power from a downward facing third rail. This is related to New York City 's A Division and B Division systems, where the B Division trains are wider than A Division trains.
Although the two profiles are generally incompatible, Kleinprofil trains have been modified to run on Großprofil lines during two periods of economic difficulty. Between 1923 and 1927 on the Nord - Süd - Bahn, and between 1961 and 1978 on the E line, adapted Kleinprofil trains were used to compensate for the lack of new Großprofil trains: they were widened with wooden boards to reach the platforms; and had their power pickups adapted to accept power from the negatively charged downward - facing third rail, instead of positively charged upward - facing third rail.
As of 2007, Kleinprofil trains run on the U1, U2, U3, and U4 lines; and Großprofil trains operate on the U5, U55, U6, U7, U8, and U9 routes.
Kleinprofil trains are 2.30 m (7 ft 6 ⁄ in) wide, and 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in) high. When the U-Bahn opened in 1902, forty - two multiple units, and twenty - one railroad cars, with a top speed of 50 km / h (31.1 mph), had been built at the Warschauer Brücke workshop. In contrast to the earlier test vehicles, seating was placed along the walls, facing inward, which was considered more comfortable. Until 1927, U-Bahn trains had smoking compartments and third - class carriages. The trains were first updated in 1928; A-II carriages were distinguished by only having three windows, and two sliding doors.
After the division of the city, West Berlin upgraded its U-Bahn trains more rapidly than did East Berlin. The A3 type, introduced in 1960, was modelled on the Großprofil D type, and received regular modifications every few years. Meanwhile, A-I and A-II trains operated exclusively in East Berlin until 1975, when G-I trains, which had a top speed of 70 km / h (43.5 mph), started to travel the Thälmannplatz -- Pankow route. These were superseded in 1988 by the G-I / 1 type, which used couplings that were incompatible with the older G-I carriages.
Following reunification, the A3 type was again upgraded as the A3L92, the first Kleinprofil type to use AC induction motors. In 2000, prototypes for a Kleinprofil variant of the H series were built; the HK differs from its Großprofil counterpart by not being fully interconnected -- carriages are only interconnected within each of the two half - trains.
As of 2005, only trains of the HK, G-I / 1 and A3 (U / L) types are in active service.
From 2017, new IK - type trains will enter service to replace the remaining examples of type A3L71. Like HK - type trains they will be interconnected and as a result of their regenerative braking will recuperate up to 20 % of the energy they require.
Großprofil trains are 2.65 m (8 ft 8 ⁄ in) wide, and 3.40 m (11 ft 1 ⁄ in) high. The first sixteen multiple units and eight ordinary carriages entered active service on the Nord - Süd - Bahn in 1924, after a year of using modified Kleinprofil trains. Designated B-I, the cars were 13.15 m (43 ft 1 ⁄ in) long and each had three sliding doors; the large elliptical windows at the front of the train earned them the nickname, Tunneleulen (tunnel owls). Upgraded B - II trains were introduced in 1927, and continued to be used until 1969. The first 18 - metre - long (59 ft ⁄ in) C-I trains were trialled in 1926, and two upgrades were produced before the end of the decade. The first U-Bahn trains to use aluminium in their construction, the C - IV types, were introduced in 1930. Many C - type trains were seized by Soviet forces in 1945, to be used in the Moscow Metro.
The first D - type trains, manufactured in 1957, were built from steel, making them very heavy and less efficient; however, the DL type that followed from 1965 used metals that were less dense, allowing a 26 % reduction in weight. In East Berlin, D - type trains bought from the BVG were designated D-I. Difficulties there in trying to develop an E series of trains led, in 1962, to the conversion of S - Bahn type 168 trains for use on the E line. These E-III trains were desperately needed at the time to allow modified Kleinprofil trains to return to the increasingly busy A line but, following reunification, high running costs led to their retirement in 1994.
In West Berlin, the successor to the D - type was the F - type, which debuted in 1973. They varied from other models in having seats that were perpendicular to the sides of the train; from 1980, they also became the first U-Bahn trains to use three - phase electricity. In 1995, the original seating arrangement returned as the H series took up service. H - type trains are characterised by the interconnection of carriages throughout the length of the train; and they can only be removed from the tracks at main service depots.
As of 2005, only F and H - type trains are in active service.
Depots of the Berlin U-Bahn fall into one of two classes: main workshops (German: Hauptwerkstätten, abbreviated as Hw); and service workshops (German: Betriebswerkstätten, abbreviated Bw). The main workshops are the only places where trains can be lifted from the tracks; they are used for the full inspections required every few years, and for any major work on trains. The service workshops only handle minor repairs and maintenance, such as replacing windows, or removing graffiti.
As of 2005, the only dedicated Kleinprofil depot is at Grunewald (Hw Gru / Bw Gru), which opened on 21 January 1913. The first Großprofil depot opened at Seestraße (Hw See / Bw See) in 1923, to service the Nord - Süd - Bahn. It has 17 tracks -- 2 for the main workshop, and 15 for the service workshop -- but its inner - city location prevents any further expansion. Due to BVG budget cuts, the Seestraße depot also services Kleinprofil trains. Two further Großprofil service workshops are located at Friedrichsfelde (Bw Fri), and Britz - Süd (Bw Britz).
In the past, there were other workshops. The first opened in 1901 at Warschauer Brücke, and was the construction site for most of the early U-Bahn trains. The division of the U-Bahn network on 13 August 1961 forced its closure, although it was reopened in 1995 as a storage depot. A small depot operated at Krumme Lanke between 22 December 1929 and 1 May 1968; and, while the network was split, East Berlin 's U-Bahn used the S - Bahn depot at Schöneweide, along with a small service workshop at Rosa - Luxemburg - Platz, which was closed following reunification.
The Berlin U-Bahn ranks among the safest modes of transport: its history features few accidents.
The most severe accident occurred at the original Gleisdreieck (rail triangle), where the main and branch lines were connected by switches that allowed the tracks to cross. On 26 September 1908, a train driver missed a stop signal. As a result, two trains collided at the junction, and one fell off the viaduct. The accident killed eighteen people, and severely injured another twenty - one. Gleisdreieck 's triangular layout had already been deemed unsuitable for future developments; this incident -- and a later, less - serious one -- triggered its reconstruction as a multi-level station, starting in 1912.
On 30 June 1965, a train with brake failure stopped on the G line -- today 's U9 -- between Zoologischer Garten and Hansaplatz. Unaware of the faulty train, a mechanic working at the Zoologischer Garten signal tower noticed that the leaving signal had been set to "Stop '' for a long time. Thinking it was a fault of him, after several attempts, he manually changed the signal, in defiance of regulations that strictly prohibited such actions. The following train, which had been waiting at Zoologischer Garten, then left the station on the same track. With emergency brakes unable to prevent the accident, the two trains collided. One passenger was killed in the crash, and 97 were injured. The mechanic was fined 600,000 DM.
Fires can be particularly dangerous and damaging within an underground system. In October 1972, two trains and a 200 m length of tunnel were completely destroyed when the trains caught fire; the reconstructed tunnel is clearly differentiated from the old one. Another train burned out in the connecting tunnel between Klosterstraße and Alexanderplatz in 1987. On 8 July 2000, the last car of a GI / I train suffered a short circuit, burning out at the rear of the Deutsche Oper station. The single exit of the station was unreachable, forcing the passengers to run through the tunnel to reach the next emergency exit. The fire also damaged the station, which remained closed until September. The Portuguese Ambassador, João Diogo Nunes Barata, presented the BVG with azulejos (tiled paintings), specially designed for the station, by the artist José de Guimarães. Installation of Portugal 's gift to the city was completed on 30 October 2002.
As a consequence of the Deutsche Oper incident, BVG decided to post an employee at every station with only one exit until a second exit could be built. Over the following few years, many of those stations -- including Britz - Süd, Schillingstraße, Viktoria - Luise - Platz, Uhlandstraße, and Theodor - Heuss - Platz -- were refitted with additional exits. By June 2008, the only remaining stations with no second exit, Konstanzer Straße and Rudow, had been fitted with second exits. Despite these changes, several passenger organisations -- such as Pro Bahn, and IGEB -- demand that stations with exits in the middle of the platform are also fitted with additional emergency exits. Many stations are built this way; meeting those demands would place a heavy financial burden on both the BVG and the city.
The U6 saw a particularly costly, though casualty - free, incident on 25 March 2003. Scheduled repair work on the line limited the normal service to between Alt - Mariendorf and Kurt - Schumacher - Platz; one train then shuttled back and forth between Kurt - Schumacher - Platz and Holzhauser Straße, sharing a platform at Kurt - Schumacher - Platz with the normal - service trains departing for their return journey to Alt - Mariendorf. Needing to pass several stop signals on the shuttle service, the driver had been given special instructions how to proceed. Unfortunately, he ignored the signal at the entry to Kurt - Schumacher - Platz, and ploughed into the side of a train heading back to Alt - Mariendorf. The impact wrecked both trains, and caused considerable damage to the tracks. Normal service did not resume for two days, and the removal of the two wrecked trains -- which, surprisingly, could still roll along the tracks -- also took nearly 48 hours.
The Berlin U-Bahn has appeared in numerous films and music videos. Offering access to stations, tunnels, and trains, the BVG cooperates with film - makers, although a permit is required.
Whether set in Berlin or elsewhere, the U-Bahn has had at least a minor role in a large number of movies and television programmes, including Emil and the Detectives (2001), Otto -- Der Film (1985), Peng! Du bist tot (1987) featuring Ingolf Lück, Run Lola Run (1998), and several Tatort episodes. The previously unused Reichstag station was used to shoot scenes of the movies Resident Evil and Equilibrium.
Möbius 17, by Frank Esher Lämmer and Jo Preussler from Berlin, tells the story of an U-Bahn train that, caught in a Möbius strip, travels through alternate universes after a new line is built. Alexanderplatz station plays an essential role in Berlin Alexanderplatz -- a film of thirteen hour - long chapters and one epilogue -- produced in 1980 by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, based on the book by Döblin. The film 's scenes feature a recreation of the station as it was in 1928 -- rather darker and dirtier than in the 21st century. In the surrealistic two - hour epilogue, Fassbinder transforms parts of the station into a slaughterhouse where people are killed and dissected.
Since 2001, the Berlin U-Bahn has hosted the annual short - film festival Going Underground. Short films (up to 90 seconds long) are shown on the monitors found in many of the U-Bahn trains. Passengers on board vote for the festival winner.
Sandy Mölling, former singer of the pop band No Angels, shot the video for her single "Unnatural Blonde '' in the U-Bahn station Deutsche Oper. Kate Ryan, Overground, Böhse Onkelz, Xavier Naidoo, Die Fantastischen Vier, and the DJ duo Blank & Jones have all used the U-Bahn and its stations for their videos as well.
"Linie 1 '', a musical performed by Berlin 's Grips - Theater, is set completely in stations and trains of the Berlin U-Bahn; a movie version has also been produced.
In 2002, the BVG cooperated with design students in a project to create underwear with an U-Bahn theme, which, in English, they named "Underwear ''. They used the names of real stations that, in the context of underwear, appeared to be mild sexual double entendres: men 's underpants bore labels with Rohrdamm (pipe dam), Onkel Toms Hütte (Uncle Tom 's Cabin), and Krumme Lanke (crooked lake); the women 's had Gleisdreieck (triangle track), and Jungfernheide (virgin heath). After the first series sold out quickly, several others were commissioned, such as Nothammer (emergency hammer), and Pendelverkehr (shuttle service; though Verkehr also means "intercourse '' and Pendel also means "pendulum ''). They were withdrawn from sale in 2004.
The U Bahn station Messe was used as coverage in the films Hanna and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2.
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where does the name indian summer come from | Indian Summer - wikipedia
Indian summer is a period of unseasonably warm, dry weather that sometimes occurs in autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. The US National Weather Service defines this as weather conditions that are sunny and clear with above normal temperatures, occurring late - September to mid-November. It is usually described as occurring after a killing frost.
Late - 19th century Boston lexicographer Albert Matthews made an exhaustive search of early American literature in an attempt to discover who coined the expression. The earliest reference he found dated from 1851. He also found the phrase in a letter written in England in 1778, but discounted that as a coincidental use of the phrase.
Later research showed that the earliest known reference to Indian Summer in its current sense occurs in an essay written in the United States in the late 1770s (probably 1778) by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. The letter was first published in French. The essay remained unavailable in the United States until the 1920s.
Although the exact origins of the term are uncertain, it was perhaps so - called because it was first noted in regions inhabited by Native Americans ("Indians ''), or because the Native Americans first described it to Europeans, or it had been based on the warm and hazy conditions in autumn when Native Americans hunted.
In literature and history, the term is sometimes used metaphorically. The title of Van Wyck Brooks ' New England: Indian Summer (1940) suggests an era of inconsistency, infertility, and depleted capabilities, a period of seemingly robust strength that is only an imitation of an earlier season of actual strength. William Dean Howells ' 1886 novel "Indian Summer '' uses the term to mean a time when one may recover some of the happiness of youth. The main character, jilted as a young man, leads a solitary life until he rediscovers romance in early middle age.
In British English, the term is used in the same way as in North America. In the UK, observers knew of the American usage from the mid-19th century onwards, and The Indian Summer of a Forsyte is the metaphorical title of the 1918 second volume of The Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy. However, early 20th - century climatologists Gordon Manley and Hubert Lamb used it only when referring to the American phenomenon, and the expression did not gain wide currency in Great Britain until the 1950s. In former times such a period was associated with the autumn feast days of St. Martin and Saint Luke.
Similar weather conditions, with local variations also exist. A warm period in autumn is called "Altweibersommer '' (de: "old women 's summer '') in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Lithuania, Hungary, Estonia (Estonian: vananaistesuvi), Finland, and in a number of Slavic - language countries -- for example, in Poland, Russia, Serbia, and Croatia -- it is known as "old woman 's summer '' (Polish: babie lato, Russian: бабье лето, IPA: (babje ljeto), Croatian: bablje ljeto). In Bulgaria, it is known as "gypsy summer '' or "poor man 's summer ''. In Sweden, there 's "Brittsommar '' (out of "Birgitta '' and "Britta '', having their name days around the time).
In temperate parts of South America -- such as southernmost Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay -- the phenomenon is known as "Veranico '', "Veranito '' or "Veranillo '' (literally, "little summer ''), and usually occurs in early autumn between late April and mid-May, when it is known as "Veranico de Mayo '' ("May 's little summer '') or as "Veranito de San Juan '' ("Saint John 's little summer ''). Its onset and duration are directly associated with the occurrence of El Niño.
In other countries it is associated with autumnal name days or saint days such as Teresa of Ávila (Portugal, Spain and France), St. Martin 's Summer (France, Italy and Portugal), Michaelmas summer (Serbia and Republika Srpska), St. Martin 's Day (Netherlands), Bridget of Sweden in Sweden, and Saint Michael the Archangel in Wales. In Turkey it is called pastirma yazı, meaning pastrami summer, since the month of November was considered to be the best time to make pastrami.
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where does congress complete most of its work | United States Congressional committee - wikipedia
A congressional committee is a legislative sub-organization in the United States Congress that handles a specific duty (rather than the general duties of Congress). Committee membership enables members to develop specialized knowledge of the matters under their jurisdiction. As "little legislatures '', the committees monitor ongoing governmental operations, identify issues suitable for legislative review, gather and evaluate information, and recommend courses of action to their parent body. Woodrow Wilson once wrote, "it is not far from the truth to say that Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee rooms is Congress at work. '' It is neither expected nor possible that a member of Congress be an expert on all matters and subject areas that come before Congress. Congressional committees provide valuable informational services to Congress by investigating and reporting about specialized subjects.
Congress divides its legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks among approximately 200 committees and subcommittees. Within assigned areas, these functional subunits gather information; compare and evaluate legislative alternatives; identify policy problems and propose solutions; select, determine, and report measures for full chamber consideration; monitor executive branch performance (oversight); and investigate allegations of wrongdoing. While this investigatory function is important, procedures such as the House discharge petition process (the process of bringing a bill onto the floor without a committee report or mandatory consent from its leadership) are so difficult to implement that committee jurisdiction over particular subject matter of bills has expanded into semi-autonomous power. Of the 73 discharge petitions submitted to the full House from 1995 through 2007, only one was successful in securing a definitive yea - or - nay vote for a bill.
The growing autonomy of committees has fragmented the power of each congressional chamber as a unit. This dispersion of power has possibly weakened the legislative branch relative to the other two branches of the federal government, the executive branch and the judiciary branch. In his often cited article History of the House of Representatives, written in 1961, American scholar George B. Galloway (1898 -- 1967) wrote: "In practice, Congress functions not as a unified institution, but as a collection of semi-autonomous committees that seldom act in unison. '' Galloway went on to cite committee autonomy as a factor interfering with the adoption of a coherent legislative program. Such autonomy remains a characteristic feature of the committee system in Congress today.
In 1932, a reform movement temporarily reduced the number of signatures required on discharge petitions in the U.S. House of Representatives from a constitutional majority of 218 down to 145, i.e., from one - half to one - third of the House membership. This reform was abolished in a 1935 counterattack led by the intra-House oligarchy. Thus the era of the Great Depression marks the last across - the - board change, albeit a short - lived one, in the autonomy of House standing committees.
The modern committee structure stems from the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946, the first and most ambitious restructuring of the standing committee system since the committee system was first developed. The 1946 act reduced the number of House committees from 48 to 19 and the number of Senate committees from 33 to 15. Jurisdictions of all committees were codified by rule in their respective chambers, which helped consolidate or eliminate many existing committees and minimize jurisdictional conflicts.
The Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, a temporary committee established in 1993 to conduct a policy and historical analysis of the committee system, determined that while the 1946 Act was instrumental in streamlining the committee system, it did fail to limit the number of subcommittees allowed on any one committee. Today, Rules in the U.S. House of Representatives generally limit each full committee to five subcommittees, with the exception of Appropriations (12 subcommittees), Armed Services (7), Foreign Affairs (7), and Transportation and Infrastructure (6). There are no limits on the number of subcommittees in the U.S. Senate.
Congress has convened several other temporary review committees to analyze and make recommendations on ways to reform and improve the committee system. For example, the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 led to further reforms to open Congress to further public visibility, strengthen its decision - making capacities, and augment minority rights. The 1970 Act provided for recorded teller votes in the House 's Committee of the Whole; allowed minority party committee members to call their own witnesses during a day of hearings; established the Senate Committee on Veterans ' Affairs; and enhanced the research capabilities of two legislative support agencies: the Congressional Research Service and the General Accounting Office.
The first Senate committee was established April 7, 1789, to draw up Senate rules of procedure. In those early days, the Senate operated with temporary select committees, which were responsive to the entire Senate, with the full Senate selecting their jurisdiction and membership. This system provided a great deal of flexibility, as if one committee proved unresponsive, another could be established in its place. The Senate could also forgo committee referral for actions on legislation or presidential nominations. These early committees generally consisted of three members for routine business and five members for more important issues. The largest committee established during the 1st Congress had eleven members, and was created to determine salaries of the president and vice president. Also in the first session, the entire membership of the Senate was divided into two large committees, with half the senators on the committee to prepare legislation establishing the federal judiciary and the other half on the committee to define the punishment of crimes against the United States.
This system proved ineffective, so in 1816 the Senate adopted a formal system of 11 standing committees with five members each. Three of those committees, the Finance, Foreign Relations and the Judiciary Committees exist largely unchanged today, while the duties of the others have evolved into successor committees. With the advent of this new system, committees are able to handle long - term studies and investigations, in addition to regular legislative duties. According to the Senate Historical Office, "the significance of the change from temporary to permanent committees was perhaps little realized at the time. '' With the growing responsibilities of the Senate, the committees gradually grew to be the key policy - making bodies of the Senate, instead of merely technical aids to the chamber.
By 1906, the Senate maintained 66 standing and select committees -- eight more committees than members of the majority party. The large number of committees and the manner of assigning their chairmanships suggests that many of them existed solely to provide office space in those days before the Senate acquired its first permanent office building, the Russell Senate Office Building. There were so many committees that freshman Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin was assigned chairmanship of the Committee to Investigate the Condition of the Potomac River Front at Washington. According to La Follette, he "had immediate visions of cleaning up the whole Potomac River front. Then (he) found that in all its history, the committee had never had a bill referred to it for consideration, and had never held a meeting. '' In 1920, the Congressional Directory listed nearly 80 committees, including the Committee on the Disposition of Useless Papers in the Executive Departments. By May 27, 1920, the Russell Senate Office Building had opened, and with all Senate members assigned private office space, the Senate quietly abolished 42 committees.
Today the Senate operates with 20 standing and select committees. These select committees, however, are permanent in nature and are treated as standing committees under Senate rules.
The first House committee was appointed on April 2, 1789, to "prepare and report such standing rules and orders of proceeding '' as well as the duties of a Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce those rules. Other committees were created as needed, on a temporary basis, to review specific issues for the full House. The House relied primarily on the Committee of the Whole to handle the bulk of legislative issues. In response to the House 's need for more detailed advice on certain issues, more specific committees with broader authority were established. One of the first -- a three - member committee "to prepare and report an estimate of supplies... and of nett (sic) produce of the impost '' -- was established on April 29, 1789. The Committee on Ways and Means followed on July 24, 1789, during a debate on the creation of the Treasury Department over concerns of giving the new department too much authority over revenue proposals. The House felt it would be better equipped if it established a committee to handle the matter. This first Committee on Ways and Means had 11 members and existed for just two months. It later became a standing committee in 1801, a position it still holds today.
An analysis of U.S. House of Representative committee request letters from the 92nd, 93rd, 97th, 98th, 100th, and 101st Congresses showed that the most common justifications raised by members seeking a committee assignment were prior professional experience, geography and electoral considerations, in that order. About 80 % of justifications in letters fell into one of these three categories. Members who request an assignment to the House Armed Services Committee have a greater military presence in their district, while members requesting assignment to the House Interior Committee generally tend to come from sparsely populated areas with more land held in public trust.
There are three main types of committees -- standing, select or special, and joint.
Standing committees are permanent panels identified as such in chamber rules (House Rule X, Senate Rule XXV).
Because they have legislative jurisdiction, standing committees consider bills and issues and recommend measures for consideration by their respective chambers. They also have oversight responsibility to monitor agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions, and in some cases in areas that cut across committee jurisdictions.
Most standing committees recommend funding levels -- authorizations -- for government operations and for new and existing programs. A few have other functions. For example, the Appropriations Committees recommend appropriations legislation to provide budget authority for federal agencies and programs. The Budget Committees establish aggregate levels for total spending and revenue that serve as guidelines for the work of the authorizing and appropriating panels.
Select or special committees are established generally by a separate resolution of the chamber, sometimes to conduct investigations and studies, and, on other occasions, also to consider measures. Often, select committees examine emerging issues that do not fit clearly within existing standing committee jurisdictions, or that cut across jurisdictional boundaries. A select committee may be permanent or temporary (all current select committees in the House and Senate are considered permanent committees). Instead of select, the Senate sometimes uses the term special committee (as in the Special Committee on Aging).
Joint committees are permanent panels that include members from both chambers, which generally conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks rather than consider measures. For instance, the Joint Committee on Printing oversees the functions of the Government Printing Office and general printing procedures of the federal government. The chairmanship of joint committees usually alternates between the House and Senate. A conference committee is a temporary joint committee formed to resolve differences between competing House and Senate versions of a measure. Conference committees draft compromises between the positions of the two chambers, which are then submitted to the full House and Senate for approval.
Other committees are also used in the modern Congress.
In the House of Representatives, there are 20 permanent committees, and 21 in the United States Senate. Four joint committees operate with members from both houses on matters of mutual jurisdiction and oversight.
Committees in the House of Representatives generally have more members, due its larger size, as compared to the smaller 100 - member Senate. Senate rules fix the maximum size for many of its committees, while the House determines the size and makeup of each committee every new Congress.
(click here for complete list with subcommittees)
(click here for complete list with subcommittees)
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how often does a poison dart frog eat | Poison dart frog - wikipedia
Poison dart frog (also known as dart - poison frog, poison frog or formerly known as poison arrow frog) is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to tropical Central and South America. These species are diurnal and often have brightly colored bodies. This bright coloration is correlated with the toxicity of the species, making them aposematic. Some species of the family Dendrobatidae exhibit extremely bright coloration along with high toxicity, while others have cryptic coloration with minimal to no amount of observed toxicity. The species that have great toxicity derive this from their diet of ants, mites and termites. Other species however, that exhibit cryptic coloration and low to no amounts of toxicity, eat a much larger variety of prey. Many species of this family are threatened due to human infrastructure encroaching the places they inhabit.
These amphibians are often called "dart frogs '' due to the Amerindians ' indigenous use of their toxic secretions to poison the tips of blowdarts. However, of over 170 species, only four have been documented as being used for this purpose (curare plants are more commonly used), all of which come from the genus Phyllobates, which is characterized by the relatively large size and high levels of toxicity of its members.
Most species of poison dart frogs are small, sometimes less than 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in adult length, although a few grow up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in length. They weigh 1 oz. on average. Most poison dart frogs are brightly colored, displaying aposematic patterns to warn potential predators. Their bright coloration is associated with their toxicity and levels of alkaloids. For example, frogs of the genus Dendrobates have high levels of alkaloids, whereas Colostethus species are cryptically colored and are not toxic.
Poison dart frogs are an example of an aposematic organism. Their bright coloration advertises unpalatability to potential predators. Aposematism is currently thought to have originated at least four times within the poison dart family according to phylogenetic trees, and dendrobatid frogs have since undergone dramatic divergences -- both interspecific and intraspecific -- in their aposematic coloration. This is surprising given the frequency - dependent nature of this type of defense mechanism.
Adult frogs lay their eggs in moist places, including on leaves, in plants, among exposed roots, and elsewhere. Once the eggs hatch, the adult piggybacks the tadpoles, one at a time, to suitable water, either a pool, or the water gathered in the throat of bromeliads or other plants. The tadpoles remain there until they metamorphose, fed by unfertilized eggs laid at regular intervals by the mother.
Poison dart frogs are endemic to humid, tropical environments of Central and South America. These frogs are generally found in tropical rainforests, including in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Peru, Panama, Guyana, Nicaragua, and Hawaii (introduced).
Natural habitats include subtropical and tropical, moist, lowland forests, subtropical or tropical high - altitude shrubland, subtropical or tropical, moist, montanes and rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, lakes and swamps. Other species can be found in seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, arable land, pastureland, rural gardens, plantations, moist savanna and heavily degraded former forest. Premontane forests and rocky areas have also been known to hold frogs. Dendrobatids tend to live on or close to the ground, but also in trees as much as 10 m (33 ft) from the ground.
Many species of poison dart frogs are dedicated parents. Many poison dart frogs in the genera Oophaga and Ranitomeya carry their newly hatched tadpoles into the canopy; the tadpoles stick to the mucus on the backs of their parents. Once in the upper reaches of the rainforest trees, the parents deposit their young in the pools of water that accumulate in epiphytic plants, such as bromeliads. The tadpoles feed on invertebrates in their nursery, and their mother will even supplement their diet by depositing eggs into the water. Other poison frogs lay their eggs on the forest floor, hidden beneath the leaf litter. Poison frogs fertilize their eggs externally; the female lays a cluster of eggs and a male fertilizes them afterward, in the same manner as most fish. Poison frogs can often be observed clutching each other, similar to the manner most frogs copulate. However, these demonstrations are actually territorial wrestling matches. Both males and females frequently engage in disputes over territory. A male will fight for the most prominent roosts from which to broadcast his mating call; females fight over desirable nests, and even invade the nests of other females to devour competitor 's eggs.
The operational sex ratio in the poison dart frog family is mostly female biased. This leads to a few characteristic behaviors and traits found in organisms with an uneven sex ratio. In general, females have a choice of mate. In turn, males show brighter coloration, are territorial, and are aggressive toward other males. Females select mates based on coloration (mainly dorsal), calling perch location, and territory.
Dart frogs are the focus of major phylogenetic studies, and undergo taxonomic changes frequently. The family Dendrobatidae was revised taxonomically in 2006 and contains 13 genera, with about 170 species.
Some poison dart frogs species include a number of conspecific color morphs that emerged as recently as 6,000 years ago. Therefore, species such as Dendrobates tinctorius, Oophaga pumilio, and Oophaga granulifera can include color pattern morphs that can be interbred (colors are under polygenic control, while the actual patterns are probably controlled by a single locus). Differing coloration has historically misidentified single species as separate, and there is still controversy among taxonomists over classification.
Variation in predation regimens may have influenced the evolution of polymorphism in Oophaga granulifera, while sexual selection appears to have contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of Oophaga pumilio.
Many poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins such as allopumiliotoxin 267A, batrachotoxin, epibatidine, histrionicotoxin, and pumiliotoxin 251D through their skin. Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation, and they are therefore able to be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs. The most toxic of poison dart frog species is Phyllobates terribilis. It is argued that dart frogs do not synthesize their poisons, but sequester the chemicals from arthropod prey items, such as ants, centipedes and mites -- the diet - toxicity hypothesis. Because of this, captive - bred animals do not possess significant levels of toxins as they are reared on diets that do not contain the alkaloids sequestered by wild populations. In fact, new studies suggest that the maternal frogs of some species lay unfertilized eggs, which are laced with trace amounts of alkaloids, to feed the tadpoles. This behavior shows that the poisons are introduced from a very young age. Nonetheless, the captive - bred frogs retain the ability to accumulate alkaloids when they are once again provided an alkaloid - containing diet. Despite the toxins used by some poison dart frogs, some predators have developed the ability to withstand them. One is the snake Leimadophis epinephelus, which has developed immunity to the poison.
Chemicals extracted from the skin of Epipedobates tricolor may be shown to have medicinal value. Scientists use this poison to make a painkiller. One such chemical is a painkiller 200 times as potent as morphine, called epibatidine; however, the therapeutic dose is very close to the fatal dose. A derivative ABT - 594 developed by Abbott Laboratories, called Tebanicline got as far as Phase II trials in humans, but was dropped from further development due to unacceptable incidence of gastrointestinal side effects. Secretions from dendrobatids are also showing promise as muscle relaxants, heart stimulants and appetite suppressants. The most poisonous of these frogs, the golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis), has enough toxin on average to kill ten to twenty men or about ten thousand mice. Most other dendrobatids, while colorful and toxic enough to discourage predation, pose far less risk to humans or other large animals.
Skin toxicity evolved alongside bright coloration, perhaps preceding it. Toxicity may have relied on a shift in diet to alkaloid - rich arthropods, which likely occurred at least four times among the dendrobatids. Conspicuous coloration in these frogs is further associated with diet specialization, body mass, aerobic capacity, and chemical defense. Either aposematism and aerobic capacity preceded greater resource gathering, making it easier for frogs to go out and gather the ants and mites required for diet specialization, contrary to classical aposematic theory, which assumes that toxicity from diet arises before signaling. Alternatively, diet specialization preceded higher aerobic capacity, and aposematism evolved to allow dendrobatids to gather resources without predation.
Conspicuousness and toxicity may be inversely related, as polymorphic poison dart frogs that are less conspicuous are more toxic than the brightest and most conspicuous species. Energetic costs of producing toxins and bright color pigments lead to potential trade - offs between toxicity and bright coloration, and prey with strong secondary defenses have less to gain from costly signaling. Therefore, prey populations that are more toxic are predicted to manifest less bright signals, opposing the classical view that increased conspicuousness always evolves with increased toxicity.
Prey mobility could also explain the initial development of aposematic signaling. If prey have characteristics that make them more exposed to predators, such as when some dendrobatids shifted from nocturnal to diurnal behavior, then they have more reason to develop aposematism. After the switch, the frogs had greater ecological opportunities, causing dietary specialization to arise. Thus, aposematism is not merely a signaling system, but a way for organisms to gain greater access to resources and increase their reproductive success.
Dietary conservatism (long - term neophobia) in predators could facilitate the evolution of warning coloration, if predators avoid novel morphs for a long enough period of time. Another possibility is genetic drift, the so - called gradual - change hypothesis, which could strengthen weak pre-existing aposematism.
Sexual selection may have played a role in the diversification of skin color and pattern in poison frogs. With female preferences in play, male coloration could evolve rapidly. Sexual selection is influenced by many things. The parental investment may shed some light on the evolution of coloration in relation to female choice. In Oophaga pumilio, the female provides care for the offspring for several weeks whereas the males provides care for a few days, implying a strong female preference. Sexual selection increases phenotypic variation drastically. In populations of O. pumilio that participated in sexual selection, the phenotypic polymorphism was evident. The lack of sexual dimorphism in some dendrobatid populations however suggests that sexual selection is not a valid explanation.
Poison dart frogs containing epibatidine have undergone a 3 amino acid mutation on receptors of the body, allowing the frog to be resistant to its own poison. Epibatidine - producing frogs have evolved poison resistance of body receptors independently three times.
All species of poison dart frogs are neotropical in origin. Wild - caught specimens can maintain toxicity for some time (this can be obtained through a form of bio accumulation), so appropriate care should be taken when handling such animals. While scientific study on the lifespan of poison dart frogs is scant, retagging frequencies indicate it can range from one to three years in the wild. However, these frogs typically live for much longer than that in captivity, having been reported to live as long as 25 years. These claims also seem to be questionable, since many of the larger species take a year or more to mature, and Phyllobates species can take more than two years. In captivity, most species thrive where the humidity is kept constant at 80 to 100 % and where the temperature is around 72 ° F (22 ° C) to 80 ° F (27 ° C) during the day and no lower than 60 ° F (16 ° C) to 65 ° F (18 ° C) at night. Some species tolerate lower temperatures better than others.
Many species of poison dart frogs have recently experienced habitat loss, chytrid diseases, and collection for the pet trade. Some are listed as threatened or endangered as a result. Zoos have tried to counteract this disease by treating captive frogs with an antifungal agent that is used to cure athlete 's foot in humans.
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who is the first assamese woman to be awarded sangeet natak akademi award | Sangeet Natak Akademi award - Wikipedia
Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Award) (IPA: Saṅgīta Nāṭaka Akādamī Puraskāra) is an award given by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, India 's National Academy of Music, Dance & Drama. It is the highest Indian recognition given to practicing artists. The award consists since 2003 of Rs. 50,000, a citation, an angavastram (a shawl), and a tamrapatra (a brass plaque). The awards are given in the categories of music, dance, theatre, other traditional arts and puppetry, and for contribution / scholarship in performing arts.
3. ^ Find Biography of Pandit Hanuman Prasad Mishra.
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what is the full form of hp in computer | Hewlett - Packard - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 37 ° 24 ′ 49 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 42 '' W / 37.4136 ° N 122.1451 ° W / 37.4136; - 122.1451
The Hewlett - Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett - Packard (/ ˈhjuːlɪt ˈpækərd / HEW - lit PAK - ərd) was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. It developed and provided a wide variety of hardware components as well as software and related services to consumers, small - and medium - sized businesses (SMBs) and large enterprises, including customers in the government, health and education sectors.
The company was founded in a one - car garage in Palo Alto by Bill Hewlett and David Packard, and initially produced a line of electronic test equipment. HP was the world 's leading PC manufacturer from 2007 to Q2 2013, after which Lenovo came to rank ahead of HP. It specialized in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. Major product lines included personal computing devices, enterprise and industry standard servers, related storage devices, networking products, software and a diverse range of printers and other imaging products. HP marketed its products to households, small - to medium - sized businesses and enterprises directly as well as via online distribution, consumer - electronics and office - supply retailers, software partners and major technology vendors. HP also had services and consulting business around its products and partner products.
Hewlett - Packard company events included the spin - off of its electronic and bio-analytical measurement instruments part of its business as Agilent Technologies in 1999, its merger with Compaq in 2002, and the acquisition of EDS in 2008, which led to combined revenues of $118.4 billion in 2008 and a Fortune 500 ranking of 9 in 2009. In November 2009, HP announced the acquisition of 3Com, with the deal closing on April 12, 2010. On April 28, 2010, HP announced the buyout of Palm, Inc. for $1.2 billion. On September 2, 2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer ($2.07 billion), which Dell declined to match.
Hewlett - Packard split the PC and printers business from its enterprise products and services business on November 1, 2015, resulting in two publicly traded companies: HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise. In 2017, Hewlett Packard Enterprise spun - off its Enterprises Services division as DXC Technology and its Software division to Micro Focus.
Bill Hewlett and David Packard graduated with degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The company originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor, Frederick Terman at Stanford during the Great Depression. Terman was considered a mentor to them in forming Hewlett - Packard. In 1938, Packard and Hewlett begin part - time work in a rented garage with an initial capital investment of US $538. In 1939 Hewlett and Packard decided to formalize their partnership. They tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett - Packard (HP) or Packard - Hewlett. HP incorporated on August 18, 1947, and went public on November 6, 1957.
Of the many projects they worked on, their very first financially successful product was a precision audio oscillator, the Model HP200A. Their innovation was the use of a small incandescent light bulb (known as a "pilot light '') as a temperature dependent resistor in a critical portion of the circuit, the negative feedback loop which stabilized the amplitude of the output sinusoidal waveform. This allowed them to sell the Model 200A for $89.40 when competitors were selling less stable oscillators for over $200. The Model 200 series of generators continued until at least 1972 as the 200AB, still tube - based but improved in design through the years.
One of the company 's earliest customers was Walt Disney Productions which bought eight Model 200B oscillators (at $71.50 each) for use in certifying the Fantasound surround sound systems installed in theaters for the movie Fantasia.
They worked on counter-radar technology and artillery shell fuses during World War II, which allowed Packard (but not Hewlett) to be exempt from the draft.
HP is recognized as the symbolic founder of Silicon Valley, although it did not actively investigate semiconductor devices until a few years after the "traitorous eight '' had abandoned William Shockley to create Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957. Hewlett - Packard 's HP Associates division, established around 1960, developed semiconductor devices primarily for internal use. Instruments and calculators were some of the products using these devices.
HP partnered in the 1960s with Sony and the Yokogawa Electric companies in Japan to develop several high - quality products. The products were not a huge success, as there were high costs in building HP - looking products in Japan. HP and Yokogawa formed a joint venture (Yokogawa - Hewlett - Packard) in 1963 to market HP products in Japan. HP bought Yokogawa Electric 's share of Hewlett - Packard Japan in 1999.
HP spun off a small company, Dynac, to specialize in digital equipment. The name was picked so that the HP logo "hp '' could be turned upside down to be a reverse reflect image of the logo "dy '' of the new company. Eventually Dynac changed to Dymec, then was folded back into HP in 1959. HP experimented with using Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) minicomputers with its instruments, but after deciding that it would be easier to build another small design team than deal with DEC, HP entered the computer market in 1966 with the HP 2100 / HP 1000 series of minicomputers. These had a simple accumulator - based design, with registers arranged somewhat similarly to the Intel x86 architecture still used today. The series was produced for 20 years, in spite of several attempts to replace it, and was a forerunner of the HP 9800 and HP 250 series of desktop and business computers.
The HP 3000 was an advanced stack - based design for a business computing server, later redesigned with RISC technology. The HP 2640 series of smart and intelligent terminals introduced forms - based interfaces to ASCII terminals, and also introduced screen labeled function keys, now commonly used on gas pumps and bank ATMs. The HP 2640 series included one of the first bit mapped graphics displays that when combined with the HP 2100 21MX F - Series microcoded Scientific Instruction Set enabled the first commercial WYSIWYG Presentation Program, BRUNO that later became the program HP - Draw on the HP 3000. Although scoffed at in the formative days of computing, HP would eventually surpass even IBM as the world 's largest technology vendor, in terms of sales.
Although Programma 101 was the first commercial "desktop computer '', HP is identified by Wired magazine as the producer of the world 's first device to be called a personal computer, the Hewlett - Packard 9100A, introduced in 1968. Programma 101 was called "computer personale '' (in Italian), at Fiera di Milano, 1966. HP called it a desktop calculator, because, as Bill Hewlett said, "If we had called it a computer, it would have been rejected by our customers ' computer gurus because it did n't look like an IBM. We therefore decided to call it a calculator, and all such nonsense disappeared. '' An engineering triumph at the time, the logic circuit was produced without any integrated circuits; the assembly of the CPU having been entirely executed in discrete components. With CRT display, magnetic - card storage, and printer, the price was around $5,000. The machine 's keyboard was a cross between that of a scientific calculator and an adding machine. There was no alphabetic keyboard.
Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple, originally designed the Apple I computer while working at HP and offered it to them under their right of first refusal to his work, but they did not take it up as the company wanted to stay in scientific, business, and industrial markets. Wozniak said that HP "turned him down 5 times '', but that his loyalty to HP made him hesitant to start Apple with Steve Jobs.
The company earned global respect for a variety of products. They introduced the world 's first handheld scientific electronic calculator in 1972 (the HP - 35), the first handheld programmable in 1974 (the HP - 65), the first alphanumeric, programmable, expandable in 1979 (the HP - 41 C), and the first symbolic and graphing calculator, the HP - 28C. Like their scientific and business calculators, their oscilloscopes, logic analyzers, and other measurement instruments have a reputation for sturdiness and usability (the latter products are now part of spin - off Agilent 's product line, which were later spun - off from Agilent as Keysight Technologies). The company 's design philosophy in this period was summarized as "design for the guy at the next bench ''.
The 98x5 series of technical desktop computers started in 1975 with the 9815, and the cheaper 80 series, again of technical computers, started in 1979 with the 85. These machines used a version of the BASIC programming language which was available immediately after they were switched on, and used a proprietary magnetic tape for storage. HP computers were similar in capabilities to the much later IBM Personal Computer, although the limitations of available technology forced prices to be high.
In 1984, HP introduced both inkjet and laser printers for the desktop. Along with its scanner product line, these have later been developed into successful multifunction products, the most significant being single - unit printer / scanner / copier / fax machines. The print mechanisms in HP 's tremendously popular LaserJet line of laser printers depend almost entirely on Canon Inc. 's components (print engines), which in turn use technology developed by Xerox. HP develops the hardware, firmware, and software that convert data into dots for the mechanism to print.
On March 3, 1986, HP registered the HP.com domain name, making it the ninth Internet. com domain ever to be registered.
In 1987, the Palo Alto garage where Hewlett and Packard started their business was designated as a California State historical landmark.
In the 1990s, HP expanded their computer product line, which initially had been targeted at university, research, and business users, to reach consumers. HP also grew through acquisitions. It bought Apollo Computer in 1989 and Convex Computer in 1995.
Later in the decade, HP opened hpshopping.com as an independent subsidiary to sell online, direct to consumers; in 2005, the store was renamed "HP Home & Home Office Store. ''
From 1995 to 1998, Hewlett - Packard were sponsors of the English football team Tottenham Hotspur.
In 1999, all of the businesses not related to computers, storage, and imaging were spun off from HP to form Agilent Technologies. Agilent 's spin - off was the largest initial public offering in the history of Silicon Valley. The spin - off created an $8 billion company with about 30,000 employees, manufacturing scientific instruments, semiconductors, optical networking devices, and electronic test equipment for telecom and wireless R&D and production.
In July 1999, HP appointed Carly Fiorina, formerly of AT&T and Lucent, as the first female CEO of a Fortune - 20 company in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Fiorina received a larger signing offer than any of her predecessors. Fiorina served as CEO during the technology downturn of the early 2000s and led the merger with Compaq that was "disastrous '', according to CNN and led to the firing of 30,000 U.S. employees. Under her leadership, the company doubled in size. Her tenure as CEO was beset by damaging leaks. The HP Board of Directors asked Fiorina to step down in 2005 following a boardroom disagreement, and she resigned on February 9, 2005.
In 1997, HP sold over $120 million worth of its printers and computer products to Iran through a European subsidiary and a Dubai - based East distributor, despite U.S. export sanctions prohibiting such deals imposed by Bill Clinton 's executive orders issued in 1995. The story was initially reported by The Boston Globe, and it triggered an inquiry by the SEC. HP responded that products worth US $ 120 million were sold in fiscal year 2008 for distribution by way of Redington Gulf, a company based in the Netherlands, and that as these sales took place through a foreign subsidiary, HP had not violated sanctions.
HP named Redington Gulf "Wholesaler of the Year '' in 2003, which in turn published a press release stating that "(t) he seeds of the Redington - Hewlett - Packard relationship were sowed six years ago for one market -- Iran. '' At that time, Redington Gulf had only three employees whose sole purpose was to sell HP products to the Iran market. According to former officials who worked on sanctions, HP was using a loophole by routing their sales through a foreign subsidiary. HP ended its relationship with Redington Gulf after the SEC inquiry.
On September 3, 2001, HP announced that an agreement had been reached with Compaq to merge the two companies. In May 2002, after passing a shareholder vote, HP officially merged with Compaq. Prior to this, plans had been in place to consolidate the companies ' product teams and product lines.
Compaq had already taken over Digital Equipment Corporation in 1998. HP therefore still offers support for the former Digital Equipment products PDP - 11, VAX and AlphaServer.
The merger occurred after a proxy fight with Bill Hewlett 's son Walter, who objected to the merger. Compaq itself had bought Tandem Computers in 1997 (which had been started by ex-HP employees), and Digital Equipment Corporation in 1998. Following this strategy, HP became a major player in desktops, laptops, and servers for many different markets. After the merger with Compaq, the new ticker symbol became "HPQ '', a combination of the two previous symbols, "HWP '' and "CPQ '', to show the significance of the alliance and also key letters from the two companies Hewlett - Packard and Compaq (the latter company being famous for its "Q '' logo on all of its products).
In 2004, HP released the DV 1000 Series, including the HP Pavilion dv 1658 and 1040 two years later in May 2006, HP began its campaign, "The Computer is Personal Again ''. The campaign was designed to bring back the fact that the PC is a personal product. The campaign utilized viral marketing, sophisticated visuals and its own website (www.hp.com/personal). Some of the ads featured Pharrell, Petra Nemcova, Mark Burnett, Mark Cuban, Alicia Keys, Jay - Z, Gwen Stefani, and Shaun White.
In January 2005, following years of under performance, which included HP 's Compaq merger that fell short, and disappointing earning reports, the board asked Fiorina to resign as chair and chief executive officer of the company. Following the news of Fiorina 's departure, HP 's stock jumped 6.9 percent. Robert Wayman, chief financial officer of HP, served as interim CEO while the board undertook a formal search for a replacement.
Mark Hurd of NCR Corporation was hired to take over as CEO and president, effective 1 April 2005. Hurd was the board 's top choice given the revival of NCR that took place under his leadership.
In 2006, HP unveiled several new products including desktops, enhanced notebooks, a workstation and software to manage them, OpenView Client Configuration Manager 2.0. In the same year, HP 's share price skyrocketed due to consistent results in the last couple quarters of the year with Hurd 's plan to cutback HP 's workforce and lower costs.
In July 2007, HP signed a definitive agreement to acquire Opsware in a cash tender deal that values the company at $14.25 per share. This combined Opsware software with the Oracle enterprise IT management software.
In the first few years of Hurd 's new role, HP 's stock price more than doubled. By the end of Fiscal 2007, HP hit the $100 Billion mark for the first time. The company 's annual revenue reached $104 Billion, allowing HP to overtake competitor IBM.
On May 13, 2008, HP and Electronic Data Systems (EDS) announced that they had signed a definitive agreement under which HP would purchase EDS. On June 30, HP announced that the waiting period under the Hart - Scott - Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 had expired. "The transaction still requires EDS stockholder approval and regulatory clearance from the European Commission and other non-U.S. jurisdictions and is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of the other closing conditions specified in the merger agreement. '' The agreement was finalized on August 26, 2008 at $13 billion, and it was publicly announced that EDS would be re-branded "EDS a HP company. '' The first targeted layoff of 24,600 former EDS workers was announced on September 15, 2008. (The company 's 2008 Annual Report gave the number as 24,700, to be completed by end of 2009.) This round was factored into purchase price as a $19.5 billion liability against goodwill. As of September 23, 2009, EDS is known as HP Enterprise Services.
On November 11, 2009, 3Com and Hewlett - Packard announced that Hewlett - Packard would be acquiring 3Com for $2.7 billion in cash. The acquisition is one of the biggest in size among a series of takeovers and acquisitions by technology giants to push their way to become one - stop shops. Since the beginning of the financial crisis in 2007, tech giants have constantly felt the pressure to expand beyond their current market niches. Dell purchased Perot Systems recently to invade into the technology consulting business area previously dominated by IBM. Hewlett - Packard 's latest move marked its incursion into enterprise networking gear market dominated by Cisco.
On April 28, 2010, Palm, Inc. and Hewlett - Packard announced that HP would buy Palm for $1.2 billion in cash and debt. Before this announcement, it was rumored that either HTC, Dell, Research in Motion or HP would buy Palm. Adding Palm handsets to the HP product line created some overlap with the iPAQ series of mobile devices but was thought to significantly improve HP 's mobile presence as iPAQdevices had not been selling well. Buying Palm gave HP a library of valuable patents, as well as the mobile operating platform known as webOS. On July 1, 2010, the acquisition of Palm was final. The purchase of Palm 's webOS began a big gamble -- to build HP 's own ecosystem. On July 1, 2011, HP launched its first tablet named HP TouchPad, bringing webOS to tablet devices. On September 2, 2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer ($2.07 billion) which Dell declined to match. After HP 's acquisition of Palm, it phased out the Compaq brand.
On August 6, 2010, CEO Mark Hurd resigned amid controversy and CFO Cathie Lesjak assumed the role of interim CEO. Hurd had turned HP around and was widely regarded as one of Silicon Valley 's star CEOs. Under his leadership, HP became the largest computer company in the world when measured by total revenue. Accused of sexual harassment against a colleague, the allegations were deemed baseless. The investigation led to questions concerning between $1000 and $20000 of his private expenses and his lack of disclosure related to the friendship. Some observers have argued that Hurd was innocent, but the board asked for his resignation to avoid negative PR. Public analysis was divided between those who saw it as a commendable tough action by HP in handling expenses irregularities, and those who saw it as an ill - advised, hasty and expensive reaction, in ousting a remarkably capable leader who had turned the business around. At HP, Hurd oversaw a series of acquisitions worth over $20 billion. This allowed the company to expand into services of networking equipment and smartphones. Shares of HP dropped by 8.4 % in after - hours trading, hitting a 52 - week low with $9 billion in market capitalization shaved off. Larry Ellison publicly attacked HP 's board for his ousting, stating that the HP board had "made the worst personnel decision since the idiots on the Apple board fired Steve Jobs many years ago. ''
On September 30, 2010, Léo Apotheker was named as HP 's new CEO and President. Apotheker 's appointment sparked a strong reaction from Oracle chief executive Larry Ellison, who complained that Apotheker had been in charge of SAP when one of its subsidiaries was systematically stealing software from Oracle. SAP accepted that its subsidiary, which has now closed, illegally accessed Oracle intellectual property. Following Hurd 's departure, HP was seen by the market as problematic, with margins falling and having failed to redirect and establish itself in major new markets such as cloud and mobile services. Apotheker 's strategy was broadly to aim at disposing of hardware and moving into the more profitable software services sector. On August 18, 2011, HP announced that it would strategically exit the smartphone and tablet computer business, focusing on higher - margin "strategic priorities of Cloud, solutions and software with an emphasis on enterprise, commercial and government markets '' They also contemplated selling off their personal computer division or spinning it off into a separate company, quitting the ' PC ' business, while continuing to sell servers and other equipment to business customers, was a strategy already undertaken by IBM in 2005.
HP 's stock continued to drop, by about a further 40 % (including 25 % on one day, August 19, 2011), after the company abruptly announced a number of decisions: to discontinue its webOS device business (mobile phones and tablet computers), the intent to sell its personal computer division (at the time HP was the largest personal computer manufacturer in the world), and to acquire British big data software firm Autonomy for a 79 % premium, seen externally as an "absurdly high '' price for a business with known concerns over its accounts. Media analysts described HP 's actions as a "botched strategy shift '' and a "chaotic '' attempt to rapidly reposition HP and enhance earnings that ultimately cost Apotheker his job. The Autonomy acquisition had been objected to even by HP 's own CFO.
On September 22, 2011, the HP Board of Directors fired Apotheker as chief executive, effective immediately, and replaced him with fellow board member and former eBay chief Meg Whitman, with Raymond J. Lane as executive chairman. Though Apotheker served barely ten months, he received over $13 million in compensation. HP lost more than $30 billion in market capitalization during his tenure. Weeks later, HP announced that a review had concluded their PC division was too integrated and critical to business operations, and the company reaffirmed their commitment to the Personal Systems Group. A year later in November 2012 wrote - down almost $9 billion related to the Autonomy acquisition (see below: Takeover of Autonomy), which became the subject of intense litigation as HP accused Autonomy 's previous management of fraudulently exaggerating Autonomy 's financial position and called in law enforcement and regulators in both countries, and Autonomy 's previous management accused HP of "textbook '' obfuscation and finger pointing to protect HP 's executives from criticism and conceal HP culpability, their prior knowledge of Autonomy 's financial position, and gross mismanagement of Autonomy after acquisition.
On March 21, 2012, HP said its printing and PC divisions would become one unit headed by Todd Bradley from the PC division. Printing chief Vyomesh Joshi is leaving the company.
On May 23, 2012, HP announced plans to lay off approximately 27,000 employees, after posting a profit decline of 31 % in the second quarter of 2012. The profit decline is on account of the growing popularity of smart phones, tablets, and other mobile devices, that has slowed the sale of personal computers.
On May 30, 2012, HP unveiled its first net zero energy data center. HP data center plans to use solar energy and other renewable sources instead of traditional power grids.
On July 10, 2012, HP 's Server Monitoring Software was discovered to have a previously unknown security vulnerability. A security warning was given to customers about two vulnerabilities, and a patch released. One month later, HP 's official site of training center was hacked and defaced by a Pakistani hacker known to as ' Hitcher ' to demonstrate a web vulnerability.
On September 10, 2012, HP revised their restructuring figures; they are now cutting 29,000 jobs. HP had already cut 3,800 jobs -- around 7 percent of the revised 29,000 figure -- as of July 2012.
On December 31, 2013, HP revised the amount of jobs cut from 29,000 to 34,000 up to October 2014. The current amount of jobs cut until the end of 2013 was 24,600. At the end of 2013 the company had 317,500 employees. On May 22, 2014 HP announced it would cut a further 11,000 to 16,000 jobs, in addition to the 34,000 announced in 2013. "We are gradually shaping HP into a more nimble, lower - cost, more customer and partner - centric company that can successfully compete across a rapidly changing IT landscape, '' CEO Meg Whitman said at the time.
In June 2014, during the HP Discover customer event in Las Vegas, Meg Whitman and Martin Fink announced a project for a radically new computer architecture called The Machine. Based on memristors and silicon photonics, The Machine is supposed to come in commercialization before the end of the decade, meanwhile representing 75 % of the research activity in HP Labs.
On October 6, 2014, Hewlett - Packard announced it was planning to split into two separate companies, separating its personal computer and printer businesses from its technology services. The split, which was first reported by The Wall Street Journal and confirmed by other media, would result in two publicly traded companies: Hewlett Packard Enterprise and HP Inc. Meg Whitman would serve as chairman of HP Inc. and CEO of Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Patricia Russo would be chairman of the enterprise business, and Dion Weisler would be CEO of HP, Inc.
On October 29, 2014, Hewlett - Packard announced their new Sprout personal computer.
In May 2015, the company announced it would be selling its controlling 51 percent stake in its Chinese data - networking business to Tsinghua Unigroup for a fee of at least $2.4 billion.
On November 1, 2015, as previously announced, Hewlett - Packard changed its name to HP Inc. and spun off Hewlett Packard Enterprise as a new publicly traded company. Because of this, HP Inc. retains Hewlett - Packard 's stock price history and its stock ticker symbol, HPQ, while Hewlett Packard Enterprise trades under its own symbol, HPE.
HP 's global operations are directed from its headquarters in Palo Alto, California, USA. Its U.S. operations are directed from its facility in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, near Houston. Its Latin America offices are in unincorporated Miami - Dade County, Florida, U.S., near Miami; Its Europe offices are in Meyrin, Switzerland, near Geneva, but it has also a research center in the Paris - Saclay cluster, 20 km south of Paris, France. Its Asia - Pacific offices are in Singapore.
It also has large operations in Leixlip, Ireland; Austin, Texas; Boise, Idaho; Corvallis, Oregon; Fort Collins, Colorado; Roseville, California; Saint Petersburg, Florida; San Diego, California; Tulsa, Oklahoma; Vancouver, Washington; Conway, Arkansas; and Plano, Texas (the former headquarters of EDS, which HP acquired). In the UK, HP is based at a large site in Bracknell, Berkshire with offices in various UK locations, including a landmark office tower in London, 88 Wood Street. Its recent acquisition of 3Com will expand its employee base to Marlborough, Massachusetts. The company also has a large workforce and numerous offices in Bucharest, Romania and at Bangalore, India, to address their back end and IT operations. MphasiS, which is headquartered at Bangalore, also enabled HP to increase their footprint in the city as it was a subsidiary of EDS which the company acquired.
HP produces lines of printers, scanners, digital cameras, calculators, PDAs, servers, workstation computers, and computers for home and small - business use; many of the computers came from the 2002 merger with Compaq. HP as of 2001 promotes itself as supplying not just hardware and software, but also a full range of services to design, implement, and support IT infrastructure.
HP 's Imaging and Printing Group (IPG) was described by the company in 2005 as "the leading imaging and printing systems provider in the world for printer hardware, printing supplies and scanning devices, providing solutions across customer segments from individual consumers to small and medium businesses to large enterprises ''.
Products and technology associated with IPG include:
On December 23, 2008, HP released iPrint Photo for iPhone, a free downloadable software application that allows the printing of 4 '' x 6 '' photos.
HP 's Personal Systems Group (PSG) claims to be "one of the leading vendors of personal computers ('' PCs ") in the world based on unit volume shipped and annual revenue. '' PSG deals with:
HP resold the Apple iPod until November 2005.
HP Enterprise Business (EB) incorporates HP Technology Services, Enterprise Services (an amalgamation of the former EDS, and what was known as HP Services), HP Enterprise Security Services oversees professional services such as network security, information security and information assurance / compliancy, HP Software Division, and Enterprise Servers, Storage and Networking Group (ESSN). The Enterprise Servers, Storage and Networking Group (ESSN) oversees "back end '' products like storage and servers. HP Networking (former ProCurve) is responsible for the NW family of products. They are a business unit of ESSN.
HP Software Division is the company 's enterprise software unit. For years, HP has produced and marketed its brand of enterprise - management software, HP OpenView. From September 2005 HP purchased several software companies as part of a publicized, deliberate strategy to augment its software offerings for large business customers. HP Software sells several categories of software, including:
HP Software also provides software as a service (SaaS), cloud computing solutions, and software services, including consulting, education, professional services, and support.
HP 's Office of Strategy and Technology has four main functions:
Under the Office of Strategy and Technology comes HP Labs, the research arm of HP. Founded in 1966, HP Labs aims to deliver new technologies and to create business opportunities that go beyond HP 's current strategies. Examples of recent HP Labs technology includes the Memory spot chip of 2006. HP IdeaLab further provides a web forum on early - state innovations to encourage open feedback from consumers and the development community.
HP also offers managed services by which they provide complete IT - support solutions for other companies and organizations. Some examples of these include:
The founders developed a management style that came to be known as "The HP Way. '' In Hewlett 's words, the HP Way is "a core ideology... which includes a deep respect for the individual, a dedication to affordable quality and reliability, a commitment to community responsibility, and a view that the company exists to make technical contributions for the advancement and welfare of humanity. '' The following are the tenets of The HP Way:
In July 2007, the company announced that it had met its target, set in 2004, to recycle one billion pounds of electronics, toner and ink cartridges. It set a new goal of recycling a further two billion pounds of hardware by the end of 2010. In 2006, the company recovered 187 million pounds of electronics, 73 percent more than its closest competitor.
In 2008, HP released its supply chain emissions data -- an industry first.
In September 2009, Newsweek ranked HP No. 1 on its 2009 Green Rankings of America 's 500 largest corporations. According to environmentalleader.com, "Hewlett - Packard earned its number one position due to its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction programs, and was the first major IT company to report GHG emissions associated with its supply chain, according to the ranking. In addition, HP has made an effort to remove toxic substances from its products, though Greenpeace has targeted the company for not doing better. ''
HP took the top spot on Corporate Responsibility Magazine 's 100 Best Corporate Citizens List for 2010. The list is cited by PR Week as one of America 's most important business rankings. HP beat out other Russell 1000 Index companies because of its leadership in seven categories including environment, climate changes and corporate philanthropy. In 2009, HP was ranked fifth.
Fortune magazine named HP one of the World 's Most Admired Companies in 2010, placing it No. 2 in the computer industry and No. 32 overall in its list of the top 50. This year in the computer industry HP was ranked No. 1 in social responsibility, long - term investment, global competitiveness, and use of corporate assets.
In May 2011, HP released a Global Responsibility report covering accomplishments during 2010. The report, the company 's tenth, provides a comprehensive view of HP 's global citizenship programs, performance, and goals and describes how HP uses its technology, influence, and expertise to make a positive impact on the world. The company 's 2009 report won best corporate responsibility report of the year. The 2009 reports claims HP decreased its total energy use by 9 percent compared with 2008. HP recovered a total of 118,000 tonnes of electronic products and supplies for recycling in 2009, including 61 million print cartridges.
In an April 2010 San Francisco Chronicle article, HP was one of 12 companies commended for "designing products to be safe from the start, following the principles of green chemistry. '' The commendations came from Environment California, an environmental advocacy group, who praised select companies in the Golden State and the Bay Area for their efforts to keep our planet clean and green.
In May 2010, HP was named one of the World 's Most Ethical Companies by Ethisphere Institute. This is the second year in a row HP has made the list. Ethisphere reviewed, researched and analyzed thousands of nominations in more than 100 countries and 35 industries to create the 2010 list. HP was one of only 100 companies to earn the distinction of top winner and was the only computer hardware vendor to be recognized. Ethisphere honors firms that promote ethical business standards and practices by going beyond legal minimums, introducing innovative ideas that benefit the public.
HP is listed in Greenpeace 's Guide to Greener Electronics that ranks electronics manufacturers according to their policies on sustainability, energy and climate and green products. In November 2011, HP secured the 1st place (out of 15) in this ranking (climbing up 3 places) with an increased score of 5.9 (up from 5.5). It scored most points on the new Sustainable Operations criteria, having the best program for measuring and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases from its suppliers and scoring maximum points for its thorough paper procurement policy. In the November 2012 report, HP was ranked second, with a score of 5.7.
HP does especially well for its disclosure of externally verified greenhouse gas emissions and its setting of targets for reducing them. However, Greenpeace reports that HP risks a penalty point in future editions due to the fact that it is a member of trade associations that have commented against energy efficiency standards.
HP has earned recognition of its work in the area of data privacy and security. In 2010 the company ranked No. 4 in the Ponemon Institute 's annual study of the most trusted companies for privacy. Since 2006, HP has worked directly with the U.S. Congress, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), and the Department of Commerce to establish a new strategy for federal legislation. HP played a key role in work toward the December 2010 FTC report "Protecting Consumer Privacy in an Era of Rapid Change. ''
After winning nine straight annual "Most Respected Company in China '' awards from the Economic Observer and Peking University, HP China has added the "10 Year Contribution '' award to its list of accolades. The award aims to identify companies doing business in China with outstanding and sustained performance in business operations, development and corporate social responsibility.
In its 2012 rankings of consumer electronics companies on progress relating to conflict minerals, the Enough Project rated HP second out of 24 companies, calling it a "Pioneer of progress ''.
According to a BusinessWeek Study, HP was the world 's 11th most valuable brand as of 2009.
HP has many sponsorships. One well known sponsorship is Mission: SPACE in Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. From 1995 to 1999, and again from 2013, HP has been the shirt sponsor of Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur F.C. From 1997 to 1999 they were sponsors of Australian Football League club North Melbourne Football Club. They also sponsored the BMW Williams Formula 1 team until 2005 (a sponsorship formerly held by Compaq), and as of 2010 sponsor Renault F1. Hewlett - Packard also had the naming rights arrangement for the HP Pavilion at San Jose, home of the San Jose Sharks NHL hockey team until 2013, in which the arena 's naming rights were acquired by SAP AG, renaming the arena to the SAP Center at San Jose. The company also maintains a number of corporate sponsorships in the business sector, including sponsorships of trade organisations including Fespa (print trade exhibitions), and O'Reilly Media 's Velocity (web development) conference.
After the acquisition of Compaq in 2002, HP has maintained the "Compaq Presario '' brand on low - end home desktops and laptops, the "HP Compaq '' brand on business desktops and laptops, and the "HP ProLiant '' brand on Intel - architecture servers. (The "HP Pavilion '' brand is used on home entertainment laptops and all home desktops.)
Tandem 's "NonStop '' servers are now branded as "HP Integrity NonStop ''.
In March 2003, HP restated its first - quarter cash flow from operations, reducing it 18 percent because of an accounting error. Actual cash flow from operations was $647 million, not $791 million as reported earlier. HP shifted $144 million to net cash used in investing activities.
On September 5, 2006, Shawn Cabalfin and David O'Neil of Newsweek wrote that HP 's general counsel, at the behest of chairwoman Patricia Dunn, contracted a team of independent security experts to investigate board members and several journalists in order to identify the source of an information leak. In turn, those security experts recruited private investigators who used a spying technique known as pretexting. The pretexting involved investigators impersonating HP board members and nine journalists (including reporters for CNET, The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal) in order to obtain their phone records. The information leaked related to HP 's long - term strategy and was published as part of a CNET article in January 2006. Most HP employees accused of criminal acts have since been acquitted.
In November 2007, Hewlett - Packard released a BIOS update covering a wide range of laptops with the intent to speed up the computer fan as well as have it run constantly, whether the computer was on or off. The reason was to prevent the overheating of defective Nvidia graphics processing units (GPUs) that had been shipped to many of the original equipment manufacturers, including Hewlett - Packard, Dell, and Apple. The defect concerned the new packaging material used by Nvidia from 2007 onwards in joining the graphics chip onto the motherboard, which did not perform well under thermal cycling and was prone to develop stress cracks -- effectively severing the connection between the GPU and the motherboard, leading to a blank screen. In July 2008, HP issued an extension to the initial one - year warranty to replace the motherboards of selected models. However this option was not extended to all models with the defective Nvidia chipsets despite research showing that these computers were also affected by the fault. Furthermore, the replacement of the motherboard was a temporary fix, since the fault was inherent in all units of the affected models from the point of manufacture, including the replacement motherboards offered by HP as a free ' repair '. Since this point, several websites have been documenting the issue, most notably www.hplies.com, a forum dedicated to what they refer to as Hewlett - Packard 's "multi-million dollar cover up '' of the issue, and www.nvidiadefect.com, which details the specifics of the fault and offers advice to the owners of affected computers. There have been several small - claims lawsuits filed in several states, as well as suits filed in other countries. Hewlett - Packard also faced a class - action lawsuit in 2009 over its i7 processor computers. The complainants stated that their systems locked up within 30 minutes of powering on, consistently. Even after being replaced with newer i7 systems, the lockups continued.
On June 15, 2011, HP filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Santa Clara, claiming that Oracle Corporation had breached an agreement to support the Itanium microprocessor used in HP 's high - end enterprise servers. On June 15, 2011, HP sent a "formal legal demand '' letter to Oracle in an attempt to force the world 's No. 3 software maker to reverse its decision to discontinue software development on Intel Itanium microprocessor and build its own servers. HP won the lawsuit in 2012, requiring Oracle to continue to produce software compatible with the Itanium processor. HP was awarded $3 billion in damages against Oracle on June 30, 2016. HP argued Oracle 's canceling support damaged HP Itanium server brand. Oracle has announced it will appeal both the decision and damages.
In November 2012, HP recorded a writedown of around $8.8 billion related to its acquisition a year earlier of the UK based Autonomy Corporation PLC. HP accused Autonomy of deliberately inflating the value of the company prior to its takeover. The former management team of Autonomy flatly rejected the charge.
Autonomy specialized in analysis of large scale unstructured "big data '', and by 2010 was the UK 's largest and most successful software business. It maintained an aggressively entrepreneurial marketing approach, and controls described as a "rod of iron '', which was said to include zero tolerance and firing the weakest 5 % of its sales force each quarter, while compensating the best sales staff "like rock stars ''.
At the time, HP had fired its previous CEO for expenses irregularities a year before, and appointed Léo Apotheker as CEO and President. HP was seen as problematic by the market, with margins falling and having failed to redirect and establish itself in major new markets such as cloud and mobile services. Apotheker 's strategy was to aim at disposing of hardware and moving into the more profitable software services sector.
As part of this strategy, Autonomy was acquired by HP in October 2011. HP paid $10.3 billion for 87.3 % of the shares, valuing Autonomy at around $11.7 billion (£ 7.4 billion) overall, a premium of around 79 % over market price. The deal was widely criticized as "absurdly high '', a "botched strategy shift '' and a "chaotic '' attempt to rapidly reposition HP and enhance earnings, and had been objected to even by HP 's own CFO. Within a year, Apotheker himself had been fired, major culture clashes became apparent and HP had written off $8.8 billion of Autonomy 's value.
HP claim this resulted from "accounting improprieties, misrepresentations and disclosure failures '' by the previous management, who in turn accuse HP of a "textbook example of defensive stalling '' to conceal evidence of its own prior knowledge and gross mismanagement and undermining of the company, noting public awareness since 2009 of its financial reporting issues and that even HP 's CFO disagreed with the price paid. External observers generally state that only a small part of the write - off appears to be due to accounting mis - statements, and that HP had overpaid for businesses previously.
The Serious Fraud Office (United Kingdom), and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission joined the FBI in investigating the potential anomalies. HP incurred much damage with its stock falling to decades ' low. Three lawsuits were brought by shareholders against HP, for the fall in value of HP shares. In August 2014 a United States district court judge threw out a proposed settlement, which Autonomy 's previous management had argued would be collusive and intended to divert scrutiny of HP 's own responsibility and knowledge, by essentially engaging the plaintiff 's attorneys from the existing cases and redirecting them against the previous Autonomy vendors and management, for a fee of up to $48 million, with plaintiffs agreeing to end any claims against HP 's management and similarly redirect those claims against the previous Autonomy vendors and management. In January 2015 the SFO closed its investigation as the likelihood of a successful prosecution was low. The dispute is still being litigated in the US, and is being investigated by the UK and Ireland Financial Reporting Council. On June 9, 2015, HP agreed to pay $100 million to investors who bought HP shares between August 19, 2011, and November 20, 2012 to settle the suite over Autonomy purchase.
On October 25, 2012, Richard Falk, the Human Rights Council 's Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, called for boycotting HP together with other "businesses that are profiting from Israeli settlements on occupied Palestinian lands until they brought their operations in line with international human rights and humanitarian law ''. In 2014, the Presbyterian Church voted to move forward with divestment from HP "in protest of Israeli policies toward Palestinians ''. In 2015, the City of Portland 's Human Rights Commission requested to place Caterpillar, G4S, Hewlett - Packard, and Motorola Solutions on the City 's "Do Not Buy '' list.
On April 9, 2014, an administrative proceeding before Securities and Exchange Commission was settled by HP consenting to an order acknowledging that HP had violated the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) when HP subsidiaries in Russia, Poland, and Mexico made improper payments to government officials to obtain or retain lucrative public contracts.
The SEC 's order finds that HP 's subsidiary in Russia paid more than $2 million through agents and various shell companies to a Russian government official to retain a multimillion - dollar contract with the federal prosecutor 's office. In Poland, HP 's subsidiary provided gifts and cash bribes worth more than $600,000 to a Polish government official to obtain contracts with the national police agency. And as part of its bid to win a software sale to Mexico 's state - owned petroleum company, HP 's subsidiary in Mexico paid more than $1 million in inflated commissions to a consultant with close ties to company officials, and money was funneled to one of those officials. HP agreed to pay $108 million to settle the SEC charges and a parallel criminal case.
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why isn't there a bridge between england and france | Transatlantic Tunnel - wikipedia
A transatlantic tunnel is a theoretical tunnel that would span the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe possibly for such purposes as mass transit. Some proposals envision technologically advanced trains reaching speeds of 500 to 8,000 kilometres per hour (310 to 4,970 mph). Most conceptions of the tunnel envision it between the United States and the United Kingdom ‒ or more specifically between New York City and London.
Advantages compared to air travel could be increased speed, and use of electricity instead of scarce oil based fuel, considering a future time long after peak oil.
The main barriers to constructing such a tunnel are cost with estimates of between $88 billion to $175 billion as well as the limits of current materials science. Existing major tunnels, such as the Channel Tunnel, Seikan Tunnel and the Gotthard Base Tunnel, despite using less expensive technology than any yet proposed for the transatlantic tunnel, struggle financially.
Many variations of the concept exist, including a tube above the seabed, a tunnel beneath the ocean floor, or some combination of the two.
A 1960s proposal has a 3,100 miles (5,000 km) - long near - vacuum tube with vactrains, a theoretical type of maglev train, which could travel at speeds up to 5,000 miles per hour (8,000 km / h). At this speed, the travel - time between New York City and London would be less than one hour. Another modern variation, intended to reduce costs, is a submerged floating tunnel about 160 feet (49 m) below the ocean surface, in order to avoid ships, bad weather, and the high pressure associated with a much deeper tunnel near the sea bed. It would consist of 54,000 prefabricated sections held in place by 100,000 tethering cables. Each section would consist of a layer of foam sandwiched between concentric steel tubes, and the tunnel would also have reduced air pressure.
Ideas proposing rocket, jet, scramjet, and air - pressurized tunnels for train transportation have also been put forward. In the proposal described in an Extreme Engineering episode, trains would take 18 minutes to reach top speed, and 18 minutes at the end to come to a halt. During the deceleration phase, the resultant 0.2 g acceleration would lead to an unpleasant feeling of tilting downward, and it was proposed that the seats would individually rotate to face backwards at the midpoint of the journey, in order to make the deceleration more pleasant.
Suggestions for such a structure go back to Michel Verne, son of Jules Verne, who wrote about it in 1888 in a story entitled Un Express de l'avenir (An Express of the Future). This story was published in English in Strand Magazine in 1895, where it was incorrectly attributed to Jules Verne, a mistake frequently repeated today. 1913 saw the publication of the novel Der Tunnel by German author Bernhard Kellermann. It inspired four films of the same name: one in 1915 by William Wauer, and separate German, French, and British versions released in 1933 and 1935. The German and French versions were directed by Curtis Bernhardt, and the British one was written in part by science fiction writer Curt Siodmak. Perhaps suggesting contemporary interest in the topic, an original poster for the American release of the British version (renamed Transatlantic Tunnel) was, in 2006, estimated for auction at $2,000 -- 3,000.
Robert H. Goddard, the father of rocketry, was issued two of his 214 patents for the idea. Arthur C. Clarke mentions intercontinental tunnels in his 1956 novel The City and the Stars. Harry Harrison 's 1975 novel Tunnel Through the Deeps (also published as A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah!) describes a vacuum / maglev system on the ocean floor. The April 2004 issue of Popular Science suggests that a transatlantic tunnel is more feasible than previously thought, and without major engineering challenges. It compares it favorably with laying transatlantic pipes and cables, but with a cost of 88 to 175 billion dollars. In 2003, the Discovery Channel 's show Extreme Engineering aired a program, titled "Transatlantic Tunnel '', which discussed the proposed tunnel concept in detail.
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when did the battle of iwo jima begin and end | Battle of Iwo Jima - wikipedia
Ground units: V Amphibious Corps
Naval units: U.S. 5th Fleet
Ground units: 109th IJA Division
Naval Units: Imperial Navy
17,845 -- 18,375 dead and missing 216 taken prisoner
Southeast Asia
Burma
Southwest Pacific
North America
Japan
Manchuria
The Battle of Iwo Jima (19 February -- 26 March 1945) was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) during World War II. The American invasion, designated Operation Detachment, had the goal of capturing the entire island, including the three Japanese - controlled airfields (including the South Field and the Central Field), to provide a staging area for attacks on the Japanese main islands. This five - week battle comprised some of the fiercest and bloodiest fighting of the Pacific War of World War II.
After the heavy losses incurred in the battle, the strategic value of the island became controversial. It was useless to the U.S. Army as a staging base and useless to the U.S. Navy as a fleet base. However, Navy Seabees rebuilt the landing strips, which were used as emergency landing strips for USAAF B - 29s.
The IJA positions on the island were heavily fortified, with a dense network of bunkers, hidden artillery positions, and 18 km (11 mi) of underground tunnels. The American ground forces were supported by extensive naval artillery, and had complete air supremacy provided by U.S. Navy and Marine Corps aviators throughout the entire battle.
Japanese combat deaths numbered three times the number of American deaths although, uniquely among Pacific War Marine battles, American total casualties (dead and wounded) exceeded those of the Japanese. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers on Iwo Jima at the beginning of the battle, only 216 were taken prisoner, some of whom were captured because they had been knocked unconscious or otherwise disabled. The majority of the remainder were killed in action, although it has been estimated that as many as 3,000 continued to resist within the various cave systems for many days afterwards, eventually succumbing to their injuries or surrendering weeks later.
Despite the bloody fighting and severe casualties on both sides, the American victory was assured from the start. Overwhelming American superiority in numbers and arms as well as complete air supremacy -- coupled with the impossibility of Japanese retreat or reinforcement, along with sparse food and supplies -- permitted no plausible circumstance in which the Americans could have lost the battle.
On February 18, 1945, the 133rd Naval Construction Battalion (NCB) joined the Fifth Marine Amphibious Corps and the Fourth Marine Division for the amphibious assault on Iwo Jima. The entire force landed on Iwo Jima on D - Day with the first assault wave led by the Fourth Marine Division. The 133rd NCHB suffered severe casualties during the fight for Iwo Jima, where it distinguished itself in both front - line combat and construction. The 133rd NCHC had 370 casualties, more than 40 percent of the 875 men that landed, the highest casualties as part of a single battle in Seabee history.
Joe Rosenthal 's Associated Press photograph of the raising of the U.S. flag on top of the 169 m (554 ft) Mount Suribachi by six U.S. Marines became an iconic image of the battle and the American war effort in the Pacific.
After the American capture of the Marshall Islands, and the devastating air attacks against the Japanese fortress island of Truk Atoll in the Carolines in January 1944, the Japanese military leaders reevaluated their situation. All indications pointed to an American drive toward the Mariana Islands and the Carolines. To counter such an offensive, the IJA and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) established an inner line of defenses extending generally northward from the Carolines to the Marianas, and thence to Japan via the Volcano Islands, and westward from the Marianas via the Carolines and the Palau Islands to the Philippines.
In March 1944, the Japanese 31st Army, commanded by General Hideyoshi Obata, was activated to garrison this inner line. (Note that a Japanese army was about the size of an American, British Army, or Canadian Army corps. The Japanese Army had many armies, but the U.S. Army only had ten at its peak, with the 4th Army, the 6th Army, the 8th Army, and the 10th Army being in the Pacific Theater. Also, the 10th Army only fought on Okinawa in the spring of 1945.)
The commander of the Japanese garrison on Chichi Jima was placed nominally in command of Army and Navy units in the Volcano Islands. After the American conquest of the Marianas, daily bomber raids from the Marianas hit the mainland as part of Operation Scavenger. Iwo Jima served as an early warning station that radioed reports of incoming bombers back to mainland Japan. This allowed Japanese air defenses to prepare for the arrival of American bombers.
After the U.S. seized bases in the Marshall Islands in the battles of Kwajalein and Eniwetok in February 1944, Japanese Army and Navy reinforcements were sent to Iwo Jima: 500 men from the naval base at Yokosuka and 500 from Chichi Jima reached Iwo Jima during March and April 1944. At the same time, with reinforcements arriving from Chichi Jima and the home islands, the Army garrison on Iwo Jima reached a strength of more than 5,000 men. The loss of the Marianas during the summer of 1944 greatly increased the importance of the Volcano Islands for the Japanese, who were aware that the loss of these islands would facilitate American air raids against the Home Islands, disrupting war manufacturing and severely damaging civilian morale.
Final Japanese plans for the defense of the Volcano Islands were overshadowed by several factors:
In a postwar study, Japanese staff officers described the strategy that was used in the defense of Iwo Jima in the following terms:
In the light of the above situation, seeing that it was impossible to conduct our air, sea, and ground / operations on Iwo Island (Jima) toward ultimate victory, it was decided that to gain time necessary for the preparation of the Homeland defense, our forces should rely solely upon the established defensive equipment in that area, checking the enemy by delaying tactics. Even the suicidal attacks by small groups of our Army and Navy airplanes, the surprise attacks by our submarines, and the actions of parachute units, although effective, could be regarded only as a strategical ruse on our part. It was a most depressing thought that we had no available means left for the exploitation of the strategical opportunities which might from time to time occur in the course of these operations.
At the end of the Battle of Leyte in the Philippines, the Allies were left with a two - month lull in their offensive operations before the planned invasion of Okinawa. Iwo Jima was strategically important: it provided an air base for Japanese fighter planes to intercept long - range B - 29 Superfortress bombers, and it provided a haven for Japanese naval units in dire need of any support available. In addition, it was used by the Japanese to stage air attacks on the Mariana Islands from November 1944 through January 1945. The capture of Iwo Jima would eliminate these problems and provide a staging area for Operation Downfall -- the eventual invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. The distance of B - 29 raids could (hypothetically) be cut in half, and a base would be available for P - 51 Mustang fighters to escort and protect the bombers.
American intelligence sources were confident that Iwo Jima would fall in one week. In light of the optimistic intelligence reports, the decision was made to invade Iwo Jima and the operation was given the code name Operation Detachment. American forces were unaware that the Japanese were preparing a complex and deep defense, radically departing from their usual strategy of a beach defense. So successful was the Japanese preparation that it was discovered after the battle that the hundreds of tons of Allied bombs and thousands of rounds of heavy naval gunfire had left the Japanese defenders almost undamaged and ready to inflict losses on the U.S. Marines.
By June 1944, Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi was assigned to command the defense of Iwo Jima. Kuribayashi knew that Japan could not win the battle, but he hoped to inflict massive casualties on the American forces, so that the United States and its Australian and British allies would reconsider carrying out the invasion of Japan Home Islands.
While drawing inspiration from the defense in the Battle of Peleliu, Kuribayashi designed a defense that broke with Japanese military doctrine. Rather than establishing his defenses on the beach to face the landings directly, he created strong, mutually supporting defenses in depth using static and heavy weapons such as heavy machine guns and artillery. Takeichi Nishi 's armored tanks were to be used as camouflaged artillery positions. Because the tunnel linking the mountain to the main forces was never completed, Kuribayashi organized the southern area of the island in and around Mount Suribachi as a semi-independent sector, with his main defensive zone built up in the north. The expected American naval and air bombardment further prompted the creation of an extensive system of tunnels that connected the prepared positions, so that a pillbox that had been cleared could be reoccupied. This network of bunkers and pillboxes favored the defense. For instance, The Nanpo Bunker (Southern Area Islands Naval Air HQ), which was located east of Airfield Number 2, had enough food, water and ammo for the Japanese to hold out for three months. The bunker was 90 feet deep and had tunnels running in various directions. Approximately 500 55 - gallon drums filled with water, kerosene, and fuel oil for generators were located inside the complex. Gasoline powered generators allowed for radios and lighting to be operated underground.
By February 19, 1945, the day the Americans invaded, 11 miles of a planned 17 miles of tunnel network had been dug. Besides the Nanpo Bunker, there were numerous command centers and barracks that were 75 feet deep. Tunnels allowed for troop movement to go undetected to various defense positions.
Hundreds of hidden artillery and mortar positions along with land mines were placed all over the island. Among the Japanese weapons were 320 mm spigot mortars and a variety of explosive rockets.
Nonetheless, the Japanese supply was inadequate. Troops were supplied 60 % of the standard issue of ammunition sufficient for one engagement by one division, and food and forage for four months.
Numerous Japanese snipers and camouflaged machine gun positions were also set up. Kuribayashi specially engineered the defenses so that every part of Iwo Jima was subject to Japanese defensive fire. He also received a handful of kamikaze pilots to use against the enemy fleet. Three hundred and eighteen American sailors were killed by kamikaze attacks during the battle. However, against his wishes, Kuribayashi 's superiors on Honshu ordered him to erect some beach defenses. These were the only parts of the defenses that were destroyed during the pre-landing bombardment.
Starting on 15 June 1944, the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army Air Forces began naval bombardments and air raids against Iwo Jima, which would become the longest and most intense in the Pacific theater. These would contain a combination of naval artillery shellings and aerial bombings that went on for nine months. On 17 February, the destroyer escort USS Blessman sent Underwater Demolition Team 15 (UDT - 15) toward Blue Beach for reconnaissance. The Japanese infantry fired on them, killing one American diver. On the evening of 18 February, the Blessman was hit by a bomb from a Japanese aircraft, killing 40 sailors, including 15 members of her UDT.
Unaware of Kuribayashi 's tunnel defense system, many of the Americans assumed the majority of the Japanese garrison were killed by the constant bombing raids.
"Well, this will be easy. The Japanese will surrender Iwo Jima without a fight. '' -- Chester W. Nimitz
Maj. Gen. Harry Schmidt, commander of the Marine landing force, requested a 10 - day heavy shelling of the island immediately preceding the mid-February amphibious assault. However, Rear Adm. William H.P. Blandy, commander of the Amphibious Support Force (Task Force 52), did not believe such a bombardment would allow him time to replenish his ships ' ammunition before the landings; he thus refused Schmidt 's request. Schmidt then asked for nine days of shelling; Blandy again refused and agreed to a three - day bombardment. This decision left much hard feeling among the Marines. After the war, Lieut. Gen. Holland M. "Howlin ' Mad '' Smith, commander Expeditionary Troops (Task Force 56, which consisted of Schmidt 's Fifth Amphibious Corps), bitterly complained that the lack of naval gunfire had cost Marine lives during the entire Allied island campaign.
Each heavy warship was given an area on which to fire that, combined with all the ships, covered the entire island. Each warship fired for approximately six hours before stopping for a certain amount of time. Poor weather on D minus 3 led to uncertain results for that day 's bombardment. On D minus 2, the time and care that the Japanese had taken in preparing their artillery positions became clear. When heavy cruiser USS Pensacola got within range of shore batteries, the ship was quickly hit 6 times and suffered 17 crew deaths. Later, 12 small craft attempting to land an underwater demolition team were all struck by Japanese rounds and quickly retired. While aiding these vessels, the destroyer USS Leutze was also hit and suffered 7 crew deaths. On D minus 1, Adm. Blandy 's gunners were once again hampered by rain and clouds. Gen. Schmidt summed up his feelings by saying, "We only got about 13 hours worth of fire support during the 34 hours of available daylight. ''
The limited bombardment had questionable impact on the enemy due to the Japanese being heavily dug - in and fortified. However, many bunkers and caves were destroyed during the bombing giving it some limited success. The Japanese had been preparing for this battle since March 1944, which gave them a significant head start. By the time of the landing, about 450 American ships were located off Iwo Jima. The entire battle involved about 60,000 U.S. Marines and several thousand U.S. Navy Seabees.
Lt. (jg) Rufus G. Herring, USNR received the Medal of Honor for his actions on D - Day minus 2.
Joint Expeditionary Force (Task Force 51) Vice Admiral R. Kelly Turner, commanding
Fifth Amphibious Corps
Southern sector (Green and Red beaches):
Northern sector (Yellow and Blue beaches):
Floating reserve (committed to center sector 22 Feb):
21,060 total men under arms Lieut. General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, commanding Colonel Tadashi Takaishi, chief of staff Army
Navy
During the night, Vice Adm. Marc A. Mitscher 's Task Force 58, a huge carrier force, arrived off Iwo Jima. Also in this flotilla was Adm. Raymond A. Spruance, overall commander for the invasion, in his flagship, the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis. "Howlin ' Mad '' Smith was once again deeply frustrated that Mitscher 's powerful carrier group had been bombing the Japanese home islands instead of softening up the defenses of Iwo Jima. Mitscher 's fliers did contribute to the additional surface - ship bombardment that accompanied the formation of the amphibious craft.
Unlike the days of the pre-landing bombardment, D - Day dawned clear and bright. At 08: 59, one minute ahead of schedule, the first wave of Marines landed on the beaches of the southeastern coast of Iwo Jima. Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer, had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. These six sent and received over 800 messages, all without error. Connor later stated, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima. ''
Unfortunately for the landing force, the planners at Pearl Harbor had completely misjudged the situation that would face Gen. Schmidt 's Marines. The beaches had been described as "excellent '' and the thrust inland was expected to be "easy. '' In reality, after crossing the beach, the Marines were faced with 15 - foot - high slopes of soft black volcanic ash. This ash allowed for neither a secure footing nor the construction of foxholes to protect the Marines from hostile fire. However, the ash did help to absorb some of the fragments from Japanese artillery.
Marines were trained to move rapidly forward; here they could only plod. The weight and amount of equipment was a terrific hindrance and various items were rapidly discarded. First to go was the gas mask...
The lack of a vigorous response led the Navy to conclude that their bombardment had suppressed the Japanese defenses and in good order the Marines began deployment to the Iwo Jima beach. Gen. Kuribayashi was far from beaten, however. In the deathly silence, landed US Marines began to slowly inch their way forward inland, oblivious to the danger. After allowing the Americans to pile up men and machinery on the beach for just over an hour, Kuribayashi unleashed the undiminished force of his countermeasures. Shortly after 10: 00, everything from machine guns and mortars to heavy artillery began to rain down on the crowded beach, which was quickly transformed into a nightmarish bloodbath.
At first it came as a ragged rattle of machine - gun bullets, growing gradually lower and fiercer until at last all the pent - up fury of a hundred hurricanes seemed to be breaking upon the heads of the Americans. Shells screeched and crashed, every hummock spat automatic fire and the very soft soil underfoot erupted underfoot with hundreds of exploding land mines... Marines walking erect crumpled and fell. Concussion lifted them and slammed them down, or tore them apart...
Time - Life correspondent Robert Sherrod described it simply as "a nightmare in hell. ''
The Japanese heavy artillery in Mount Suribachi opened their reinforced steel doors to fire, and then closed them immediately to prevent counterfire from the Marines and naval gunners. This made it difficult for American units to destroy a Japanese artillery piece. To make matters worse for the Americans, the bunkers were connected to the elaborate tunnel system so that bunkers that were cleared with flamethrowers and grenades were reoccupied shortly afterwards by Japanese troops moving through the tunnels. This tactic caused many casualties among the Marines, as they walked past the reoccupied bunkers without expecting to suddenly take fresh fire from them.
In response to the heavy resistance on the beach, the Army 's 147th Infantry Regiment was ordered to climb from landing craft with grappling hooks to scale a high ridge about 3 / 4 mile from Mount Suribachi. The mission was to fire on the enemy opposing the Marine landings on the beaches below. They were soon pinned down by heavy Japanese fire, and engaged in non-stop fighting for 31 days before they could be relieved.
Amtracs, unable to do more than uselessly churn the black ash, made no progress up the slopes; their Marine passengers had to dismount and slog forward on foot. Men of the Naval Construction Battalions (CBs or Seabees), braving enemy fire, eventually were able to bulldoze passages up the slopes. This allowed the Marines and equipment to finally make some progress inland and get off the jam - packed beaches. "Even so, in virtually every shell hole there lay at least one dead Marine... ''
By 1130 hours, some Marines had managed to reach the southern tip of Airfield No. 1, whose possession had been one of the (highly unrealistic) original American objectives for the first day. The Marines endured a fanatical 100 - man charge by the Japanese, but were able to keep their toehold on Airfield No. 1 as night fell. It was in this sector that Sgt. Darrell S. Cole of the 23rd Marines was killed after single - handedly knocking out several pillboxes and a bunker, thereby earning the Medal of Honor.
In the left-most sector, the Americans did manage to achieve one of their objectives for the battle that day. Led by six - foot, four - inch Col. Harry B. "Harry the Horse '' Liversedge the 28th Marine Regiment drove across the island at its narrowest width (approx. one - half mile), thereby isolating the Japanese dug in on Mount Suribachi.
GySgt. "Manila '' John Basilone (a Medal of Honor recipient for his actions on Guadalcanal), fighting in the 27th Marines just to the right of Liversedge 's 28th Regiment, was killed leading his machine - gun section. Cpl. Tony Stein, a former toolmaker, had transformed a wing gun from a wrecked fighter plane into what he called his "stinger. '' With this unusual weapon, he methodically killed the occupants of multiple pillboxes, allowing demolition personnel following him to destroy the position. For these actions, he was (posthumously) awarded the Medal of Honor.
The right-most landing area was dominated by Japanese positions at the Quarry. The 25th Marine Regiment undertook a two - pronged attack to silence these guns. Their experience can be summarized by the ordeal of 2nd Lt. Benjamin Roselle, part of a ground team directing naval gunfire:
Within a minute a mortar shell exploded among the group... his left foot and ankle hung from his leg, held on by a ribbon of flesh... Within minutes a second round landed near him and fragments tore into his other leg. For nearly an hour he wondered where the next shell would land. He was soon to find out as a shell burst almost on top of him, wounding him for the third time in the shoulder. Almost at once another explosion bounced him several feet into the air and hot shards ripped into both thighs... as he lifted his arm to look at this watch a mortar shell exploded only feet away and blasted the watch from his wrist and tore a large jagged hole in his forearm: "I was beginning to know what it must be like to be crucified, '' he was later to say.
The 25th Marines ' 3rd Battalion had landed approximately 900 men in the morning. Japanese resistance at the Quarry was so fierce that by nightfall only 150 were left in fighting condition, an astounding 83.3 % casualty rate.
By the evening, 30,000 Marines had landed. About 40,000 more would follow. Aboard the command ship Eldorado, "Howlin ' Mad '' Smith saw the lengthy casualty reports and heard of the slow progress of the ground forces. To the war correspondents covering the operation he confessed, "I do n't know who he is, but the Japanese general running this show is one smart bastard. ''
D - Day Medals of Honor: Sgt. Darrell S. Cole, USMCR (posth.); Cpl. Tony Stein, USMCR (posth.)
In the days after the landings, the Marines expected the usual Japanese banzai charge during the night. This had been the standard Japanese final defense strategy in previous battles against enemy ground forces in the Pacific, such as during the Battle of Saipan. In those attacks, for which the Marines were prepared, the majority of the Japanese attackers had been killed and the Japanese strength greatly reduced. However, General Kuribayashi had strictly forbidden these "human wave '' attacks by the Japanese infantrymen because he considered them to be futile.
The fighting on the beachhead at Iwo Jima was very fierce. The advance of the Marines was stalled by numerous defensive positions augmented by artillery pieces. There, the Marines were ambushed by Japanese troops who occasionally sprang out of tunnels. At night, the Japanese left their defenses under cover of darkness to attack American foxholes, but U.S. Navy ships fired star shells to deny them the cover of darkness. On Iwo Jima (and other Japanese held islands), Japanese soldiers who knew English were used to harass and or deceive Marines in order to kill them if they could; they would yell "corpsman '' pretending to be a wounded Marine, in order to lure in U.S. Navy medical corpsmen attached to Marine infantry companies.
The Marines learned that firearms were relatively ineffective against the Japanese defenders and effectively used flamethrowers and grenades to flush out Japanese troops in the tunnels. One of the technological innovations of the battle, the eight Sherman M4A3R3 medium tanks equipped with a flamethrower ("Ronson '' or "Zippo '' tanks), proved very effective at clearing Japanese positions. The Shermans were difficult to disable, such that defenders were often compelled to assault them in the open, where they would fall victim to the superior numbers of Marines.
Close air support was initially provided by fighters from escort carriers off the coast. This shifted over to the 15th Fighter Group, flying P - 51 Mustangs, after they arrived on the island on 6 March. Similarly, illumination rounds (flares) which were used to light up the battlefield at night were initially provided by ships, shifting over later to landing force artillery. Navajo code talkers were part of the American ground communications, along with walkie - talkies and SCR - 610 backpack radio sets.
After running out of water, food and most supplies, the Japanese troops became desperate toward the end of the battle. Kuribayashi, who had argued against banzai attacks at the start of the battle, realized that defeat was imminent.
Marines began to face increasing numbers of nighttime attacks; these were only repelled by a combination of machine - gun defensive positions and artillery support. At times, the Marines engaged in hand - to - hand fighting to repel the Japanese attacks. With the landing area secure, more troops and heavy equipment came ashore, and the invasion proceeded north to capture the airfields and the remainder of the island. Most Japanese soldiers fought to the death.
"Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima '' is a black and white photograph taken by Joe Rosenthal depicting six Marines from E Company, 2nd Battalion, 28th Marines, raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945, in the second of two flag - raisings on the site that day. The photograph was extremely popular, being reprinted in thousands of publications. Later, it became the only photograph to win the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in the same year as its publication, and ultimately came to be regarded as one of the most significant and recognizable images of the war, and possibly the most reproduced photograph of all time. In 1954, the flag raising picture was later used by Felix de Weldon to sculpt the Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial), located adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery.
Three of the six Marines depicted in the picture, Sergeant Michael Strank, Corporal Harlon Block, and Private First Class Franklin Sousley, were killed in action days after the flag - raising. Two of the three surviving flag - raisers, Private First Class Rene Gagnon and Private First Class Ira Hayes, together with Navy corpsman John Bradley, became celebrities upon their participation in a war bond selling tour after the battle. Two subsequent Marine Corps investigations into the identities of the six men in the photograph determined in 1946 and 1947 that Henry Hansen was misidentified as being Block (both Marines died 6 days after the photo), and in May and June 2016 that Bradley was not in the photograph and Pfc. Harold Schultz was.
By the morning of 23 February, Mount Suribachi was effectively cut off above ground from the rest of the island. The Marines knew that the Japanese defenders had an extensive network of below - ground defenses, and that in spite of its isolation above ground, the volcano was still connected to Japanese defenders via the tunnel network. They expected a fierce fight for the summit. Two small patrols from two rifle companies from 2 / 28 Marines were sent up the volcano to reconnoiter routes on the mountain 's north face. Popular accounts (embroidered by the press in the aftermath of the release of the photo) had the Marines fighting all the way up to the summit. Although the Marine riflemen expected an ambush, one patrol encountered only small groups of Japanese defenders on top of Suribachi. The majority of the Japanese troops stayed in the tunnel network, only occasionally attacking in small groups, and were generally all killed. The recon patrols made it to the summit and scrambled down again, reporting any contact to the 2 / 28 Marines commander, Colonel Chandler Johnson. Johnson then called for a reinforced platoon size patrol from E Company to climb Suribachi and seize and occupy the crest. The patrol commander, 1st Lt. Harold Schrier, was handed the battalion 's American flag to be raised on top to signal Suribachi 's capture, if they reached the summit. Johnson and the Marines anticipated heavy fighting, but the patrol encountered only a small amount of small arms fire on the way up the mountain. Once the top was secured by Schrier and his men, a length of Japanese water pipe was found there among the wreckage, and the American flag was attached on the pipe and then raised and planted on top of Mount Suribachi which became the first foreign flag to fly on Japanese soil. Photographs of this "first flag raising '' scene, taken by Marine photographer Louis R. Lowery, were not released until late 1947.
As the flag went up, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal had just landed on the beach at the foot of Mount Suribachi and decided that he wanted the flag as a souvenir. Colonel Johnson, the battalion 's commander, believed that the flag belonged to the 2nd Battalion 28th Marines, who had captured that section of the island. Johnson sent Pfc. Rene Gagnon, a messenger for E Company, to take a second larger flag up the volcano to replace the first flag. It was as the replacement flag attached to another heavy pipe went up that Rosenthal took Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima.
The flag flew on Mount Suribachi until it was taken down on March 14, when an American flag was officially raised at Kitano Point at the northern end of the island by orders of the commander of all the troops on Iwo Jima, Lt. Gen. Holland Smith, who witnessed the event with Maj. Gen. Graves B. Erskine, the commander of the Third Marine Division, and troops of the division.
Despite Japan 's loss of Mount Suribachi on the south end of the island, the Japanese still held strong positions on the north end. The rocky terrain vastly favored defense, even more so than Mount Suribachi, which was much easier to hit with naval artillery fire. Coupled with this, the fortifications constructed by Kuribayashi were more impressive than at the southern end of the island. Remaining under the command of Kuribayashi was the equivalent of eight infantry battalions, a tank regiment, and two artillery and three heavy mortar battalions. There were also about 5,000 gunners and naval infantry. The most arduous task left to the Marines was the overtaking of the Motoyama Plateau with its distinctive Hill 382 and Turkey knob and the area in between referred to as the Amphitheater. This formed the basis of what came to be known as the "meatgrinder ''. While this was being achieved on the right flank, the left was clearing out Hill 362 with just as much difficulty. The overall objective at this point was to take control of Airfield No. 2 in the center of the island. However, every "penetration seemed to become a disaster '' as "units were raked from the flanks, chewed up, and sometimes wiped out. Tanks were destroyed by interlocking fire or were hoisted into the air on the spouting fireballs of buried mines ''. As a result, the fighting bogged down, with American casualties piling up. Even capturing these points was not a solution to the problem since a previously secured position could be attacked from the rear by the use of the tunnels and hidden pillboxes. As such, it was said that "they could take these heights at will, and then regret it ''.
The Marines nevertheless found ways to prevail under the circumstances. It was observed that during bombardments, the Japanese would hide their guns and themselves in the caves only to reappear when the troops would advance and lay devastating fire on them. The Japanese had over time learned basic American strategy, which was to lay heavy bombardment before an infantry attack. Consequently, General Erskine ordered the 9th Marine Regiment to attack under the cover of darkness with no preliminary barrage. This came to be a resounding success with many Japanese soldiers killed while still asleep. This was a key moment in the capture of Hill 362. It held such importance that the Japanese organized a counterattack the following night. Although Kuribayashi had forbidden the suicide charges familiar with other battles in the Pacific, the commander of the area decided on a banzai charge with the optimistic goal of recapturing Mount Suribachi. On the evening of 8 March, Captain Samaji Inouye and his 1,000 men charged the American lines, inflicting 347 casualties (90 deaths). The Marines counted 784 dead Japanese soldiers the next day. The same day, elements of the 3rd Marine Division reached the northern coast of the island, splitting Kuribayashi 's defenses in two. There was also a kamikaze air attack (the only one of the battle) on the ships anchored at sea on 21 February, which resulted in the sinking of the escort carrier USS Bismarck Sea, severe damage to USS Saratoga, and slight damage to the escort carrier USS Lunga Point, an LST, and a transport.
Although the island was declared secure at 18: 00 on 16 March (25 days after the landings), the 5th Marine Division still faced Kuribayashi 's stronghold in a gorge 640 m (700 yd) long at the northwestern end of the island. On 21 March, the Marines destroyed the command post in the gorge with four tons of explosives and on 24 March, Marines sealed the remaining caves at the northern tip of the island. However, on the night of 25 March, a 300 - man Japanese force launched a final counterattack in the vicinity of Airfield No. 2. Army pilots, Seabees, and Marines of the 5th Pioneer Battalion and 28th Marines fought the Japanese force for up to 90 minutes, suffering heavy casualties (53 killed, 120 wounded). Two Marines from the 36th Depot Company, an all - African - American unit, received the Bronze Star. First Lieutenant Harry Martin of the 5th Pioneer Battalion was the last Marine to be awarded the Medal of Honor during the battle. Although still a matter of speculation because of conflicting accounts from surviving Japanese veterans, it has been said that Kuribayashi led this final assault, which unlike the loud banzai charge of previous battles, was characterized as a silent attack. If ever proven true, Kuribayashi would have been the highest ranking Japanese officer to have personally led an attack during World War II. Additionally, this would also be Kuribayashi 's final act, a departure from the normal practice of the commanding Japanese officers committing seppuku behind the lines while the rest perished in the banzai charge, as happened during the battles of Saipan and Okinawa. The island was officially declared secure at 09: 00 on 26 March.
Once the island was officially declared secure, the Army 's 147th Infantry Regiment was ostensibly there to act as a garrison force, but they soon found themselves locked in a bitter struggle against thousands of stalwart defenders engaging in a last - ditch guerilla campaign to harass the Americans. Using well - supplied caves and tunnel systems, the Japanese resisted American advances. For three months, the 147th slogged across the island, using flamethrowers, grenades, and satchel charges to dig out the enemy, killing some 1,602 Japanese soldiers in small unit actions.
The United States M2 flamethrower was heavily used in the Pacific. It features two tanks containing fuel and compressed gas respectively, which are combined and ignited to produce a stream of flaming liquid out of the tip. These flamethrowers were used to kill Japanese holed into pillboxes, buildings and caves. A battalion would assign one flamethrower per platoon with one reserve flamethrower in each group. Flamethrower operators were usually in more danger than regular troops as the short range of their weapon required close combat, and the visibility of the flames on the battlefield made them a prominent target for snipers. Still they were essential to breaking the enemy and one battalion commander called the flamethrower the "best single weapon of the operation. ''
Marines later experimented putting flamethrowers on tanks which were also deployed during battle. Their effectiveness was more limited due to Iwo Jima 's rough terrain. A flamethrower tank would have a range of approximately 100 yd (90 m), carry 300 gallons of fuel and have a firing time of 150 seconds.
Of between 20,530 and 21,060 Japanese defenders entrenched on the island, from 17,845 to 18,375 died either from fighting or by ritual suicide. Only 216 were captured during the course of battle. After Iwo Jima, it was estimated there were no more than 300 Japanese left alive in the island 's warren of caves and tunnels. In fact, there were close to 3,000. The Japanese bushido code of honor, coupled with effective propaganda which portrayed American G.I.s as ruthless animals, prevented surrender for many Japanese soldiers. Those who could not bring themselves to commit suicide hid in the caves during the day and came out at night to prowl for provisions. Some did eventually surrender and were surprised that the Americans often received them with compassion, offering water, cigarettes, alcohol, or coffee. The last of these holdouts on the island, two of Lieutenant Toshihiko Ohno 's men, Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki, lasted four years without being caught and finally surrendered on 6 January 1949.
Though ultimately victorious, the American victory at Iwo Jima had come at a terrible price. According to the official Navy Department Library website, "The 36 - day (Iwo Jima) assault resulted in more than 26,000 American casualties, including 6,800 dead. '' By comparison, the much larger scale 82 - day Battle of Okinawa lasting from early April until mid-June 1945 (involving five U.S. Army and two Marine Corps divisions) resulted in of over 62,000 U.S. casualties, of whom over 12,000 were killed or missing. Iwo Jima was also the only U.S. Marine battle where the American casualties exceeded the Japanese, although Japanese combat deaths numbered three times as many American deaths. Two US Marines were captured during the battle, neither of whom survived their captivity. USS Bismarck Sea was also lost, the last U.S. aircraft carrier sunk in World War II. Because all civilians had been evacuated, there were no civilian casualties at Iwo Jima, unlike at Saipan and Okinawa.
In hindsight, given the number of casualties, the necessity and long - term significance of the island 's capture to the outcome of the war became a contentious issue and remains disputed. The Marines, who suffered the actual casualties, were not consulted in the planning of the operation. As early as April 1945, retired Chief of Naval Operations William V. Pratt stated in Newsweek magazine that considering the "expenditure of manpower to acquire a small, God - forsaken island, useless to the Army as a staging base and useless to the Navy as a fleet base... (one) wonders if the same sort of airbase could not have been reached by acquiring other strategic localities at lower cost. ''
The lessons learned on Iwo Jima served as guidelines for the following Battle of Okinawa and the planned invasion of the Japanese homeland. For example, "because of the casualties taken at Iwo Jima on the first day, it was decided to make the preparatory bombardment the heaviest yet delivered on to a Pacific island ''. Also, in the planning for a potential attack on the Japanese home islands, it was taken into account that around a third of the troops committed to Iwo Jima and again at Okinawa had been killed or wounded.
The justification for Iwo Jima 's strategic importance to the United States ' war effort has been that it provided a landing and refueling site for long - range fighter escorts. These escorts proved both impractical and unnecessary, and only ten such missions were ever flown from Iwo Jima.
Japanese fighter aircraft based on Iwo Jima sometimes attacked AAF planes, which were vulnerable on their way to Japan because they were heavily laden with bombs and fuel. However, although some Japanese interceptors were based on Iwo Jima, their impact on the American bombing effort was marginal; in the three months before the invasion only 11 B - 29s were lost as a result. The Superfortresses found it unnecessary to make any major detour around the island.
The Japanese on Iwo Jima had radar and were thus able to notify their comrades at home of incoming B - 29 Superfortresses flying from the Mariana Islands. However, the capture of Iwo Jima did not affect the Japanese early - warning radar system, which continued to receive information on incoming B - 29s from the island of Rota (which was never invaded).
As early as 4 March 1945, while fighting was still taking place, the B - 29 Dinah Might of the USAAF 9th Bomb Group reported it was low on fuel near the island and requested an emergency landing. Despite enemy fire, the airplane landed on the Allied - controlled section of the island (South Field), without incident, and was serviced, refueled and departed.
In all, 2,251 B - 29 landings on Iwo Jima were recorded during the war. Moskin records that 1,191 fighter escorts and 3,081 strike sorties were flown from Iwo Jima against Japan.
Some downed B - 29 crewmen were saved by air - sea rescue aircraft and vessels operating from the island, but Iwo Jima was only one of many islands that could have been used for such a purpose. As for the importance of the island as a landing and refueling site for bombers, Marine Captain Robert Burrell, then a history instructor at the United States Naval Academy, suggested that only a small proportion of the 2,251 landings were for genuine emergencies, the great majority possibly being for minor technical checkups, training, or refueling. According to Burrell,
This justification became prominent only after the Marines seized the island and incurred high casualties. The tragic cost of Operation Detachment pressured veterans, journalists, and commanders to fixate on the most visible rationalization for the battle. The sight of the enormous, costly, and technologically sophisticated B - 29 landing on the island 's small airfield most clearly linked Iwo Jima to the strategic bombing campaign. As the myths about the flag raisings on Mount Suribachi reached legendary proportions, so did the emergency landing theory in order to justify the need to raise that flag.
In publishing The Ghosts of Iwo Jima, Texas A&M University Press said that the very losses formed the basis for a "reverence for the Marine Corps '' that not only embodied the "American national spirit '' but ensured the "institutional survival '' of the Marine Corps.
The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself by "... conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States... '' Because of its nature, the medal is commonly awarded posthumously; since its creation during the American Civil War it has been presented only 3,464 times.
The Medal of Honor was awarded to 27 U.S. Marines and U.S. sailors (14 posthumously), during the battle of Iwo Jima. 22 medals were presented to Marines (12 posthumously) and 5 were presented to sailors, 4 of whom were hospital corpsmen (2 posthumously) attached to Marine infantry units; 22 Medals of Honor was 28 % of the 82 awarded to Marines in World War II.
Hershel W. Williams (Marine Corps) is the only living Medal of Honor recipient from the Battle of Iwo Jima. Williams (age 94 in 2018) is one of four living Medal of Honor recipients of World War II; three soldiers and one Marine.
The Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) was dedicated on 10 November 1954.
The United States Navy has commissioned two ships with the name USS Iwo Jima (LPH - 2) (1961 -- 1993) and USS Iwo Jima (LHD - 7) (2001 -- present).
On 19 February 1985, the 40th anniversary of the landings on Iwo Jima, an event called the "Reunion of Honor '' was held (the event has been held annually since 2002). The veterans of both sides who fought in the battle of Iwo Jima attended the event. The place was the invasion beach where U.S. forces landed. A memorial on which inscriptions were engraved by both sides was built at the center of the meeting place. Japanese attended at the mountain side, where the Japanese inscription was carved, and Americans attended at the shore side, where the English inscription was carved. After unveiling and offering of flowers were made, the representatives of both countries approached the memorial; upon meeting, they shook hands. The combined Japan - U.S. memorial service of the 50th anniversary of the battle was held in front of the monument in February 1995. Further memorial services have been held on later anniversaries.
The importance of the battle to Marines today is demonstrated in pilgrimages made to the island, and specifically the summit of Suribachi. Marines will often leave dog tags, rank insignia, or other tokens at the monuments in homage. Iwo Jima Day is observed annually on 19 February in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts with a ceremony at the State House.
The Japanese government continues to search for and retrieve the remains of Japanese military personnel who were killed during the battle.
The U.S. Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia
The memorial on top of Suribachi
The 60th anniversary Reunion at the Japanese part of the memorial
Coordinates: 24 ° 47 ′ N 141 ° 19 ′ E / 24.783 ° N 141.317 ° E / 24.783; 141.317
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what native american group helped provide an unbreakable code in the pacific | Code talker - wikipedia
Code talkers are people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime. The term is now usually associated with the United States service members during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages as a basis to transmit coded messages. In particular, there were approximately 400 -- 500 Native Americans in the United States Marine Corps whose primary job was the transmission of secret tactical messages. Code talkers transmitted these messages over military telephone or radio communications nets using formal or informally developed codes built upon their native languages. Their service improved the speed of encryption of communications at both ends in front line operations during World War II.
The name code talkers is strongly associated with bilingual Navajo speakers specially recruited during World War II by the Marines to serve in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. Code talking, however, was pioneered by the Cherokee and Choctaw peoples during World War I.
Other Native American code talkers were deployed by the United States Army during World War II, including Lakota, Meskwaki, and Comanche soldiers; they saw service in the Pacific, North African, and European theaters.
Soldiers of Basque ancestry may have also been used for code talking by the U.S. Marines during World War II in areas where other Basque speakers were not expected to be operating. Recent research has cast doubt on this, however.
Members of the Assiniboine served as code talkers during World War II, utilizing the Assiniboine language to encrypt communications. The code talkers included Gilbert Horn Sr., who grew up in the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation of Montana and later became a tribal judge and politician.
In November 1952, Euzko Deya magazine reported that in May 1942, upon meeting about 60 U.S. Marines of Basque ancestry in a San Francisco camp, Captain Frank D. Carranza conceived the idea of using the Basque language for codes. His superiors were wary as there were known settlements of Basque in the Pacific region. There were 35 Basque Jesuits in Hiroshima, led by Pedro Arrupe. In China and the Philippines, there was a colony of Basque jai alai players, and there were Basque supporters of Falange in Asia. The American Basque code talkers were kept away from these theaters; they were initially used in tests and in transmitting logistic information for Hawaii and Australia.
According to Euzko Deya, on August 1, 1942, Lieutenants Nemesio Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa and Juanana received a Basque - coded message from San Diego for Admiral Chester Nimitz, warning him of the upcoming Operation Apple to remove the Japanese from the Solomon Islands. They also translated the start date, August 7, for the attack on Guadalcanal. As the war extended over the Pacific, there was a shortage of Basque speakers and the US military came to prefer the parallel program based on the use of Navajo speakers.
In 2017, Pedro Oiarzabal and Guillermo Tabernilla published a study refuting Euzko Deya 's article. According to Oiarzabal and Tabernilla, they could not find Carranza, Aguirre, Fernández Bakaicoa or Juanana in the NARA or US Army archives. They find a small number of US Marines with Basque surnames, none of them in transmissions. They suggest that Carranza 's story was an OSS operation to raise sympathy for the US intelligence among Basque nationalists.
The first known use of Native Americans in the American military to transmit messages under fire was a group of Cherokee troops used by the American 30th Infantry Division serving alongside the British during the Second Battle of the Somme in World War I. According to the Division Signal Officer, this took place in September 1918. Their unit was under British command at the time.
During World War I, company commander Captain Lawrence of the U.S. Army overheard Solomon Louis and Mitchell Bobb conversing in the Choctaw language. He found eight Choctaw men in the battalion. Eventually, fourteen Choctaw men in the Army 's 36th Infantry Division trained to use their language in code. They helped the American Expeditionary Forces win several key battles in the Meuse - Argonne Offensive in France, during the final large German push of the war. Within 24 hours of the Choctaw language being pressed into service, the tide of the battle had turned. In less than 72 hours, the Germans were retreating and the Allies were in full attack.
German authorities knew about the use of code talkers during World War I, and sent a team of some thirty anthropologists to the United States to learn Native American languages before the outbreak of World War II, but the task proved too difficult because of the array of languages and dialects; nonetheless the U.S. Army, learning of the Nazi effort, did not implement a large - scale code talker program in the European Theater. Fourteen Comanche code talkers did take part in the Invasion of Normandy, and continued to serve in the 4th Infantry Division in Europe. Comanche of the 4th Signal Company compiled a vocabulary of over 100 code terms using words or phrases in their own language. Using a substitution method similar to the Navajo, the Comanche code word for tank was "turtle '', bomber was "pregnant airplane '', machine gun was "sewing machine '' and Adolf Hitler was referred to as "crazy white man ''. Two Comanche code - talkers were assigned to each regiment, the rest to 4th Infantry Division headquarters. Shortly after landing on Utah Beach on June 6, 1944, the Comanche began transmitting messages. Some were wounded but none killed.
In 1989, the French government awarded the Comanche code - talkers the Chevalier of the National Order of Merit. On November 30, 1999, the United States Department of Defense presented Charles Chibitty with the Knowlton Award.
In the World War II, native Cree speakers were used as code talkers for the Canadian Armed Forces. Due to oaths of secrecy, and official classification through 1963, the role of Cree speakers has gone unacknowledged by the Canadian government. A 2015 documentary, Cree Code Talkers, tells the story of one such Métis individual, Charles "Checker '' Tomkins, who died in 2003.
Meskwaki men used their language against the Germans while fighting in the US Army in North Africa. 27 out of then 168 Meskwaki in Iowa enlisted in the U.S. Army together in January 1941.
Philip Johnston, a civil engineer for the city of Los Angeles, proposed the use of Navajo to the United States Marine Corps at the beginning of World War II. Johnston, a World War I veteran, was raised on the Navajo reservation as the son of a missionary to the Navajo. He was one of the few non-Navajo who spoke the language fluently. Some Marines wondered whether the Navajo, who had been treated poorly by the government, would want to fight for the U.S. But the Navajo dutifully enlisted shortly after Pearl Harbor and were eager to contribute to the war effort. "What happened to the Navajo were social conflicts, '' Navajo Code Talker Albert Smith said. "But this conflict involved Mother Earth being dominated by foreign countries. It was our responsibility to defend her. ''
Because Navajo has a complex grammar, it is not nearly mutually intelligible enough with even its closest relatives within the Na - Dene family to provide meaningful information. It was still an unwritten language, and Johnston thought Navajo could satisfy the military requirement for an undecipherable code. Navajo was spoken only on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. Its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II, fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language.
Early in 1942, Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel, the commanding general of Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, and his staff. Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions which demonstrated that Navajo men could encode, transmit, and decode a three - line English message in 20 seconds, versus the 30 minutes required by machines at that time. The idea was accepted, with Vogel recommending that the Marines recruit 200 Navajo. The first 29 Navajo recruits attended boot camp in May 1942. This first group created the Navajo code at Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, California.
The Navajo code was formally developed and modeled on the Joint Army / Navy Phonetic Alphabet that uses agreed - upon English words to represent letters. The Navajo Code Talkers were mainly Marines. As it was determined that phonetically spelling out all military terms letter by letter into words -- while in combat -- would be too time - consuming, some terms, concepts, tactics and instruments of modern warfare were given uniquely formal descriptive nomenclatures in Navajo (for example, the word for "shark '' being used to refer to a destroyer, or "silver oak leaf '' to the rank of lieutenant colonel).
A codebook was developed to teach the many relevant words and concepts to new initiates. The text was for classroom purposes only, and was never to be taken into the field. The code talkers memorized all these variations and practiced their rapid use under stressful conditions during training. Uninitiated Navajo speakers would have no idea what the code talkers ' messages meant; they would hear only truncated and disjointed strings of individual, unrelated nouns and verbs.
The Navajo code talkers were commended for the skill, speed, and accuracy they demonstrated throughout the war. At the Battle of Iwo Jima, Major Howard Connor, 5th Marine Division signal officer, had six Navajo code talkers working around the clock during the first two days of the battle. These six sent and received over 800 messages, all without error. Connor later stated, "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima. ''
To ensure a consistent use of code terminologies throughout the Pacific Theater, representative code talkers of each of the U.S. Marine divisions met in Hawaii to discuss shortcomings in the code, incorporate new terms into the system, and update their codebooks. These representatives in turn trained other code talkers who could not attend the meeting. As the war progressed, additional code words were added and incorporated program - wide. In other instances, informal shortcut code words were devised for a particular campaign and not disseminated beyond the area of operation. Examples of code words include the Navajo word for buzzard, jeeshóóʼ, which was used for bomber, while the code word used for submarine, béésh łóóʼ, meant iron fish in Navajo. The last of the original 29 Navajo code talkers who developed the code, Chester Nez, died on June 4, 2014.
The deployment of the Navajo code talkers continued through the Korean War and after, until it was ended early in the Vietnam War. The Navajo code is the only spoken military code never to have been deciphered.
In the 1973 Arab -- Israeli War, Egypt employed Nubian - speaking Nubian people as codetalkers.
The last surviving Seminole code talker, Edmond Harjo of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, died on March 31, 2014, at the age of 96. Harjo had served as far afield as Normandy and the Battle of Iwo Jima during the war. His biography was recounted by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner at the Congressional Gold Medal ceremony honoring Harjo and other code talkers at the U.S. Capitol on November 20, 2013.
A system employing Welsh was used by British forces, but not to any great extent during World War II. The Royal Air Force had a plan in 1942 to use Welsh for secret communications during World War II, but the plan was not implemented. Welsh was used more recently in the Yugoslav Wars for non-vital messages.
China used Wenzhounese speaking people as code talkers during the 1979 Sino - Vietnamese War.
Non-speakers would find it extremely difficult to accurately distinguish unfamiliar sounds used in these languages. Additionally, a speaker who has acquired a language during their childhood sounds distinctly different from a person who acquired the same language in later life, thus reducing the chance of successful impostors sending false messages.
Navajo was an attractive choice for code use because few people outside the Navajo had learned to speak the language. Virtually no books in Navajo had been published. Outside of the language, the Navajo spoken code was not very complex by cryptographic standards. It would likely have been broken if a native speaker and trained cryptographers could have worked together effectively. The Japanese had an opportunity to attempt this when they captured Joe Kieyoomia in the Philippines in 1942 during the Bataan Death March. Kieyoomia, a Navajo sergeant in the U.S. Army, but not a code talker, was ordered to interpret the radio messages later in the war. However, since Kieyoomia had not participated in the code training, the messages made no sense to him. When he reported that he could not understand the messages, his captors tortured him. The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy never cracked the spoken code.
The Navajo code talkers received no recognition until the declassification of the operation in 1968. In 1982, the code talkers were given a Certificate of Recognition by U.S. President Ronald Reagan, who also named August 14, 1982, as "Navajo Code Talkers Day ''.
On December 21, 2000, the U.S. Congress passed, and President Bill Clinton signed, Public Law 106 - 554, 114 Statute 2763, which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the original 29 World War II Navajo code talkers and Silver Medals to each person who qualified as a Navajo code talker (approximately 300). In July 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush personally presented the Medal to four surviving original code talkers (the fifth living original code talker was not able to attend) at a ceremony held in the Capitol Rotunda in Washington, D.C. Gold Medals were presented to the families of the deceased 24 original code talkers.
On September 17, 2007, eighteen Choctaw code talkers were posthumously awarded the Texas Medal of Valor from the Adjutant General of the State of Texas for their World War II service.
On November 15, 2008, The Code Talkers Recognition Act of 2008 (Public Law 110 - 420), was signed into law by President George W. Bush, which recognizes every Native American code talker who served in the United States military during WWI or WWII (with the exception of the already - awarded Navajo) with a Congressional Gold Medal, designed as distinct for each tribe, with silver duplicates awarded to the individual code talkers or their next - of - kin. As of 2013, 33 tribes have been identified and were honored at a ceremony at Emancipation Hall at the U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. One surviving code talker was present, Edmond Harjo.
On November 27, 2017, three Navajo code talkers, along with the president of the Navajo Nation, Russell Begaye, appeared with President Donald Trump in the Oval Office in an official White House ceremony to "pay tribute to the contributions of the young Native Americans recruited by the United States military to create top - secret coded messages used to communicate during (World War II) battles. '' The executive director of the National Congress of American Indians, Jacqueline Pata, noted that Native Americans have "a very high level of participation in the military and veterans ' service. '' A statement by a Navajo Nation Council Delegate and comments by Pata and Begaye, among others, objected to Trump 's remarks during the event, including his use "once again '' of the "word Pocahontas in a negative way towards a political adversary. '' The National Congress of American Indians objected to Trump 's use of the name of an historical Native American figure as a derogatory term, and relatives of Code Talkers who were present said it was "too bad (Trump) put his foot in his mouth '' and "he needs to grow up. ''
Code talkers on Bougainville, 1943
Code talkers at work, Australia, July 1943
Code talker on Tarawa, November 1943
Code talker Leslie Hemstreet, Okinawa, 1945
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when did rick and morty season 3 episode 6 air | Rick and Morty (season 3) - Wikipedia
The third season of the animated television series Rick and Morty originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption '', which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017 as part of Adult Swim 's annual April Fools ' prank. The remaining episodes began airing weekly four months later, on July 30, 2017. The season concluded on October 1, 2017 and consisted of ten episodes.
The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.
Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.
Rick is interrogated via a mind - computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him, but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation 's mainframe to make its currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Rick, Morty, and Summer return home, where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick. Beth chooses Rick and they decide to get a divorce. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant, centered around Rick 's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald 's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan.
Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers ' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its previous owner 's killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer does n't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the Isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents ' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.
Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school - ordered family therapy, but Beth takes Rick 's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.
At Morty 's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their arch - nemesis, Worldender. Rick can not hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender 's base, only to find that the previous night a blackout drunk Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty and Supernova, a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk, where she gets away.
To bolster Jerry 's self - esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty 's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry wo n't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self - esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger - breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick 's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to freakish proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self - worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer 's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance.
After a six - day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa. There, they use a machine that extracts a person 's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick 's arrogance and Morty 's self - loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty 's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stock broker in New York City. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty 's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.
After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty 's mind. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty did n't want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories of moments where Rick was made to look foolish, so he had them forcibly removed. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but he is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick to both kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Summer, following written instructions, tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable '' episode.
Rick and Beth enter Froopyland, a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth. Their goal is to recover Tommy, Beth 's childhood friend who 's been trapped in Froopyland, and prevent the execution of his father, who is being falsely accused of eating him. Tommy, who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality, incest and cannibalism, refuses to return to the real world. Rick and Beth manage to save his father 's life by creating a clone of Tommy. Back at home, Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created, so that she will be free to travel the world. Meanwhile, Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara, to Morty and Summer 's dismay. When he decides to get out of the relationship, Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids, whom she holds responsible. The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend, much like Jerry was doing with her.
The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House, which they do with little effort. Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude, they go back home, with the President quickly finding out. The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President 's security. Meanwhile, fearing she might be a clone made by Rick, Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth. Shortly after, the entire family gets together to hide from Rick, but he tracks them down. Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family - member. Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick, a Rick from a different reality, and calling a truce. The episode ends with the family happy to be together again, except for Rick who is disappointed by this outcome.
On August 12, 2015, Adult Swim announced that the series had been renewed for a third season. Roiland reportedly began writing on November 2, 2015. Mike McMahan announced that the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016. On February 5, 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the show was in the animation process, after a long period of writing. On June 24, 2017, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism. As a result, the third season of the show consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.
The season currently holds a 98 % approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 8.81 out of 10 and an audience score average of 4.7 out of 5. Julia Alexander of Polygon highlights the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season 's main theme, and notes that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self - realization and reflection, Rick and Morty 's third year ended on a total reset '', with Beth and the kids seeking comfort through escapism and ignoring the realities of their lives.
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catch me i'm falling for you toni gonzaga | Falling in Love (Toni Gonzaga album) - wikipedia
Falling in Love is the third album of Filipino TV host, actress - singer Toni Gonzaga and her second on Star Records, released on June 18, 2007 in the Philippines in CD format and digital download. The carrier single released is "Catch Me, I 'm Fallin ' '' accompanied with music video directed by Paul Soriano.
Falling in Love contains 11 tracks of original OPM composition produced by Christian Martinez with two cover songs, "Kasalanan Ko Ba '' originally done by Neo Colours and "I 've Fallen for You '' original by Jamie Rivera. It is Toni 's second album under Star Records and was originally set to be released on May 2007 but was moved to June 18, 2007 due to an accident she had during filming of her "Enervon '' TV ad. The album also includes her own composition "You 're My Right Kind of Wrong ''. The album is awarded platinum certified by Philippine Association of the Record Industry (PARI).
Credits taken from Titik Pilipino
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who plays nanny carrie in one tree hill | Torrey DeVitto - wikipedia
Torrey Joël DeVitto (born June 8, 1984) is an American actress, musician and former fashion model. She is best known for her recurring roles as Melissa Hastings in the ABC Family / Freeform mystery / thriller series Pretty Little Liars from 2010 to 2017, Dr. Meredith Fell in The CW fantasy drama The Vampire Diaries from 2012 to 2013 and as Carrie the psycho nanny in The CW drama One Tree Hill from 2008 to 2009. In 2013, she starred as Maggie Hall in the seventh and final season of the Lifetime drama Army Wives. In 2015, she began starring as Dr. Natalie Manning in the NBC medical drama Chicago Med.
DeVitto was born in Huntington on Long Island, New York to Mary (née Torrey) and Liberty DeVitto and raised in Winter Park, Florida. Her father was a long - time drummer for Billy Joel and her mother had been Stevie Nicks 's best friend since the late 1970s and met DeVitto 's father in 1983 when he was the drummer on Nicks ' Wild Heart Tour. On the day of her birth, Joel was performing at the Wembley Arena and made a special note before beginning "The Longest Time '' that DeVitto 's wife was having a baby, causing a standing ovation for DeVitto, who was playing the drums at the concert. She was named Torrey after her mother 's maiden name. She is the second of four daughters with an older sister Devon, and two younger sisters Maryelle and the youngest sister 's name has not yet been revealed. Her sister Maryelle was a contestant in the Discovery Kids reality competition show Endurance. As a child, DeVitto spent a lot of time touring with her parents.
She attended Fort Salonga Elementary School, part of Kings Park Central School District. When DeVitto was six years old, she took violin lessons and when she was in the fourth grade, she earned her place as the fourth chair violinist in a high school orchestra. When DeVitto was twelve years old, she played a solo violin piece at model and actress Christie Brinkley and architect Peter Cook 's wedding. After graduating from Winter Park High School in Winter Park, Florida, she spent her summer in Japan working as a model and had earlier spent time in Chicago.
DeVitto 's career started with appearing in commercials, which she described to be a "stepping stone to get to TV and film jobs. '' She was signed to Ford and Avenue One modeling agencies, but in 2002, she realized her future was not in modeling and chose to pursue a career in acting. Staying true to her love of music in 2002, she played violin with the Tommy Davidson Band at the Sunset Room in Hollywood. She also played violin on Raphael Saadiq 's 2004 album, Ray Ray, as well as Stevie Nicks ' 2011 album In Your Dreams. Afterwards, DeVitto felt that acting was her "strongest passion and takes precedence over music '', but she hopes that she "can do more with it in the future. ''
DeVitto co-starred in the ABC Family drama Beautiful People as aspiring model Karen Kerr from 2005 to 2006. She also appeared in the 2006 horror film sequel I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer as Zoe Carpenter. She guest - starred on Drake & Josh, Scrubs, Jack & Bobby and had a small part in the romantic drama short film Forbidden Love. DeVitto made her film debut in the dramatic short film Starcrossed, which tells about brothers, who develop a sexual attraction to one another. Later she starred as L.A. actress Sierra Young in the comedy Heber Holiday and co-starred in the comedy - drama Green Flash with David Charvet and Kristin Cavallari. She co-starred in the horror comedy Killer Movie with her then - future husband Paul Wesley, Kaley Cuoco and Gloria Votsis. From 2008 to 2009, DeVitto had a recurring role in the fifth and sixth seasons of The CW drama One Tree Hill, where she played Carrie the psycho nanny.
She was in Will.I.Am 's Vote Obama video "We Are The Ones ''. In 2010, DeVitto began a recurring role as Melissa Hastings in the ABC Family mystery / thriller series Pretty Little Liars based on Sara Shepard 's book series of the same name. On November 10, 2011, DeVitto was confirmed to have a recurring role in the CW fantasy drama The Vampire Diaries as Dr. Meredith Fell, who is fascinated by Alaric Saltzman (Matthew Davis), when she notices how quickly he recovers from an injury. In November 2012, it was reported that she had signed on to star as Maggie Hall in the seventh season of the Lifetime drama Army Wives. On September 24, 2013, Lifetime announced the show 's cancellation, it honored it with a two - hour retrospective special with the cast members which aired in 2014.
In August 2015, DeVitto signed on to star in the NBC medical drama Chicago Med. She was cast as Dr. Natalie Manning, the ED pediatrician.
In 2007, DeVitto began dating her Killer Movie co-star Paul Wesley. They married in a private ceremony in New York City in April 2011. From early 2012 to early 2013, DeVitto had a recurring role on The CW fantasy drama The Vampire Diaries, which Wesley starred in. They filed for divorce in July 2013 after two years of marriage. They "have decided to amicably split. They will continue to remain good friends, '' Wesley 's rep confirmed to People magazine. The divorce was finalized in December 2013.
She dated actor Rick Glassman from 2014 to 2016. She dated Dancing with the Stars pro Artem Chigvintsev from 2016 to 2017.
Outside of work, DeVitto dedicates much of what free time she has to philanthropy. She is a Hospice Ambassador going on five years and also supports PETA and The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). She shares, "To most, death is an incredibly scary and taboo idea. Hospice provides a shoulder to lean on... and the important duty of easing the fears and doubts that naturally reside in our minds as we approach the end of our lifetime. There is nothing I am more proud or passionate about than being a part of this work. It is a life - long commitment for me. A passion that I find to be more gratifying than anything I have ever known. My hope is to inspire others to join me in this fulfilling journey. ''
DeVitto also makes time to dote on her dogs Beau and Homie, which were adopted at Much Love, a pet adoption agency in Los Angeles.
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who has sold the most records in hip hop | List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia
This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales. The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order, with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top. If two or more artists have the same claimed sales, they are then ranked by certified units. The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units (for each country) within the provided sources include sales of albums, singles, compilation - albums, music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums. Sales figures, such as those from Soundscan, which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine, have not been included in the certified units column. As of 2017, based on both sales claims and certified units, The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band. Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units.
All artists included on this list, which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units. That is why Cliff Richard, Diana Ross, Scorpions, Bing Crosby, Gloria Estefan, Deep Purple, Iron Maiden, Tom Jones, The Jackson 5, Dionne Warwick, the Spice Girls, Dolly Parton, Ozzy Osbourne, Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list. The more recent the artist, the higher the required percentage of certified units, so artists such as Rihanna, Chris Brown, Taylor Swift, Flo Rida, Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Adele, Lady Gaga, Bruno Mars, Nicki Minaj and Ed Sheeran are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units. The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations. All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies. The certified units percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts.
The requirements of certified units are designed to avoid inflated sales figures, which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes. The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources. For clarity, the sources used, say the term "records '' (singles, albums, videos) and not "albums ''. However, if all available sources for an artist or band say "albums '', such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount. This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units: inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high, are not used.
The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified units. In other words, the available certified units for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones.
The certified units of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures. This is because Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification. For this reason, some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units. The over certified figures, however, are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications, one such example is Rihanna 's single "We Found Love '', which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA, yet during the time of the certification, it had sold 5.4 million downloads.
The certified units for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification.
Issued certifications for songs which have been recorded by multiple artists including featured artists are added to each artist 's total amount of certified units, as all the artists would have played a significant part in a song. For example "This Is What You Came For '' and "Where Them Girls At '' include Rihanna and Flo Rida, Nicki Minaj as featured artists respectively, so the certifications issued for these songs are added to the total amount of certified units for all involved artists. However, the certifications issued for songs that have been recorded by four or more artists are not included as the artists involved would have played minor roles, examples of such songs are Kanye West 's "Monster '' and / or "All Day ''.
The Beatles
Elvis Presley
Michael Jackson
Madonna
Elton John
Led Zeppelin
Pink Floyd
Rihanna
Eminem
Mariah Carey
Queen
Celine Dion
Whitney Houston
AC / DC
Taylor Swift
Garth Brooks
Justin Bieber
Eagles
Bruno Mars
Kanye West
U2
Katy Perry
Adele
Lady Gaga
Jay - Z
Metallica
Lil Wayne
B'z
Chris Brown
Nicki Minaj
Shania Twain
Flo Rida
Pink
Justin Timberlake
Van Halen
Ed Sheeran
Maroon 5
Journey
The Black Eyed Peas
Usher
Kenny G
Tupac Shakur
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what are the names of all the states in the united states | List of States and territories of the United States - wikipedia
The United States of America is a federal republic consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands. The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico; the two other states, Alaska and Hawaii, are in the northwestern part of North America and an archipelago in the mid-Pacific, respectively, while the territories are scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.
States are the primary subdivisions of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution, grounded in republican principles, and government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state. Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to the current total of 50, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.
As provided by Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress exercises "exclusive jurisdiction '' over the federal district, which is not part of any state. Prior to passage of the 1973 District of Columbia Home Rule Act, which devolved certain Congressional powers to an elected mayor and council, the district did not have an elected local government. Even so, Congress retains the right to review and overturn laws created by the council and intervene in local affairs. As it is not a state, the district does not have representation in the Senate. However, since 1971, its residents have been represented in the House of Representatives by a non-voting delegate. Additionally, since 1961, following ratification of the 23rd Amendment, the district has been entitled to select three electors to vote in the Electoral College.
In addition to the 50 states and federal district, the United States has sovereignty over 14 territories. Five of them (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands) have a permanent, nonmilitary population, while nine of them do not. With the exception of Navassa Island, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, which are located in the Caribbean, all territories are located in the Pacific Ocean. One territory, Palmyra Atoll, is considered to be incorporated, meaning the full body of the Constitution has been applied to it; the other territories are unincorporated, meaning the Constitution does not fully apply to them. Ten territories (the Minor Outlying Islands and American Samoa) are considered to be unorganized, meaning they have not had an Organic Act enacted by Congress; the four other territories are organized, meaning they have had an Organic Act that has been enacted by Congress. The five inhabited territories each have limited autonomy and a non-voting delegate in Congress, in addition to having territorial legislatures and governors, but residents can not vote in federal elections.
California is the most populous state, with 38,332,521 residents (2013 estimate); Wyoming is the least populous, with an estimated 582,658 residents. The District of Columbia, with an estimated 646,449 residents as of 2012, has a higher population than the two least populous states (Wyoming and Vermont). The largest state by area is Alaska, encompassing 665,384 square miles (1,723,340 km), while the smallest is Rhode Island, encompassing 1,545 square miles (4,000 km). The first state to ratify the current Constitution was Delaware, which it did on December 7, 1787, while the newest state is Hawaii, which was admitted to the Union on August 21, 1959. The largest territory in terms of both population and size is Puerto Rico, with 3,725,789 residents as of the 2010 Census and a total area of 5,325 square miles (13,790 km).
The table below lists the 50 states, with their current capital, largest city, the date they ratified the U.S. Constitution or were admitted to the Union, population and area data, and number of representative (s) in the U.S. House of Representatives.
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explain how european and middle eastern nations adjusted to peace after the paris peace conference | Paris Peace Conference, 1919 - wikipedia
The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.
Involving diplomats from 32 countries and nationalities, the major or main decisions were the creation of the League of Nations, as well as the five peace treaties with the defeated states; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates '', chiefly to Britain and France; reparations imposed on Germany; and the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect ethnic boundaries.
The main result was the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies ''. This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for the expensive reparations Germany was intended to pay (it paid only a small portion before reparations ended in 1931). The five major powers (France, Britain, Italy, Japan and the United States) controlled the Conference. And the "Big Four '' were the Prime Minister of France, Georges Clemenceau; the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George; the President of the United States, Woodrow Wilson; and the Prime Minister of Italy, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando. They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by the others. The conference began on 18 January 1919, and with respect to its end date Professor Michael Neiberg has noted:
Although the senior statesmen stopped working personally on the conference in June 1919, the formal peace process did not really end until July 1923, when the Treaty of Lausanne was signed ".
The Conference opened on 18 January 1919. This date was symbolic, as it was the anniversary of the proclamation of William I as German Emperor in 1871, in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, shortly before the end of the Siege of Paris - a day itself imbued with significance in its turn in Germany as the anniversary of the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. The Delegates from 27 nations (delegates representing 5 nationalities were for the most part ignored) were assigned to 52 commissions, which held 1,646 sessions to prepare reports, with the help of many experts, on topics ranging from prisoners of war to undersea cables, to international aviation, to responsibility for the war. Key recommendations were folded into the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, which had 15 chapters and 440 clauses, as well as treaties for the other defeated nations.
The five major powers (France, Britain, Italy, the U.S., and Japan) controlled the Conference. Amongst the "Big Five '', in practice Japan only sent a former prime minister and played a small role; and the "Big Four '' leaders dominated the conference. The four met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions, which in turn were ratified by other attendees. The open meetings of all the delegations approved the decisions made by the Big Four. The conference came to an end on 21 January 1920 with the inaugural General Assembly of the League of Nations.
Five major peace treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (with, in parentheses, the affected countries):
The major decisions were the establishment of the League of Nations; the five peace treaties with defeated enemies; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as "mandates '', chiefly to members of the British Empire and to France; reparations imposed on Germany, and the drawing of new national boundaries (sometimes with plebiscites) to better reflect the forces of nationalism. The main result was the Treaty of Versailles, with Germany, which in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies ''. This provision proved humiliating for Germany and set the stage for very high reparations Germany was supposed to pay (it paid only a small portion before reparations ended in 1931).
As the conference 's decisions were enacted unilaterally, and largely on the whims of the Big Four, for its duration Paris was effectively the center of a world government, which deliberated over and implemented the sweeping changes to the political geography of Europe. Most famously, the Treaty of Versailles itself weakened Germany 's military and placed full blame for the war and costly reparations on Germany 's shoulders -- the humiliation and resentment in Germany is sometimes considered one of the causes of Nazi electoral successes and indirectly a cause of World War II. The League of Nations proved controversial in the United States as critics said it subverted the powers of Congress to declare war; the U.S. Senate did not ratify any of the peace treaties and the U.S. never joined the League -- instead, the Harding administration of 1921 - 1923 concluded new treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. Republican Germany was not invited to attend the conference at Versailles. Representatives of White Russia (but not Communist Russia) were present. Numerous other nations did send delegations in order to appeal for various unsuccessful additions to the treaties; parties lobbied for causes ranging from independence for the countries of the South Caucasus to Japan 's unsuccessful demand for racial equality amongst the other Great Powers.
A central issue of the Conference was the disposition of the overseas colonies of Germany. (Austria did not have colonies and the Ottoman Empire presented a separate issue.)
The British dominions wanted their reward for their sacrifice. Australia wanted New Guinea, New Zealand wanted Samoa, and South Africa wanted South West Africa (modern Namibia). Wilson wanted the League of Nations to administer all the German colonies until such time as they were ready for independence. Lloyd George realized he needed to support his dominions, and he proposed a compromise that there be three types of mandates. Mandates for the Turkish provinces were one category; they would be divided up between Britain and France.
The second category, comprising New Guinea, Samoa, and South West Africa, were located so close to responsible supervisors that the mandates could hardly be given to anyone except Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Finally, the African colonies would need the careful supervision as "Class B '' mandates that could only be provided by experienced colonial powers Britain, France, and Belgium; Italy and Portugal received small bits of territory. Wilson and the others finally went along with the solution. The dominions received "Class C Mandates '' to the colonies they wanted. Japan obtained mandates over German possessions north of the equator.
Wilson wanted no mandates for the United States; his top advisor Colonel House was deeply involved in awarding the others. Wilson was especially offended by Australian demands. He and Hughes had some memorable clashes, with the most famous being:
Wilson: "But after all, you speak for only five million people. '' Hughes: "I represent sixty thousand dead. '' (While the much larger United States had suffered fewer deaths -- 50,000.)
Maintenance of the British Empire 's unity, holdings and interests were an overarching concern for the British delegates to the conference, but it entered the conference with the more specific goals of:
The Racial Equality Proposal put forth by the Japanese did not directly conflict with any of these core British interests. However, as the conference progressed the full implications of the Racial Equality Proposal, regarding immigration to the British Dominions (with Australia taking particular exception), would become a major point of contention within the delegation.
Ultimately, Britain did not see the Racial Equality Proposal as being one of the fundamental aims of the conference. The delegation was therefore willing to sacrifice this proposal in order to placate the Australian delegation and thus help satisfy its overarching aim of preserving the unity of the British Empire.
Although Britain reluctantly consented to the attendance of separate Dominion delegations, the British did manage to rebuff attempts by the envoys of the newly proclaimed Irish Republic to put its case to the Conference for self - determination, diplomatic recognition and membership of the proposed League of Nations. The Irish envoys ' final "Demand for Recognition '' in a letter to Clemenceau, the Chairman, was not answered. Britain had planned to legislate for two Irish Home Rule states (without Dominion status), and did so in 1920. In 1919 Irish nationalists were unpopular with the Allies because of the Conscription Crisis of 1918.
David Lloyd George commented that he did "not do badly '' at the peace conference, "considering I was seated between Jesus Christ and Napoleon. '' This was a reference to the very idealistic views of Wilson on the one hand and the stark realism of Clemenceau, who was determined to see Germany punished.
The Dominion governments were not originally given separate invitations to the conference, but rather were expected to send representatives as part of the British delegation.
Convinced that Canada had become a nation on the battlefields of Europe, its Prime Minister, Sir Robert Borden, demanded that it have a separate seat at the conference. This was initially opposed not only by Britain but also by the United States, which saw a dominion delegation as an extra British vote. Borden responded by pointing out that since Canada had lost nearly 60,000 men, a far larger proportion of its men compared to the 50,000 American losses, at least had the right to the representation of a "minor '' power. The British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, eventually relented, and convinced the reluctant Americans to accept the presence of delegations from Canada, India, Australia, Newfoundland, New Zealand and South Africa. They also received their own seats in the League of Nations.
Canada, although it too had sacrificed nearly 60,000 men in the war, asked for neither reparations nor mandates.
The Australian delegation, led by the Australian Prime Minister, Billy Hughes, fought hard for its demands: reparations, the annexation of German New Guinea and rejection of the Japanese Racial Equality Proposal. Hughes said that he had no objection to the equality proposal provided it was stated in unambiguous terms that it did not confer any right to enter Australia. Hughes was concerned by the rise of Japan. Within months of the declaration of the War in 1914, Japan, Australia and New Zealand had seized all German possessions in the Far East and Pacific. Though Japan occupied German possessions with the blessings of the British, Hughes was alarmed by this policy.
The French Prime Minister, Georges Clemenceau, controlled his delegation and his chief goal was to weaken Germany militarily, strategically and economically. Having personally witnessed two German attacks on French soil in the last forty years, he was adamant that Germany should not be permitted to attack France again. In particular, Clemenceau sought an American and British guarantee of French security in the event of another German attack.
Clemenceau also expressed skepticism and frustration with Wilson 's Fourteen Points: "Mr. Wilson bores me with his fourteen points '', complained Clemenceau. "Why, God Almighty has only ten! '' Wilson won a few points by signing a mutual defense treaty with France, but back in Washington he did not present it to the Senate for ratification and it never took effect.
Another alternative French policy was to seek a rapprochement with Germany. In May 1919 the diplomat René Massigli was sent on several secret missions to Berlin. During his visits Massigli offered on behalf of his government to revise the territorial and economic clauses of the upcoming peace treaty. Massigli spoke of the desirability of "practical, verbal discussions '' between French and German officials that would lead to a "collaboration Franco - allemande ''. Furthermore, Massagli told the Germans that the French thought of the "Anglo - Saxon powers '', namely the United States and British Empire, to be the major threat to France in the post-war world. He argued that both France and Germany had a joint interest in opposing "Anglo - Saxon domination '' of the world and warned that the "deepening of opposition '' between the French and the Germans "would lead to the ruin of both countries, to the advantage of the Anglo - Saxon powers ''.
The Germans rejected the French offers because they considered the French overtures to be a trap to trick them into accepting the Versailles treaty "as is '' and because the German foreign minister, Count Ulrich von Brockdorff - Rantzau thought that the United States was more likely to reduce the severity of the peace terms than France. In the final event it proved to be Lloyd George who pushed for more favourable terms for Germany.
In 1914 Italy remained neutral despite its alliance with Germany and Austria. In 1915 it joined the Allies. It was motivated by gaining the territories promised by the Allies in the secret Treaty of London: the Trentino, the Tyrol as far as Brenner, Trieste and Istria, most of the Dalmatian coast except Fiume, Valona and a protectorate over Albania, Antalya in Turkey and possibly colonies in Africa or Asia.
The Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Emanuele Orlando tried, therefore, to get full implementation of the Treaty of London, as agreed by France and Great Britain before the war. He had popular support, for the loss of 700,000 soldiers and a budget deficit of 12,000,000,000 Lire during the war made the Italian government and people feel entitled to all these territories and even more not mentioned in the Treaty of London, in particular the city of Fiume, which many Italians believed should be annexed to Italy because of the Italian population.
In the meetings of the "Big Four '', in which Orlando 's powers of diplomacy were inhibited by his lack of English, the others were only willing to offer Trentino to the Brenner, the Dalmatian port of Zara and some of the Dalmatian islands. All other territories were promised to other nations and the great powers were worried about Italy 's imperial ambitions. Even though Italy did get most of its demands, Orlando was refused Fiume, most of Dalmatia and any colonial gain, so he left the conference in a rage.
There was a general disappointment in Italy, which the nationalist and fascist parties used to build the idea that Italy was betrayed by the Allies and refused what was due (Mutilated victory). This led to the general rise of Italian fascism.
Prior to Wilson 's arrival in Europe in December 1918, no American president had ever visited Europe while in office. Wilson 's Fourteen Points, of a year earlier, had helped win the hearts and minds of many as the war ended; these included Americans and Europeans generally, as well as Germany, its allies and the former subjects of the Ottoman Empire specifically.
Wilson 's diplomacy and his Fourteen Points had essentially established the conditions for the armistices that had brought an end to World War I. Wilson felt it was his duty and obligation to the people of the world to be a prominent figure at the peace negotiations. High hopes and expectations were placed on him to deliver what he had promised for the post-war era. In doing so, Wilson ultimately began to lead the foreign policy of the United States toward interventionism, a move strongly resisted in some domestic circles.
Once Wilson arrived, however, he found "rivalries, and conflicting claims previously submerged ''. He worked mostly trying to sway the direction that the French (Georges Clemenceau) and British (Lloyd George) delegations were taking towards Germany and its allies in Europe, as well as the former Ottoman lands in the Middle East. Wilson 's attempts to gain acceptance of his Fourteen Points ultimately failed, after France and Britain refused to adopt some specific points and its core principles.
In Europe, several of his Fourteen Points conflicted with the other powers. The United States did not encourage or believe that the responsibility for the war that Article 231 placed on Germany was fair or warranted. It would not be until 1921 that the United States finally signed separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary.
In the Middle East, negotiations were complicated by competing aims, claims, and the new mandate system. The United States hoped to establish a more liberal and diplomatic world, as stated in the Fourteen Points, where democracy, sovereignty, liberty and self - determination would be respected. France and Britain, on the other hand, already controlled empires, wielded power over their subjects around the world and still aspired to be dominant colonial powers.
In light of the previously secret Sykes -- Picot Agreement, and following the adoption of the mandate system on the Arab province of the former Ottoman lands, the conference heard statements from competing Zionist and Arab claimants. President Woodrow Wilson then recommended an international commission of inquiry to ascertain the wishes of the local inhabitants. The Commission idea, first accepted by Great Britain and France, was later rejected. Eventually it became the purely American King -- Crane Commission, which toured all Syria and Palestine during the summer of 1919, taking statements and sampling opinion. Its report, presented to President Wilson, was kept secret from the public until The New York Times broke the story in December 1922. A pro-Zionist joint resolution on Palestine was passed by Congress in September 1922.
France and Britain tried to appease the American President by consenting to the establishment of his League of Nations. However, because isolationist sentiment was strong and some of the articles in the League 's charter conflicted with the United States Constitution, the United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles nor joined the League of Nations, which President Wilson had helped create, to further peace through diplomacy rather than war and conditions which can breed it.
Under President Warren Harding the United States signed separate treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary in 1921.
Japan sent a large delegation headed by the former Prime Minister, Marquis Saionji Kinmochi. It was originally one of the "big five '' but relinquished that role because of its slight interest in European affairs. Instead it focused on two demands: the inclusion of their Racial Equality Proposal in the League 's Covenant and Japanese territorial claims with respect to former German colonies, namely Shantung (including Kiaochow) and the Pacific islands north of the Equator (the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, the Mariana Islands, and the Carolines). The former Foreign Minister Baron Makino Nobuaki was de facto chief while Saionji 's role was symbolic and limited by his ill health. The Japanese delegation became unhappy after receiving only one - half of the rights of Germany, and walked out of the conference.
Japan proposed the inclusion of a "racial equality clause '' in the Covenant of the League of Nations on 13 February as an amendment to Article 21. It read:
The equality of nations being a basic principle of the League of Nations, the High Contracting Parties agree to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality.
Because he knew that Great Britain was critical to the decision, President Wilson, as Conference chairman, ruled that a unanimous vote was required. On 11 April 1919, the commission held a final session and the proposal received a majority of votes, but Great Britain and Australia opposed it. The Australians had lobbied the British to defend Australia 's White Australia policy. The defeat of the proposal influenced Japan 's turn from cooperation with the West toward more nationalistic policies.
The Japanese claim to Shantung was disputed by the Chinese. In 1914 at the outset of World War I Japan had seized the territory granted to Germany in 1897. They also seized the German islands in the Pacific north of the equator. In 1917, Japan had made secret agreements with Britain, France, and Italy that guaranteed their annexation of these territories. With Britain, there was a mutual agreement, Japan also agreeing to support British annexation of the Pacific islands south of the equator. Despite a generally pro-Chinese view on behalf of the American delegation, Article 156 of the Treaty of Versailles transferred German concessions in Jiaozhou Bay, China to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. The leader of the Chinese delegation, Lou Tseng - Tsiang, demanded that a reservation be inserted before he would sign the treaty. The reservation was denied, and the treaty was signed by all the delegations except that of China. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations known as the May Fourth Movement. The Pacific islands north of the equator became a class C mandate administered by Japan.
Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos took part in the Paris Peace Conference as Greece 's chief representative. President Woodrow Wilson was said to have placed Venizelos first in point of personal ability among all delegates gathered in Paris to settle the terms of Peace.
Venizelos proposed the Greek expansion on Thrace and Asia Minor (lands of the defeated Kingdom of Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire), Northern Epirus, Imvros and Tenedos, aiming to the realization of the Megali Idea. He also reached an agreement with the Italians on the cession of the Dodecanese (Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement). For the Greeks of Pontus he proposed a common Pontic - Armenian State.
As a liberal politician, Venizelos was a strong supporter of the Fourteen Points and of the League of Nations.
The Chinese delegation was led by Lou Tseng - Tsiang, accompanied by Wellington Koo and Cao Rulin. Before the Western powers, Koo demanded that Germany 's concessions on Shandong be returned to China. He further called for an end to imperialist institutions such as extraterritoriality, legation guards, and foreign leaseholds. Despite American support and the ostensible spirit of self - determination, the Western powers refused his claims, transferring the German concessions to Japan instead. This sparked widespread student protests in China on 4 May, later known as the May Fourth Movement, eventually pressuring the government into refusing to sign the Treaty of Versailles. Thus the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only one not to sign the treaty at the signing ceremony.
While Russia was formally excluded from the Conference, despite having fought the Central Powers for three years, the Russian Provincial Council (chaired by Prince Lvov), the successor to the Russian Constituent Assembly and the political arm of the Russian White movement attended the conference. It was represented by the former Tsarist minister Sergey Sazonov who, if the Tsar had not been overthrown, would most likely have attended the conference anyway. The Council maintained the position of an indivisible Russia, but some were prepared to negotiate over the loss of Poland and Finland. The Council suggested all matters relating to territorial claims, or demands for autonomy within the former Russian Empire, be referred to a new All - Russian Constituent Assembly.
Ukraine had its best opportunity to win recognition and support from foreign powers at the Conference of 1919. At a meeting of the Big Five on 16 January, Lloyd George called Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura (1874 -- 1926) an adventurer and dismissed Ukraine as an anti-Bolshevik stronghold. Sir Eyre Crowe, British undersecretary of state for foreign affairs, spoke against a union of East Galicia and Poland. The British cabinet never decided whether to support a united or dismembered Russia. The United States was sympathetic to a strong, united Russia as a counterpoise to Japan, but Britain feared a threat to India. Petliura appointed Count Tyshkevich his representative to the Vatican, and Pope Benedict XV recognized Ukrainian independence. Ukraine was effectively ignored.
A Delegation of the Belarusian Democratic Republic under Prime Minister Anton Łuckievič also participated in the conference, attempting to gain international recognition of the independence of Belarus. On the way to the conference, the delegation was received by Czechoslovak president Tomáš Masaryk in Prague. During the conference, Łuckievič had meetings with the exiled Foreign Minister of admiral Kolchak 's Russian government Sergey Sazonov and the Prime Minister of Poland Ignacy Jan Paderewski.
At the insistence of President Wilson, the Big Four required Poland to sign a treaty on 28 June 1919 that guaranteed minority rights in the new nation. Poland signed under protest and made little effort to enforce the specified rights for Germans, Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities. Similar treaties were signed by Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Greece, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and later by Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. Estonia had already given cultural autonomy to minorities in its declaration of independence. Finland and Germany were not asked to sign a minority rights treaty.
In Poland, the key provisions were to become fundamental laws that overrode any national legal codes or legislation. The new country pledged to assure "full and complete protection of life and liberty to all individuals... without distinction of birth, nationality, language, race, or religion. '' Freedom of religion was guaranteed to everyone. Most residents were given citizenship, but there was considerable ambiguity on who was covered. The treaty guaranteed basic civil, political, and cultural rights, and required all citizens to be equal before the law and enjoy identical rights of citizens and workers. Polish was of the national language, but the treaty provided that minority languages could be freely used privately, in commerce, religion, the press, at public meetings, and before all courts. Minorities were to be permitted to establish and control at their own expense private charities, churches and social institutions, as well as schools, without interference from the government. The government was required to set up German - language public schools in those districts that had been German territory before the war. All education above the primary level was to be conducted exclusively in the national language. Article 12 was the enforcement clause; it gave the Council of the League of Nations responsibility for monitoring and enforcing each treaty.
The three South Caucasian republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia as well as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus each sent a delegation to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Their attempts to gain protection from threats posed by the ongoing Russian Civil War largely failed as none of the major powers was interested in taking a mandate over the Caucasian territories. After a series of delays, the three South Caucasian countries ultimately gained de facto recognition from the Supreme Council of the Allied powers, but only when all European troops had been withdrawn from the Caucasus except for a British contingent in Batumi. Georgia was recognized de facto on 12 January 1920, followed by Azerbaijan on the same day and Armenia on 19 January 1920. The Allied leaders decided to limit their assistance to the Caucasian republics to arms, munitions, and food supply.
The Armenian delegation was represented by Avetis Aharonyan, Hamo Ohanjanyan, Armen Garo and others. Azerbaijan 's mission was headed by Alimardan Topchubashev. The delegation from Georgia included Nikolay Chkheidze, Irakli Tsereteli, Zurab Avalishvili, and others.
After a failed attempt by the Korean National Association to send a three - man delegation to Paris, a delegation of Koreans from China and Hawaii did make it there. Included in this delegation, was a representative from the Korean Provisional Government in Shanghai, Kim Kyu - sik. They were aided by the Chinese, who were eager for the opportunity to embarrass Japan at the international forum. Several top Chinese leaders at the time, including Sun Yat - sen, told U.S. diplomats that the peace conference should take up the question of Korean independence. Beyond that, however, the Chinese, locked in a struggle against the Japanese themselves, could do little for Korea. Apart from China, no nation took the Koreans seriously at the Paris conference because of its status as a Japanese colony. The failure of the Korean nationalists to gain support from the Paris Peace Conference ended the possibility of foreign support.
Following the Conference 's decision to separate the former Arab provinces from the Ottoman Empire and to apply the newly conceived mandate - system to them, the Zionist Organization submitted their draft resolutions for consideration by the Peace Conference on 3 February 1919.
The statement included five main points:
However, despite these attempts to influence the conference, the Zionists were instead constrained by Article 7 of the resulting Palestine Mandate to merely having the right of obtaining Palestinian citizenship: "The Administration of Palestine shall be responsible for enacting a nationality law. There shall be included in this law provisions framed so as to facilitate the acquisition of Palestinian citizenship by Jews who take up their permanent residence in Palestine. ''
Citing the Balfour Declaration, the Zionists suggested that the British had already recognized the historic title of the Jews to Palestine in 1917. The preamble of the British Mandate of 1922, in which the Balfour Declaration was incorporated, stated: "Whereas recognition has thereby been given to the historical connection of the Jewish people with Palestine and to the grounds for reconstituting their national home in that country... ''.
The remaking of the world map at these conferences gave birth to a number of critical conflict - prone international contradictions, which would become one of the causes of World War II. The British historian Eric Hobsbawm claimed:
(N) o equally systematic attempt has been made before or since, in Europe or anywhere else, to redraw the political map on national lines. (...) The logical implication of trying to create a continent neatly divided into coherent territorial states each inhabited by separate ethnically and linguistically homogeneous population, was the mass expulsion or extermination of minorities. Such was and is the reductio ad absurdum of nationalism in its territorial version, although this was not fully demonstrated until the 1940s.
Historians on the left have argued that Wilson 's Fourteen Points, in particular, the principle of national self - determination, were primarily anti-Left measures, designed to tame the revolutionary fever sweeping across Europe in the wake of the October Revolution and the end of the war by playing the nationalist card.
British Historian Antony Lentin evaluates LLoyd George 's role in Paris as a major success:
From the other side of the political spectrum, John Lewis Gaddis likewise writes: "When Woodrow Wilson made the principle of self - determination one of this Fourteen Points his intent had been to undercut the appeal of Bolshevism '' (Gaddis 2005, p. 121).
This view has a long history, and can be summarised by Ray Stannard Baker 's famous remark that "Paris can not be understood without Moscow. '' See McFadden 1993, p. 191.
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what type of flaps are on a pa28 | Piper PA - 28 Cherokee - wikipedia
The Piper PA - 28 Cherokee is a family of light aircraft built by Piper Aircraft and designed for flight training, air taxi, and personal use. The PA - 28 family of aircraft are all - metal, unpressurized, single - engine, piston - powered airplanes with low - mounted wings and tricycle landing gear. They have a single door on the copilot side, which is entered by stepping on the wing.
The first PA - 28 received its type certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration in 1960, and the series remains in production to this day. Current models are the Warrior, Arrow and the Archer TX and LX. The Archer was discontinued in 2009, but with investment from new company ownership, the model was put back into production in 2010.
The PA - 28 series competes with the high - winged Cessna 172; and the similarly low - winged Grumman American AA - 5 series and Beechcraft Musketeer designs.
Piper has created variations within the Cherokee family by installing engines ranging from 140 to 300 hp (105 -- 220 kW), offering turbocharging, retractable landing gear, constant speed propeller, and stretching the fuselage to accommodate six people. The Piper PA - 32 (initially known as "Cherokee Six '') is a larger, six - seat variant of the PA - 28. The PA - 32R Saratoga variant was in production until 2009.
At the time of the Cherokee 's introduction, Piper 's primary single - engined, all - metal aircraft was the Piper PA - 24 Comanche, a larger, faster aircraft with retractable landing gear and a constant - speed propeller. Karl Bergey, Fred Weick and John Thorp designed the Cherokee as a less expensive alternative to the Comanche, with lower manufacturing and parts costs to compete with the Cessna 172, although some later Cherokees also featured retractable gear and constant - speed propellers.
The Cherokee and Comanche lines continued in parallel production, serving different market segments for over a decade, until Comanche production was ended in 1972, to be replaced by the Piper PA - 32R family.
The original Cherokees were the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 (PA - 28 - 150 and PA - 28 - 160), which started production in 1961 (unless otherwise mentioned, the model number always refers to horsepower).
In 1962, Piper added the Cherokee 180 (PA - 28 - 180) powered by a 180 - horsepower (134 - kW) Lycoming O - 360 engine. The extra power made it practical to fly with all four seats filled (depending on passenger weight and fuel loading), and the model remains popular on the used - airplane market. In 1968, the cockpit was modified to replace the "push - pull '' style engine throttle controls with quadrant levers. In addition, a third window was added to each side, giving the fuselage the more modern look seen in current production.
Piper continued to expand the line rapidly. In 1963, the company introduced the even more powerful Cherokee 235 (PA - 28 - 235), which competed favorably with the Cessna 182 Skylane for load - carrying capability. The Cherokee 235 featured a Lycoming O - 540 engine derated to 235 horsepower (175 kW) and a longer wing which would eventually be used for the Cherokee Six. It included tip tanks of 17 - gallon capacity each, bringing the total fuel capacity of the Cherokee 235 to 84 gallons. The aircraft had its fuselage stretched in 1973 giving much more leg room in the rear. The stabilator area was increased as well. In 1973 the marketing name was changed from "235 '' to "Charger ''. In 1974 it was changed again to "Pathfinder ''. Production of the Pathfinder continued until 1977. There was no 1978 model year. In 1979 the aircraft was given the Piper tapered wing and the name was changed again, this time to "Dakota ''.
In 1964, the company filled in the bottom end of the line with the Cherokee 140 (PA - 28 - 140), which was designed for training, and initially shipped with only two seats. The PA - 28 - 140 engine was slightly modified shortly after its introduction to produce 150 horsepower (112 kW), but kept the - 140 name.
In 1967, Piper introduced the PA - 28R - 180 Cherokee Arrow. This aircraft featured a constant - speed propeller, retractable landing gear and was powered by a 180 - horsepower (134 - kW) Lycoming IO - 360 - B1E engine. A 200 - hp (149 - kW) version powered by a Lycoming IO - 360 - C1C was offered as an option beginning in 1969 and designated the PA - 28R - 200; the 180 - hp model was dropped after 1971. At the time the Arrow was introduced, Piper removed the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 from production.
The Arrow II came out in 1972, featuring a five - inch fuselage stretch to increase legroom for the rear - seat passengers. In 1977, Piper introduced the Arrow III (PA - 28R - 201), which featured a semitapered wing and longer stabilator, a design feature that had previously been introduced successfully on the PA - 28 - 181 and provided better low - speed handling. It also featured larger fuel tanks, increasing capacity from 50 to 77 gallons.
The first turbocharged model, the PA - 28R - 201T was also offered in 1977, powered by a six - cylinder Continental TSIO - 360 - F engine equipped with a Rajay turbocharger. A three - bladed propeller was optional.
In 1979, the Arrow was restyled again as the PA - 28RT - 201 Arrow IV, featuring a "T '' tail that resembled the other aircraft in the Piper line at the time.
In 1971, Piper released a Cherokee 140 variant called the Cherokee Cruiser 2 + 2. Although the plane kept the 140 designation, it was, in fact, a 150 - hp plane, and was shipped mainly as a four - seat version. In 1973, the Cherokee 180 was named the Cherokee Challenger, and had its fuselage lengthened slightly and its wings widened, and the Cherokee 235 was named the Charger with similar airframe modifications. In 1974, Piper changed the marketing names of some of the Cherokee models again, renaming the Cruiser 2 + 2 (140) simply the Cruiser, the Challenger to the Archer (model PA - 28 - 181) and the Charger (235) to Pathfinder.
Piper reintroduced the Cherokee 150 in 1974, renaming it the Cherokee Warrior (PA - 28 - 151) and giving it the Archer 's stretched body and a new, semitapered wing.
In 1977, Piper stopped producing the Cruiser (140) and Pathfinder (235), but introduced a new 235 - hp (175 - kW) plane, the Dakota (PA - 28 - 236), based on the Cherokee 235, Charger, and Pathfinder models, but with the new semitapered wing.
The PA - 28 - 201T Turbo Dakota followed the introduction of the PA - 28 - 236 Dakota in 1979. The airframe was essentially the same as a fixed - gear Arrow III, and was powered by a turbocharged Continental TSIO - 360 - FB engine producing 200 hp (149 kW). The aircraft did not sell well, and production ended in 1980.
In 1978, Piper upgraded the Warrior to 160 hp (119 kW) PA - 28 - 161, changing its name to Cherokee Warrior II. This aircraft had slightly improved aerodynamic wheel fairings. Later models of the Warrior II, manufactured after July 1982, incorporated a gross weight increase to 2,440 pounds, giving a useful load over 900 pounds. This same aircraft, now available with a glass cockpit, was available as the Warrior III, and was marketed as a training aircraft.
In 1965, Piper developed the Piper Cherokee Six, designated the PA - 32, by stretching the PA - 28 design. It featured a lengthened fuselage and seating for one pilot and five passengers.
PA - 28s were built under license in Brazil as the Embraer EMB - 711A and EMB - 711C Corisco (PA - 28R - 200), EMB - 711B (PA - 28R - 201), EMB - 711T (PA - 28RT - 201) and EMB - 711ST Corisco Turbo (PA - 28RT - 201T) and the EMB - 712 Tupi (PA - 28 - 181). Argentinian production was carried out by Chincul SACAIFI of San Juan, Argentina. Chincul S.A. built 960 airplanes between 1972 and 1995, including the Cherokee Archer, Dakota, Arrow, and Turbo Arrow. The PA - 28 - 236 Dakota was also assembled under license by the Maintenance Wing of the Chilean Air Force (which later became known as ENAER). By September 1982, 20 Dakotas had been assembled in Chile.
The original Piper Aircraft company declared bankruptcy in 1991. In 1995, The New Piper Aircraft company was created. It was renamed Piper Aircraft once again in 2006. The company originally produced one variant, the 180 horsepower (134 kW) Archer LX (PA - 28 - 181), and began testing two diesel versions, with 135 and 155 hp.
As of 2017, 4 variants of the PA - 28 are in production:
Originally, all Cherokees had a constant - chord, rectangular planform wing, popularly called the "Hershey Bar '' wing because of its resemblance to the convex, rectangular chocolate bar.
Beginning with the Warrior in 1974, Piper switched to a semitapered wing with the NACA 652 - 415 profile and a 2 - foot - longer (0.61 m) wingspan. The constant chord is maintained from the root to mid-wing, at which point a tapered section sweeping backwards on the leading edge continues until the tip. Both Cherokee wing variants have an angled wing root; i.e., the wing leading edge is swept forward as it nears the fuselage body, rather than meeting the body at a perpendicular angle.
The documented takeoff distance, cruise speed, and landing distance of Cherokees of the same horsepower with different wing types is very similar and some of the differences that do exist in later taper - wing models can be attributed to better fairings and seals rather than the different wing design. The Hershey Bar wing design is not markedly inferior to the tapered design, and in some ways is quite advantageous. As Piper Cherokee designer John Thorp says: "Tapered wings tend to stall outboard, reducing aileron effectiveness and increasing the likelihood of a rolloff into a spin. ''
As Peter Garrison further explains: "To prevent tip stall, designers have resorted to providing the outboard portions of tapered wings with more cambered airfoil sections, drooped or enlarged leading edges, fixed or automatic leading edge slots or slats, and, most commonly, wing twist or "washout ''. The trouble with these fixes is that they all increase the drag, canceling whatever benefit the tapered wing was supposed to deliver in the first place. ''
For the Cherokee family, Piper used their traditional flight control configuration. The horizontal tail is a stabilator with an antiservo tab (sometimes termed an antibalance tab). The antiservo tab moves in the same direction of the stabilator movement, making pitch control "heavier '' as the stabilator moves out of the trimmed position. Flaps can extend up to 40 °, and 25 ° flaps are normally used for a short - or soft - field takeoff. The ailerons, flaps, stabilator, and stabilator trim are all controlled using cables and pulleys.
In the cockpit, all Cherokees use control yokes rather than sticks, together with rudder pedals. The pilot operates the flaps manually using a Johnson bar located between the front seats: for zero degrees the lever is flat against the floor and is pulled up to select the detent positions of 10 °, 25 ° and 40 °.
Older Cherokees use an overhead crank for stabilator trim (correctly called an antiservo tab), while later ones use a trim wheel on the floor between the front seats, immediately behind the flap bar.
All Cherokees have a brake lever under the pilot side of the instrument panel. Differential toe brakes on the rudder pedals were an optional add - on for earlier Cherokees, and became standard with later models.
Some earlier Cherokees used control knobs for the throttle, mixture, and propeller advance (where applicable), while later Cherokees use a collection of two or three control levers in a throttle quadrant.
Cherokees normally include a rudder trim knob, which actually controls a set of springs acting on the rudder pedals rather than an external trim tab on the rudder -- in other words, the surface is trimmed by control tension rather than aerodynamically.
The Cherokee series has been popular with private owners and flying clubs, with over 32,000 delivered.
Data from Piper Aircraft Owner 's Handbook
General characteristics
Performance
Avionics factory standard 1964, none
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when did the new 3ds xl come out | New Nintendo 3DS - Wikipedia
The New Nintendo 3DS is a handheld game console developed by Nintendo. It is the fourth system in the Nintendo 3DS family of handheld consoles, following the original Nintendo 3DS, the Nintendo 3DS XL, and the Nintendo 2DS. The system was released in Japan on October 11, 2014, in Australia and New Zealand on November 21, 2014, on January 6, 2015 in Europe in a special Club Nintendo - exclusive "Ambassador Edition '', and at retail in Europe on February 13, 2015. Like the original 3DS, the New Nintendo 3DS also has a larger variant, the New Nintendo 3DS XL, released in all three regions. In North America, the New Nintendo 3DS XL was released on February 13, 2015, while the standard - sized New Nintendo 3DS was released later on September 25, 2015.
Improvements upon the previous models include upgraded processors and increased RAM, an analog pointing stick (C - Stick), two additional shoulder triggers (ZR and ZL), face detection for optimizing the auto stereoscopic 3D display, an included 4 GB microSD card and built - in NFC, as well as minor design changes (such as colored face buttons, and the availability of face plates for the smaller - size model).
The New Nintendo 3DS received positive reviews from critics; although criticized for certain aspects of their design (such as the microSD slot placement), the consoles were praised for their improved performance, additional control options, and better 3D image quality. In the July 2017 lead - up to the release of the New Nintendo 2DS XL, Nintendo confirmed that production on the standard - sized New Nintendo 3DS in Japan had ended. The XL model remains in production.
The New Nintendo 3DS family features various changes from prior models. The systems feature a slightly refined design, featuring colored face buttons resembling the Super Famicom 's and PAL version Super Nintendo Entertainment System 's color scheme. The New Nintendo 3DS 's screen is 1.2 times the size of the original Nintendo 3DS, while the screen of the XL variant is the same size as its predecessor. Some models are produced with an IPS screen for the upper display, but some still retain the old TN screen for upper display. There is no known correlation between model number or production date and display type. Nintendo has also not publicly addressed the discrepancies in production. A new feature known as "Super Stable 3D '' improves the quality of the systems ' autostereoscopic 3D effects by using a sensor to detect the angle that the player is viewing the screen at, and adjusting the effects to compensate. The sensor is also used as an ambient light sensor for automatic brightness adjustment.
Both systems ' bodies are slightly larger than their previous iterations, with the XL variant weighing slightly less than the previous 3DS XL. The system 's game card slot, stylus holder, and power button were re-located to the base. The hardware wireless switch was also replaced by a software toggle. The standard New Nintendo 3DS features interchangeable front and back plates; 38 different designs were available at launch in Japan. The XL variant does not allow use of these plates, instead having a couple of fixed metallic designs.
The internal specifications of the device have also been updated, including additional processor cores, an increase to 256 MB of RAM, and near field communication support for use with Amiibo products. Controls on the new systems were expanded with the inclusion of a pointing stick on the right hand side of the device, referred to as the "C - Stick '', and additional ZL and ZR shoulder buttons, allowing for functionality equivalent to the Circle Pad Pro add - on peripheral released for previous models. These additional buttons are backwards - compatible with games programmed for use with Circle Pad Pro.
Unlike previous models, which used standard SD cards, the New Nintendo 3DS line uses Micro-SD cards for data storage, which are stored alongside the battery behind the device 's rear cover, which needs some screws to be removed in order to access the Micro-SD card slot. Data can also be transferred to and from the SD card wirelessly using any system with SMB client access, like PCs.
The new systems continue to use the same AC adapter as the DSi and other devices in the 3DS family; like the Nintendo 3DS XL in Japan and Europe, and for the first time in North America, an AC adapter is not included with the console and must be obtained separately.
Aside from minor adjustments to reflect its hardware design differences, the system software of the New Nintendo 3DS is otherwise identical to that of the original 3DS, offering online features such as Nintendo Network for multiplayer and online gaming, Nintendo eShop for downloading and purchasing games, and StreetPass and SpotPass. The web browser was updated to include HTML5 - based video playback support. On Japanese models, a content filter is active by default which can be disabled with the registration of a credit card, intended to prevent children from visiting mature websites.
As with prior models, the New Nintendo 3DS family remains compatible with all games released for the 3DS and DS (excluding games using the Game Boy Advance cartridge slot). Some 3DS games have improved performance and / or graphics on the new systems due to their upgraded hardware. The C - Stick and ZL / ZR controls are backwards compatible with games that support the Circle Pad Pro add - on. Some games, such as Xenoblade Chronicles 3D, are specifically optimized for the upgraded hardware, and exclusive to New Nintendo 3DS with no support for prior models. In March 2016, Nintendo began to release SNES titles on Virtual Console for New 3DS; they support a "Perfect Pixel '' mode, which allows the games to be played pillar boxed with square pixels rather than in their original 4: 3 proportions.
Like previous models, all 3DS games and downloaded software are region - locked (DS cartridges remain region - free). Due to its difference in size, peripherals designed to fit the shape of the original Nintendo 3DS can not be used with the new system. Game data can be transferred from a previous 3DS system to a new system, either manually or wireless, though data from new systems can not be transferred to older systems.
On April 13, 2015, Unity Technologies announced that the Unity engine would support New Nintendo 3DS.
The New Nintendo 3DS was first announced during a Japanese Nintendo Direct presentation streamed on August 29, 2014. The New Nintendo 3DS and 3DS LL were released in Japan on October 11, 2014; the regular - sized version was made available in black and white - colored versions, while the LL was made available in metallic blue and metallic black versions, with additional limited edition designs Over 38 different face plate designs were available on launch in Japan, which were showcased in a pre-launch television commercial that featured J - pop performer Kyary Pamyu Pamyu. 230,000 units were sold in its first two days of availability.
The New Nintendo 3DS and its XL variant were first released outside Japan -- in Australia and New Zealand, on November 21, 2014, with the smaller model only available in white. In Europe, the New Nintendo 3DS was first made available online on January 6, 2015 in a special white "Ambassador Edition '' bundle, exclusive to Club Nintendo members, with a charging dock and two face plates included.
On January 14, 2015, Nintendo announced that the new systems would be released at retail in North America and Europe on February 13, 2015. In Europe, the New Nintendo 3DS was available in black or white, and its XL variant in Metallic Black or Metallic Blue. In North America, the XL model was released in Metallic Red and Metallic Black (renamed "New Red '' and "New Black ''). Special The Legend of Zelda: Majora 's Mask 3D and Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate - themed variants were also released at launch in both regions. 335,000 units were sold during its first week of availability in Europe and North America.
Only the XL model was originally released in North America; although Nintendo did not rule out the possibility of a release of the regular New Nintendo 3DS in the future, Nintendo of America representative Damon Baker explained that they did not want to confuse consumers, and that the face plates were not enough of a reason for the smaller - sized system to be released in North America. A social media campaign emerged that called upon Nintendo of America to release the model in North America. In March 2015, the FCC lifted its information embargo regarding regulation details performed in September 2014 on the standard New Nintendo 3DS model, suggesting Nintendo of America did indeed consider releasing the smaller standard model at one point.
On August 31, 2015, at the GameStop Managers Conference in Las Vegas, Nintendo of America confirmed that the standard New 3DS system would launch in the region on September 25, 2015, with an Animal Crossing: Happy Home Designer - themed bundle including the console, game software, two faceplates, and an Amiibo card. A second The Legend of Zelda - themed XL bundle, the "Hyrule Edition '', was also announced as a GameStop exclusive for release on October 30, 2015.
In January 2016, a special Pokémon - themed New Nintendo 3DS bundle was announced for release in North America on February 27, 2016, to coincide with the 20th anniversary Virtual Console release of the original Pokémon games. The model is bundled with both Pokémon Red and Pokémon Blue, Charizard and Blastoise - themed faceplates, and a downloadable Home Menu skin.
In August 2016, a Super Mario 3D Land New 3DS bundle with two faceplates was released in North America as an exclusive to Target and Walmart. Nintendo released black - and white - colored New 3DS models with Mario - themed designs in North America in November 2016; for Black Friday, the two models were sold at US $99.99 -- a price only $20 higher than that of the 2DS.
In July 2017, Nintendo confirmed, in the lead - up to the release of the New Nintendo 2DS XL, that production on the standard - sized New Nintendo 3DS in Japan had ended. The XL model remains in production.
Reviews of the New Nintendo 3DS line were mostly positive. Critics felt the new "Super-Stable 3D '' system was successful in improving the consistency and viewing angles of the device 's stereoscopic 3D effects, especially in games that require use of its gyroscope. An IGN writer noted that "the constant swaying and occasional jolt of my morning train commute has only very occasionally shattered the new systems ' stereoscopic spell, and even then, the system quickly adjusts and snaps back into focus ''. The improved technical specifications of the new systems were also noted, making the device 's operating system more responsive and providing modest performance enhancements for existing games such as Monster Hunter 4 Ultimate.
The incorporation of the Circle Pad Pro 's additional shoulder buttons and secondary analog stick into the devices were praised, along with their potential for use in ports of games from home consoles. Opinions were mixed on the design of the C - Stick itself, however; GameSpot felt it was "surprisingly responsive '' and IGN drew comparisons to the similar pointing stick sometimes found on ThinkPad laptops, but felt that while good for occasional functions (such as camera control and aiming in third - person games), it would not function well for more intense use cases (such as first - person shooters) due to its size and lack of grip in comparison to the Circle Pad.
Aspects of the devices ' designs were noted; IGN felt that the face plate options on the regular - sized models added a level of personalization to the console, but that "(while) face plates will take off with younger gamers in particular, these accessories could just as easily end up in the bargain bin faster than you can say Limited Edition Perfect Dark Zero Xbox 360 face plate. '' Nintendo 's decision to exclude this feature from the XL version was also considered odd. Wired felt that the new locations for the power button, card slot, and stylus holder were "inconvenient ''. Critics also felt the switch to MicroSD cards and the relocation of the SD card slot to the battery compartment would make manually transferring data from previous 3DS models trickier; GameSpot lamented on the difficulty of unscrewing the rear cover off the XL, citing "stubborn screws and a panel that practically refuses to detach ''. Nintendo 's decision to not bundle an AC adapter with the new models was criticized, particularly in the case of first - time 3DS owners.
GameSpot felt that the New Nintendo 3DS XL was "the best handheld Nintendo 's ever made '', and recommended it to first - time 3DS owners. In regards to existing 3DS owners, the new systems were recommended to those showing interest in its exclusives or wanting a better overall experience. Giving the console an 8.8 out of 10, IGN concluded that "the additional controls and increased processing power set the system up nicely for the future, and if you 're late to the 3DS party, you 've got a back catalogue that features not just some of the best handheld games in recent years, but some of the best games full stop. ''
As of December 31, 2016, the New Nintendo 3DS and New Nintendo 3DS XL have shipped 9.94 million units worldwide.
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