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under the article of confederation each states power in congress was based on | Articles of Confederation - wikipedia
The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution. It was approved, after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777), by the Second Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, and sent to the states for ratification. The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states. The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament.
The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states, with an extremely limited central government. While unratified, the document was used by the Congress to conduct business, direct the American Revolutionary War, conduct diplomacy with foreign nations, and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations. The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government, because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing. That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress, since its organization remained the same.
As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states, delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so. As the government 's weaknesses became apparent, especially after Shays ' Rebellion, individuals began asking for changes to the Articles. Their hope was to create a stronger national government. Initially, some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems. However, as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles, a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the Constitutional Convention. It was quickly realized that changes would not work, and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced. On March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the President), courts, and taxing powers.
The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken, particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown. With civil disobedience resulting in coercive, and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament, and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection, any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence.
It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution, even though other nations did not. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued fiat money, created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments.
To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation, the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776, Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the "custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "(t) he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations. ''
Beyond improving their existing association, the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776, Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration, a Model Treaty, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs.
On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states. The committee met repeatedly, and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776. There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty, the exact powers to be given the confederate government, whether to have a judiciary, and voting procedures. The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777, after a year of debate. In practice, the Articles were in use beginning in 1777; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress ("the United States in Congress assembled '') until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1, 1781; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the United States government. It was made capable of making war and peace, negotiating diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and deciding disputes between the states, including their additional and contested western territories. Article XIII stipulated that "their provisions shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and "the Union shall be perpetual ''.
John Dickinson 's and Benjamin Franklin 's handwritten drafts of the Articles of Confederation are housed at the National Archives in Washington, DC.
The Articles were created by delegates from the states in the Second Continental Congress out of a need to have "a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom, sovereignty, and independence of the United States. '' After the war, nationalists, especially those who had been active in the Continental Army, complained that the Articles were too weak for an effective government. There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived.
In 1788, with the approval of Congress, the Articles were replaced by the United States Constitution and the new government began operations in 1789.
Congress began to move for ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1777:
Permit us, then, earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate attention of the legislatures of the respective states. Let them be candidly reviewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one system the various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and independent communities, under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting all our councils and all our strength, to maintain and defend our common liberties...
The document could not become officially effective until it was ratified by all 13 states. The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16, 1777; the thirteenth state to ratify was Maryland on February 2, 1781. A ceremonial confirmation of this thirteenth, final ratification took place in the Congress on March 1, 1781, at high noon. Twelve states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process. Maryland, however, refused to go along until the landed states, especially Virginia, had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union. It would be two years before the Maryland legislature became satisfied that they would follow through, and voted to ratify. The various states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates:
The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble, thirteen articles, a conclusion, and a signatory section. The preamble declares that the states "agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union. '' What follows here summarizes the purpose and content of each of the thirteen articles.
While still at war with Britain, the revolution 's leaders were divided between forming a national government with powers either strong and centralized (the "federalists ''), or strictly limited (the "anti federalists ''). The Continental Congress compromised by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government, with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states. It empowered Congress to regulate military and monetary affairs, for example, but provided no mechanism to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, or even food.
The Treaty of Paris (1783), which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for months because several state representatives failed to attend sessions of the national legislature to ratify it. Yet Congress had no power to enforce attendance. In September 1783, George Washington complained that Congress was paralyzed. Many revolutionaries had gone to their respective home countries after the war, and local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory.
The Articles supported the Congressional direction of the Continental Army, and allowed the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers. As a tool to build a centralized war - making government, they were largely a failure: Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote:
George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government. The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states. Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers, but could not force anyone to supply them, and the army nearly starved in several winters of war.
The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84. General Henry Knox, who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union. Knox wrote:
The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign... It is a favorite toast in the army, "A hoop to the barrel '' or "Cement to the Union ''.
As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution. ''
Once the war had been won, the Continental Army was largely disbanded. A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783, George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy, but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily.
The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms.
Even after peace had been achieved in 1783, the weakness of the Confederation government frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1789, Thomas Jefferson, concerned over the failure to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates, wrote to James Monroe, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth. The states must see the rod. ''
Furthermore, the Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain in 1789 also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty -- which was never ratified due to its immense unpopularity -- the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains. Finally, due to the Confederation 's military weakness, it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris (1783) was superseded by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 under the new U.S. Constitution.
Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government 's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions, but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures.
Congress was denied any powers of taxation: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to John Jay, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions. '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity. '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith. '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them.
Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts and others did not. Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention.
Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact. The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government, set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for public use. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and provided the basis for the rest of American continental expansion through the 19th Century.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River. Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township (36 square miles), the section (one square mile), and the quarter section (160 acres). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire). Then, when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims, organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. While it did n't happen under the articles, the land north of the Ohio River and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, eventually became the states of: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states.
No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec (referred to as "Canada '' in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit Frankland (later modified to Franklin), Kentucky, and Vermont to the Union were considered, but none were approved.
The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation, but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced. There was no president and no national court. Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control.
By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786 -- 87, Shays ' Rebellion, an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system, threatened the stability of state government.
The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental ''. Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone.
When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports.
By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.
The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor. Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists, won Washington 's endorsement, and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis.
The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress. On November 28, the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned, and the cover letter, dated November 17, had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson, who were the President and Secretary to the Congress.
The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification.
On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it, and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified. New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland could not, since their states had not ratified. North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent.
After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778.
The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims.
On February 2, 1781, the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis. As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session, "among engrossed Bills '' was "signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next. '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.
Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time.
The signers and the states they represented were:
Connecticut
Delaware
Georgia
Maryland
Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
South Carolina
Virginia
Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the Continental Association, the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.
Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.
John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution).
The following list is of those who led the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation as the Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled. Under the Articles, the president was the presiding officer of Congress, chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the successor President of the United States is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress.
For a full list of Presidents of the Congress Assembled and Presidents under the two Continental Congresses before the Articles, see President of the Continental Congress.
Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive.
Preamble through Article V, ¶ 1
Article V, ¶ 2 through Article VI
Article VII through Article IX, ¶ 2
Article IX, ¶ 2 through ¶ 5
Article IX, ¶ 5 through Article XIII, ¶ 2
Article XIII, ¶ 2 through signatures
On January 21, 1786, the Virginia Legislature, following James Madison 's recommendation, invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis, Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict. At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention, the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a "Grand Convention. '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, the representatives held secret, closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment, while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships. Historian Forrest McDonald, using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39, describes the change this way:
The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new American system was neither one nor the other; it was a mixture of both.
In May 1786, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts.
Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry, George Mason, and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution:
Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the "consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution. They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a "splendid empire '' that, in the time - honored way of empires, would oppress the people with taxes, conscription, and military campaigns. Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people, Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people.
Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines.
Rakove (1988) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace. '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power.
When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state, '' much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government.
Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation, John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges. ''
According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously:
(T) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State.
On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity:
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion. In 1788, James Madison remarked (in Federalist No. 40) that the issue had become moot: "As this objection... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation. '' Nevertheless, it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground. At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply. Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding.
Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule ''. In contrast, law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it.
On July 3, 1788, the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation '' only, but not "under the Constitution ''.
By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October. On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end. On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital.
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when do we need to revisit bcp plan and strategy | Business continuity planning - wikipedia
Business continuity planning (or business continuity and resiliency planning) is the process of creating systems of prevention and recovery to deal with potential threats to a company.
Any event that could negatively impact operations is included in the plan, such as supply chain interruption, loss of or damage to critical infrastructure (major machinery or computing / network resource). As such, BCP is a subset of risk management. In the US, government entities refer to the process as continuity of operations planning (COOP). A Business Continuity Plan outlines a range of disaster scenarios and the steps the business will take in any particular scenario to return to regular trade. BCP 's are written ahead of time and can also include precautions to be put in place. Usually created with the input of key staff as well as stakeholders, a BCP is a set of contingencies to minimize potential harm to businesses during adverse scenarios.
In December 2006, the British Standards Institution (BSI) released an independent standard for BCP -- BS 25999 - 1. Prior to the introduction of BS 25999, BCP professionals relied on information security standard BS 7799, which only peripherally addressed BCP to improve an organization 's information security procedures. BS 25999 's applicability extends to all organizations. In 2007, the BSI published BS 25999 - 2 "Specification for Business Continuity Management '', which specifies requirements for implementing, operating and improving a documented business continuity management system (BCMS).
Business continuity management is standardized across the UK by British Standards (BS) through BS 25999 - 2: 2007 and BS 25999 - 1: 2006. BS 25999 - 2: 2007 business continuity management is the British Standard for business continuity management across all organizations. This includes industry and its sectors. The standard provides a best practice framework to minimize disruption during unexpected events that could bring business to a standstill. The document gives a practical plan to deal with most eventualities -- from extreme weather conditions to terrorism, IT system failure, and staff sickness.
This document was released in July 2014 by the British standard BS EN ISO 22301: 2014, the current standard for business continuity planning.
In 2004, following crises in the preceding years, the UK government passed the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (The Act). This provides the legislation for civil protection in the UK: Businesses need to have continuity planning measures in place in order to survive and continue to thrive whilst working towards keeping the incident as minimal as possible.
The Act was separated into two parts: Part 1 focuses on local arrangements for civil protection, establishing a statutory framework of roles and responsibilities for local responders. Part 2 focused on emergency powers, establishing a modern framework for the use of special legislative measures that might be necessary to deal with the effects of the most serious emergency.
The analysis phase consists of impact analysis, threat analysis and impact scenarios.
A Business impact analysis (BIA) differentiates critical (urgent) and non-critical (non-urgent) organization functions / activities. Critical functions are those whose disruption is regarded as unacceptable. Perceptions of acceptability are affected by the cost of recovery solutions. A function may also be considered critical if dictated by law. For each critical (in scope) function, two values are then assigned:
The recovery point objective must ensure that the maximum tolerable data loss for each activity is not exceeded. The recovery time objective must ensure that the Maximum Tolerable Period of Disruption (MTPoD) for each activity is not exceeded.
Next, the impact analysis results in the recovery requirements for each critical function. Recovery requirements consist of the following information:
After defining recovery requirements, each potential threat may require unique recovery steps. Common threats include:
The impact of an epidemic can be regarded as purely human, and may be alleviated with technical and business solutions. However, if people behind these plans are affected by the disease, then the process can stumble.
During the 2002 -- 2003 SARS outbreak, some organizations grouped staff into separate teams, and rotated the teams between primary and secondary work sites, with a rotation frequency equal to the incubation period of the disease. The organizations also banned face - to - face intergroup contact during business and non-business hours. The split increased resiliency against the threat of quarantine measures if one person in a team was exposed to the disease.
After identifying the applicable threats, impact scenarios are considered to support the development of a business recovery plan. Business continuity testing plans may document scenarios for each identified threats and impact scenarios. More localized impact scenarios -- for example loss of a specific floor in a building -- may also be documented. The BC plans should reflect the requirements to recover the business in the widest possible damage. The risk assessment should cater to developing impact scenarios that are applicable to the business or the premises it operates. For example, it might not be logical to consider tsunami in the region of Mideast since the likelihood of such a threat is negligible.
After the analysis phase, business and technical recovery requirements precede the solutions phase. Asset inventories allow for quick identification of deployable resources. For an office - based, IT - intensive business, the plan requirements may cover desks, human resources, applications, data, manual workarounds, computers and peripherals. Other business environments, such as production, distribution, warehousing etc. will need to cover these elements, but likely have additional issues.
The robustness of an emergency management plan is dependent on how much money an organization or business can place into the plan. The organization must balance realistic feasibility with the need to properly prepare. In general, every $1 put into an emergency management plan will prevent $7 of loss.
The solution design phase identifies the most cost - effective disaster recovery solution that meets two main requirements from the impact analysis stage.
For IT purposes, this is commonly expressed as the minimum application and data requirements and the time in which the minimum application and application data must be available.
Outside the IT domain, preservation of hard copy information, such as contracts, skilled staff or restoration of embedded technology in a process plant must be considered. This phase overlaps with disaster recovery planning methodology. The solution phase determines:
The implementation phase involves policy changes, material acquisitions, staffing and testing.
The purpose of testing is to achieve organizational acceptance that the solution satisfies the recovery requirements. Plans may fail to meet expectations due to insufficient or inaccurate recovery requirements, solution design flaws or solution implementation errors. Testing may include:
At minimum, testing is conducted on a biannual schedule.
The 2008 book Exercising for Excellence, published by The British Standards Institution identified three types of exercises that can be employed when testing business continuity plans.
Tabletop exercises typically involve a small number of people and concentrates on a specific aspect of a BCP. They can easily accommodate complete teams from a specific area of a business.
Another form involves a single representative from each of several teams. Typically, participants work through simple scenario and then discuss specific aspects of the plan. For example, a fire is discovered out of working hours.
The exercise consumes only a few hours and is often split into two or three sessions, each concentrating on a different theme.
A medium exercise is conducted within a "Virtual World '' and brings together several departments, teams or disciplines. It typically concentrates on multiple BCP aspects, prompting interaction between teams. The scope of a medium exercise can range from a few teams from one organisation co-located in one building to multiple teams operating across dispersed locations. The environment needs to be as realistic as practicable and team sizes should reflect a realistic situation. Realism may extend to simulated news broadcasts and websites.
A medium exercise typically lasts a few hours, though they can extend over several days. They typically involve a "Scenario Cell '' that adds pre-scripted "surprises '' throughout the exercise.
A complex exercise aims to have as few boundaries as possible. It incorporates all the aspects of a medium exercise. The exercise remains within a virtual world, but maximum realism is essential. This might include no - notice activation, actual evacuation and actual invocation of a disaster recovery site.
While start and stop times are pre-agreed, the actual duration might be unknown if events are allowed to run their course.
Biannual or annual maintenance cycle maintenance of a BCP manual is broken down into three periodic activities.
Issues found during the testing phase often must be reintroduced to the analysis phase.
The BCP manual must evolve with the organization. Activating the call tree verifies the notification plan 's efficiency as well as contact data accuracy. Like most business procedures, business continuity planning has its own jargon. Organisation - wide understanding of business continuity jargon is vital and glossaries are available. Types of organisational changes that should be identified and updated in the manual include:
Specialized technical resources must be maintained. Checks include:
As work processes change, previous recovery procedures may no longer be suitable. Checks include:
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when nominating a justice to the supreme court presidents | Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia
The appointment and confirmation of Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States involves several steps set forth by the United States Constitution, which have been further refined and developed by decades of tradition. Candidates are nominated by the President of the United States and must face a series of hearings in which both the nominee and other witnesses make statements and answer questions before the Senate Judiciary Committee, which can vote to send the nomination to the full United States Senate. Confirmation by the Senate allows the President to formally appoint the candidate to the court.
Senate cloture rules historically required a two - thirds affirmative vote to advance nominations to a vote; this was changed to a three - fifths supermajority in 1975. In November 2013, the then - Democratic Senate majority eliminated the filibuster for executive branch nominees and judicial nominees except for Supreme Court nominees by invoking the so called nuclear option. In April 2017, the Republican Senate majority applied the nuclear option to Supreme Court nominations as well, enabling the nominations of Trump nominees Neil Gorsuch and Brett Kavanaugh to proceed to a vote.
Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and, with Senate confirmation, requires Justices to be appointed. This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders, who wrote:
he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint... Judges of the supreme Court...
Upon the election of a new President, incoming White House staff prepare profiles of possible candidates for the Supreme Court, considering not only judges but also politicians and other individuals whom they consider appropriate for the role. Besides considering national figures whose views are well - known, they consider others who are less recognized. They go through published rulings, articles, speeches, and other background material to get an idea of candidates ' values and views on constitutional issues. Age, health, race, gender, education, and likelihood of confirmation are also factored into considerations. Once a Supreme Court vacancy opens, the President discusses the candidates with advisors. Senators also call the President with suggestions. In turn, the White House lobbies key senators for their votes. After a first choice is decided, the candidate is contacted and called on by the President to serve on the highest court. Staffers send a vetting form for the candidate to fill out. They visit the candidate to go over tax records and payments to domestic help. A formal FBI background check is conducted. Candidates whom the President has never met are interviewed by White House officials before being sent to the White House to be interviewed in person by the President. After making a final decision, the President calls the candidate, who is told to prepare a statement for an appearance in front of the national press for the President 's formal announcement. The nominee then meets with senators and prepares for confirmation hearings.
Most Presidents nominate individuals who broadly share their ideological views. In many cases, however, a Justice 's decisions may be contrary to what the nominating President anticipated. A famous instance was Chief Justice Earl Warren; President Dwight D. Eisenhower expected him to be a conservative judge, but his decisions are arguably among the most liberal in the Court 's history. Eisenhower later called the appointment "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made ''. Another Justice whose decisions ran contrary to what was believed to be his ideology was David Souter, who was nominated to the high court in 1990 by President George H.W. Bush. Many pundits and politicians at the time expected Souter to be a conservative; however, after becoming a Justice, his opinions generally fell on the liberal side of the political spectrum.
Because the Constitution does not set any qualifications for service as a Justice, the President may nominate any individual to serve on the Court. However, that person must receive the confirmation of the Senate.
In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from special - interest groups, many of which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee, depending on whether the nominee 's track record aligns with the group 's views. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings, questioning nominees to determine their suitability. By convention, nominees avoid revealing too much about their views on potential cases that may come before the Court. At the close of confirmation hearings, the Committee votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report.
The Committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent, beginning with Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925. Some western senators were concerned with his links to Wall Street and expressed their opposition when Stone was nominated. Stone proposed what was then the novelty of appearing before the Judiciary Committee to answer questions; his testimony helped secure a confirmation vote with very little opposition. The second nominee to appear before the Committee was Felix Frankfurter, who only addressed (at the Committee 's request) what he considered to be slanderous allegations against him. The modern practice of the Committee questioning nominees on their judicial views began with the nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in 1955; the nomination came shortly after the Court handed down the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision, and several Southern senators attempted to block Harlan 's confirmation, hence the decision to testify.
Once the Committee reports out the nomination, the whole Senate considers it. A simple majority vote is required to confirm or to reject a nominee. Prior to 2017, a successful filibuster threat could add the requirement of a supermajority of 60 needed in favor of cloture, which would allow debate to end and force a final vote on confirmation. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees in its history. The most recent rejection of a nominee by vote of the full Senate came in 1987, when the Senate refused to confirm Robert Bork.
Not everyone nominated by the President has received a floor vote in the Senate. Prior to 2017 a nominee could be filibustered once debate on the nomination had begun in the full Senate. A filibuster indefinitely prolongs the debate, preventing a final vote on the nominee. President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics. President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat left vacant by Antonin Scalia 's death was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, however, only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican leadership 's prior refusal to take up Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy. The Republican majority then changed the rules to eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations.
Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 before Committee hearings had begun, citing concerns about Senate requests during her confirmation process for access to internal Executive Branch documents resulting from her position as White House Counsel. In 1987, President Ronald Reagan withdrew the nomination of Douglas H. Ginsburg because of news reports containing marijuana use allegations.
The Senate may also fail to act on the nomination, which expires at the end of the session. For example, President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, the Senate failed to act on President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland in March 2016 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Antonin Scalia; the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was later filled by President Donald J. Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch.
Before 1981 the approval process of Justices was usually rapid. From the Truman through Nixon administrations, Justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, however, the process has taken much longer. According to the Congressional Research Service, the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months). Some believe this is because Congress sees Justices as playing a more political role than in the past. The perceived politicization of the process has drawn criticism. For example, columnist George F. Will termed the defeat of Robert Bork 's nomination "unjust '' and, more generally, that the nomination process does "not delve deeply into the nominee 's jurisprudential thinking. '' Supreme Court nominations have caused media speculation about whether the judge leans to the left, middle, or right. One indication of the politicized selection process is how much time each nominee spends being questioned under the glare of media coverage; before 1925, nominees were never questioned; after 1955, every nominee has been required to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee and answer questions; and the hours spent being grilled have lengthened from single digits (before 1980) to double digits today.
Following is a table of the approximate number of hours that media sources estimate were spent on the questioning of Supreme Court nominees since 1925:
Once the Senate confirms the nomination by an affirmative vote, the Secretary of the Senate attests to a resolution of confirmation and transmits it to the White House. The President then prepares and signs a commission, and causes the Seal of the United States Department of Justice to be affixed to the document before the new Justice can take office. The date of commission determines a Justice 's seniority. A ceremony is held in which the Justice must take the Constitutional Oath, which is used for every federal and state officeholder below the President, and the Judicial Oath used for federal judges before entering into the execution of their office.
Article II, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution provides that:
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Thus, when the Senate is in recess, the President may make a temporary appointment to any office requiring Senate approval, including filling vacancies on the Supreme Court, without the Senate 's advice and consent. Such a recess appointee to the Supreme Court holds office only until the end of the next Senate session (always less than two years). To continue to serve thereafter and be compensated for his or her service, the nominee must be formally nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Of the ten Justices who have received recess appointments - two Chief Justices and eight Associate Justices - only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed for a regular appointment. No president since Dwight Eisenhower (who made three such appointments) has made a recess appointment to the Supreme Court and the practice has become highly controversial even when applied to lower federal courts. During the 110th Congress, the Democratic leadership of the Senate specifically blocked Republican President George W. Bush from making any recess appointments with the use of pro forma sessions.
In 1960 the Senate passed a resolution stating that it was the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court should not be made except under unusual circumstances. Being a resolution, it has no legally binding effect, but was intended as an expression of the position of the Senate and as a guide to executive actions. The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines.
Following is a list of recess appointments that have been made to the Supreme Court:
The ability of a president to appoint new justices depends on the occurrence of a vacancy on the Court. In practice, such vacancies normally occur as the result of an incumbent justices ' death, resignation, or retirement.
The Constitution provides that justices "shall hold their offices during good behavior '', which is understood to mean that confirmed justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, until death. Justices may also resign or retire from their offices, and any of these circumstances results in a vacancy which must be filled. Because justices have indefinite tenure, the timing of future vacancies is unpredictable. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession: in September 1971, associate justices Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II both retired, producing two vacancies which were filled in January 1972 by Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist, respectively. On the other hand, sometimes several years pass between consecutive vacancies. In August 1994, Harry Blackmun 's retirement created a vacancy which was filled by Stephen Breyer. No further vacancy would occur on the Court until September 2005 when Rehnquist, since promoted to chief justice, died. This vacancy was filled by current chief justice John Roberts.
Less commonly, though with historical precedent, vacancies may occur as a result of Congress changing the size of the Court. Because the Constitution does not specify the Court 's size, it was left to Congress to determine the matter through law, and a small number of statutes have legally changed the size of the Court throughout its history. Changing the Court 's size can have the effect of changing the seats on the Court; a newly created seat brings with it a vacancy which must be filled by an initial officeholder. The original Judiciary Act of 1789 called for six justices, vacancies promptly filled by the appointments of George Washington, resulting in the Court 's first complete composition. An 1801 act called for the Court to be reduced to five justices upon its next vacancy, but was swiftly obviated by an 1802 act which restored the Court 's legal size to six before any such vacancy occurred. In 1807, the Court 's size was increased to seven, creating one new vacancy filled by Thomas Todd. Again in 1837, the Court 's size was increased to nine, the two new vacancies being filled by John Catron and John McKinley. An 1863 act increased the Court 's size to ten, the vacancy being filled by Stephen Johnson Field. Although an 1866 act provided that the Court 's size would be thinned from ten to seven through attrition (and which did result in the elimination of two seats while in effect), a final 1869 act interrupted the plan set forth in 1866: the Court 's size shall be nine, the legally prescribed full strength which has stood ever since. Consequently, one final seat was created and filled by Joseph Bradley.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937, seeking to appoint an additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years and 6 months and refused retirement; under Roosevelt 's proposal, such appointments would continue until the Court reached a maximum size of 15 justices. Ostensibly, the proposal was made to ease the burdens of the docket on the elderly justices, but Roosevelt 's actual purpose was to pack the Court with justices who would support New Deal policies and legislation. This plan, usually called the "Court - packing Plan '', failed in Congress and proved a political disaster for Roosevelt. The balance of the Court shifted with the retirement of Willis Van Devanter and the confirmation of Hugo Black in August 1937. By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven Supreme Court justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to chief justice.
It is constitutionally possible for a justice to be removed from office through Congressional impeachment by the House and conviction by the Senate, another possible situation creating a vacancy. Only one justice -- Samuel Chase, late 1804 - early 1805 -- has ever been impeached; however, Chase was acquitted by the Senate, and thus not removed from office. Removal of a justice through an impeachment process has therefore never taken place. Less substantial efforts towards impeachment of a sitting justice, not reaching a House vote, have occurred more recently: William O. Douglas was twice the subject of hearings, first in 1953 and again in 1970. No mechanism presently exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, both unable to resign and unable to resume service.
Despite the unpredictability of vacancies, most presidents have successfully appointed at least one justice. The four exceptions are William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Andrew Johnson, and Jimmy Carter. Harrison died a month after taking office, though his successor John Tyler made an appointment during that presidential term. Taylor likewise died early in his term, although his successor Millard Fillmore also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Johnson was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by the 1866 act which reduced the Court 's size, mentioned above. Jimmy Carter is the only president who completed one full term in office without making a nomination to the Court during his presidency.
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who does the voice of phineas on phineas and ferb | List of Phineas and Ferb characters - wikipedia
The following is a character list of main and secondary characters on the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb.
Phineas Flynn (voiced by Vincent Martella) Like other characters, he has red hair. His age is not mentioned. Phineas, along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher, star in the A-Plot of every episode. The series concerns Phineas 's attempts to avoid boredom by finding something new to do every day of the summer vacation. He does this with his less - talkative stepbrother Ferb, and often with many other neighborhood children. He is known to be very selfless and energetic. Phineas has many catch phrases like "Oh, there you are, Perry '' or "Hey, Ferb! I know what we 're going to do today! '' and "Hey, where 's Perry? ''.
Phineas comes from a blended family. The creators chose this arrangement because they considered it underused in children 's programming as well as from Marsh 's experiences in one. As a character, Phineas has received a positive critical response, with one reviewer describing him and his brother as a "comical pairing. '' Phineas appears in Phineas and Ferb merchandise, including plush toys, t - shirts, and a video game.
Ferb Fletcher (voiced by Thomas Sangster) is a boy of few words, Phineas 's green - haired, intelligent but laconic stepbrother from the United Kingdom and created by Phineas and Ferb co-founders Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy '' Marsh. He first appeared in the show 's pilot episode, "Rollercoaster. ''
Ferb and his stepbrother Phineas Flynn spend their days during their summer vacation having fun. They are featured in every episode 's A-Plot constructing large scale inventions or taking part in other outlandish activities. Ferb, an engineering genius, allows Phineas to do most of the talking for the pair and is described as "more of a man of action, '' by Phineas, which makes him more of a plot device than a developed character. Ferb is more likely to sing than speak, but most often has a one - liner in the episodes. Ferb is named after a friend of the show 's creators who was an expert on tools and, at times, stayed rather silent.
Candace Flynn (voiced by Ashley Tisdale) is Phineas 's fifteen - year - old older sister and Ferb 's stepsister. She first appeared in the pilot episode. Candace does not approve of the inventions her brothers create then she hates their creations, and in most episodes she attempts to "bust her brothers '' by showing their mom. Her best friend is Stacy Hirano; Candace also has an obvious crush on Jeremy Johnson, but for a long time she was oblivious to the fact he liked her back. As a character, she has received a positive critical acclaim, having appeared in other media such as video games.
Perry the Platypus (vocal effects by Dee Bradley Baker), a.k.a. Agent P, is Phineas and Ferb 's pet platypus and first appeared along with a large portion of the main cast in the pilot episode "Rollercoaster. '' Perry is featured as the star of the B - Plot for all but one episode of the series alongside his arch - nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz. In the end, he pretends to destroy Phineas and Ferb 's creations. He is a primarily silent character, with the only noises being the occasional rattling of his bill.
In Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more evil and ruthless) version of Perry (known as Platyborg) appears. Platyborg would later return in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.
Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Dan Povenmire) is a mad scientist appearing in all but one episode 's B - Plots thus far. He is the father to teenage Vanessa Doofenshmirtz and is the head of his own company, Doofenshmirtz Evil Inc. Depending on the episode, Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's main goal is to either destroy or rule the Tri-State Area which was suggested to him as a starting point before trying to take over the world. Routinely bumbling, incompetent, and forgetful, almost all of Doofenshmirtz 's plans -- always involving various gadgets and inventions -- have been thwarted by Perry the Platypus. However, a few of his schemes were quite successful, such as in the 2014 special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer when Doofenshmirtz moved the Earth away from its original orbit to bring on an early autumn, much to Perry 's distress. After most defeats, he shouts his catchphrase, "Curse you, Perry the Platypus! ''
His contraptions are almost all named "(something) - inator '', and in "Unfair Science Fair '' it is revealed that his first invention as a child was simply called "Inator ''.
Throughout the series, Doofenshmirtz 's flashbacks (which are often shown after Perry has been captured) explore his mentally abusive and lonely childhood growing up in the fictional village Gimmelshtump, Druelselstein. Before becoming an evil scientist, Doofenshmirtz was a bratwurst vendor until being put out of business by the hot dog industry. Doofenshmirtz usually monologues and displays acts of cartoon - style physical violence towards his nemesis Perry, a skilled anthropomorphic platypus secret agent. His last name is frequently abbreviated to "Doof ''. Doofenshmirtz appears in several merchandise pieces, particularly the book series, and the video game.
In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, an alternate reality (yet more intelligent and successful) version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz appears, with the regular Doctor Doofenshmirtz serving as a supporting character. 2nd Doofenshmirtz later returns in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.
Baljeet Tjinder (voiced by Maulik Pancholy) is Phineas ' and Ferb 's friend and neighbor. He wears blue overalls, despite being in grade school. A shy, intellectual, and polite boy who moved to Danville from India, he often helps the boys with their ideas and displays his knowledge of algebra and trivia. He also has a compulsive need to get good grades.
Carl the Intern (Tyler Alexander Mann) is Major Monogram 's young unpaid intern of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) in charge of video taping Monogram when he is being interviewed and talking to Agent P. He is a bit careless, wears glasses, and sometimes forgets to focus the camera correctly.
The Fireside Girls are a group of ten girl scout - like girls led by Isabella in troop 46231. Isabella and the other Fireside Girls usually help Phineas and Ferb in their projects which, in turn, are at times created to help the Fireside Girls with a humanitarian cause.
Other members of the troop:
Lawrence Fletcher (voiced by Richard O'Brien) is the father of Ferb and stepfather of Phineas and Candace. Lawrence sells antiques, is from the United Kingdom and is portrayed like a sitcom dad as being scatterbrained and unaware of what is going on. He often agrees to follow Phineas 's instructions and even forces Candace to cooperate as if he considers Phineas and Ferb 's skills normal. Unlike the boys ' mother, he has seen some of the boys ' inventions; he has not reacted negatively, and apparently believes that their mother approves. His precise surname is a matter of some dispute; in at least one episode, Isabella addresses him as "Mr. Flynn ''. Jeff "Swampy '' Marsh has said that Lawrence Fletcher is very similar to his stepfather, Bill.
Linda Flynn - Fletcher (voiced by Caroline Rhea) is the mother of Phineas and Candace and stepmother of Ferb. Unaware of the large - scale projects that Phineas and Ferb create on a daily basis, Candace often drags her away from other interests in an attempt to get the boys in trouble. Each creation is somehow destroyed or eliminated moments before "Mom '' arrives, leaving Candace dumbfounded and Linda reluctant to believe Candace. Linda was also a one - hit wonder known as "Lindana '' with her song, "I 'm Lindana and I Wanna Have Fun ''. That fact possibly makes her, as a singer, a parody of Cyndi Lauper, because of Lauper 's hit Girls Just Want to Have Fun, and because both of them were famous singers in the 1980s (Linda fictionally). Her single is used as elevator music throughout the series. Her surname is not consistent throughout the series; in at least one episode, Candace refers to her as "Linda Flynn ''. She is based on Dan Povenmire 's sister, also named Linda. She also used to date Dr. Doofenshmirtz during their mid-teens and that she was the one who inspired him to take over the Tri-State Area as a starting point for worldwide domination when he sarcastically stated that he would rule the world.
Isabella Garcia - Shapiro (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is a Jewish Mexican girl. She is one of the brothers ' best friends and has an obvious crush on Phineas Flynn of which he is unaware, though he has shown he cares for her from time to time. She is known for the catchphrase, "Whatcha doin '? '' and is the leader of the Fireside Girls troop 46231. The troop often helps Phineas and Ferb in their projects. She is named after series creator Dan Povenmire 's oldest daughter.
Stacy Hirano (voiced by Kelly Hu) is Candace 's best friend. She is of Japanese heritage. Stacy is shown to be annoyed by Candace 's constant attempts to bust Phineas and Ferb, and would prefer to just have fun with the inventions; she also occasionally gets annoyed with Candace 's gushing about her relationship with Jeremy. During the episode "Happy Birthday, Isabella '', she finds out about Perry 's secret Identity but does n't lose her memories afterwards.
Jeremy Johnson (voiced by Mitchel Musso) is Candace Flynn 's crush and later boyfriend. His age is sixteen, a year older than Candace. He works at Mr. Slushy Burger (sometimes named Mr. Slushy Dawg). In "Summer Belongs to You, '' it was confirmed that he and Candace had become boyfriend and girlfriend; toward the end of the episode, they kissed. He also has a band called "The Incidentals. ''
Major Francis Monogram (voiced by Jeff "Swampy '' Marsh) is one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Perry the Platypus ' boss. He usually appears in a Nehru jacket on a giant screen giving Perry instructions for his next mission to stop Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz 's endless attempts to take over the Tri-State Area. His uniform prominently features the initials "MM. '' He has a monobrow and wears a toupée. Sometimes, he is shown to have a lack of details about what Doofenshmirtz is up to, and orders Perry to go stop it as usual. Just like Doofenshmirtz, he has appeared in every episode of the series to date except, "Isabella and the Temple of Sap. ''
Buford van Stomm (voiced by Bobby Gaylor) is frequently referred to as a bully, but he rarely hurts anyone on - screen. He is portrayed as a nice person with a tough guy attitude more often than as a bully. Phineas believes that Buford only bullies out of boredom thus Phineas often invites him to keep his mind occupied. He is thought not to get along with Baljeet, but in most episodes it is shown that they share a friendly bond. In one episode, Buford and Baljeet sing a song where they describe each other as "Frenemies '' and "my least favorite brother ''.
Vanessa Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Olivia Olson) is Heinz and Charlene Doofenshmirtz 's teenage daughter. She is sarcastic, mild - mannered, cynical, and dresses in a goth style. Vanessa is aware that her father is an evil scientist and knows about her father 's nemesis Perry the Platypus. She is often exasperated by her father whenever he tries to establish a "father - daughter '' bond between them as he does n't really understand her interests or refuses to acknowledge that she is growing up and often assumes that she is also interested in "evil. '' She often tries to convince her mom that her dad is an "evil scientist '' but, much like Candace, ultimately always fails when she does appear trying to catch him in the act, much to her dismay. She does, however, occasionally show appreciation for what he does for her, as he is clearly devoted to her (he once taught her how to drive and traveled halfway around the world after she got lost). Also, despite denying it so many times, Vanessa admits that she may be a little evil, as she once helped her father escape from custody by posing her hairdryer as a pistol to fool Major Monogram and Perry into releasing Doofenshmirtz, as shown in the special Phineas and Ferb: Summer Belongs to You!. Although Ferb has a crush on her, she remains oblivious to his affections as she already had a punk (not visigoth) boyfriend named "Johnny. '', whom she later broke up with in the episode "Minor Monogram ''. She is in a relationship with Monty Monogram, the son of Major Monogram; however "Act Your Age '' depicts her becoming involved with Ferb ten years down the line.
In addition to this, Vanessa makes a cameo appearance in the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension '', along with an alternative reality version of herself (2nd Vanessa), though their scenes were deleted. 2nd Vanessa returned in the episode sequel, Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension.
Vivian Garcia - Shapiro (voiced by Eileen Galindo), or simply "Viv, '' is Isabella 's mother and lives across the street from Phineas and Ferb. She is a Jewish Mexican, one of Linda 's best friends, and plays upright bass in a jazz band with Linda Flynn and Jeremy 's mom. She is known for talking very fast and often making useless comments such as, "Oh, Candace, look how tall you 've gotten. '' despite seeing Candace only a week earlier.
Jenny Brown (voiced by Alyson Stoner) is Candace 's second best friend and a hippie. She wears a peace symbol necklace and says that she hopes for world peace.
Pinky (vocals by Dee Bradley Baker) is Isabella 's pet chihuahua. Much like Perry the Platypus, Pinky also lives a double - life as a secret agent for the O.W.C.A. under the codename, "Agent Pinky '' in a division run by a commander named Wanda, a.k.a. Admiral Acronym. Pinky 's nemesis is Professor Poofenplotz. Although he does not like dog food, Pinky will eat just about anything -- especially his favorite; grilled cheese sandwiches, and even inedible objects, having once swallowed Isabella 's Fireside Girl sash. Pinky always shakes as an ongoing joke about the behavior of Chihuahuas. He first appeared in the episode, "Journey to the Center of Candace. ''
Norm (voiced by John Viener) is a giant robot man created by Dr. Doofenshmirtz to destroy Perry the Platypus. Introduced in "Greece Lightning, '' he is a giant robotic mild - mannered businessman who often says, "The enemy of platypus is man. '' Norm has appeared in other episodes. For instance, in the episode, "Traffic Cam Caper, '' Perry borrows Norm as a ride to steal the traffic cam disk, for it has evidence that Perry is a secret agent. He was once a part of the O.W.C.A. but was fired because he was not an animal. Later in the series, he is depicted as Doofenshmirtz 's sidekick and servant who makes frequent mistakes such as cooking eggs with the shells on or serving Doof chocolate cake for breakfast, though always staying cheery. In the episode "A Real Boy '', Norm reveals that he has always wanted to be a human boy and considers Doofenshmirtz his father and Vanessa his sister.
In the 2011 TV film, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, a group of alternate reality (yet more menacing and successful) versions of Norm (known as Norm - Bots) appear, with the regular Norm making a cameo.
Charlene Doofenshmirtz (voiced by Allison Janney) is the former wife of Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz and shares custody of their daughter, Vanessa. Unaware of Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's "evil '' side, and in fact saying she does not believe someone can ever be truly evil, she divorced him due to a lack of common interests and having different life - goals. She is very wealthy and gives her ex-husband a large allowance each month. She is sometimes called by Vanessa who tries to "bust '' her father but to no avail. Charlene and Linda Flynn - Fletcher have been paired up in a cooking class owned by Chef Pierre and in "I Scream, You Scream '' were distracted by both Candace and Vanessa at the same time. Despite being divorced with Doof, she still goes to Doofenshmirtz family reunions claiming that she "kept the name, '' as seen in "Thaddeus and Thor. ''
However, in the episode "Tales From the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension '' (the episode sequel to the 2011 TV film, "Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension ''), it is shown that there is an alternate reality version of Charlene Doofenshmirtz. It turns out that 2nd Charlene is still married to 2nd Doof and actually shares much of his evil personality, and that their divorce was just a ruse to gain financial advantages during 2nd Doof 's reign (such as receiving coupon mail, putting up junk yard sales, and going on separate vacation trips).
Suzy Johnson (voiced by Kari Wahlgren), known as Little Suzy Johnson, is Jeremy 's little sister. She has a high - pitched squeaky voice and appears very sweet and innocent. However, she is actually very spoiled and manipulative and very possessive over Jeremy, once telling Candace, "There is only one girl in Jeremy 's life '' and thus will do anything to keep Candace away from her brother.
Grandpa Clyde Flynn and Grandma Betty Jo Flynn (voiced by Barry Bostwick and Caroline Rhea respectively) are Linda 's parents, Phineas and Candace 's maternal grandparents, Lawrence 's - in - laws, and Ferb 's step - grandparents. Every summer, they invite the family along with many neighborhood kids to a lakehouse which Phineas calls, "Camp P&F ''. Though they are old, they often participate in the kids ' capers. Grandpa Clyde, like Phineas and Ferb, has a great sense of mechanics, as seen in "Crack That Whip! '' Betty Jo is also shown in the same episode to have a fierce rivalry with Edna Hildagard, Jeremy and Suzy 's grandmother.
Grandma Winifred Fletcher and Grandpa Reginald Fletcher (voiced by Malcolm McDowell and Jane Carr) are Lawrence 's parents, Ferb 's paternal grandparents, Phineas and Candace 's step grandparents, and Linda Flynn Fletcher 's in laws who reside in the United Kingdom. Reginald used to be a daredevil known as the Flying Fishmonger the anthem.
Roger Doofenshmirtz (voiced by John O'Hurley) is mayor of Danville and Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz 's younger brother. Heinz often states angrily that Roger is their mother 's favorite son. In "Tree to Get Ready '' Roger states that he is, "the most handsome and charming man in the Tri-State area. ''
Irving Du Bois (voiced by Jack McBrayer) is Phineas ' and Ferb 's self - proclaimed biggest fan. He always carries a scrapbook that he filled with images and souvenirs from Phineas and Ferb 's big ideas as well as a strand of Ferb 's hair. Irving has an older brother Albert, who is self - nicknamed ' The Truth Detector. '
Django Brown (voiced by Alec Holden) is a friend of Phineas and Ferb. Django is the son of the artist Beppo Brown from "Oil on Candace, '' who is famous for his work in making giant creations, from refrigerators to dental floss. He is named after co-creator's Jeff "Swampy '' Marsh son, Django Marsh, who voices minor characters on the show.
Admiral Wanda Acronym (voiced by Jane Leeves) is the one of the heads of the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) Department and Pinky the Chihuahua ' boss. Just like Major Monogram, she usually appears on a giant screen giving Pinky instructions for his next mission to stop Professor Poofenplotz 's endless attempts to take over the world.
Also, just like Monogram (who has an unpaid intern named Carl), Adrimal Acronym has her own unpaid intern named Carla, who bears some resemblances to Carl.
Carla (voiced by Jennifer Hale) is one of the interns working for the O.W.C.A.. She bears some resemblances to Carl (possible could be her brother or cousin), as her boss Admiral Acronym stated that she comes from an ' entire family of unpaid interns '. She usually gives in the intelligence of whatever plans that Poofenplotz is up to.
Professor Esmeralda Poofenplotz (voiced by Amanda Plummer) is an old mad scientist and the nemesis of Agent Pinky, Isabella 's pet Chihuahua. She is known for her silly attempts for worldwide domination. Her known schemes so far involve replacing handbags, stealing royal jelly, and searching for strong hairspray (her favorite is "Stiff Beauty '' hairspray, which originally was only used by clowns). Needless to say, because of her somewhat arrogant personality, Poofenplotz has failed to know about the flaws of her schemes. And because of that, it has allowed Pinky to defeat her in return, leaving an humiliated Poofenplotz to yell out, "Curse you, Pinky the Chihuahua! '', similar to how Heinz Doofenshmirtz says whenever his plans get foiled by Perry the Platypus.
Love Händel is a rock band idolized by many in the Danville Tri-State Area, first seen the episode, "Dude, We 're Gettin ' the Band Back Together! '' Lawrence Fletcher and Linda Flynn shared their first kiss at a Love Händel concert. Shortly afterward, plagued by infighting caused by the pressures of a dwindling fanbase, Love Händel split up. Lead Singer Danny (voiced by Jaret Reddick) became the owner of Danny 's Music Shop. Bass Player Bobbi Fabulous (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) became the owner of Bobbi 's Fashion Salon and Linda 's hairdresser. Sherman "Swampy '' (voiced by Steve Zahn) ended up working at the Danville Public Library, believing he had lost his sense of rhythm. Eventually all three members are convinced to reunite for a concert in the Flynn / Fletcher 's backyard, in which they sing their hit song, "You Snuck Your Way Right into My Heart. '' Love Handel occasionally reappears in other episodes and in the movie where they sing their songs.
Monty Monogram (voiced by Seth Green) is Major Monogram 's son and has been working in O.W.C.A. since "Minor Monogram ''. Vanessa Doofenshmirtz seems to become interested in him after she broke up with Johnny, and it is possible that he is slightly interested in her too because he winks at her before leaving. They have coffee together in "Sipping with the Enemy '', at which point they apparently begin to date one another. In "Minor Monogram '' he has recently graduated from the "High School Without a Cool Acronym '' (H.S.W.C.A.) and he really wants to fight evil following his dad 's footsteps. Due to the rivalry between his father and Dr. Doofenshmirtz, he and Vanessa try to keep it secret from the two of them, aided by Perry and Carl (though the latter briefly blackmailed Monty in hopes of getting his help in earning Major Monogram 's approval). In the special Phineas and Ferb Save Summer, Monty played a major role as he attempts to help rescue all of the captured agents and defeat the villains of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. in their plan to take over the world by sending it into a new Ice Age.
Dr. Hirano (voiced by Ming - Na Wen) is Stacy and Ginger 's mother. She removed Isabella 's tonsils in, "I Scream, You Scream. '' She is often referred to through conversations between Candace and Stacy where Candace gratifies, "Stacy, you 're a genius! '' and Stacy replies, "Could you call my mom and tell her that? ''
Aloyse Everheart Elizabeth Otto Wolfgang Hypatia Gunther Galen Gary Cooper von Roddenstein (voiced by Joe Orrantia), or Rodney for short, is a bald evil scientist and a member of the villain organization L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N.. He serves as the main rival to Dr. Doofenshmirtz, believing him to a disappointment because of his constant failures. Throughout most of his appearances, Rodney attempts to best out on Doofenshmirtz to show that he 's a better villain, only to fail so many times (either due to Doofenshmirtz 's antics or Perry 's intervention). Similar to Doofenshmirtz, Rodney usually makes his own inventions and ends them with the suffix ' - inizor '. He also has his own robot apprentice named Chloe, whom Norm fell in love with. He also has a son named Orville, who usually helps him create his - inizors.
Rodney would later go on to appear in the 2014 episode special, "Phineas and Ferb Save Summer '', where he learns that Doofenshmirtz has actually succeeded in moving the Earth away from the Sun to an early autumn with his latest - inator. Taking the opportunity to exploit this, Rodney leads L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. into revealing themselves to the world and capturing all of O.W.C.A. 's agents. He even creates an - inizor (which is just ten times the size and strength of Doof 's - inator) that will send the Earth into a new Ice Age if the world refuse to meet all of L.O.V.E.M.U.F.F.I.N. 's demands. However, in the end, Doofenshmirtz (who is completely disgusted by Rodney 's true goal for worldwide domination) manages to defeat Rodney, who then gets arrested by Monty Monogram and taken into O.W.C.A. custody.
Professor Parenthesis (voiced by Paul Reubens) is an evil scientist serving in the 2015 standalone special, O.W.C.A. Files. He has claimed to have known Major Monogram during biology class 30 years ago (even announcing several names of their old classmates). In the special, Parenthesis plots to take over O.W.C.A. by using robotic fleas to take control of all of its animal agents, so that he can unleash them to wreak havoc around the world in order to smear O.W.C.A. 's good name. During the climax, he is revealed to be a tiny talking flea controlling a human android, as he plans to capture Perry (who is among the few agents not be infested with the robotic fleas) while finalizing his control over the agents to become permanent. However, Perry 's team of trainees (including Doofenshmirtz, who has given up evil at that time) set up a trap against Parenthesis, destroy his robotic fleas to free the agents, and confine Parenthesis inside a pill bottle as punishment for his crimes.
There are several characters that reappear as recurring joke such as farmer and wife. The wife always tells her husband "I ca n't believe you (blank) without getting a (blank) '' and then it falls from the sky and sometimes hits her. For example, in the episode, "Leave the Busting to Us '', the wife says, "I ca n't believe you bought a bunny farm but forgot to buy any bunnies! Did you really think the bunnies would fall from the sky? '' A pack of rabbits then falls from the sky and hits her. Then in the end credits scene from said episode, the wife yells at her husband, "I ca n't believe you sold our lucrative bunny farm and bought a van rental place! And you did n't buy a single van! '' She hears a van falling over her and says, "Not one word, '' just before the van crashes and injures her (the screen blacks out the impact).
Another minor character is the Giant Floating Baby Head. In an interview, Dan Povenmire stated that the head had originated from a storyboard panel that writer Mike Diederich had drawn which director Rob Hughes found hilarious enough to create an entire bit around. It first appears in "One Good Scare Ought to Do It! '' and has since appeared in several other episode.
Dr. Doofenshmirtz 's mother (Cloris Leachman) has appeared. She refers to Roger being her favorite child and often ignores Heinz. Albert (voiced by Diedrich Bader), Irving 's Brother has appeared in "Not Phineas and Ferb '', "The Doof Side of the Moon '', and "Nerds of a Feather ''.
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when does celebrity big brother us come on | Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series) - wikipedia
Celebrity Big Brother, also known as Big Brother: Celebrity Edition, is a spin - off series of the American reality television series Big Brother. This season aired during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season on CBS and was the second U.S. Big Brother season to air outside the usual summer television season, the first being Big Brother 9 in 2008. Julie Chen returned as host, with Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan returning as executive producers. The season was produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America. The season premiered on February 7, 2018.
The promotional logo was released on December 20, 2017. The logo is similar to that used for Big Brother season 19, with the word "celebrity '' added. The first teaser was also released the same day. In January 2018 official photos of the house and backyard were released through a press release and an Instagram livestream with Julie Chen. On January 28, 2018, the official cast was announced during The 60th Annual Grammy Awards.
The season officially concluded on February 25, 2018 when Marissa Jaret Winokur beat Ross Mathews by a final jury vote of 6 to 3. Ross was also later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest.
After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4, the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief. The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season. Due to the success of the first celebrity edition, a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002. The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005, and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version. Starting with the third season, the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities. Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother. American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom.
An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002, along with a celebrity version of Survivor. In an interview, Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2. It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest. Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part, but then backed out. Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin - off of Big Brother called Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008, where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day, set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room.
Julie Chen announced on September 7, 2017, during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during the winter, before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018. CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season, and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers. The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America.
On September 13, 2017, it was revealed by Chen that her husband, CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves, forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen. Moonves stated, "You should n't be expected to be paid as if it 's a full series. It 's a condensed version. ''
The format of the show remained similar to the American version of Big Brother. Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto had been confirmed to returned for this edition along with live evictions. On December 1, 2017, CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7, 2018 and wrap on February 25, 2018.
Celebrity Big Brother was a condensed version of the game and would not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother, with episodes only shown over two weeks instead of three months. Unlike the parent series Jury members were not sequestered separately and were allowed to return to the outside world as well as watch the show. Beginning with an incident that led to a lawsuit in Big Brother 2 when HouseGuest Justin Sebik got drunk and threatened fellow HouseGuest Krista Stegall by holding a knife to her throat and stating "Wait, hang on, I 'm going to slash your throat. Would you get mad if I killed you now? '' there has been an alcohol restriction in the house. The alcohol restriction was lifted for the Celebrity HouseGuests. For the celebrity version of America 's Favorite HouseGuest the term Favorite Celebrity HouseGuest was also being used interchangeably. For the first time since the beginning of the U.S. series, five players were featured in the season 's finale night versus the usual three.
The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017 -- 18 network television season. CBS decided to schedule the spin - off during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC 's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics. Episodes aired on Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday, February 8 and Saturday, February 24. All episodes aired for one hour and aired from 8: 00 - 9: 00 p.m. EST; the Friday episodes and the season finale, however, ran for two hours each (from 8: 00 - 10: 00 p.m. EST). The live Internet feeds returned for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access. Alongside the weekly shows on CBS, the companion series Big Brother: After Dark returned on Pop under the title Celebrity Big Brother: After Dark. The show provided live coverage nightly from inside the House.
The series was screened in Canada on Global in simulcast with CBS.
The celebrity series is also the first American Big Brother season to be screened in Australia.. The program aired on the Nine Network 's secondary channel; 9Go! from the 11th of February and air 5 times a week (Sundays to Thursdays) with Sunday and Thursday episodes set to air at 8: 30pm and with other episodes set to air at 9: 30pm. Additionally, episodes were made available to Australian viewers on Nine 's streaming service 9Now the shortly after the American airing of the show. However, low ratings saw the series bumped to a later timeslot on 9Go!
The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000.
The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28, 2018.
The eleven celebrities enter the new Celebrity Big Brother House after being sequestered from the public for a week. Prior to the first Head of Household competition Julie Chen informed the HouseGuests she was holding an envelope with a random number inside, all HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number between 1 through 11 and the HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity for the week. Omarosa was standing on the number five which was the winning number and was safe from being nominated for eviction this week.
During the competition several past Big Brother HouseGuests perform a Broadway - style musical number where Marissa is the first to fall off her trophy. James and Shannon become the last two in the competition after everyone else drops. Shannon wins the Head of Household competition after James falls off his trophy. Julie instructs the HouseGuests to grab a "celebrity gift bag '' before going back inside the House and not to open them. She also informs them that one bag contains a special power allowing the holder to "recast '' the role of Head of Household with someone else.
Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests competed in the Power of Veto ceremony. The competitors were the HoH, the two nominees, Ariadna, Shannon and Mark.
On Day 10 by a vote of 7 - 1 with Omarosa voting to evict James, Chuck was the first one evicted from the house.
Following the eviction the HouseGuests compete in the next Head of Household competition.
During the competition Omarosa had a asthma attack and was hospitalized. The next day HouseGuests were informed of her hospitalization and it was announced that she would be returning to the house prior to the nomination ceremony. Following her return to the house on Day 11, Ross nominated Keshia and Omarosa for eviction.
Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a live veto competition, live veto ceremony and live eviction.
On Day 13 by a unanimous vote of 7 - 0 Keshia was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second jury member.
Following the eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition
On Day 14 Ariadna nominated James and Shannon for eviction.
Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in the Power of Veto ceremony the competitors were the HoH, the two nominees, Ross, Omarosa, and Brandi
On Day 16, Ariadna named Mark as a replacement nominee. On Day 17, by a vote of 5 - 1, Shannon was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury.
On Day 18 Omarosa nominated Ross and Brandi for eviction.
Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a special Power of Veto competition. For this Power of Veto America was allowed to vote between the Diamond Veto, Spotlight Veto, and the VIP Veto. America voted for the VIP Veto which allows the winner to use the veto once, twice, or not at all. If the winning HouseGuest chooses to use the Power of Veto to save one of the nominees they are also able to save the replacement nominee or the other nominee if they choose. The competitors in the competition were Brandi, Mark, Marissa, Metta, Omarosa, and Ross.
On Day 20 Ross used the VIP Veto to remove himself from the block. Omarosa then named Metta as the replacement nominee and Ross chose not to use the veto a second time. On Day 20 by a unanimous vote of 5 - 0, Metta was evicted from the house and became the fourth member of the jury.
Following Metta 's eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition
Mark nominated Brandi and Ariadna for eviction.
Following the HoH competition the HouseGuests competed in the next Power of Veto competition.
Mark named Marissa as the replacement nominee. Following the Power of Veto ceremony Julie informed the HouseGuests of the double eviction. On Day 24 by a vote of 3 - 1 Brandi was evicted from the house and became the fifth member of the jury. Following Brandi eviction the HouseGuests participated in the next Head of Household competition.
Omarosa nominated Marissa and Ross for eviction. Due to there only being six HouseGuests all HouseGuests were able to compete in the Power of Veto competition.
Omarosa named James as the replacement nominee. On Day 24 by a vote of 2 - 1 James was evicted from the house and became the sixth member of the jury.
Following James ' eviction from the house the final five HouseGuests had time to think back on their time in the Big Brother house.
Following the HoH competition Ross nominated Ariadna and Omarosa for eviction.
Ross chose not to use the veto effectively keeping his nominations the same. On Day 26 by a unanimous vote of 2 - 0 Omarosa was evicted from the house becoming the seventh member of the jury.
On Day 26 Marissa chose to take Ross to the final two evicting Ariadna and Mark who became the eighth, ninth, and final two members of the jury. Following this, the jurors had a chance to ask questions to the final two. The Jury then voted one by one on who they think should win the game. Marissa became the first winner of Celebrity Big Brother receiving $250,000 making Ross the runner - up who received $50,000. Ross was later named America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received an additional $25,000.
Coordinates: 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778; - 118.3890861
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who sang the song take a walk on the wild side | Walk on the Wild Side (Lou Reed song) - wikipedia
"Walk on the Wild Side '' is a song by Lou Reed from his second solo album, Transformer (1972). It was produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson, and released as a double A-side with "Perfect Day ''. The song received wide radio coverage, despite its touching on taboo topics such as transsexuality, drugs, male prostitution, and oral sex. In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex.
The lyrics, describing a series of individuals and their journeys to New York City, refer to several of the regular "superstars '' at Andy Warhol 's New York studio, the Factory, namely Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, Joe Dallesandro, Jackie Curtis and Joe Campbell (referred to in the song by his nickname Sugar Plum Fairy). Candy Darling was also the subject of Reed 's earlier song for The Velvet Underground, "Candy Says ''.
Two decades after the song 's release, Reed told interviewer David Fricke, "I know my obituary has already been written. And it starts out, ' ' Doot, di - doot, di - doot... ''
The baritone saxophone solo played over the fadeout of the song is performed by Ronnie Ross, who had taught David Bowie to play the saxophone during Bowie 's childhood.
The backing vocals are sung by Thunderthighs, a vocal group that included Dari Lalou, Karen Friedman, and Casey Synge.
The upright bass and bass guitar are both played by Herbie Flowers who was paid a £ 17 flat fee (equivalent to £ 200 in 2015).
Like many of Reed 's songs, "Walk on the Wild Side '' is based on a plagal cadence, alternating from C to F. The F is played as a sixth chord. The pre-chorus introduces the major second, D Major, although in some live performances this was changed to D minor, resulting in a completely diatonic song.
The song is also noted for its twin interlocking bass lines played by Herbie Flowers on double bass and overdubbed on a stacked knob 1960 Fender Jazz Bass. In an interview on BBC Radio 4 (Playing Second Fiddle, aired July 2005), Flowers claimed that the reason he came up with the twin bass line was that as a session musician he would be paid double for playing two instruments on the same track, thus likely totalling his pay to £ 34 (equivalent to £ 400 in 2015).
In the 2001 documentary Classic Albums: Lou Reed: Transformer, Reed says that it was Nelson Algren 's 1956 novel, A Walk on the Wild Side, that was the launching point for the song, even though, as it grew, the song became inhabited by characters from his own life. As with several other Reed songs from the 1970s, the title may also be an allusion to an earlier song, in this case Mack David and Elmer Bernstein 's song of the same name, the Academy Award - nominated title song of the 1962 film based on Algren 's novel. During his performance of the song on his 1978 Live: Take No Prisoners album, Reed humorously explains the song 's development from a request that he write the music for the never - completed musical version of Algren 's novel.
Each verse refers to one of the "superstars '' at Andy Warhol 's New York studio, The Factory.
The lyrics were groundbreaking and risqué for their time, telling stories not usually told in rock songs up to then, and containing references to prostitution, transsexuals, and oral sex. "I always thought it would be kinda fun to introduce people to characters they maybe had n't met before, or had n't wanted to meet, '' Reed said. The original release was a worldwide hit.
In the United States, RCA released the single using an edited version of the song without the reference to oral sex. In the UK, the reference slipped past the censors, who were apparently unfamiliar with the term "giving head ''. The term "colored girls '' was also an issue in the US; RCA provided radio stations with a version in which it was edited out.
The single peaked at # 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts in early 1973. After the announcement of Reed 's death in October 2013, both the song and the Transformer album re-charted via iTunes.
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where do the 538 electoral votes come from | Electoral College (United states) - wikipedia
The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the indirect election of the president and vice president of the United States. Citizens vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of "electors '' who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate.
The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president. In each state and the District of Columbia, electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December. The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January. Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices; the new terms for those offices then begin.
Each state chooses electors, equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives. There are a total of 538 electors, corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators, plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment. The Constitution bars any federal official, elected or appointed, from being an elector. The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College. Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen, the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide, except in four elections: 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. In 1824, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so the true national popular vote is uncertain; the electors failed to select a winning candidate, so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives.
All states except California (before 1913), Maine, and Nebraska have chosen electors on a "winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s. Under the winner - take - all system, the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state, thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election. Maine and Nebraska use the "congressional district method, '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote. Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge, there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge, and never once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election.
If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president, with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote. If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president, with each of the 100 senators having one vote.
The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions, as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first. The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president. Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election. However, a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president, recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress (the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise), but chosen by each state "in such manner as its Legislature may direct. '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change; among others, there were fears of "intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly, as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress. However, once the Electoral College had been decided on, several delegates (Mason, Butler, Morris, Wilson, and Madison) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal, corruption, intrigue, and faction. Some delegates, including James Wilson and James Madison, preferred popular election of the executive. Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal, it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South:
There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people. The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes. The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections.
The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal, with minor modifications, on September 6, 1787. Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut, New Jersey, and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states. At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates, the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections.
In The Federalist Papers, James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution. In Federalist No. 39, Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government. Congress would have two houses: the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives. Meanwhile, the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes.
Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College. The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only, and for that time only. This avoided a party - run legislature, or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election. Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states, so no corruption in any state could taint "the great body of the people '' in their selection. The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College, as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government. Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public. Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector, none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate.
Another consideration was the decision would be made without "tumult and disorder, '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably, not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated. If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority, then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates, ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character. Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified, but with a talent for "low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity, '' attaining high office.
Additionally, in the Federalist No. 10, James Madison argued against "an interested and overbearing majority '' and the "mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system. He defined a faction as "a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. '' What was then called republican government (i.e., federalism, as opposed to direct democracy), with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers, would countervail against factions. Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic, the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism.
Although the United States Constitution refers to "Electors '' and "electors, '' neither the phrase "Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively. It was not until the early 19th century the name "Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president. The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4, in the section heading and in the text as "college of electors. ''
Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution states:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
Article II, Section 1, Clause 4 of the Constitution states:
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing (sic) the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
Article II, Section 1, Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president. Under the original plan, the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president.
The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution:
According to the text of Article II, however, each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors, and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors. Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below.
The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800. In 1796, Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election. Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson, the Federalists ' opponent, who became the vice president. This resulted in the president and vice president not being of the same political party.
In 1800 the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president. After the election, Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes but tied one another with 73 votes each. Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president, every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president, despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice. Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards, the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision.
Having already lost the presidential contest, Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition and attempted to elect Burr over Jefferson. The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House (the votes of nine states were needed for an election). Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot, but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson.
Responding to the problems from those elections, the Congress proposed the Twelfth Amendment in 1803 -- prescribing electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president -- to replace the system outlined in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3. By June 1804, the states had ratified the amendment in time for the 1804 election.
Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen: "A small number of persons, selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated (tasks). '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district. That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s. For example, in Massachusetts in 1820, the rule stated "the people shall vote by ballot, on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district. '' In other words, the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot, instead they voted for their local elector, whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president.
Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a "general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate. So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents, independent thinkers, or deliberative representatives. They became "voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities. '' Once one state took that strategy, the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election.
When James Madison and Hamilton, two of the most important architects of the Electoral College, saw this strategy being taken by some states, they protested strongly. Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution. According to Hamilton, the selection of the president should be "made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station (of president). '' According to Hamilton, the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one. He also used the term "deliberate. '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no "analysis '' or "deliberate '' concerning the candidates. Madison agreed entirely, saying that when the Constitution was written, all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a "general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept. Madison wrote to George Hay,
The district mode was mostly, if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted; & was exchanged for the general ticket (many years later).
The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president.
Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan: "the election of Presidential Electors by districts, is an amendment very proper to be brought forward, '' Madison told George Hay in 1823. Hamilton went further. He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors.
In 1789, at - large popular vote, the winner - take - all method, began with Pennsylvania and Maryland; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote, and in the five other states participating in the election (Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina), state legislatures chose. By 1800, Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large, Kentucky, Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district, and eleven states voted by state legislature. Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote.
States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country. By 1832, only South Carolina used the state legislature, and it abandoned the method after 1860. States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country. By 1832 there was only Maryland, and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century, though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only.
Since 1836, statewide, winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice. As of 2016, Maine (from 1972) and Nebraska (from 1996) use the district plan, with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote.
Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote. The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote. This amendment refers to "the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, '' among other elections, the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote.
On May 8, 1866, during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment, Thaddeus Stevens, the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives, delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent. Regarding Section 2, he said:
The second section I consider the most important in the article. It fixes the basis of representation in Congress. If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise, or abridge that right, she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion. The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government, both legislative and executive.
Federal law (2 U.S.C. § 6) implements Section 2 's mandate.
For 1789, the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation (Continental) Congress. For 1792 through 1884, the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239, Section 2. For 1889 through 1933, the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373, Section 1. For 1936 to the present, the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673, now codified as United States Code: Title 3, Section 7 (3 USC 7).
Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials, media organizations, and the Federal Election Commission, the people only indirectly elect the president, as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president. The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College, which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington, D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis, as determined by the laws of each state. Since the election of 1824, most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis, based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day. Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions, as both states use the congressional district method. Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates (who run on a ticket), voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president. These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices. Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee, but some "faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting.
A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes (currently 270) to win the presidency or the vice presidency. If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president, the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment. In such a situation, the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president, while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president.
A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress. The number of representatives is based on the respective populations, determined every 10 years by the United States Census. Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons.
Under the Twenty - third Amendment, Washington, D.C., is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state, but no more electors than the least populous state. The least populous state (which is Wyoming, according to the 2010 census) has three electors; thus, D.C. can not have more than three electors. Even if D.C. were a state, its population would entitle it to only three electors; based on its population per electoral vote, D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation, after Wyoming.
Currently, there is a total of 538 electors, there being 435 representatives and 100 senators, plus the three electors allocated to Washington, D.C. The six states with the most electors are California (55), Texas (38), New York (29), Florida (29), Illinois (20), and Pennsylvania (20). The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming -- have three electors each. This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators.
Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day. In some states, the electors are nominated by voters in primaries, the same way other presidential candidates are nominated. In some states, such as Oklahoma, Virginia and North Carolina, electors are nominated in party conventions. In Pennsylvania, the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates (an attempt to discourage faithless electors). Varying by state, electors may also be elected by state legislatures, or appointed by the parties themselves.
Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen, but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office, either elected or appointed, from being an elector. Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office, and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so, is disqualified from being an elector. However, the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House.
Since the Civil War, all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote. This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states: Rhode Island, Tennessee, Louisiana, Arizona, Idaho, Oklahoma, North Dakota and South Dakota.
The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections, called the Election Day. In 48 states and Washington, D.C., the "winner - takes - all method '' is used (electors selected as a single bloc). Maine and Nebraska use the "congressional district method '', selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote. This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996.
The current system of choosing electors is called the "short ballot ''. In most states, voters choose a slate of electors, and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors. In some states, if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president, the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors.
After the election, each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment, each listing the candidates for president and vice president, their pledged electors, and the total votes each candidacy received. One certificate is sent, as soon after Election Day as practicable, to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal, and the signature of the Governor (in the case of the District of Columbia, the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia.)
The Electoral College never meets as one body. Electors meet in their respective state capitals (electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December, at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president.
Although procedures in each state vary slightly, the electors generally follow a similar series of steps, and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow. The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment. This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes. The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing. The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting, sometimes also with a vice chairman. The electors sometimes choose a secretary, often not himself an elector, to take the minutes of the meeting. In many states, political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings.
When the time for balloting arrives, the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers. Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes (the candidate for president of the political party of the electors). Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president. In New Jersey, the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card; in North Carolina, the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card. The tellers count the ballots and announce the result. The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president, which follows a similar pattern.
Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote. Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote. Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president. The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion:
A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress. The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes. Alabama through Missouri (including the District of Columbia) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box. Before 1950, the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications, but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed, sometimes requiring states to correct the documents.
Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain. Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors, although none have ever been enforced. Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment. In 1952, the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair, 343 U.S. 214 (1952). The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate, as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge. As stated in the ruling, electors are acting as a functionary of the state, not the federal government. Therefore, states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors. The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote, rather than refusing to pledge, has never been decided by the Supreme Court. However, in his dissent in Ray v. Blair, Justice Robert Jackson wrote: "no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents, to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices. ''
While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact, states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided.
As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee, electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate: a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges.
In 2000, elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington, D.C., chose not to vote, rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do. In 2016, seven electors voted contrary to their pledges. Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election.
The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election. The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors. Since the Twentieth Amendment, the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House.
The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives. The sitting vice president is expected to preside, but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings. The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium, with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House. Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives. Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote (normally one member of each political party). Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state, in alphabetical order.
Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count, provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress. An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress; after both Houses deliberate on the objection, the joint session is resumed. A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection. In that case, the votes from the State in question are simply ignored. The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872.
Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised, although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States, Al Gore. Gore, who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat (by five electoral votes), denied the objections, all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy, after no senators would agree to jointly object. Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections, and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator. Although the joint session was suspended, the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress. If there are no objections or all objections are overruled, the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes, as declared in the certificate of vote, in the official tally.
After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted, the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and, provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved, declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president. This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect. The senators then depart from the House Chamber. The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals.
The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes (since 1964, 270 of the 538 electoral votes).
In this event, the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president. Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes (i.e., at present, a minimum of 26 votes) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect. Additionally, delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place. The House continues balloting until it elects a president.
The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice: in 1801 under Article II, Section 1, Clause 3; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment.
If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president. The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. Normally this would mean two candidates, one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote. However, the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two. The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case (i.e., ballots are individually cast by each senator, not by state delegations). However, two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place.
Additionally, the Twelfth Amendment states a "majority of the whole number '' of senators (currently 51 of 100) is necessary for election. Further, the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur, although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary.
The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837. In that instance, the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud. The rules further stated, "(I) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger, he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States ''; the Senate chose Johnson.
Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration (noon EST on January 20), then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president. Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration. Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947, the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president. Neither of these situations has ever occurred.
Source: Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos (Adam Carr 's Election Archive) Note: In 1788, 1792, 1796, and 1800, each elector cast two votes for president.
Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century, as described above, the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket. The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it. In the general ticket, voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector (while in the short ballot, voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors). In the general ticket, the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector, a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill. Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting. The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932. Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot.
The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases. In McPherson v. Blacker, 146 U.S. 1 (1892), the Court cited Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected "in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words "operat (e) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power ''. In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board, 531 U.S. 70 (2000), a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated (not reversed) based on McPherson. On the other hand, three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000), wrote: "(N) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it. ''
In the earliest presidential elections, state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors. A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 (9 of 15) and 1800 (10 of 16), and half of them did so in 1812. Even in the 1824 election, a quarter of state legislatures (6 of 24) chose electors. In that election, Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes, with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors. Some state legislatures simply chose electors, while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote. By 1828, with the rise of Jacksonian democracy, only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice. Delaware ended its practice the following election (1832), while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860. South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election.
Excluding South Carolina, legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832:
Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election. Had the recount continued, the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors.
The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors. As noted above, the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election. However, appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences: bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate. This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors.
Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts. By this method, voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector. This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts. However, the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts. As with congressional districts, moreover, this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering.
Under such a system, electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party, rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote.
There are two versions of the congressional district method: one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska; another has been proposed in Virginia. Under the implemented congressional district method, the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes.
In 2013, a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia. This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts, rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote.
The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method, in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method. State legislation is sufficient to use this method. Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states. Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes; in Democratic California there are Republican districts, in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts. Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts, with a district plan, candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven "swing '' states. Opponents of the system, however, argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can.
Unlike simple congressional district comparisons, the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win, it "would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won (53 %) ''.
Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method, only Maine and Nebraska apply it today. Maine has four electoral votes, based on its two representatives and two senators. Nebraska has two senators and three representatives, giving it five electoral votes. Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972. Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992. Schwartz, Maralee (April 7, 1991). "Nebraska 's Vote Change ''. The Washington Post. Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election, and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840: Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, North Carolina, Massachusetts, Illinois, Maine, Missouri, and New York.
The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates. Prior to 2008, neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes. Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008, giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts, while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district. Following the 2008 split, some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system. In January 2010, a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system; the bill died in committee in March 2011. Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska, but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson.
In 2010, Republicans in Pennsylvania, who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship, put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system. Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections, so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes. Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008, he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote. The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes, a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering. The plan later lost support. Other Republicans, including Michigan state representative Pete Lund, RNC Chairman Reince Priebus, and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker, have floated similar ideas.
Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics: indirect election, disproportionate voting power by some states, the winner - takes - all distribution method (as chosen by 48 of the 50 states), and federalism. Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states. Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation, whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view.
The elections of 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote. In 1824, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected. When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors. The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election, and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated.
Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function. One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality, since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle. Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system. Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority. Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents, caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors. Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect.
Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states (and thus captures their electoral votes) by small margins, but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states. In this case, the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally. However, commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for, and strategy choices by, presidential campaigns. Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system, it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered "safe '' for themselves or their opponents, respectively. Conversely, the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found, even in "safe '' states they are already expected to win, and in "safe '' states they have no hope of winning.
Educational YouTuber CGP Grey, who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College, has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote, by winning the barest simple majority of the 40 smallest states and the District of Columbia. Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely (it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska), he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is "indefensible. ''
The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting.
According to this criticism, the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called "swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country. Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits, saturation television advertising, get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates, while "four out of five '' voters in the national election are "absolutely ignored '', according to one assessment. Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes, there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states; in recent elections, these states have included Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Florida in 2004 and 2008, and also Colorado in 2012. In contrast, states with large populations such as California, Texas, and New York, have in recent elections been considered "safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there. Many small states are also considered to be "safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners: of the 13 smallest states, six are reliably Democratic, six are reliably Republican, and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state, according to critic George C. Edwards III. In the 2008 election, campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states.
Except in closely fought swing states, voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states. The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out, except in those swing states. If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote, in contrast, campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere. Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote. The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly.
According to this criticism, the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state, and, as a result, it obscures any voting problems within a particular state. For example, if a particular state blocks some groups from voting, perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests, poll taxes, registration requirements, or legally disfranchising specific minority groups, then voting inside that state would be reduced, but as the state 's electoral count would be the same, disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally. Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College. A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout: there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event. According to this view, if elections were by popular vote, then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally. Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens.
Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations. It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise. They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that "the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections. '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that
The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women. In a direct national election system, any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout. Under the Electoral College, however, a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise; as with slaves, what mattered was how many women lived in a state, not how many were empowered... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout. By contrast, a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote.
Territories of the United States, such as Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and Guam, are not entitled to electors in presidential elections. Constitutionally, only U.S. states (per Article II, Section 1, Clause 2) and Washington, D.C. (per the Twenty - third Amendment) are entitled to electors. Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact. This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections. Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic.
Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election.
Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes, regardless of population, which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita. For example, an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming. Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time, because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities, most of which are in big states. This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states, but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc.
Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs, such as the Banzhaf power index (BPI) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power. In 1968, John F. Banzhaf III (who developed the Banzhaf power index) determined that a voter in the state of New York had, on average, 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state. It was found that based on 1990 census and districting, individual voters in California, the largest state, had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana, the largest of the minimum 3 elector states. Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states, it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips. More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less.
In practice, the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties. However, it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system, and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations.
Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas, and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote. They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas.
Proponents of a national popular vote for president dismiss such arguments, pointing out combined population of the 50 biggest cities (not including metropolitan areas) only amounts to 15 % of the population, and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate, and for statewide allocation of electoral votes, do not ignore voters in less populated areas. In addition, it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states (three reliably Republican states, four swing states, and four reliably Democratic states), not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself. If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party, then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory.
The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states. Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small, though numerically equivalent, portion of a very populous state. The system also allows each state the freedom, within constitutional bounds, to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast.
For many years early in the nation 's history, up until the Jacksonian Era, many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature, and proponents argue that, in the end, the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state, or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive, centralized government.
In his book A More Perfect Constitution, Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College, arguing to "mend it, do n't end it, '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism.
Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout, proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair, minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win. This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups.
Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial. They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change. They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad, long - term support across the nation. Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections. Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009, for example, more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote, and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote.
According to this argument, the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision, if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election. Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public. According to this view, electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots. In the election of 1872, losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval, which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party, who also supported Greeley, but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates. A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened. In the election of 1912, Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots; accordingly, Sherman was listed posthumously, but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler.
Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud, or other such problems, to the state where it occurs. It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome. For instance, recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis, not nationwide. Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election.
The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress (1969 -- 1971). The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes (56 % of electors), Hubert Humphrey 191 (35.5 %), and George Wallace 46 (8.5 %) with 13.5 % of the popular vote. However, Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey, 43.5 % to 42.9 %, less than 1 % of the national total.
Representative Emanuel Celler (D -- New York), chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681, a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote. With this system, the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote. If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote, a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election. The word "pair '' was defined as "two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President. ''
On April 29, 1969, the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal. Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11, 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18, 1969, by a vote of 339 to 70.
On September 30, 1969, President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal, encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal, which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh (D -- Indiana).
On October 8, 1969, the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were "either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate. '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption. The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference, six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed.
On August 14, 1970, the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate. The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6. The six members who opposed the plan, Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi, John Little McClellan of Arkansas, and Sam Ervin of North Carolina, along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska, Hiram Fong of Hawaii, and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina, all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes, it had worked well throughout the years. Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate. He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal. However, Nixon, while not reneging on his previous endorsement, chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal.
On September 8, 1970, the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered. The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states, both Democrats and Republicans, who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence. On September 17, 1970, a motion for cloture, which would have ended the filibuster, received 54 votes to 36 for cloture, failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting. A second motion for cloture on September 29, 1970, also failed, by 53 to 34. Thereafter, the Senate majority leader, Mike Mansfield of Montana, moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business. However, the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3, 1971.
On March 22, 1977, President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College. The letter read in part:
My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President. Such an amendment, which would abolish the Electoral College, will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President. Under the Electoral College, it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected. This has already happened in three elections, 1824, 1876, and 1888. In the last election, the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii, despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million. I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly. I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance. But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue. I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment. I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal.
President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time, and in some aspects of the package, it went beyond original expectations. Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as "a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form.
Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials, like that in the Chicago Tribune, criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College.
In a letter to The New York Times, Representative Jonathan B. Bingham (D - New York) highlighted the danger of the "flawed, outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin.
On January 5, 2017, Representative Steve Cohen (D - Tennessee) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President. Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election, Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the "greatest number of votes '' to be elected.
Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact. The compact is based on the current rule in Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution, which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors. Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote.
The compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact equals a majority (at least 270) of all electors. Some scholars have suggested that Article I, Section 10, Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable; thus, any attempted implementation of the compact could face court challenges to its constitutionality.
As of 2017, 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact; collectively, these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes, which is 61 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect. Only strongly "blue '' states have joined the compact, each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election..
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how old is telemachus at the start of the odyssey | Telemachus - wikipedia
Telemachus (/ təˈlɛməkəs / tə - LEM - ə - kəs; Greek: Τηλέμαχος, Tēlemakhos, literally "far - fighter '') is a figure in Greek mythology, the son of Odysseus and Penelope, and a central character in Homer 's Odyssey. The first four books of the Odyssey focus on Telemachus 's journeys in search of news about his father, who has yet to return home from the Trojan War, and are traditionally given the title the Telemachy.
Telemachus 's name in Greek means "far from battle '', or perhaps "fighting from afar '', as a bowman does.
In Homer 's Odyssey, Telemachus, under the instructions of Athena, spends the first four books trying to gain knowledge of his father, Odysseus, who left for Troy when Telemachus was still an infant. At the outset of Telemachus ' journey, Odysseus had been absent from his home at Ithaca for twenty years due to the Trojan War and the intervention of Poseidon. During his absence, Odysseus ' house has been occupied by hordes of suitors seeking the hand of Penelope. Telemachus first visits Nestor and is well received by the old man who regales him with stories of his father 's glory. Telemachus then departs with Nestor 's son Peisistratus, who accompanies him to the halls of Menelaus and his wife Helen. Whilst there, Telemachus is again treated as an honored guest as Menelaus and Helen tell complementary yet contradictory stories of his father 's exploits at Troy.
Telemachus focuses on his father 's return to Ithaca in Book XV. He visits Eumaeus, the swineherd, who happens to be hosting a disguised Odysseus. After Odysseus reveals himself to Telemachus due to Athena 's advice, the two men plan the downfall of the suitors. Telemachus then returns to the palace to keep an eye on the suitors and to await his father as the beggar.
When Penelope challenges the suitors to string Odysseus ' bow and shoot an arrow through the handle - holes of twelve axeheads, Telemachus is the first to attempt the task. He would have completed the task, nearly stringing the bow on his fourth attempt; however, Odysseus subtly stops him before he can finish his attempt. Following the suitors ' failure at this task, Odysseus reveals himself and he and Telemachus bring swift and bloody death to the suitors.
The Telegony was a short two - book epic poem recounting the life and death of Odysseus after the events of the Odyssey. In this mythological postscript, Odysseus is accidentally killed by Telegonus, his unknown son by the goddess Circe. After Odysseus ' death, Telemachus returns to Aeaea with Telegonus and Penelope, and there marries Circe.
From the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology:
The son of Odysseus and Penelope (Hom. Od. i. 216). He was still an infant at the time when his father went to Troy, and in his absence of nearly twenty years he grew up to manhood. After the gods in council had determined that Odysseus should return home from the island of Ogygia, Athena, assuming the appearance of Mentes, king of the Taphians, went to Ithaca, and advised Telemachus to eject the troublesome suitors of his mother from his house, and to go to Pylos and Sparta, to gather information concerning his father. Telemachus followed the advice, but the suitors refused to quit his house; and Athena, in the form of Mentes, accompanied Telemachus to Pylos. There they were hospitably received by Nestor, who also sent his own son to conduct Telemachus to Sparta. Menelaus again kindly received him, and communicated to him the prophecy of Proteus concerning Odysseus (Hom. Od. i. -- iv.). From Sparta Telemachus returned home; and on his arrival there, he found his father, with the swineherd Eumaeus. But as Athena had metamorphosed him into a beggar, Telemachus did not recognise his father until the latter disclosed to him who he was. Father and son now agreed to punish the suitors; and when they were slain or dispersed, Telemachus accompanied his father to the aged Laertes. (Hom. Od. xv. -- xxiv.; comp. Odysseus.) In the post-Homeric traditions, we read that Palamedes, when endeavouring to persuade Odysseus to join the Greeks against Troy, and the latter feigned idiocy, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough with which Odysseus was ploughing (Hygin. Fab. 95; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 81; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 384; Aelian, V.H. xiii. 12.). According to some accounts, Telemachus became the father of Perseptolis either by Polycaste, the daughter of Nestor, or by Nausicaa, the daughter of Alcinous (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1796; Dict. Cret. vi. 6.). Others relate that he was induced by Athena to marry Circe, and became by her the father of Latinus (Hygin. Fab. 127; comp. Telegonus), or that he married Cassiphone, a daughter of Circe, but in a quarrel with his mother - in - law he slew her, for which in his turn he was killed by Cassiphone (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 808.). He is also said to have had a daughter called Roma, who married Aeneas (Serv. ad Aen. i. 273.). One account states that Odysseus, in consequence of a prophecy that his son was dangerous to him, sent him away from Ithaca. Servius (ad Aen. x. 167) makes Telemachus the founder of the town of Clusium in Etruria.
In Contest of Homer and Hesiod, it is alleged that the Roman Emperor Hadrian asked the Delphic Oracle about Homer 's birthplace and parentage. The Oracle replied that Homer came from Ithaca and that Telemachus was his father by Epicasta, daughter of Nestor.
According to Aristotle and Dictys of Crete, Telemachus married Nausicaa, King Alcinous ' daughter, and fathered a son named Perseptolis or Ptoliporthus.
Telemachus is the subject of François Fénelon 's The Adventures of Telemachus, Son of Ulysses (1699), a scathing attack on the monarchy of France.
Telemachus was the subject of numerous operas throughout the eighteenth century, most based on Fénelon 's version. Among the most famous of these operas were André Cardinal Destouches 's Télémaque (1714), Alessandro Scarlatti 's Telemaco (1718), Gluck 's Telemaco, ossia L'isola di Circe (1765), Giuseppe Gazzaniga 's Gli errori di Telemaco (1776), Jean - François Le Sueur 's Télémaque dans l'île de Calypso ou Le triomphe de la sagesse (1796), Simon Mayr 's Telemaco nell'isola di Calipso (1797), and Fernando Sor 's Telemaco nell'isola di Calipso (1797).
Telemachus is one of the main characters in Ulysses, a 1706 play by Nicholas Rowe.
Telemachus is featured in the 1833 poem (published in 1842) "Ulysses '' by Alfred, Lord Tennyson.
In the 1922 novel Ulysses by James Joyce, Stephen Dedalus is generally regarded as corresponding to Telemachus.
"Telemachus '' is the title of Book Three of Thomas Wolfe 's autobiographical novel Of Time and the River (1935).
Joseph Brodsky published the poem "Odysseus to Telemachus '' in 1972.
Telemachus is a frequent character in the poetry of Louise Glück.
Telemachus was the name of Carole King 's cat and is pictured on the cover of her album Tapestry.
Telemachus appears as the son of Ulysses in the 1981 French - Japanese animated television series Ulysses 31.
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where did the saying getting cold feet come from | Cold feet - wikipedia
For other uses, see Cold Feet (disambiguation).
Cold feet is a phrase which refers to a person not going through with an action, particularly one which requires long term commitment, due to fear, uncertainty, and doubt. A person is said to be "getting cold feet '' when, after previously committing to a plan, they ultimately do not carry out the planned course of action.
The origin of the term itself has been largely attributed to American author Stephen Crane, who added the phrase, in 1896, to the second edition of his short novel, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Crane writes, "I knew this was the way it would be. They got cold feet. '' The term is present in "Seed Time and Harvest '' by Fritz Reuter published in 1862. Kenneth McKenzie, a former professor of Italian at Princeton University attributed the first use of the phrase to the play Volpone produced by Ben Jonson in 1605. The true origin and first usage of the phrase remains debated and unconfirmed as exemplified above.
A common use of the phrase is when people fear the commitment of marriage and get "cold feet '' before a wedding ceremony. This pre-marital doubt or fear may manifest for a variety of reasons and sometimes cause the bride or groom to back out of a planned marriage. Original research on the "cold feet '' phenomenon is very limited, but a four - year study conducted by UCLA researchers found feelings of pre-marital doubt or uncertainty about an impending marriage were associated with future marital problems and a viable predictor of divorce.
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what is the history of the west bank | West Bank - Wikipedia
The West Bank (Arabic: الضفة الغربية aḍ - Ḍiffah l - Ġarbiyyah; Hebrew: הגדה המערבית , HaGadah HaMa'aravit) is a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, the bulk of it now under Israeli control, or else under joint Israeli - Palestinian Authority control. The final status of the entire area is yet to be determined by the parties concerned. The West Bank shares boundaries (demarcated by the Jordanian - Israeli armistice of 1949) to the west, north, and south with Israel, and to the east, across the Jordan River, with Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant section of the western Dead Sea shore.
The West Bank, including East Jerusalem, has a land area of 5,640 km plus a water area of 220 km, consisting of the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea. As of July 2015 it has an estimated population of 2,785,366 Palestinians, and approximately 371,000 Israeli settlers, and approximately another 212,000 Jewish Israelis in East Jerusalem. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, illegal under international law, though Israel disputes this. The International Court of Justice advisory ruling (2004) concluded that events that came after the 1967 occupation of the West Bank by Israel, including the Jerusalem Law, Israel 's peace treaty with Jordan and the Oslo Accords, did not change the status of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) as occupied territory with Israel as the occupying power.
The name West Bank is a translation of the Arabic term ad - Diffah I - Garbiyyah, given to the territory west of the Jordan River that fell, in 1948, under occupation and administration by Jordan, which claimed subsequently to have annexed it in 1950. This annexation was recognized only by Britain, Iraq and Pakistan. The term was chosen to differentiate the west bank of the River Jordan from the "east bank '' of this river.
The neo-Latin name Cisjordan or Cis - Jordan (literally "on this side of the River Jordan '') is the usual name for the territory in the Romance languages and Hungarian. The name West Bank, however, has become the standard usage for this geopolitical entity in English and some of the other Germanic languages since its creation following the Jordanian army 's conquest.
In English, the name Cisjordan is occasionally used to designate the entire region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean, particularly in the historical context of the British Mandate and earlier times. The analogous Transjordan (literally "on the other side of the River Jordan '') has historically been used to designate the region now roughly comprising the state of Jordan, which lies to the east of the Jordan River.
From 1517 through 1917, the area now known as the West Bank was under Ottoman rule as part of the provinces of Syria.
At the 1920 San Remo conference, the victorious Allied powers (France, UK, USA, etc.) allocated the area to the British Mandate of Palestine (1920 -- 47). The San Remo Resolution adopted on 25 April 1920 incorporated the Balfour Declaration of 1917. It and Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations were the basic documents upon which the British Mandate for Palestine was constructed. Faced with the determination of Emir Abdullah to unify Arab lands under the Hashemite banner, the British proclaimed Abdullah ruler of the three districts, known collectively as Transjordan. Confident that his plans for the unity of the Arab nation would eventually come to fruition, the emir established the first centralized governmental system in what is now modern Jordan on 11 April 1921. The West Bank area, was conquered by Jordan during the 1948 war with the new state of Israel.
In 1947, it was subsequently designated as part of a proposed Arab state by the United Nations (UN) partition plan for Palestine. The resolution recommended partition of the British Mandate into a Jewish State, an Arab State, and an internationally administered enclave of Jerusalem; a broader region of the modern - day West Bank was assigned to the Arab State. The resolution designated the territory described as "the hill country of Samaria and Judea '' (including what is now also known as the "West Bank '') as part of the proposed Arab state, but following the 1948 Arab - Israeli War this area was captured by Transjordan (renamed Jordan two years after independence in 1946).
1949 Armistice Agreements defined the interim boundary between Israel and Jordan. In 1950, Transjordan annexed the area west of the Jordan River, naming it "West Bank '' or "Cisjordan '', as "East Bank '' or "Transjordan '' designated the area east of the river. Jordan ruled over the West Bank from 1948 until 1967. Jordan 's annexation was never formally recognized by the international community, with the exception of the United Kingdom. A two - state option, dividing Palestine, as opposed to a binary solution arose during the period of the British mandate in the area. The United Nations Partition Plan had envisaged two states, one Jewish and the other Arab / Palestinian, but in the wake of the war only one emerged at the time. King Abdullah of Jordan had been crowned King of Jerusalem by the Coptic Bishop on 15 November 1948. and granted Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and East Jerusalem Jordanian citizenship.
In June 1967, the West Bank and East Jerusalem were captured by Israel as a result of the Six - Day War. With the exception of East Jerusalem and the former Israeli - Jordanian no man 's land, the West Bank was not annexed by Israel but came under Israeli military control until 1982.
Although the 1974 Arab League summit resolution at Rabat designated the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people '', Jordan did not officially relinquish its claim to the area until 1988, when it severed all administrative and legal ties with the West Bank and eventually stripped West Bank Palestinians of Jordanian citizenship.
In 1982, as a result of the Israeli -- Egyptian peace treaty, the direct military rule was transformed into a semi-civil authority, operating directly under the Israeli Ministry of Defense, thus taking control of civil matters of Palestinians from the IDF to civil servants in the Ministry of Defense. The Israeli settlements were, on the other hand, administered subsequently as Judea and Samaria Area directly by Israel.
Since the 1993 Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority officially controls a geographically non-contiguous territory comprising approx. 11 % of the West Bank (known as Area A) which remains subject to Israeli incursions. Area B (approx. 28 %) is subject to joint Israeli - Palestinian military and Palestinian civil control. Area C (approx. 61 %) is under full Israeli control. Though 164 nations refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as "Occupied Palestinian Territory '', the state of Israel is of the view that only territories captured in war from "an established and recognized sovereign '' are considered occupied territories. After the 2007 split between Fatah and Hamas, the West Bank areas under Palestinian control are an exclusive part of the Palestinian Authority, while the Gaza Strip is ruled by Hamas.
From 1517 to 1917 the West Bank was part of the Ottoman Empire. Turkey, successor state to the Ottoman Empire, renounced its territorial claims in 1923, signing the Treaty of Lausanne, and the area now called the West Bank became an integral part of the British Mandate for Palestine. During the Mandate period Britain had no right of sovereignty, which was held by the people under the mandate. Nevertheless, Britain, as custodians of the land, implemented the land tenure laws in Palestine, which it had inherited from the Ottoman Turks (as defined in the Ottoman Land Code of 1858), applying these laws unto, both, Arab and Jewish legal tenants or otherwise. In 1947 the UN General Assembly recommended that the area that became the West Bank become part of a future Arab state, but this proposal was opposed by the Arab states at the time. In 1948, Jordan occupied the West Bank and annexed it in 1950.
In 1967, Israel captured the West Bank from Jordan in the Six - Day War. UN Security Council Resolution 242 that followed called for withdrawal from territories occupied in the conflict in exchange for peace and mutual recognition. Since 1979 the United Nations Security Council, the United Nations General Assembly, the United States, the EU, the International Court of Justice, and the International Committee of the Red Cross refer to the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, as occupied Palestinian territory or the occupied territories. General Assembly resolution 58 / 292 (17 May 2004) affirmed that the Palestinian people have the right to sovereignty over the area.
The International Court of Justice and the Supreme Court of Israel have ruled that the status of the West Bank is that of military occupation. In its 2004 advisory opinion the International Court of Justice concluded that:
The territories situated between the Green Line and the former eastern boundary of Palestine under the Mandate were occupied by Israel in 1967 during the armed conflict between Israel and Jordan. Under customary international law, the Court observes, these were therefore occupied territories in which Israel had the status of occupying Power. Subsequent events in these territories have done nothing to alter this situation. The Court concludes that all these territories (including East Jerusalem) remain occupied territories and that Israel has continued to have the status of occupying Power.
In the same vein the Israeli Supreme Court stated in the 2004 Beit Sourik case that:
The general point of departure of all parties -- which is also our point of departure -- is that Israel holds the area in belligerent occupation (occupatio bellica)... The authority of the military commander flows from the provisions of public international law regarding belligerent occupation. These rules are established principally in the Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, The Hague, 18 October 1907 (hereinafter -- the Hague Regulations). These regulations reflect customary international law. The military commander 's authority is also anchored in IV Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 1949.
The executive branch of the Israeli government, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has defined the West Bank as disputed territory, whose status can only be determined through negotiations. The Ministry says that occupied territories are territories captured in war from an established and recognized sovereign, and that since the West Bank was n't under the legitimate and recognized sovereignty of any state prior to the Six - Day War, it should n't be considered an occupied territory.
The International Court of Justice ruling of 9 July 2004, however, found that the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, is territory held by Israel under military occupation, regardless of its status prior to it coming under Israeli occupation and the Fourth Geneva convention applies de jure. The international community regards the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) as territories occupied by Israel.
International law (Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention) prohibits "transfers of the population of an occupying power to occupied territories '', incurring a responsibility on the part of Israel 's government to not settle Israeli citizens in the West Bank.
As of 27 September 2013, 134 (69.4 %) of the 193 member states of the United Nations have recognised the State of Palestine within the Palestinian territories, which are recognized by Israel to constitute a single territorial unit, and of which the West Bank is the core of the would - be state.
The future status of the West Bank, together with the Gaza Strip on the Mediterranean shore, has been the subject of negotiation between the Palestinians and Israelis, although the current Road Map for Peace, proposed by the "Quartet '' comprising the United States, Russia, the European Union, and the United Nations, envisions an independent Palestinian state in these territories living side by side with Israel (see also proposals for a Palestinian state). However, the "Road Map '' states that in the first phase, Palestinians must end all attacks on Israel, whereas Israel must dismantle outposts. Since neither condition has been met since the Road Map was "accepted '' by all sides, final negotiations have not yet begun on major political differences.
The Palestinian Authority believes that the West Bank ought to be a part of their sovereign nation, and that the presence of Israeli military control is a violation of their right to Palestinian Authority rule. The United Nations calls the West Bank and Gaza Strip Israeli - occupied territories. The United States State Department also refers to the territories as occupied. Many Israelis and their supporters prefer the term disputed territories, because they claim part of the territory for themselves, and state that the land has not for 2000 years been sovereign.
Palestinian public opinion opposes Israeli military and settler presence on the West Bank as a violation of their right to statehood and sovereignty. Israeli opinion is split into a number of views:
In 2005 the United States ambassador to Israel, Daniel C. Kurtzer, expressed U.S. support "for the retention by Israel of major Israeli population centres (in the West Bank) as an outcome of negotiations '', reflecting President Bush 's statement a year earlier that a permanent peace treaty would have to reflect "demographic realities '' on the West Bank. In May 2011 US President Barack Obama officially stated US support for a future Palestinian state based on borders prior to the 1967 War, allowing for land swaps where they are mutually agreeable between the two sides. Obama was the first US president to formally support the policy, but he stated that it had been one long held by the US in its Middle East negotiations.
The West Bank has an area of 5,628 square kilometres (2,173 sq mi), which comprises 21.2 % of former Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jordan) and has generally rugged mountainous terrain. The total length of the land boundaries of the region are 404 kilometres (251 miles). The terrain is mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in the west, but somewhat barren in the east. The elevation span between the shoreline of the Dead Sea at − 408 m to the highest point at Mount Nabi Yunis, at 1,030 m (3,379 ft) above sea level. The area of West Bank is landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel 's coastal aquifers.
There are few natural resources in the area except the highly arable land, which comprises 27 % of the land area of the region. It is mostly used as permanent pastures (32 % of arable land) and seasonal agricultural uses (40 %). Forests and woodland comprise just 1 %, with no permanent crops.
The climate in the West Bank is mostly Mediterranean, slightly cooler at elevated areas compared with the shoreline, west to the area. In the east, the West Bank includes the Judean Desert and the shoreline of the Dead Sea -- both with dry and hot climate.
The 1993 Oslo Accords declared the final status of the West Bank to be subject to a forthcoming settlement between Israel and the Palestinian leadership. Following these interim accords, Israel withdrew its military rule from some parts of the West Bank, which was divided into three administrative divisions of the Oslo Accords:
Area A, 2.7 %, full civil control of the Palestinian Authority, comprises Palestinian towns, and some rural areas away from Israeli settlements in the north (between Jenin, Nablus, Tubas, and Tulkarm), the south (around Hebron), and one in the center south of Salfit. Area B, 25.2 %, adds other populated rural areas, many closer to the center of the West Bank. Area C contains all the Israeli settlements (excluding settlements in East Jerusalem), roads used to access the settlements, buffer zones (near settlements, roads, strategic areas, and Israel), and almost all of the Jordan Valley and the Judean Desert.
Areas A and B are themselves divided among 227 separate areas (199 of which are smaller than 2 square kilometers (1 sq mi)) that are separated from one another by Israeli - controlled Area C. Areas A, B, and C cross the 11 governorates used as administrative divisions by the Palestinian National Authority, Israel, and the IDF and named after major cities. The mainly open areas of Area C, which contains all of the basic resources of arable and building land, water springs, quarries and sites of touristic value needed to develop a viable Palestinian state, were to be handed over to the Palestinians by 1999 under the Oslo Accords as part of a final status agreement. This agreement was never achieved.
According to B'tselem, while the vast majority of the Palestinian population lives in areas A and B, the vacant land available for construction in dozens of villages and towns across the West Bank is situated on the margins of the communities and defined as area C. Less than 1 % of area C is designated for use by Palestinians, who are also unable to legally build in their own existing villages in area C due to Israeli authorities ' restrictions,
An assessment by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs in 2007 found that approximately 40 % of the West Bank was taken up by Israeli infrastructure. The infrastructure, consisting of settlements, the barrier, military bases and closed military areas, Israeli declared nature reserves and the roads that accompany them is off - limits or tightly controlled to Palestinians.
In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights published a report that found that Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an "almost systematic campaign '' of human rights abuse by the Palestinian Authority and Hamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces of the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.
Through the Jerusalem Law, Israel extended its administrative control over East Jerusalem. This has often been interpreted as tantamount to an official annexation, though Ian Lustick, in reviewing the legal status of Israeli measures, has argued that no such annexation ever took place. The Palestinian residents have legal permanent residency status. Rejecting the Jerusalem Law, the UN Security Council passed UN Security Council Resolution 478, declaring that the law was "null and void ''. Although permanent residents are permitted, if they wish, to receive Israeli citizenship if they meet certain conditions including swearing allegiance to the State and renouncing any other citizenship, most Palestinians did not apply for Israeli citizenship for political reasons. There are various possible reasons as to why the West Bank had not been annexed to Israel after its capture in 1967. The government of Israel has not formally confirmed an official reason; however, historians and analysts have established a variety of such, most of them demographic. Among those most commonly cited have been:
The importance of demographic concerns to some significant figures in Israel 's leadership was illustrated when Avraham Burg, a former Knesset Speaker and former chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel, wrote in The Guardian in September 2003,
As of December 2010, 327,750 Israelis live in the 121 settlements in the West Bank officially recognised by the Israeli government, 192,000 Israelis live in settlements in East Jerusalem. There are approximately 100 further settlement outposts which are not officially recognized by the Israeli government and are illegal under Israeli law, but have been provided with infrastructure, water, sewage, and other services by the authorities.
The international consensus is that all Israeli settlements on the West Bank beyond the Green Line are illegal under international law. In particular, the European Union as a whole considers the settlements to be illegal. Significant portions of the Israeli public similarly oppose the continuing presence of Jewish Israelis in the West Bank and have supported the 2005 settlement relocation. The majority of legal scholars also hold the settlements to violate international law, however individuals including Julius Stone, and Eugene Rostow have argued that they are legal under international law, on a number of different grounds. Immediately after the 1967 war Theodor Meron, legal counsel of Israel 's Foreign Ministry advised Israeli ministers in a "top secret '' memo that any policy of building settlements across occupied territories violated international law and would "contravene the explicit provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention ''.
The UN Security Council has issued several non-binding resolutions addressing the issue of the settlements. Typical of these is UN Security Council resolution 446 which states (the) practices of Israel in establishing settlements in the Palestinian and other Arab territories occupied since 1967 have no legal validity, and it calls on Israel as the occupying Power, to abide scrupulously by the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention.
The Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention held in Geneva on 5 December 2001 called upon "the Occupying Power to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention. '' The High Contracting Parties reaffirmed "the illegality of the settlements in the said territories and of the extension thereof. ''
On 30 December 2007, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert issued an order requiring approval by both the Israeli Prime Minister and Israeli Defense Minister of all settlement activities (including planning) in the West Bank. The change had little effect with settlements continuing to expand, and new ones being established. On 31 August 2014, Israel announced it was appropriating 400 hectares of land in the West Bank to eventually house 1,000 Israel families. The appropriation was described as the largest in more than 30 years. According to reports on Israel Radio, the development is a response to the 2014 kidnapping and murder of Israeli teenagers.
The Haaretz published an article in December 2005 about demolition of "Palestinian outposts '' in Bil'in, the demolitions sparked a political debate as according to PeaceNow it was a double standard ("After what happened today in Bil'in, there is no reason that the state should defend its decision to continue the construction '' credited to Michael Sfard).
In January 2012, the European Union approved the "Area C and Palestinian state building '' report. The report said Palestinian presence in Area C has been continuously undermined by Israel and that state building efforts in Area C of the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the EU were of "utmost importance in order to support the creation of a contiguous and viable Palestinian state ''. The EU will support various projects to "support the Palestinian people and help maintain their presence ''.
In May 2012, a petition was filed to the Israeli Supreme Court about the legality of more 15 Palestinian outposts and Palestinian building in "Area C ''. The cases were filed by Regavim.
The petition was one of 30 different petitions with the common ground of illegal land takeover and illegal construction and use of natural resources. Some of the petitions (27) had been set for trials and the majority received a verdict.
Ynet News stated on 11 January 2013 that a group of 200 Palestinians with unknown number of foreign activists created an outpost named Bab al - Shams ("Gate of the Sun ''), contains 50 tents
Ynet News stated on 18 January 2013 that Palestinian activists built an outpost on a disputed area in Beit Iksa, where Israel plans to construct part of the separation fence in the Jerusalem vicinity while the Palestinians claim that the area belongs to the residents of Beit Iksa. named Bab al - Krama
The Israeli West Bank barrier is a physical barrier ordered for construction by the Israeli Government, consisting of a network of fences with vehicle - barrier trenches surrounded by an on average 60 meters (197 ft) wide exclusion area (90 %) and up to 8 meters (26 ft) high concrete walls (10 %) (although in most areas the wall is not nearly that high). It is located mainly within the West Bank, partly along the 1949 Armistice line, or "Green Line '' between the West Bank and Israel. As of April 2006 the length of the barrier as approved by the Israeli government is 703 kilometers (437 mi) long. Approximately 58.4 % has been constructed, 8.96 % is under construction, and construction has not yet begun on 33 % of the barrier. The space between the barrier and the green line is a closed military zone known as the Seam Zone, cutting off 8.5 % of the West Bank and encompassing dozens of villages and tens of thousands of Palestinians.
The barrier generally runs along or near the 1949 Jordanian - Israeli armistice / Green Line, but diverges in many places to include on the Israeli side several of the highly populated areas of Jewish settlements in the West Bank such as East Jerusalem, Ariel, Gush Etzion, Immanuel, Karnei Shomron, Givat Ze'ev, Oranit, and Maale Adumim.
Supporters of the barrier claim it is necessary for protecting Israeli civilians from Palestinian attacks, which increased significantly during the Al - Aqsa Intifada; it has helped reduce incidents of terrorism by 90 % from 2002 to 2005; over a 96 % reduction in terror attacks in the six years ending in 2007, though Israel 's State Comptroller has acknowledged that most of the suicide bombers crossed into Israel through existing checkpoints. Its supporters claim that the onus is now on the Palestinian Authority to fight terrorism.
Opponents claim the barrier is an illegal attempt to annex Palestinian land under the guise of security, violates international law, has the intent or effect to pre-empt final status negotiations, and severely restricts Palestinian livelihoods, particularly limiting their freedom of movement within and from the West Bank thereby undermining their economy.
After the signing of the Oslo Accords, the West Bank was divided into 11 governorates under the jurisdiction of the Palestinian National Authority. Since 2007 there are two governments claiming to be the legitimate government of the Palestinian National Authority, one based in the West Bank and one based in the Gaza Strip.
The West Bank is further divided into 8 administrative regions: Menashe (Jenin area), HaBik'a (Jordan Valley), Shomron (Shechem area, known in Arabic as Nablus), Efrayim (Tulkarm area), Binyamin (Ramallah / al - Bireh area), Maccabim (Maccabim area), Etzion (Bethlehem area) and Yehuda (Hebron area).
Allenby Bridge, or ' King Hussein Bridge ', is the main port for the Palestinian in the West Bank to the Jordanian borders. This crossing point is controlled by Israel since 1967. It was inaugurated on 11 December 2011 under the military order "175 '' entitled ' An order concerning transition station '. Later, Order ' 446 ' was issued which annexed the Damia Bridge crossing point to the Allenby Bridge as a commercial crossing point only. Goods were exported to Jordan, while the import was banned for security purposes.
In 1993, the Palestinian National Authority, according to Oslo Accord assigned by PLO and the Israeli government, became a partial supervisor over the Rafah Border Crossing to Gaza Strip. The Palestinian Authority was responsible for issuing passports to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. However, Israel remained the major responsible party for this crossing point. According to the agreement, Israel has the right to independently inspect luggage and to maintain security. In addition, it can prevent anyone from using the crossing.
As of the early - 21st century, the economy of the Palestinian territories is chronically depressed, with unemployment rates constantly over 20 % since 2000 (19 % in the West Bank in first half of 2013).
According to the World Bank, the main reason for economic depression is the Israeli occupation.
According to a 2007 World Bank report, the Israeli occupation of the West Bank has destroyed the Palestinian economy, in violation of the 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access. All major roads (with a total length of 700 km) are basically off - limits to Palestinians, making it impossible to do normal business. Economic recovery would reduce Palestinian dependence on international aid by one billion dollars per year.
A more comprehensive 2013 World Bank report calculates that, if the Interim Agreement was respected and restrictions lifted, a few key industries alone would produce USD 2.2 billion per annum more (or 23 % of 2011 Palestinian GDP) and reduce by some USD 800 million (50 %) the Palestinian Authority 's deficit; the employment would increase by 35 %.
In August 2014, Palestinian leaders said they would apply to the United Nations Security Council for the establishment of a timetable for ending the Israeli occupation. The application would be made on 15 September 2014, following an Arab League meeting on 5 September 2014 at which support for the move would be requested. Unless a timetable was established, the Palestinian leadership said it would apply to the International Criminal Court where it would hold Israel responsible for its actions not only in the West Bank, but also in the Gaza Strip.
Amnesty International has criticized the way that the Israeli state is dealing with the regional water resources:
Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) do not have access to adequate, safe water supplies... Discriminatory Israeli policies in the OPT are the root cause of the striking disparity in access to water between Palestinians and Israelis... The inequality is even more pronounced between Palestinian communities and unlawful Israeli settlements, established in the OPT in violation of international law. Swimming pools, well - watered lawns and large irrigated farms in Israeli settlements in the OPT stand in stark contrast next to Palestinian villages whose inhabitants struggle even to meet their essential domestic water needs. In parts of the West Bank, Israeli settlers use up to 20 times more water per capita than neighbouring Palestinian communities, who survive on barely 20 litres of water per capita a day -- the minimum amount recommended by the WHO for emergency situations response.
Israel has been accused of engaging in ' warfare ecology ' in the West Bank.In response to local opposition in Israel to waste treatment plants and the high cost of meeting stringent environment laws in that country. It has been argued that Israel had used the area of the West Bank as a ' sacrifice zone ' where its waste can be dumped.
Many waste treatment facilities in the West Bank were built for processing waste generated inside Israeli sovereign territory, according to B'Tselem, Israel 's leading human rights organization for monitoring the West Bank. At least 15 waste treatment plants operate in the West Bank and most of the waste they process is brought over from within the Green line inside Israel proper. Of these 15 facilities, six process hazardous waste, including infectious medical waste, used oils and solvents, metals, batteries and electronic industry byproducts, and one facility that processes sewage sludge. The Israel government requires no reporting by these West Bank facilities of the amount of waste they process or the risks they pose to the local population, and applies less rigorous regulatory standards to these facilities than it does to solid waste treatment facilities in Israel. B'Tselem, Israel 's leading independent human rights organization for monitoring human rights in the West Bank, has observed that "any transfer of waste to the West Bank is a breach of international law which Israel is dutybound to uphold '' because according to international law "an occupied territory or its resources may not be used for the benefit of the occupying power 's own needs. '' Experts have also warned that some of these facilities are garbage dumps that endanger the purity of the mountain aquafer, which is one of the largest sources of water in the region.
In December 2007, an official census conducted by the Palestinian Authority found that the Palestinian Arab population of the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) was 2,345,000. However, the World Bank and American - Israeli Demographic Research Group identified a 32 % discrepancy between first - grade enrollment statistics documented by the Palestinian Ministry of Education and Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) ' 2007 projections, with questions also raised about the PCBS ' growth assumptions for the period 1997 -- 2003. The Israeli Civil Administration put the number of Palestinians in the West Bank at 2,657,029 as of May 2012.
There are 389,250 Israeli settlers living in the West Bank excluding East Jerusalem, as well as around 375,000 living in Israeli - annexed East Jerusalem. There are also small ethnic groups, such as the Samaritans living in and around Nablus, numbering in the hundreds.
As of October 2007, around 23,000 Palestinians in the West Bank worked in Israel every day, while another 9,200 worked in Israeli settlements. In addition, around 10,000 Palestinian traders from the West Bank were allowed to travel every day into Israel. By 2014, 92,000 Palestinians worked in Israel legally or illegally, twice as many as in 2010.
In 2008, approximately 30 % of Palestinians or 754,263 persons living in the West Bank were refugees or descendants of refugees from villages and towns located in what became Israel during the 1948 Arab - Israeli War, according to UNRWA statistics. A 2011 EU report titled "Area C and Palestinian State Building '' reported that before the Israeli occupation in 1967, between 200,000 and 320,000 Palestinians used to live in the Jordan Valley, 90 % which is in Area C, but demolition of Palestinian homes and prevention of new buildings has seen the number drop to 56,000, 70 % of which live in Area A, in Jericho. In a similar period, the Jewish population in Area C has grown from 1,200 to 310,000.
The most densely populated part of the region is a mountainous spine, running north - south, where the cities of Jerusalem, Nablus, Ramallah, al - Bireh, Jenin, Bethlehem, Hebron and Yattah are located as well as the Israeli settlements of Ariel, Ma'ale Adumim and Beitar Illit. Ramallah, although relatively mid in population compared to other major cities as Hebron, Nablus and Jenin, serves as an economic and political center for the Palestinians. Near Ramallah the new city of Rawabi is under construction. Jenin in the extreme north and is the capital of north of the West Bank and is on the southern edge of the Jezreel Valley. Modi'in Illit, Qalqilyah and Tulkarm are in the low foothills adjacent to the Israeli Coastal Plain, and Jericho and Tubas are situated in the Jordan Valley, north of the Dead Sea.
The population of the West Bank is 80 -- 85 % Muslim (mostly Sunni) and 12 -- 14 % Jewish. The remainder are Christian (mostly Greek Orthodox) and others.
In 2010, the West Bank and Gaza Strip together had 4,686 km (2,912 mi) of roadways.
Transportation infrastructure is particularly problematic as Palestinian use of roads in Area C is highly restricted, and travel times can be inordinate; the Palestinian Authority has also been unable to develop roads, airports or railways in or through Area C, while many other roads were restricted only to public transportation and to Palestinians who have special permits from Israeli authorities.
At certain times, Israel maintained more than 600 checkpoints or roadblocks in the region. As such, movement restrictions were also placed on main roads traditionally used by Palestinians to travel between cities, and such restrictions are still blamed for poverty and economic depression in the West Bank. Underpasses and bridges (28 of which have been constructed and 16 of which are planned) link Palestinian areas separated from each other by Israeli settlements and bypass roads ''
Israeli restrictions were tightened in 2007.
As of August 2007, a divided highway is currently under construction that will pass through the West Bank. The highway has a concrete wall dividing the two sides, one designated for Israeli vehicles, the other for Palestinian. The wall is designed to allow Palestinians to pass north - south through Israeli - held land and facilitate the building of additional Jewish settlements in the Jerusalem neighborhood.
As of February 2012, a plan for 475 - kilometer rail network, establishing 11 new rail lines in West Bank, was confirmed by Israeli Transportation Ministry. The West Bank network would include one line running through Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Ma'aleh Adumim, Bethlehem and Hebron. Another would provide service along the Jordanian border from Eilat to the Dead Sea, Jericho and Beit She'an and from there toward Haifa in the west and in also in a northeasterly direction. The proposed scheme also calls for shorter routes, such as between Nablus and Tul Karm in the West Bank, and from Ramallah to the Allenby Bridge crossing into Jordan.
The only airport in the West Bank is the Atarot Airport near Ramallah, but it has been closed since 2001.
The Palestinian Paltel telecommunication companies provide communication services such as landline, cellular network and Internet in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Dialling code + 970 is used in the West Bank and all over the Palestinian territories. Until 2007, the Palestinian mobile market was monopolized by Jawwal. A new mobile operator for the territories launched in 2009 under the name of Wataniya Telecom. The number of Internet users increased from 35,000 in 2000 to 356,000 in 2010.
The Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts from an AM station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local privately owned stations are also in operation. Most Palestinian households have a radio and TV, and satellite dishes for receiving international coverage are widespread. Recently, PalTel announced and has begun implementing an initiative to provide ADSL broadband internet service to all households and businesses. Israel 's cable television company HOT, satellite television provider (DBS) Yes, AM and FM radio broadcast stations and public television broadcast stations all operate. Broadband internet service by Bezeq 's ADSL and by the cable company are available as well. The Al - Aqsa Voice broadcasts from Dabas Mall in Tulkarem at 106.7 FM. The Al - Aqsa TV station shares these offices.
Seven universities are operating in the West Bank:
Most universities in the West Bank have politically active student bodies, and elections of student council officers are normally along party affiliations. Although the establishment of the universities was initially allowed by the Israeli authorities, some were sporadically ordered closed by the Israeli Civil Administration during the 1970s and 1980s to prevent political activities and violence against the IDF. Some universities remained closed by military order for extended periods during years immediately preceding and following the first Palestinian Intifada, but have largely remained open since the signing of the Oslo Accords despite the advent of the Al - Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada) in 2000.
The founding of Palestinian universities has greatly increased education levels among the population in the West Bank. According to a Birzeit University study, the percentage of Palestinians choosing local universities as opposed to foreign institutions has been steadily increasing; as of 1997, 41 % of Palestinians with bachelor 's degrees had obtained them from Palestinian institutions. According to UNESCO, Palestinians are one of the most highly educated groups in the Middle East "despite often difficult circumstances ''. The literacy rate among Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip according to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) is 94.6 % for 2009.
Coordinates: 32 ° 00 ′ N 35 ° 23 ′ E / 32.000 ° N 35.383 ° E / 32.000; 35.383
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top scorers of the premier league this season | List of Top Premier League goal Scorers by season - wikipedia
The top goalscorers in the Premier League 's inaugural season was Teddy Sheringham, who scored one goal for Nottingham Forest before his early - season transfer followed by 21 for Tottenham Hotspur for a total of 22.
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when does mcdreamy and meredith get back together | Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia
Derek Christopher Shepherd, M.D., also referred to as "McDreamy '', is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy, portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey. He made his first appearance in the pilot episode, "A Hard Day 's Night '', which was broadcast on March 27, 2005. Derek was married to Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) for 12 years, before their divorce in 2006. Before his death in 2015, Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend and wife Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). The couple have three children together. Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West (now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital), but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting. For his portrayal of Shepherd, Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role, and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series.
Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City. He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett. Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an "offer he could n't refuse '' -- the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on "lost causes '' and "impossible '' cases that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well - liked and feared -- well - liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards. He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents (or at least threaten them) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient 's well - being.
Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith 's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her "the slutty intern ''; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister - in - law. His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith 's gray perspective of life complemented Derek 's tendency to see everything in black and white.
Derek 's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode "Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband. Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin - off Private Practice. In the season eight episode "If / Then '', Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer 's; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd 's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames "Bad Shepherd '' and "McDreary ''.
When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff. During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard 's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum: go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely.
In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek 's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek 's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their "promises '' on a post-it note. They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida. They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer 's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek 's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith. The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency, she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women 's Hospital.
Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand 's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie (Neve Campbell), Derek 's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success.
Derek and Meredith 's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain - Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full - fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia (Caterina Scorsone) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than "saving the world ''.
In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient 's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith 's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.
Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode "My Next Life '', Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek 's long - time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings.
When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes ' first reaction was: "The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo. '' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey 's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings: "I did not know about Patrick 's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he did n't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful. '' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like "I 'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules. '' Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke. Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down. Some of the character 's medical cases were inspired by real - life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd 's storylines and patients.
In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two - year contract to remain on Grey 's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons. However, in April 2015, Dempsey 's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: "it just sort of evolved. It 's just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out. '' In August 2015, Rhimes commented:
The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College, a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine, after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to "adopt '' the character as an alumnus. Dempsey is from Lewiston, about 18 miles (29 km) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013.
Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical "Prince Charming ''. He was planned to be a doctor who does n't really care about anything, who lives in his "own '' universe and has a big sex appeal. A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed. USA Today writer Robert Bianco said: "Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self - involved the next. Dempsey 's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole. ''
With the show concluding its second season, Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the "seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek 's ' dreamy ' appeal with ego and vanity ''. In the third season, Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger wrote that "the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You 're the dick who cheated on her, you 're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I did n't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy. ''
Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character 's immaturity in the fourth season, saying: "The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). How this character is still Shonda 's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He 's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things do n't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue - blue - blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship. ''
Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the "30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses ''. The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's "10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV '' and in BuzzFeed 's "16 Hottest Doctors On Television ''. His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of "The Best TV Couples of All Time ''.
Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan 's friendship in its "TV 's best bromances ''. He called them "the most exciting couple on Grey 's, '' explaining "they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other 's lives, and locker room - style teasing. '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com, BuddyTV, Cosmopolitan, Wetpaint. However, following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek "never clicked like you 'd expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced. ''
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what song does he dance to in risky business | Risky Business - wikipedia
Risky Business is a 1983 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Paul Brickman, making his directorial debut. It stars Tom Cruise and Rebecca De Mornay. The film launched Cruise to stardom. It covers themes including materialism, loss of innocence, coming of age and capitalism.
Joel Goodson is a high - achieving high school student who lives with his wealthy parents in the North Shore area of Chicago. His father wants him to attend Princeton University, his alma mater, so Joel participates in Future Enterprisers, an extracurricular activity in which students work in teams to create small businesses. When his parents go away on a trip, Joel 's friend, Miles, convinces him to take advantage of his newfound freedom to have some fun. On the first night, he raids the liquor cabinet, plays the stereo loudly, and dances around the living room in his underwear and pink dress shirt to "Old Time Rock and Roll ''. The following day, Miles calls a call girl named Jackie on Joel 's behalf. Jackie turns out to be a tall, masculine transvestite. Joel pays Jackie to go away, but before she leaves, she gives Joel the number for Lana, another prostitute. That night, Joel is unable to sleep and hesitantly calls Lana. She turns out to be a gorgeous blonde and they have sex all night.
Lana asks Joel for $300 for her services. He goes to the bank, but when he returns, Lana is gone, along with his mother 's expensive Steuben glass egg. Joel finds Lana and demands the egg back, but they are interrupted by Lana 's pimp Guido, who pulls a gun. While in his father 's Porsche 928, Joel is chased by Guido, but eventually escapes. Lana tells Joel that the egg is with the rest of her stuff at Guido 's. Joel lets Lana stay at his house while he goes to school. When he returns, his friends are over, and Lana has invited another prostitute Vicki to stay, but Joel rejects the idea. That night, Joel, Lana, Vicki, and Joel 's friend Barry go out. They get stoned, and while Vicky and Barry wander away, Joel and Lana talk. Lana takes exception to something Joel says and leaves. While retrieving her purse from Joel 's car, she moves the shifter out of gear. Moments later, the car rolls down the hill and onto a pier, despite Joel 's futile attempt to stop it. The pier collapses, dumping the Porsche into Lake Michigan.
When Joel takes the car to a repair shop, he is horrified to learn how much it will cost to fix it. He and Lana later decide to turn his parents ' house into a brothel for a night; Joel 's share of the profits will pay for the car repairs. The party is a huge success; the house is packed with Joel 's friends and classmates and Lana 's co-workers. However, the recruiter from Princeton, Rutherford chooses that night to interview Joel for admission to Princeton. The interview is plagued by interruptions, and Rutherford is unimpressed by Joel 's resume. Afterwards, he stays at the party and becomes acquainted with Lana 's friends. After the party, Joel and Lana go and have sex on the Chicago ' L '.
The next morning, Joel finds his house has been burgled. When he tries to call Lana, Guido answers; he tells Joel that he will let Joel buy back his furniture. Fortunately, Joel and his friends manage to get everything moved back in just as his parents walk in, though his mother notices a crack in her egg. Later, Joel 's father congratulates him; the interviewer was very impressed and has indicated Joel will be accepted into Princeton. Joel meets Lana at a restaurant, and they speculate about their future. She tells him that she wants to keep on seeing him; he jokes that it will cost her.
The remastered 25th - anniversary edition offers "both the upbeat studio ending and Mr. Brickman 's original, more tentative and melancholic conclusion ''.
The film was scored by Tangerine Dream. Their songs compose nearly half of the soundtrack album. Also included are songs by Muddy Waters, Prince ("DMSR ''), Jeff Beck, Journey, Phil Collins ("In the Air Tonight ''), and the song for which the film is best known, "Old Time Rock and Roll '' by Bob Seger.
The soundtrack album was released on Virgin Records, Tangerine Dream 's record company at the time of the film 's release.
The film also includes "Hungry Heart '' by Bruce Springsteen, "Every Breath You Take '' by The Police, and "Swamp '' by Talking Heads (which includes the words "risky business '' in the lyrics). The LP and CD versions of the soundtrack include two different versions of "Love on a Real Train (Risky Business), '' neither of which match the version used in the film for the final love scene or closing credits.
Risky Business was acclaimed by critics. It is also considered by many as one of the best films of 1983. Janet Maslin, in her 1983 review of the film for The New York Times, called it "part satire, part would - be suburban poetry and part shameless showing off '' and said the film "shows an abundance of style '', though "you would be hard pressed to find a film whose hero 's problems are of less concern to the world at large. '' She called De Mornay "disarming as a call girl who looks more like a college girl '' and credits Cruise with making "Joel 's transformation from straight arrow to entrepreneur about as credible as it can be made. ''
Roger Ebert was much more positive, calling it a film of "new faces and inspired insights and genuine laughs '' and "one of the smartest, funniest, most perceptive satires in a long time '' that "not only invites comparison with The Graduate, it earns it ''.
Ebert continued:
The very best thing about the movie is its dialogue. Paul Brickman, who wrote and directed, has an ear so good that he knows what to leave out. This is one of those movies where a few words or a single line says everything that needs to be said, implies everything that needs to be implied, and gets a laugh. When the hooker tells the kid, "Oh, Joel, go to school, go learn something, '' the precise inflection of those words defines their relationship for the next three scenes.
Variety said the film was like a "promising first novel, with all the pros and cons that come with that territory '' and complimented Brickman on "the stylishness and talent of his direction. '' The film holds a 96 % "Certified Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.
In 2006, the film was # 40 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies. The magazine called the film a "sharp satire of privileged suburban teens '', portraying the "soul - crushing pressure to be perfect. ''
In the years since the film 's release, the scene featuring Cruise 's character dancing in his pink dress shirt and briefs to "Old Time Rock and Roll '' by Bob Seger has been recreated in episodes of many television series, as well as in films, parodies, and advertisements.
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who has the most instagram follwers in the world | List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia
This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram. As of June 2018, the most followed user is Instagram 's own account, with over 239 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 138 million followers. Ten accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site.
The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.
The following table lists the top 14 most followed accounts on Instagram by country of origin, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user.
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when does the iowa hawkeyes mens basketball team play | 2017 -- 18 Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball team - wikipedia
The 2017 -- 18 Iowa Hawkeyes men 's basketball team represented the University of Iowa in the 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season. The team wsa led by eighth - year head coach Fran McCaffery and played their home games at Carver -- Hawkeye Arena as members of the Big Ten Conference.
The Hawkeyes finished the 2016 -- 17 season with a record of 19 -- 15, 10 -- 8 in Big Ten play to finish in a four - way tie for fifth place. In the Big Ten Tournament, as the 7th seed, Iowa was upset by 10th - seeded Indiana in the second round. Iowa was one of the First Four teams out of the NCAA Tournament, which earned the team a No. 1 seed in the National Invitation Tournament. They defeated South Dakota in the first round before losing to eventual NIT champions TCU in overtime in the second round.
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Roster Last update: 8 / 4 / 2017
The 2018 Big Ten Tournament will be held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Due to the Big East 's use of that venue for their conference tournament, the Big Ten Tournament will take place one week earlier than usual, ending the week before Selection Sunday. This could result in teams having nearly two weeks off before the NCAA Tournament. As a result, it is anticipated that the Big Ten regular season will begin in mid-December. Coaches have requested that no Big Ten game be scheduled between Christmas and New Year 's Day, accordingly each team will play two conference games in early December before finishing non-conference play.
2017 -- 18 Iowa Hawkeyes women 's basketball team
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how long is boot camp in air force | United States Air Force Basic Military training - wikipedia
United States Air Force Basic Military Training (also known as BMT or boot camp) is an eight - and - a-half - week program of physical and mental training required in order for an individual to become an enlisted Airman in the United States Air Force. It is carried out at Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas.
Lackland Air Force Base conducts the Air Force 's only enlisted recruit training program, ensuring orderly transition from civilian to military life. Recruits are trained in the fundamental skills necessary to be successful in an Expeditionary Air Force. This includes basic war skills, military discipline, physical fitness, drill and ceremonies, Air Force core values and a comprehensive range of subjects relating to Air Force life.
More than 7 million young men and women have entered Air Force basic military training since 4 Feb 1946, when the training mission was moved to Lackland from Harlingen Air Force Base in Harlingen, Texas. Throughout its history, Lackland 's BMT program has changed in many ways to meet the operational needs of the Air Force. Yet, recent updates in the curriculum are some of the most significant in its more than 60 - year history, with every aspect of the program overhauled.
On 7 Nov 2005, BMT changed its curriculum to focus on a new kind of Airman -- one who is a ' warrior first. ' The goal is to instill a warrior mindset in trainees from day one and better prepare Airmen for the realities of the Expeditionary Air Force.
The changes resulted from the need to meet current and future operational Air Force requirements. In September 2004, the 20th Basic Military Training Review Committee met at Lackland and recommended significant changes in the focus, curriculum and schedule.
In 2011 it was revealed that a number of military training instructors engaged in inappropriate and illegal sexual relationships and advances against dozens of female trainees. The scandal led seventy - seven Congressional representatives to call for a hearing to investigate the incident.
Military Training Instructors or MTIs are the instructors who are responsible for most of the training that takes place in BMT. They accompany trainees throughout the training process, instructing and correcting them in everything from correct procedures for firing a weapon to the correct way to speak to a superior. They are known for their campaign covers typically called "Smokey the Bear '' or "Smokey '' hats. Unlike the Marine Corps Drill Instructors and Army Drill Sergeants, Training Instructor hats are a dark blue, instead of brown.
Prior to arriving at basic training, all prospective trainees undergo a physical examination by a doctor at their local Military Entrance Processing Station or MEPS. Trainees receive their initial weigh - in when they arrive at Lackland. If the trainee is under or over the height and weight standards, the trainee is placed on double rations if underweight (known colloquially in BMT as a "skinny ''), or in a "diet '' status if overweight.
All trainees receive three meals a day, also known as "chow time. '' These are either served at the dining facility (DFAC, also known as the "chow hall ''), or as a Meal, Ready - to - Eat or MRE during field training. Meal time may last 30 minutes or less, depending on the order the flight arrives at the chow hall. Trainees are mandated a minimum of 15 minutes to consume each meal. Much of the 15 minutes may be spent waiting in line, trainee "water monitors '' reporting in the chow hall, and removing, properly storing, and re-donning any carried equipment.
Trainees that sustain injuries or illnesses that disrupt their training are transferred to the Medical Hold Flight. Once they are again medically fit, the trainee will generally return to their prior training squadron as part of a flight currently at an equivalent place in the training cycle that they left.
Basic Military Training is an eight - and - a-half - week cycle of training which begins with the receiving phase (also known as zero week) and ending with graduation.
Inbound trainees are transported to Air Force Basic Military Training at Lackland Air Force Base. Upon arrival at Lackland, trainees will be assigned to a Squadron and a Flight. Trainees will then be rushed up to their dorm rooms where they will be given a bed and a wall locker (Personal Living Area or PLA) that they will take care of for the next eight and a half weeks. They will also be briefed on meal time procedures in the Dining Facility (DFAC), and other essential ground rules that will apply throughout the duration of Basic Training.
As the initial uniform issue is not until the following Thursday or Friday, trainees will be required to wear civilian clothes for at least one full day. During this period, trainees will be referred to as a "Rainbow Flight '' or simply as "Rainbows '', because of the flight 's bright and varied clothing. In order to break in their new boots, trainees will alternate wearing sneakers and boots with their newly issued uniforms until the end of Zero Week, earning them the nickname "Sneaker Weekers '' or "Baby Flights ''. After first clothing issue, civilian belongings and baggage will be secured and stored for the remainder of BMT.
Trainees will undergo a urinalysis test the day after arrival. Any trainee that fails the drug test will immediately be separated from the military. The trainees are given an opportunity to phone a family member to inform them of safe arrival and mailing instructions, then are searched for contraband; this is called a shakedown. Next, males receive their first military haircut, often called a buzz cut, where they are left essentially bald. Females are instructed in the authorized hairstyling, which allow hair to be short enough to not touch the collar or in a bun.
Zero week lasts only until the first Sunday when trainees can attend the religious service of their choice; there are a wide range of religions represented at Lackland. Sunday is the non-duty day each week in Basic Training.
The remainder of in - processing involves completion of paperwork, receiving vaccines and medical tests and the first physical fitness test.
The first test will consist of one minute timed push ups, one minute of sit ups, and a timed 1.5 - mile run. After the first physical fitness test all Trainees will be put into a fitness group. If a Trainee does not meet the basic needs he / she will be put into a remedial group that will have extra PT sessions throughout the week.
After the first physical fitness test the MTI can issue disciplinary action in the form of typical push ups, flutter kicks, and squat thrust or any other exercise that the MTI thinks is necessary as a correction for simple mistakes. Trainees will be expected to adhere to the rules by this time or face correction by physical exercise, or go through the chain of command; beginning with the section supervisor, depending on the severity of the misconduct.
The following chart shows physical fitness achievement levels as well as the minimum requirements for graduating Air Force Basic Military Training:
This is the Pre-Deployment Phase. Here trainees will sit down with a job counselor and are shown a list of jobs they qualify for, and that are available, and are instructed to prioritize that list in order of preference. The job counselors then take the preferences, and the preferences of all of the other recruits in the same week of training that are in the same guaranteed aptitude area, and try and work it out the best they can to give everyone the preferences they want. Those who enlisted with a guaranteed job will not go though this process.
Trainees undergo extensive training with the M - 16. Trainees will learn and practice the rules for safe use and handling of the weapon. They will also receive training in how to assemble, disassemble, clean, and repair the M - 16.
In Week 4, Trainees will attend the FEST Courses teaching them the basics needed to move onto the BEAST during the 5th WOT. Activities include basic Rifle Fighting techniques, crawling through a sand course, And learning how to move in columns and use proper hand signaling. Trainees will also go through CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear Environment) training and learn how to counter threats such as terrorism, biological and chemical weapons and security breaches. Included in the CBRNE training is gas mask and MOPP gear training, where trainees will be exposed to CS Gas. Trainees also take official BMT Portraits during the fourth week
During Week Five, trainees will be sent to the BEAST on the Medina Annex. The BEAST, or Basic Expeditionary Airman Skills Training, is the final test in BMT. This represents the culmination of all the skills and knowledge an Airman should possess. These skills and tactics the trainees have learned will be put to test in realistic field training exercises and combat scenarios.
It is a 5 - day exercise that will test all of the CBRNE skills that the trainees were taught in the fifth week of training. The trainees will also be taught basic combatives as well as engaging in pugil stick battles utilizing the rifle fighting techniques they were taught. The trainees are required to wear body armor and helmets, as well as two canteens and an M16. The site has four zones, called Reaper, Phantom, Vigilant and Sentinel, that simulate self - contained forward operating bases. Each zone is a ring of 10 field tents for barracks, centered around a three - story observation tower and a hardened briefing facility that serves as an armory and bomb shelter. The zone is defended by five sandbag defensive firing positions, and trainees control access to the zone through an entry control point.
The trainees will also visit CATM where they will fire and qualify using an M16A2 rifle. During the actual firing, trainees will fire at a man - sized target at 75 yards, 180 yards, and 300 yards in the standing, sitting, kneeling and prone positions. A total of 24 rounds will be fired during the qualification, the targets must be hit at least 17 times in order to become qualified with the weapon, and those who hit the targets at least 22 times qualify for the Small Arms Expert Ribbon.
Trainees will train on their SABC, FEST, and CBRNE skills to have a grasp on the basics of conducting UXO (Unexploded Ordnance) sweeps, helping a downed or injured Airman and doing the PAR and SALUTE reports they were taught during their CBRNE course the week prior. They 'll be taught how to identify potential threats and who to report them to in their chain of command. BEAST week will be almost entirely devoted to scenario training. As they take advantage of more field time to hone their newly acquired infantry skills, the trainees also will have more hands - on instruction in buddy care, culminating in an evaluation for each zone to see which zone has the won the coveted title of BEAST excellence which is announced at the culmex ceremony on Friday afternoon. The BEAST site includes a 1.5 - mile improvised explosive device (IED) trail littered with simulated roadside bombs. Trainees learn to spot IEDs and then use the trail in training scenarios. For example, under one scenario, trainees make their way down the "lane '' in tactical formation, trying to identify IEDs from the other debris such as soda cans. At the end of the trail, trainees are broken into teams of two "wingmen, '' and negotiate a combat - obstacle course (low - crawl, hide behind walls, roll behind barriers, strike dummies with the butt of your rifle, high crawl 60 yards through deep sand up a 40 percent grade). Trainees will also go participate in a CLAW mission during BEAST week. CLAW stands for Creating Leader Airmen Warriors. The CLAW mission consists of traversing a "simulated '' river using the instructions and supplies on hand which stresses teamwork. They will then move in staggered tactical formation to another checkpoint where they will work on their SABC skills, then they will go through the combat obstacle course that was mentioned above. The biggest test is the village in which the Chalks of Trainees will have to either rescue a "downed '' Airman and evacuate the training dummy or they will have to neutralize the targets and "simulated '' gunners in the village while sustaining as few casualties as possible. Teamwork is stressed, as the majority of tasks are completely impossible without it; each group must succeed or fail as a whole. The others will result in failure unless every trainee passes through together, requiring the team to aid its fellow trainee (s) who struggle in the accomplishment of the given mission. On the last day the trainees will have a culmex ceremony in which their MTI will award them their dog tags.
Week Six of BMT focuses primarily on post-deployment training. During this week, they will receive intensive classroom instruction about the difficulties many military members face when they return from a deployment, such as financial management, family issues and alcohol abuse. Trainees will also continue to practice drill and have dorm inspections. Trainees will also learn about Air Force history and heritage during this week. The final physical fitness test is also given this week. Trainees who fail the final PT test will be transferred to the "Get Fit '' flight, thereby providing the trainee extra time to improve fitness scores. The Air Force End of Course exam is also given during the Friday of the 6th week, and Trainees will at some point during this week find out their AFSC if one was n't already assigned when they arrived at BMT. A 70 or above is required to pass the EOC with Honor Grad candidacy being reached at 90.
On the final Thursday of BMT, all trainees will participate in the 1.5 - mile run known as the "Airman 's Run ''. The run is a victory celebration of the challenges overcome and esprit de corps gained by Airmen during training. Family and friends will be able to attend the days events and see their loved ones for the first time since the start of basic training. The Airman 's Run will be followed by the Coin and Retreat Ceremony. Trainees will be presented with the Airman 's Coin which signifies the transition from Trainee and have earned the right to be called an Airman. After the Airmen are dismissed, they will be able to spend the remainder of the day with loved ones.
Friday is the Graduation Parade. The flights will pass in review, take their final oath of enlistment and are then dismissed which marks the end of Air Force Basic Military Training and the beginning of an Airman 's career. Family and friends will be able to see their Airman 's living quarters at the dormitory, tour the base and San Antonio following the ceremony. The weekend will be spent returning to the flight in the evening and spending the daylight hours on Base Liberty or Town Pass.
Starting in March 2015, BMT was altered, graduation occurs during the seventh week, and the weekend after graduation, the new Airmen are moved to the Airman 's Week dorms generally into a dorm with people going to the same Technical Training bases as themselves. During this week, Airmen participate in classes and activities designed to help them become more independent thinkers, and to make them aware of some of the problems facing young Airmen in both Tech Training and beyond, including mental, academic and social stresses that often affect new Airmen. During this week, Airmen are granted more freedoms, to include base liberties after duty hours, and a more relaxed dining facility, with Airmen no longer being required to march, and are now allowed to talk to each other, and classroom sessions are mixed gender.
Monday morning following the end of Airman 's Week, all Airmen will proceed to the appropriate technical training school for their Air Force Specialty Code. This technical training typically lasts anywhere from one month to over two years.
Activities that are prohibited during Basic Training include (but are not limited to):
When a trainee engages in a prohibited activity, their MTI may recommend the Commander impose non-judicial punishment (UCMJ Article 15). An Article 15 is a type of disciplinary action, also known as non-judicial punishment, and can entail any or all of the following:
A trainee can be discharged from the Air Force before the conclusion of Basic Military Training. Discharges that occur before the completion of 180 days (approximately 6 months) of training are considered uncharacterized, which are neither honorable nor less than honorable.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force website http://www.af.mil.
Coordinates: 29 ° 23 ′ 3 '' N 98 ° 34 ′ 52 '' W / 29.38417 ° N 98.58111 ° W / 29.38417; - 98.58111
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nothing gonna change my love for you lyrics original singer | Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You - wikipedia
"Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' is a song written by composers Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin. It was originally recorded in 1984 by American singer and guitarist George Benson, and released in 1985 on his studio album 20 / 20, by Warner Bros. Records. This original version was produced by its own author Michael Masser, and was released as a single only in Europe in 1985. The song was not released as a single in the United States, but nevertheless, Benson recorded two video clips in the U.S. the same year, which were displayed on television programs. Two years later, the song became even more well known for a re-recording by Hawaiian singer Glenn Medeiros, whose 1987 cover eventually topped the charts in several countries.
This is the track list of the original single by George Benson released in 1985 in Europe:
The length of 4: 04 for "Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' and 4: 10 for "Beyond The Sea (La Mer) '', are the same in both the single and the album 20 / 20.
The original version of "Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' by George Benson has two video clips recorded by him in 1985 in the United States:
The B - side of single "Nothing 's Gonna Change My Love for You '' released in Europe brought George Benson 's cover of the classic "Beyond The Sea (La Mer) '', which, although not an original song Benson, also it was released as a single in the USA and the UK, where peaked position # 60 and remained on the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. "Beyond The Sea '' is an English version of the French song "La Mer '' by Charles Trenet, recorded in 1946. The letter was written in English by American Jack Lawrence and his version titled "Beyond The Sea '' was recorded by numerous artists to over the years. The Benson 's cover was also released on the album 20 / 20 in 1985.
A 1987 cover version by American singer Glenn Medeiros reached number 12 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and topped the charts in Canada and the United Kingdom. It also topped the charts in a further four countries in Europe. Medeiros also recorded the song in Spanish under the title "Nada cambiará mi amor por ti ''.
Medeiros originally released the song on a small independent label at the age of 16, after winning a local radio talent contest in Hawaii. A visiting radio executive from KZZP in Phoenix, Arizona heard the song and took the record back to Phoenix, where it became a national hit through word of mouth.
The song was featured in a late 1987 episode of the US daytime soap opera Days Of Our Lives as well as 1988 episodes of As The World Turns, The Bold And The Beautiful, and General Hospital.
In 2009, the song was used in France in a television advert for Spontex sponges. The song was additionally used in a commercial for Thinkbox in the UK in 2015. During the same year the song was used in an episode of British soap opera Coronation Street, where characters Beth Tinker and Kirk Sutherland got married.
The music video features Medeiros strolling around a beach with a girl in a pink dress.
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how did the dawes plan benefit the united states | Dawes Plan - wikipedia
The Dawes Plan (as proposed by the Dawes Committee, chaired by Charles G. Dawes) was an attempt in 1924 to solve the World War I reparations problem that Germany had to pay, which had bedevilled international politics following World War I and the Treaty of Versailles.
The occupation of the Ruhr industrial area by France and Belgium contributed to the hyperinflation crisis in Germany, partially because of its disabling effect on the German economy. The plan provided for an end to the Allied occupation, and a staggered payment plan for Germany 's payment of war reparations. Because the Plan resolved a serious international crisis, Dawes shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925 for his work.
It was an interim measure and proved unworkable. The Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it.
At the conclusion of World War I, the Allied and Associate Powers included in the Treaty of Versailles a plan for reparations to be paid by Germany. Germany was required to pay 20 billion gold marks, as an interim measure, while a final amount was decided upon. In 1921, the London Schedule of Payments established the German reparation figure at 132 billion gold marks (separated into various classes, of which only 50 billion gold marks was required to be paid). Meanwhile, the industrialists of Germany 's Ruhr Valley, who had lost their factories in Lorraine (Germany had seized Lorraine in 1870 and it went back to France after WW1), demanded hundreds of millions of marks as compensation from the German government. Despite having large obligations under the Versailles Treaty, the German government paid the Ruhr Valley industrialists for their losses. This contributed significantly to the hyperinflation that followed.
During the first five years after WW1, coal was scarce in Europe. French steelmakers depended heavily on imported German coal. But the Germans were trying to build up their own steel industry, having lost many of their steel plants in Lorraine to the French. As a means of protecting their own growing German steel industry, the German coal producers -- whose directors also sat on the boards of the German state railways and German steel companies -- began to charge exorbitantly high shipping rates on coal shipped over the border to France.
In early 1923, Germany defaulted on its war reparations payments and German coal producers refused to ship any more coal across the border. In response to this, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr River valley inside the borders of Germany in order to compel the German government to continue to ship coal and coke in the quantities demanded by the Versailles Treaty, which, contrary to German propaganda at the time (which characterized the coal shipments as onerous), was only 60 % of what Germany had been shipping into the same area before the war began.
This occupation of the centre of the German coal and steel industries outraged the German people. They passively resisted the occupation, and the economy suffered, contributing further to the German hyperinflation.
To simultaneously defuse this situation and increase the chances of Germany resuming reparation payments, the Allied Reparations Commission asked Dawes to find a solution fast. The Dawes committee, which was urged into action by Britain and the United States, consisted of ten informal expert representatives, two each from Belgium (Baron Maurice Houtart, Emile Francqui), France (Jean Parmentier, Edgard Allix), Britain (Sir Josiah C. Stamp, Sir Robert M. Kindersley), Italy (Alberto Pirelli, Federico Flora), and the United States (Dawes and Owen D. Young, who were appointed by Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover). It was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, which was determined to be 132 billion gold marks, as well as declaring that America would provide loans to the Germans, in order that they could make reparations payments to the United States, Britain and France.
In an agreement of August 1924, the main points of The Dawes Plan were:
The bond issues were overseen by consortium of American investment banks, led by J.P. Morgan & Co. under the supervision of the US State Department. Germany benefitted enormously both from the influx of foreign capital. The Dawes Plan went into effect in September 1924. Dawes and Sir Austen Chamberlain shared the Nobel Peace Prize.
The economy of Germany began to rebound during the mid-1920s and the country continued with the payment of reparations -- now funded by the large scale influx of American capital. However, the Dawes Plan was considered by the Germans as a temporary measure and they expected a revised solution in the future. In 1928, German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann called for a final plan to be established, and the Young Plan was enacted in 1929.
The Dawes Plan resulted in French troops leaving the Ruhr Valley. It provided a large capital influx to German industry, which continued to rebuild and expand. The capital now available to German industry functionally transferred the burdens of German 's war reparations from German government and industry to American bond investors. The Dawes Plan was also the beginning of the ties between German industry and American investment banks.
The Ruhr occupation resulted in a victory for the German steel industry and the German re-armament program. By reducing the supplies of coal to France, which was dependent on German coal, German industrialists managed to hobble France 's steel industry, while getting their own rebuilt. By 1926, the German steel industry was dominant in Europe and this dominance only increased in the years leading to WWII.
Media related to Dawes Plan at Wikimedia Commons
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what is the thing in the ear of singers | In - ear monitor - wikipedia
In - ear monitors (IEMs) are devices used by musicians, audio engineers and audiophiles to listen to music or to hear a personal mix of vocals and stage instrumentation for live performance or recording studio mixing. They are often custom fitted for an individual 's ears to provide comfort and a high level of noise reduction from ambient surroundings.
A monitoring system is any system that provides a mix of audio sources to a performer on stage. Traditionally, monitors were loudspeakers placed on stage directed toward the performer (often called floor monitor speakers or wedges). Depending on the sophistication of the audio system, floor wedge speakers can have disadvantages. First, floor wedges greatly increase the onstage volume, in some cases to potential hearing damage levels. Second, while floor wedges can be placed in front of a particular singer, guitarist, bassist or drummer, the other musicians can often hear the other musicians ' wedge mixes. In a sophisticated monitoring system, every band member can have their own monitor mix, which is their particular preference of vocals and / or instruments.
Since performers wear an IEM in each ear, they can also hear a stereo mix if a particular monitor system allows it. This can allow additional definition of the audio by panning different elements (vocals, drums, etc.) to each ear. Recent advances in this technology also allow the user to incorporate an ambient feature, allowing them to adjust the amount of ambient noise filtered by the IEM.
One additional consideration for mixing IEMs is that while getting rid of floor wedges can improve the overall clarity of the mix for the performers and decrease the overall volume onstage, one important piece that is often lost is crowd noise and crowd comments, such as the audience calling for an "encore ''. It is not uncommon for a microphone to be placed near each side of the stage, facing out to the audience, to provide a way to get some of the crowd noise and audience comments back into the performers ' IEM mixes. Larger live shows could have several microphones for this purpose spread across the front of the stage, which could also be sent to a multitrack recording device used in an outside broadcast production truck, or other destinations.
The most common professional stage in - ear monitor system employs the use of a wireless system to send the mix to the IEMs. This system contains a transmitter and a receiver pack about the size of a pack of cards that is worn by the performer. There is generally a transmitter for each monitor mix and there is always a receiver for each IEM. The transmitters usually output either one stereo mix or two mono mixes. When the transmitters are set up for two mono mixes, one transmitter can be used for two different mixes. Any number of receivers can receive a single mix.
The transmitters and receivers transfer audio wirelessly via a VHF or UHF radio frequency. Generally speaking, UHF systems sound much better than VHF systems and are also more expensive. UHF systems usually are less susceptible to frequency interference which adds to their level of quality.
The in - ear monitors themselves are the last stage of the signal path in the system. The IEMs are often custom molded and, therefore, are comfortable to wear and allow the sound to be sent directly into the user 's ear canal. They also provide a better seal, though it is able to isolate only ambient noise, thus resulting in a lower level of ambient noise heard. Depending on the quality of the fit and length of the canal portion of the earpiece, a custom fit in - ear monitor will generally provide somewhere between 25 and 34 decibels of noise reduction. This means that loud onstage instruments, such as drum kit or large 8x10 '' guitar stacks, are less likely to cause hearing damage for onstage musicians wearing IEMs.
Custom in - ear monitors come in a variety of colors but are usually clear or a color that closely matches the skin color of the performer. Some manufacturers can also place custom artwork directly on to the custom in - ear monitors. The IEM cable plugs into a 3.5 mm stereo jack on the receiver pack; typically clipped onto the belt, guitar strap, clothing of the performer, or placed in a pocket. Non-custom (universal) IEMs are also available and typically include a variety of foam and silicone tips in each pack, so that at least one pair may create a comfortable seal for most people 's ears. If a non-custom IEM earpieces do not fit for a specific person, they may need to order custom IEMs. If there is not a seal, the ambient noise leakage increases, and as such, the IEM is not as effective.
Television studios use earpieces with a specialized type of intercom called an interruptible feedback (IFB), as a means of communication.
Originally invented for hearing aids, balanced armature drivers are nowadays used extensively in modern in - ear monitors. In - ear monitors can function with as little as one armature driver but some of the top models of in - ear monitors can carry as many as 18 balanced armature drivers for faster response, higher dynamic range, and more detailed sound. Notable examples include JH Audio 's Layla (12 balanced armature drivers), Noble Audio 's K10U (10 balanced armature drivers), and 64 Audio 's A18t (18 balanced armature drivers).
The dynamic driver contains a diaphragm with a voice coil attached to it. When an electric current passes through, the voice coil vibrates between the two permanent magnets resulting in the diaphragm moving and producing sound. Adherents of the dynamic driver cite better bass response.
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postal code of karachi north nazimabad block s | North Nazimabad Town - wikipedia
North Nazimabad Town (Urdu: شمالی ناظم آباد ٹاؤن ) is a town in the northern part of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. North Nazimabad named as such in reference to it being north of the suburb of Nazimabad.
Before the independence of Pakistan, the area of the present day North Nazimabad Town was semi-arid land with small Sindhi and Kalmati Balochi villages nearly 15 km from downtown Karachi. The Government of Pakistan bought the land in 1950 from the local landlord and tribal leader Masti Brohi Khan in order to resettle the Muslim refugees from India that were living in tent cities in central Karachi. This suburb developed as KDA Scheme no 2 was named after Khawaja Nazimuddin who was the second Governor - General of Pakistan and later the second Prime Minister of Pakistan as well. In late 1958, the northern area of Nazimabad, was to be developed as KDA Scheme 2 ' a.k.a. Timuria by Karachi Improvement Trust (KIT). North Nazimabad was originally established in 1958, with Karachi Improvement Trust (KIT) starting that housing scheme. The land was purchased by Pakistan Public Works Department from Sardar Masti Brohi Khan. The name North Nazimabad became popular and was later adopted instead of Timuria. Taimooria or Timuria was named after Amir Timur the progenitor of Mughal Empire of South Asia. North Nazimabad was developed as a residential area for federal government employees. It was planned and designed in late 1950s by Carlo Scarpa & Aldo Rossi, the Italian planners and architects. But in the early 1960s the capital of Pakistan was transferred from Karachi to newly developed capital Islamabad. On account of these two factors it is ranked as the most modern - planned town of Karachi, with blocks located alphabetically. North Nazimabad Town has a comparatively high literacy rate amongst other towns in whole Karachi and a relatively low crime rate. It is considered as a middle class suburb of Karachi.
The Karachi municipality was divided was into 18 zones or towns in 2000. North Nazimabad is one of the towns. North Nazimabad itself is divided into 20 Blocks namely from Block A-T. The Block A has become the most expensive area of North Nazimabad (according to Dawn newspaper report).
Media related to North Nazimabad Town at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 24 ° 56 ′ 33 '' N 67 ° 02 ′ 51 '' E / 24.9426 ° N 67.0474 ° E / 24.9426; 67.0474
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who played ramses wife in the ten commandments | The Ten Commandments (1956 film) - Wikipedia
The Ten Commandments is a 1956 American epic religious drama film produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille, shot in VistaVision (color by Technicolor), and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is based on Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Pillar of Fire by J.H. Ingraham, On Eagle 's Wings by A.E. Southon, and the Book of Exodus. The Ten Commandments dramatizes the biblical story of the life of Moses, an adopted Egyptian prince who becomes the deliverer of his real brethren, the enslaved Hebrews, and therefore leads the Exodus to Mount Sinai, where he receives, from God, the Ten Commandments. The film stars Charlton Heston in the lead role, Yul Brynner as Rameses, Anne Baxter as Nefretiri, Edward G. Robinson as Dathan, Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora, Debra Paget as Lilia, and John Derek as Joshua; and features Sir Cedric Hardwicke as Sethi, Nina Foch as Bithiah, Martha Scott as Yoshebel, Judith Anderson as Memnet, and Vincent Price as Baka, among others.
Filmed on location in Egypt, Mount Sinai and the Sinai Peninsula, the film was DeMille 's last and most successful work. It is a partial remake of his 1923 silent film of the same title, and features one of the largest sets ever created for a film. The film was released to cinemas in the US on November 8, 1956 and, at the time of its release, was the most expensive film ever made.
In 1957, the film was nominated for seven Academy Awards including Best Picture, winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects (John P. Fulton, A.S.C.). Charlton Heston was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture (Drama) for his role as Moses. Yul Brynner won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor for his role as Rameses and his other roles in Anastasia and The King and I. It is also one of the most financially successful films ever made, grossing approximately $122.7 million at the box office during its initial release; it was the most successful film of 1956 and the second - highest - grossing film of the decade. According to Guinness World Records, in terms of theatrical exhibition it is the seventh most successful film of all - time when the box office gross is adjusted for inflation.
In 1999, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant ''. In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "Ten Top Ten '' -- the best ten films in ten American film genres -- after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. The film was listed as the tenth best film in the epic genre. Network television has aired the film in prime time during the Passover / Easter season every year since 1973.
Pharaoh Rameses I of Egypt orders the death of all firstborn Hebrew males. Yoshebel saves her infant son by setting him adrift in a basket on the Nile. Bithiah, the Pharaoh 's daughter, finds the basket and decides to adopt the boy even though her servant, Memnet, recognizes the child is Hebrew. Bithiah names the baby Moses.
Prince Moses grows up to become a successful general, winning a war with Ethiopia and establishing an alliance. Moses and princess Nefretiri fall in love, but she must marry the next Pharaoh. While working on the building of a city for Pharaoh Sethi 's jubilee, Moses meets the stonecutter Joshua, who tells him of the Hebrew God. Moses saves an elderly woman from being crushed, and he reprimands the taskmaster and overseer Baka. Moses does not know that the woman is his biological mother, Yoshebel.
Moses reforms the treatment of slaves on the project, but Prince Rameses, Moses 's adoptive brother, charges him with planning an insurrection. Moses says he is making his workers more productive. Rameses wonders if Moses is the man the Hebrews are calling the Deliverer.
Nefretiri learns from Memnet that Moses is the son of Hebrew slaves. She kills Memnet but reveals the story to Moses only after he finds the piece of Levite cloth he was wrapped in as a baby, which Memnet had kept. Moses follows Bithiah to Yoshebel 's house where he meets his birth mother and family.
Moses learns more about the slaves by working with them. Nefretiri urges him to return to the palace so he may help his people when he becomes pharaoh, to which he agrees after he completes a final task. Moses saves Joshua from death by choking Baka to death while also breaking the latter 's neck in the process, telling Joshua that he too is Hebrew. The confession is witnessed by the overseer Dathan. Dathan tells Rameses, who then arrests Moses. Moses explains that he is not the Deliverer, but would free the slaves if he could. Rameses is declared the next Pharaoh. Rameses banishes Moses to the desert.
Moses makes his way across the desert to a well in Midian. After defending seven sisters from Amalekites, Moses is housed with the girls ' father Jethro, a Bedouin sheik, who worships the God of Abraham. Moses marries Jethro 's eldest daughter Sephora.
Moses finds Joshua, who has escaped hard labor. Moses sees the burning bush on the summit of Mount Sinai and hears the voice of God. Moses returns to Egypt to free the Hebrews.
Moses comes before Rameses, now pharaoh, to win the slaves ' freedom, turning his staff into a cobra. Jannes performs the same trick with his staves, but Moses 's snake is superior. Rameses prohibits straw from being provided to the Hebrews to make their bricks. Nefretiri rescues Moses from being stoned to death by the Hebrews. He tells her he is married.
Egypt is visited by plagues. Moses turns the river Nile to blood at a festival of Khnum and brings burning hail down upon Pharaoh 's palace. Moses warns him the next plague to fall upon Egypt will be summoned by Pharaoh himself. Enraged at the plagues, Rameses orders all first - born Hebrews to die. Instead, a cloud of death kills all the firstborn of Egypt, including the child of Rameses and Nefretiri. Angrily, Pharaoh exiles the Hebrews, which begins the Exodus from Egypt.
Rameses takes his army and pursues the Hebrews to the Red Sea. Moses uses God 's help to stop the Egyptians with a pillar of fire. Moses parts the Red Sea and the Hebrews struggle toward the other side. Moses releases the walls of water, drowning the Egyptian army. Rameses returns empty - handed to Nefretiri, telling her, "His god is God ''.
Moses again ascends the mountain with Joshua. Impatiently, Dathan urges the Hebrews to construct a golden calf idol as a gift for Rameses. A wild and decadent orgy is held by most of the Hebrews.
Moses sees the Ten Commandments created by God in two stone tablets. Moses descends from the mountain to the sight of decadence. He throws the tablets at the golden calf, which explodes, killing the wicked revelers.
Forty years later, an elderly Moses leads the Hebrews to Canaan. He names Joshua as leader, and walks alone out of Israel.
The final shooting script was written by Aeneas MacKenzie, Jesse L. Lasky Jr., Jack Gariss, and Fredric M. Frank. It also contained material from the books Prince of Egypt by Dorothy Clarke Wilson, Pillar of Fire by Joseph Holt Ingraham, and On Eagle 's Wings by Arthur Eustace Southon. Henry Noerdlinger, the film 's researcher, consulted ancient historical texts such as the Midrash Rabbah, Philo 's Life of Moses, and the writings of Josephus and Eusebius in order to "fill in '' the missing years of Moses ' life, and as the film 's last opening title card states, "the Holy Scriptures. ''
Charlton Heston, who had previously worked with DeMille in The Greatest Show on Earth, won the part of Moses after he impressed DeMille (at his audition) with his knowledge of ancient Egypt. Interestingly enough, William Boyd, DeMille 's first choice to be auditioned to be Moses in the film, refused the part. Heston was also chosen to be the voice of God in the form of a burning bush, toned down to a softer and lower register.
Heston 's newborn son, Fraser (born February 12, 1955), was cast by DeMille (on the suggestion of Henry Wilcoxon, who said to him "The timing 's just right. If it 's a boy, who better to play the Baby Moses? '') as soon as Heston announced to DeMille that his wife Lydia was pregnant. Fraser Heston was three months old during filming.
The part of Nefretiri, the Egyptian throne princess, was considered "the most sought after role of the year '' in 1954. Ann Blyth, Vanessa Brown, Joan Evans, Rhonda Fleming, Coleen Gray, Jane Griffiths, Audrey Hepburn, Jean Marie, Vivien Leigh, Jane Russell, and Joan Taylor were considered for the part. DeMille liked Audrey Hepburn but dismissed her because of her figure, which was considered too slim for the character 's Egyptian gowns. Anne Baxter (who was considered for the part of Moses ' wife) was cast in the role.
Judith Ames, Anne Bancroft, Anne Baxter, Shirley Booth, Diane Brewster, Peggie Castle, June Clayworth, Linda Darnell, Laura Elliot, Rhonda Fleming, Rita Gam, Grace Kelly, Jacqueline Green, Barbara Hale, Allison Hayes, Frances Lansing, Patricia Neal, Marie Palmer, Jean Peters, Ruth Roman, Barbara Rush, and Elizabeth Sellers were considered for the part of Sephora. Grace Kelly, DeMille 's first choice, was unavailable. DeMille was "very much impressed '' with Yvonne De Carlo 's performance as a "saintly type of woman '' in MGM 's Sombrero. He "sensed in her a depth, an emotional power, a womanly strength which the part of Sephora needed and which she gave it. '' Sephora is the Douay -- Rheims version of the name of Zipporah.
Merle Oberon and Claudette Colbert were considered for the role of Bithiah before DeMille chose Jayne Meadows (who declined) and finally cast Nina Foch, on the suggestion of Henry Wilcoxon, who had worked with her in Scaramouche.
For the role of Memnet, Flora Robson was considered and Bette Davis was interviewed (DeMille 's casting journal also notes Marjorie Rambeau and Marie Windsor) but DeMille chose Judith Anderson after screening Alfred Hitchcock 's Rebecca.
Henry Wilcoxon 's wife Joan Woodbury was cast as Korah 's wife in the Golden Calf sequence.
DeMille was reluctant to cast anyone who had appeared in 20th Century Fox 's The Egyptian, a rival production at the time. Several exceptions to this are the casting of John Carradine and Mimi Gibson (in credited supporting roles) and Michael Ansara and Peter Coe (in uncredited minor roles), who appeared in both films.
For the Large Crowd shots, at least 14,000 extras and 15,000 animals were used while filming this movie.
Commentary for the film 's DVD edition chronicles the historical research done by DeMille and associates. Katherine Orrison says that many details of Moses ' life left out of the Bible are present in the Quran, which was sometimes used as a source. She also presents some coincidences in production. The man who designed Moses ' distinctive rust - white - and - black - striped robe used those colors because they looked impressive, and only later discovered that these are the actual colors of the Tribe of Levi. Arnold Friberg would later state that he was the one who designed Moses ' costume. As a gift, after the production, DeMille gave Moses ' robe to Friberg, who had it in his possession until his death in 2010. Moses ' robe as worn by Charlton Heston was hand - woven by Dorothea Hulse, one of the world 's finest weavers. She also created costumes for The Robe, as well as textiles and costume fabrics for Samson and Delilah, David and Bathsheba, and others.
Jesse Lasky Jr., a co-writer on The Ten Commandments, described how DeMille would customarily spread out prints of paintings by Lawrence Alma - Tadema to inform his set designers on the look he wanted to achieve. Arnold Friberg, in addition to designing sets and costumes, also contributed the manner in which Moses ordained Joshua to his mission at the end of the film: by the laying on of hands, placing his hands on Joshua 's head. Friberg, a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints, demonstrated the LDS manner of performing such ordinations, and DeMille liked it.
Pharaoh is usually shown wearing the red - and - white crown of Upper and Lower Egypt or the nemes royal headdress. For his pursuit of the Israelites, he wears the blue Khepresh helmet - crown, which the pharaohs wore for battle.
Sets, costumes and props from the film The Egyptian were bought and re-used for The Ten Commandments. As the events in The Egyptian take place 70 years before the reign of Rameses II, an unintentional sense of continuity was created.
An Egyptian wall painting was also the source for the lively dance performed by a circle of young women at Seti 's birthday gala. Their movements and costumes are based on art from the Tomb of the Sixth Dynasty Grand Vizier Mehu. Some of the film 's cast members, such as Baxter, Paget, Derek, and Foch, wore brown contact lenses, at the behest of DeMille, in order to conceal their light - colored eyes which were considered inadequate for their roles. Paget once said that, "If it had n't been for the lenses I would n't have got the part. '' However, she also said that the lenses were "awful to work in because the kleig lights heat them up ''. When DeMille cast Yvonne De Carlo as Sephora, she was worried about having to wear these contact lenses; she also believed that her gray eyes were her best feature. She asked DeMille to make an exception for her. He agreed, expressing the idea that De Carlo 's role was special, and that Moses was to fall in love with her.
The special photographic effects in The Ten Commandments were created by John P. Fulton, A.S.C. (who received an Academy Award for his effects in the film), head of the special effects department at Paramount Pictures, assisted by Paul Lerpae, A.S.C. in Optical Photography (blue screen "travelling matte '' composites) and Farciot Edouart, A.S.C., in Process Photography (rear projection effects). Fulton 's effects included the building of Sethi 's Jubilee treasure city, the Burning Bush, the fiery hail from a cloudless sky, the Angel of Death, the composites of the Exodus, the Pillar of Fire, the giving of the Ten Commandments, and the tour de force, the parting of the Red Sea. The parting of the Red Sea was considered the most difficult special effect ever performed up to that time. This effect took about six months of VistaVision filming, and combined scenes shot on the shores of the Red Sea in Egypt, with scenes filmed at Paramount Studios in Hollywood of a huge water tank split by a U-shaped trough, into which approximately 360,000 gallons of water were released from the sides, as well as the filming of a giant waterfall also built on the Paramount backlot to create the effect of the walls of the parted sea out of the turbulent backwash. All of the multiple elements of the shot were then combined in Paul Lerpae 's optical printer, and matte paintings of rocks by Jan Domela concealed the matte lines between the real elements and the special effects elements. Unlike the technique used by ILM for Raiders of the Lost Ark and Poltergeist of injecting poster paints into a glass tank containing a salt water inversion layer, the cloud effects for The Ten Commandments were formed with white Britt smoke filmed against a translucent sky backing, and colors were added optically. Striking portraits of Charlton Heston as Moses and three women in front of menacing clouds were photographed by Wallace Kelly, A.S.C. in Farciot Edouart 's process (rear projection) department, in what are still considered unforgettable scenes. DeMille used these scenes to break up the montage, framing his subjects like a Renaissance master. An abundance of blue screen spillage or "bleeding '' can be seen, particularly at the top of the superimposed walls of water, but rather than detracting from the shot, this (unintentionally) gives the scene an eerie yet spectacular appearance. The parting of the Red Sea sequence is considered by many to be one of the greatest special effects of all time.
DeMille was reluctant to discuss technical details of how the film was made, especially the optical tricks used in the parting of the Red Sea. It was eventually revealed that footage of the Red Sea was spliced with film footage (run in reverse) of water pouring from large U-shaped trip - tanks set up in the studio backlot.
The score for The Ten Commandments was composed and conducted by Elmer Bernstein. Initially, DeMille hired Bernstein, then a relatively unknown film composer, to write and record only the diegetic music required for the film 's dance sequences and other onscreen musical passages, with the intention of employing frequent collaborator Victor Young to write the score proper. However, Young turned down the assignment due to his own failing health, causing DeMille to hire Bernstein to write the underscore as well.
In total, Bernstein composed two and a half hours of music for the film, writing for a full symphony orchestra augmented with various ethnic and unusual instruments such as the shofar, the tiple, and the theremin. The score is written in a highly Romantic style, featuring unique musical leitmotifs for the film 's characters (God, Moses, Rameses, Nefretiri, etc.) used in a manner inspired, at DeMille 's direction, by the opera scores of Richard Wagner. Bernstein recorded both the diegetic music and the score at the Paramount Studios Recording Stage in sessions spread from April 1955 to August 1956.
A double - LP monaural soundtrack album was released in 1957 by Dot Records, utilizing excerpts from the original film recordings. A stereo version of the 1957 album was released in 1960 containing new recordings conducted by Bernstein, as the original film recordings, while recorded in three - channel stereo, were not properly balanced for an LP stereo release, as the intent at the time of recording had been to mix the film masters to mono for the film soundtrack itself; this recording was later issued on CD by MCA Classics in 1989. For the film 's tenth anniversary, United Artists Records released a second stereo re-recording in 1966, also conducted by Bernstein and employing different orchestral arrangements unique to this release.
For the film 's 60th anniversary, Intrada Records released a six - CD album of the score in 2016. The Intrada release contains the complete two and a half hour score as originally recorded by Bernstein, with much of it remixed in true stereo for the first time. In addition, the 2016 release contains all the diegetic music recorded for the film, the original 1957 Dot album (in mono), the 1960 Dot album (in stereo), and the 1966 United Artists album, as well a 12 - minute recording of Bernstein auditioning his thematic ideas for DeMille on the piano.
Cecil B. DeMille promoted the film by placing Ten Commandment monuments as a publicity stunt for the film in cities across the United States. The Ten Commandments premiered at New York City 's Criterion Theatre on November 8, 1956. Among those who attended the premiere were Cecil B. DeMille and his daughter Cecilia DeMille Harper, Charlton Heston and his wife Lydia Clarke, Yul Brynner, Anne Baxter, Edward G. Robinson, Yvonne De Carlo and her husband Bob Morgan, Martha Scott and her husband and son, John Wayne and his wife Pilar Pallete, Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh, and Barney Balaban. It played on a roadshow basis with reserved seating until mid-1958, when it finally entered general release. It was re-released in 1966 and 1972, and one more time in 1989. The 1972 and 1989 re-issues included 70mm and 35mm prints that reframed the picture 's aspect ratio to 2.20: 1 and 2.35: 1, respectively, cropping the top and bottom of the picture 's original 1.85: 1 aspect ratio. The Ten Commandments was released on DVD on March 30, 1999; March 9, 2004, as a Special Collector 's Edition; and March 29, 2011, as a Special edition and Standard edition.
The Ten Commandments was the highest - grossing film of 1956 and the second most successful film of the decade. By April 1957, the film had earned an unprecedented $10 million from engagements at just eighty theaters, averaging about $1 million per week, with more than seven million people paying to watch it. During its initial release, it earned theater rentals (the distributor 's share of the box office gross) of $31.3 million in North America and $23.9 million from the foreign markets, for a total of $55.2 million (equating to approximately $122.7 million in ticket sales). It was hugely profitable for its era, earning a net profit of $18,500,000, against a production budget of $13.27 million (the most a film had cost up to that point).
By the time of its withdrawal from distribution at the end of 1960, The Ten Commandments had overtaken Gone with the Wind at the box office in the North American territory, and mounted a serious challenge in the global market -- the worldwide takings for Gone with the Wind were reported to stand at $59 million at the time. Gone with the Wind would be re-released the following year as part of the American Civil War Centennial, and reasserted its supremacy at the box office by reclaiming the US record. Also at this time, Ben - Hur -- another biblical epic starring Charlton Heston released at the end of 1959 -- would go on to eclipse The Ten Commandments at the box office. A 1966 reissue earned $6,000,000, and further re-releases brought the total American theater rentals to $43 million, equivalent to gross ticket sales of $89 million at the box office. Globally, it ultimately collected $90,066,230 in revenues up to 1979.
It remains one of the most popular films ever made. Adjusted for inflation, it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices, according to Guinness World Records; only Gone with the Wind (1939), Avatar (2009), Star Wars (1977), Titanic (1997), The Sound of Music (1965), and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) have generated higher grosses in constant dollars.
Bosley Crowther for The New York Times
The Ten Commandments received generally positive reviews after its release, although some reviewers noted its divergence from the biblical text. Bosley Crowther for The New York Times was among those who lauded DeMille 's work, acknowledging that "in its remarkable settings and décor, including an overwhelming facade of the Egyptian city from which the Exodus begins, and in the glowing Technicolor in which the picture is filmed -- Mr. DeMille has worked photographic wonders. '' Variety described the "scenes of the greatness that was Egypt, and Hebrews by the thousands under the whip of the taskmasters '' as "striking, '' and believed that the film "hits the peak of beauty with a sequence that is unelaborate, this being the Passover supper wherein Moses is shown with his family while the shadow of death falls on Egyptian first - borns. ''
The film 's cast was also complimented. Variety called Charlton Heston an "adaptable performer '' who, as Moses, reveals "inner glow as he is called by God to remove the chains of slavery that hold his people. '' It considered Yul Brynner "expert '' as Rameses, too. Anne Baxter 's performance as Nefretiri was criticized by Variety as leaning "close to old - school siren histrionics, '' but Crowther believed that it, along with Brynner 's, is "unquestionably apt and complementary to a lusty and melodramatic romance. '' The performances of Yvonne De Carlo and John Derek were acclaimed by Crowther as "notably good. '' He also commended the film 's "large cast of characters '' as "very good, from Sir Cedric Hardwicke as a droll and urbane Pharaoh to Edward G. Robinson as a treacherous overlord. ''
Leonard Maltin, a contemporary film critic, gave the film four out of four stars and described it as "vivid storytelling at its best... parting of the Red Sea, writing of the holy tablets are unforgettable highlights. ''
Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected 33 reviews and gave the film a rating of 94 % "Certified fresh '' approval rating, with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 and the site 's consensus stating: "Bombastic and occasionally silly but extravagantly entertaining, Cecil B. DeMille 's all - star spectacular is a muscular retelling of the great Bible story. ''
Camille Paglia has called The Ten Commandments one of the ten greatest films of all time.
The Ten Commandments won the Academy Award for Best Special Effects (John P. Fulton). It was also nominated for Best Color Art Direction (art directors Hal Pereira, Walter H. Tyler, and Albert Nozaki and set decorators Sam Comer and Ray Moyer), Best Color Cinematography (Loyal Griggs), Best Color Costume Design (Edith Head, Ralph Jester, John Jensen, Dorothy Jeakins, and Arnold Friberg), Best Film Editing (Anne Bauchens), Best Motion Picture (Cecil B. DeMille) and Best Sound Recording (Paramount Studio Sound Department and sound director Loren L. Ryder). Paramount submitted the names of Yvonne De Carlo, John Derek, and Debra Paget for the supporting player categories (even though they received star billing in the film) at the 29th Academy Awards, but the actors did not receive nominations.
Charlton Heston 's performance as Moses was ranked as the 4th Best Performance by a Male Star of 1956 by The Film Daily 's Filmdom 's Famous Five Poll. Heston was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama and later won the Fotograma de Plata Award for Best Foreign Performer in 1959.
Yul Brynner won the National Board of Review Award for Best Actor for his performance as Rameses.
Cecil B. DeMille won many special awards for the film. He received, among others, the Los Angeles Examiner Award, the Boxoffice Blue Ribbon Award for the Best Picture of the Month (January 1957), the Photoplay Achievement Award, and The Christian Herald 's Reader 's Award for the Picture of the Year (1957).
The Maryland State Council of the American Jewish Congress awarded the Stephen S. Wise Medallion to DeMille for "most inspiring film of the year. '' Charlton Heston, Yul Brynner, Edward G. Robinson, Sir Cedric Hardwicke, Nina Foch, and Martha Scott also received awards for their acting.
The film was also included in several of the annual top ten film lists, such as those featured in The Film Daily and Photoplay.
The American Film Institute included the film as # 10 in the epic film category in AFI 's 10 Top 10, # 79 in AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Cheers, and named Moses as the # 43 hero in AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains.
Critics have argued that considerable liberties were taken with the biblical story of Exodus, compromising the film 's claim to authenticity, but neither this nor its nearly four - hour length has had any effect on its popularity. In fact, many of the supposed inaccuracies were actually adopted by DeMille from extra-biblical ancient sources, such as Josephus, the Sepher ha - Yashar, and the Chronicle of Moses. Moses 's career in Ethiopia, for instance, is based on ancient midrashim. For decades, a showing of The Ten Commandments was a popular fundraiser among revivalist Christian Churches, while the film was equally treasured by film buffs for DeMille 's "cast of thousands '' approach and the heroic but antiquated early - talkie - type acting.
The Ten Commandments has been released on DVD in the United States on four occasions: the first edition (Widescreen Collection) was released on March 30, 1999 as a two - disc set, the second edition (Special Collector 's Edition) was released on March 9, 2004, as a two - disc set with commentary by Katherine Orrison, the third edition (50th Anniversary Collection) was released on March 21, 2006 as a three - disc set with the 1923 version and special features, and the fourth edition (55th Anniversary Edition) was released on DVD again in a two - disc set on March 29, 2011, and for the first time on Blu - ray in a two - disc set and a six - disc limited edition gift set with the 1923 version and DVD copies. In 2012, the limited edition gift set won the Home Media Award for Best Packaging (Paramount Pictures and JohnsByrne).
With the exception of 1999, The Ten Commandments has been broadcast annually on the ABC network since 1973, traditionally during the Passover and Easter holidays. Since 2006 the network has typically aired The Ten Commandments on the Saturday night prior to Easter, with the broadcast starting at 7: 00 p.m. in the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones and 6: 00 p.m. Central and Mountain. The film is the only pre-scheduled ABC Saturday Movie of the Week of the year.
Unlike many lengthy films of the day, which were usually broken up into separate airings over at least two nights, ABC elected to show The Ten Commandments in one night and has done so every year it has carried the film, with one exception; in 1997, ABC elected to split the movie in two and aired half of it in its normal Easter Sunday slot, which that year was March 30, with the second half airing on Monday, March 31 as counterprogramming to the other networks ' offerings, which included CBS ' coverage of the NCAA Men 's Basketball Championship Game.
The length of the film combined with the necessary advertisement breaks has caused its broadcast window to vary over the years, and today, ABC 's total run time for The Ten Commandments stands at four hours and forty - four minutes. This requires the network to overrun into the 11: 00 pm (10: 00 pm CT / MT) timeslot that belongs to the local affiliates, thus delaying their late local news and any other programming the station may air in the overnight hours (with some stations forgoing a late newscast entirely and giving personnel the evening off). When the film has aired on Easter Sunday, affiliates are given the ability to tape delay the showing an hour ahead to 8 p.m. ET / PT to keep their schedules in line for early evening, though at the cost of delaying their local newscasts to 12: 45 a.m. (11: 45 p.m. CT / MT).
In 2010, the film was broadcast in high definition for the first time, which allowed the television audience to see it in its original VistaVision aspect ratio. In 2015, for the first time in several years, the network undertook a one - off airing of the film on Easter Sunday night, which fell on April 5.
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when does day light savings start in victoria | Daylight saving time by country - wikipedia
Most areas in North America and Europe, and some areas in the Middle East, observe daylight saving time (DST), while most areas of Africa and Asia do not. In South America, most countries in the north of the continent near the equator do not observe DST, while Paraguay and southern parts of Brazil do. The practice of observing daylight saving time in Oceania is also mixed, with New Zealand and parts of southeastern Australia observing DST, while most other areas do not.
Hemisphere
DST used only in Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Lord Howe Island.
DST end delays one week during Carnival week. Only these south and central states use DST: São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Federal District Brasilia, Santa Catarina, Paraná, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Mato Grosso (some exceptions).
Some regions in Quebec, east of 63 ° west longitude, most of Saskatchewan, and some areas in British Columbia and Nunavut (Southampton Island) do not observe DST. Saskatchewan, however, observes Central Time even though it is located in the Mountain Time Zone, meaning it effectively observes DST year round.
Follows European Union practice as part of the Kingdom of Denmark, hence start & end times correspond to 01: 00 UTC on the respective Sunday. See Daylight saving time in the Americas -- Greenland Qaanaaq uses US and Canada rules. Danmarkshavn does not use DST.
The government considered to abolish DST in 2017, moving Hungary to the UTC + 2 (EET) year - round, but there are no official plans to do so yet. This would be problematic considering DST switch is coordinated on an EU level.
The time zone in Malaysia has changed and varied a lot in the past
DST was removed in 2017.
Follows European Union practice, although not a member.
Observed DST since 1980. 1980 first Sunday of April to last Sunday of September. 1981 -- 1995 last Sunday of March to last Sunday of September. Since 1996 last Sunday of March to last Sunday of October.
Follows European Union practice, although not a member.
Followed European Union practice, although was not a member. In 2016, Turkey joined the UTC + 3 timezone.
Year - round Summer Time (BST) + Double Summer Time (BDST) 1940 -- 1945. Two - stage Double Summer Time (BDST) 1947. Year - round Summer Time (BST) 1968 -- 1971.
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where did the last name wright come from | Wright - wikipedia
Wright is an occupational surname originating in England. The term ' Wright ' comes from the circa 700 AD Old English word ' wryhta ' or ' wyrhta ', meaning worker or shaper of wood. Later it became any occupational worker (for example, a shipwright is a person who builds ships), and is used as a British family name.
Wright is the sixteenth most common surname in England. Its use as an occupational title continued until the mid-19th century. This use was often combined with other words such as in shipwright, wheelwright, wainwright and playwright.
The word carpentier, now "carpenter '', was introduced into England in the years after the Norman conquest in 1066 and slowly replaced the traditional name and meaning of wright in most of England.
' Wright ' is still used in Scottish English in the original meaning of ' skilled woodworker '. The Incorporation of Wrights of the Trades House of Glasgow, and the Incorporation of Wrights and Masons of Edinburgh Trades retain the word in its original meaning in their role of promoting the woodworking trade.
Wright is also an anglicised version of the Scots Gaelic clan name "MacIntyre '' or "Mac an t - Saoir '', meaning "son of the wright '' (son of the carpenter). In Ireland, the native Gaelic Mac an Cheairt sept of County Mayo occasionally changed their name to Wright. This is a literal translation meaning, "son of the right or righteous ''.
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who lived in my state before european settlers | History of Native Americans in the United States - wikipedia
The history of Native Americans in the United States began in ancient times tens of thousands of years ago with the settlement of the Americas by the Paleo - Indians. Anthropologists and archeologists have identified and studied a wide variety of cultures that existed during this era. Their subsequent contact with Europeans had a profound impact on their history of the people
According to the most generally accepted theory of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Eurasia to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The number and composition of the migrations is still being debated. Falling sea levels associated with an intensive period of Quaternary glaciation created the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to Alaska about 60 -- 25,000 years ago. The latest this migration could have taken place is 12,000 years ago; the earliest remains undetermined. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases; see Archaeology of the Americas.
The Paleo - Indian or Lithic stage lasted from the first arrival of people in the Americas until about 5000 / 3000 BCE (in North America). Three major migrations occurred, as traced by linguistic and genetic data; the early Paleoamericans soon spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. By 8000 BCE the North American climate was very similar to today 's. A study published in 2012 gives genetic backing to the 1986 theory put forward by linguist Joseph Greenberg that the Americas must have been populated in three waves, based on language differences.
The Clovis culture, a megafauna hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, New Mexico. The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute, by which it was inserted into a shaft. Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years BP (roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE).
Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America, with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada, as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living on this continent since their genesis, described by a wide range of traditional creation stories. Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians. Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas.
The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips, and activities known from kill sites, where slaughter and butchering of bison took place. Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE.
Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE, reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE, and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior. Linguists, anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America, later than the first Paleo - Indians. They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada, south along the Pacific Coast, into the interior of Canada, and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest.
They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples, including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache. They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used seasonally. People did not live there year - round, but for the summer to hunt and fish, and to gather food supplies for the winter.
The Archaic period lasted until about 1000 BCE. A major culture of the Archaic stage were the Mound builders, who stretched from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Since the 1990s, archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods. Native American cultures are not included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as "Neolithic, '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia, Africa, and other regions.
The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana, whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE, making it the oldest, dated site in the Americas for such complex construction. It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site. Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE, probably due to changing environmental conditions.
Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast. The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE, during the Late Archaic period. Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites, from the major complex at Poverty Point, Louisiana (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) across a 100 - mile (160 km) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni, Mississippi.
Poverty Point is a 1 square mile (2.6 km) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings, with additional platform mounds at the site. Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region. This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys. They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders.
The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE. They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico, the San Juan Basin, the Rio Grande Valley, southern Colorado, and southeastern Utah.
The Post-Archaic stage include the Formative, Classic and Post-Classic stages in Willey and Phillipp 's scheme. The Formative stage lasted from 1000 BCE until about 500AD, the Classic from about 500AD - 12 -- AD, while the Post-Classic refers to 1200AD until the present day. It also includes the Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian, whose culture refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America.
The term "Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures. The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BCE to 200 BCE, in a time known as the Early Woodland period. The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system.
The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Woodland period culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society, but a widely dispersed set of related populations, who were connected by a common network of trade routes, known as the Hopewell Exchange System. At its greatest extent, the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario. Within this area, societies participated in a high degree of exchange; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes. The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States.
The Coles Creek culture was an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the late Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period. The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas, more complex political institutions, and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period. The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site. He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites, and almost went with the Mazique culture, but decided on the less historically involved sites name. It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture.
The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast, created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico, most notably at Cahokia, on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois.
The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Taos Pueblo, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people, marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era.
White House Ruins, Canyon de Chelly National Monument
The Hohokam culture was centered along American Southwest. The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River. They raised corn, squash and beans. The communities were located near good arable land, with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period. They were known for their pottery, using the paddle - and - anvil technique. The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics. Buildings were grouped into walled compounds, as well as earthen platform mounds. Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems, suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor. Polychrome pottery appeared, and inhumation burial replaced cremation. Trade included that of shells and other exotics. Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 CE.
The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwestern New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado. It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed, at least in part, from the Oshara Tradition, who developed from the Picosa culture. They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses, larger clan type structures, grand pueblos, and cliff sited dwellings. The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers. The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls, particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras.
The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations, each with distinctive cultural and political identities, but they shared certain beliefs, traditions and practices, such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol. Their gift - giving feast, potlatch, is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events, such as the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief. The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole, with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs, legends, and notable events.
After 1492 European exploration and colonization of the Americas revolutionized how the Old and New Worlds perceived themselves. One of the first major contacts, in what would be called the American Deep South, occurred when the conquistador Juan Ponce de León landed in La Florida in April 1513. He was later followed by other Spanish explorers, such as Pánfilo de Narváez in 1528 and Hernando de Soto in 1539. The subsequent European colonists in North America often rationalized their expansion of empire with the assumption that they were saving a barbaric, pagan world by spreading Christian civilization.
In the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the policy of Indian Reductions resulted in the forced conversions to Catholicism of the indigenous people in northern Nueva España. They had long - established spiritual and religious traditions and theological beliefs. What developed during the colonial years and since has been a syncretic Catholicism that absorbed and reflected indigenous beliefs; the religion changed in New Spain.
From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the population of Native Americans declined in the following ways: epidemic diseases brought from Europe; violence and warfare at the hands of European explorers and colonists, as well as between tribes; displacement from their lands; internal warfare, enslavement; and a high rate of intermarriage. Most mainstream scholars believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives because of their lack of immunity to new diseases brought from Europe. With the rapid declines of some populations and continuing rivalries among their nations, Native Americans sometimes re-organized to form new cultural groups, such as the Seminoles of Florida in the 19th century and the Mission Indians of Alta California. Some scholars characterize the treatment of Native Americans by the US as genocide or genocidal whilst others dispute this characterization.
Estimating the number of Native Americans living in what is today the United States of America before the arrival of the European explorers and settlers has been the subject of much debate. While it is difficult to determine exactly how many Natives lived in North America before Columbus, estimates range from a low of 2.1 million (Ubelaker 1976) to 7 million people (Russell Thornton) to a high of 18 million (Dobyns 1983). A low estimate of around 1 million was first posited by the anthropologist James Mooney in the 1890s, by calculating population density of each culture area based on its carrying capacity. In 1965, the American anthropologist Henry F. Dobyns published studies estimating the original population to have been 10 to 12 million. By 1983, he increased his estimates to 18 million. Historian David Henige criticized higher estimates such as those of Dobyns ', writing that many population figures are the result of arbitrary formulas selectively applied to numbers from unreliable historical sources. By 1800, the Native population of the present - day United States had declined to approximately 600,000, and only 250,000 Native Americans remained in the 1890s.
Chicken pox and measles, endemic but rarely fatal among Europeans (long after being introduced from Asia), often proved deadly to Native Americans. Smallpox epidemics often immediately followed European exploration and sometimes destroyed entire village populations. While precise figures are difficult to determine, some historians estimate that at least 30 % (and sometimes 50 % to 70 %) of some Native populations died after first contact due to Eurasian smallpox. One element of the Columbian exchange suggests explorers from the Christopher Columbus expedition contracted syphilis from indigenous peoples and carried it back to Europe, where it spread widely. Other researchers believe that the disease existed in Europe and Asia before Columbus and his men returned from exposure to indigenous peoples of the Americas, but that they brought back a more virulent form.
In the 100 years following the arrival of the Spanish to the Americas, large disease epidemics depopulated large parts of the eastern United States in the 15th century. In 1618 -- 1619, smallpox killed 90 % of the Native Americans in the area of the Massachusetts Bay. Historians believe many Mohawk in present - day New York became infected after contact with children of Dutch traders in Albany in 1634. The disease swept through Mohawk villages, reaching the Onondaga at Lake Ontario by 1636, and the lands of the western Iroquois by 1679, as it was carried by Mohawk and other Native Americans who traveled the trading routes. The high rate of fatalities caused breakdowns in Native American societies and disrupted generational exchange of culture.
After European explorers reached the West Coast in the 1770s, smallpox rapidly killed at least 30 % of Northwest Coast Native Americans. For the next 80 to 100 years, smallpox and other diseases devastated native populations in the region. Puget Sound area populations, once estimated as high as 37,000 people, were reduced to only 9,000 survivors by the time settlers arrived en masse in the mid-19th century. The Spanish missions in California did not significantly affect the population of Native Americans, but the numbers of the latter decreased rapidly after California ceased to be a Spanish colony, especially during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th (see chart on the right).
Smallpox epidemics in 1780 -- 1782 and 1837 -- 1838 brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the Plains Indians. By 1832, the federal government established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832). It was the first federal program created to address a health problem of Native Americans.
With the meeting of two worlds, animals, insects, and plants were carried from one to the other, both deliberately and by chance, in what is called the Columbian Exchange. Sheep, pigs, horses, and cattle were all Old World animals that were introduced to contemporary Native Americans who never knew such animals.
In the 16th century, Spaniards and other Europeans brought horses to Mexico. Some of the horses escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The early American horse had been game for the earliest humans on the continent. It was hunted to extinction about 7000 BCE, just after the end of the last glacial period. Native Americans benefited from the reintroduction of horses, as they adopted the use of the animals, they began to change their cultures in substantial ways, especially by extending their nomadic ranges for hunting.
The reintroduction of the horse to North America had a profound impact on Native American culture of the Great Plains. The tribes trained and used horses to ride and to carry packs or pull travois. The people fully incorporated the use of horses into their societies and expanded their territories. They used horses to carry goods for exchange with neighboring tribes, to hunt game, especially bison, and to conduct wars and horse raids.
King Philip 's War, also called Metacom 's War or Metacom 's Rebellion, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present - day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies from 1675 to 1676. It continued in northern New England (primarily on the Maine frontier) even after King Philip was killed, until a treaty was signed at Casco Bay in April 1678. According to a combined estimate of loss of life in Schultz and Tougias ' King Philip 's War, The History and Legacy of America 's Forgotten Conflict (based on sources from the Department of Defense, the Bureau of Census, and the work of Colonial historian Francis Jennings), 800 out of 52,000 English colonists of New England (1 out of every 65) and 3,000 out of 20,000 natives (3 out of every 20) lost their lives due to the war, which makes it proportionately one of the bloodiest and costliest in the history of America. More than half of New England 's 90 towns were assaulted by Native American warriors. One in ten soldiers on both sides were wounded or killed.
The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet (also known as Metacom or Pometacom) who was known to the English as King Philip. He was the last Massasoit (Great Leader) of the Pokanoket Tribe / Pokanoket Federation and Wampanoag Nation. Upon their loss to the Colonists, many managed to flee to the North to continue their fight against the British (Massachusetts Bay Colony) by joining with the Abanaki Tribes and Wabanaki Federation.
Some Europeans considered Native American societies to be representative of a golden age known to them only in folk history. The political theorist Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote that the idea of freedom and democratic ideals was born in the Americas because "it was only in America '' that Europeans from 1500 to 1776 knew of societies that were "truly free. ''
Natural freedom is the only object of the policy of the (Native Americans); with this freedom do nature and climate rule alone amongst them... (Native Americans) maintain their freedom and find abundant nourishment... (and are) people who live without laws, without police, without religion.
In the 20th century, some writers have credited the Iroquois nations ' political confederacy and democratic government as being influences for the development of the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. In October 1988, the U.S. Congress passed Concurrent Resolution 331 to recognize the influence of the Iroquois Constitution upon the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights.
However, leading historians of the period note that historic evidence is lacking to support such an interpretation. Gordon Wood wrote, "The English colonists did not need the Indians to tell them about federalism or self - government. The New England Confederation was organized as early as 1643. '' The historian Jack Rakove, a specialist in early American history, in 2005 noted that the voluminous documentation of the Constitutional proceedings "contain no significant reference to Iroquois. '' Secondly, he notes: "All the key political concepts that were the stuff of American political discourse before the Revolution and after, had obvious European antecedents and referents: bicameralism, separation of powers, confederations, and the like. ''
Through the mid 17th century the Beaver Wars were fought over the fur trade between the Iroquois and the Hurons, the northern Algonquians, and their French allies. During the war the Iroquois destroyed several large tribal confederacies -- including the Huron, Neutral, Erie, Susquehannock, and Shawnee, and became dominant in the region and enlarged their territory.
Between 1754 and 1763, many Native American tribes were involved in the French and Indian War / Seven Years ' War. Those involved in the fur trade in the northern areas tended to ally with French forces against British colonial militias. Native Americans fought on both sides of the conflict. The greater number of tribes fought with the French in the hopes of checking British expansion. The British had made fewer allies, but it was joined by some tribes that wanted to prove assimilation and loyalty in support of treaties to preserve their territories. They were often disappointed when such treaties were later overturned. The tribes had their own purposes, using their alliances with the European powers to battle traditional Native enemies.
During the American Revolution, the newly proclaimed United States competed with the British for the allegiance of Native American nations east of the Mississippi River. Most Native Americans who joined the struggle sided with the British, based both on their trading relationships and hopes that colonial defeat would result in a halt to further colonial expansion onto Native American land. Many native communities were divided over which side to support in the war and others wanted to remain neutral. The first native community to sign a treaty with the new United States Government was the Lenape. For the Iroquois Confederacy, based in New York, the American Revolution resulted in civil war. The only Iroquois tribes to ally with the colonials were the Oneida and Tuscarora.
Frontier warfare during the American Revolution was particularly brutal, and numerous atrocities were committed by settlers and native tribes alike. Noncombatants suffered greatly during the war. Military expeditions on each side destroyed villages and food supplies to reduce the ability of people to fight, as in frequent raids by both sides in the Mohawk Valley and western New York. The largest of these expeditions was the Sullivan Expedition of 1779, in which American colonial troops destroyed more than 40 Iroquois villages to neutralize Iroquois raids in upstate New York. The expedition failed to have the desired effect: Native American activity became even more determined.
American Indians have played a central role in shaping the history of the nation, and they are deeply woven into the social fabric of much of American life... During the last three decades of the 20th century, scholars of ethnohistory, of the "new Indian history, '' and of Native American studies forcefully demonstrated that to understand American history and the American experience, one must include American Indians.
The British made peace with the Americans in the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which they ceded vast Native American territories to the United States without informing or consulting with the Native Americans. The Northwest Indian War was led by Native American tribes trying to repulse American settlers. The United States initially treated the Native Americans who had fought as allies with the British as a conquered people who had lost their lands. Although most members of the Iroquois tribes went to Canada with the Loyalists, others tried to stay in New York and western territories to maintain their lands. The state of New York made a separate treaty with Iroquois nations and put up for sale 5,000,000 acres (20,000 km) of land that had previously been their territories. The state established small reservations in western New York for the remnant peoples.
The Indians presented a reverse image of European civilization which helped America establish a national identity that was neither savage nor civilized.
The United States was eager to expand, to develop farming and settlements in new areas, and to satisfy land hunger of settlers from New England and new immigrants. The national government initially sought to purchase Native American land by treaties. The states and settlers were frequently at odds with this policy.
European nations sent Native Americans (sometimes against their will) to the Old World as objects of curiosity. They often entertained royalty and were sometimes prey to commercial purposes. Christianization of Native Americans was a charted purpose for some European colonies.
Whereas it hath at this time become peculiarly necessary to warn the citizens of the United States against a violation of the treaties... I do by these presents require, all officers of the United States, as well civil as military, and all other citizens and inhabitants thereof, to govern themselves according to the treaties and act aforesaid, as they will answer the contrary at their peril.
United States policy toward Native Americans had continued to evolve after the American Revolution. George Washington and Henry Knox believed that Native Americans were equals but that their society was inferior. Washington formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing '' process. Washington had a six - point plan for civilization which included:
Robert Remini, a historian, wrote that "once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans. '' The United States appointed agents, like Benjamin Hawkins, to live among the Native Americans and to teach them how to live like whites.
How different would be the sensation of a philosophic mind to reflect that instead of exterminating a part of the human race by our modes of population that we had persevered through all difficulties and at last had imparted our Knowledge of cultivating and the arts, to the Aboriginals of the Country by which the source of future life and happiness had been preserved and extended. But it has been conceived to be impracticable to civilize the Indians of North America -- This opinion is probably more convenient than just.
In the late 18th century, reformers starting with Washington and Knox, supported educating native children and adults, in efforts to "civilize '' or otherwise assimilate Native Americans to the larger society (as opposed to relegating them to reservations). The Civilization Fund Act of 1819 promoted this civilization policy by providing funding to societies (mostly religious) who worked on Native American improvement.
I rejoice, brothers, to hear you propose to become cultivators of the earth for the maintenance of your families. Be assured you will support them better and with less labor, by raising stock and bread, and by spinning and weaving clothes, than by hunting. A little land cultivated, and a little labor, will procure more provisions than the most successful hunt; and a woman will clothe more by spinning and weaving, than a man by hunting. Compared with you, we are but as of yesterday in this land. Yet see how much more we have multiplied by industry, and the exercise of that reason which you possess in common with us. Follow then our example, brethren, and we will aid you with great pleasure...
As American expansion continued, Native Americans resisted settlers ' encroachment in several regions of the new nation (and in unorganized territories), from the Northwest to the Southeast, and then in the West, as settlers encountered the tribes of the Great Plains.
East of the Mississippi River, an intertribal army led by Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, fought a number of engagements in the Northwest during the period 1811 -- 12, known as Tecumseh 's War. In the latter stages, Tecumseh 's group allied with the British forces in the War of 1812 and was instrumental in the conquest of Detroit. Conflicts in the Southeast include the Creek War and Seminole Wars, both before and after the Indian Removals of most members of the Five Civilized Tribes beginning in the 1830s under President Andrew Jackson 's policies.
Native American nations on the plains in the west continued armed conflicts with the United States throughout the 19th century, through what were called generally "Indian Wars. '' The Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) was one of the greatest Native American victories. Defeats included the Sioux Uprising of 1862, the Sand Creek Massacre (1864) and Wounded Knee in 1890. Indian Wars continued into the early 20th century.
According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894),
"The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate... ''
In July 1845, the New York newspaper editor John L. O'Sullivan coined the phrase, "Manifest Destiny, '' as the "design of Providence '' supporting the territorial expansion of the United States. Manifest Destiny had serious consequences for Native Americans, since continental expansion for the United States took place at the cost of their occupied land. Manifest Destiny was a justification for expansion and westward movement, or, in some interpretations, an ideology or doctrine that helped to promote the progress of civilization. Advocates of Manifest Destiny believed that expansion was not only good, but that it was obvious and certain. The term was first used primarily by Jacksonian Democrats in the 1840s to promote the annexation of much of what is now the Western United States (the Oregon Territory, the Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cession).
What a prodigious growth this English race, especially the American branch of it, is having! How soon will it subdue and occupy all the wild parts of this continent and of the islands adjacent. No prophecy, however seemingly extravagant, as to future achievements in this way (is) likely to equal the reality.
The age of Manifest Destiny, which came to be associated with extinguishing American Indian territorial claims and removing them to reservations, gained ground as the United States population explored and settled west of the Mississippi River. Although Indian Removal from the Southeast had been proposed by some as a humanitarian measure to ensure their survival away from Americans, conflicts of the 19th century led some European - Americans to regard the natives as "savages ''.
Many Native Americans served in the military during the Civil War, on both sides. By fighting with the whites, Native Americans hoped to gain favor with the prevailing government by supporting the war effort.
General Ely S. Parker, a member of the Seneca tribe, created the articles of surrender which General Robert E. Lee signed at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. Gen. Parker, who served as Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's military secretary and was a trained attorney, was once rejected for Union military service because of his race. At Appomattox, Lee is said to have remarked to Parker, "I am glad to see one real American here, '' to which Parker replied, "We are all Americans. '' General Stand Watie, a leader of the Cherokee Nation and Confederate Indian cavalry commander, was the last Confederate General to surrender his troops.
In the 19th century, the incessant westward expansion of the United States incrementally compelled large numbers of Native Americans to resettle further west, often by force, almost always reluctantly. Native Americans believed this forced relocation illegal, given the Hopewell Treaty of 1785. Under President Andrew Jackson, United States Congress passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which authorized the President to conduct treaties to exchange Native American land east of the Mississippi River for lands west of the river.
As many as 100,000 Native Americans relocated to the West as a result of this Indian Removal policy. In theory, relocation was supposed to be voluntary and many Native Americans did remain in the East. In practice, great pressure was put on Native American leaders to sign removal treaties.
The most egregious violation of the stated intention of the removal policy took place under the Treaty of New Echota, which was signed by a dissident faction of Cherokees but not the principal chief. The following year, the Cherokee conceded to removal, but Georgia included their land in a lottery for European - American settlement before that. President Jackson used the military to gather and transport the Cherokee to the west, whose timing and lack of adequate supplies led to the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees on the Trail of Tears. About 17,000 Cherokees, along with approximately 2,000 enslaved blacks held by Cherokees, were taken by force migration to Indian Territory.
Tribes were generally located to reservations where they could more easily be separated from traditional life and pushed into European - American society. Some southern states additionally enacted laws in the 19th century forbidding non-Native American settlement on Native American lands, with the intention to prevent sympathetic white missionaries from aiding the scattered Native American resistance.
In 1817, the Cherokee became the first Native Americans recognized as U.S. citizens. Under Article 8 of the 1817 Cherokee treaty, "Upwards of 300 Cherokees (Heads of Families) in the honest simplicity of their souls, made an election to become American citizens. '' The next earliest recorded date of Native Americans ' becoming U.S. citizens was in 1831, when some Mississippi Choctaw became citizens after the United States Congress ratified the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek.
Article 22 sought to put a Choctaw representative in the U.S. House of Representatives. Under article XIV of that treaty, any Choctaw who elected not to move with the Choctaw Nation could become an American citizen when he registered and if he stayed on designated lands for five years after treaty ratification. Through the years, Native Americans became U.S. citizens by:
1. Treaty provision (as with the Cherokee) 2. Registration and land allotment under the Dawes Act of February 8, 1887 3. Issuance of Patent in Fee simple 4. Adopting Habits of Civilized Life 5. Minor Children 6. Citizenship by Birth 7. Becoming Soldiers and Sailors in the U.S. Armed Forces 8. Marriage to a U.S. citizen 9. Special Act of Congress.
In 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney expressed the opinion of the court that since Native Americans were "free and independent people, '' they could become U.S. citizens. Taney asserted that Native Americans could be naturalized and join the "political community '' of the United States.
(Native Americans), without doubt, like the subjects of any other foreign Government, be naturalized by the authority of Congress, and become citizens of a State, and of the United States; and if an individual should leave his nation or tribe, and take up his abode among the white population, he would be entitled to all the rights and privileges which would belong to an emigrant from any other foreign people.
After the American Civil War, the Civil Rights Act of 1866 states, "that all persons born in the United States, and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States ''. This was affirmed by the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. But the concept of Native Americans as U.S. citizens fell out of favor among politicians at the time. Senator Jacob Howard of Michigan commented, "I am not yet prepared to pass a sweeping act of naturalization by which all the Indian savages, wild or tame, belonging to a tribal relation, are to become my fellow - citizens and go to the polls and vote with me ''. (Congressional Globe, 1866, 2895) In a Senate floor debate regarding the Fourteenth Amendment, James Rood Doolittle of Wisconsin stated, "... all those wild Indians to be citizens of the United States, the Great Republic of the world, whose citizenship should be a title as proud as that of king, and whose danger is that you may degrade that citizenship (Congressional Globe, 1866, 2892). ''
In 1871 Congress added a rider to the Indian Appropriations Act ending United States recognition of additional Native American tribes or independent nations, and prohibiting additional treaties.
That hereafter no Indian nation or tribe within the territory of the United States shall be acknowledged or recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with whom the United States may contract by treaty: Provided, further, that nothing herein contained shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any treaty heretofore lawfully made and ratified with any such Indian nation or tribe.
After the Indian wars in the late 19th century, the United States established Native American boarding schools, initially run primarily by or affiliated with Christian missionaries. At this time American society thought that Native American children needed to be acculturated to the general society. The boarding school experience often proved traumatic to Native American children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity and denied the right to practice their native religions, and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Native American identities and adopt European - American culture.
Since the late 20th century, investigations have documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuse occurring at such schools. While problems were documented as early as the 1920s, some of the schools continued into the 1960s. Since the rise of self - determination for Native Americans, they have generally emphasized education of their children at schools near where they live. In addition, many federally recognized tribes have taken over operations of such schools and added programs of language retention and revival to strengthen their cultures. Beginning in the 1970s, tribes have also founded colleges at their reservations, controlled and operated by Native Americans, to educate their young for jobs as well as to pass on their cultures.
On August 29, 1911 Ishi, generally considered to have been the last Native American to live most of his life without contact with European - American culture, was discovered near Oroville, California after a forest fire drove him from nearby mountains. He was the last of his tribe, the rest having been massacred by a party of White "Indian fighters '' in 1865 when he was a boy. After being jailed in protective custody, Ishi was released to anthropologists led by Alfred L. Kroeber at the University of California. They studied his Southern Yahi language and culture, and provided him a home until his death from tuberculosis five years later.
On June 2, 1924 U.S. Republican President Calvin Coolidge signed the Indian Citizenship Act, which made citizens of the United States of all Native Americans born in the United States and its territories and who were not already citizens. Prior to passage of the act, nearly two - thirds of Native Americans were already U.S. citizens.
American Indians today have all the rights guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution, can vote in elections, and run for political office. There has been controversy over how much the federal government has jurisdiction over tribal affairs, sovereignty, and cultural practices.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That all noncitizen Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States be, and they are hereby, declared to be citizens of the United States: Provided, That the granting of such citizenship shall not in any manner impair or otherwise affect the right of any Native American to tribal or other property.
Some 44,000 Native Americans served in the United States military during World War II: at the time, one - third of all able - bodied Indian men from 18 to 50 years of age. The entry of young men into the United States military during World War II has been described as the first large - scale exodus of indigenous peoples from the reservations. It involved more people than any migration since the removals from areas east of the Mississippi River of the early 19th century.
The men 's service with the US military in the international conflict was a turning point in Native American history. The overwhelming majority of Native Americans welcomed the opportunity to serve; they had a voluntary enlistment rate that was 40 % higher than those who were drafted. War Department officials said that if the entire population had enlisted in the same proportion as the Native Americans, the response would have rendered the draft unnecessary.
Their fellow soldiers often held them in high esteem, in part since the legend of the tough Native American warrior had become a part of the fabric of American historical legend. White servicemen sometimes showed a lighthearted respect toward Native American comrades by calling them "chief ''. Native American cultures were profoundly changed after their young men returned home, because of their wide contact with the world outside of the reservation system. "The war '', said the U.S. Indian Commissioner in 1945, "caused the greatest disruption of Native life since the beginning of the reservation era '', affecting the habits, views, and economic well - being of tribal members.
The most significant of these changes was the opportunity -- as a result of wartime labor shortages -- to find well - paying work in cities. After the war many Native Americans relocated to urban areas, particularly on the West Coast with the buildup of the defense industry. In the 1950s the federal government had a relocation policy encouraging them to do so because of economic opportunity in cities. But Native Americans struggled with discrimination and the great cultural changes in leaving their reservations behind.
There were also losses as a result of the war. For instance, a total of 1,200 Pueblo men served in World War II; only about half came home alive. In addition many more Navajo served as Code talkers for the military in the Pacific. The code they made, although cryptologically very simple, was never cracked by the Japanese.
Military service and urban residency contributed to the rise of American Indian activism, particularly after the 1960s and the occupation of Alcatraz Island (1969 -- 1971) by a student Indian group from San Francisco. In the same period, the American Indian Movement (AIM) was founded in Minneapolis, and chapters were established throughout the country, where American Indians combined spiritual and political activism. Political protests gained national media attention and the sympathy of the American public.
Through the mid-1970s, conflicts between governments and Native Americans occasionally erupted into violence. A notable late 20th - century event was the Wounded Knee incident on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Upset with tribal government and the failures of the federal government to enforce treaty rights, about 300 Oglala Lakota and American Indian Movement (AIM) activists took control of Wounded Knee on February 27, 1973.
Indian activists from around the country joined them at Pine Ridge, and the occupation became a symbol of rising American Indian identity and power. Federal law enforcement officials and the national guard cordoned off the town, and the two sides had a standoff for 71 days. During much gunfire, one United States Marshal was wounded and paralyzed. In late April a Cherokee and local Lakota man were killed by gunfire; the Lakota elders ended the occupation to ensure no more lives were lost.
In June 1975, two FBI agents seeking to make an armed robbery arrest at Pine Ridge Reservation were wounded in a firefight, and killed at close range. The AIM activist Leonard Peltier was sentenced in 1976 to two consecutive terms of life in prison in the FBI deaths.
In 1968 the government enacted the Indian Civil Rights Act. This gave tribal members most of the protections against abuses by tribal governments that the Bill of Rights accords to all U.S. citizens with respect to the federal government. In 1975 the U.S. government passed the Indian Self - Determination and Education Assistance Act, marking the culmination of 15 years of policy changes. It resulted from American Indian activism, the Civil Rights Movement, and community development aspects of President Lyndon Johnson 's social programs of the 1960s. The Act recognized the right and need of Native Americans for self - determination. It marked the U.S. government 's turn away from the 1950s policy of termination of the relationship between tribes and the government. The U.S. government encouraged Native Americans ' efforts at self - government and determining their futures. Tribes have developed organizations to administer their own social, welfare and housing programs, for instance. Tribal self - determination has created tension with respect to the federal government 's historic trust obligation to care for Indians, however, the Bureau of Indian Affairs has never lived up to that responsibility.
By this time, tribes had already started to establish community schools to replace the BIA boarding schools. Led by the Navajo Nation in 1968, tribes started tribal colleges and universities, to build their own models of education on reservations, preserve and revive their cultures, and develop educated workforces. In 1994 the U.S. Congress passed legislation recognizing the tribal colleges as land - grant colleges, which provided opportunities for funding. Thirty - two tribal colleges in the United States belong to the American Indian Higher Education Consortium. By the early 21st century, tribal nations had also established numerous language revival programs in their schools.
In addition, Native American activism has led major universities across the country to establish Native American studies programs and departments, increasing awareness of the strengths of Indian cultures, providing opportunities for academics, and deepening research on history and cultures in the United States. Native Americans have entered academia; journalism and media; politics at local, state and federal levels; and public service, for instance, influencing medical research and policy to identify issues related to American Indians.
In 1981, Tim Giago founded the Lakota Times, an independent Native American newspaper, located at the Pine Ridge Reservation but not controlled by tribal government. He later founded the Native American Journalists Association. Other independent newspapers and media corporations have been developed, so that Native American journalists are contributing perspective on their own affairs and other policies and events.
In 2004 Senator Sam Brownback (Republican of Kansas) introduced a joint resolution (Senate Joint Resolution 37) to "offer an apology to all Native Peoples on behalf of the United States '' for past "ill - conceived policies '' by the U.S. government regarding Indian Tribes. President Barack Obama signed the historic apology into law in 2009, as Section 8113 of the 2010 defense appropriations bill.
After years of investigation and independent work by Native American journalists, in 2003 the U.S. government indicted suspects in the December 1975 murder of Anna Mae Aquash at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. A Mi'kmaq, Aquash was the highest - ranking woman activist in the American Indian Movement (AIM) at the time. She was killed several months after two FBI agents had been killed at the reservation. Many Lakota believe that she was killed by AIM on suspicion of having been an FBI informant, but she never worked for the FBI. Arlo Looking Cloud was convicted in federal court in 2004. In 2007 the United States extradited AIM activist John Graham from Canada to stand trial for her murder. He was also convicted and sentenced to life.
The Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (P.L. 101 - 644) is a truth - in - advertising law that prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States, including dreamcatchers. It is illegal to offer or display for sale, or sell any art or craft product in a manner that falsely suggests it is Indian produced. Though this law has been in effect for 27 years -- it is still widely unknown and rarely enforced due to the difficulty in proving the heritage of anyone found to be in violation of the law.
Native American tribes and individuals began to file suits against the federal government over a range of issues, especially land claims and mismanagement of trust lands and fees. A number of longstanding cases were finally settled by the administration of President Barack Obama, who made a commitment to improve relations between the federal government and the tribes. Among these was Cobell v. Salazar, a class action suit settled in 2009, with Congress appropriating funds in 2010. Another was Keepseagle v., settled in April 2011. The $760 million settlement "designated $680 million for Native American farmers who had faced discrimination from the U.S. Department of Agriculture over a period of several years in the past.
By 2012, "the Justice and Interior departments had reached settlements totaling more than $1 billion with 41 tribes for claims of mismanagement. '' The Navajo Nation gained the largest settlement with a single tribe, of $554 million. It is the largest tribe in the United States.
In 2013 under renewal of the Violence Against Women Act, the federal government strengthened protection of Native American women, as it established authority for tribes to prosecute non-Natives who commit crimes on Indian land. Domestic and sexual abuse of Native American women has been a problem in many areas, but previous laws prevented arrest or prosecution by tribal police or courts of non-native abusive partners.
Native American migration to urban areas continued to grow: 70 % of Native Americans lived in urban areas in 2012, up from 45 % in 1970, and 8 % in 1940. Urban areas with significant Native American populations include Rapid City, Minneapolis, Oklahoma City, Denver, Phoenix, Tucson, Seattle, Chicago, Houston, and New York City. Many have lived in poverty and struggled with discrimination. Racism, unemployment, drugs and gangs were common problems which Indian social service organizations, such as the Little Earth housing complex in Minneapolis, have attempted to address.
Africa
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what is the function of albumin in blood | Albumin - Wikipedia
The albumins (/ ˈælbjʊmɪn /) (formed from Latin: albumen "(egg) white; dried egg white '') are a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins. All the proteins of the albumin family are water - soluble, moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experience heat denaturation. Albumins are commonly found in blood plasma and differ from other blood proteins in that they are not glycosylated. Substances containing albumins, such as egg white, are called albuminoids.
A number of blood transport proteins are evolutionarily related, including serum albumin, alpha - fetoprotein, vitamin D - binding protein and afamin.
Albumin binds to the cell surface receptor albondin.
Serum albumin is the main protein of human blood plasma. It binds water, cations (such as Ca, Na and K), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin, thyroxine (T4) and pharmaceuticals (including barbiturates): its main function is to regulate the Oncotic pressure of blood. Alpha - fetoprotein (alpha - fetoglobulin) is a fetal plasma protein that binds various cations, fatty acids and bilirubin. Vitamin D - binding protein binds to vitamin D and its metabolites, as well as to fatty acids. The isoelectric point of albumin is 4.9.
The 3D structure of human serum albumin has been determined by X-ray crystallography to a resolution of 2.5 ångströms (250 pm). Albumin is a 65 -- 70 kDa protein.
Albumin comprises three homologous domains that assemble to form a heart - shaped protein. Each domain is a product of two subdomains that possess common structural motifs. The principal regions of ligand binding to human serum albumin are located in hydrophobic cavities in subdomains IIA and IIIA, which exhibit similar chemistry. Structurally, the serum albumins are similar, each domain containing five or six internal disulfide bonds, as shown schematically below:
Serum albumin is the most abundant blood plasma protein and is produced in the liver and forms a large proportion of all plasma protein. The human version is human serum albumin, and it normally constitutes about 50 % of human plasma protein.
Serum albumins are important in regulating blood volume by maintaining the oncotic pressure (also known as colloid osmotic pressure) of the blood compartment. They also serve as carriers for molecules of low water solubility this way isolating their hydrophobic nature, including lipid - soluble hormones, bile salts, unconjugated bilirubin, free fatty acids (apoprotein), calcium, ions (transferrin), and some drugs like warfarin, phenobutazone, clofibrate & phenytoin. For this reason, it is sometimes referred as a molecular "taxi ''. Competition between drugs for albumin binding sites may cause drug interaction by increasing the free fraction of one of the drugs, thereby affecting potency.
Specific types include:
The normal range of human serum albumin in adults (> 3 y.o.) is 3.5 to 5 g / dL. For children less than three years of age, the normal range is broader, 2.9 -- 5.5 g / dL.
Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) may be caused by liver disease, nephrotic syndrome, burns, protein - losing enteropathy, malabsorption, malnutrition, late pregnancy, artefact, genetic variations and malignancy.
High albumin (hyperalbuminemia) is almost always caused by dehydration. In some cases of retinol (Vitamin A) deficiency, the albumin level can be elevated to high - normal values (e.g., 4.9 g / dL). This is because retinol causes cells to swell with water (this is also the reason too much Vitamin A is toxic). This swelling also likely occurs during treatment with 13 - cis retinoic acid (isotretnoin), a pharmaceutical for treating severe acne, amongst other conditions. In lab experiments it has been shown that all - trans retinoic acid down regulates human albumin production.
Other albumin types include the storage protein ovalbumin in egg white, and different storage albumins in the seeds of some plants, including hemp.
For patients with low blood volume, there is no evidence that albumin reduces mortality when compared with cheaper alternatives such as normal saline, or that albumin reduces mortality in patients with burns and low albumin levels. Therefore, the Cochrane Collaboration recommends that it not be used, except in clinical trials.
In acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), albumin is sometimes used as a surfactant. ADV has been proposed as a cancer treatment by means of occlusion therapy.
Human serum albumin may be used to potentially reverse drug / chemical toxicity by binding to free drug / agent. (Tatlow, D, Poothencheri, S, Bhangal, R and Tatlow C. Novel method for rapid reversal of drug toxicity: A case report. doi 10.1111 / 1440 - 1681.12358). Ascentzi, P, Leboffe, L, Toti, D, Polticelli, F, and Trezza, V. Fipronil recognition by the FA1 site of human serum albumin. doi 10.1002 / jmr. 2713.
Worldwide, certain traditional Chinese medicines contain wild bear bile, banned under CITES legislation. Dip sticks, similar to common pregnancy tests, have been developed to detect the presence of bear albumin in traditional medicine products, indicating that bear bile had been used in their creation.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro IPR014760
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which earth does injustice 2 take place on | Injustice 2 - wikipedia
Injustice 2 is a fighting video game developed by NetherRealm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the sequel to 2013 's Injustice: Gods Among Us. The game was released in May 2017 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Similar to the previous installment, a companion mobile app was released for iOS and Android devices.
The core gameplay remains similar to its predecessor, albeit with minor adjustments to returning game mechanics. Injustice 2 introduces a new feature called the Gear System, a loot - dropping system that rewards players with costume pieces and equipment that can be used to customize characters ' appearances and modify their abilities and stats. According to developers, the idea for implementing an RPG - style progression system into a fighting game had existed since before the fall of Midway Games, the original publisher for the Mortal Kombat series. Director Ed Boon also sought to incorporate gameplay mechanics used by multiplayer shooter games, such as personalization, character creation, loot, and leveling up, into the fighting game genre, which led to the development of the Gear System.
Injustice 2 's storyline centers around Batman and his insurgency 's attempt to restore society after the fall of Superman 's regime; however, the arrivals of the newly formed supervillain group "The Society '' and the alien Brainiac forces Batman to consider freeing the imprisoned Superman to help combat the threats. The game received positive reviews from critics, who praised its story, presentation, improved gameplay mechanics, abundance of in - game content, and character customization options, while criticizing its random loot and microtransaction systems.
Injustice 2 retains numerous gameplay mechanics from Injustice: Gods Among Us, including environment interaction, stage transitions, clashes, and character traits. The trait system, like before, provides a temporary buff or ability that compliments each character 's playstyle. The super meter, which allows players to execute enhanced special moves and unlock powerful "super moves '' when fully charged, also returns. Players can expend meter to perform new techniques, such as an evasive forward roll, which provides a way to overcome enemy keep - away tactics, or an air recovery, which lets characters escape an opponent 's combo early. Most environmental attacks, which were completely unavoidable in the first Injustice game, can now be blocked; however, certain environmental attacks with large amounts of startup, such as throwing a car, will remain unblockable.
Injustice 2 introduces a loot - dropping system, known as the "Gear System '', which offers character - specific costume pieces and equipment with status - altering effects. The Gear System uses RPG - like mechanics to reward players with experience and loot after every match. Every playable fighter is given four base stats: strength, defense, health, and ability, the latter of which impacts special attacks. As players collect experience points and subsequently level up, their characters ' base stats will increase. Players can enhance their base stats even further by equipping gear obtained through loot drops, which also lets players customize the look of their characters. Rarer gear can include one or more bonus augmentations, which range from new visual effects for special moves to higher yields of in - game currency or experience points. Players can receive additional bonuses by equipping their characters with all five pieces of a single gear set. Gear comes in three varieties: equipment, shaders, and abilities. Besides the random loot earned at the end of a fight, all three types of gear are available to purchase in loot crates, known as "Mother Boxes '', using in - game currency. Each character has five equipment slots for donning new costume pieces, which include their head, torso, arms, legs, and an accessory; two ability slots for equipping new or modified special attacks; and one shader slot for altering their color scheme. The game will also include five separate gear loadouts for each character, allowing players to switch between their setups at the beginning of each match.
The game also includes a microtransaction system. Players can buy "Source Crystals '' using real - world money to purchase cosmetic adjustments for fighters, such as premier skins and shaders, instead of waiting to obtain them through normal play. Source Crystals can also be used to buy "Transform Gear ''. Transform Gear lets players apply the visuals of one piece of gear to another, allowing them to match their preferred stat modifiers with their preferred costume pieces. Lastly, once players have reached Level 20 with at least one character, Source Crystals can be used to level up other characters to their maximum levels. NetherRealm representatives clarified that any purchases made with Source Crystals are strictly cosmetic and offer no gameplay advantages.
In addition to the campaign, online, and arcade modes, Injustice 2 introduces a new "Multiverse '' mode. Similar to the "Living Towers '' mode from NetherRealm 's previous title, Mortal Kombat X, the Multiverse allows players to travel through series of parallel worlds within the DC Universe and battle against opponents with various handicaps, stipulations, and goals. Online multiplayer will feature the option to disable Gear System upgrades and modifications, reducing all base stats to their default levels, turning any equipped gear into purely cosmetic items, and providing more balanced gameplay for competitive matches. Players can also form online "guilds '' with up to 50 other players. Guild members can collaborate to complete daily and weekly cooperative objectives to earn and share gear exclusive to guild gameplay and climb the worldwide leaderboards.
Injustice 2 continues the storyline established in Injustice: Gods Among Us. Unlike the previous game, which centered on a multi-universe conflict, the plot for Injustice 2 takes place entirely within the alternate, dystopian universe. According to Injustice: Gods Among Us Cinematic Director Dominic Cianciolo, the story from the first installment provided a solid foundation for adapting the canonical histories of the game 's newer cast, allowing the writers to fit their stories within the Injustice universe. The biggest challenge presented to the writers was extending the series ' narrative without repeating the core Batman versus Superman conflict. This led to the inclusion of Brainiac as the game 's central antagonist, as there were few characters in the DC Universe that could top "Dictator Superman '' as a foe for Batman. The story campaign in Injustice 2 is also the first in the series to feature multiple endings.
Five years after Superman 's defeat, Batman and his collaborators attempt to piece the world back together. However, a new faction, the Society, composed of villains spearheaded by Gorilla Grodd, emerges and plans for world domination. With several of his allies either victims of or collaborators with Superman 's failed regime, Batman is forced to create a new team to combat the Society. He sends Black Canary, an alternate Green Arrow, and Harley Quinn to combat them in Gorilla City, where Doctor Fate warns Green Arrow and Black Canary of an incoming threat towards the planet. After defeating Grodd, the two are abducted by Brainiac, the true mastermind behind the Society. Having previously collected and destroyed Krypton, he had intended to reclaim Superman, but became interested in adding Earth to his collection. After Brainiac takes over Batman 's communications hub, Brother Eye, Batman searches for allies to combat him.
Catwoman, Batman 's double agent within the Society, frees Harley from Gorilla City. Flash and a reformed Green Lantern reunite before joining Batman, who sends Hal to Atlantis to gain Aquaman 's assistance. Aquaman refuses to cooperate at first, but relents after Brainiac attacks Atlantis. Meanwhile, Black Adam, Wonder Woman, and Supergirl plan to free the Regime. When they witness Brainiac 's forces attacking Earth, they attempt to revive the Regime. Desperate to stop Brainiac, Batman releases Superman from custody and forms an alliance with the Regime.
Cyborg, Catwoman, and Harley Quinn return to the Batcave to free Brother Eye from Brainiac 's control and coordinate civilian evacuation efforts. Wonder Woman takes Supergirl to Metropolis, and openly challenges Batman 's plan. When she comes close to killing Cheetah and Harley Quinn, Supergirl stops her and heads to the Fortress of Solitude to confront Superman on the matter, learning the truth of her cousin 's tyranny. With several of Earth 's cities abducted, Brainiac prepares to eradicate the planet. The alliance attempts to take on Brainiac 's ship, but his shields are too strong and he seemingly kills Superman in the process. They concoct a plan to weaken Brainiac 's shields by using Aquaman 's trident as a conduit for the magic of the Rock of Eternity.
Grodd pursues Aquaman and Black Adam with a brainwashed Black Canary, Green Arrow, and Blue Beetle. After Aquaman kills Grodd, the pair successfully weakens Brainiac 's shields enough for Batman and Supergirl to break in. The two are captured, but Batman is rescued by Superman. He and Batman defeat a brainwashed Firestorm and Swamp Thing, they are confronted by Doctor Fate who is turned into Brainiac 's servant by the Lords of Order. Fate is defeated and his helmet is destroyed, removing the Lords ' influence. However, he is impaled and killed by Brainiac. After incapacitating Brainiac, Superman takes control of the ship. He manages to restore most of the cities back to their original locations, while Metropolis and Coast City are lost permanently.
The heroes are divided over Brainiac 's fate: Batman, Flash, Green Lantern, and Supergirl want to spare him in order to restore the rest of the cities; Superman, Aquaman, Black Adam, and Wonder Woman want to kill him to eliminate his potential threat and use his ship to re establish the Regime 's control over Earth. Batman attacks Superman with a gold kryptonite - laden dagger and a battle ensues. Batman and Superman defeat each other 's teammates before engaging in a final battle against each other in the Batcave. The final battle has two endings, depending on which side the player chooses.
The base roster for Injustice 2 includes 28 playable characters, consisting of both new and returning heroes and villains. The game will also feature 10 additional characters available as downloadable content (DLC). According to Senior Marketing Game Manager Brian Goodman, the playable characters were decided upon by NetherRealm Studios in collaboration with DC Comics, similar to the previous title. The developers considered the characters ' lore, personalities, abilities, popularity, participation in the story, and relationships with other characters during the roster selection process. Creative Director Ed Boon stated that Injustice 2 's roster would contain more relatively obscure characters, since Injustice: Gods Among Us had covered most of DC Comics ' most notable figures. He teased the possibility of third - party DLC characters, which were well - received in Mortal Kombat X, eventually resulting in the inclusion of Dark Horse Comics ' Hellboy. Due to the success of Scorpion in the previous installment, who was the most downloaded DLC fighter, Boon also entertained the likelihood of NetherRealm including other Mortal Kombat characters as downloadable content, leading to the inclusions of Sub-Zero and Raiden. As with Scorpion, Sub-Zero and Raiden were given new costume designs by comic book artist Jim Lee.
New playable characters are listed below in bold.
Additionally, several characters are playable as "premier skins '', which transform characters from the existing roster into other DC Comics characters with unique voices and dialogue. Below, the character each premier skin replaces is listed in parentheses.
^ a: Available as downloadable content.
Injustice 2 was announced by NetherRealm Studios and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment on June 8, 2016. Following the release of Injustice: Gods Among Us, NetherRealm Studios sought to do "something unexpected and long - term '' for its sequel, as well as give players "a level of control that makes playing (their) games a truly personal experience. '' Ed Boon also wanted to infuse various gameplay mechanics used by recent multiplayer shooter games, such as personalization, character creation, loot, and leveling up, into the fighting game genre. According to Producer Adam Urbano, the idea of creating a fighting game utilizing a role playing game - like progression system had been floating around the studio since before the fall of Midway Games, the original publisher for the Mortal Kombat series. Due to the success of the original Injustice, which earned NetherRealm Studios the trust of Warner Bros. and DC Comics, the development team decided to pitch their progression concept for the sequel, which was approved, leading to the implementation of the Gear System.
The Gear System was designed to encourage players to develop unique personal playstyles, while consistently rewarding them for investing time into the game. According to Goodman, the developers wanted the Gear System to cater to both the casual and hardcore audiences. They hoped that hardcore players would appreciate the different mechanics offered by the system and create new strategies and fighting styles for each character, while casual players would enjoy the variety of visual customization options. NetherRealm also foresaw the potential issue with newer players being dominated by veteran players who have obtained rarer gear sets. To address this, the developers attempted to implement various solutions, such as giving players the option to disable stat modifiers during matches and the ability to buy rarer gear through the assorted tiers of Mother Boxes. A "balance team '' was also consulted during development to try to prevent players from clustering around a small number of optimal builds.
NetherRealm Studios collaborated with DC Comics throughout Injustice 2 's entire development process, including conceptualizing characters and determining the direction of the story. As with Injustice: Gods Among Us, NetherRealm was afforded a lot of freedom with DC Comics ' properties when designing characters. Lead Designer John Edwards stated that all of their design ideas had to pass through DC Comics ' approval process; though, the company had rarely rejected them. This allowed the developers to create a large variety of costume variations and visually distinct items inspired by decades of source material. "It 's a mutual respect, '' explained Art Director Steve Beran. "They respect what we do, and we respect all their characters. We are fans of their characters and, I think, art-wise and design-wise, we put a lot of detail that hardcore fans will like. We tried to really honor every character. ''
Characters ' facial animations were created with a custom photogrammetry facial scanner, which utilized 44 DSLR cameras with 50 mm fixed lenses. Character Art Lead Brendan George stated that 16 facial expressions were captured to create a single character; the 16 scans then took two to three days to process through their workstations. The data from their new scanner allowed the artists to produce a more advanced facial rig. All motion capture was performed in - house at NetherRealm Studios in Chicago, Illinois. According to Senior Technical Artist for Cinematics Andy Senesac, the animation team used four head - mounted camera systems in its motion capture shoots, each equipped with a choice of three different 4 mm, 5 mm, or wide - angled lenses that were used depending on the actor 's head shape. The motion capture was then tweaked with manual animations in order to obtain the final result.
The online infrastructure for Injustice 2 utilizes the same rollback - based netcode used in Mortal Kombat X. An online multiplayer beta test for both the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions was announced on January 19, 2017, which began soon afterwards on January 24 and lasted until February 21. The game 's original soundtrack was composed primarily by Christopher Drake, with additional compositions from Richard Carle, Dan Forden, and Dynamedion.
Injustice 2 released in North America on May 16, 2017; Australia on May 17, 2017; and the United Kingdom on May 19, 2017, for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Aside from the standard edition of the game, a Digital Deluxe Edition and an Ultimate Edition were available for purchase. The Digital Deluxe Edition included three DLC characters, the Power Girl premier skin, and one exclusive gear shader pack; the Ultimate Edition included nine DLC characters, the Reverse - Flash, John Stewart, and Power Girl premier skins, and two exclusive gear shader packs. Pre-orders of the game featured Darkseid as a playable DLC fighter.
On May 8, 2017, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment announced the Injustice 2 Championship Series, a global eSports program. The series will offer amateur and professional players throughout North America, Europe, and Latin America a chance to compete in different programs for a portion of a US $ 600,000 prize pool. These include the Injustice 2 Pro Series, an international tournament; the GameStop Hometown Heroes tournament, set in the United States; the Path to Pro tournament, set in Europe; and the Liga Latina, set in Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. The top players from each program will qualify for the Championship Series grand finals.
Like its predecessor, a free - to - play mobile app based on Injustice 2 was released for iOS and Android devices on May 11, 2017. The app was soft launched in the Philippines App Store in February 2017. It maintains several gameplay features from the original, including the swipe - based fighting mechanics, card collection, and three - on - three battles, but introduces various changes to the game 's overall formula. Players are now given the ability to move around the stage freely during combat, as well as use jumping and crouching attacks. The stamina management system returns; however, instead of each character receiving their own allotment of stamina, the player is given a single pool of stamina which depletes after every match. Fights also require higher levels of stamina than the previous game. The app includes login bonuses; daily objectives, which offer experience and coins; and achievements, which are long - term goals that reward players with premium gems and "hero shards '' used for unlocking and leveling up characters. It also features game mechanics similar to those found in the console versions, such as ability and gear upgrades. The app includes a story mode, which will be released chapter by chapter in subsequent updates. According to Google Play, the Android version of the app has been downloaded at least five million times since its release.
According to Boon, NetherRealm Studios planned to take a more "aggressive approach '' for downloadable content in Injustice 2 compared to their previous games. "One of the things we 've been doing, trying to do more and more with every game... is to support it for a longer period of time, '' Boon stated, "With DLC characters, we 've had four with Mortal Kombat, six with Injustice, eight with Mortal Kombat X, and with Injustice 2 we plan on continuing that pattern. '' On May 5, 2017, NetherRealm Studios announced Fighter Pack 1, which includes three DLC characters: Red Hood, Starfire, and Mortal Kombat 's Sub-Zero. Red Hood was released on June 13, 2017; Sub-Zero was released on July 11, 2017; and Starfire was released on August 8, 2017. Fighter Pack 2, consisting of Black Manta, Mortal Kombat 's Raiden, and Dark Horse Comics ' Hellboy, was revealed on August 23, 2017, at Gamescom. Black Manta was released on September 12, 2017. Raiden is scheduled for release in October, while Black Lightning will be available as a premiere skin for players who purchased the Ultimate Edition.
Injustice 2 received generally favorable reviews, according to Metacritic, which assigned aggregated scores of 87 % and 89 % for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, respectively.
Reviewers lauded Injustice 2 's story and presentation. Eurogamer 's Wesley Yin - Poole praised the game 's narrative and visuals, describing them as "impressive '' and a "significant step up '' from Injustice: Gods Among Us. Yin - Poole commended the story mode on a technical level, praising the motion capture, action choreography, voice acting, and facial animations. Destructoid 's Nick Valdez shared similar views, stating that the visuals were "leagues above the first title ''. Valdez also complimented the game 's improved writing and "more engaging narrative ''. Metro claimed it had "probably the best single - player experience ever in a fighting game ''. In contrast, while Game Revolution 's James Kozanitis said the visuals were "absolutely jaw - dropping '' and "set a new high bar for the (fighting game) genre '', he lambasted the story campaign, which he labeled as "poorly written '' and "contrived ''.
Reviewers also praised Injustice 2 's improved gameplay mechanics and abundance of in - game content. Game Informer 's Andrew Reiner praised the game 's faster walk speed, the additions of the evasive roll and air recovery maneuvers, and the ability to block environmental attacks, stating that the game "(felt) tighter as a whole '' and "offers a higher level of strategy ''. The Games Machine 's Danilo Dellafrana stated that "the subtle changes to the combat system made for deeper gameplay ''. These points of praise were mirrored by IGN 's Darry Huskey, who remarked that Injustice 2 "(struck) a fine balance between retaining the strengths of Gods Among Us and making smart changes to improve mechanics. '' Huskey applauded the "incredible amount of content '', declaring that "hour for hour, Injustice 2 may have more content for solo players than any fighting game ever released. '' Reiner also praised the amount of content, acknowledging its "lengthy story - based campaign... great fighting experience, and... nearly endless supply of notable loot. '' Yin - Poole wrote that NetherRealm Studios "once again (proved) it 's the best in the business at that old chestnut: content. ''
While the customization options offered by the Gear System received praise, critics expressed frustration with receiving random, undesired gear through loot drops and the game 's microtransaction system. GameSpot 's Peter Brown found collecting gear and outfitting characters to be enjoyable, stating that "watching a character 's traditional outfit transform into something fresh or unexpected, and seeing their stats grow through leveling up and equipping gear, grants a satisfying sense of ownership over your accomplishments and possessions. '' On the other hand, Brown criticized the Gear System 's use of currency, particularly Source Crystals, saying that spending real money seemed to be a "necessary evil '' for players to have complete control over their inventories. Kotaku 's Mike Fahey described the ability to create custom versions of characters as "quite satisfying ''; however, he found the Gear System to be "complicated '' and criticized the randomness in receiving desired costume pieces and equipment, uttering "sometimes random chance really sucks. '' Videogamer.com 's Alice Bell also called the microtransaction and loot systems "needlessly complex '', which require players to keep track of several different types of currency. In contrast, Polygon 's Michael McWhertor called the interface "elegant '', enjoying the simplicity of managing and selling of gear for each character.
Injustice 2 topped the United Kingdom 's multi-platform physical sales chart during its first two weeks after launch, with the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions simultaneously taking the first and second spots, respectively. This marked the first time a fighting game had taken the top spot since Mortal Kombat X in April 2015. Launch sales for the game in the United Kingdom were also roughly one - third higher than the debut of Injustice: Gods Among Us. Likewise, Injustice 2 was the top - selling game across all platforms in Australia and New Zealand during its first two weeks, and the best - selling game in the United States for the month of May 2017. It became the PlayStation Store 's most downloadeded PlayStation 4 title for May 2017, with Darkseid being the third best - selling DLC of the month. The Ultimate Pack and Fighter Pack 1 were both in the Top 10 downloads in June 2017. By the end of May, Injustice 2 was the ninth best - selling game of 2017. Time Warner declared the game as "'' the highest - grossing console game in the second quarter of 2017. ''
In June 2016, Injustice 2 received "Best of E3 2016 '' awards for "Best Fighting Game '' from the Game Critics Awards, IGN, Game Informer, and GamesRadar.
During NetherRealm Studios ' Injustice 2 panel at San Diego Comic - Con International on July 22, 2016, Boon announced a digital comic book series which will detail the backstory to the events of the game. The series is written by Tom Taylor, who had previously worked on the tie - in comic books for Injustice: Gods Among Us. Bruno Redondo is its lead artist, with contributing artwork from Juan Albarran, Daniel Sempere, and Mike Miller. Beginning on April 11, 2017, the series was released in weekly chapters through various digital retailers, including ComiXology, Google Play Books, the Kindle Store, and DC Comics ' own mobile app. Print versions became available for purchase on May 3, 2017, each containing multiple digital chapters.
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where was little house on the prairie tv show set | Little House on the Prairie (TV series) - wikipedia
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Little House on the Prairie (known as Little House: A New Beginning in its final season) is an American western drama television series, starring Michael Landon, Melissa Gilbert, and Karen Grassle, about a family living on a farm in Walnut Grove, Minnesota, in the 1870s and 1880s. The show is an adaptation of Laura Ingalls Wilder 's best - selling series of Little House books. Television producer and NBC executive Ed Friendly became aware of the story in the early 1970s. He asked Michael Landon to direct the pilot movie. Landon agreed on the condition that he could also play Charles Ingalls.
The regular series was preceded by the two - hour pilot movie, which first aired on March 30, 1974. The series premiered on the NBC network on September 11, 1974, and last aired on May 10, 1982. During the 1982 -- 83 television season, with the departure of Landon and Grassle, the series was broadcast with the new title Little House: A New Beginning.
In 1997, TV Guide ranked the two - part episode "I 'll Be Waving As You Drive Away '' at 97 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list.
Based on the autobiographical "Little House '' stories, episodes of Little House on the Prairie usually concern members of the Ingalls family, who live on a small farm near the village of Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Many episodes concern the maturation of the family 's second daughter, Laura. However, episodes also focus on other family and community members, providing a depiction of life in a small agrarian community in late nineteenth - century America. The show 's central characters are Charles Ingalls (farmer and mill worker), his wife Caroline, and their four daughters, Mary, Laura, Carrie, and Grace, though the family expands with the addition of adopted son Albert in season five and adopted siblings Cassandra and James at the end of season seven.
Other essential characters include the Oleson family: Nels, proprietor of the town 's general store, Oleson 's Mercantile; his malicious, gossiping wife, Harriet, who runs the Mercantile with him; and their two children, Nellie and Willie, and later, their adopted daughter, Nancy; Isaiah Edwards, Grace Snider Edwards and their three adopted children; the Garvey family, Jonathan, Alice, and Andy; Rev. Robert Alden; Lars Hanson, the town 's founder and proprietor of the town 's mill; and Dr. Hiram Baker, the town 's physician. Teacher - turned - lawyer Adam Kendall is introduced at the end of season four and later weds Mary Ingalls, and Almanzo Wilder is introduced in season six and later weds Laura Ingalls.
Melissa Gilbert has the most appearances of the series, a total of 190 of the 204 episodes. Michael Landon appeared in all but four episodes of seasons one through eight, but departed from being a regular part of the cast when the show was retooled as Little House: A New Beginning (season nine).
Many actors, who were either well - known or went on to become famous, guest - starred on the show.
Of the 204 episodes, Michael Landon directed the largest number at 87; producer William F. Claxton handled the majority of the remaining shows at 68, while co-star Victor French helmed 18. Maury Dexter (who was often an assistant director) and Leo Penn directed the remaining episodes at 21 and 3 episodes respectively.
Interior shots were filmed at Paramount studios in Los Angeles, while exteriors were largely filmed at the nearby Big Sky Ranch in Simi Valley, where the town of Walnut Grove had been constructed. Many other filming locations were also used during the course of the series including Old Tucson Studios and various locations in Sonora, California. Many of the exterior shots of Walnut Grove and the other Minnesota towns shown in the series have noticeable mountain terrain in the background of the scenes. In actuality the southern Minnesota landscape, where the show is supposed to take place, there are no tall mountains.
The series theme song was titled The Little House and was written and conducted by David Rose. The ending theme music, also written by Rose, originally appeared as a piece of incidental music in a later - season episode of Michael Landon 's previous long - running series, Bonanza.
Little House explored many different themes including frequently portrayed ones of adoption, alcoholism, faith, poverty, blindness, and prejudice of all types including racism. Some plots also include subjects such as drug addiction (i.e. morphine), leukemia, child abuse, and even rape. Although predominantly a drama, the program has many lighthearted and comedic moments as well.
Some of the episodes written by Michael Landon were recycled storylines from ones that he had written for Bonanza. Season two 's "A Matter of Faith '' was based on the Bonanza episode "A Matter of Circumstance ''; season five 's "Someone Please Love Me '' was based on the Bonanza episode "A Dream To Dream ''; season seven 's "The Silent Cry '' was based on the Bonanza episode "The Sound of Sadness ''; season eight 's "He Was Only Twelve '' was based on the Bonanza episode "He Was Only Seven ''; and season nine 's "Little Lou '' was based on the Bonanza episode "It 's A Small World ''.
When Michael Landon decided to leave the show (though he stayed on as executive producer and occasional writer and director), season nine was renamed, the focus was put on the characters of Laura and Almanzo, and more characters were added to the cast. A new family, the Carters (Stan Ivar as John, Pamela Roylance as Sarah, Lindsay Kennedy as older son Jeb, and David Friedman as younger son Jason), move into the Ingalls house. Meanwhile, Almanzo and Laura take in their niece, Jenny Wilder, when Almanzo 's brother dies and raise her alongside their daughter, Rose. The Wilders appear prominently in some episodes, while in others they appear only in early scenes used to introduce the story or its characters. The explanation given for the original characters ' absence was that they moved to Burr Oak, Iowa, to pursue a promising life. The show lost viewers, and this version of the series was canceled after one season. However, the show lived on for another 1.5 years in movie format.
Three made - for - television post-series movies followed during the 1983 - 84 television season: Little House on the Prairie: A Look Back to Yesterday (1983), Little House: The Last Farewell (1984), and Little House: Bless All the Dear Children (1984).
In The Last Farewell, it is 1901 and Charles and Caroline decide to visit Walnut Grove. They learn that a railroad tycoon actually holds the deed to the township, and he wants to take it over for his own financial gain. Despite their best efforts, the townspeople are unable to drive the businessman away. At a town meeting, John Carter offers a supply of explosives that he has. Each man takes turn blowing up his own building.
When asked why the set was blown up, the show 's producer, Kent McCray, said that when the series started, he made an agreement with the property owners that at the end of the series he would put the acreage back to its original state. When the production crew were estimating the cost of dismantling all the buildings, Michael Landon thought for a while and said, "What if we blow up the town? That would get the buildings all in pieces and you can bring in your equipment to pick up the debris and cart it away. '' He then said that he would write it where they blow up all the buildings, except for the little house and the church. Both McCray and Landon wept as the town blew up.
Bless All the Dear Children was filmed prior to The Last Farewell, but ended up being the last of the three movies to air. Given its Christmas - related content, NBC opted to air it during the following Christmas season.
Two other Little House movies were made in conjunction with the Landon series: the 1974 pilot for the program and The Little House Years (1979), a Thanksgiving special / clip show that aired in the middle of season six.
For the first two seasons, the show was aired on Wednesday nights at 8pm ET / 7pm CT, to moderate ratings. In 1976, the series became a Monday night staple on NBC; after the move, it remained in the top 30 for the rest of its run.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, La Casa de la Pradera (Little House on the Prairie) was one of Spanish Television 's most popular series. In 1976 Karen Grassle (Caroline Quiner Ingalls) won Spanish television 's prestigious TP de Oro award for best foreign actress, and the series itself won for best foreign series; Melissa Sue Anderson (Mary Ingalls) won the TP de Oro in 1980 thanks in part to the enhanced profile she received as a result of her visit to Spain and her appearance on Spanish Television 's 625 Lineas program in early 1979. The continued popularity of the show led to the appearance of Katherine MacGregor (Harriet Oleson) on 625 Lineas and Ding Dong in 1980.
The show remains popular in syndicated reruns and has been on the air in the U.S. continuously since its original run. In addition to airing on local stations, it has been airing multiple times each day on INSP and Hallmark Channel. In the past, it has aired on TV Land and TBS. As of September 19, 2016, the show is currently airing on COZI TV four times daily, with the exception of Seasons eight and nine.
In the U.S., television syndication rights are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution. Originally, NBC licensed these rights to Worldvision Enterprises, since networks could not own syndication arms at the time. As a result of corporate changes, Paramount Domestic Television and CBS Paramount Domestic Television would inherit the rights via Spelling Entertainment, finally passing to CTD in 2007. In Canada, reruns of the series began airing weeknights on CTS, a Christian - based network, as of September 1, 2008.
Because of its historical context and its connection to the book series, it is deemed acceptable for use by the FCC to meet federal E / I programming guidelines. The show is typically stripped (run five days a week) in syndication, which is enough to completely cover a TV station 's E / I requirements and more.
NBC owns ancillary rights and thus is the worldwide licensor for DVD rights as well. Sister company NBC Universal International Television distributes the series internationally.
The entire series has been released on standard - definition DVD, high - definition Blu - ray, and on both standard and high - definition Digital Copy. In addition, some individual episodes have been released on DVD and VHS. Starting with Season 7, the Blu - ray 's are only available exclusively through Amazon.com.
There are multiple DVD sets which are noticeably different from one another. The original DVD sets sold in the U.S. and Canada were released under license from NBCUniversal by Imavision Distribution, a company based in Quebec. A majority of the episodes in the original North American DVD versions had scenes cut from the episodes -- these were derived from the syndicated television versions by Worldvision Enterprises, the series ' former distributor. Other episodes were time - compressed and are NTSC - converted video prints from UK PAL masters, while others were derived from 16MM syndication prints, also from Worldvision. Only a handful of episodes in the original sets were in their original uncut versions. The episodes in these original sets are also known to have relatively poor video quality, such as tracking lines, as well as audio problems, though the quality issues are not as pronounced in the first few seasons as they are in the later seasons. The first three seasons of the old sets notably are also missing closed - captioning.
These original North American DVD sets included interviews with former cast members Alison Arngrim, Dabbs Greer and Dean Butler. For the original movies & complete series sets, Imavision provided numerous additional special features including additional interviews with many of the cast members such as Melissa Gilbert and Melissa Sue Anderson and specials highlighting Michael Landon, the casting of the show, and more. Imavision also released a French - language version of the series. Both versions are in NTSC color and coded for all regions. Later copies of these original sets were distributed by Lionsgate Home Entertainment following their acquisition of Imavision, but these should not be confused with the Lionsgate re-releases described below. The DVD sets sold in the United Kingdom were released by Universal Playback (a Universal Studios Home Entertainment label); this version is in PAL color and coded for region 2. Unlike the original North American DVD sets, the UK version contains mostly uncut episodes.
In 2014, Lionsgate Home Entertainment began re-releasing the series in North America on DVD, and also for the first time, in high definition on Blu - ray, as well as Digital Copy through providers such as Vudu and Amazon Video. These new releases, which are stated to come direct from the original broadcast masters, contain mostly uncut episodes and are remastered to have superior picture and sound. The Blu - rays, with their high bitrate, high definition 1080p picture (as opposed to standard definition picture on the DVDs) currently provide the best viewing experience of the show that is commercially available. The first six seasons on Blu - ray notably also contain lossless audio as opposed to the compressed audio on the DVDs. Starting with Season 7, Lionsgate chose to only release the remaining Blu - ray 's exclusively through Amazon.com. In the process, they made several other changes to the Blu - ray 's including compressing the audio (though with a relatively high bitrate), simplifying the on - screen disc menus, and eliminating the slipcovers and included Digital Copy codes that had been present for the previous seasons.
The newer Lionsgate remastered sets all contain English, French, and Spanish audio as well as English subtitles. They do not include the special features present on the earlier non-remastered releases, but rather seasons 1 through 6 each contain a roughly 15 minute segment of a special called "The Little House Phenomenon ''. Season 1 also contains the original Pilot movie. Season 7 contains no special features. Seasons 8 & 9 contain the three post-series movie specials as extras, with "Look Back to Yesterday '' and "The Last Farewell '' appearing on Season 8, and "Bless All The Dear Children '' appearing on Season 9. Some fans of the show have been perplexed as to why Lionsgate did this, both because all of the movies take place after the Season 9 timeline, and also because they included "The Last Farewell '' on Season 8 when that is considered by fans to be the end to the show given its significant and memorable ending. Lionsgate 's decision as to which movies to include on which season appears to have been based on broadcast order rather than production order, since "Bless All The Dear Children '' was the last episode broadcast even though "The Last Farewell '' was the last one produced. None of the available releases of the series contain "Little House Years '', which was a three - hour Thanksgiving special aired during Season 6 that largely consisted of flashback clips.
While the re-releases are substantially better than what was previously available, there are a handful of episodes that still were released in edited form or contain other problems. The most significant of these, affecting all formats of the remastered releases, include over 3 minutes missing from the Season 7 episode, "Divorce, Walnut Grove Style, '' almost 4 minutes missing from Season 9 's "Home Again, '' and extremely low volume of the townspeoples ' singing on the English audio of the last scene of the final movie, "The Last Farewell. ''
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taarak mehta ka ooltah chashmah characters original names | List of Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah characters - wikipedia
Following is the list of various characters of the Indian Television sitcom Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah.
It is the group of the senior male characters of the society. They always try to have parties hiding from their wives. They drink soda daily at Abdul 's soda shop at night. It includes - Jethalal Gada, Taarak Mehta, Aatmaram Bhide, Roshan Singh Sodhi, Krishnan Iyer, Dr. Hathi, Patrakar Popatlal & Abdul (partially).
The group consists of all senior female members of the society. It includes - Daya Jethalal Gada, Anjali Mehta, Madhavi Bhide, Roshan Kaur Sodhi, Babita Iyer & Komal Hathi.
The Tapu Sena is a penta - member group of children residing in the society. It is providing a juvenile tone to the show. Usually, the group becomes a nuisance for the other members of the Society because of their mischievous activities, while at times, it draws praises from the members by virtue of some laudable activities performed by the children. Since the beginning of the show, the Tapu Sena has, with their childlike activities, characterized the typical frolicsome Indian children. With the growth of the five children to maturity and elegance, the stories have been tailored accordingly to suit the children. It includes - Tapu, Sonu, Goli, Gogi, Pinku
Nattu Kaka, Baagha and Magan. All of them are very sincere, laborious and honest. Magan makes rare appearances and Nattu Kaka and Baagha are the main employees. Nattu Kaka handles the finance and Baagha specialises in repairing old mobile phones. Even though Jethalal constantly refuses to give Nattu Kaka and Baagha a hike in their salary despite their constant requests, they are still loyal to Jethalal and are dedicated to their work. Nattu Kaka and Baagha also celebrate festivals and take part in events with Gokuldham Society.
It is Hindu - Jain mixed Gujarati family who is originally from Bhachau village of Kutch District. Daya hails from Ahmedabad. Jethalal, Daya and Champaklal are weak in English but Tappu is smart and talented. The family enjoys close bonding. Jethalal, Daya and Tappu have immense respect for Champaklal. They own an electronics shop "Gada Electronics ''.
The role is played by Dilip Joshi. He is the main central character around whom the story usually revolves. Jethalal is not very tall, is overweight and has small moustache. Although he is an honest businessman, ideal son, perfect husband and caring father, he is also very careless and lazy. He is a late riser. He is a foodie and loves to eat meals prepared by his wife Daya. Jethalal is sometimes scolded by his father Champaklal, for being strict with his son Tapu and wife Daya. Because of this reason Jethalal is scared of his father, but still respects him a lot and is always shown touching his feet for blessings every now and then. He is protective about Tapu when Bhide accuses him for mischief and often ends up fighting with him. He is the proprietor of ' Gada Electronics '. Jethalal is usually called Jethiya by Champaklal, Tapu ke papa by Daya, Jethaji by Babita and Jethabhai by other ladies society members. Though Jethalal loves his wife Daya dearly, he has a secret crush on Babita and leaves no chance to impress her. Whenever he leaves for his shop in the morning and meets Babita in the society compound, his wife comes to the balcony and unknowingly embarrasses him in front of Babita. His luck is the worst and consequently he gets trapped into problems. Jethalal is always very distraught about his brother - in - law Sundar, who always makes him pay thousands of rupees of taxi fare whenever they meet and Jethalal knows Sundar will never repay him the money. He is shown to be very tensed about his father who usually gets lost; his mischievous son Tapu who instigates secretary Bhide to fight with him; Natu Kaka who always demands hike in his salary and Bagha who along with his business ideas and fiancée Bawri irritates him. His main enemy is Krishnan Iyer, husband of Babita, whom he tries to keep away when he and Babita are together. His best friend is Taarak Mehta, who acts as his troubleshooter and Jethalal calls Taarak Mehta "fire brigade '' as he helps him in his troubles. Jethalal loves to eat Jalebi - Fafda, a famous Gujarati snack. He is often shown cladding designer shirts and garish clothes.
It is also believed that this show can not go on without Jethalal aka Dilip Joshi, as he attracts a majority of the audience.
Aka Daya Bhabhi and Dayaben. The role is essayed by Disha Vakani. She is the wife of Jethalal and the daughter - in - law of Gada family. She is from Ahmedabad and is popularly referred to as Garba queen as she loves playing garba. She is a responsible and dedicated homemaker mostly busy in household chores. Dayaben is very innocent and loves her entire family, she is a very caring neighbour. Jethalal is fond of her culinary skills. Dayaben enjoys close bonding with her mother Jeevdaya (Yesodhara) and brother Sundar, whom she calls Sundar Veera. Dayaben is a devoted wife and never refers Jethalal by name, instead she calls him Tappu ke Papa, meaning "Tapu 's father ''. She is a little superstitious and believes in black magic, ghosts and bad luck etc. Dayaben is very religious and worships Maata Ji. She usually says "Heh Maa, Maata Ji '' holding her hands to her head, whenever she is surprised, forgets something, or thinks some bad is to happen. Daya loves cooking and serving food to guests. For this, she is also called ' Annapoorna ' in the show. She offers tea and breakfast to almost every visitor to their house. She speaks in a typical high pitched Gujarati accent. She is always seen wearing a Gujarati with a traditional hairdo, except for some special occasions. The role of Dayaben and her unique comic timing with Jethalal is one of the chief reasons for the popularity of the show.
Aka Champak Chacha. The role is essayed by Amit Bhatt. He is the father of Jethalal who immigrated from ancestral village of Gada family, Bhachau, to live with the family of Jethalal in Mumbai. He is a widower and is eccentric and temperamental in nature. Despite being nearly 69 years old, he is more energetic than Jethalal. He performs Pranayam and Yoga and is active member of Young Old Group, a small group founded by him and his friends. Champaklal loves his whole family and enjoys special bonding with his grandson Tapu. He always takes side of Tapu and Daya. Due to his supreme decision making authority, Jethalal is often sidelined in family matters. He loves Jethalal with his whole heart but shows it on very rare occasions. He always scolds Jethalal and angrily calls him babuchak and "akkal Bacar no dhandho ''. He calls Jethalal as Jethiya, Tapu as Tapuda, Taarak Mehta as Mehtoos, Popatlal as Dibba and Bhide as Bhindi Master. However, Champaklal is a fatherly figure for Gokuldham residents. He is always given immense respect and is involved in decision making process. Everyone calls him Chachaji and whole Tapusena calls him Dadaji. Champaklal always acts as a peacemaker in issues and verbal spats. Although his original character, as written in "Duniya ne Undha Chashmah '' by Taarak Mehta, is rebellious, rustic and ever quarrelling, in the show he is loyal to Gandhian principles and abhors unethical practices such as theft, quarrels and corruption. He is strictly against alcohol and dislikes people who drink. Champaklal resembles the looks of his father, the Late Jayantilal Bhimji Gada.
Mostly known as Tapu. The role is played by Raj Anadkat (2017 -- present) / Bhavya Gandhi (2008 July - 2017). He is the son of Jethalal. Tapu enjoys close bonding with his grandfather Champaklal who always shields him from the wrath of Jethalal for participating in mischievous activities. He is the leader of Tapusena, the gang of society 's children. Tapu is now grown up and college going teenager. Tapu is good in academics and sports. In earlier episodes, he was shown to be very mischievous, often creating chaos and nuisance in the society which earned him ire of both Jethalal and Bhide. However, the grown up, matured Tapu is now capable of solving many miscellaneous problems and also indulges in social service.
It is also a Gujarati family from Bhavnagar that includes two members, Taarak Mehta and his wife Anjali Mehta. It is a proper educated, intelligent and well living family. They live in the ground floor flat in the Gokuldham Society. Taarak is known to be the advisor and peacemaker in society 's important matters and is best friends with Jethalal. His wife Anjali is also of a caring and understanding nature and has put Taarak on a diet as she thinks he is getting fat.
A.k.a. Mehta Saab / Saheb. The role is essayed by Shailesh Lodha. It is based on the character of the writer, on whose book the entire show is based. He is considered to be the most intelligent among all the members living in Gokuldham Society. He is a writer and poet by profession. He works in a trading company. He rapidly thinks of solution for any problem and excuses to tell his wife and boss. He is the best friend, mentor and troubleshooter of Jethalal. He is called "Fire Brigade '' by Jethalal as he is always there for him when he needs him. He is aware about Jethalal 's crush on Babita. Taarak 's wife Anjali Mehta who acts as his dietitian strictly controls his diet chart. He is modern, open minded and loves Anjali from the bottom of his heart although he really dislikes the diet food prepared by her, and constantly tries to come up with excuses to avoid eating the diet food.
Aka Anjali Bhabhi, Anjali Taarak Mehta. The role is essayed by Neha Mehta. She is sometimes called as ATM, the acronym of her name (Anjali Tarak Mehta). She is a dietitian and exercises regularly. She strictly controls the diet chart of her husband Taarak Mehta. Anjali is smart, intelligent, wise, understanding and mature. She always cares about her husband 's health.
This middle class Marathi family originally hails from Ratnagiri. It is a family of three, Aatmaram Tukaram Bhide, Madhavi Bhide, and their daughter Sonalika aka Sonu. The Bhides are among the properly educated families in the society.
The role is essayed by Mandar Chandwadkar. As he is the secretary of the society, he proudly calls himself ' Gokuldham Society ka Ekmeva Secretary '. Bhide is a very responsible, honest, principled and caring human being. He treats every problem of the society as his own. He always remembers to collect the maintenance cheques from all members and gets irritated when they do n't give the checks on time. As Bhide 's modest income is insufficient to meet family needs, he actively gives tuitions to students who need help with studies as he was a school teacher in the past. That 's why many a times he tries to spend less money on luxurious things. He also assists his wife in the business of homemade pickles and papads and also in household chores and because of this is adored by the ladies of the society. During any gathering Bhide addresses residents of Gokuldham after giving them his full introduction (Ekmeva Secretary) which often irritates them. Bhide is always reminiscent of old days and loves antique things. He owns a yellow scooter named ' Sakharam ' gifted by his wife and considers it as a family member. He daily writes suvichar (daily thought) on the notice board of the society. Bhide has a love - hate relationship with Jethalal. And because of his disapproval of Tapu 's mischief, he tries to keep Sonu away from Tapusena, but in vain. Bhide is often irritated by irresponsible behavior of Jethalal, mischief conducted by Tapu (his playing cricket and other mischief). However, both Jethalal and Bhide wholeheartedly help each other during crisis period. While most people refer to him as Bhide, Iyer is the only person who addresses him by his first name i.e. "Aatmaram '', Sodhi mostly calls him "Phidu '', Dr. Hathi calls him Bhide Master while Champaklal always calls him "Bhindi master ''.
Aka Madhavi Bhabhi, the role is essayed by Sonalika Joshi. She is the wife of Aatmaram Bhide, secretary of Gokuldham Society. Madhavi Bhide is an educated, intelligent homemaker. She too, like Daya, almost always wears sarees with a traditional hairdo and does not refer to Bhide by his name and instead calls him "Aaho ''. As Aatmaram 's modest income as a tuition teacher is insufficient to meet family needs, she domestically prepares pickle and Papadum for supplying in the market. She also tries making excuses without hurting him when Bhide starts telling her about his old days as she is bored listening to them every other time. Madhavi always mediates in verbal spats that involve her husband. She has good relations with all members of the society.
Mostly known as Sonu. The role is essayed by Nidhi Bhanushali (2012 -- present) / Jheel Mehta (2008 - 2012). She is the daughter of Bhide and Madhavi. Sonalika is also an active member of Tapusena and is in the same college as that of Tapu, Goli and Pinku. She is a bright student, who has always scored good percentage and secured first position in the class. Sonu is also very smart and judicious among whole Tapusena. She has often shown her culinary skills by making delicious chocolates.
It is a family from Amritsar. This family consists of three people, Roshan Singh Harjeet Singh Sodhi, his Parsi wife who is also named Roshan, and their son Gurucharan Singh Sodhi, mostly known as Gogi. Both husband and wife share the same name '' Roshan. '' This cute couple is always ready to help other society members and express their love for each other openly as they have a carefree personality.
The role is essayed by Gurucharan Singh (2008 - 2013, 2014 -- present) / Laad Singh Maan (2013 - 2014). Sodhi is very enthusiastic, daredevilish, optimistic, energetic and strong but naive. He is short tempered and lashes out anyone trying to mess with residents of Gokuldham Society and usually says "Main tenu chadanga nai! '' whenever he is angry. He owns a garage called ' Sodhi Garage ' and has a Jeep. He is a devout Sikh and always ready to help others. Sodhi is a man with golden heart and he freely expresses his romantic feelings towards his wife. Sodhi enjoys drinking and always encourages the purush mandal to plan for secret parties. Sodhi is shown as a jaunty, lively and energetic man who often picks up others in his arms whenever he is excited. Sometimes, in rare cases his is also shown as a dimwitted person who is unable to understand the obvious jokes. Also, Sodhi is the only person in the purush mandal who owns a four wheeler (an open Jeep).
Aka Roshan Bhabhi. It is played by Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal (2008 - 2013, 2016 -- present) / Dilkhush Reporter (2013 - 2016). She is a Parsi woman. She is very innocent. She loathes her husband 's drinking habits so much that she once even went as far as to leave their house. She also reciprocates her romantic feelings about Sodhi openly, but is sometimes shy.
Mostly known as Gogi. It is played by Samay Shah. He is the youngest member of the society. He is similar to his father in nature. Gogi is also the member of Tapusena but is in junior class. He is the most pampered child of the society and is very naive which is why he gets into trouble a lot. He is also comical and jokes even in the worst of situations.
Iyer family consist of Babita and Krishnan Subramaniam Iyer. Both of them are educated, modern and smart.
The role is essayed by Tanuj Mahashabde. Iyer is a Tamilan and hails from Chennai and thus, his Hindi is not very clear. Iyer is a scientist. He is very protective about Babita and skeptic about intentions of Jethalal. Both Iyer and Jethalal publicly fight and indulge in verbal spat with each other on many occasions. They both attempt to showoff and make fun of each other in front of Babita. Iyer has given a lot of gifts and surprises to Babita and he always tries to keep Jethalal away from her. He is also the treasurer of Gokuldham Society. Iyer is the only person who addresses secretary Bhide by his first name i.e. "Aatmaram ''.
Aka Babitaji. The role is essayed by Munmun Dutta. She is fair and the most gorgeous and fashionable lady of Gokuldham Society. Babita is the wife of Iyer. She is from a Bengali family and belongs to Kolkata. Babita is very smart, educated, intelligent and mature lady. However, she is very modern and not comfortable with household chores. She is fluent in Hindi, English and Bengali. Babita is a member of the Gokuldham Mahila Mandal. She treats both Jethalal and Dayaben as her good friend, and is unaware about Jethalal 's crush on her. She usually talks to Jethalal in the morning through her balcony and Jethalal is always praising her and leaves no chance to impress her. In the initial episodes, she was shown as a good dancer. Babita is very conscious about her physical fitness. She keeps herself fit by indulging in exercising, jogging, yoga, swimming, etc.
This is a Bihari family. All three of the members, Dr. Hansraj Hathi, Komal Hathi and their son Goli are obese but decent and peace loving. They live in the ground floor flat in Gokuldham Society.
Aka Haathi Bhai or Hans or Hathida. The role was played by Nirmal Soni (2008 -- 2009) / Kavi Kumar Azad (2009 -- 2018). Hansraj Hathi is a doctor by profession. He is suffering from obesity. Dr. Hathi is a voracious eater. He is very kind, humorous and positive. His attention is always focused on eating even during serious discussions. He usually says Sahi Baat Hai (that 's right) on all issues. The actor playing this character, Kavi Kumar Azad, died on July 9, 2018 due to a sudden heart attack in Mumbai.
Aka Komal Bhabhi. The role is played by Ambika Ranjankar. She is the wife of Dr. Hathi. Komal Hathi is a homemaker but is very protective of her family. She is confident, strong and funny. She dislikes her husband 's eating habits but is not very hard on him. Komal Hathi is an active member of Mahila Mandal and gives ideas to make the society even better. She usually says "Oh come on ''. However, she gets a bit competitive at times.
Mostly known as Goli. The role is essayed by Kush Shah. He is an active member of Tapusena. He is strong and very cunning. Goli wants to enter into his father 's footstep and aspires to become a doctor. He is also a voracious eater like his father and loves the food prepared by his mother and Dayaben. He is also a little overweight. He is often seen making fun of Jethalal in various instances and drawing Jethalal 's ire in return. Bhide mostly calls him Godya whenever he irritates him.
Pinku is part of Tapu Sena. He is 19 years old. Pinku 's real name is Pankaj Diwan Sahay which was revealed after 10 years. In the initial episodes, Pinku was shown living with his aunt and uncle in Gokuldham in A wing, but he later moved to a nearby society called Gulmohar Apartment. His uncle now lives in Canada and Pinku lives in his house with the cook Ghevarchand (Ghevar; Ghevar Chacha) and the maid Kamla (Kamla Tai). His parents were introduced as secret agents of Government of India. His father 's name is Diwan Sahay and mother 's name is Deepika Sahay.
This role is played by Shyam Pathak. He is a 40 years old bachelor, still hoping to get married, though his cynical nature often spoils his marriage aspirations. He is a crime reporter in the newspaper Toofan Express, which according to him is an international newspaper despite being low profile. Popatlal describes himself as ' The Golden Crow Award Winner ' senior young journalist. He is from Bhopal. Popatlal is a miser and very stingy but always take a stand for society residents. However, he spends money wholeheartedly when it comes to marriage proposals. He often indulges in fights with Bhide and Jethalal over petty issues. Popatlal is pessimist and often uses the word "cancel '' and Duniya hila dunga (I will shake the whole world) whenever someone makes him angry regarding any issue. Popatlal always carries his umbrella, regardless of the weather and is very fond of it (he had celebrated his umbrella 's 10th birthday aka ten years since he bought it). All his endeavors to get married have so far failed miserably. He is often shown visiting marriage bureaus and giving advertisements. Several times his marriage has been called off due to poor luck. He was previously involved in brief relationships with Sapna, Bulbul, Kavita, Kalavati, Senorita, Koyal, carry, mausami, Jhilmil etc. Popatlal is also a committee member of the Gokuldham Society. Sodhi affectionately calls him "Popu '' and Champak Chacha often call him "Dibba '' due to his pessimistic outbursts. He is the most beloved uncle of the Tapu Sena and often fights with Bhide for not allowing the children to play cricket or other sports in the society.
The role is played by Sharad Sankla. He is the proprietor of a soda shop and general stores ' All In One General Store ' situated next to the society entrance. He is the only Muslim guy in the show and the society members treat Abdul as a family member. Male members gather at Abdul 's shop for interaction and enjoy soda at night after dinner. He is best known for his soda. He also sells toys, sports equipments and general store items, so that neither kids nor ladies have to go out to buy them. Abdul also offers the service of home delivery. He is disciplined and always ready to help others. He assists in making arrangements, decoration for a various cultural, social and religious programs to be held in the society along with Tapusena and arranges for all types of workers and labours, whenever required. He wholeheartedly participates in every religious festival and celebrations. He is not a resident of Gokuldham but treats the society as if his own home.
Mostly known as Natu Kaka. The role is essayed by Ghanashyam Nayak. He is the manager of Jethalal 's "Gada Electronics '' shop. Natu Kaka is very fluent in English and effectively handles operations of the shop. He often irritates Jethalal by using sophisticated English words despite knowing Jethalal 's incompetency with English. He is from a village Undhai. He resides in Mumbai with his nephew Bagha as his wife does not live with them. Natu Kaka and Bagha have their dinner at Padmavati Bhojnalaya. He disturbs Jethalal with his perplexing offers and peculiar schemes. From several years Natu Kaka is demanding salary hike but Jethalal cunningly turns down his request each time. However, Natu Kaka is very honest, intelligent and efficient in his work. He often addresses Bagha as "Bagha, my boy '' and Jethalal as "Seth - Ji ''. He also addresses Daya as "Sethani - Ji '' and Tapu as "Chhote Seth - Ji ''.
Mostly known as Bagha. The role is played by Tanmay Vekaria. He works at Jethalal 's shop and describes himself as the assistant manager. Bagha is the nephew of Natu Kaka. He has his back tilted behind. He often annoys Jethalal by suggesting worthless schemes and offers for enhancing sales. His girlfriend and now fiancee is Bawri. Bagha is also very honest, hard working and intelligent but is very naive. He is expert in repairing impaired mobile phones and other electronic items. He generally says jaisi jiski soch which means ' as anyone thinks '. Before playing the role of Bagha, Tanmay Vekaria has played various characters in the initial episodes such as kaamwali 's bai husband and rickshawallah.
The role is played by Monika Bhadoriya. She is the fiancee of Bagha. She is fair in complexion, tall and always clad in salwar kameej. Bawri hails from Kanpur. She is dim - witted and usually arrives at Gada Electronics at odd timings and working hours and disturbs Bagha which always annoys Jethalal. Bawri is very forgetful of people 's names and misspells them (except for Bagha) and says haye - haye galti se mistake ho gayi which means ' I made a mistake by mistake ' when corrected.
Aka Rita Reporter. The role is played by Priya Ahuja Rajda. She is a news reporter and works for ' Kal Tak ' news channel. She also lives in Gokuldham Society, but makes rare appearances. Rita is often shown drafting news report on society 's incidents. The programmes, games, tournaments and celebrations of Gokuldham Society are often covered by ' Kal Tak ' news channel. Rita is a bachelor. Both Rita and Popatlal dislike each other due to their professional profile. Popatlal is from print media whereas Rita works in electronic media. She is intelligent, smart and a good - looking lady with generous and helping nature and wholeheartedly supports social causes. Rita now appears rarely to telecast high - profile cases solved by residents of Gokuldham Society.
The role is played by Daya Shankar Pandey. He is the inspector of Goregaon Police Station Mumbai. He is an honest, strong and courageous police officer. His frequent catchphrase is hum hain Inspector Chalu Pandey, jhooth bologe to padenge dande (means ' I am Inspector Chalu Pandey, on lying you will be treated with sticks). He abhors anyone disobeying the law. Chalu Pandey is often irritated by Gokuldham Society who themselves solve the cases immediately after his arrival. Jethalal usually erroneously calls him as Chaluji (which means Mr. Cunning) which annoys him. He is afraid of his wife Basundi, who has not made an appearance but is talking to Chalu Pandey of phone and is annoyed that he does not have free time for her from his work.
The role is played by Mayur Vakani. He is the younger brother of Daya and brother - in - law of Jethalal. He lives in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Sundar is considered as a caring brother by residents of Gokuldham Society. He always travels to Mumbai via taxi and cunningly draws fare from the pocket of Jethalal. Only Jethalal and Taarak Mehta are familiar with his true colours. He often comes up with new businesses ideas but abandons them due to his temperamental nature. Daya is not aware about the cold war that exists between Jethalal and Sundar. Mayur Vakani is brother of Disha Vakani in real life too.
He plays the role of himself. He is a film and television producer, who sometimes visits the Gokuldham Society and is friendly with the society members. In early episodes, Asit Kumarr Modi also used to play various characters.
The role is played by Madhusree Sharma. She is a very kind Marathi woman and comes to sell vegetables in the Gokuldham Society and all the wives of Gokuldham buy their vegetables from her. She shares a great bond with Gokuldham Society 's Mahila Mandal. Her onscreen appearance is very rare.
Pinku 's Father who is working as secret agent in The Government of India along with his wife, Deepika Diwan Sahay, Pinku 's Mother.
Pinku 's Mother who works in The Government of India as secret agent, Along with Diwan Sahay, Pinku 's Father.
He is the assistant of Inspector Chalu Pandey and appears rarely.
He is a staff member of Gada Electronics and usually takes care of the stock of electronic items. He is the one who looks after the shop in the absence of Jethalal, Natu Kaka and Bagha. His lower lip is a little twisted. His onscreen appearance is very rare.
He is a Dry Cleaner and Popatlal does his laundry at his shop. His shop named ' Chamko Laundry ' is next to Abdul 's shop near society entrance.
He is also an Inspector working under Chalu Pandey.
The role was played by Raju Kher. Mr. Chandaramani is a rich NRI who resides in Singapore. His flat is occasionally used for miscellaneous purposes.
Mohanlal aka "Matka King '' was shown as a rich man residing in Gokuldham Society. He was a corrupt businessman who earned money through illegal activities.
He was another inspector. He always used to say a line main hoon Inspector Patni, muzrimon ki banata hoon chatni meaning ' I am Inspector Patni, who crushes criminals '.
Simple Kaul has played the role of Gulabo. Jethalal along with friends went to Kashmir for celebrating last days of his bachelorhood. Due to immense craze for acting, Jethalal volunteered to appear for a marriage scene with Gulabo as her groom in a movie. Unfortunately, the movie never got released and Jethalal returned to Mumbai. However, Gulabo 's life was ruined due to this incident as she was forced to remain spinster. Once again, the poor luck of Jethalal brought Gulabo to his doorsteps. She then claimed Jethalal as her legal husband. Jethalal then challenged the authenticity of this fake marriage in court. Sensing his defeat, Jethalal cunningly feigns renouncing public life and Gulabo admits the fact behind their fake marriage. She then tied nuptial knot with "Pyare Mohan '' - the lawyer of Jethalal, thus bringing the track to an end.
Many bollywood celebrities and Indian cricketers has visited the show for the promotion of their upcoming movies. Also some cricketers and regional singers has visited the show. Following is the list of those celebrities and movies.
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what type of grass is wimbledon played on | The Championships, Wimbledon - Wikipedia
The Championships, Wimbledon, commonly known simply as Wimbledon, is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and is widely regarded as the most prestigious. It has been held at the All England Club in Wimbledon, London, since 1877 and is played on outdoor grass courts.
Wimbledon is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, the others being the Australian Open, the French Open and the US Open. Since the Australian Open shifted to hardcourt in 1988, Wimbledon is the only major still played on grass.
The tournament traditionally took place over two weeks in late June and early July, starting on the last Monday in June and culminating with the Ladies ' and Gentlemen 's Singles Finals, scheduled for the Saturday and Sunday at the end of the second week. However recent changes to the tennis calendar have seen the event moved back by a week to begin in early July. Five major events are held each year, with additional junior and invitational competitions also taking place.
Wimbledon traditions include a strict dress code for competitors and Royal patronage. Strawberries and cream is traditionally consumed at the tournament. In 2017, fans consumed 34,000 kg of English strawberries and 10,000 litres of cream. The tournament is also notable for the absence of sponsor advertising around the courts. In 2009, Wimbledon 's Centre Court was fitted with a retractable roof to lessen the loss of playing time due to rain.
The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club is a private club founded on 23 July 1868, originally as "The All England Croquet Club ''. Its first ground was at Nursery Road off Worple Road, Wimbledon.
In 1876, lawn tennis, a game devised by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield a year or so earlier as an outdoor version of court tennis and originally given the name Sphairistikè, was added to the activities of the club. In spring 1877, the club was renamed "The All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club '' and signalled its change of name by instituting the first Lawn Tennis Championship. A new code of laws, replacing the code administered by the Marylebone Cricket Club, was drawn up for the event. Today 's rules are similar except for details such as the height of the net and posts and the distance of the service line from the net.
The inaugural 1877 Wimbledon Championship started on 9 July 1877 and the Gentlemen 's Singles was the only event held. It was won by Spencer Gore, an old Harrovian rackets player, from a field of 22. About 200 spectators paid one shilling each to watch the final.
The lawns at the ground were arranged so that the principal court was in the middle with the others arranged around it, hence the title "Centre Court ''. The name was retained when the Club moved in 1922 to the present site in Church Road, although no longer a true description of its location. However, in 1980 four new courts were brought into commission on the north side of the ground, which meant the Centre Court was once more correctly described. The opening of the new No. 1 Court in 1997 emphasised the description.
By 1882, activity at the club was almost exclusively confined to lawn tennis and that year the word "croquet '' was dropped from the title. However, for sentimental reasons it was restored in 1899.
In 1884, the club added Ladies ' Singles and Gentlemen 's Doubles competitions. Ladies ' Doubles and Mixed Doubles events were added in 1913. Until 1922, the reigning champion had to play only in the final, against whomever had won through to challenge him / her. As with the other three Major or Grand Slam events, Wimbledon was contested by top - ranked amateur players, professional players were prohibited from participating. This changed with the advent of the open era in 1968. No British man won the singles event at Wimbledon between Fred Perry in 1936 and Andy Murray in 2013, while no British woman has won since Virginia Wade in 1977, although Annabel Croft and Laura Robson won the Girls ' Championship in 1984 and 2008 respectively. The Championship was first televised in 1937.
Though properly called "The Championships, Wimbledon '', depending on sources the event is also known as "The All England Lawn Tennis Championships '', "The Wimbledon Championships '' or simply "Wimbledon ''. From 1912 to 1924, the tournament was recognized by the International Lawn Tennis Federation as the "World Grass Court Championships ''.
Wimbledon is considered the world 's premier tennis tournament and the priority of the Club is to maintain its leadership. To that end a long - term plan was unveiled in 1993, intended to improve the quality of the event for spectators, players, officials and neighbours. Stage one (1994 -- 1997) of the plan was completed for the 1997 championships and involved building the new No. 1 Court in Aorangi Park, a broadcast centre, two extra grass courts and a tunnel under the hill linking Church Road and Somerset Road. Stage two (1997 -- 2009) involved the removal of the old No. 1 Court complex to make way for the new Millennium Building, providing extensive facilities for players, press, officials and members, and the extension of the West Stand of the Centre Court with 728 extra seats. Stage three (2000 -- 2011) has been completed with the construction of an entrance building, club staff housing, museum, bank and ticket office.
A new retractable roof was built in time for the 2009 championships, marking the first time that rain did not stop play for a lengthy time on Centre Court. The Club tested the new roof at an event called A Centre Court Celebration on Sunday, 17 May 2009, which featured exhibition matches involving Andre Agassi, Steffi Graf, Kim Clijsters and Tim Henman. The first Championship match to take place under the roof was the completion of the fourth round women 's singles match between Dinara Safina and Amélie Mauresmo. The first match to be played in its entirety under the new roof took place between Andy Murray and Stanislas Wawrinka on 29 June 2009. Murray was also involved in the match completed latest in the day at Wimbledon, which ended at 11: 02 pm in a victory over Marcos Baghdatis at Centre Court in the third round of the 2012 Championships. The 2012 Men 's Singles Final on 8 July 2012, between Roger Federer and Murray, was the first singles final to be partially played under the roof, which was activated during the third set.
A new 4000 - seat No. 2 Court was built on the site of the old No. 13 Court in time for the 2009 Championships. A new 2000 - seat No. 3 Court was built on the site of the old No. 2 and No. 3 Courts.
Wimbledon consists of five main events, four junior events and seven invitation events.
The five main events, and the number of players (or teams, in the case of doubles) are:
The four junior events and the number of players or teams are:
No mixed doubles event is held at this level.
The seven invitational events and the number of pairs are:
Matches in the Gentlemen 's Singles and Gentlemen 's Doubles are best - of - five sets; all other events are best - of - three sets. A tiebreak game is played if the score reaches 6 -- 6 in any set except the fifth (in a five - set match) or the third (in a three - set match), in which case a two - game lead must be reached.
All events are single - elimination tournaments, except for the Gentlemen 's, Senior Gentlemen 's and the Ladies ' Invitation Doubles, which are round - robin tournaments.
Until 1922, the winners of the previous year 's competition (except in the Ladies ' Doubles and Mixed Doubles) were automatically granted byes into the final round (then known as the challenge round). This led to many winners retaining their titles in successive years, as they were able to rest while their opponent competed from the start of the competition. From 1922, the prior year 's champions were required to play all the rounds, like other tournament competitors.
Each year the tournament began on the last Monday in June, two weeks after the Queen 's Club Championships, which is one of the men 's major warm - up tournaments, together with the Gerry Weber Open, which is held in Halle, Germany, during the same week. It was announced that the 2017 tournament would begin on Monday 3 July. Other grass - court tournaments before Wimbledon are Eastbourne, England, and Rosmalen in the Netherlands, both combining mixed events. The other women 's warm - up tournament for Wimbledon is Birmingham, also in England. The only grass - court tournament scheduled after the Championships is the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships at Newport, Rhode Island, USA, which takes place the week after Wimbledon.
Wimbledon is scheduled for 14 days, beginning on a Monday and ending on a Sunday. Before 1982 it ended a day earlier, with the women 's singles final on the Friday and the men 's singles final on the Saturday. The five main events span both weeks, but the junior and invitational events are held mainly during the second week. Traditionally, unlike the other three tennis Grand Slams, there is no play on the "Middle Sunday '', which is considered a rest day. However, rain has forced play on the Middle Sunday four times, in 1991, 1997, 2004 and 2016. On the first of these four occasions, Wimbledon staged a "People 's Sunday '', with unreserved seating and readily available, inexpensive tickets, allowing those with more limited means to sit on the show courts.
The second Monday at Wimbledon is often called "Manic Monday '', because it is the busiest day with the last - 16 matches for both men 's and women 's singles, where fans have a pick of watching on a single day, any of the best 32 players left; which is also unique in a Grand Slam singles competition.
Since 2015, the championships have begun one week later than in previous years, extending the gap between the tournament and the French Open from two to three weeks. Additionally the Stuttgart Open men 's tournament converted to a grass surface and was rescheduled from July to June, extending the grass court season.
Both the men 's and ladies ' singles consist of 128 players. Players and doubles pairs are admitted to the main events on the basis of their international rankings, with 104 direct entries into the men 's and 108 into the ladies ' competitions. Both tournaments have 8 wild card entrants, with the remainder in each made up of qualifiers. Since the 2001 tournament, 32 players have been given seedings in the Gentlemen 's and Ladies ' singles, 16 teams in the doubles events. The system of seeding was introduced during the 1924 Wimbledon Championships. This was a simplified version allowing countries to nominate four players who were placed in different quarters of the draw. This system was replaced for the 1927 Wimbledon Championships and from then on players were seeded on merit. The first players to be seeded as no. 1 were René Lacoste and Helen Wills.
The Committee of Management decide which players receive wildcards. Usually, wild cards are players who have performed well during previous tournaments or would stimulate public interest in Wimbledon by participating. The only wild card to win the Gentlemen 's Singles Championship was Goran Ivanišević in 2001. Players and pairs who neither have high enough rankings nor receive wild cards may participate in a qualifying tournament held one week before Wimbledon at the Bank of England Sports Ground in Roehampton. The singles qualifying competitions are three - round events; the same - sex doubles competitions last for only one round. There is no qualifying tournament for Mixed Doubles. The furthest that any qualifier has progressed in a Singles tournament is the semi-final round: John McEnroe in 1977 (Gentlemen 's Singles), Vladimir Voltchkov in 2000 (Gentlemen 's Singles), and Alexandra Stevenson in 1999 (Ladies ' Singles).
Players are admitted to the junior tournaments upon the recommendations of their national tennis associations, on their International Tennis Federation world rankings and, in the case of the singles events, on the basis of a qualifying competition. The Committee of Management determines which players may enter the four invitational events.
The Committee seeds the top players and pairs on the basis of their rankings, but it can change the seedings based on a player 's previous grass court performance. Since 2002 a seeding committee has not been required for the Gentlemen 's Singles following an agreement with the ATP. While the seeds are still the top 32 players according to rankings, the seeding order is determined using the formula: ATP Entry System Position points + 100 % points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months + 75 % points earned for the best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that. A majority of the entrants are unseeded. Only two unseeded players have won the Gentlemen 's Singles: Boris Becker in 1985 and Goran Ivanišević in 2001. In 1985 there were only 16 seeds and Becker was ranked 20th; Ivanišević was ranked 125th when he won as a Wild Card entrant, although he had previously been a finalist three times, and been ranked no. 2 in the world; his low ranking was due to having been hampered by a persistent shoulder injury for three years, which had only just cleared up. In 1996, the title was won by Richard Krajicek, who was originally unseeded (ranked 17th, and only 16 players were seeded) but was promoted to a seeded position (still with the number 17) when Thomas Muster withdrew before the tournament. No unseeded player has captured the Ladies ' Singles title; the lowest seeded female champion was Venus Williams, who won in 2007 as the 23rd seed; Williams was returning from an injury that had prevented her playing in previous tournaments, giving her a lower ranking than she would normally have had. Unseeded pairs have won the doubles titles on numerous occasions; the 2005 Gentlemen 's Doubles champions were not only unseeded, but also (for the first time ever) qualifiers.
Since 2001, the courts used for Wimbledon have been sown with 100 % perennial ryegrass. Prior to 2001 a combination of 70 % ryegrass and 30 % Creeping Red Fescue was used. The change was made to improve durability and strengthen the sward to better withstand the increasing wear of the modern game.
The main show courts, Centre Court and No. 1 Court, are normally used for only two weeks a year, during the Championships, but play can extend into a third week in exceptional circumstances. The remaining 17 courts are regularly used for other events hosted by the Club. The show courts were in action for the second time in three months in 2012 as Wimbledon hosted the tennis events of the 2012 Olympic Games. One of the show courts is also used for home ties of the GB teams in the Davis Cup on occasions.
Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event played on grass courts. At one time, all the Majors, except the French Open, were played on grass. The US Open abandoned grass in 1975 and the Australian Open in 1988.
The principal court, Centre Court, was opened in 1922 when the Club moved from Worple Road to Church Road. The Church Road venue was larger and was needed to meet the ever - growing public demand.
Due to the possibility of rain during Wimbledon, a retractable roof was installed prior to the 2009 Championship. It is designed to close / open in about 20 minutes and will be closed primarily to protect play from inclement (and, if necessary, extremely hot) weather during The Championships. When the roof is being opened or closed, play is suspended. The first time the roof was closed during a Wimbledon Championship match was on Monday 29 June 2009, involving Amélie Mauresmo and Dinara Safina. The first full match played and completed under the roof featured Andy Murray and Stan Wawrinka, played on the same date.
The court has a capacity of 15,000. At its south end is the Royal Box, from which members of the Royal Family and other dignitaries watch matches. Centre Court usually hosts the finals and semifinals of the main events, as well as many matches in the earlier rounds involving top - seeded players or local favourites.
The second most important court is No. 1 Court. The court was constructed in 1997 to replace the old No. 1 Court, which was adjacent to Centre Court. The old No. 1 Court was demolished because its capacity for spectators was too low. The court was said to have had a unique, more intimate atmosphere and was a favourite of many players. The new No. 1 Court has a capacity of approximately 11,000. Construction on a new retractable roof on the No. 1 Court began after the 2017 Championships and is set to be completed in 2019. The capacity of the stadium is also set to rise by 900 taking the total capacity up to 12,400.
From 2009, a new No. 2 Court is being used at Wimbledon with a capacity for 4,000 people. To obtain planning permission, the playing surface is around 3.5 m below ground level, ensuring that the single - storey structure is only about 3.5 m above ground level, and thus not affecting local views. Plans to build on the current site of Court 13 were dismissed due to the high capacity of games played at the 2012 Olympic Games. The old No. 2 Court has been renamed as No. 3 Court. The old No. 2 Court was known as the "Graveyard of Champions '' because many highly seeded players were eliminated there during early rounds over the years, including Ilie Năstase, John McEnroe, Boris Becker, Andre Agassi, Pete Sampras, Martina Hingis, Venus Williams, Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova. The court has a capacity of 2,192 + 770 standing. In 2011 a new No. 3 Court and a new Court 4 were unveiled on the sites of the old No. 2 and 3 courts.
Because of the summer climate in southern England, Wimbledon employs ' Court Attendants ' each year, who work to maintain court conditions. Their principal responsibility is to ensure that the courts are quickly covered when it begins to rain, so that play can resume as quickly as possible once the referees decide to uncover the courts. The court attendants are mainly university students working to make summer money. Centre Court is covered by full - time groundstaff, however.
At the northern end of the grounds is a giant television screen on which important matches are broadcast. Fans watch from an area of grass officially known as the Aorangi Terrace. When British players do well at Wimbledon, the hill attracts fans for them, and is often renamed after them by the press: Greg Rusedski 's followers convened at "Rusedski Ridge '', and Tim Henman has had the hill nicknamed Henman Hill. As both of them have now retired and Andy Murray is the number 1 British player, the hill is occasionally referred to as "Murray Mound '' or "Murrayfield '', as a reference to his Scottish heritage and the Scottish rugby ground of the same name, but this has largely failed to catch on -- the area is still usually referred to as Henman Hill. None of these nicknames are official.
The qualifying matches, prior to the main draw, take place at the Bank of England Sports Ground, in Roehampton, 3.6 miles (5.8 km) from the All - England Club.
Social commentator Ellis Cashmore describes Wimbledon as having "a David Niven - ish propriety '', conforming to the standards of behaviour common in the 1950s. Writer Peter York sees the event as representing a particular white and affluent type of Britishness, describing the area of Wimbledon as "a southern, well off, late - Victorian suburb with a particular social character ''. Cashmore has criticised the event for being "remote and insulated '' from the changing multicultural character of modern Britain, describing it as "nobody 's idea of all - things - British ''.
In the championship games, ball boys and girls, known as BBGs, play a crucial role in the smooth running of the tournament, with a brief that a good BBG "should not be seen. They should blend into the background and get on with their jobs quietly. ''
From 1947 ball boys were supplied by Goldings, the only Barnardos school to provide them. Prior to this, from the 1920s onwards, the ball boys had been provided by The Shaftesbury Children 's Home.
Since 1969, BBGs have been provided by local schools. As of 2008 they are drawn from schools in the London boroughs of Merton, Sutton, Kingston, and Wandsworth, as well as from Surrey. Traditionally, Wandsworth Boys Grammar School in Sutherland Grove, Southfields and Mayfield Girls School on West Hill in Wandsworth, both now defunct, were the schools of choice for selection of BBGs. This was possibly owing to their proximity to the club. BBGs have an average age of 15, being drawn from the school years nine and ten. BBGs will serve for one, or if re-selected, up to five tournaments, from Year Nine to Year Thirteen.
Starting in 2005, BBGs work in teams of six, two at the net, four at the corners, and teams rotate one hour on court, one hour off, (two hours depending on the court) for the day 's play. Teams are not told which court they will be working on the day, to ensure the same standards across all courts. With the expansion of the number of courts, and lengthening the tennis day, as of 2008, the number of BBGs required is around 250. From the second Wednesday, BBGs are told to leave the Championships, leaving around 80 on the final Sunday. Each BBG receives a certificate, a can of used balls, a group photograph and a programme when leaving. BBG service is paid, with a total of £ 120 - £ 180 being paid to each ball boy or girl after the 13 - day period depending on the number of days served. Every BBG keeps all of their kit, typically consisting of three or four shirts, two or three shorts or skorts, track suit bottoms and top, twelve pairs of socks, three pairs of wristbands, a hat, water bottle holder, bag and trainers. Along with this it is seen as a privilege, and seen as a valuable addition to a school leaver 's curriculum vitae, showing discipline. BBG places are split 50: 50 between boys and girls, with girls having been used since 1977, appearing on centre court since 1985.
Prospective BBGs are first nominated by their school headteacher, to be considered for selection. To be selected, a candidate must pass written tests on the rules of tennis, and pass fitness, mobility and other suitability tests, against initial preliminary instruction material. Successful candidates then commence a training phase, starting in February, in which the final BBGs are chosen through continual assessment. As of 2008, this training intake was 600. The training includes weekly sessions of physical, procedural and theoretical instruction, to ensure that the BBGs are fast, alert, self - confident and adaptable to situations. As of 2011, early training occurs at the Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis Club Covered Courts, to the side of the Grounds, and then moves to outside courts (8, 9, 10) the week before the Championships for a feel of the grass court.
Dark green and purple are the traditional Wimbledon colours. However, all tennis players participating in the tournament are required to wear all - white or at least almost all - white clothing, a long - time tradition at Wimbledon. Wearing white clothing with some colour accents is also acceptable, provided the colour scheme is not that of an identifiable commercial brand logo (the outfitter 's brand logo being the sole exception). Controversy followed Martina Navratilova 's wearing branding for "Kim '' cigarettes in 1982. Green clothing was worn by the chair umpire, linesmen, ball boys and ball girls until the 2005 Championships; however, beginning with the 2006 Championships, officials, ball boys and ball girls were dressed in new navy blue - and cream - coloured uniforms from American designer Ralph Lauren. This marked the first time in the history of the Championships that an outside company was used to design Wimbledon clothing; the contract with Polo Ralph Lauren ended in 2015.
By tradition, the "Men 's '' and "Women 's '' competitions are referred to as "Gentlemen 's '' and "Ladies ' '' competitions at Wimbledon. The junior competitions are referred to as the "Boys ' '' and "Girls ' '' competitions.
Prior to 2009 female players were referred to by the title "Miss '' or "Mrs '' on scoreboards. As dictated by strict rule of etiquette, married female players are referred to by their husbands ' names: for example, Chris Evert appeared on scoreboards as "Mrs. J.M. Lloyd '' during her marriage to John Lloyd, since "Mrs. X '' essentially designates the wife of X. This tradition has continued at least to some extent. For the first time during the 2009 tournament, players were referred to on scoreboards by both their first and last names.
The title "Mr '' is not used for male players who are professionals on scoreboards but the prefix is retained for amateurs, although chair umpires refer to players as "Mr '' when they use the replay challenge. The chair umpire will say "Mr < surname > is challenging the call... '' and "Mr < surname > has X challenges remaining. '' However, the umpires still say Miss / Missus < surname > when announcing the score of the Ladies ' matches.
If a match is being played with two competitors of the same surname (e.g. Venus and Serena Williams, Bob and Mike Bryan), the chair umpire will specify to whom they are referring by stating the player 's first name and surname during announcements (e.g. "Game, Miss Venus Williams '', "Advantage, Mike Bryan '').
Previously, players bowed or curtsied to members of the royal family seated in the Royal Box upon entering or leaving Centre Court. However, in 2003, All England Club president Prince Edward, Duke of Kent decided to discontinue the tradition. Now, players are required to bow or curtsy only if The Prince of Wales, or The Queen is present, as was in practice during the 2010 Championships when the Queen was in attendance at Wimbledon on 24 June. On 27 June 2012, Roger Federer said in his post-match interview that he and his opponent had been asked to bow towards the Royal Box as Prince Charles and his wife were present, saying that it was n't a problem for him.
Prior to the Second World War, members of the Brigade of Guards and retired members of the Royal Artillery performed the role of stewards. In 1946 the AELTC offered employment to wartime servicemen returning to civilian life during their demobilisation leave. Initially, this scheme extended only to the Royal Navy, followed by the Army in 1947 and the Royal Air Force in 1949. In 1965 London Fire Brigade members joined the ranks of stewards. The service stewards, wearing uniform, are present in Centre Court and No. 's 1, 2, 3, 12 and 18 courts. In 2015, 595 Service and London Fire Brigade stewards attended. Only enlisted members of the Armed Forces may apply for the role, which must be taken as leave, and half of each year 's recruits must have stewarded at Wimbledon before. The AELTC pays a subsistence allowance to servicemen and women working as stewards to defray their accommodation costs for the period of the Championships. The Service Stewards are not to be confused with the 185 Honorary Stewards.
The majority of centre and show court tickets sold to the general public have since 1924 been made available by a public ballot that the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club holds at the start of the year. The ballot has always been substantially oversubscribed. Successful applicants are selected at random by a computer. The most recent figures from 2011 suggested there were four applicants to every ballot ticket. Applications must be posted to arrive at the AELTC by the last day of December in the year prior to the tournament. Seats and days are allocated randomly and ballot tickets are not transferrable.
The All England Club, through its subsidiary The All England Lawn Tennis Ground plc, issues Debentures to tennis fans every five years to raise funds for capital expenditure. Fans who invest thus in the club receive a pair of tickets for every day of the Wimbledon Championships for the five years the investment lasts. Only debenture holders are permitted to sell on their tickets to third parties and demand for debentures has increased in recent years, to such an extent that they are even traded on the London Stock Exchange.
Wimbledon and the French Open are the only Grand Slam tournaments where fans without tickets for play can queue up and still get seats on the three show courts on the day of the match. Sequentially numbered queue cards were introduced in 2003. From 2008, there is a single queue, allotted about 500 seats for each court. When they join the queue, fans are handed queue cards. Anyone who then wishes to leave the queue temporarily, even if in possession of a queue card, must agree their position with the others nearby in the queue and / or a steward.
To get access to the show courts, fans will normally have to queue overnight. This is done by fans from all over the world and, although considered vagrancy, is part of the Wimbledon experience in itself. The All - England Club allows overnight queuing and provides toilet and water facilities for campers. Early in the morning when the line moves towards the Grounds, stewards walk along the line and hand out wristbands that are colour - coded to the specific court. The wrist band (and payment) is exchanged at the ticket office for the ticket when the grounds open. General admission to the grounds gives access to the outer courts and is possible without queuing overnight. Tickets returned by people leaving early go on sale at 2: 30 pm and the money goes to charity. Queuing for the show courts ends after the quarter finals have been completed.
At 2.40 pm on Day Seven (Monday 28 June) of the 2010 Championships, the one - millionth numbered Wimbledon queue card was handed out to Rose Stanley from South Africa.
Wimbledon is notable for the longest running sponsorship in sports history due to its association with Slazenger who have supplied all tennis balls during the tournament since 1902. Since 1935 Wimbledon has a sponsorship association with the Robinsons fruit drink brand.
Friday before the start of the tournament. Radio Wimbledon can be heard within a five - mile radius on 87.7 FM, and also online. It operates under a Restricted Service Licence and is arguably the most sophisticated RSL annually in the UK. The main presenters are Sam Lloyd and Ali Barton. Typically they work alternate four - hour shifts until the end of the last match of the day. Reporters and commentators include Gigi Salmon, Nick Lestor, Rupert Bell, Nigel Bidmead, Guy Swindells, Lucie Ahl, Nadine Towell and Helen Whitaker. Often they report from the "Crow 's Nest '', an elevated building housing the Court 3 and 4 scoreboards which affords views of most of the outside courts. Regular guests include Sue Mappin. In recent years Radio Wimbledon acquired a second low - power FM frequency (within the grounds only) of 96.3 FM for uninterrupted Centre Court commentary, and, from 2006, a third for coverage from No. 1 Court on 97.8 FM. Hourly news bulletins and travel (using RDS) are also broadcast.
Beginning with the 2018 tournament, an in - house operation known as Wimbledon Broadcasting Services (WBS) has served as the official host broadcaster of the tournament, replacing BBC Sport.
Since 1937 the BBC has broadcast the tournament on television in the UK. The matches covered are primarily split between its two main terrestrial channels, BBC One and BBC Two, and their Red Button service. This can result in live matches being moved across all 3 channels. The BBC holds the broadcast rights for Wimbledon until 2024. During the days of British Satellite Broadcasting, its sports channel carried extra coverage of Wimbledon for subscribers. One of the most notable British commentators was Dan Maskell, who was known as the BBC 's "voice of tennis '' until his retirement in 1991. John Barrett succeeded him in that role until he retired in 2006. Current commentators working for the BBC at Wimbledon include British ex-players Andrew Castle, John Lloyd, Tim Henman, Greg Rusedski, Samantha Smith and Mark Petchey; tennis legends such as John McEnroe, Tracy Austin, Boris Becker and Lindsay Davenport; and general sports commentators including David Mercer, Barry Davies, Andrew Cotter and Nick Mullins. The coverage is presented by Sue Barker (live) and Claire Balding (highlights). Previous BBC presenters include Des Lynam, David Vine, John Inverdale and Harry Carpenter.
The Wimbledon Finals are obliged to be shown live and in full on terrestrial television (BBC Television Service, ITV, Channel 4, or Channel 5) by government mandate. Highlights of the rest of the tournament must be provided by terrestrial stations; live coverage (excepting the finals) may be sought by satellite or cable TV.
The BBC was forced to apologise after many viewers complained about "over-talking '' by its commentary team during the TV coverage of the event in 2011. It said in a statement that views on commentary were subjective but that they "do appreciate that over-talking can irritate our audience ''. The BBC added that it hoped it had achieved "the right balance '' across its coverage and was "of course sorry if on occasion you have not been satisfied ''. Tim Henman and John McEnroe were among the ex-players commentating.
Wimbledon was also involved in a piece of television history, when on 1 July 1967 the first official colour television broadcast took place in the UK. Four hours live coverage of the 1967 Championships was shown on BBC Two, which was the first television channel in Europe to regularly broadcast in colour. Footage of that historic match no longer survives, however, the Gentlemen 's Final of that year is still held in the BBC archives because it was the first Gentlemen 's Final transmitted in colour. Since 2007, Wimbledon matches have been transmitted in high - definition, originally on the BBC 's free - to - air channel BBC HD, with continual live coverage during the tournament of Centre Court and Court No. 1 as well as an evening highlights show Today at Wimbledon. Coverage is now shown on BBC One and Two 's HD feeds. Beginning 2018, all centre court matches are televised in 4K ultra-high - definition.
The BBC 's opening theme music for Wimbledon was composed by Keith Mansfield and is titled "Light and Tuneful ''. A piece titled "A Sporting Occasion '' is the traditional closing theme, though nowadays coverage typically ends either with a montage set to a popular song or with no music at all. Mansfield also composed the piece "World Champion '', used by NBC during intervals (change - overs, set breaks, etc.) and at the close of broadcasts throughout the tournament.
In Ireland, RTÉ broadcast the tournament during the 1980s and 1990s on their second channel RTÉ Two, they also provided highlights of the games in the evening. The commentary provided was given by Matt Doyle a former Irish - American professional tennis player and Jim Sherwin a former RTÉ newsreader. Caroline Murphy was the presenter of the programme. RTÉ made the decision in 1998 to discontinue broadcasting the tournament due to falling viewing figures and the large number of viewers watching on the BBC. From 2005 until 2014 TG4 Ireland 's Irish - language broadcaster provided coverage of the tournament. Live coverage was provided in the Irish language while they broadcast highlights in English at night.
In 2015 Wimbledon moved to pay TV broadcaster Setanta Sports under a 3 - year agreement. Its successor, Eir Sport, currently hosts broadcasting rights in Ireland.
In the United States, ABC began showing taped highlights of the Wimbledon Gentlemen 's Singles Final in the 1960s on its Wide World of Sports series. NBC began covering Wimbledon in 1969, with same - day taped (and often edited) coverage of the Gentlemen 's Singles Final. In 1979, the network began carrying the Gentlemen 's and Ladies ' Singles Finals live. For the next few decades, Americans made a tradition of NBC 's "Breakfast at Wimbledon '' specials at weekends. Live coverage started early in the morning (the US being a minimum of 5 hours behind the UK) and continued well into the afternoon, interspersed with commentary and interviews from Bud Collins, whose tennis acumen and (in) famous patterned trousers were well known to tennis fans in the US. Collins was sacked by NBC in 2007, but was promptly hired by ESPN, the cable home for The Championships in the States. For many years NBC 's primary Wimbledon host was veteran broadcaster Dick Enberg.
From 1975 to 1999, premium channel HBO carried weekday coverage of Wimbledon. Hosts included Jim Lampley, Billie Jean King, Martina Navratilova, John Lloyd and Barry MacKay among others.
Previously, weekday coverage in the United States was exclusively handled by ESPN2 during the tournament 's first week. During the tournament 's second week it was split between ESPN2 and NBC. ESPN 's online service ESPN3 provides full coverage of courts not televised using BBC graphics and commentary. Since the 2012 tournament, all live coverage, including the Finals, has been exclusively on ESPN and ESPN2, marking the second major tennis championship (after the Australian Open) available in the United States exclusively on pay television (although taped highlights from the tournament are presented at weekend afternoons on sister network ABC). Taped coverage using the world feed is aired in primetime and overnights on Tennis Channel and is branded Wimbledon Primetime.
In Canada, coverage of Wimbledon is exclusively carried by TSN and RDS, which are co-owned by Bell Media and ESPN.
In Mexico, the Televisa family of networks has aired Wimbledon since the early 1960s. Presently, most weekend matches are broadcast through Canal 5 with the weekday matches broadcast on the Televisa Deportes Network. As Mexico is six hours behind the U.K., some Canal 5 affiliates air the weekend matches as the first program of the day after sign - on. Although Mexico had begun broadcasting in colour in 1962, Wimbledon continued to air in black and white in Mexico until colour television came to the United Kingdom in 1967.
In most of the remainder of Latin America, Wimbledon airs on ESPN, as do the other Grand Slam tournaments. In Brazil, SporTV has exclusive rights to the broadcast.
In several European countries, Wimbledon is shown live on Eurosport 1, Eurosport 2 and the Eurosport Player. Although there are some exceptions, as in Denmark, where the Danish channel TV3 Sport and Viaplay, holds the rights to show Wimbledon until 2019. In the Netherlands Center Court is shown live on Eurosport 1 and all other courts are shown live on the Eurosport Player. But Court One is covered live on Ziggo Sport / Ziggo Sport Select.
In Australia, the free - to - air Nine Network covered Wimbledon for almost 40 years but decided to drop their broadcast following the 2010 tournament, citing declining ratings and desire to use money saved to bid on other sports coverage. In April 2011, it was announced that the Seven Network, the host broadcaster of the Australian Open, along with its sister channel 7Two would broadcast the event from 2011. Pay television network Fox Sports Australia also covers the event. In India and its Subcontinental region, it is broadcast on Star Sports.
Coverage is free - to - air in New Zealand through TVNZ One, beginning each night at 11 pm (midday in London). In 2017 their new channel, TVNZ Duke (also free - to - air), carried an alternative to the main feed, including (for example) matches on outside courts involving New Zealand players.
Fox Sports Asia holds broadcasting rights across Southeast Asia.
Most matches are also available for viewing through internet betting websites and other live streaming services, as television cameras are set up to provide continuous coverage on nearly all the courts.
The Gentlemen 's Singles champion is presented with a silver gilt cup 18.5 inches (about 47 cm) in height and 7.5 inches (about 19 cm) in diameter. The trophy has been awarded since 1887 and bears the inscription: "All England Lawn Tennis Club Single Handed Championship of the World ''. The actual trophy remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a three - quarter size replica of the Cup bearing the names of all past Champions (height 13.5 inches, 34cm).
The Ladies ' Singles champion is presented with a sterling silver salver commonly known as the "Venus Rosewater Dish '', or simply the "Rosewater Dish ''. The salver, which is 18.75 inches (about 48 cm) in diameter, is decorated with figures from mythology. The actual dish remains the property of the All England Club in their museum, so the champion receives a miniature replica bearing the names of all past Champions. From 1949 to 2006 the replica was 8 inches in diameter, and since 2007 it has been a three - quarter size replica with a diameter of 13.5 inches.
The winner of the Gentlemen 's Doubles, Ladies ' Doubles, and Mixed Doubles events receive silver cups. A trophy is awarded to each player in the Doubles pair, unlike the other Grand Slam tournaments where the winning Doubles duo shares a single trophy. The Gentlemen 's Doubles silver challenge cup was originally from the Oxford University Lawn Tennis Club and donated to the All England Club in 1884. The Ladies ' Doubles Trophy, a silver cup and cover known as The Duchess of Kent Challenge Cup, was presented to the All England Club in 1949 by The Duchess of Kent. The Mixed Doubles Trophy is a silver challenge cup and cover presented to the All England Club by the family of two - time Wimbledon doubles winner S.H. Smith.
The runner - up in each event receives an inscribed silver plate. The trophies are usually presented by the President of the All England Club, The Duke of Kent.
Prize money was first awarded in 1968, the year that professional players were allowed to compete in the Championships for the first time. Total prize money was £ 26,150; the winner of the men 's title earned £ 2,000 while the women 's singles champion received £ 750.
Before 2007, among grand slam tournaments, Wimbledon and the French Open awarded more prize money in men 's events than in women 's events. In 2007, Wimbledon changed this policy, awarding the same amounts per event category to both men and women. The decision has been controversial because women generally spend considerably less time playing on court than men (except in mixed doubles) owing to their wins being based upon best of three sets, whereas men 's are based upon best of five sets.
In 2009, a total of £ 12,500,000 in prize money was awarded with the singles champions receiving £ 850,000 each, an increase of 13.3 percent on 2008. In 2010 total prize money increased to £ 13,725,000, and the singles champions received £ 1,000,000 each. A further increase of 6.4 % in 2011 resulted in a total prize money amount of £ 14,600,000. Both male and female singles champions prize money increased to £ 1,100,000, a rise of 10 %. The 2012 Championships offered total prize money of £ 16,060,000, an increase of 10.0 % from 2011. The bulk of the increases were given to players losing in earlier rounds. This move was in response to the growing angst among lower - ranked players concerning the inadequacy of their pay. Sergiy Stakhovsky, a member of the ATP Player Council and who was at the time ranked 68th, was among the most vocal in the push for higher pay for players who bow out in the earlier rounds. In an interview Stakhovsky intimated that it is not uncommon for lower - ranked players to be in the negative, for certain tour events, if their results were n't stellar. This issue gained the attention of the men 's "Big Four '' -- Novak Djokovic, Roger Federer, Andy Murray, and Rafael Nadal -- as well as the Championships.
In 2013 total prize money was further increased by about 40 % from 2012 to £ 22,560,000. The losers in the earlier singles rounds of the tournament saw a highest 62 % increase in their pay while the total prize money of the doubles increased by 22 %. The prize money for participants of the qualifying matches saw an increase of 41 %. Sergiy Stakhovsky, a member of the ATP Player Council, was the loudest voice for this increase. The 2015 prize money was £ 1,880,000 each for the Gentlemen 's and Ladies ' Singles winners, £ 340,000 each pair for the Gentlemen 's and Ladies ' Doubles winners, and £ 100,000 per pair for the Mixed Doubles winners. The total prize money awarded is £ 26,750,000 up 7 % from the £ 25,000,000 in 2014. The 2016 Wimbledon Championships saw prize money for the Gentlemen 's and Ladies ' Singles winners reach £ 2,000,000 for the first time. The winning pair of the Gentlemen 's and Ladies ' Doubles received £ 350,000, a £ 10,000 increase from 2015. £ 100,000 was awarded to the winning pair of the Mixed Doubles competition.
In 2016, the total prize money of £ 28,100,000 was a 5 % increase on the 2015 prize money.
In 2017, the total prize money rose by 12.5 % to £ 31,600,000, with the Gentlemen 's and Ladies ' Singles Champions each receiving £ 2.2 million, a 10 % increase from £ 2.0 million in 2016.
Ranking points for the ATP and WTA have varied at Wimbledon through the years but at present singles players receive the following points:
Novak Djokovic was the winner of the Gentlemen 's Singles in 2018. It was his thirteenth Grand Slam Men 's Singles title and his fourth Wimbledon title.
Angelique Kerber was the winner of the Ladies ' Singles in 2018. It was her third Grand Slam Women 's Singles title and her first title at Wimbledon after previously having reached the final in 2016.
Mike Bryan was part of the winning Men 's Doubles team in 2018. It was his seventeenth Grand Slam Men 's Doubles title.
Jack Sock was part of the winning Men 's Doubles team in 2018. It was his second Grand Slam Men 's Doubles title.
Barbora Krejčíková was part of the winning Women 's Doubles title in 2018. This was her second Grand Slam Women 's Doubles title.
Kateřina Siniaková was part of the winning Women 's Doubles title in 2018. This was her second Grand Slam Women 's Doubles title.
Alexander Peya was part of the winning Mixed Doubles title in 2018.
Nicole Melichar was part of the winning Mixed Doubles title in 2018.
/ Natasha Zvereva
1991 (with Larisa Neiland), 1992, 1993, 1994 (with Gigi Fernández)
Coordinates: 51 ° 26 ′ 1.5 '' N 0 ° 12 ′ 50.5 '' W / 51.433750 ° N 0.214028 ° W / 51.433750; - 0.214028
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one for the money two for the show trooper | Two for the Show (Trooper album) - wikipedia
Two for the Show is the second album by Canadian rock band Trooper, released in 1976. The album was produced by Randy Bachman of Bachman -- Turner Overdrive and The Guess Who fame. The album was certified gold in Canada, contained the hits "Two for the Show '' and "Santa Maria ''. "The Boys in the Bright White Sportscar '', initially released off this album, later became a hit when it was re-released (with a few modifications) on Hot Shots in 1979.
(McGuire / Smith)
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where is the dinosaur national monument located city and state | Dinosaur National Monument - wikipedia
Dinosaur National Monument is a United States National Monument located on the southeast flank of the Uinta Mountains on the border between Colorado and Utah at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers. Although most of the monument area is in Moffat County, Colorado, the Dinosaur Quarry 40 ° 26 ′ 29 '' N 109 ° 18 ′ 04 '' W / 40.44139 ° N 109.30111 ° W / 40.44139; - 109.30111 is located in Utah just to the north of the town of Jensen, Utah.
The nearest communities are Jensen, Utah, and Dinosaur, Colorado. The park contains over 800 paleontological sites and has fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus, Deinonychus, Abydosaurus (a nearly complete skull, lower jaws and first four neck vertebrae of the specimen DINO 16488 found here at the base of the Mussentuchit Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation is the holotype for the description) and various long - neck, long - tail sauropods. It was declared a National Monument on October 4, 1915.
The rock layer enclosing the fossils is a sandstone and conglomerate bed of alluvial or river bed origin known as the Morrison Formation from the Jurassic Period some 150 million years old. The dinosaurs and other ancient animals were carried by the river system which eventually entombed their remains in Utah.
The pile of sediments were later buried and lithified into solid rock. The layers of rock were later uplifted and tilted to their present angle by the mountain building forces that formed the Uintas during the Laramide orogeny. The relentless forces of erosion exposed the layers at the surface to be found by paleontologists.
The dinosaur fossil beds (bone beds) were discovered in 1909 by Earl Douglass, a paleontologist working and collecting for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. He and his crews excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for study and display. President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915. The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original 80 - acre (320,000 m) tract surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to its present extent of over 200,000 acres (800 km2) in Utah and Colorado, encompassing the spectacular river canyons of the Green and Yampa.
Though lesser - known than the fossil beds, the petroglyphs in Dinosaur National Monument are another treasure the monument holds. Due to problems with vandals, many of the sites are not listed on area maps.
The plans made by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation on a ten - dam, billion dollar Colorado River Storage Project began to arouse opposition in the early 1950s when it was announced that one of the proposed dams would be at Echo Park, in the middle of Dinosaur National Monument. The controversy assumed major proportions, dominating conservation politics for years. David Brower, executive director of the Sierra Club, and Howard Zahniser of The Wilderness Society led an unprecedented nationwide campaign to preserve the free - flowing rivers and scenic canyons of the Green and Yampa Rivers. They argued that if a national monument was not safe from development, how could any wildland be kept intact?
On the other side of the argument were powerful members of Congress from western states, who were committed to the project in order to secure water rights, obtain cheap hydroelectric power and develop reservoirs as tourist destinations. After much debate, Congress settled on a compromise that eliminated Echo Park Dam and authorized the rest of the project. The Colorado River Storage Project Act became law on April 11, 1956. It stated, "that no dam or reservoir constructed under the authorization of the Act shall be within any National Park or Monument. ''
Historians view the Echo Park Dam controversy as signaling the start of an era that includes major conservationist political successes such as the Wilderness Act and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.
Places on the list of National Register of Historic Places include:
The Dinosaur National Monument sits on a vast area of desert land in Northwestern Colorado and Northeastern Utah. Typical of "high deserts '', summer temperatures can be exceedingly hot, while winter temperatures can be very cold. Snowfall is common, but the snow melts rapidly in the arid and sunny climates of these states. Rainfall is very low, and the evaporation rate classifies the area as desert, even though the rainfall just barely exceeds 10 inches.
The "Wall of Bones '' located within the Dinosaur Quarry building in the park consists of a steeply tilted (67 ° from horizontal) rock layer which contains hundreds of dinosaur fossils. The enclosing rock has been chipped away to reveal the fossil bones intact for public viewing. In July 2006, the Quarry Visitor Center was closed due to structural problems that since 1957 had plagued the building because it was built on unstable clay. The decision was made to build a new facility elsewhere in the monument to house the visitor center and administrative functions, making it easier to resolve the structural problems of the quarry building while still retaining a portion of the historic Mission 66 era exhibit hall. It was announced in April 2009 that Dinosaur National Monument would receive $13.1 million to refurbish and reopen the gallery as part of the Obama administration 's $750 billion stimulus plan. The Park Service successfully rebuilt the Quarry Exhibit Hall, supporting its weight on 70 - foot steel micropile columns that extend to the bedrock below the unstable clay. The Dinosaur Quarry was reopened in Fall 2011.
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irom man 3 full movie download in hindi | Iron Man 3 - wikipedia
Iron Man 3 (stylized onscreen as Iron Man Three) is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2008 's Iron Man and 2010 's Iron Man 2, and the seventh film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Shane Black from a screenplay he co-wrote with Drew Pearce, and stars Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, alongside Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Guy Pearce, Rebecca Hall, Stéphanie Szostak, James Badge Dale, Jon Favreau, and Ben Kingsley. In Iron Man 3, Tony Stark deals with posttraumatic stress disorder caused by the events of The Avengers, while investigating a string of terrorist attacks led by the mysterious Mandarin, and comes into a conflict with an old enemy: Aldrich Killian.
After the release of Iron Man 2 in May 2010, Favreau, who served as director, decided not to return, and in February 2011 Black was hired to write and direct the film. Black and Pearce opted to make the script more character - centric and focused on thriller elements, which also uses concepts from the "Extremis '' story arc by Warren Ellis. Throughout April and May 2012, the film 's supporting cast was filled out, with Kingsley, Pearce, and Hall brought in to portray key roles. Filming began on May 23, and lasted through December 17, 2012, primarily at EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Wilmington, North Carolina. Additional shooting took place at various locations around North Carolina, as well as Florida, China, and Los Angeles. The visual effects were handled by 17 companies, including Scanline VFX, Digital Domain, and Weta Digital. The film was converted to 3D in post-production.
Iron Man 3 premiered at the Grand Rex in Paris on April 14, 2013, and released in the United States on May 3. The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the second - highest - grossing film of 2013 overall, and the second - highest - grossing film released in 2013 in the United States and Canada. It became the sixteenth film to gross over $1 billion and the fifth - highest - grossing film of all time, with its opening weekend ranking as the sixth - highest - grossing opening of all time. The film received a nomination for the Academy Award in the category of Best Visual Effects, and received another nomination for the BAFTA Award in the same category.
At a New Year 's Eve party in 1999, Tony Stark meets scientist Maya Hansen, the inventor of experimental regenerative treatment Extremis that allows recovery from crippling injuries. Disabled scientist Aldrich Killian offers them a place in his company Advanced Idea Mechanics, but Stark rejects him. In Christmas 2013, Stark is having panic attacks due to his experiences during the alien invasion and subsequent Battle of New York. Restless, he has built dozens of Iron Man suits, creating friction with his girlfriend Pepper Potts.
A string of bombings by a terrorist known as the Mandarin has left intelligence agencies bewildered by a lack of forensic evidence. Stark 's security chief Happy Hogan is badly injured in a Mandarin attack, causing Stark to issue a televised threat to the Mandarin, who responds by destroying Stark 's home with gunship helicopters. Hansen, who came to warn Stark, survives the attack with Potts. Stark escapes in an Iron Man suit, which his artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. pilots to rural Tennessee, following a flight plan from Stark 's investigation into the Mandarin. Stark 's experimental armor lacks sufficient power to return to California, and the world believes him dead.
Teaming with Harley, a precocious 10 - year - old boy, Stark investigates the remains of a local explosion bearing the hallmarks of a Mandarin attack. He discovers the "bombings '' were triggered by soldiers subjected to Extremis whose bodies explosively rejected the treatment. These explosions were falsely attributed to a terrorist plot in order to cover up Extremis 's flaws. Stark witnesses Extremis firsthand when Mandarin agents Brandt and Savin attack him. Meanwhile, Killian resurfaces and kidnaps Potts and Hansen. American intelligence agencies continue to search for the Mandarin 's location, with James Rhodes -- the former War Machine, now re-branded as the Iron Patriot -- lured into a trap to steal his Iron Man - like armor.
With Harley 's help, Stark traces the Mandarin to Miami and infiltrates his headquarters using improvised weapons. Inside he discovers the Mandarin is actually an English actor named Trevor Slattery, who is oblivious to the actions carried out in his image. Killian, who appropriated Hansen 's Extremis research as a cure for his own disability and expanded the program to include injured war veterans, reveals he is the real Mandarin behind Slattery 's cover. After capturing Stark, Killian reveals that he has subjected Potts to Extremis in the hope that Stark will help fix Extremis 's flaws while trying to save her. Killian kills Hansen when she tries to stop him.
Stark escapes and reunites with Rhodes, discovering that Killian intends to attack President Ellis aboard Air Force One. Stark saves some surviving passengers and crew but can not stop Killian from abducting Ellis and destroying Air Force One. They trace Killian to an impounded damaged oil tanker where Killian intends to kill Ellis on live television. The Vice President will become a puppet leader, following Killian 's orders in exchange for Extremis to cure his young daughter 's disability. On the platform, Stark goes to save Potts, as Rhodes saves the president. Stark summons his Iron Man suits, controlled remotely by J.A.R.V.I.S., to provide air support. Rhodes secures the president and takes him to safety, while Stark discovers Potts has survived the Extremis procedure. However, before he can save her, a rig collapses around them and she falls to her apparent death. Stark confronts Killian and traps him in an Iron Man suit that self - destructs, but fails to kill him. Potts, whose Extremis powers allowed her to survive her fall, intervenes and kills Killian.
Stark orders J.A.R.V.I.S. to remotely destroy each Iron Man suit as a sign of his devotion to Potts, while the Vice President and Slattery are arrested. With Stark 's help, Potts ' Extremis effects are stabilized, and Stark promises to leave his life as Iron Man behind, undergoing surgery to remove the shrapnel embedded near his heart and throwing his obsolete chest arc reactor into the sea. He muses that, even without the technology, he will always be Iron Man.
Paul Bettany reprises his role from previous films as J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark 's AI system. Ty Simpkins portrays Harley Keener, a boy who becomes Stark 's sidekick, as part of a three - picture deal with Marvel Studios. Ashley Hamilton portrays Taggart, one of the Extremis soldiers. William Sadler plays President Ellis, (named after Warren Ellis, who wrote the "Extremis '' comics arc that primarily influenced the film 's story) and Miguel Ferrer plays Vice President Rodriguez. Adam Pally plays Gary, a cameraman who helps Stark. Shaun Toub reprises his role as Yinsen from the first Iron Man film in a brief cameo, and Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a beauty pageant judge. Dale Dickey plays Mrs. Davis, mother of an Extremis subject that is framed as a terrorist. Wang Xueqi briefly plays Dr. Wu in the general release version of the film. A cut of the film produced for release exclusively in China includes additional scenes featuring Wang and an appearance by Fan Bingbing as one of his assistants. Mark Ruffalo makes an uncredited cameo appearance, reprising his role as Bruce Banner from The Avengers, in a post-credits scene. Comedians Bill Maher and Joan Rivers and Fashion Police co-host George Kotsiopoulos have cameo appearances as themselves on their respective real - world television programs, as do newscasters Josh Elliott, Megan Henderson, Pat Kiernan, and Thomas Roberts.
-- Shane Black, director of Iron Man 3, on the film.
Following the release of Iron Man 2, a conflict between Paramount Pictures, which had distribution rights to certain Marvel properties, and The Walt Disney Company, Marvel Entertainment 's then new corporate parent, clouded the timing and the distribution arrangement of a possible third film. On October 18, 2010, Walt Disney Studios agreed to pay Paramount at least $115 million for the worldwide distribution rights to Iron Man 3, with Disney, Marvel, and Paramount announcing a May 3, 2013 release date for the film.
Iron Man and Iron Man 2 director Jon Favreau said in December 2010 that he would not direct Iron Man 3, opting to direct Magic Kingdom instead. He remained an executive producer of director Joss Whedon 's crossover film The Avengers and also served as an executive producer of Iron Man 3. Also in 2010, Downey reached out to Shane Black, who directed him in 2005 's Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, to write and direct the film. In February 2011, Black entered final negotiations to join the project, and in March it was announced that Drew Pearce, who Marvel had originally hired for a Runaways script, would work with Black on the script. Downey said, "Bringing in Shane Black to write and direct Iron Man 3 to me is basically the only transition from Favreau to a ' next thing ' that Favreau and the audience and Marvel and I could ever actually sign off on. ''
Shane Black described his take on the film as not being "two men in iron suits fighting each other, '' and more like a "Tom Clancy thriller, '' with Iron Man fighting real - world type villains. Drew Pearce added that they would avert magic and space, with Iron Man 3 being "a techno - thriller set in a more real world than even The Avengers. '' The duo spent some time discussing themes and images and ideas before starting the script. While writing, the focus was to avoid scenes of pure exposition, making every moment propel other narrative points forwards. Some elements from the comics were used even if in different connotations, such as making Rhodes wear Norman Osborn 's Iron Patriot armor, and naming some characters with names from unrelated people in the Marvel Universe, such as Eric Savin and Jack Taggart.
The film 's plot is influenced primarily from "Extremis, '' the 2005 -- 2006 Iron Man comics storyline written by Warren Ellis. The first two acts would remain character - centric, albeit in Shane Black 's words "more hectic, frenetic, and large scale '' to fulfill its sequel obligations, with the third act going for more over-the - top action to what Drew Pearce described as "giving a sense of opera. '' The middle act was compared to Sullivan 's Travels in having Tony meeting various people on his journey, and the writers made sure to not make the characters too similar. The initial draft had Maya Hansen herself leading the villainous operation, with the Mandarin and Killian emerging as antagonists in later versions of the script. During one of the writing sessions, Pearce suggested that the Mandarin was a fake, and Black agreed by going with making him an actor, which in turn Pearce detailed as an overacting British stage performer. Black explained: "Who would be fool enough to declare that is an international terrorist? If you 're smart, whatever regime you 're part of, you 'd put a puppet committee and remain your house. '' In turn Killian would hide Slattery in "his own frat house, in kind of a drug - related house arrest '' to keep the secret alive.
According to Black, the reveal of the actual villain being Hansen was "like Remington Steele, you think it 's the man but at the end, the woman has been running the whole show. '' The role was eventually shifted to Killian because of objections by Marvel Entertainment executives, who were concerned with apparent merchandising losses that could come with having a female villain. The roles of several other major female characters were also made smaller in the final film compared to earlier drafts.
Both the opening and the ending of the film were reworked in various ways. First it would begin with a flashback to Tony 's childhood. Then like Iron Man it would begin in medias res, with Tony crashing in Tennessee before a voiceover that would lead to how he got there, until it got changed to the final version. For the climactic tanker battle, it was originally considered that Brandt would show up in the James Bond tradition of the henchman coming back for the heroes. Instead they chose to use Killian himself, and have Pepper, whom he abused earlier, cause his downfall as a way of poetic justice. The final dialogue was originally written as "I am Tony Stark '' to be a response to the first film 's ending, but eventually it changed to "I am Iron Man '' to enhance the mythical qualities. On setting the film around Christmas, Black said "I think it 's a sense of if you 're doing something on an interesting scale that involves an entire universe of characters, one way to unite them is to have them all undergo a common experience. There 's something at Christmas that unites everybody and it already sets a stage within the stage, that wherever you are, you 're experiencing this world together. I think that also there 's something just pleasing about it to me. '' Pearce added that he would have wanted to see a third Iron Man film set at Christmas, adding that "when you 're telling a story about taking characters apart, it almost has more resonance if you put it at Christmas and if you 're also telling a story about lonelier characters as well. That loneliness is heightened at Christmas. '' Black also felt the character Harley Keener embodied the Ghost of Christmas Past for Stark.
In September 2011, Marvel Studios reached an agreement to shoot the film primarily out of EUE / Screen Gems Studios in Wilmington, North Carolina. Michigan was also in contention to land the production, but the Michigan Film Office could not match North Carolina 's tax incentives. In April 2012, Ben Kingsley entered into negotiations to play a villain in Iron Man 3. The following week, producer Kevin Feige revealed that Iron Man 3 would begin shooting in North Carolina "in five weeks, '' and said that it "is a full - on Tony Stark - centric movie... very much inspired by the first half of Iron Man... (H) e 's stripped of everything, he 's backed up against a wall, and he 's got ta use his intelligence to get out of it. He ca n't call Thor, he ca n't call Cap, he ca n't call Nick Fury, and he ca n't look for the Helicarrier in the sky. '' A few days later, The Walt Disney Company China, Marvel Studios, and DMG Entertainment announced an agreement to co-produce Iron Man 3 in China. DMG partly financed, produced in China with Marvel, and handled co-production matters. DMG also distributed the film in China in tandem with Disney.
The next week, Guy Pearce entered into final talks to play Aldrich Killian, a character who is featured in the "Extremis '' comic book story arc. Chinese star Andy Lau became involved in negotiations to join the film, as a Chinese scientist and old friend of Stark 's who comes to his aid. Lau would later turn down the role, and Wang Xueqi was cast instead. Jessica Chastain entered into discussions for a role in the film, but bowed out due to scheduling conflicts. In May, Rebecca Hall was cast in her place, and her role was described as "a scientist who plays a pivotal role in the creation of a nanotechnology, known as Extremis. '' Over the next few weeks, James Badge Dale was cast as Eric Savin, Ashley Hamilton was cast as Firepower, and Favreau returned to reprise his role as Happy Hogan from the first two films. Stéphanie Szostak and William Sadler were also cast in the film, with Sadler playing the President of the United States. Despite erroneous early reports that Cobie Smulders would reprise her role as Maria Hill from The Avengers in the film, Smulders wrote on her verified Twitter page that this was not so.
Filming began in Wilmington, North Carolina on May 23, 2012 at EUE / Screen Gems Studios, with the working title Caged Heat. Cinematographer John Toll opted to for the first time in his career work with digital cameras, as he found them more convenient for a visual effects - heavy production. Toll shot the film primarily on the Arri Alexa camera. From June 4 through June 6, 2012, filming took place in Cary, North Carolina at the Epic Games headquarters and SAS Institute, with a large Christmas tree set up on the front lawn. A scene was also shot at the Wilmington International Airport. The Port of Wilmington served as a location for the oil tanker in the climactic battle, along with a soundstage recreation of the dock. The crumbling house itself was filmed in a hydraulic - powered giubo platform that could bend and split into two pieces. All the interior footage had practical effects, including debris and explosions, with computer graphics used only to add exteriors and Iron Man 's armor.
From July 19 to August 1, 2012, filming took place on Oak Island, North Carolina, to "film aerial drops over the Atlantic Ocean. '' They were done for the scene where Iron Man rescues the people falling from the Air Force One over Miami, which were originally envisioned done with green screen effects, but were changed to using actual skydivers as second unit director Brian Smrz knew the Red Bull skydiving team. Computer graphics were only employed to add clouds, the destroyed plane and matte paintings of the Florida coastline in the background, replace a stand - in with the Iron Man armor, and some digital compositing to combine different takes of the skydivers together. Filming took place in Rose Hill, North Carolina in early August 2012, and the town 's name was incorporated into the script as the Tennessee city Stark visits. On August 14, actress Dale Dickey said she had been cast in the film, and was currently shooting her scenes. The following day, production was halted when Downey suffered an ankle injury. During the break, Black and Pearce made more script revisions before shooting resumed by August 24.
Cast and crew began arriving in Florida on October 1, to shoot scenes on Dania Beach and around South Florida. That same day, Downey returned to the set after his ankle injury. In early October, scenes were shot at a replica of the Malibu restaurant Neptune 's Net, and filming took place on location at the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens. Scenes were shot during the daytime inside the Miami Beach Resort at Miami Beach on October 10 and 11. The production returned to Wilmington in mid-October for additional filming. On November 1, scenes were shot at the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens. Filming in the United States wrapped on November 7 in Wilmington.
Filming began in Beijing, China on December 10. Filming was scheduled to wrap a week later on December 17, 2012. The China filming did not include the main cast and crew. In January 2013, it was reported that a film crew led by Shane Black would begin location scouting in Hyderabad and Bengaluru, India between January 20 and 24. Also in January, Cheadle confirmed that reshooting was taking place in Manhattan Beach. Shooting also took place on the week of January 23, 2013 at TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. A major part of the content filmed in the reshoots regarded the Mandarin, with Drew Pearce saying that in early cuts, the character "did n't feel real enough -- there was n't a sense of him being (part of) the real world, mostly because he was just looking down a lens and threatening the world. '' A report on actual production costs for films from FilmL. A. Inc., indicated a gross budget of $200 million, with a net of $178.4 million for Iron Man 3 after tax incentives from North Carolina and Florida.
Chris Townsend served as visual effects supervisor for the film, which featured over 2,000 visual effects shots and was worked on by 17 studios, including Weta Digital, Digital Domain, Scanline VFX, Trixter, Framestore, Luma Pictures, Fuel VFX, Cantina Creative, Cinesite, The Embassy Visual Effects, Lola, Capital T, Prologue and Rise FX. Townsend said that from January 2013 through the end of filming in April, the collective crew had one day of downtime, otherwise working seven days a week and 14 to 18 hours a day.
Digital Domain, Scanline VFX and Trixter each worked on separate shots featuring the Mark 42 armor, working with different digital models. The studios shared some of their files to ensure consistency between the shots. For the Mark 42 and Iron Patriot armors, Legacy Effects constructed partial suits that were worn on set. Townsend explained that "Invariably we 'd shoot a soft - suit with Robert then we 'd also put tracking markers on his trousers. He would also wear lifts in his shoes or be up in a box so he 'd be the correct height -- Iron Man is 6'5 ''. During shooting we used multiple witness cams, Canon C300s, and we had two or three running whenever there was an Iron Man or Extremis character. '' The artists studied time lapse photography of decaying fruit and vegetables and actual phenomena such as the aurora borealis as reference for the effect of the glowing Extremis characters. The heads - up display features of the helmet were inspired by visualization techniques from MRI diagnostic pattern recognition and graph theory, particularly by the connectogram, a circular graph that maps all of the white - matter connections of the human brain.
The film 's production was delayed following Downey 's leg injury, and for certain shots they were forced to create a double for Downey. Townsend explained that "The collective VFX (supervisors) and unit leads ran into a room as soon as the incident happened to try to ascertain what sequences could they shoot. '' Certain shots were filmed with a body double on set, and Weta Digital created a digital body double for others.
A total of three hours and 15 minutes of footage were shot before editing, where it was brought down to 130 minutes (119 without the credits), marking the longest stand - alone Iron Man film. Post-production also had a 3D conversion and a digital remaster for the IMAX release. Todd - AO mixed the sound in Dolby Atmos to enhance the immersive experience.
The film is scored by Brian Tyler, who signed on in October 2012. According to Tyler, he was approached more for his "thematic '' scores such as The Greatest Game Ever Played, Annapolis, and Partition rather than his "modern '' action scores such as The Fast and Furious films, with Kevin Feige asking a theme that was recognizable and featured those dramatic tones. To employ the "deeply thematic component with a strong melody, '' the score employs mostly orchestra sounds. The main theme for Iron Man focuses on horns and trumpets, to be "both a march and anthem. '' Tyler mentioned that John Williams ' work in Raiders of the Lost Ark was the first thing he thought of as an influence, and the cue for the Well of Souls in Raiders influenced the Extremis motif, as Tyler felt it should enhance an spiritual side for having a "technology so advanced that nears magic. '' Echoing the Mandarin 's amalgamated personality, his theme was religious music "that borrows from many cultures, '' from "Monastic, Gothic, and Christian chants to music from the Middle - East. '' The score was recorded with the London Philharmonic Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios. Tyler is the third primary composer to score an Iron Man film, following Ramin Djawadi of Iron Man and John Debney of Iron Man 2.
Along with Tyler 's soundtrack album, Hollywood Records released a concept album inspired by the film, Heroes Fall. It features twelve original alternative rock and indie rock songs, with only one appearing in the film itself, Awolnation 's "Some Kind of Joke. ''
Iron Man 3 was distributed worldwide by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures with the exception of China, where it was released by DMG Entertainment, and Germany and Austria, where it was released by Tele München Group. The Chinese version of the film offers specially prepared bonus footage made exclusively for the Chinese audience. This version features a four - minute longer cut of the film, with a scene showing Dr. Wu on the phone with Iron Man visible on a television screen behind him, as well as a longer scene of Dr. Wu operating on Stark. The extra material also features product placement for various Chinese products.
The film 's premiere happened at the Grand Rex in Paris, on April 14, 2013, with Robert Downey Jr. and Gwyneth Paltrow in attendance. While the UK premiere of the film was originally set for April 17, the funeral of former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher taking place in that date made the event be pushed to the following day. Downey, Ben Kingsley and Rebecca Hall were present for the advance screening at London 's Odeon Leicester Square. The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles hosted the United States premiere of Iron Man 3 on April 24. The film opened in 46 countries through April 22 -- 24, with the United States release, in 4,253 screens, happening one week later. Regal Cinemas, AMC Theatres and Carmike Cinemas put presale tickets on hold, two weeks before the US premiere. The cinemas were in a contract dispute with Disney, who wished to receive more of the ticket sale profit than they currently did, largely based on the projected premiere - weekend intake Iron Man 3 was expected to have. Carmike was the first to come to terms with Disney. It was later reported that Cinemark Theatres had also stopped selling presale tickets, and Regal Cinemas had removed all marketing material for the film from its locations. On April 25, 2013, Regal, AMC and Disney ended their dispute, which allowed Regal and AMC to proceed with selling presale tickets again.
IMAX screenings began on April 25, 2013 internationally and May 3 in the United States. The film was shown in the 4DX format, featuring strobe lights, tilting seats, blowing wind and fog and odor effects in selected countries. In Japan, the technology opened its first room at the Korona World theatre in Nagoya, Japan with the release of the film.
In July 2012, at the San Diego Comic - Con International, a new Iron Man armor from the film, the Mark XLII, was on display on the convention floor, along with the Marks I - VII from the first two Iron Man films and The Avengers. A panel was held, during which Shane Black, Robert Downey Jr., Don Cheadle, Jon Favreau and Kevin Feige discussed making the film, and several minutes of footage from the film were shown. The first television advertisement aired during Super Bowl XLVII on the CBS network in the United States. On March 25, 2013, Marvel and Disney revealed on the official Iron Man Facebook page, "Iron Man 3: Armor Unlock, '' to reveal suits Stark has made before the events of the film. In January 2013, Marvel Comics released a two - issue comic book prelude by writers Christos Gage and Will Corona Pilgrim with art by Steve Kurth and Drew Geraci. The story set between the second and third Iron Man films centers on War Machine, revealing why he was absent during the battle in New York of The Avengers.
Like with the first two films, Audi again provided product placement with various vehicles. Oracle also returned from Iron Man 2, showcasing both the Oracle Cloud and the Oracle Exadata server. Verizon FiOS and TCL 's flat panel televisions and Alcatel One Touch smartphones are also featured in the film, and the Chinese cut also shows a Zoomlion crane and Yili milk. Promotional deals were arranged with Subway and the Schwan Food Company, and tie - ins included Lego sets, Hasbro action figures, and a mobile phone game by Gameloft.
Disney also promoted the film at its domestic theme parks. Disneyland 's Innoventions attraction received a Stark Industries exhibit beginning April 13, and Monorail Black of the Walt Disney World Monorail System was given an exterior Iron Man scheme. The exhibit, entitled Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark Industries, features the same armor display that was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con, with the Marks I - VII and the new Mark XLII. In addition, there is a simulator game, titled "Become Iron Man, '' that uses Kinect - like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and take part in a series of "tests, '' in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark 's workshop. The game is guided by J.A.R.V.I.S., who is voiced again by Paul Bettany. The exhibit also has smaller displays that include helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an action sequence in Iron Man 3.
Iron Man 3 was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in digital download form on September 3, 2013. This was followed by the film 's release on Blu - ray, 3D Blu - ray, DVD, digital copy, and on demand on September 24, 2013. The home video release includes a Marvel One - Shot short film titled Agent Carter starring Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter from Captain America: The First Avenger. It debuted atop the DVD and Blu - ray charts in the United States, and second in the rental charts behind World War Z. As of January 31, 2014, Iron Man 3 is the eighth - best - selling DVD of 2013, earning more than $79 million in sales in the U.S.
The film was also collected in a 13 - disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection '', which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released on December 8, 2015.
Iron Man 3 grossed $409 million in North America and $805.8 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.215 billion, outgrossing both of its predecessors combined. Worldwide, it became the fifth - highest - grossing film, the second - highest - grossing film of 2013, the second - highest - grossing film of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (behind Marvel 's The Avengers), the highest - grossing film of the Iron Man film series, the sixth - highest - grossing film distributed by Disney. It achieved the sixth - largest worldwide opening weekend with $372.5 million. On the weekend of May 3 -- 5, 2013, the film set a record for the largest worldwide weekend in IMAX with $28.6 million. On its 23rd day in theaters, Iron Man 3 became the sixth Disney film and the 16th film overall to reach $1 billion. It is the first Iron Man film to gross over $1 billion, became the second Marvel film to do so after The Avengers, and was the fourth - fastest film to reach the milestone. As part of the earlier distribution agreement made with Disney in 2010, Paramount Pictures received 9 % of the box office gross generated by Iron Man 3. Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $391.8 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.
Iron Man 3 became the 13th - highest - grossing film, the second - highest - grossing 2013 film, as well as the fourth - highest - grossing comic - book and superhero film. By the end of its opening day, Iron Man 3 made $68.9 million (including $15.6 million from late Thursday shows), achieving the seventh - highest - grossing opening day. By the end of its opening weekend, the film earned $174.1 million, making it the fourth - highest opening weekend of all time (behind Jurassic World, The Avengers, and Avengers: Age of Ultron). Of the opening - weekend audience, 55 % was over 25 years old, and 61 % were males, while only 45 % of the gross originated from 3 - D screenings. Opening - weekend earnings from IMAX amounted to $16.5 million. It topped the box office during two consecutive weekends and achieved the fifth - largest second - weekend gross with $72.5 million.
Iron Man 3 became the fifth - highest - grossing film, the second - highest - grossing 2013 film, the second - highest - grossing superhero and comic - book film, and the fifth - highest - grossing film distributed by Disney. The film earned $13.2 million on its opening day (Wednesday, April 24, 2013) from 12 countries. Through Sunday, April 28, it earned a five - day opening weekend of $198.4 million from 42 countries. The film 's opening - weekend gross included $7.1 million from IMAX venues. It set opening - day records in the Philippines (surpassed by Man of Steel), Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, China, Ukraine, Russia and the CIS, both single - and opening - day records in Thailand and South Africa, as well as a single - day record in Hong Kong. It also scored the second - biggest opening day in Argentina (only behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2). The film set opening - weekend records in the Asia Pacific region, in Latin America, and in individual countries including Argentina (first surpassed by Fast & Furious 6, when including weekday previews), Ecuador, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Vietnam, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, South Africa, and the United Arab Emirates. It also achieved the second - largest opening weekend in Mexico, Brazil, and Russia and the CIS. In India, it had the second - best opening weekend for a Hollywood film after The Amazing Spider - Man. IMAX opening - weekend records were set in Taiwan, the Netherlands, Brazil, and the Philippines. It is the highest - grossing film in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam and the second - highest - grossing film in Singapore and the Philippines (behind The Avengers). It topped the weekend box office outside North America three consecutive times.
In China, where part of the production took place, the film set a midnight - showings record with $2.1 million, as well as single - day and opening - day records with $21.5 million (on its opening day). Through its first Sunday, the film earned an opening - weekend total of $64.1 million, making China 's opening the largest for the film, followed by a $23.1 million opening in Russia and the CIS, and a $21.2 million opening in the UK, Ireland and Malta. With total earnings reaching $124 million, it was the highest - grossing American film in China in 2013, and the country is the film 's highest - grossing market after North America, followed by South Korea ($64.2 million) and the UK, Ireland, and Malta ($57.1 million).
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 80 % approval rating with an average rating of 7 / 10 based on 300 reviews. The website 's consensus reads, "With the help of its charismatic lead, some impressive action sequences, and even a few surprises, Iron Man 3 is a witty, entertaining adventure and a strong addition to the Marvel canon. '' Metacritic gave a score of 62 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''.
In an early review by the trade magazine The Hollywood Reporter, Todd McCarthy said that, "After nearly crashing and burning on his last solo flight in 2010, Iron Man returns refreshed and ready for action in this spirited third installment... (that) benefits immeasurably from the irreverent quicksilver humor of co-writer and director Shane Black. Calling the film "darker and more serious than its predecessors, '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times credited Black for "chang (ing) this billion - dollar - plus franchise 's tone for the better while keeping the same actor as Tony Stark.... There is quite a bit of Black 's trademark attitude and humor here as well, things like a throwaway reference to the sci - fi classic Westworld and a goofy character who has Tony Stark 's likeness tattooed on his forearm. Black and company throw all kinds of stuff at the audience, and though it does n't all work, a lot of it does and the attempt to be different and create unguessable twists is always appreciated. '' Rafer Guzman of Newsday characterized Iron Man as "the anti-Batman, all zip and zingers. He 's also, suddenly, rather family - friendly. Some of the movie 's best moments are shared by Stark and latchkey kid Harley (Ty Simpkins), who mock their budding father - son relationship while acting it out. '' Psychology Today concluded that the film presented an accurate portrayal of Tony Stark 's posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Michael Arbeiter of Hollywood.com praised the film as "Marvel 's First True Action - Comedy '', commenting that "Tony 's camaraderie with preteen tech geek Harley Keener is one gigantic superhero / ' 90s - kid - sidekick laugh riot (the friggin ' kid 's name is Harley Keener... is there anything more ' 90s - kid - sidekick - sounding than that?!). ''
Nick De Semlyen of the UK film magazine Empire had criticisms, even while giving the film four of five stars. Finding it "a swinging caper with wit, balls, heart and exploding baubles, '' he said the villainous "super-soldiers who can regenerate body parts and survive astounding damage (are) visually interesting... but their motivation is murky and unconvincing. '' Likewise Joshua Rothkopf of Time Out New York bestowed 3 of 5 stars, saying, "Black has massively upped the verbal sparring and kept the broad inventiveness of comic - book malleability in mind.... The most wonderful of Black 's surprises harkens back to his ' 80s reputation for character revision and is simply too good to ruin here. '' But, he asked, "(W) hy, finally, are we down at the docks -- in the dark, no less -- for one of those lumbering climaxes involving swinging shipping cranes? The energy bleeds out of the film; it 's as if the producers were scared the crowd would riot over not enough digital fakeness. ''
Reacting more negatively, Stephen Whitty of The Star - Ledger found the film "slickly enjoyable '' for the visual effects, but said, "(T) here 's something empty about the film. Like Tony 's suits, it 's shiny and polished. But this time, there 's nobody inside... This movie has neither the emotionalism of the first film, nor the flashy villains of the second... Tony 's relationship with girlfriend Pepper Potts is in inexplicable jeopardy -- and then simply fixes itself. A supposedly cute kid sidekick -- a true sign of authorial desperation -- is introduced, and then dropped. '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune echoed this, saying, "(I) na gleefully cynical bid for a preteen audience (a few years too young for the violence in Iron Man 3, I 'd say), Stark befriends a bullied 8 - year - old (sic) (Ty Simpkins) who becomes his tag - along and sometime savior... Stark no longer needs to be in the Iron Man suit. He 's able to operate the thing remotely when needed. The movie 's like that too. It 's decent superhero blockbustering, but rather remote and vaguely secondhand. At this point, even with Black 's flashes of black humor, the machinery is more or less taking care of itself, offering roughly half of the genial wit and enjoyment of the first Iron Man. ''
In March 2013, Black stated that Downey 's original contract with Marvel Studios, which expired after the release of Iron Man 3, may be extended in order for the actor to appear in a second Avengers film and at least one more Iron Man film. He said: "There has been a lot of discussion about it: ' Is this the last Iron Man for Robert (Downey, Jr.)? ' Something tells me that it will not be the case, and (he) will be seen in a fourth, or fifth. '' In April 2013, Cheadle stated that Iron Man 3 could be the final film in the series, saying, "The door is always left open in these kinds of movies especially when they do as well as they have done. I know there was talk of making sure we did this one right, and if it worked it could be the last one. There 's room for more to be done with these characters. We 're getting to a sweet spot with Tony and Rhodey, anyway. '' In September 2014, in regards to a fourth film, Downey said, "There is n't one in the pipe... No, there 's no plan for a fourth Iron Man. '' In April 2016, Downey stated that he was open to reprising his role in a potential fourth Iron Man film.
In February 2014, Marvel released the One - Shot film, All Hail the King, on Thor: The Dark World 's home media, featuring Kingsley reprising his role as Trevor Slattery, and continues Slattery 's story from the end of the film.
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where is the sierra madre mountains located in mexico | Sierra Madre Occidental - wikipedia
The Sierra Madre Occidental is a major mountain range system of the North American Cordillera, that runs northwest -- southeast through Northwestern and Western Mexico, and along the Gulf of California. The Sierra Madre is part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone '' of North America, Central America, South America and Antarctica.
The Spanish name sierra madre means "mother mountains '' and occidental means "western '' in English, with these being the "Western Mother Mountains ''. To the east, from the Spanish oriental meaning "eastern '' in English, the Sierra Madre Oriental range or "Eastern Mother Mountains '' run generally parallel to the Sierra Madre Occidental along eastern Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico.
The range extends from northern Sonora state near the Mexico - U.S. border at Arizona, southeastwards to the Trans - Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre del Sur ranges. The high plateau that is formed by the range is cut by deep river valleys. This plateau is formed from volcanic rock overlying a basement of metamorphic rock.
This uplift has caused changes in weather patterns; increased rainfall occurring in the mountains has provided areas where ecosystems can form in wetter areas than surrounding land. This water source forms watersheds that provide the arid surroundings with water that makes it possible to irrigate and farm crops. The wet ecosystems are islands of biodiversity, differing significantly from what would otherwise be a desert landscape. Oak forests are the predominant plant life and extend into the lowland deserts.
This forest and canyon land provided a place for a variety of indigenous people to live, until Spanish settlers with associated Mestizos came into the area to found towns for the silver mines in the area. The major industries in the area now are agriculture and forestry, which have become contentious because of land degradation and the native population 's opposition to these practices.
The range trends from the north to southeast. Canyons cut by the rivers of the wet western slopes exist in addition to those of the northeast slopes, notably the Copper Canyon.
The range runs parallel to the Pacific coast of Mexico, from just south of the Arizona - Sonora border southeast through eastern Sonora, western Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, Nayarit, Jalisco, Aguascalientes to Guanajuato, where it joins with the Sierra Madre del Sur and the Eje Volcánico Transversal (Transverse Volcanic Axis) of central Mexico after crossing 1,250 km (780 mi). The mountains range from 300 km (190 mi) from the Gulf of California in the north, but begin to approach within 50 km (31 mi) of the Pacific in the south. These mountains are generally considered to be part of the much larger American cordillera, the mountains extending from Alaska down to these across Western North America.
The Sierra Tarahumara or Tarahumara range is the name for the region of the Sierra Madre beginning at the Durango border and extending north. This name comes from the Tarahumara natives. This is a dramatic landscape of steep mountains formed by a high plateau that has been cut through with canyons including Copper Canyon, larger and, in places, deeper than the Grand Canyon. This plateau has an average elevation of 2,250 m (7,380 ft) with most of the more eroded canyons on the western slope, due to the higher moisture content.
The highest elevations occur in the Tarahumara range. The exact elevations of the highest peaks are not known within accurate enough ranges to determine the relative elevation of peaks. The highest point is probably Cerro Mohinora, located at 25 ° 57 ′ N 107 ° 03 ′ W / 25.950 ° N 107.050 ° W / 25.950; - 107.050. Estimates for the height of the mountain start around 3,040 m (9,970 ft) and go up to 3,300 m (10,800 ft). However, Cerro Barajas, at 26 ° 24 ′ N 106 ° 5 ′ W / 26.400 ° N 106.083 ° W / 26.400; - 106.083, may be as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft) although other sources give 3,170 m (10,400 ft) as the elevation. Cerro Gordo, at 23 ° 12 ′ N 104 ° 57 ′ W / 23.200 ° N 104.950 ° W / 23.200; - 104.950, may have an elevation between 3,350 m (10,990 ft) and 3,340 m (10,960 ft).
The southern end of the mountains may be referred to as the Sierra Huichola. In this area the Sierra Madre begin to give way to the basin and range province. Subranges of this area include the Sierra de Alica and the Sierra Pajaritos both in Nayarit.
The mountains act as a source of water, in an otherwise arid environment from the increased precipitation from the mountain range. As such, rivers that have headwaters in the mountains provide water for irrigation in the surrounding lands. The need for water to irrigate prompted the construction of dams, which has been the source of several environmental concerns in the area.
As the northern end of the mountains are more arid, the Yaqui River, which drains that area is an important source of irrigation in the state of Sonora. The Yaqui drains into the Gulf of California as do the Humaya River in Sinaloa and the Fuerte River further south. The Río Grande de Santiago drains 100000 km from the southern slopes of the Sierra Madre. Along the more arid eastern slopes of the mountains, the Nazas River and Aguanaval River drain the mountains into a closed basin. These mountains supply 90 % of the water used for irrigation within the watershed. North of this system is the Conchos River which drains into the Rio Grande.
Along many rivers the arid conditions have caused courses to be dammed to provide water for irrigation. These dams have caused concerns along with those caused by other activities. The Yaqui has been dammed with three large reservoirs along its course. The Río Grande de Santiago has also been dammed including the Aguamilpa dam begun in 1991 and the El Cajón Dam (Mexico) upstream from it. To provide irrigation water for farming the dry basin, the Nazas river was dammed in the 1930s and 40s. This has led to the former drainage lakes in the area drying up, and soil depletion from the elimination of the river as a source of soil. Due to the continued logging in the area, erosion on the slopes of hillsides has increased.
Numerous small populations live in Copper Canyon, some of them around old missions. Many settlements consist of single families or small family groups near agricultural fields. There are also a few towns of note, including Creel, Chihuahua, with 5000 inhabitants; it serves as a stop on the train line. South of Copper Canyon is the town of El Salto, Durango, situated along highway 40. To the west is Copala, Sinaloa.
To the south live the indigenous Cora people in the towns of Jesús María and La Mesa del Nayar. In addition, 1000 people live in the village of Huajimic in Nayarit. The Bolaños River valley of Jalisco is populated with mining communities, such as San Martín de Bolaños, which has a population of around 3000.
Few paved roads cross the mountains, meaning that travel times can be long, even between cities that are relatively close. In the north, Mexico Federal Highway 16 connects Hermosillo, Sonora and La Junta, Chihuahua. In the mountains the La Entrada al Pacifico Corridor is an incomplete road intended to connect Los Mochis, Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Durango and Mazatlan are connected by highway 40, around 24 degrees north latitude.
The Sierra Madre Occidental is a high plateau of volcanic rock that is eroded in areas to reveal a basement composed of plutonic and sedimentary rocks underlying the two groups of extrusive volcanics. The lower of these groups is a series of volcanic rocks formed by lava flows. The surface of the plateau is made up of a second series of volcanic ignimbrites, covered mostly by clay rich organic soils. Some intrusions in the area have deposited ore veins that are commercially viable.
The landscape was shaped after rock placement. Rivers cut valleys into the plateau, following folds in the rocks. Rock have been broken off of the slopes, forming rocky sides. The bedrock is covered by the clay rich soils, except in eroded areas, where water carries away deposits leaving a stony surface.
The basement is thought to be Older North American basement, especially in the North, and a number of different accreted terranes, which are mostly covered by Cenozoic volcanism. The northern extent of the Sierra Madre is the Cortés Terrane, although the northern extreme of this contains a small portion of the Carborca Terrane. Some of the northern end may also be underlain by a Precambrian basement placed around the same time as the Grenville Orogeny. Some of this area has a series of Paleozoic sedimentary sequences from a deep marine environment underlying it, which considered by some to be part of the Cotes Terrane and by others to be transported. In some areas distinct sedimentary rocks can be identified by shallow - water Silurian and Mississippian sedimentary rocks underlying deep - water Pennsylvanian and Permian, which are divided by Mississippian rhyolite. The Permian clastics contain some detrital rock that sit alongside low - grade metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks with serpentinite.
South of the Cortes and Carborca Terranes is the San José de García Terrane, which is a combination of Cretaceous arc volcanics and volcaniclastics, which may be thrusting over the Cortes terrane. The southern part of the range is made up of the Guerrero Composite Terrane, a large body, which is actually a complex of five different subterranes, although not all of these are within the main body of the Sierra Madre. However, the terrane is mostly covered by volcanics and sedimentary deposits, so it is only visible where erosion has revealed it. The main subterranes of the Guerrero Composite Terrane that are within the Sierra Madre are the Tahue and Zihuatanejo terranes. Dividing the Guerrero Terrane from the rest of the Sierra Madre terranes is a boundary that is thought to represent the Early Cretaceous Arperos Basin, a marine basin which separated the island arc that came to form the Guerrero terrane from the accretions that came to form the Sierra Madre terrane. It contains a lower formation made up of pillow basalts with pillow breccias, tuffs, and shales underlying a group of pelagic limestones, oozes, and turbidites.
Covering the southern basement are sedimentary and metamorphised sedimentary rocks containing argillite, limestone, volcanic schist, slate, and greywacke which were exposed in the canyon of the Santiago River. Near these sediments late Oligocene to early Miocene granite and granodiorite intrusive bodies occur. A possible cause of this is that these bodies were roof pendants which were uplifted by plutons. Mesozoic limestone also occurs in northern portion of the mountains, mostly from the Cretaceous.
Towards the end of the Cretaceous, the Laramide orogeny increased the activity of magmatism in the area, forming the first major igneous series in the area. The igneous series are made up of formations of plutonic and volcanic rock, which would later be exposed. Interbedded with these rocks are sedimentary deposit rocks. In the center of the range, some of these rock have been deformed by tectonic forcing that occurred at the same time. The southern part of the range contains none of the volcanism that is apparent in the northern range. These formations ended in the Paleocene. Eocene volcanism formed a series of andesitic and rhyolitic formations in the area, with spatial and temporal variations throughout. Most of the gold and silver deposits are also in these rocks.
In the Oligocene, ash flows became the predominant deposit of the area, with interbedded lava flows between. These ash flows began the second series of high magmatism formations. The ignimbrite flare - up formed a series of ignimbrite formations, layered one atop another, that are sometimes broken by lava flows. The ignimbrite formations in this area cover the largest area of any known series, with ten calderas identified in the province. Three of these calderas are in Copper Canyon. The lava has formed a series of mafic rock that form the Southern Cordilleran Basaltic Andesite Suite. The tuffs are above a thick formation of lava rock. Around five or six units have been identified, mostly around the Copper Canyon area. These tuffs have allowed wide - ranging correlation with formations in other geographical areas, for example Death Valley.
During the Miocene, three periods of volcanism marked separate events in the Sierras. Each period is marked by different volcanic processes. The first was a continuation of the Oligocene flare - up, which lasted through the early Miocene. This may be a distinct second occurrence of the same process, placing silica - rich lava above Oligocene rocks. Also in the early Miocene more intermediate Basaltic andesites occur along faults and in grabens. Beginning in the early Miocene and continuing into the middle, an arc of andesite was placed during the spreading of the Gulf of California. The basin and range - style faulting of the middle - late Miocene took place at the same time as the placement of alkali basalts, In the westernmost slopes mafic dikes formed. These events have also been linked to the subduction of the Farallon Plate. Episodes of volcanism continued into the Quaternary.
The Sierras are believed to be a thick core covered by volcanics and eroded by numerous rivers. Some have suggested that the basement of the mountains have numerous intrusions made by mafic magma. The mountains are made up at the surface of large - scale ignimbrite sheet which have been incised by rivers flowing from rainfall in the mountains. The surface of the plateau is almost exclusively from the second series of flows causing the rock that is most visible to be ignimbrites with lava flow layers. The region has a general strike from just west of north to just south of east.
Faults in the area tend to be younger than the upper volcanics, excluding those associated with calderas, but do occur in distinct periods. The large faults along the eastern slope have caused the slope to be made up of large escarpments that face into the interior basins. These faults are commonly covered by alluvium and basalt, making them difficult to discern, but can be found in certain fault blocks.
Grabens have formed in the north, and some of these are filled with volcanic and sedimentary floors, and long depressions have formed in the southern Sierra Madre. The faulting decreases in the center of the range where the faults are mostly small normal faults, but increases once again on the western slope. In fact, the major normal faults tend to diverge around the center of the core and join at either end. Some of these faults may have allowed ignimbrites to erupt from the surface, and so there may be some association between the ignimbrite occurrence and faults; this can be used to find out information about different kinds of basement rock present.
There are two faults dividing the Sierra Madre from the central Mexican Plateau. The more southern one is the north -- south Aguascalientes fault extending 150 kilometres (93 mi) from Altos de Jalisco to near Zacatecas, where it joins the more northern northwest -- southeast trending San Luis -- Tepehuanes fault extending from Guanajuato to Durango. The southern boundary of the Sierra Madre Occidental with the Jalisco block is a series of folds, thrust, and left lateral faults date from the middle Miocene. This may be evidence for a left transpressional shear zone. The area between this boundary and the Aguascalientes fault is filled with numerous grabens and half - grabens, as well an east -- west left shear zone, the El Roble shear zone. At the west end of these grabens and half - grabens are the Pochotitan and the more northerly San Pedro fault systems, which form the western boundary of the faults in the southern mountains. In the north there is an unknown boundary between the Cortes Terrane and the Guerrero Composite Terrane. Some theorize that this is a section of the Mojave -- Sonora Megashear, but this theory is not universally accepted; however, the Megashear is important, and, in fact, is necessary for reconstructions of the opening of the Gulf of California, as of 2003.
On a smaller scale, mineral deposits are distributed in formations of the Sierra Madre, although the events that placed these deposits vary throughout the mountains. The Guerrero composite terrane contains many of the economic deposits, often found in ore bodies younger than the Cretaceous.
Gold and silver deposits most commonly occur in the altered andesites of the early volcanics, typically these deposits are between 30 and 50 million years old. These are believed to be caused by later intrusions into the early flows. Fissure - vein deposits have been divided into two groups of fissure vein deposits, which are divided geographically into an eastern and western series. In the east, the gold and silver are accompanied by lead and zinc. In the south, the Bolaños mine district is contained with the Bolaños Graben. Some also occur as epithermal deposits. Also, some gold occurs along with copper in Cenozoic iron - oxide skarn and replacement deposits along the Pacific.
In addition to gold and silver and their related deposits, tin, iron, and mercury occur, sometimes in later units, mostly in later volcanics, and Molybdenum occurs in the mountains, often along with older copper deposits or in oligocene deposits in the east. The belt of tin deposits resides mostly within the eastern slopes from Durango to Guanajuato. In these areas, tin occurs in rhyolitic ignimbrites in many, possibly over 1000, small deposits of cassiterite. Typically these deposits are divided from overlying ignimbrites by breccia, which may also contain ore. Many of these are thought to be hydrothermal deposits To the east of these units is a belt of more mercury deposits, followed by another belt of manganese deposits, although these deposits are mostly limited to Chihuahua and Hidalgo. Iron occurs in three different regions placed by different mechanisms. Along the Pacific there the numerous skarn and replacement deposits mentioned above with relation to gold. Iron occurs in Durango in the form of magnetite lava flows, which are often surrounded by smaller hematite deposits, thought to be ash flows. There is also a belt of iron deposits further east.
Most soil in the mountains is covered by an organic rich layer over layers rich in clay. Soils are commonly phaeozems that are up to 100 centimetres (39 in). Some soils are cambisols that are less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) deep and well drained. Due to the high clay contents, which block water from being absorbed into the soil, larger rock particles in the soil help reduce runoff and soil losses from erosion. Areas that are covered in stone are known as lithosols and make up most of the remaining surface in the mountains, especially on upper slopes. The last major soil type are vertisols which are thin mineral poor soils. Soils at higher elevations experience more leaching, due to increased rainfall. Acidic soils may have lower calcium content, leading to lower plant soil quality. Soils along the eastern slopes have increased organic content and a clay heavy layer that is developed more than those of the more arid eastern lands. The thickness of soil layers also increases.
Problems with soil degradation have been aggravated by the cultivation of drug crops, leading to deforestation of many areas. Other problems include overgrazing, which has led to terracing from cattle paths and the formation of a soil crust, and soil acidification, which poses a risk to some grasslands as of 2002.
The climate varies considerably between the northern and southern extents of this long mountain range. Seasonal variations also occur due to the presence of large bodies of warm water delivering warm damp air from each side of the range. This region undergoes a seasonal variety with two wet seasons, including a summer monsoon, and two dry seasons each year.
Air pressure changes in Northwestern Mexico and the Southwest United States are the main causes of seasonal variation in the Sierra Madre. A high pressure area that rests over the mountains in the winter begins to move north of the mountains into New Mexico during the month of June. The high pressure begins to breakdown and move south during September or October; however, the breakdown is usually at a slower pace than the movement north. This high pressure belt is associated with the mechanics that form the Bermuda High.
The climate in the mountains is mild. Summer temperatures maintain a constant level. Maximum temperatures are typically in July at around 31 C with average temperatures on the order of 16 C during this same period. Mean annual temperatures are between 55 -- 65 ° F (13 -- 18 ° C) above 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Below freezing temperatures can occur in the higher mountains, with precipitation occurring as snowfall certain times of year.
During the summer monsoon, wind patterns undergo large - scale changes. In May there is very little large - scale wind current through the mountains, most circulates around the mountains, although onshore flow is present. As the high pressure moves north, air is pulled off the Gulf of Mexico, bringing easterly winds aloft to the mountains. On the east slope of the mountain daytime upslope winds flow to the crest, where the flow joins westerly winds. The mountains cause convection during the following monsoon season, during which nocturnal winds at low levels in the atmosphere move moisture overnight. After the high pressure breaks down, wind patterns return to those prior to the monsoon season.
Precipitation varies on both annual and seasonal scales in the Sierra Madre. Annual differences in regional climate are associated with the El Niño - Southern Oscillation with El Niño years leading to a wetter climate. Monsoon rains come to the Sierra Madre in June, as the high pressure area moves north, leading to wet summer seasons. This causes east winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. On the western side of the mountains, which are affected by the largest change in precipitation between the dry season and monsoon season, in the monsoon season rainfall can exceed 30 cm (12 in) in a single month. The southern region receives more of the rainfall than the northern. Much of this precipitation occurs as tropical storms. As the high pressure over New Mexico breaks down, rainfall in the Sierra Madre ends. Because of the monsoon, the summer accounts for the majority of rainfall in the area. The spring and fall dry season separate out a weaker wet season in the winter. In addition to increasing in the southern ranges of the mountains, rainfall increases in the higher elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental.
Humidity in the mountains varies at wide levels as does rainfall. In the early morning before dawn, the air is almost saturated (often over 90 % relative humidity) near the mountain tops with low clouds over the range. Lower in the range, air is not as near saturated in the morning. Seasonal variation in humidity is also present with average May and June relative humidity around 50 %, with 25 % possible during the day. Also during the day, relative humidity drops and cloud levels rise as temperatures rise. The humidity of the range is also influenced by the same seasonal changes as rainfall. In the dry season dew points are low at high elevations (500 hPa), around − 22 ° C (− 8 ° F) in the south of the range, and − 24 and − 26 ° C (− 11 and − 15 ° F) in the north in May. In June, dew points begin to increase from the May levels up to − 20 ° C (− 4 ° F) in the north and − 16 ° C (3 ° F) in the south. By July these dew points are at − 14 ° C (7 ° F) throughout the range. The range allows higher dew points throughout these periods than the surrounding low lands. This rise in humidity accompanies the monsoon.
The mountains create a diverse setting for plants and animals by creating a different set of conditions from the surroundings. The Sierra Madre Occidental pine - oak forests are found at elevations of 1,500 -- 3,000 m (4,900 -- 9,800 ft) throughout the range, but the forests in the mountains vary by elevation and place in the range. This ecoregion is noted for its high biodiversity and large number of endemic species, and for allowing some species to extend their range.
The dominant plants vary across the range, and the habitat that they present varies from scattered woodland to both deciduous and coniferous forest.
The elevation and latitude in the range are the major determining factors in the dominant plants. Oaks dominate the lower reaches of the mountains, where stands grow down to about 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Some oak species even continue into the surrounding ecosystems. In the Western slopes of the range, cloud forest also occurs, mostly on mid-elevation slopes with little exposure to wind or sun in the southern end of the range. At higher elevations pines begin to grow alongside the oaks, and pines begin to dominate the oaks at higher elevations. At high elevations and in the north, mixed conifer forests become the dominant ecosystem. These forests are composed primarily of pines and firs, which begin to grow at these elevations. There are also grasslands on some mountain tops, surrounded by the forest that occur in those areas.
Plants in the area typically have large responses to the change in climate with each season. Monsoon season is the largest of these effects, with leaf buds following only a few months after the rains begin. Flowering season occurs in the months preceding the summer monsoon. This is only the peak flowering season, with plants flowering throughout the year. Due to the early flowering, fruit is ripe and seeds are dispersed at the beginning of the rains. There are also areas where plants have little response to the seasons, particularly those areas that experience moist conditions, caused by the elevations. These plants may maintain leaves through times when other areas are in the dry season, during which most deciduous trees have no leaves.
The mountains are often a corridor for species allowing more diversity in the area, by combining species from different regions. Animals typically associated with arid and mountainous habitats share the mountains with species associated with habitats further south.
There are many carnivorous and omnivorous mammals native to the area, although several are extirpated or are part of threatened populations. The Mexican wolf 's range in the mountains is limited to the foothills of Durango or may have been extirpated the black bear population is small, and the Mexican grizzly bear that once resided here is confirmed extinct. Jaguars and ocelots are also now rare. On the other hand, mountain lion and bobcat are more common. On the eastern slopes there are American badger, coyote and gray fox that live across the mountains. Native ungulates include the white tailed deer, mule deer, and collared peccary. Rodents and lagomorphs include the eastern cottontail, which lives in the forests of the western slopes, cliff chipmunk, rock squirrel, Mexican fox squirrel, and various species of Cricetidae. Raccoons, hog - nosed skunk, and hooded skunk live in the mountains. The white - nosed coati lives on the western slopes, and the ring - tailed cat lives throughout. Many species of bats live in the mountains also.
A variety of lizards live in the area and surroundings. The Tarahumara frog lives in the oak and pine stands preferring moving water to pools. The southern extent of the Sonoran mountain kingsnake 's range is the Chihuahuan desert into the mountains. Other snakes and frogs live in the mountains, and many species live in the western slopes.
Birds frequent the mountains, some as a migratory path and others as native species. The migratory birds often use the area to the west as an overwintering area, and migrate north along the western slopes. In the northern canyons birds may be divided into different habitats, or more specifically, the different types of forest, leading to differences in range by altitude. Some of this difference by altitude may even extend the range of some species, enabling tropical species to use the mountain valleys for migration. Bird species endemic to the Sierra Madre Occidental include tufted jay, the "gray - eared '' subspecies of red warbler, eared quetzal, thick - billed parrot, and formerly included the imperial woodpecker, which now may be extinct.
The rivers and streams of the range contain some of the southernmost trout populations in North America. These populations may be native, although this is not universally accepted. Invasive fish compete with the native species which has been a cause of concern among researchers, along with concerns about the effects of logging on these species.
The Sonoran Desert is found in the northwestern foothills at 1,000 -- 2,000 m (3,300 -- 6,600 ft). The Chihuahuan Desert is found to the northeast and east, the Meseta Central matorral and Central Mexican matorral to the southeast, and the Sinaloan dry forests to the west and southwest. These lower elevations are usually graded into by a stand of tropical deciduous forest, which has a large portion of flora made up of flowering plants and legumes. These flowering plants are mostly from the genus Bursera. The ecotone, made up of the tropical deciduous forest, is commonly sparsely populated, sometimes only by small stands of trees. It may be referred to as savanna.
Preservation efforts in the modern day, include those from Edwin Bustillos. Other groups work to protect animal species in the area including Conservation International. Basaseachic Falls National Park is a national park in the mountains containing the highest waterfalls in the country. Since 1979 there has also been a national park in the transition between the Chihuahuan Desert and the Sierra, the Cumbres de Majalca National Park. Additionally there are reserves such as La Michilia in the southern Sierra Madre, or the Tutuaca reserve in western Chihuahua, which was established in 2000 under a new system of management.
The mountains are home to several indigenous nations speaking Uto - Aztecan languages, including the Tarahumara in the central portion of the range, the Huichol in the southern part of the range, and the Tepehuanes in the eastern slopes.
Archaic cultures are known to have inhabited the Sierra Madre along with the rest of the surrounding lands, but little is known of the culture, although it does vary between the northern and southern extremes of the range. The agrarian Chalchihuites Culture began as farming communities around the first century AD and remained small communities until 300 AD when new agricultural techniques caused a large growth in population until around 500 AD. This culture began to decline in the ninth century. The Mogollon culture has been described in the northern foothills. Sites date the emergence of the culture to around 900 AD and abandonment to around 1000 -- 1100 AD. During the period estimated for Mogollon abandonment, the Rio Sonora culture began agricultural developments along the Rio Sonora and rivers flowing into it. This culture produced pottery and lived in pit houses, until 1150 to 1200 when they began to construct surface dwellings. Construction of these houses ended around AD1550.
In 1554 Francisco de Ibarra came to Durango and began to settle the area. He would explore the western coast and cross the Sierra Madre in 1564. Early Spanish influence in the area came from the new silver mines, the first of which was established in 1567 at Santa Barbara. As sites opened for mining, missionaries came to the areas and had a strong presence by 1595. The first meeting with the Tarahumara came in 1607, when a missionary went up the valley to meet them. Opposition to the missionaries built up, leading to the Tepehuán Revolt. This revolt began in 1616 in the town of Santa Catarina de Tepehuanes in Durango and lasted for two years. The discovery of silver at Parral in 1631 led to the northern limit of settlement moving into Tarahumara lands.
The Jesuits renewed missionary activity in the 1630s, with a new program that increased in scope until around 1650. Tarahumara moved further into the mountains in order to escape the conditions. A smallpox epidemic caused a revolt in 1645. In 1648 a revolt arose, primarily among the Tarahumara. A drought caused a pair of revolutions in 1650 and 1652. The last major revolt began in March 1690 among the Tarahumara and ended in 1698. Demands from labor drafts increased in the 1720s, placing a new pressure on missions. Criticism of the Jesuits rose in the 1730s with complaints of Jesuit Commerce, which was established by mission stores. In 1767, Jesuits were expelled from New Spain, ending the mission program.
A new colonial official José de Gálvez came to New Spain and established new laws that caused a boom in silver mining activity in the 1770s. After the Apache faced heightened resistance to raiding from the Spanish in Chihuahuan, they moved down to the Sierra Madre in 1794. By 1800, raiding had essentially ended.
After leaving San Carlos in fall of 1881 Geronimo and other Apache moved to the mountains, and became known as the Nednai, sometimes referred to as the "Pinery Apache '' or "Bronco Apache ''. From here they would raid Sonora and the surrounding land until general George Crook entered the mountains in 1883 to discuss Geronimo 's return. Geronimo eventually surrendered in 1886. Pancho Villa fled to the mountains in 1894, becoming a bandit.
Railroads came to the area starting in the 1880s and 1890s, which allowed many old mines in the region to reopen at a profit. Since most of the railroads were American, the foreign influence led to unrest among the people living in the mountains, causing the Tomochic rebellion in 1892. In addition to the railroads, canals were constructed in the 1890s in the Yaqui and Mayo river valleys. However, these canal projects failed due to the resistance that the natives of the valleys put up against the projects. Loggers began arriving in the mountains in the late 1800s. In response to the new industry, the Tarahumara moved further into the canyons.
The 1910 revolution began in Chihuahua and spread over the mountains throughout the winter of 1910 -- 1911. Silver mines were forced to make payments to the rebels, but were allowed to continue operating. General John Pershing began to follow Pancho Villa in 1916 and entered the mountains, however, he received no information from the local population. By 1919 the raids subsided and Villa returned peacefully to the foothills.
In order to construct irrigation projects in the lowlands below the valleys, irrigation projects were never completed in the Sonoran hills; instead, the Yaqui River was dammed in the 1930s. Dams continued to be constructed in the 1940s and 1950s on the Yaqui River and its tributaries with the largest reservoir, behind the Oviachic dam, completed in 1952. Dams were also constructed on the Mayo river. Because of the dams, soil conditions fell, and more works were required to improve soil quality. The mountain range was crossed by the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacifico railroad, completed in 1961. The railroad went up for sale in 1996, but no transaction was ever completed.
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what is the difference between dect and xdect | Digital Enhanced cordless Telecommunications - wikipedia
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications), usually known by the acronym DECT, is a standard primarily used for creating cordless telephone systems. It originated in Europe, where it is the universal standard, replacing earlier cordless phone standards, such as 900 MHz CT1 and CT2.
Beyond Europe, it has been adopted by Australia, and most countries in Asia and South America. North American adoption was delayed by United States radio frequency regulations. This forced development of a variation of DECT, called DECT 6.0, using a slightly different frequency range which makes these units incompatible with systems intended for use in other areas, even from the same manufacturer. DECT has almost universally replaced other standards in most countries where it is used, with the exception of North America.
DECT was originally intended for fast roaming between networked base stations and the first DECT product was Net wireless LAN. However its most popular application is single - cell cordless phones connected to traditional analog telephone, primarily in home and small office systems, though gateways with multi-cell DECT and / or DECT repeaters are also available in many private branch exchange (PBX) systems for medium and large businesses. DECT can also be used for purposes other than cordless phones, such as baby monitors and industrial sensors. DECT ULE is a variant tailored for home security and automation.
The DECT standard includes a common interoperability profile for simple telephone capabilities, called GAP, which most manufacturers implement. GAP - conformance enables DECT handsets and bases from different manufacturers to interoperate at the most basic level of functionality, that of making and receiving calls.
New Generation DECT (NG - DECT) standard, marketed as CAT - iq by the DECT Forum, provides a common set of advanced capabilities for handsets and base stations. CAT - iq allows interchangeability across base stations and handsets from different manufacturers, while maintaining backward - compatibility with GAP equipment. It also requires mandatory support for wideband audio.
The DECT standard was developed by ETSI in several phases, the first of that took place between 1988 and 1992 when the first round of standards were published. These were the ETS 300 - 175 series in 9 parts defining the air interface, and ETS 300 - 176 defining how the units should be type approved. A technical report, ETR - 178, was also published to explain the standard. Subsequent standards were developed and published by ETSI to cover interoperability profiles and standards for testing.
Initially named "Digital European Cordless Telephone '' at its launch by CEPT in November 1987, following a suggestion by Enrico Tosato of Italy, its name was soon changed to "Digital European Cordless Telecommunications '' to reflect its broader range of application, including data services. In 1995, due to its more global usage, the name was changed from "European '' to "Enhanced ''. DECT is recognized by the ITU as fulfilling the IMT - 2000 requirements and thus qualifies as a 3G system. Within the IMT - 2000 group of technologies, DECT is referred to as ' IMT - 2000 Frequency Time ' (IMT - FT).
DECT was developed by ETSI but has since been adopted by many countries all over the World. The original DECT frequency band (1880 MHz -- 1900 MHz) is used in all countries in Europe. Outside Europe, it is used in most of Asia, Australia and South America. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission in 2005 changed channelization and licensing costs in a nearby band (1920 MHz -- 1930 MHz, or 1.9 GHz), known as Unlicensed Personal Communications Services (UPCS), allowing DECT devices to be sold in the U.S. with only minimal changes. These channels are reserved exclusively for voice communication applications and therefore are less likely to experience interference from other wireless devices such as baby monitors and wireless networks.
New Generation DECT (NG - DECT) standard was first published in 2007; it was developed by ETSI with guidance from the Home Gateway Initiative through the DECT Forum. The ETSI TS 102 527 series come in 5 parts and cover wideband audio and mandatory interoperability features. They were preceded by an explanatory technical report ETSI TR 102 570 The DECT Forum maintains the CAT - iq trademark and certification program; CAT - iq wideband voice profiles 1.0 and 2.0 / 2.1 are based on relevant parts of ETSI TS 102 527.
DECT Ultra Low Energy (DECT ULE) standard was announced in January 2011 and the first commercial products were launched later that year by Dialog Semiconductor. The standard has been created to enable home automation, security, healthcare and energy monitoring applications that are battery powered. Like DECT, DECT ULE standard uses the 1.9 GHz band, and so suffers less interference than Zigbee, Bluetooth, Wi - Fi, from microwave ovens, which all operate in the ISM unlicensed 2.4 GHz band. DECT ULE uses a simple star network topology, so many devices in the home are connected to a single control unit.
The DECT standard originally envisaged three major areas of application:
Of these, the domestic application (cordless home telephones) has been extremely successful. The enterprise PABX market had some success, and all the major PABX vendors have offered DECT access options. The public access application did not succeed, since public cellular networks rapidly out - competed DECT by coupling their ubiquitous coverage with large increases in capacity and continuously falling costs. There has been only one major installation of DECT for public access: in early 1998 Telecom Italia launched a wide - area DECT network known as "Fido '' after much regulatory delay, covering major cities in Italy. The service was promoted for only a few months and, having peaked at 142,000 subscribers, was shut down in 2001.
DECT has also been used for wireless local loop as a substitute for copper pairs in the "last mile '' in countries such as India and South Africa. By using directional antennas and sacrificing some traffic capacity, cell coverage could extend to over 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). One example is the corDECT standard.
The first data of DECT was Net wireless LAN system by Olivetti, launched in 1993 and discontinued in 1995. A precursor to Wi - Fi, Net was a micro-cellular data - only network with fast roaming between base stations and 520 Kbit / s transmission rates.
Data applications such as electronic cash terminals, traffic lights, and remote door openers also exist, but have been eclipsed by Wi - Fi, 3G and 4G which compete with DECT for both voice and data.
DECT 6.0 is a North American variation of DECT, operating at 1.9 GHz. The DECT and DECT 6.0 technologies are essentially identical, except for operating frequency.
The "6.0 '' does not equate to a spectrum band, but is a marketing term coined by Rick Krupka while at Siemens for DECT devices manufactured for use in the United States and Canada. It was decided the term DECT 1.9 might have confused customers who equate larger numbers (such as the 2.4 and 5.8 in existing 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz cordless telephones) with later products.
In North America, DECT suffers from major deficits, especially in comparison to DECT elsewhere, since the UPCS band (1920 -- 1930 MHz) used for DECT in North America is not free from heavy interference and only half as wide as that used in Europe (1880 -- 1900 MHz), the 4 mW average transmission power limits the range to far less than the 10 mW permitted in Europe, and the commonplace lack of GAP compatibility among US vendors binds companies to a single vendor.
North - American DECT 6.0 products may not be used in Europe, Sri Lanka and Africa, as they cause and suffer from interference with the European, Sri Lankan and South African cellular networks. Use of such products is prohibited by European Telecommunications Authorities, Telecommunications Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka and the Independent Communication Authority of South Africa. European DECT products may not be used in the United States and Canada, as they likewise cause and suffer from interference with American and Canadian cellular networks, and use is prohibited by the Federal Communication Commission and Industry Canada.
DECT 8.0 is a marketing designation for North American DECT devices certified with CAT - iq 2.0 "Multi Line '' profile.
Cordless Advanced Technology -- internet and quality (CAT - iq) is a certification program maintained by the DECT Forum. It is based on New Generation DECT (NG - DECT) series of standards from ETSI.
NG - DECT / CAT - iq contains features that expand the generic GAP profile with mandatory support for high quality wideband voice, enhanced security, calling party identification, multiple lines, parallel calls, and similar functions to facilitate VoIP calls through SIP and H. 323 protocols.
There are several CAT - iq profiles which define supported voice features:
CAT - iq allows any DECT handset to communicate with a DECT base from a different vendor, providing full interoperability. CAT - iq 2.0 / 2.1 feature set is designed to support IP - DECT base stations found in office IP - PBX and home gateways.
The DECT standard specifies a means for a portable phone or "Portable Part '' to access a fixed telephone network via radio. Base station or "Fixed Part '' is used to terminate the radio link and provide access to a fixed line. gateway is then used to connect calls to the fixed network, such as public switched telephone network (telephone jack), office PBX, ISDN, or VoIP over Ethernet connection.
Typical abilities of a domestic DECT Generic Access Profile (GAP) system include multiple handsets to one base station and one phone line socket. This allows several cordless telephones to be placed around the house, all operating from the same telephone jack. Additional handsets have a battery charger station that does not plug into the telephone system. Handsets can in many cases be used as intercoms, communicating between each other, and sometimes as walkie - talkies, intercommunicating without telephone line connection.
DECT operates in the 1880 -- 1900 MHz band and defines ten frequency channels from 1881.792 MHz to 1897.344 MHz with a band gap of 1728 kHz.
DECT operates as a multicarrier Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) / Time division multiple access (TDMA) system. This means that the radio spectrum is divided into physical carriers in two dimensions: frequency and time. FDMA access provides up to 10 frequency channels, and TDMA access provides 24 time slots per every frame of 10 ms. DECT uses Time division duplex (TDD), which means that down - and uplink use the same frequency but different time slots. Thus a base station provides 12 duplex speech channels in each frame, with each time slot occupying any available channel - thus 10 x 12 = 120 carriers are available, each carrying 32 kbit / s.
DECT also provides Frequency - hopping spread spectrum over TDMA / TDD structure for ISM band applications. If frequency - hopping is avoided, each base station can provide up to 120 channels in the DECT spectrum before frequency reuse. Each timeslot can be assigned to a different channel in order to exploit advantages of frequency hopping and to avoid interference from other users in asynchronous fashion.
DECT allows interference - free wireless operation to around 100 metres (110 yd) outdoors, much less indoors when separated by walls. Operates clearly in common congested domestic radio traffic situations, for instance, generally immune to interference from other DECT systems, Wi - Fi networks, video senders, Bluetooth technology, baby monitors and other wireless devices.
ETSI standards documentation ETSI EN 300 175 parts 1 - 8 (DECT), ETSI EN 300 444 (GAP) and ETSI TS 102 527 parts 1 - 5 (NG - DECT) prescribe the following technical properties:
The DECT physical layer uses FDMA / TDMA access with TDD.
Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) modulation is used: the binary one is coded with a frequency increase by 288 kHz, and the binary zero with frequency decrease of 288 kHz. With high quality connections, 2 -, 4 - or 8 - level Differential BPSK modulation (DBPSK, DQPSK or D8PSK), which is similar to QAM - 2, QAM - 4 and QAM - 8, can be used to transmit 1, 2 or 3 bits per each symbol. QAM - 16 and QAM - 64 modulations with 4 and 8 bits per symbol can be used for user data (B - field) only, with resulting transmission speeds of up to 5,068 Mbit / s.
DECT provides dynamic channel selection and assignment; the choice of transmission frequency and time slot is always made by the mobile terminal. In case of interference in the selected frequency channel, the mobile terminal (possibly from suggestion by the base station) can initiate either intracell handover, selecting another channel / transmitter on the same base, or intercell handover, selecting a different base station altogether. For this purpose, DECT devices scan all idle channels at regular 30 s intervals to generate a RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) list. When a new channel is required, the mobile terminal (PP) or base station (FP) selects a channel with the minimum interference from the RSSI list.
The maximum allowed power for portable equipment as well as base stations is 250 mW. A portable device radiates an average of about 10 mW during a call as it is only using one of 24 time slots to transmit. In Europe the power limit was expressed as effective radiated power (ERP), rather than the more commonly used equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP), permitting the use of high - gain directional antennas to produce much higher EIRP and hence long ranges.
The DECT media access control layer controls the physical layer and provides connection oriented, connectionless and broadcast services to the higher layers.
The DECT data link layer uses Link Access Protocol Control (LAPC), a specially designed variant of the ISDN data link protocol called LAPD. They are based on HDLC.
GFSK modulation uses a bit rate of 1152 kbit / s, with a frame of 10 ms (11520 bits) which contains 24 time slots. Each slots contains 480 bits, some of which are reserved for physical packets and the rest is guard space. Slots 0 - 11 are always used for downlink (FP to PP) and slots 12 - 23 are used for uplink (PP to FP).
There are several combinations of slots and corresponding types of physical packets with GFSK modulation:
The 420 / 424 bits of a GFSK basic packet (P32) contain the following fields:
The resulting full data rate is 32 kbit / s, available in both directions.
The DECT network layer always contains the following protocol entities:
Optionally it may also contain others:
All these communicate through a Link Control Entity (LCE).
The call control protocol is derived from ISDN DSS1, which is a Q. 931 - derived protocol. Many DECT - specific changes have been made.
The mobility management protocol includes the management of identities, authentication, location updating, on - air subscription and key allocation. It includes many elements similar to the GSM protocol, but also includes elements unique to DECT.
Unlike the GSM protocol, the DECT network specifications do not define cross-linkages between the operation of the entities (for example, Mobility Management and Call Control). The architecture presumes that such linkages will be designed into the interworking unit that connects the DECT access network to whatever mobility - enabled fixed network is involved. By keeping the entities separate, the handset is capable of responding to any combination of entity traffic, and this creates great flexibility in fixed network design without breaking full interoperability.
DECT GAP is an interoperability profile for DECT. The intent is that two different products from different manufacturers that both conform not only to the DECT standard, but also to the GAP profile defined within the DECT standard, are able to interoperate for basic calling. The DECT standard includes full testing suites for GAP, and GAP products on the market from different manufacturers are in practice interoperable for the basic functions.
The DECT media access control layer includes authentication of handsets to the base station using the DECT Standard Authentication Algorithm (DSAA). When registering the handset on the base, both record a shared 128 - bit Unique Authentication Key (UAK). The base can request authentication by sending two random numbers to the handset, which calculates the response using the shared 128 - bit key. The handset can also request authentication by sending a 64 - bit random number to the base, which chooses a second random number, calculates the response using the shared key, and sends it back with the second random number.
The standard also provides encryption services with the DECT Standard Cipher (DSC). The encryption is fairly weak, using a 35 - bit initialization vector and encrypting the voice stream with 64 - bit encryption. While most of the DECT standard is publicly available, the part describing the DECT Standard Cipher was only available under a non-disclosure agreement to the phones ' manufacturers from ETSI.
The properties of the DECT protocol make it hard to intercept a frame, modify it and send it later again, as DECT frames are based on time - division multiplexing and need to be transmitted at a specific point in time. Unfortunately very few DECT devices on the market implemented authentication and encryption procedures - and even when encryption was used by the phone, it was possible to implement a man - in - the - middle attack impersonating a DECT base station and revert to unencrypted mode - which allows calls to be listened to, recorded, and re-routed to a different destination.
After an unverified report of a successful attack in 2002, members of the deDECTed.org project actually did reverse engineer the DECT Standard Cipher in 2008, and as of 2010 there has been a viable attack on it that can recover the key.
In 2012, an improved authentication algorithm, the DECT Standard Authentication Algorithm 2 (DSAA2), and improved version of the encryption algorithm, the DECT Standard Cypher 2 (DSC2), both based on AES 128 - bit encryption, were included as optional in the NG - DECT / CAT - iq suite.
DECT Forum also launched the DECT Security certification program which mandates the use of previously optional security features in the GAP profile, such as early encryption and base authentication.
Various access profiles have been defined in the DECT standard:
Other interoperability profiles exist in the DECT suite of standards, and in particular the DPRS (DECT Packet Radio Services) bring together a number of prior interoperability profiles for the use of DECT as a wireless LAN and wireless internet access service. With good range (up to 200 metres (660 ft) indoors and 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) using directional antennae outdoors), dedicated spectrum, high interference immunity, open interoperability and data speeds of around 500 kbit / s, DECT appeared at one time to be a superior alternative to Wi - Fi. The protocol capabilities built into the DECT networking protocol standards were particularly good at supporting fast roaming in the public space, between hotspots operated by competing but connected providers. The first DECT product to reach the market, Olivetti 's Net, was a wireless LAN, and German firms Dosch & Amand and Hoeft & Wessel built niche businesses on the supply of data transmission systems based on DECT.
However, the timing of the availability of DECT, in the mid-1990s, was too early to find wide application for wireless data outside niche industrial applications. Whilst contemporary providers of Wi - Fi struggled with the same issues, providers of DECT retreated to the more immediately lucrative market for cordless telephones. A key weakness was also the inaccessibility of the U.S. market, due to FCC spectrum restrictions at that time. By the time mass applications for wireless Internet had emerged, and the U.S. had opened up to DECT, well into the new century, the industry had moved far ahead in terms of performance and DECT 's time as a technically competitive wireless data transport had passed.
DECT uses UHF radio, similar to mobile phones, baby monitors, Wi - Fi, and other cordless telephone technologies. The UK Health Protection Agency (HPA) claims that due to a mobile phone 's adaptive power ability, a DECT cordless phone 's radiation could actually exceed the radiation of a mobile phone. A DECT cordless phone 's radiation has an average output power of 10 mW but is in the form of 100 bursts per second of 250 mW, a strength comparable to some mobile phones. Most studies have been unable to demonstrate any link to health effects, or have been inconclusive. Electromagnetic fields may have an effect on protein expression in laboratory settings but have not yet been demonstrated to have clinically significant effects in real - world settings. The World Health Organization has issued a statement on medical effects of mobile phones which acknowledges that the longer term effects (over several decades) require further research.
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where was the movie three billboards outside of ebbing missouri film | Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri - Wikipedia
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri is a 2017 black comedy crime film written, produced, and directed by Martin McDonagh. It stars Frances McDormand as a mother who rents three billboards to call attention to her daughter 's unsolved murder. Woody Harrelson and Sam Rockwell appear in supporting roles.
The film was released in the United States on November 10, 2017, and in the United Kingdom on January 12, 2018, by Fox Searchlight Pictures; it has grossed $123 million worldwide. It received praise for McDonagh 's screenplay and direction, and the performances of McDormand, Harrelson, and Rockwell.
The film received seven nominations for the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Picture; Best Original Screenplay; Best Actress (for McDormand), and Best Supporting Actor (for Harrelson and Rockwell). The film has won numerous awards, including Best Motion Picture -- Drama; Best Actress -- Drama (McDormand); Best Supporting Actor (Rockwell), and Best Screenplay at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, three of the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards -- including Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture -- and five of the 71st British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film.
Mildred Hayes (Frances McDormand) is grieving the rape and murder of her teenage daughter Angela that had occurred seven months earlier. Angry over the lack of progress in the investigation, Mildred rents three abandoned billboards near her home, and posts on them: "Raped While Dying '', "And Still No Arrests? '', and "How Come, Chief Willoughby? '' The billboards upset the townspeople, including Sheriff Bill Willoughby (Woody Harrelson) and Officer Jason Dixon (Sam Rockwell), the latter being a racist and a violent alcoholic. The open secret that Willoughby suffers from terminal pancreatic cancer adds to everyone 's disapproval. Mildred and her depressed son Robbie are harassed and threatened, but to Robbie 's chagrin, she stays firm about keeping the billboards up.
While Willoughby is sympathetic to Mildred 's frustration, he finds the billboards an unfair attack on his character. Angered by Mildred 's lack of respect for his authority, Dixon threatens businessman Red Welby, who had rented Mildred the billboards, and he arrests her friend and coworker, Denise, on trivial marijuana possession charges. Mildred is also visited by her abusive ex-husband Charlie, who blames her for their daughter 's death.
Willoughby brings Mildred in for questioning after she injures her dentist in an altercation in the dental clinic. During the interview, Willoughby coughs up blood. He leaves the hospital against medical advice and spends an idyllic day with his wife Anne and their two daughters, then commits suicide. He leaves suicide notes for several people, including one to Mildred, in which he explains that she was not a factor in his suicide, and that he secretly paid to keep the billboards up for another month, amused at the trouble this will bring her and hoping that they will keep attention on the murder. Mildred is threatened by a crop - haired stranger in her store. Dixon reacts to the news of Willoughby 's death by assaulting Welby and throwing him out of a window. This is witnessed by Willoughby 's replacement, Abercrombie, who fires Dixon.
The billboards are destroyed by arson. Mildred retaliates by tossing Molotov cocktails at the police station, which she believes is unoccupied for the night. However, Dixon is there to read a letter left for him by Willoughby, which advises him to let go of hate and learn to love, as the only way to realize his wish to become a detective. Dixon escapes with Angela 's case file, but suffers severe burns. Mildred 's acquaintance James witnesses the incident and provides Mildred with an alibi, claiming they were on a date. Dixon is treated for his burns, and he is temporarily confined in the same hospital room as Welby, to whom he apologizes.
Discharged from the hospital, Dixon overhears the man who threatened Mildred bragging in a bar of an incident similar to Angela 's murder. He notes the Idaho license plate number of the man 's vehicle, then provokes a fight. At home later, he removes a sample of the man 's DNA from under his fingernails. Meanwhile, Mildred goes on a date with James to thank him for the alibi. Charlie enters with his 19 - year - old girlfriend Penelope, and he admits to burning the billboards. Mildred tells Charlie to treat Penelope well, and she leaves.
Abercrombie informs Dixon that the DNA sample does not match DNA found on Angela 's body, and that the man was overseas on military duty at the time of the murder. Mildred and Dixon conclude that the man must be guilty of some other rape, and set out for Idaho to kill him. On the way, Mildred confesses to Dixon that she set the police station fire, though he indicates that he knew it was her all along. They express reservations about their mission, but agree to decide what to do along the way.
McDonagh was inspired to write Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri after seeing billboards about an unsolved crime while traveling "somewhere down in the Georgia, Florida, Alabama corner ''. "The rage that put a bunch of billboards like that up was palpable and stayed with me '', McDonagh said. Of writing his scenario, McDonagh noted, "once I decided, in my head, that it was a mother, everything fell into place ''.
The character of Mildred was written with Frances McDormand in mind, and likewise the character of Dixon was written specifically for Rockwell. McDormand initially felt that she was older than the character as it was written, and suggested that Mildred instead be Angela 's grandmother; McDonagh disagreed, feeling that it would change the story too much. McDormand 's husband Joel Coen persuaded her to take the part regardless. McDormand took inspiration for her character from John Wayne; and Rockwell, wanting to make his character "the exact opposite '' of Mildred, took inspiration for his character in part from Wayne 's co-star in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Lee Marvin.
The titular location Ebbing, in the U.S. state of Missouri, is fictional. Principal photography began on May 2, 2016, in Sylva, North Carolina, and ran for 33 days.
The musical score was written by Carter Burwell, who had also supplied the score for McDonagh 's films In Bruges and Seven Psychopaths. As well as Burwell 's score, the film features songs by Joan Baez, Monsters of Folk, Townes Van Zandt, and the Four Tops.
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri premiered in competition at the 74th Venice International Film Festival on September 4, 2017. It also had screenings at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival (where it won the Audience Award), the BFI London Film Festival, and the 2017 Zurich Film Festival. It was also screened at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival.
In the United States, the film was released, by Fox Searchlight Pictures, on November 10, 2017, beginning with a limited release, before "going wide '' on December 1.
The film was released on 4K Ultra HD, Blu - ray and DVD on 27 February 2018. Six Shooter, McDonagh 's Academy Award - winning short film, is included as a bonus.
As of February 11, 2018, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri has grossed $45.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $55.5 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $100.9 million.
In its limited opening weekend, the film made $322,168 from four theaters for a per - theater average of $80,542, the fourth best of 2017. The film made $1.1 million from 53 theaters in its second weekend and $4.4 million from 614 in its third, finishing a respective 9th and 10th at the box office. In the weekend following its four Golden Globe wins the film was added to 712 theaters (for a total of 1,022) and grossed $2.3 million, and increase of 226 % from the previous week 's $706,188. The weekend of January 27, 2018, following the announcement of the film 's seven Oscar nominations, it made $3.6 million (an increase of 87 % over the previous week 's $1.9 million), finishing 13th.
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of 92 % based on 312 reviews and an average rating of 8.5 / 10. The site 's critical consensus read, "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri deftly balances black comedy against searing drama -- and draws unforgettable performances from its veteran cast along the way ''. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film had a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A -- '' on an A+ to F scale.
Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film 's performances, stating "It 's Mildred 's glowering refusal to back down that defines her, and McDormand brilliantly spotlights the conflicted humanity beneath the stony façade, '' and called Rockwell 's performance a "revelation ''. Steve Pond, writing for TheWrap, praised McDonagh 's writing, calling it "Very funny, very violent and surprisingly moving ''.
Conversely, others have criticized the film 's script. In her review for The New York Times, Manohla Dargis wrote "(McDonagh 's) jokes can be uninterestingly glib with tiny, bloodless pricks that are less about challenging the audience than about obscuring the material 's clichés and overriding theatricality ''. In a column for The Daily Beast, liberal blogger Ira Madison III called the film 's treatment of Rockwell 's character "altogether offensive, '' arguing that the character 's described racism was handled insensitively, writing "McDonagh 's attempts to script the black experience in America are often fumbling and backward and full of outdated tropes ''.
At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri won for Best Motion Picture -- Drama, Best Actress -- Drama (McDormand), Best Supporting Actor (Rockwell), and Best Screenplay, and was nominated for Best Director and Best Original Score. At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received nine nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Actress in a Leading Role (McDormand), and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for both Rockwell and Harrelson. It won five awards, including Best Film and Outstanding British Film (making it the only film along with The King 's Speech to win both awards since the latter category was reintroduced in 1992) while both McDormand and Rockwell won the Lead Actress and Supporting Actor awards respectively. It was nominated for four awards at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning three, including Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. At the 90th Academy Awards it received seven nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress for Frances McDormand, Best Original Screenplay for Martin McDonagh and two Best Supporting Actor nominations for both Sam Rockwell and Woody Harrelson.
It was named one of the top 10 films of the year by the American Film Institute. At the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, the film won its top prize, the People 's Choice Award. At the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival, it won the Audience Award.
On February 15, 2018, the campaign group Justice4Grenfell, an advocacy group created in response to the Grenfell Tower fire, hired three vans with electronic screens in a protest against perceived inaction in response to the fire. The vans were driven around London, and displayed messages in the style of the billboards in the film: ' 71 Dead ', ' And Still No Arrests? ', ' How Come? '
In response to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting that took place on February 14, 2018, in Parkland, Florida, activist group Avaaz had three vans circle Florida senator Marco Rubio 's offices displaying ' Slaughtered in School ', ' And Still No Gun Control? ', ' How Come, Marco Rubio? '
On the night of February 15, 2018, the movement # OccupyJustice set up three billboards and a number of banners in Malta, marking the four - month anniversary of the murder of the journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. The billboards bore the text ' A Journalist Killed. No Justice. ', ' A Country Robbed. No Justice. ', and ' No Resignations. No Justice. ' The authorities removed the billboards the following day, stating that they were illegal. The government was criticized for this move, and a day after their removal, activists laid down banners with similar text near Auberge de Castille, the Office of the Prime Minister.
Outside the Bristol city centre on February 3, 2018, a mural was erected depicting three billboards reading ' Our NHS is dying ', ' And still no more funding ', and ' How come, Mrs May '. It was installed by the groups People 's Republic of Stokes Croft and Protect Our NHS in response to the privatization of the National Health Service (NHS) and the death of a 15 year old girl that has been allegedly attributed to the lack of resources by the NHS.
On February 22, 2018, the Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations, protesting the inaction of the UN 's role within the Syrian Civil War, set up three billboards outside the United Nations building in New York that read ' 500,000 Dead in Syria ', ' And still no action? ', and ' How come, Security Council '.
Both McDormand and McDonagh have responded positively to the protests, with McDonagh saying "You could n't ask for anything more than for an angry film to be adopted by protests '' and McDormand saying she is "thrilled that activists all over the world have been inspired by the set decoration of the three billboards in Martin 's film. ''
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who plays bilbo baggins in the lord of the rings | Ian Holm - wikipedia
Sir Ian Holm CBE (born 12 September 1931) is an English actor known for his stage work and many film roles. He received the 1967 Tony Award for Best Featured Actor for his performance as Lenny in The Homecoming and the 1998 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance in the title role of King Lear. He won the 1981 BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as athletics trainer Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire, for which he was also nominated for an Academy Award.
His other well - known film roles include Ash in Alien, Sir William Gull in From Hell, Father Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element, and the hobbit Bilbo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film series.
Holm was born Ian Holm Cuthbert on 12 September 1931 in Goodmayes, in Essex, to Scottish parents, Jean Wilson (née Holm) and James Harvey Cuthbert. His mother was a nurse, and his father was a psychiatrist who worked as the superintendent of the West Ham Corporation Mental Hospital and was one of the pioneers of electric shock therapy. He had an older brother, Eric, who died in 1943. Holm was educated at the independent Chigwell School in Essex. His parents retired to Mortehoe, Devon and then Worthing where he joined an amateur dramatic society.
A visit to the dentist led to an introduction to Henry Baynton, a well - known provincial Shakespearean actor who helped Holm train for admission to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where he secured a place in 1949. His studies there were interrupted a year later when he was called up for National Service in the British Army, during which he was posted to Klagenfurt, Austria and attained the rank of Lance Corporal. They were then interrupted a second time when he volunteered to go on an acting tour of the United States in 1952. He finally graduated from RADA in 1953; whilst there he had been offered ' spear - carrying ' roles at Stratford and he stayed there for 13 years, soon graduating to more significant roles and abandoning plans to move on after Peter Hall founded the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1960.
Holm was an established star of the Royal Shakespeare Company before making an impact on television and film. In 1965, he played Richard III in the BBC serialisation of The Wars of The Roses, based on the RSC production of the plays, and gradually made a name for himself with minor roles in films such as Oh! What a Lovely War (1969), Nicholas and Alexandra (1971), Mary, Queen of Scots (1971) and Young Winston (1972). In 1967, he won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play as Lenny in The Homecoming by Harold Pinter. In 1977, Holm appeared in the TV mini-series Jesus of Nazareth as the Sadducee Zerah, and a villainous Moroccan in March or Die. The following year he played J.M. Barrie in the award - winning BBC TV series The Lost Boys, in which his son Barnaby played the young George Llewelyn Davies.
In 1981, he played Frodo Baggins in BBC radio adaptation of J.R.R. Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings.
Holm 's first film role to have a major impact was that of the treacherous android, Ash, in Ridley Scott 's Alien (1979). His portrayal of Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire (1981), earned him a special award at the Cannes Film Festival and an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. Back home in England, he won a BAFTA award, for Best Supporting Actor, for Chariots. In the 1980s, he had memorable roles in Time Bandits (1981), Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes (1984) and Terry Gilliam 's Brazil (1985). He played Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland in the Dennis Potter - scripted fantasy Dreamchild (1985).
In 1989, Holm was nominated for a BAFTA award for the TV series Game, Set and Match. Based on the novels by Len Deighton, this tells the story of an intelligence officer (Holm) who discovers that his own wife is an enemy spy. He continued to perform Shakespeare, and appeared with Kenneth Branagh in Henry V (1989) and as Polonius to Mel Gibson 's Hamlet (1990). Holm was reunited with Kenneth Branagh in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein (1994), playing the father of Branagh 's Victor Frankenstein.
Holm raised his profile in 1997 with two prominent roles, as the stressed but gentle priest Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element and the tormented plaintiff 's lawyer in The Sweet Hereafter. In 2001 he starred in From Hell as the physician Sir William Withey Gull. The same year he appeared as Bilbo Baggins in the blockbuster film The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, having previously played Bilbo 's nephew Frodo Baggins in a 1981 BBC Radio adaptation of The Lord of the Rings. He reappeared in the trilogy in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003), for which he shared a SAG award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. He reprised his role as the elder Bilbo Baggins in the movie The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies.
Holm has been nominated for an Emmy Award twice, for a PBS broadcast of a National Theatre production of King Lear, in 1999; and for a supporting role in the HBO film The Last of the Blonde Bombshells opposite Judi Dench, in 2001. Holm has provided voice - overs for many British TV documentaries and commercials.
Holm has appeared in two David Cronenberg films: Naked Lunch (1991) and eXistenZ (1999). He was Harold Pinter 's favourite actor, the playwright once stating: "He puts on my shoe, and it fits! '' Holm played Lenny in the first performance of Pinter 's masterpiece The Homecoming.
He has played Napoleon Bonaparte three times: first, in the 1972 television series Napoleon and Love; next, in a cameo comic rendition, in Terry Gilliam 's Time Bandits from 1981; third, in 2001 he played the fallen and exiled leader in the fanciful film The Emperor 's New Clothes.
Holm has been married four times. His first three marriages ended in divorce. In 1991, he married his third wife, actress Penelope Wilton, in Wiltshire. They appeared together in The Borrowers (1993) on British television. They divorced in 2001. He is currently married to artist Sophie de Stempel, a protégée and life model of Lucian Freud.
Holm has five children; three daughters (Jessica, Sarah - Jane and Melissa) and two sons (Barnaby and Henry) from three women, including the first two of his four wives.
He was treated for prostate cancer in 2001.
Nominations and awards for films and TV roles are listed in filmography.
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who sang queen of the night in amadeus | Amadeus (film) - wikipedia
Amadeus is a 1984 American period drama film directed by Miloš Forman, adapted by Peter Shaffer from his stage play Amadeus. The story, set in Vienna, Austria, during the latter half of the 18th century, is a fictionalized biography of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart 's music is heard extensively in the soundtrack of the movie. The film follows Italian composer Antonio Salieri at the court of Emperor Joseph II, and his jealous vendetta against his younger rival, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
The film was nominated for 53 awards and received 40, which included eight Academy Awards (including Best Picture), four BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globes, and a Directors Guild of America (DGA) award. As of 2016, it is the most recent film to have more than one nomination in the Academy Award for Best Actor category. In 1998, the American Film Institute ranked Amadeus 53rd on its 100 Years... 100 Movies list.
An elderly Antonio Salieri (F. Murray Abraham) confesses to the murder of his former colleague, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Tom Hulce) and attempts to kill himself by slitting his throat. Two servants take him to a mental asylum where a priest, Father Vogler (Richard Frank), implores him to confess.
Salieri recounts how, even in his youth, he desired to be a composer, much to the chagrin of his father. He prays to God that, if he will make Salieri a famous composer, he will in return promise his faithfulness. Soon after, his father dies, which Salieri takes as a sign that God has accepted his vow. He is educated in Vienna and becomes court composer to Emperor Joseph II (Jeffrey Jones).
Mozart arrives in Vienna to perform at the request of his employer, the Prince - Archbishop of Salzburg (Nicholas Kepros). Salieri attends the performance to meet Mozart, discovers that Mozart is obscene and immature, and yet Salieri finds Mozart 's talent to be transcendent.
The Emperor desires to commission Mozart to write an opera and, despite the reservations of his advisers (Charles Kay, Patrick Hines, Jonathan Moore), summons him to the palace. Mozart happily accepts the job, much to the annoyance of Salieri. Mozart premieres his finished opera to mixed reviews from the Emperor. Salieri suspects that Mozart has slept with the star, Caterina Cavalieri (Christine Ebersole), despite his engagement to Constanze Weber (Elizabeth Berridge).
The Emperor desires that Mozart instruct his niece, Princess Elisabeth, in music, but Salieri discourages him from doing so. Constanze visits Salieri to persuade him to make the Emperor reconsider, but she is unsuccessful.
Salieri is enraged that God has bestowed upon Mozart the talent he has so desperately desired and vows to destroy Mozart. Mozart, meanwhile, struggles to find work and begins drinking. His father, Leopold Mozart (Roy Dotrice), comes to visit him in Vienna. Constanze and Mozart take Leopold to a masked party (which Salieri also attends), where Mozart entertains the guests with musical antics. Leopold disapproves of his son 's hedonism and the family argues until Leopold leaves town.
Salieri hires a young girl (Cynthia Nixon) to pose as the Mozarts ' maid while spying for him. She takes him to the Mozart residence, where he discovers that Mozart is working on an opera based on the play The Marriage of Figaro, which the Emperor has forbidden. When Mozart is summoned to court to explain, he manages to convince the Emperor to allow his opera to premiere, despite Salieri and the advisers ' attempts at sabotage.
Messengers arrive in Vienna with news of Leopold 's death, and in response a grief - stricken Mozart pens Don Giovanni. Salieri recognizes the dead commander as symbolic of Leopold and hatches a plan. Wearing Leopold 's party mask, Salieri visits Mozart and commissions a Requiem Mass. Salieri plots to kill Mozart once the piece is finished, then premiere it at Mozart 's funeral, claiming the work as his own.
At a parody of one of Mozart 's own operas, Emanuel Schikaneder (Simon Callow) asks Mozart to write an opera for his theater. Mozart, desperate for money, obliges, despite Constanze 's insistence that he finish the Requiem Mass. The couple fight and Constanze leaves with their young son, Karl.
Mozart collapses during a performance of his finished work, The Magic Flute. Salieri takes him home and offers his assistance on the Requiem. Salieri transcribes Mozart 's verbal commands, and they work through the night. The next morning, a gravely ill Mozart apologizes to Salieri for his previous behavior. A guilty Constanze returns home and locks the unfinished Requiem away, only to find that Mozart has died from overwork. Mozart is taken out of the city and unceremoniously buried in a mass grave.
Having finished his tale, Salieri asks how a merciful God could destroy his own beloved just to keep a mediocrity like Salieri from sharing in his glory. As he is pushed down the hall in a wheelchair, Salieri declares himself "the patron saint of mediocrities '' and mockingly absolves the other patients of their own inadequacies. Mozart 's high - pitched laugh is heard as the screen fades to black.
In his autobiography Beginning, Kenneth Branagh says that he was one of the finalists for the role of Mozart, but was dropped from consideration when Forman decided to make the film with an American cast. Hulce reportedly used John McEnroe 's mood swings as a source of inspiration for his portrayal of Mozart 's unpredictable genius.
Meg Tilly was cast as Mozart 's wife Constanze, but she tore a ligament in her leg the day before shooting started. She was replaced by Elizabeth Berridge. Simon Callow, who played Mozart in the original London stage production of Amadeus, was cast as Emanuel Schikaneder, the librettist of The Magic Flute.
The film was shot on location in Prague, Kroměříž, and Vienna. Notably, Forman was able to shoot scenes in the Count Nostitz Theatre in Prague, where Don Giovanni and La clemenza di Tito debuted two centuries before. Several other scenes were shot at the Barrandov Studios.
Forman collaborated with American choreographer Twyla Tharp.
In 1985, the film was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, including the double nomination for Best Actor with Hulce and Abraham each being nominated for their portrayals of Mozart and Salieri, respectively. The film won eight Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Actor (Abraham), Best Director (Forman), Costume Design (Theodor Pištěk), Adapted Screenplay (Shaffer), Art Direction (Karel Černý, Patrizia von Brandenstein), Best Makeup, and Best Sound. The film was nominated for but did not win Oscars for Best Cinematography and Best Editing. Amadeus, The English Patient, The Hurt Locker, The Artist, and Birdman are the only Best Picture winners never to enter the weekend box office top 5 after rankings began being recorded in 1982. Amadeus peaked at # 6 during its 8th weekend in theaters. Saul Zaentz produced both Amadeus and The English Patient.
The film was nominated for six Golden Globes (Hulce and Abraham were nominated together) and won four, including awards to Forman, Abraham, Shaffer, and Golden Globe Award for Best Picture -- Drama. Jeffrey Jones was nominated for Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Drama. Forman also received the Directors Guild of America Award for his work.
At the end of the Oscar ceremony, Laurence Olivier came on stage to present the Oscar for Best Picture. As Olivier thanked the Academy for inviting him, he was already opening the envelope. Instead of announcing the nominees, he simply read, "The winner for this is ' Amadeus '. '' An AMPAS official quickly went onstage to confirm the winner and signaled that all was well, before Olivier then presented the award to producer Saul Zaentz. Olivier (in his 78th year) had been ill for many years, and it was because of mild dementia that he forgot to read the nominees. Zaentz then thanked Olivier, saying it was an honour to receive the award from him, before mentioning the other nominees in his acceptance speech: The Killing Fields, A Passage to India, Places in the Heart and A Soldier 's Story. Maurice Jarre won the Oscar for Best Original Music Score for his scoring of A Passage to India. In his acceptance speech for the award, Jarre remarked "I was lucky Mozart was not eligible this year ''.
Amadeus premiered in 1984 as a PG - rated movie with a running time of 161 minutes. In 2002, director Miloš Forman introduced an R - rated version with nearly 20 minutes of restored footage. This version was released by the studios as a Director 's Cut. Forman justified why those scenes were cut in the first place in the 1995 supplemental material for Pioneer 's deluxe LaserDisc. However, he explains why the scenes were eventually restored in a subsequent 2002 interview with The A.V. Club:
When you finish a film, before the first paying audience sees it, you do n't have any idea. You do n't know if you made a success or a flop, when it comes to the box office. And in the ' 80s, with MTV on the scene, we are having a three - hour film about classical music, with long names and wigs and costumes. Do n't forget that no major studio wanted to finance the film, for these reasons. So we said, "Well, we do n't want to be pushing the audience 's patience too far ''. Whatever was not directly connected to the plot, I just cut out. But it was a mutual decision (to limit the running time). I wanted the best life for the film myself... Well, once we are re-releasing it on DVD, it does n't matter if it is two hours and 40 minutes long, or three hours long. So why do n't we do the version as it was written in the script?
The soundtrack album reached # 1 in the Billboard Classical Albums Chart, # 56 in the Billboard Popular Albums Chart, has sold over 6.5 million copies and received thirteen gold discs, making it one of the most popular classical music recordings of all time. It won the Grammy Award for Best Classical Album in 1984.
All tracks on the album were performed specifically for the film. According to the film commentary by Forman and Schaffer, Marriner agreed to score the film if Mozart 's music was completely unchanged from the original scores. Marriner did add some notes to Salieri 's music that are noticeable in the beginning of the film, as Salieri begins his confession.
The aria "Ruhe sanft '' from the opera Zaide does not appear in the film.
In 1985 an additional album with the title More Music from the Original Soundtrack of the Film Amadeus was issued containing further selections of music that were not included on the original soundtrack release.
The Masonic Funeral Music was originally intended to play over the closing credits, but was replaced in the film by the second movement of the Piano Concerto No. 20 in D minor (included on the Original Soundtrack Recording).
In 2002, to coincide with the release of the Director 's Cut of the film, the soundtrack was remastered with 24 - bit encoding and reissued with the title Special Edition: The Director 's Cut -- Newly Remastered Original Soundtrack Recording on two 24 - karat gold CDs. It contains most of the music from the previous two releases, but with the following differences.
The following pieces were added for this release:
The following pieces, previously released on More Music from the Original Soundtrack of the Film Amadeus, were not included:
Academy Awards 1985:
Golden Globe Awards 1985:
LAFCA Awards 1984:
American Cinema Editors:
Casting Society of America:
Directors Guild of America:
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award:
American Film Institute:
BAFTA:
David di Donatello:
Nastro d'Argento:
César Award:
Japan Academy Prize:
Amanda Award:
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where did the last name palafox come from | Palafox - wikipedia
Palafox is a somewhat uncommon surname that originated in Spain and may refer to:
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what did emma stone win an oscar for | List of Awards and Nominations received by Emma Stone - wikipedia
As of 2017, American actress Emma Stone has won 31 awards from over 90 nominations and was named runner - up for five of those nominations. She has been nominated for two AACTA International Awards, two Academy Awards, and three British Academy Film Awards, winning one from each. She has also won a Golden Globe Award, two MTV Movie Awards, a People 's Choice Award, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Teen Choice Awards.
Stone began her acting career with a role in a theater production of The Wind in the Willows in 2000. She won the Young Hollywood Award for Exciting New Face for her debut film -- the teen comedy Superbad (2007), which had her play a high school student. For the role of a zombie apocalypse survivor and a con - artist in the horror comedy film Zombieland, she received a nomination for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy. At the 2010 Scream Awards, she garnered Best Ensemble award and Best Horror Actress nomination. She had her breakthrough with her first leading role in Easy A (2010), a teen comedy which saw her play a high school student perceived to be sexually promiscuous. She was nominated for BAFTA Rising Star Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy, and won the MTV Movie Award for Best Comedic Performance. Her role was also included in Time 's list of "Top 10 Everything of 2010 ''.
Stone played a supporting role in the 2011 romantic comedy - drama Crazy, Stupid, Love, for which she was awarded the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress -- Comedy. Further success came with the critically acclaimed drama The Help (2011), in which she played an aspiring writer learning about the lives of the African - American maids. The film won Best Ensemble Cast from Women Film Critics Circle, Broadcast Film Critics Association and Screen Actors Guild Awards; she was nominated for the Teen Choice Awards for Choice Movie Actress -- Drama. For portraying Gwen Stacy in The Amazing Spider - Man (2012), she was nominated for the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actress and the Teen Choice Award for Choice Female Movie Star of the Summer. The role of a recovering drug addict in the black comedy - drama Birdman (2014) earned her nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actress, and MTV Movie Award for Best Performance. She also won the Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress for the film. Stone won the Academy Award for Best Actress, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award and Volpi Cup for Best Actress for playing an aspiring actress in the musical La La Land (2016).
The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards are presented annually by the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) to recognize and honor achievements in the film and television industry.
The Academy Awards are a set of awards given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually for excellence of cinematic achievements.
The British Academy Film Award is an annual award show presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts.
The Comedy Awards, run by the American television network Comedy Central, honored the best of comedy.
The Golden Globe Award is an accolade bestowed by the 93 members of the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) recognizing excellence in film and television, both domestic and foreign.
The Hollywood Film Awards are held annually to recognize talent in the film industry.
The Independent Spirit Awards are presented annually by Film Independent, to award best in the independent film community.
The MTV Movie & TV Awards is an annual award show presented by MTV to honor outstanding achievements in films. Founded in 1992, the winners of the awards are decided online by the audience.
The National Board of Review was founded in 1909 in New York City to award "film, domestic and foreign, as both art and entertainment ''.
The NAACP Image Award is annually presented to people of color in film, television, music and literature.
The NewNowNext Award is an annual awards show, held by the gay and lesbian - themed network Logo.
The Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards, also known as the Kids Choice Awards (KCAs), is an annual awards show that airs on the Nickelodeon cable channel that honors the year 's biggest television, film and music acts, as voted by Nickelodeon viewers.
The People 's Choice Awards is an American awards show recognizing the people and the work of popular culture. The show has been held annually since 1975 and is voted on by the general public.
The Santa Barbara International Film Festival is an eleven - day film festival held in Santa Barbara, California.
The Satellite Awards are a set of annual awards given by the International Press Academy.
The Saturn Awards are presented annually by the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films to honor science fiction, fantasy, and horror films, television and home video.
The Scream Awards are held annually to recognize films in the horror, science fiction, and fantasy genre.
The Screen Actors Guild Awards are organized by the Screen Actors Guild ‐ American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. First awarded in 1995, the awards aim to recognize excellent achievements in film and television.
The Spike Guys ' Choice Awards and Spike Video Game Awards are annually held by television channel Spike.
The Teen Choice Awards is an annual awards show that airs on the Fox Network. The awards honor the year 's biggest achievements in music, movies, sports, television, fashion and other categories, voted by teen viewers.
The Venice Film Festival is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the "Big Three '' film festivals alongside the Cannes Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival.
The Young Hollywood Awards honor young people 's achievements in music, film, sports, television and sports.
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what is a neurotransmitter and what does it do | Neurotransmitter - wikipedia
Neurotransmitters, also known as chemical messengers, are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission. They transmit signals across a chemical synapse, such as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell) to another "target '' neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by receptors on the target cells. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple and plentiful precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available from the diet and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Their exact numbers are unknown, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been uniquely identified.
Neurotransmitters are stored in a synapse in synaptic vesicles, clustered beneath the membrane in the axon terminal located at the presynaptic side of the synapse. Neurotransmitters are released into and diffused across the synaptic cleft, where they bind to specific receptors in the membrane on the postsynaptic side of the synapse.
Most neurotransmitters are about the size of a single amino acid, however, some neurotransmitters may be the size of larger proteins or peptides. A released neurotransmitter is typically available in the synaptic cleft for a short time before it is metabolized by enzymes, pulled back into the presynaptic neuron through reuptake, or bound to a postsynaptic receptor. Nevertheless, short - term exposure of the receptor to a neurotransmitter is typically sufficient for causing a postsynaptic response by way of synaptic transmission.
In response to a threshold action potential or graded electrical potential, a neurotransmitter is released at the presynaptic terminal. Low level "baseline '' release also occurs without electrical stimulation. The released neurotransmitter may then move across the synapse to be detected by and bind with receptors in the postsynaptic neuron. Binding of neurotransmitters may influence the postsynaptic neuron in either an inhibitory or excitatory way. This neuron may be connected to many more neurons, and if the total of excitatory influences are greater than those of inhibitory influences, the neuron will also "fire ''. Ultimately it will create a new action potential at its axon hillock to release neurotransmitters and pass on the information to yet another neighboring neuron.
Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations by Ramón y Cajal (1852 -- 1934), a 20 to 40 nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of such a gap suggested communication via chemical messengers traversing the synaptic cleft, and in 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873 -- 1961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. Through a series of experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to manually slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve. Upon completion of this experiment, Loewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Furthermore, Otto Loewi is credited with discovering acetylcholine (ACh) -- the first known neurotransmitter. Some neurons do, however, communicate via electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, which allow specific ions to pass directly from one cell to another.
There are four main criteria for identifying neurotransmitters:
However, given advances in pharmacology, genetics, and chemical neuroanatomy, the term "neurotransmitter '' can be applied to chemicals that:
The anatomical localization of neurotransmitters is typically determined using immunocytochemical techniques, which identify either the location of either the transmitter substances themselves, or of the enzymes that are involved in their synthesis. Immunocytochemical techniques have also revealed that many transmitters, particularly the neuropeptides, are co-localized, that is, one neuron may release more than one transmitter from its synaptic terminal. Various techniques and experiments such as staining, stimulating, and collecting can be used to identify neurotransmitters throughout the central nervous system.
There are many different ways to classify neurotransmitters. Dividing them into amino acids, peptides, and monoamines is sufficient for some classification purposes.
Major neurotransmitters:
In addition, over 50 neuroactive peptides have been found, and new ones are discovered regularly. Many of these are "co-released '' along with a small - molecule transmitter. Nevertheless, in some cases a peptide is the primary transmitter at a synapse. β - endorphin is a relatively well - known example of a peptide neurotransmitter because it engages in highly specific interactions with opioid receptors in the central nervous system.
Single ions (such as synaptically released zinc) are also considered neurotransmitters by some, as well as some gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H S). The gases are produced in the neural cytoplasm and are immediately diffused through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells to stimulate production of second messengers. Soluble gas neurotransmitters are difficult to study, as they act rapidly and are immediately broken down, existing for only a few seconds.
The most prevalent transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90 % of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is Gamma - Aminobutyric Acid, or GABA, which is inhibitory at more than 90 % of the synapses that do not use glutamate. Although other transmitters are used in fewer synapses, they may be very important functionally: the great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering the actions of some neurotransmitter systems, often acting through transmitters other than glutamate or GABA. Addictive drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines exert their effects primarily on the dopamine system. The addictive opiate drugs exert their effects primarily as functional analogs of opioid peptides, which, in turn, regulate dopamine levels.
Neurons form elaborate networks through which nerve impulses -- action potentials -- travel. Each neuron has as many as 15,000 connections with neighboring neurons.
Neurons do not touch each other (except in the case of an electrical synapse through a gap junction); instead, neurons interact at contact points called synapses: a junction within two nerve cells, consisting of a miniature gap which impulses pass by a neurotransmitter. A neuron transports its information by way of a nerve impulse called an action potential. When an action potential arrives at the synapse 's presynaptic terminal button, it may stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft to bind onto the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane and influence another cell, either in an inhibitory or excitatory way. The next neuron may be connected to many more neurons, and if the total of excitatory influences minus inhibitory influences is great enough, it will also "fire ''. That is to say, it will create a new action potential at its axon hillock, releasing neurotransmitters and passing on the information to yet another neighboring neuron.
A neurotransmitter can influence the function of a neuron through a remarkable number of mechanisms. In its direct actions in influencing a neuron 's electrical excitability, however, a neurotransmitter acts in only one of two ways: excitatory or inhibitory. A neurotransmitter influences trans - membrane ion flow either to increase (excitatory) or to decrease (inhibitory) the probability that the cell with which it comes in contact will produce an action potential. Thus, despite the wide variety of synapses, they all convey messages of only these two types, and they are labeled as such. Type I synapses are excitatory in their actions, whereas type II synapses are inhibitory. Each type has a different appearance and is located on different parts of the neurons under its influence. Each neuron receives thousands of excitatory and inhibitory signals every second.
Type I (excitatory) synapses are typically located on the shafts or the spines of dendrites, whereas type II (inhibitory) synapses are typically located on a cell body. In addition, Type I synapses have round synaptic vesicles, whereas the vesicles of type II synapses are flattened. The material on the presynaptic and post-synaptic membranes is denser in a Type I synapse than it is in a type II, and the type I synaptic cleft is wider. Finally, the active zone on a Type I synapse is larger than that on a Type II synapse.
The different locations of type I and type II synapses divide a neuron into two zones: an excitatory dendritic tree and an inhibitory cell body. From an inhibitory perspective, excitation comes in over the dendrites and spreads to the axon hillock to trigger an action potential. If the message is to be stopped, it is best stopped by applying inhibition on the cell body, close to the axon hillock where the action potential originates. Another way to conceptualize excitatory -- inhibitory interaction is to picture excitation overcoming inhibition. If the cell body is normally in an inhibited state, the only way to generate an action potential at the axon hillock is to reduce the cell body 's inhibition. In this "open the gates '' strategy, the excitatory message is like a racehorse ready to run down the track, but first the inhibitory starting gate must be removed.
As explained above, the only direct action of a neurotransmitter is to activate a receptor. Therefore, the effects of a neurotransmitter system depend on the connections of the neurons that use the transmitter, and the chemical properties of the receptors that the transmitter binds to.
Here are a few examples of important neurotransmitter actions:
Neurons expressing certain types of neurotransmitters sometimes form distinct systems, where activation of the system affects large volumes of the brain, called volume transmission. Major neurotransmitter systems include the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) system, the dopamine system, the serotonin system, and the cholinergic system, among others. It should be noted that trace amines, primarily via TAAR1 activation, have a very significant effect on neurotransmission in monoamine pathways (i.e., dopamine, histamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin pathways) throughout the brain. A brief comparison of these systems follows:
Caudal nuclei (CN): Raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, and raphe obscurus
Rostral nuclei (RN): Nucleus linearis, dorsal raphe, medial raphe, and raphe pontis
Forebrain cholinergic nuclei (FCN): Nucleus basalis of Meynert, medial septal nucleus, and diagonal band
Brainstem cholinergic nuclei (BCN): Pedunculopontine nucleus, laterodorsal tegmentum, medial habenula, and parabigeminal nucleus
Understanding the effects of drugs on neurotransmitters comprises a significant portion of research initiatives in the field of neuroscience. Most neuroscientists involved in this field of research believe that such efforts may further advance our understanding of the circuits responsible for various neurological diseases and disorders, as well as ways to effectively treat and someday possibly prevent or cure such illnesses.
Drugs can influence behavior by altering neurotransmitter activity. For instance, drugs can decrease the rate of synthesis of neurotransmitters by affecting the synthetic enzyme (s) for that neurotransmitter. When neurotransmitter syntheses are blocked, the amount of neurotransmitters available for release becomes substantially lower, resulting in a decrease in neurotransmitter activity. Some drugs block or stimulate the release of specific neurotransmitters. Alternatively, drugs can prevent neurotransmitter storage in synaptic vesicles by causing the synaptic vesicle membranes to leak. Drugs that prevent a neurotransmitter from binding to its receptor are called receptor antagonists. For example, drugs used to treat patients with schizophrenia such as haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and clozapine are antagonists at receptors in the brain for dopamine. Other drugs act by binding to a receptor and mimicking the normal neurotransmitter. Such drugs are called receptor agonists. An example of a receptor agonist is Valium, a benzodiazepine that mimics effects of the endogenous neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid (GABA) to decrease anxiety. Other drugs interfere with the deactivation of a neurotransmitter after it has been released, thereby prolonging the action of a neurotransmitter. This can be accomplished by blocking re-uptake or inhibiting degradative enzymes. Lastly, drugs can also prevent an action potential from occurring, blocking neuronal activity throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Drugs such as tetrodotoxin that block neural activity are typically lethal.
Drugs targeting the neurotransmitter of major systems affect the whole system, which can explain the complexity of action of some drugs. Cocaine, for example, blocks the re-uptake of dopamine back into the presynaptic neuron, leaving the neurotransmitter molecules in the synaptic gap for an extended period of time. Since the dopamine remains in the synapse longer, the neurotransmitter continues to bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, eliciting a pleasurable emotional response. Physical addiction to cocaine may result from prolonged exposure to excess dopamine in the synapses, which leads to the downregulation of some post-synaptic receptors. After the effects of the drug wear off, an individual can become depressed due to decreased probability of the neurotransmitter binding to a receptor. Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI), which blocks re-uptake of serotonin by the presynaptic cell which increases the amount of serotonin present at the synapse and furthermore allows it to remain there longer, providing potential for the effect of naturally released serotonin. AMPT prevents the conversion of tyrosine to L - DOPA, the precursor to dopamine; reserpine prevents dopamine storage within vesicles; and deprenyl inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO) - B and thus increases dopamine levels.
An agonist is a chemical capable of binding to a receptor, such as a neurotransmitter receptor, and initiating the same reaction typically produced by the binding of the endogenous substance. An agonist of a neurotransmitter will thus initiate the same receptor response as the transmitter. In neurons, an agonist drug may activate neurotransmitter receptors either directly or indirectly. Direct - binding agonists can be further characterized as full agonists, partial agonists, inverse agonists.
Direct agonists act similar to a neurotransmitter by binding directly to its associated receptor site (s), which may be located on the presynaptic neuron or postsynaptic neuron, or both. Typically, neurotransmitter receptors are located on the postsynaptic neuron, while neurotransmitter autoreceptors are located on the presynaptic neuron, as is the case for monoamine neurotransmitters; in some cases, a neurotransmitter utilizes retrograde neurotransmission, a type of feedback signaling in neurons where the neurotransmitter is released postsynaptically and binds to target receptors located on the presynaptic neuron. Nicotine, a compound found in tobacco, is a direct agonist of most nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, mainly located in cholinergic neurons. Opiates, such as morphine, heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, codeine, and methadone, are μ - opioid receptor agonists; this action mediates their euphoriant and pain relieving properties.
Indirect agonists increase the binding of neurotransmitters at their target receptors by stimulating the release or preventing the reuptake of neurotransmitters. Some indirect agonists trigger neurotransmitter release and prevent neurotransmitter reuptake. Amphetamine, for example, is an indirect agonist of postsynaptic dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin receptors in each their respective neurons; it produces both neurotransmitter release into the presynaptic neuron and subsequently the synaptic cleft and prevents their reuptake from the synaptic cleft by activating TAAR1, a presynaptic G protein - coupled receptor, and binding to a site on VMAT2, a type of monoamine transporter located on synaptic vesicles within monoamine neurons.
An antagonist is a chemical that acts within the body to reduce the physiological activity of another chemical substance (as an opiate); especially one that opposes the action on the nervous system of a drug or a substance occurring naturally in the body by combining with and blocking its nervous receptor.
There are two main types of antagonist: direct - acting Antagonist and indirect - acting Antagonists:
An antagonist drug is one that attaches (or binds) to a site called a receptor without activating that receptor to produce a biological response. It is therefore said to have no intrinsic activity. An antagonist may also be called a receptor "blocker '' because they block the effect of an agonist at the site. The pharmacological effects of an antagonist therefore result in preventing the corresponding receptor site 's agonists (e.g., drugs, hormones, neurotransmitters) from binding to and activating it. Antagonists may be "competitive '' or "irreversible ''.
A competitive antagonist competes with an agonist for binding to the receptor. As the concentration of antagonist increases, the binding of the agonist is progressively inhibited, resulting in a decrease in the physiological response. High concentration of an antagonist can completely inhibit the response. This inhibition can be reversed, however, by an increase of the concentration of the agonist, since the agonist and antagonist compete for binding to the receptor. Competitive antagonists, therefore, can be characterized as shifting the dose - response relationship for the agonist to the right. In the presence of a competitive antagonist, it takes an increased concentration of the agonist to produce the same response observed in the absence of the antagonist.
An irreversible antagonist binds so strongly to the receptor as to render the receptor unavailable for binding to the agonist. Irreversible antagonists may even form covalent chemical bonds with the receptor. In either case, if the concentration of the irreversible antagonist is high enough, the number of unbound receptors remaining for agonist binding may be so low that even high concentrations of the agonist do not produce the maximum biological response.
While intake of neurotransmitter precursors does increase neurotransmitter synthesis, evidence is mixed as to whether neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic receptor firing is increased. Even with increased neurotransmitter release, it is unclear whether this will result in a long - term increase in neurotransmitter signal strength, since the nervous system can adapt to changes such as increased neurotransmitter synthesis and may therefore maintain constant firing. Some neurotransmitters may have a role in depression and there is some evidence to suggest that intake of precursors of these neurotransmitters may be useful in the treatment of mild and moderate depression.
L - DOPA, a precursor of dopamine that crosses the blood -- brain barrier, is used in the treatment of Parkinson 's disease. For depressed patients where low activity of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is implicated, there is only little evidence for benefit of neurotransmitter precursor administration. L - phenylalanine and L - tyrosine are both precursors for dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. These conversions require vitamin B6, vitamin C, and S - adenosylmethionine. A few studies suggest potential antidepressant effects of L - phenylalanine and L - tyrosine, but there is much room for further research in this area.
Administration of L - tryptophan, a precursor for serotonin, is seen to double the production of serotonin in the brain. It is significantly more effective than a placebo in the treatment of mild and moderate depression. This conversion requires vitamin C. 5 - hydroxytryptophan (5 - HTP), also a precursor for serotonin, is more effective than a placebo.
Diseases and disorders may also affect specific neurotransmitter systems. For example, problems in producing dopamine can result in Parkinson 's disease, a disorder that affects a person 's ability to move as they want to, resulting in stiffness, tremors or shaking, and other symptoms. Some studies suggest that having too little or too much dopamine or problems using dopamine in the thinking and feeling regions of the brain may play a role in disorders like schizophrenia or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Similarly, after some research suggested that drugs that block the recycling, or reuptake, of serotonin seemed to help some people diagnosed with depression, it was theorized that people with depression might have lower - than - normal serotonin levels. Though widely popularized, this theory was not borne out in subsequent research. Furthermore, problems with producing or using glutamate have been suggestively and tentatively linked to many mental disorders, including autism, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and depression.
Generally, there are no scientifically established "norms '' for appropriate levels or "balances '' of different neurotransmitters. It is in most cases pragmatically impossible to even measure levels of neurotransmitters in a brain or body at any distinct moments in time. Neurotransmitters regulate each other 's release, and weak consistent imbalances in this mutual regulation were linked to temperament in healthy people. Strong imbalances or disruptions to neurotransmitter systems have been associated with many diseases and mental disorders. These include Parkinson 's, depression, insomnia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), anxiety, memory loss, dramatic changes in weight and addictions. Chronic physical or emotional stress can be a contributor to neurotransmitter system changes. Genetics also plays a role in neurotransmitter activities. Apart from recreational use, medications that directly and indirectly interact one or more transmitter or its receptor are commonly prescribed for psychiatric and psychological issues. Notably, drugs interacting with serotonin and norepinephrine are prescribed to patients with problems such as depression and anxiety -- though the notion that there is much solid medical evidence to support such interventions has been widely criticized.
A neurotransmitter must be broken down once it reaches the post-synaptic cell to prevent further excitatory or inhibitory signal transduction. This allows new signals to be produced from the adjacent nerve cells. When the neurotransmitter has been secreted into the synaptic cleft, it binds to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell, thereby generating a postsynaptic electrical signal. The transmitter must then be removed rapidly to enable the postsynaptic cell to engage in another cycle of neurotransmitter release, binding, and signal generation. Neurotransmitters are terminated in three different ways:
For example, choline is taken up and recycled by the pre-synaptic neuron to synthesize more ACh. Other neurotransmitters such as dopamine are able to diffuse away from their targeted synaptic junctions and are eliminated from the body via the kidneys, or destroyed in the liver. Each neurotransmitter has very specific degradation pathways at regulatory points, which may be targeted by the body 's regulatory system or by recreational drugs.
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nashik is situated on the bank of which river | Nashik - Wikipedia
Nashik (/ ˈnʌʃɪk / (listen)) is an ancient holy city in the northwest region of Maharashtra in India. Situated on the banks of Godavari river Nashik is best known for being one of Hindu pilgrimage sites, that of Kumbh Mela which is held every 12 years.
The city located about 190 km north of state capital Mumbai, is called the "Wine Capital of India '' as half of India 's vineyards and wineries are located in Nashik. Nashik is also called the "Spiritual capital of Maharashtra. ''
As per Ramayana, Nashik is the location on the banks of Godavari river where Laxman, by the wish of Lord Rama, cut the nose of Shurpanakha and thus this city was named as "Nashik ''.
Nashik lies in the northern part of Maharashtra state at 584 m (1,916 ft) from the mean sea level which gives it ideal temperature variation, particularly in winters.
The river Godavari originates from the Brahmagiri Mountain, Trimbakeshwar about 24 km (15 mi) from Nashik and flows through the old residential settlement, now in the central part of the city. Due to high pollution created by factories in proximity of the city the river was dying at an alarming rate. It has since been successfully cleaned. Other than Godavari, important rivers like Vaitarana, Bhima, Girana, Kashyapi and Darana flow across Nashik.
Nashik lies on the western edge of the Deccan Plateau which is a volcanic formation.
Trimbakeshwar is about 30 km (19 mi) from the city, it is where from river Godavari originates. The land area of the city is about 259.13 km (100.05 sq mi). Anjaneri near Nashik is the birthplace of lord Hanuman.
The city 's tropical location and high altitude combine to give it a relatively mild version of a tropical wet and dry climate. Temperatures rise slightly in October, but this is followed by the cool season from November to February. The cool season sees warm temperatures of around 28 ° C during the day, but cool nights, with lows averaging 10 ° C, and extremely dry air.
Nashik city is governed by the Nashik Municipal Corporation.
The Nashik Court Building is built in black stone in British Regime and the new building was inaugurated on 18 September 2005. There are 73 courts including taluka court.
In the Nashik Municipal Corporation area about 225 MT of solid waste is generated per day. Unlike other Indian cities, this garbage is collected by vehicles titled ' Ghantagadi ' (meaning the vehicle with a bell): a system which has resulted in a Smaller versions of the ghantagadi ply in the congested old city areas. A plant has been set by the Nashik Municipal Corporation near Pandav Leni (Pandavleni Caves) to process the garbage and convert into compost.
Nashik is the fourth largest city in Maharashtra in terms of population after Mumbai, Thane and Pune. According to the Census of India, 2011, Nashik had a population of 1,486,053. Males constitute 782,517 of the population and females 703,536. Metropolitan Nashik population was 1,561,809 in which 821,921 were males and 739,888 were females. Nashik city had an average literacy rate of 89.85 %: male literacy was 93.40 %, and female literacy was 85.92 %.
The sex ratio is 894 per 1000 males for Nashik city. Child sex ratio is 865 girls per 1000 boys. In Nashik, 11.42 % of the population is under 6 years of age. In census year 2001 the Nashik Urban Agglomeration had a population of 11, 52,326. Thus it was the fourth largest urban area of Maharashtra State after Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur. The projected population of Nashik urban agglomeration (which includes abutting urban areas like Deolali) as on 11 November 2012 is 15, 62,769.
In February 2016, The Statue of Ahimsa, a 108 ft idol of first Jain tirthankara Rishabhdev carved in monolithic stone was consecrated at Mangi Tungi. It is recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest Jain idol in the world. It has become a major pilgrimage and tourist destination.
The Pandavleni Caves, or Nasik caves, are a group of 24 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE, representing the Hinayana Buddhist caves and. Most of the caves are Viharas except for the 18th cave which is a Chaitya. The location of the caves is a holy Buddhist site and is located about 8 km south of Nashik.
Nashik hosts one of the largest religious gatherings in the world known as Maha Kumbh. The Kumbh Mela is celebrated every six years at Haridwar and Allahabad and Maha Kumbh takes place every twelve years at four places in Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik. According to the Puranas, it is believed that Kumbh derives its name from an immortal pot of nectar, which the devtas (Gods) and demons fought over. The four places where the nectar fell are at the banks of river Godavari in Nashik, river Kshipra in Ujjain, river Ganges in Haridwar and at Triveni Sangam of Ganga, Yamuna and invisible Saraswati River in Allahabad.
In early 1925, the table grape revolution was started in Ojhar, a small town near Nashik, by Raosaheb Jairam Krishna Gaikwad. Today, table grapes are exported to Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
The average Kharip crop area is 663,200 hectares while the average Rabbi crop area is 136500 hectares. The sown area is 658,763 hectares (99 %) and the forest land is 340,000 hectares (21.75 %). The uncultivable area is 23,000 hectares (1.48 %).
The Nashik Municipal Corporation has made it mandatory for new constructions in the city to install a rainwater harvesting system without which a completion certificate is not granted. This measure is expected to help recharge the aquifers and augment the groundwater level.
The Igatpuri - Nashik - Sinnar investment region is an important node in the US $90 billion Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project.
Nashik is a defense and aerospace manufacturing hub with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited aircraft manufacturing plant located at Ozar. The Currency Note Press and India Security Press are on Nashik Road, where Indian currency and government stamp papers are printed respectively.
Existing industrial areas in Nashik district are Satpur, Ambad, Sinnar, Igatpuri, Dindori and Vinchur. The proposed additional areas are Sinnar, Malegaon and Rajur Bahula.
Large - scale industries present in Nashik district are Atlas Copco, Robert Bosch GmbH, CEAT Limited, Crompton Greaves, Graphite India, Schneider Electric, ThyssenKrupp, Epcos, Everest Industries, Gabriel India, GlaxoSmithKline, Hindustan Coca - Cola, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Jindal Polyster, Jyoti Structures, Kirlosker Oil Engines, KSB Pumps, Larsen & Toubro, Mahindra and Mahindra, Mahindra Sona, United Spirits Limited, Perfect Circle Industries, Mahindra Ugine Steel, Samsonite, Shalimar Paints, Siemens, VIP Industries, Indian Oil Corporation, XLO India Limited and Jindal Saw.
Apart from manufacturing, Nashik is an emerging investment destination for Information Technology companies. Tata Consultancy Services has invested in Nashik under the Government of India BPO promotion scheme (IBPS). Also WNS, ACRESS, Accenture, ICOMET technoloies TCS has set up Digital Impact Square, or DISQ, which is a social innovation center.
Nashik has a textile industry. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development has selected Yeola Block for development of Paithani Cluster. To facilitate exports, a container freight station was started at MIDC Ambad by the Central Government.
Nashik has been described as "The Wine Capital of India '' the Nashik region reportedly produced 10,000 tonnes of grapes per year.
There are 45 wineries in Nashik, out of 78 wineries throughout India total. The largest vineyard in Nashik is the Sula Vineyards.
Nashik is home to several wine festivals, such as India Grape Harvest (IGH), SulaFest etc. In the harvest season.
The city has two state - run universities, the Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University and the Maharashtra University of Health Sciences.
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where did the name fort worth come from | History of Fort Worth, Texas - wikipedia
The history of Fort Worth, Texas, in the United States is closely intertwined with that of northern Texas and the Texan frontier. From its early history as an outpost and a threat against Native American residents, to its later days as a booming cattle town, to modern times as a corporate center, the city has changed dramatically, although it still preserves much of its heritage in its modern culture.
The Treaty of Bird 's Fort between the Republic of Texas and several Indian tribes was signed in 1843 at Bird 's Fort in present - day Euless, Texas. Article XI of the treaty provided that no one may "pass the line of trading houses '' (at the border of the Indians ' territory) without permission of the President of Texas, and may not reside or remain in the Indians ' territory. These "trading houses '' were later established at the junction of the Clear Fork and West Fort of the Trinity River, where Fort Worth was later built by the US Army. At this river junction, the U.S. War Department established Fort Worth in 1849 as the northernmost of a system of forts for protecting the American Frontier after the end of the Mexican -- American War. The City of Fort Worth continues to be known as "where the West begins. ''
In January 1849, U.S. Army General William Jenkins Worth, a veteran of the Mexican -- American War, proposed building ten forts to mark and protect the west Texas frontier, situated from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork and Clear Fork of the Trinity River. Worth died on 7 May 1849 from cholera. General William S. Harney was assigned to Worth 's position. He ordered Major Ripley A. Arnold to find a new fort site near the confluence of the West and Clear Forks. On 6 June 1849, Arnold established a post on the banks of the Trinity and named it Camp Worth in honor of the late General Worth. In August 1849, Arnold moved the camp to a north - facing bluff that overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork. The US War Department officially granted the name "Fort Worth '' to the post on 14 November 1849.
Although Native Americans were still attempting to defend and maintain their traditional territory, European - American pioneers quickly invaded and settled near the fort. In the process of relocating the camp to the bluff, Arnold found George "Press '' Farmer living there and allowed him to open the first sutler 's store. Other early settlers were Howard W. Peak, Ed Terrell, George W. Terrell, and Ephraim M. Daggett. When a new line of forts was built further west, the U.S. Army evacuated Fort Worth on 17 September 1853. The settlers decided to take possession of the fort site. John Peter Smith opened a school in 1854 to twelve students; Archibald Leonard and Henry Daggett started the first department stores. Julian Feild opened a flour mill and general store in 1856, and the Butterfield Overland Mail and the Southern Pacific Stage Line used the town as their western terminus on the westward journey to California.
In 1855, a battle over the placement of the county seat erupted. Since 1849 the county seat had been Birdville, but in 1855 Fort Worth citizens decided that they wanted to claim the county seat. After a long fight, Fort Worth gained the title in 1860 and construction began on a stone county courthouse. After a delay due to the Civil War, the courthouse was completed in the 1870s.
Fort Worth settlers held slaves in its antebellum period. In 1860, Tarrant County had 5,170 whites and 850 slaves. When the question came to secede from the Union, most citizens were for secession, and Tarrant County voted for it. The effects of the Civil War and Reconstruction nearly wiped Fort Worth off the map during the 1860s. The city 's population dropped as low as 175 and food, supply, and money shortages burdened the citizens. As the War 's effects began to fade, so did the city 's hardships. It gradually began to revive in the 1870s. By 1872, William C. Boaz, William Henry Davis, and Jacob Samuels opened general stores. In 1873, Khleber M. Van Zandt established Tidball, Van Zandt, and Company, which became the Fort Worth National Bank in 1884. Barrooms such as Tom Prindle 's Saloon and Steele 's Tavern welcomed many travelers. In 1876, future Denver, Colorado crime boss, Soapy Smith arrived in Fort Worth and began his criminal career, operating his famous soap sell confidence tricks on the unwary. Weekly newspapers included the Fort Worth Chief and the Democrat. Schools reopened gradually after the war. In 1869 Randolph, Addison, and Ida Clark taught six students in a local church.
The cattle industry was key to producing the economic boom years of Fort Worth and its association as "Cowtown. '' Fort Worth was a good resting point for cowboys driving their cattle to Abilene, Kansas. As many northern cattle buyers established headquarters in Fort Worth, new businesses set up in the city, including Pendery and Wilson 's Liquor Wholesale, B.C. Evans dry goods, and Martin B. Loyd 's Exchange Office. In 1873 Fort Worth was incorporated with a mayor - council government, and W.P. Burts was elected as the city 's first mayor.
In 1875, the Dallas Herald published an article by a former Fort Worth lawyer, Robert E. Cowart, noting the drop in population due to the Panic of 1873 and harsh winter, had dealt a severe blow to the cattle industry. The railroad company had stopped laying track 30 miles (48 km) outside of Fort Worth, and Cowart said the city was so torpid that he saw a panther asleep in the street outside the courthouse. Although an intended insult, the nickname Panther City was embraced by residents as Fort Worth recovered the next year from the depression. In 1876, the Texas and Pacific Railway arrived in Fort Worth, causing a boom and transforming the Fort Worth Stockyards into a premier cattle industry center of wholesale trade. The arrival of the railroad ushered in an era of tremendous growth, as migrants from other areas of the war - torn South continued to swell the population. Newly dubbed the "Queen City of the Prairies '', Fort Worth supplied a regional market via the growing transportation market.
In 1902 the Swift and Armour meat packing companies set up facilities in Fort Worth. Their arrival meant employment for thousands of workers, greatly increasing the prosperity of the town. As a result, the town 's population tripled in size from 26,600 people to more than 73,000, and it attracted migrants from rural areas, as well as immigrants. Texas had a segregated society, and often excluded blacks from the better jobs in new industries such as meat packing. The Fort Worth Gas Company was created in 1909 and began serving almost 4,000 customers via a 90 miles (140 km) pipeline from Petrolia, Texas.
W.K. Gordon, superintendent of the Texas Pacific Coal Company, believed there was oil in the town of Ranger, 90 miles (140 km) away from Fort Worth. While he was testing for oil, a message came in from the headquarters in New York, saying, "Believe had made mistake, suggest you stop drilling ''. In October 1917, after Gordon had convinced the president to let him drill a little deeper, he struck a large oil deposit, transforming Ranger into a boom town of 30,000. Oil was also discovered in the towns of Desdemona, Breckenridge, and Burkburnett. Fort Worth was strategically located between these towns, which stimulated its economy. Even before the oil boom, the city had three oil refineries. By the summer of 1920, five more had been built, with four more under construction.
In 1917, the Canadian government established three airfields, named Taliaferro 1, 2, and 3. When the United States entered World War I, the fields were taken over by the U.S. military, with two of them being renamed Carruthers Field and Barron Field. Camp Bowie was built in 1917 on 1,410 acres (5.7 km) at a cost of US $ 3,000,000. Over 5,000 people worked on it, constructing over 1,500 buildings. Named for Jim Bowie, it is home to the 36th Infantry Division. After the war, it became a demobilization center, preparing soldiers for entry into civilian life before it closed on August 15, 1919.
In 1916, construction on Lake Worth (Texas) was completed at a cost of US $1,000,000. It initially had a capacity of 21,800 acre - feet, but this was later increased to 33,600 acre - feet. A group of entrepreneurs noticed that people often went to the beach for entertainment. They built a boardwalk, bathhouse, rides, and a ballroom, which came to be known as Casino Park.
In 1918, George E. Kessler oversaw construction of a new, nine - mile long street that went through the Arlington Heights neighborhood. Originally named Arlington Heights Boulevard, it was renamed Camp Bowie Boulevard in 1919, in honor of the soldiers trained in Fort Worth who fought in World War I. The camp 's commanding officer supervised the planting of over 700 trees, the first of many beautification projects in Fort Worth.
In 1919, Norton Hinckley and David Tandy founded the Hinckley - Tandy Leather Company, which made leather shoe parts to sell to shoe stores. It was turned into a leather craft company by Charles D. Tandy when shoe rationing during World War II nearly bankrupted the business. The company grew, and in 1963 they bought RadioShack, an electronics store based in Boston. They were a competitor for larger electronics companies such as Commodore International, Apple Inc., and Microsoft. In 2000, Tandy Corporation officially became the RadioShack Corporation.
During the summer of 1936, the Casa Mañana was built by Amon G. Carter, founder of the Fort Worth Star - Telegram, as an amphitheater with the world 's largest rotating stage. The theater produced Wild West shows and musicals for several years, but its high overhead and a drop in attendance, as people 's attention was diverted to the impending wars, caused it to shut down. The building was later scrapped for the war effort. A smaller Casa Mañana was rebuilt in 1958, thanks to a bond election and the support of the City Council. It is one of Fort Worth 's well - known monuments.
In 1941, the U.S. Army established the Fort Worth Army Airfield as a heavy bomber training school. In 1948, it was renamed Carswell Air Force Base.
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when did david luiz go back to chelsea | David Luiz - wikipedia
David Luiz Moreira Marinho (born 22 April 1987), known as David Luiz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for English club Chelsea and the Brazil national team. Primarily a central defender, he can also be deployed as a defensive midfielder.
After starting out at Vitória, he moved to Benfica, remaining with the club for five seasons (three complete). He joined Chelsea in January 2011, winning the UEFA Champions League and the FA Cup during the 2011 -- 12 season, followed by the UEFA Europa League the following season. In June 2014, he transferred to Paris Saint - Germain for a fee of £ 50 million, a world record transfer for a defender, and won all four domestic competitions in both of his seasons in French football. He returned to Chelsea in August 2016 in a £ 30 million transfer deal.
David Luiz made his full international debut for Brazil in 2010 and has since earned over 50 caps for his country. He was a member of the Brazilian teams which won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and reached the semi-finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and has also represented his nation in two editions of the Copa América.
Born in Diadema, São Paulo, to Ladislao and Regina Marinho, David Luiz arrived at Salvador - based club Vitória after being released by São Paulo, and started playing as a defensive midfielder, almost leaving the club for his poor performances in that position. However, he was soon moved to central defender and adapted well.
David Luiz made his official debut for Vitória in 2006, excelling in a 2 -- 2 draw against Santa Cruz for that season 's Copa do Brasil. At the worst situation of its history, in the third division, the club eventually promoted to the second level after finishing in second position, with the player appearing in eight of the club 's last decisive nine games, scoring his only league goal on 3 September 2006 in a 2 -- 0 home win against Clube Atlético do Porto.
On 30 January 2007, David Luiz joined Portuguese club Benfica as a replacement for Tottenham Hotspur - bound Ricardo Rocha, on loan. He made a somewhat tumultuous debut for the club in a UEFA Cup match against Paris Saint - Germain at the Parc des Princes, partnering compatriot Anderson in the centre of defence, replacing the injured Luisão. Benfica lost the match 2 -- 1, but managed to progress to the next round after winning 4 -- 3 on aggregate.
On 12 March 2007, he played his first league match for Benfica, against União de Leiria. At the end of the season, David Luiz signed a five - year deal with the club and at the end of the season, following ten league appearances, he joined permanently for € 1.5 million. Before the ensuing campaign, he scored his first goal for the club in the Guadiana Trophy friendly tournament, against Sporting Clube de Portugal. David Luiz only managed eight appearances in the league due to injury, however, as Benfica finished fourth.
On 11 January 2009, David Luiz netted his first official goal for Benfica, the game 's only in a home success against Braga. He played most of the campaign as a left - back, at the expense of Portuguese international Jorge Ribeiro.
However, it was on the 2009 -- 10 season, when new manager Jorge Jesus arrived to Benfica, that David Luiz became a club symbol and vice-captain. He was ever - present, appearing in 49 official matches (three goals, 4,206 minutes), as Benfica won the league after a five - year wait. In the season 's Taça da Liga, in a 1 -- 4 away win against Sporting CP, he opened the score in the eighth minute, with Benfica also eventually winning the competition. David Luiz won the Portuguese Liga Player of the Year that same season, with 38 % of the vote while the runner - up, his teammate Ángel Di María, received 8 %.
On 30 September 2009, Benfica sold 25 % of David Luiz 's economic rights on any future transfer to a third - party owner, Benfica Stars Fund, along with other teammates. He was tagged at € 18 million, with the fund paying € 4.5 million; his contract was also renewed in October, with a release clause of € 50 million.
On 31 January 2011, David Luiz completed a move to Chelsea for a fee of € 25 million, a five - and - a-half - year contract, with Nemanja Matić joining Benfica at the end of the season after his transfer spell away at Vitesse in the Netherlands. He made his official Premier League debut on 6 February, replacing José Bosingwa in a 0 -- 1 home loss against Liverpool. Eight days later, he made his first start for Chelsea in a 0 -- 0 draw against Fulham at Craven Cottage. Instantly becoming a cult hero amongst the Chelsea fans, David Luiz was awarded the Barclays Man of the Match award for his performance, despite giving away a penalty in the 93rd minute of the game, which was saved by Petr Čech.
On 1 March, David Luiz scored his first goal for Chelsea to help the Blues come from behind to win 2 -- 1 against Manchester United at Stamford Bridge. On 20 March, he headed in his second goal for the Blues for a 2 -- 0 home win over Manchester City, and again receiving the man of the match award, as well as the Player of the Month for March.
David Luiz missed the first three games of 2011 -- 12 season due to a knee injury. He made his return to the first team on 13 September in a Champions League group stage match against Bayer Leverkusen, and he scored from 15 yards to break the deadlock in an eventual 2 -- 0 home win. On his second match, a League Cup third round tie against Fulham, he netted his penalty shoot - out attempt in a 4 -- 3 win (0 -- 0 after 120 minutes).
On 5 February 2012, in a league home fixture against Manchester United, David Luiz put Chelsea ahead 3 -- 0 in the 50th minute after his header was deflected by Rio Ferdinand, following a Juan Mata free kick. The match ended with a 3 -- 3 draw. On 25 February, through a curled shot, he opened the score against Bolton Wanderers in an eventual 3 -- 0 at home.
On 14 March, Chelsea faced Napoli in the Champions League 's round of 16, following a 3 -- 1 loss at the Stadio San Paolo in Naples. David Luiz made a stunning performance to help his team win the tie with a 4 -- 1 extra-time win, being subsequently chosen by UEFA as the man of the match, an accolade he also received in the first leg of the quarter - finals against former team Benfica in a 0 -- 1 away win. However, after leaving the pitch in the FA Cup semi-finals against Tottenham with a muscular injury, it was announced that he would miss both of the Champions League semi-finals encounters against Barcelona and the domestic cup final. He played, however, in the Champions League final -- John Terry was also suspended for the match -- David Luiz appeared, and started for Chelsea, playing the full 120 minutes, along with converting his penalty shootout attempt as the Blues won the shootout 4 -- 3.
On 22 September 2012, David Luiz signed a new five - year contract with Chelsea. He started the new season again as a regular alongside either Gary Cahill or Terry, and scored his first goal from a free - kick against Nordsjælland in a 0 -- 4 away win for the campaign 's Champions League. In the Club World Cup in 2012, in which Chelsea lost in the final to Corinthians, he was chosen the second best player of the tournament, receiving the Silver Ball for his performances, one of which was as a defensive midfielder. He played in that position in an 8 -- 0 home thrashing of Aston Villa the following week, being chosen man of the Match and netting the second from a free - kick.
On 17 April 2013, David Luiz scored during a 3 -- 0 victory against London rivals Fulham. He also scored in both legs of the Europa League semi-finals against Basel; the first was a last minute, low free - kick curled around the wall and into the goalkeeper 's bottom left - hand corner to secure a dramatic 2 -- 1 away win, giving Chelsea an advantage going into the second leg at Stamford Bridge.
David Luiz was widely criticized for a controversial incident during Chelsea 's 0 -- 1 away win over Manchester United at Old Trafford on 5 May. After he elbowed opponent Rafael, the United defender kicked out at him and was sent off. David Luiz, however, was seen smiling while lying on the ground before writhing around in mock agony. David Luiz defended himself, saying he was smiling at the Manchester United fans who could be seen screaming insults and laughing at him.
On 13 June 2014, David Luiz transferred to French club Paris Saint - Germain for a £ 50 million transfer fee, a world - record transfer for a defender, signing a five - year contract. He made his Ligue 1 debut on 16 August, partnering compatriot Marquinhos in central defence as PSG defeated Bastia 2 -- 0 at the Parc des Princes. On 30 September, David Luiz scored his first PSG goal, opening a 3 -- 2 home win over Barcelona in the Champions League group stage. He was seen as a surprise inclusion in the FIFA World Team of the Year at the 2014 Ballon d'Or awards.
On 19 January 2015, David Luiz scored his first Ligue 1 goal in a 4 -- 2 defeat of Evian. On 11 March, he scored on his return to Stamford Bridge in the round of 16 of the Champions League as PSG drew 2 -- 2 with his former club Chelsea to knock out the English club on away goals. He apologised for celebrating the goal, saying that it was the result of sudden emotion rather than malice towards his former employers.
In David Luiz 's first season at the club, PSG won a domestic treble of the Ligue 1 championship, the Coupe de France and the Coupe de la Ligue, in addition to the Trophée des Champions. In his second season at the club, PSG repeated this accomplishment once again, after beating Marseille in the Coupe de France final.
On 31 August 2016, David Luiz returned to Chelsea from PSG, for a reported fee of £ 34 million, and signed a three - year deal. On 16 September 2016, he made his return debut at home in 2 -- 1 defeat against Liverpool after John Terry was ruled out for ten days. On 31 January 2017, David Luiz scored his first goal for the season from a free kick against Liverpool at Anfield. His goal marked his first Premier League goal since April 2013.
On 20 April 2017, Luiz was named in the PFA Team of the Year for the 2016 -- 17 Premier League season.
On 17 September 2017, Luiz received a straight red after a poor challenge on Sead Kolašinac during a 0 -- 0 draw against Arsenal. Luiz became the third player to be sent - off in the last three meetings between the two London side; with the others being Pedro during the FA Community Shield and Victor Moses during the FA Cup Final.
David Luiz played with the Brazil under - 20 team at the FIFA U-20 World Cup in 2007, with the team being ousted in the round of 16. Courtesy of his solid season at Benfica, he was first picked for the senior side in a 2 -- 0 friendly win against the United States on 10 August 2010, the first match after Mano Menezes had Dunga as the coach of the Seleção. Prior to making his debut for Brazil, the Portuguese Football Federation had considered calling him up to their own national team.
David Luiz was present in every squad during the management of Menezes and was called up for the Copa América in 2011, but did not make a single appearance at the tournament due to injury. In a friendly with Mexico in October of that year, he scored an own goal, but the Seleção eventually won it 2 -- 1.
On 7 September 2012, David Luiz captained Brazil for the first time, appearing in a 1 -- 0 win against South Africa in São Paulo.
David Luiz was included in the squad for the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013, which was hosted in his native Brazil. Alongside teammate Thiago Silva, David Luiz started all matches and helped Brazil win their fourth Confederations Cup title. In the final against Spain, he made an outstanding goal - line clearance from Pedro 's shot.
On 2 June, David Luiz was named in Brazil 's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He scored his first international goal in a 1 -- 1 draw against Chile in the round of 16. He subsequently converted the team 's first kick in the penalty shootout as they prevailed 3 -- 2 and reached the quarter - finals where he scored the winning goal from a long - distance free kick in a 2 -- 1 win against Colombia. In the absence of Thiago Silva due to suspension, David Luiz captained the Seleção in their 7 -- 1 defeat to Germany at the semi-final stage of the tournament. Brazil went on to lose the third - place play - off 3 -- 0 against the Netherlands.
David Luiz was a member of Brazil 's squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile. He partnered Miranda in central defence for the team 's first two group matches, before being dropped for Thiago Silva, as Brazil were knocked out by Paraguay in the quarter - finals.
On 13 November 2015, David Luiz received his first career red card in a 1 -- 1 2018 World Cup qualifying draw with rivals Argentina in Buenos Aires.
In 2016, David Luiz and Thiago Silva were among several experienced players who were not chosen for the Copa América Centenario in the United States.
Although primarily a central defender, David Luiz can also be deployed as a defensive midfielder, and has drawn praise for his physical strength, work - rate, technique, and range of distribution as a defender, as well as his personality, composure in possession, and confidence on the ball, which enables him to play the ball out from the back or launch an attack with long balls after winning back possession. A powerful striker of the ball from distance, Luiz has also been known to take and score from long - range free kicks. Although in the past he has been criticised in the media for his inconsistent defensive performances, and for being reckless in his challenges, as well as prone to errors or lapses in concentration, during the 2016 -- 17 season, he showed notable improvements upon his return to Chelsea, when the club 's new manager Antonio Conte decided to deploy him as a ball - playing centre - back in a three - man back - line in the team 's 3 -- 4 -- 3 formation. Luiz excelled in the new role, while Conte praised the defender for working to improve his composure and concentration, and singled out Luiz as being "crucial '' to the team 's success, also labelling him as one of the best defenders in the world.
David Luiz is a devout Christian and has named Kaká as his role model. He said, "My faith gives me the belief that I can go out and perform and improve as a player. It gives me strength and inspiration. '' He later added, "Everything in life belongs to God. Our purpose has already been mapped out. '' He received baptism in May 2015 in the indoor swimming pool of his teammate Maxwell.
Earlier in his career, David Luiz was likened physically to the Brazilian basketball player Anderson Varejão by fans in his own country, due to their similar hairstyle. In England, he was referred to as The Simpsons villain Sideshow Bob by opposition fans, and also in self - reference. David Luiz is a Portuguese citizen, which was acquired during his time at Benfica. Portugal wanted him to represent their national team, but he opted to play for his native Brazil instead.
Continental competitions include the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup / Europa League and UEFA Super Cup. Other tournaments include the Trophée des Champions, FA Community Shield, FIFA Club World Cup, Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and Campeonato Baiano.
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is meet the parents the same as meet the fockers | Meet the Parents (film series) - wikipedia
Meet the Parents is a film series following the character Greg Focker (Ben Stiller) as he interacts with his family and in - laws. The series is made up of three movies: Meet the Parents (2000), Meet the Fockers (2004), and Little Fockers (2010). The series primarily stars Stiller, Robert De Niro, Blythe Danner, Dustin Hoffman, Barbra Streisand, Owen Wilson, and Teri Polo. The three movies earned over $1.15 billion at the box office.
Before the remake in 2000, there was the original film, a 1992 American independent comedy film written by Greg Glienna and Mary Ruth Clarke. Glienna also directed and starred in the film as the male protagonist, Greg. The film is about a young man meeting his girlfriend 's parents for the first time and the problems that arise when the girl 's father takes a disliking to him.
Several years after the film 's release, Universal Studios purchased the rights to the independent film. After hiring screenwriter Jim Herzfeld to expand the script, a new version of Meet the Parents was filmed and released in October 2000.
Gaylord "Greg '' Focker (Ben Stiller) is a nurse living in Chicago. He intends to propose to his girlfriend Pam Byrnes (Teri Polo), but his plan is disrupted when he learns that Pam 's sister 's fiance had asked Pam 's father for permission before proposing. Greg and Pam travel to Pam 's parents ' house to attend Pam 's sister 's wedding. Greg hopes to propose to Pam in front of her family after receiving her father 's permission. But this plan is put on hold when the airline loses his luggage, including the engagement ring.
At the Byrnes ' home, Greg meets Pam 's father Jack (Robert De Niro), mother Dina (Blythe Danner) and their beloved cat Mr. Jinx. Jack takes an instant dislike to Greg and openly criticizes him for his choice of career as a male nurse and whatever else he sees as a difference between Greg and the Byrnes family. Greg tries to impress Jack, but his efforts fail. Greg becomes even more uncomfortable after he receives an impromptu lie detector test from Jack and later learns from Pam that her father is a retired CIA counterintelligence officer.
Meeting the rest of Pam 's family and friends, Greg still feels like an outsider. Despite efforts to impress the family, Greg 's inadvertent actions make him an easy target for ridicule and anger: He accidentally gives Pam 's sister a black eye during a water volleyball mishap; uses a malfunctioning toilet that floods the Byrnes ' back yard with sewage; sets the wedding altar on fire and inadvertently leads Jack to think he is a marijuana user. Later, Greg loses Jinx and replaces him with a stray whose tail he spray paints to make him look like Mr. Jinx. Also after Greg spray - paints the cat 's tail the cat is left alone in the house while the whole family are out and when the family arrive home they find that the cat has damaged and destroyed all the wedding possessions. It is then that the truth is revealed about the cat and everybody especially Jack is absolutely furious with Greg with the fact that he 's almost ruined the whole wedding.
Jack denies turning Pam against Greg, saying that Greg did that himself though his dishonesty. Jack says he always demands honesty, which is when Greg reveals to Pam that Jack never retired and is still in the CIA. Jack is forced to admit that he is right. Unfortunately for Greg the incident in which he caught Jack with one of his associates and carrying out a phone call in Thai was actually Jack preparing a surprise honeymoon for Pam 's sister and her fiance which makes him even angrier at Greg. Jack reveals that the person he met at the supermarket was his travel - agent and he was receiving Debbie and her fiance 's visas.
By now, the entire Byrnes family, including Pam, agrees that it is best for Greg to leave. Unwillingly, Greg goes to the airport where he is detained by airport security for refusing to check in his recently returned luggage. Back at the Byrnes household, Jack tries to convince his wife and Pam that Greg would be an unsuitable husband. Upon receiving retribution from both his wife and Pam, Jack realizes that Pam truly loves Greg. Jack rushes to the airport, convinces airport security to release Greg and brings him back to the Byrnes household.
Greg proposes to Pam. She accepts, and her parents agree that they should now meet Greg 's parents. After Debbie 's wedding, Jack views footage of Greg recorded by hidden cameras that he had placed strategically around their house. As Jack watches Greg and hears what Greg has to say, Jack gets furious at Greg for the insults towards Jack and his son Deny, who Jack believes is still innocent with the drugs. Jack then turns the TV off with hostility dreading the fact that Greg is going to be his future son - in - law.
Gaylord Myron "Greg '' Focker (Ben Stiller) and his fiancée Pam Byrnes (Polo) decide to introduce their parents to each other. They first fly to Oyster Bay, Long Island, to pick up Pam 's father, retired CIA operative Jack Byrnes (De Niro), her mother Dina (Danner) and one - year - old nephew Little Jack. But rather than going to the airport as planned, Jack decides to drive the family to Miami to meet the Fockers in his new RV.
Once they arrive, they are greeted by Greg 's eccentric but fun - loving and amiable father, Bernie (Hoffman), and mother, Roz (Streisand), who is a sex therapist for elder couples. Worried that Jack may be put off by the Fockers ' lifestyle, Greg convinces Roz to pretend that she is a yoga instructor for the weekend. Though Jack and Bernie get off to a good start, small cracks begin to form between Jack and the Fockers, due to their contrasting personalities. Things are made worse when a chase between the Fockers ' dog, Moses, and the Byrnes ' cat, Jinx, culminates with Jinx flushing Moses down the RV 's toilet, forcing Bernie to destroy it to save Moses, and later on when Bernie accidentally injures Jack 's back during a game of football.
Pam, meanwhile, informs Greg that she is pregnant, but the two decide to keep it a secret from Jack, who does not know they are having sex. Jack, however, becomes suspicious of Greg 's character again when they are introduced to the Focker 's housekeeper, Isabel Villalobos (Alanna Ubach), with whom Bernie reveals Greg had a sexual affair fifteen years before. Jack later takes the RV to Isabel 's fifteen - year - old son, Jorge (Ray Santiago), to fix the toilet, but is disturbed by Jorge 's striking resemblance to Greg and begins to suspect he may be Greg 's son with Isabel. Meanwhile, Roz, Bernie and Dina realize Pam is pregnant, but promise not to tell Jack. Growing envious of Bernie and Roz 's active sex life, Dina consults Roz on sex tips in order to seduce Jack, but none of them work.
Things eventually come to a crunch when Greg is left alone to babysit Little Jack, whom Jack has been raising via the Ferber method. Despite Jack 's instructions to leave Little Jack to self - soothe, Greg can not bear to listen to Little Jack 's cries and tends to the boy to cheer him up, turning the television on, acting funny and inadvertently teaching Little Jack to say "asshole ''. A brief phone call from Roz is long enough for Little Jack to wander out of his pen (after Jinx opens it by accident), put on Scarface and glue his hands to a rum bottle. After a furious argument with the Fockers and his own family (though amends are quickly made), Jack reverts to his old ways and sends Greg and Jorge 's hair samples for a DNA test, while inviting Jorge to the Focker 's planned engagement party in hopes of getting Greg to admit he is Jorge 's father.
At the engagement party, Jack introduces Greg to Jorge, and later when Greg refuses to admit Jorge is his son, Jack injects him with a truth serum to make him talk. On stage, Greg blurts out that Pam is pregnant and that Jorge is indeed his son (in a comically Darth Vader-esque manner) before finally passing out. When the others realize Jack 's actions the next day, another argument ensues and Dina admits that they all knew Pam was pregnant and deliberately did not tell him. Shocked and hurt by this, Jack leaves with his grandson. Bernie and Greg give pursuit, but are tasered and arrested by a corrupt deputy sheriff, LeFlore (Tim Blake Nelson), for speeding. Jack returns to defend them after being informed Greg is not Jorge 's father (his real father turns out to be a baseball player who also resembles Greg), but the overzealous LeFlore tasers and arrests him as well. In their cell, Greg, Jack and Bernie make up and are released by the local judge, Ira (Shelley Berman), who is a student of Roz and close friend of the Focker family.
Greg and Pam are married that weekend by Pam 's ex-fiancée (Owen Wilson). During the party, Jack asks Roz for some sex tips and sneaks into the RV with Dina.
During the credits, Jack watches hidden baby - cam footage of the Fockers giving attention to Little Jack over Jack 's previous objections: Roz gives Little Jack chocolate, Bernie advises him to use his crying to disagree with everything Jack says, and Greg pretends to drunkenly tell Little Jack to keep it a secret that he left to smoke pot, not answer the phone, when he left Little Jack unattended which resulted in Jack gluing his hands to a rum bottle and that Pam is not really pregnant and only said it so that Jack would let them get married. Greg then pretends to only just discover the camera but then after making mocking gestures at it, you realize that Greg knew about it all along and none of the things he said before were true.
Gaylord "Greg '' Focker (Stiller) is preparing to celebrate his twins ' fifth birthday party. Things seem to go awry when Greg 's father - in - law Jack Byrnes (De Niro) visits. Recently, Jack has been diagnosed with a heart condition and become embittered by his daughter Debbie 's divorce from her husband, Bob (whose marriage was the social event in Meet the Parents and how Jack was introduced to Greg), for cheating on her with a nurse. Jack 's plan was originally to name Bob as his successor of the Byrnes family, but decides to pass the role to Greg, naming him "The Godfocker ''. Despite Greg begrudgingly accepting the role, Jack begins to suspect Greg of infidelity when he sees him with a drug rep, Andi Garcia (Alba), who openly flirts with him, and the presence of Sustengo erection pills in Greg 's house, which prompts Jack to think Greg is no longer sexually attracted to his wife, Pam (Polo). Furthermore, Jack starts to doubt Greg 's ability to provide for his family when he appears reluctant to send his children to a private school.
During a medical conference promoting Sustengo, Greg meets Bob at a bar. Bob tells Greg of Jack 's original intention to name him as successor, "The Bobfather '', and expresses relief and happiness at leaving Jack 's family, which makes Greg slightly uncomfortable. Jack, for his part, starts to speak with Pam about the possibility of divorcing Greg and renewing her relationship with her ex-fiancée, Kevin Rawley (Wilson). Eventually, following a row at a clinic, Greg runs away from home to his and Pam 's unfinished new house, where he is paid a visit by Andi, who tries to cheer him up with takeout and wine, but Andi soon becomes so drunk that she makes an aggressive sexual pass at Greg. While looking for Greg to apologise and bring him home, Jack pulls up to the house and sees, through the window, what he believes to be Greg and Andi having sex while Greg is trying to rebuff Andi 's advances. Disgusted, Jack merely leaves, but tells Dina and Pam that he was unable to find Greg.
At the twins ' birthday party, Greg 's parents, Bernie (Hoffman) and Roz (Streisand) rejoin the family, but Jack, enraged at Greg 's apparent infidelity, engages Greg in a physical fight, despite Greg insisting that Andi was drunk and he was rebuffing her. The fight culminates with Jack having a heart attack and collapsing. As he is taken away by paramedics, Jack quietly admits that he now believes Greg after feeling his carotid artery, which remained stable while Greg was claiming his innocence.
Four months later on Christmas Day, Greg and Pam 's parents come to spend Christmas with them in their new house. Greg 's parents (who are Jewish) give Jack a present of a kippah, informing him they traced his family roots back while nursing him back to health, discovering he is part Jewish. Bernie informs Greg and Pam that he and Roz have sold their island home and are moving to Chicago only two houses down from theirs. Jack and Dina decide they will move too, because they also want to be close to their grandchildren. The film ends with Greg and Pam trying to wean their parents off the idea.
During the credits, Jack is back in his home on Long Island, and with Mr. Jinx watches a video of Greg on YouTube in which Greg, at the Sustengo conference, mentions Jack 's eccentric behavior. Jack then discovers a remixed version of the video using puns of several of the words in the video, much to Jack 's slight amusement.
The success of Meet the Parents was initially responsible for a 2002 NBC reality television show entitled Meet My Folks in which a young woman 's love interest, vying for her family 's approval, is interrogated by the woman 's overprotective father with the help of a lie detector machine. In September 2002, NBC also aired a situation comedy entitled In - Laws. During the development of the sitcom, NBC called it "a Meet the Parents project '' which prompted an investigation by Universal into whether NBC was infringing on Universal 's copyright. Universal did not pursue any action against NBC but neither show lasted more than one season. Ironically, NBC and Universal merged on a corporate level in 2004, just two years after this.
On July 18, 2005, a regularly scheduled American Airlines flight from Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport to San Juan, Puerto Rico, had to be diverted back to Fort Lauderdale shortly after take - off due to a bomb threat. The pilot turned the airplane around approximately 40 minutes into the flight after a flight attendant found a crumpled napkin that read "Bomb, bomb, bomb... meet the parents, '' a clear reference to the scene in which Ben Stiller 's character repeatedly shouts the word "bomb '' while being detained by airport security. The airplane was met by a bomb squad of the local sheriff 's office as well as the FBI whose agents questioned the plane 's 176 passengers about the note.
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how did the civil constitution of the clergy change the legal position of the roman catholic church | Civil Constitution of the Clergy - wikipedia
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy (French: "Constitution civile du clergé '') was a law passed on 12 July 1790 during the French Revolution, that caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government.
Earlier legislation had already arranged the confiscation of the Catholic Church 's French land had been holdings and banned monastic vows. This new law completed the destruction of the monastic orders, outlawing "all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships, both regular and in commendam, for either sex '', etc. It also sought to settle the chaos caused by the earlier confiscation of Church lands and the abolition of the tithe. Additionally, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy regulated the current dioceses so that they could become more uniform and aligned with the administrative districts that had recently been created. It emphasised that officials of the church could not provide commitment to anything outside France, specifically the Pope (due to his power and the influence he had) which was outside France. Lastly, the Civil Constitution of the Clergy made Bishops and Priests elected. By having members of the Clergy elected the church lost much of the authority it had to govern itself and was now subject to the people, since they would vote on the Priest and Bishops as opposed to these individuals being appointed by the church and the hierarchy within.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was passed and some of the support for this came from figures that were within the Church, such as the priest and parliamentarian Pierre Claude François Daunou, and, above all, the revolutionary priest Henri Grégoire, who was the first French Catholic priest to take the Obligatory Oath. The measure was opposed, but ultimately acquiesced to, by King Louis XVI.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy has four titles with different articles.
Even before the Revolution and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the Catholic Church in France (the Gallican Church) had a status that tended to subordinate the Church to the State. Under the Declaration of the Clergy of France (1682) privileges of the French monarch included the right to assemble church councils in their dominions and to make laws and regulations touching ecclesiastical matters of the Gallican Church or to have recourse to the "appeal as from an abuse '' ("appel comme d'abus '') against acts of the ecclesiastical power.
Even prior to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy:
The following interlinked factors appear to have been the causes of agitation for the confiscation of church lands and for the adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy:
On 6 February 1790, one week before banning monastic vows, the National Constituent Assembly asked its ecclesiastical committee to prepare the reorganization of the clergy. No doubt, those who hoped to reach a solution amenable to the papacy were discouraged by the consistorial address of March 22 in which Pius VI spoke out against measures already passed by the Assembly; also, the election of the Protestant Jean - Paul Rabaut Saint - Étienne to the presidency of the Assembly brought about "commotions '' at Toulouse and Nîmes, suggesting that at least some Catholics would accept nothing less than a return to the ancien régime practice under which only Catholics could hold office.
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy came before the Assembly on 29 May 1790. François de Bonal, Bishop of Clermont, and some members of the Right requested that the project should be submitted to a national council or to the Pope, but did not carry the day. Joining them in their opposition to the legislation was Abbé Sieyès, one of the chief political theorists of the French Revolution and author of the 1789 pamphlet "What is the Third Estate? ''
Conversely, the Jansenist theologian Armand - Gaston Camus argued that the plan was in perfect harmony with the New Testament and the councils of the fourth century.
The Assembly passed the Civil Constitution on 12 July 1790, two days before the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. On that anniversary, the Fête de la Fédération, Talleyrand and three hundred priests officiated at the "altar of the nation '' erected on the Champ de Mars, wearing tricolor waistbands over their priestly vestments and calling down God 's blessing upon the Revolution.
In 1793, the War in the Vendee was influenced by the Constitution passing due to the devout population toward the Church among other social factors.
As noted above, even prior to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, church property was nationalized and monastic vows were forbidden. Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy:
The tone of the Civil Constitution can be gleaned from Title II, Article XXI:
In short, new bishops were required to swear loyalty to the State in far stronger terms than to any religious doctrine. Note also that, even in this revolutionary legislation, there are strong remnants of Gallican royalism.
The law also included some reforms supported even by many within the Church. For example, Title IV, Article I states, "The law requiring the residence of ecclesiastics in the districts under their charge shall be strictly observed. All vested with an ecclesiastical office or function shall be subject to this, without distinction or exception. '' In effect, this banned the practice by which younger sons of noble families would be appointed to a bishopric or other high church position and live off its revenues without ever moving to the region in question and taking up the duties of the office. The abuse of bishoprics by the nobility was further reduced in Title II, Article XI: "Bishoprics and cures shall be looked upon as vacant until those elected to fill them shall have taken the oath above mentioned. '' This unified state control over both the nobility and the Church through the use of elected bishops and the oath of loyalty.
For some time, Louis XVI delayed signing the Civil Constitution, saying that he needed "official word from Rome '' before doing so. Pope Pius VI broke the logjam on 9 July 1790, writing a letter to Louis rejecting the arrangement. On 28 July, 6 September, and 16 December 1790, Louis XVI wrote letters to Pius VI, complaining that the National Assembly was forcing him to publicly accept the Civil Constitution, and suggesting that Pius VI appease them by accepting a few selected articles too. On 10 July, Pius VI wrote to Louis XVI, indicating to the king that the Church could not accept any of the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution attempted to change the internal government of the Church, and no political regime had the right to unilaterally change the internal structure of the Church. On 17 August, Pius VI wrote to Louis XVI of his intent to consult with the cardinals about this, but on 10 October Cardinal Rochefoucauld, the Archbishop of Aix, and 30 of France 's 131 bishops sent their negative evaluation of the main points of the Civil Constitution to the Pope. Only four bishops actively dissented. On 30 October, the same 30 bishops restated their view to the public, signing a document known as the Exposition of Principles ("Exposition des principes sur la constitution civile du clergé ''), written by Jean de Dieu - Raymond de Cucé de Boisgelin
On 27 November 1790, still lacking the king 's signature on the law of the Civil Constitution, the National Assembly voted to require the clergy to sign an oath of loyalty to the Constitution. During the debate on that matter, on 25 November, Cardinal de Lomenie wrote a letter claiming that the clergy could be excused from taking the Oath if they lacked mental assent; that stance was to be rejected by the Pope on 23 February 1791. On 26 December 1790, Louis XVI finally granted his public assent to the Civil Constitution, allowing the process of administering the oaths to proceed in January and February 1791.
Pope Pius VI 's 23 February rejection of Cardinal de Lomenie 's position of withholding "mental assent '' guaranteed that this would become a schism. The Pope 's subsequent condemnation of the revolutionary regime and repudiation of all clergy who had complied with the oath completed the schism.
Within the Civil Constitution of the Clergy there was a clause that required the Clergy to take an oath stating the individual 's allegiance to France. The oath was basically an oath of fidelity and it required every single priest in France to make a public choice on whether or not they believed the nation of France had authority over all religious matters. This oath was very controversial because many Clergy believed that they could not put their loyalty towards France before their loyalty towards God. If a clergyman were to refuse to take this oath of allegiance then they were challenging the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and challenging the validity of the assembly which had established the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. On 16 January 1791 approximately 50 % of the individuals required to take the oath went ahead and took it and the other half decided to wait for Pope Pius VI to provide instruction, since he was indecisive on what the Oath signified and how the Clergy should respond to it. It is important to note that all but seven of the bishops in France decided to not take the oath and as a reprimand those governing France began to replace the individuals with those who had taken the oath. In March 1791 Pope Pius VI finally decided that the oath was against the beliefs of the Church. By deciding that it was against the beliefs two groups were formed "jurors '' ("refractory priests '') and "non-jurors '' and that was based on whether or not they had decided to take the oath. The Pope condemned those who took the oath and went as far as saying that they were absolutely separated from the church. Additionally, the Pope expressed disapproval and chastised King Louis XVI for signing the document that required the oath to be taken. Since the Pope expressed disapproval those who did not take it stayed unwilling to take it and as a result were replaced by those who had taken it. In addition to not receiving support from approximately 50 % of the Clergy the oath was also disliked by a part of France 's population. The individuals in France who were opposed to it claimed that the Revolution was destroying their "true '' faith and this was also seen in the two groups of individuals that were formed because of the oath. Those who believed that the Revolution was causing their "true '' faith to be destroyed sided with the "non-jurors '' and those who believed that the French government should have a say in religion sided with the "jurors. ''
American Scholar Timothy Tackett believes that the oath that was required determined which individuals would let the revolution cause change and allow revolutionary reform and those who did not would remain true to their beliefs for many years to come. Apart from Tackett 's beliefs, it can be said that the obligatory oath marked a key historical point in the French Revolution since it was the first piece of legislation in the revolution that received massive drawback and resistance.
As noted above, the government required all clergy to swear an oath of loyalty to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Only seven bishops and about half of the clergy agreed while the rest refused; the latter became known as "non-jurors '' or "refractory priests. '' In areas where a majority had taken the oath, such as Paris, the refractory minority could be victimized by society at large: nuns from the Hôtel - Dieu de Paris, for example, were subjected to humiliating public spankings.
While there was a higher rate of rejection in urban areas, most of these refractory priests (like most of the population) lived in the countryside, and the Civil Constitution generated considerable resentment among religious peasants. Meanwhile, the Pope repudiated the "jurors '' who had signed the oath, especially bishops who had ordained new, elected clergy, and above all Bishop Louis - Alexandre Expilly de la Poipe. In May 1791, France recalled its ambassador to the Vatican and the Papal Nuncio was recalled from Paris. On June 9, the Assembly forbade the publication of Papal Bulls or Decrees, unless they had been approved by the Assembly as well.
The Constituent Assembly went back and forth on the exact status of non-juring priests. On 5 February 1791, non-juring priests were banned from preaching in public. By not allowing the clergy to preach the National Assembly was trying to silence the Clergy. This punishment that was imposed by the assembly signified that all refractory priest could no longer practice marriages and baptisms which were public ceremonies. By not allowing refractory clergy to practice these large public ceremonies they were silenced. However, non-juring clergy continued to celebrate the Mass and attract crowds because the Assembly feared that stripping them of all of their powers would create chaos and that would be ineffective towards silencing them. Although the Assembly allowed them to continue working in ceremonies that were not public they stated that they could only do so until they had been replaced by a clergyman who had taken the oath (juring). A large percentage of the refractionary priests were not replaced until 10 August 1792, which was more than a year after the original 50 % had taken the oath; by the time they began to be replaced the Assembly had made some changes and it was not as significant that they were practicing Mass.
At the beginning, when the Assembly was stripping the clergy of their titles they tried to ignore how the extreme anti-clerical elements were responding with violence against those who attended these Masses and against nuns who would not renounce their vocation. Ultimately the Assembly had to recognize the schism that was occurring because it was extremely evident, even while the replacement was occurring juror priests often faced a hostile and violent reception in their old parishes. On 7 May 1791, the Assembly reversed itself, deciding that the non-juring priests, referred to as prêtres habitués ("habitual priests '') could say Mass and conduct services in other churches on condition that they would respect the laws and not stir up revolt against the Civil Constitution. The assembly had to allow this change to control the schism and in part because "Constitutional Clergy '' (those who had taken the oath) were unable to properly conduct their service. The constitutional clergy often required the assistance of the National Guard due to the mayhem that would occur.
The division in France was at an all - time high when even families had different views on juring and non-juring priest. The difference in families was primarily seen when the women would attend masses that where held by those who had defied the oath and men attended mass that was provided by clergymembers who had taken the oath. It is important to note that even though priests who had not taken the Oath had the right to use the churches many were not allowed to use the buildings (this was done by priest who had sworn their allegiance) this furthermore demonstrated the division in the state. On 29 November 1791, the Legislative Assembly, which had replaced the National Constituent Assembly, decreed that refractory priests could only exacerbate factionalism and aggravate extremists in the constituent assembly. The November 29th decree declared that no refractory priest could invoke the rights in the Constitution of the Clergy and that all such priests were suspect and so to be arrested. Louis XVI vetoed this decree (as he also did with another text concerning the creation of an army of 20,000 men on the orders of the Assembly, precipitating the monarchy 's fall), which was toughened and re-issued a year later. Anti-Catholic persecution by the State would intensify into de-Christianization and propagation of the Cult of Reason and the Cult of the Supreme Being in 1793 -- 1794. During this time countless non-juring priests were interned in chains on prison ships in French harbors where most died within a few months from the appalling conditions.
After the Thermidorian Reaction, the Convention repealed the Civil Constitution of the Clergy; however, the schism between the civilly constituted French Church and the Papacy was only resolved when the Concordat of 1801 was agreed on. The Concordat was reached on July 15, 1801 and it was made widely known the following year, on Easter. It was an agreement executed by Napoleon Bonaparte and clerical and papal representatives from Rome and Paris, and determined the role and status of the Roman Catholic Church in France; moreover, it concluded the confiscations and church reforms that had been implemented over the course of the revolution. The agreement also gave the first consul (Napoleon) the authority and right to nominate bishops, redistribute the current parishes and bishoprics, and allowed for seminaries to be established. In an effort to please Pius VII it was agreed upon that suitable salaries would be provided for bishops and curés and he would condone the acquisition of church lands.
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new york ny bank of america tower one bryant park | Bank of America Tower (Manhattan) - wikipedia
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The Bank of America Tower (BOAT) at One Bryant Park is a 1,200 ft (365.8 m) skyscraper in the Midtown area of Manhattan in New York City. It is located on Avenue of the Americas, between 42nd and 43rd Streets, opposite Bryant Park.
The US $1 billion project was designed by COOKFOX Architects, and advertised to be one of the most efficient and ecologically friendly buildings in the world. It is the fourth tallest building in New York City, after One World Trade Center, 432 Park Avenue, and the Empire State Building, and the sixth tallest building in the United States. Construction was completed in 2009.
The building 's Urban Garden Room at 43rd Street and 6th Avenue is open to the public.
The tower 's architectural spire is 255.5 ft (77.9 m) tall and was placed on December 15, 2007. The building is 55 stories high and contains 2,100,000 square feet (195,096 m) of office space, three escalators and a total of 52 elevators -- 50 to serve the offices and two leading to the New York City Subway 's mezzanine below ground, for the 42nd Street -- Bryant Park / Fifth Avenue station.
Several buildings were demolished to make way for the tower. Among them was the Hotel Diplomat, a 13 - story structure which had occupied the site at 108 West 43rd Street since 1911, and Henry Miller 's Theatre, which was rebuilt and reopened at its previous location. The building 's tenants include Bank of America as the anchor tenant and Marathon Asset Management, and the tower 's platinum LEED rating and modern column - free office space has enticed tenants from all over the city. The Bank of America Tower is considered a worldwide model for green architecture in skyscrapers.
The design of the building makes it environmentally friendly, using technologies such as floor - to - ceiling insulated glazing to contain heat and maximize natural light, and an automatic daylight dimming system. The tower also features a greywater system, which captures rainwater for reuse. Bank of America states that the building is made largely of recycled and recyclable materials. Air entering the building is filtered, as is common, but the air exhausted is cleaned as well. Bank of America Tower is the first skyscraper designed to attain a Platinum LEED Certification.
The Bank of America Tower is constructed using a concrete manufactured with slag, a byproduct of blast furnaces. The mixture used in the tower concrete is 55 % cement and 45 % slag. The use of slag cement reduces damage to the environment by decreasing the amount of cement needed for the building, which in turn lowers the amount of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas produced through the normal cement manufacturing process. Each ton of regular cement produced creates about one ton of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Temperature control and the production of some of its energy are accomplished in an environmentally friendly manner for the tower. Insulated glazing reduces thermal loss, lowering energy consumption and increasing transparency. Carbon dioxide sensors signal increased fresh air ventilation when elevated levels of carbon dioxide are detected in the building. Conditioned air for the occupants is provided by multiple air column units located in the tenant space that deliver 50 ° F air into a raised access floor plenum. This underfloor air system provides users with the ability to control their own space temperature as well as improving the ventilation effectiveness. When building churn occurs, workstation moves can be performed more easily with lower cost and less product waste. The cooling system produces and stores ice during off - peak hours, and allows the ice to melt to help cool the building during peak load, similar to the ice batteries in the 1995 Hotel New Otani Tokyo in Japan. Ice batteries have been used since absorption chillers first made ice commercially available 150 years ago, before the invention of the electric light bulb.
Water conservation features in the tower include waterless urinals, which are estimated to save 8,000,000 US gal (30,000,000 l) of water per year and reduce CO emissions by 144,000 lb (65,000 kg) per year (as calculated with the Pacific Institute water - to - air model). The tower has a 4.6 - megawatt cogeneration plant, which provides part of the base - load energy requirements.
Time magazine reported in August 2013 that the Bank of America Tower used twice as much energy overall as the Empire State Building, due to the large energy usage in the Bank of America Tower and the comparatively small occupancy rate of the Empire State Building.
In summer 2013, the Durst Organization employed Brooklyn Grange Rooftop Farm to install and maintain two honeybee hives on the building.
With the architectural spire included, the structural height of the Bank of America Tower is 1,200 ft (370 m), making it the fourth tallest building in New York City (after One World Trade Center, 432 Park Avenue, and the Empire State Building). A formal ruling by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat confirmed this.
In June 2008, the New York Academy of Sciences launched a podcast that highlights these green features.
In October 2009, the building was featured on episode 100 of the National Geographic Channel television series MegaStructures.
In June 2010, the Bank of America Tower was the recipient of the 2010 Best Tall Building Americas award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
Materials fell from the building on three occasions:
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what is a normal temperature for a woman | Human body temperature - wikipedia
Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is the typical temperature range found in humans. The normal human body temperature range is typically stated as 36.5 -- 37.5 ° C (97.7 -- 99.5 ° F).
Individual body temperature depends upon the age, exertion, infection, sex, time of day, and reproductive status of the subject, the place in the body at which the measurement is made, the subject 's state of consciousness (waking, sleeping or sedated), activity level, and emotional state. It is typically maintained within this range by thermoregulation.
Human body temperature is of interest in medical practice, human reproduction, and athletics.
Taking a person 's temperature is an initial part of a full clinical examination. There are various types of medical thermometers, as well as sites used for measurement, including:
Temperature control (thermoregulation) is part of a homeostatic mechanism that keeps the organism at optimum operating temperature, as it affects the rate of chemical reactions. In humans, the average internal temperature is 37.0 ° C (98.6 ° F), though it varies among individuals. However, no person always has exactly the same temperature at every moment of the day. Temperatures cycle regularly up and down through the day, as controlled by the person 's circadian rhythm. The lowest temperature occurs about two hours before the person normally wakes up. Additionally, temperatures change according to activities and external factors.
In addition to varying throughout the day, normal body temperature may also differ as much as 0.5 ° C (0.9 ° F) from one day to the next, so that the highest or lowest temperatures on one day will not always exactly match the highest or lowest temperatures on the next day.
Normal human body temperature varies slightly from person to person and by the time of day. Consequently, each type of measurement has a range of normal temperatures. The range for normal human body temperatures, taken orally, is 7002309950000000000 ♠ 36.8 ± 0.5 ° C (7002309927777777777 ♠ 98.2 ± 0.9 ° F). This means that any oral temperature between 36.3 and 37.3 ° C (97.3 and 99.1 ° F) is likely to be normal.
The normal human body temperature is often stated as 36.5 -- 37.5 ° C (97.7 -- 99.5 ° F). In adults a review of the literature has found a wider range of 33.2 -- 38.2 ° C (91.8 -- 100.8 ° F) for normal temperatures, depending on the gender and location measured.
Reported values vary depending on how it is measured: oral (under the tongue): 7002309950000000000 ♠ 36.8 ± 0.4 ° C (7002309927777777777 ♠ 98.2 ± 0.72 ° F), internal (rectal, vaginal): 37.0 ° C (98.6 ° F). A rectal or vaginal measurement taken directly inside the body cavity is typically slightly higher than oral measurement, and oral measurement is somewhat higher than skin measurement. Other places, such as under the arm or in the ear, produce different typical temperatures. While some people think of these averages as representing normal or ideal measurements, a wide range of temperatures has been found in healthy people. The body temperature of a healthy person varies during the day by about 0.5 ° C (0.9 ° F) with lower temperatures in the morning and higher temperatures in the late afternoon and evening, as the body 's needs and activities change. Other circumstances also affect the body 's temperature. The core body temperature of an individual tends to have the lowest value in the second half of the sleep cycle; the lowest point, called the nadir, is one of the primary markers for circadian rhythms. The body temperature also changes when a person is hungry, sleepy, sick, or cold.
Body temperature normally fluctuates over the day, with the lowest levels around 4 a.m. and the highest in the late afternoon, between 4: 00 and 6: 00 p.m. (assuming the person sleeps at night and stays awake during the day). Therefore, an oral temperature of 37.3 ° C (99.1 ° F) would, strictly speaking, be a normal, healthy temperature in the afternoon but not in the early morning. An individual 's body temperature typically changes by about 0.5 ° C (0.9 ° F) between its highest and lowest points each day.
Body temperature is sensitive to many hormones, so women have a temperature rhythm that varies with the menstrual cycle, called a circamensal rhythm. A woman 's basal body temperature rises sharply after ovulation, as estrogen production decreases and progesterone increases. Fertility awareness programs use this change to identify when a woman has ovulated in order to achieve or avoid pregnancy. During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, both the lowest and the average temperatures are slightly higher than during other parts of the cycle. However, the amount that the temperature rises during each day is slightly lower than typical, so the highest temperature of the day is not very much higher than usual. Hormonal contraceptives both suppress the circamensal rhythm and raise the typical body temperature by about 0.6 ° C (1.1 ° F).
Temperature also varies with the change of seasons during each year. This pattern is called a circannual rhythm. Studies of seasonal variations have produced inconsistent results. People living in different climates may have different seasonal patterns.
Increased physical fitness increases the amount of daily variation in temperature.
With increased age, both average body temperature and the amount of daily variability in the body temperature tend to decrease. Elderly patients may have a decreased ability to generate body heat during a fever, so even a somewhat elevated temperature can indicate a serious underlying cause in geriatrics.
Different methods used for measuring temperature produce different results. The temperature reading depends on which part of the body is being measured. The typical daytime temperatures among healthy adults are as follows:
Generally, oral, rectal, gut, and core body temperatures, although slightly different, are well - correlated, with oral temperature being the lowest of the four. Oral temperatures are generally about 0.4 ° C (0.7 ° F) lower than rectal temperatures.
Oral temperatures are influenced by drinking, chewing, smoking, and breathing with the mouth open. Mouth breathing, cold drinks or food reduce oral temperatures; hot drinks, hot food, chewing, and smoking raise oral temperatures.
Each measurement method also has different normal ranges depending on sex.
Many outside factors affect the measured temperature as well. "Normal '' values are generally given for an otherwise healthy, non-fasting adult, dressed comfortably, indoors, in a room that is kept at a normal room temperature, 22.7 to 24.4 ° C (73 to 76 ° F), during the morning, but not shortly after arising from sleep. Furthermore, for oral temperatures, the subject must not have eaten, drunk, or smoked anything in at least the previous fifteen to twenty minutes, as the temperature of the food, drink, or smoke can dramatically affect the reading.
Temperature is increased after eating or drinking anything with calories. Caloric restriction, as for a weight - loss diet, decreases overall body temperature. Drinking alcohol decreases the amount of daily change, slightly lowering daytime temperatures and noticeably raising nighttime temperatures.
Exercise raises body temperatures. In adults, a noticeable increase usually requires strenuous exercise or exercise sustained over a significant time. Children develop higher temperatures with milder activities, like playing.
Psychological factors also influence body temperature: a very excited person often has an elevated temperature.
Wearing more clothing slows daily temperature changes and raises body temperature. Similarly, sleeping with an electric blanket raises the body temperature at night.
Sleep disturbances also affect temperatures. Normally, body temperature drops significantly at a person 's normal bedtime and throughout the night. Short - term sleep deprivation produces a higher temperature at night than normal, but long - term sleep deprivation appears to reduce temperatures. Insomnia and poor sleep quality are associated with smaller and later drops in body temperature. Similarly, waking up unusually early, sleeping in, jet lag and changes to shift work schedules may affect body temperature.
A temperature setpoint is the level at which the body attempts to maintain its temperature. When the setpoint is raised, the result is a fever. Most fevers are caused by infectious disease and can be lowered, if desired, with antipyretic medications.
An early morning temperature higher than 37.2 ° C (99.0 ° F) or a late afternoon temperature higher than 37.7 ° C (99.9 ° F) is normally considered a fever, assuming that the temperature is elevated due to a change in the hypothalamus 's setpoint. Lower thresholds are sometimes appropriate for elderly people. The normal daily temperature variation is typically 0.5 ° C (0.90 ° F), but can be greater among people recovering from a fever.
An organism at optimum temperature is considered afebrile or apyrexic, meaning "without fever ''. If temperature is raised, but the setpoint is not raised, then the result is hyperthermia.
Hyperthermia occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate. It is usually caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. The heat - regulating mechanisms of the body eventually become overwhelmed and unable to deal effectively with the heat, causing the body temperature to climb uncontrollably. Hyperthermia at or above about 40 ° C (104 ° F) is a life - threatening medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Common symptoms include headache, confusion, and fatigue. If sweating has resulted in dehydration, then the affected person may have dry, red skin.
In a medical setting, mild hyperthermia is commonly called heat exhaustion or heat prostration; severe hyperthermia is called heat stroke. Heat stroke may come on suddenly, but it usually follows the untreated milder stages. Treatment involves cooling and rehydrating the body; fever - reducing drugs are useless for this condition. This may be done through moving out of direct sunlight to a cooler and shaded environment, drinking water, removing clothing that might keep heat close to the body, or sitting in front of a fan. Bathing in tepid or cool water, or even just washing the face and other exposed areas of the skin, can be helpful.
With fever, the body 's core temperature rises to a higher temperature through the action of the part of the brain that controls the body temperature; with hyperthermia, the body temperature is raised without the influence of the heat control centers.
In hypothermia, body temperature drops below that required for normal metabolism and bodily functions. In humans, this is usually due to excessive exposure to cold air or water, but it can be deliberately induced as a medical treatment. Symptoms usually appear when the body 's core temperature drops by 1 -- 2 ° C (1.8 -- 3.6 ° F) below normal temperature.
Basal body temperature is the lowest temperature attained by the body during rest (usually during sleep). It is generally measured immediately after awakening and before any physical activity has been undertaken, although the temperature measured at that time is somewhat higher than the true basal body temperature. In women, temperature differs at various points in the menstrual cycle, and this can be used in the long - term to track ovulation both for the purpose of aiding conception or avoiding pregnancy. This process is called fertility awareness.
Core temperature, also called core body temperature, is the operating temperature of an organism, specifically in deep structures of the body such as the liver, in comparison to temperatures of peripheral tissues. Core temperature is normally maintained within a narrow range so that essential enzymatic reactions can occur. Significant core temperature elevation (hyperthermia) or depression (hypothermia) that is prolonged for more than a brief period of time is incompatible with human life.
Temperature examination in the rectum is the traditional gold standard measurement used to estimate core temperature (oral temperature is affected by hot or cold drinks and mouth - breathing). Rectal temperature is expected to be approximately one Fahrenheit degree higher than an oral temperature taken on the same person at the same time. Ear thermometers measure eardrum temperature using infrared sensors. The blood supply to the tympanic membrane is shared with the brain. However, this method of measuring body temperature is not as accurate as rectal measurement and has a low sensitivity for fevers, missing three or four out of every ten fevers in children. Ear temperature measurement may be acceptable for observing trends in body temperature but is less useful in consistently identifying fevers.
Until recently, direct measurement of core body temperature required surgical insertion of a probe, so a variety of indirect methods have commonly been used. The rectal or vaginal temperature is generally considered to give the most accurate assessment of core body temperature, particularly in hypothermia. In the early 2000s, ingestible thermistors in capsule form were produced, allowing the temperature inside the digestive tract to be transmitted to an external receiver; one study found that these were comparable in accuracy to rectal temperature measurement.
In the 19th century, most books quoted "blood heat '' as 98 F, until a study published the mean (but not the variance) of a large sample as 36.88 ° C (98.38 ° F). Subsequently that mean was widely quoted as "37C or 98.4 F '' until editors realised 37C is closer to 98.6 F than 98.4 F. Dictionaries and other sources that quoted these averages did add the word "about '' to show that there is some variance, but generally did not state how wide the variance is. Since the number of significant digits should reflect the level of uncertainty, "98.4 F '' implies a variance nearly 20 times narrower than "37C ''.
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when did the jackson 5 become the jacksons | The Jackson 5 - wikipedia
The Jackson 5, or Jackson Five, currently known as the Jacksons, are a popular American family music group. Formed around 1964, the founding members were elder brothers Jackie, Tito and Jermaine. Younger brothers Marlon and Michael would join soon after. They participated in talent shows and performed in clubs on the Chitlin ' Circuit. They entered the professional music scene in 1967, signing with Steeltown Records and releasing two singles with the Steeltown label. In 1969, the group left Steeltown Records and signed with Motown.
The Jackson 5 was one of the first groups of black American performers to attain a crossover following, preceded by the Supremes, the Four Tops and the Temptations. They were also the first group to debut with four consecutive number one hits on the Hot 100 with the songs "I Want You Back '', "ABC '', "The Love You Save '', and "I 'll Be There ''. Scoring 16 top forty singles on the Hot 100, after continuing with further hits such as "Never Can Say Goodbye '' and "Dancing Machine '', most of the group with the exception of Jermaine, left Motown for Epic Records in 1975. At that time, with brother Randy taking Jermaine 's place, they released five albums between 1976 and 1981, including the hit albums, Destiny (1978) and Triumph (1980), and the hit singles, "Enjoy Yourself '', "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) '' and "Can You Feel It ''. In 1983, Jermaine reunited with the band to perform on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever and subsequently released the Victory album the following year. After the end of their tour to promote the album, Michael and Marlon Jackson promptly left the group. The remaining four released the poorly received 2300 Jackson Street album in 1989 before being dropped from their label. They have sold approximately 100 million records worldwide.
Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999, the Jacksons reunited in 2001 on Michael 's 30th anniversary television special. Following the death of Michael Jackson in 2009, the four eldest of the brothers embarked on their Unity Tour in 2012, and planned several major performances for 2017.
The five Jackson brothers ' interest in music began in Gary, Indiana, a part of the Chicago metropolitan area, bolstered by their father, Joe Jackson. In 1962, Joe caught Tito playing with his guitar after a string broke. Upon fixing the string, threatening punishment, Tito 's father had him play and was impressed enough to buy him his own guitar. Along with their father, Tito, Jermaine and Jackie formed their own group, named "the Jackson Brothers, '' with a five - year - old Michael playing congas and childhood buddies Reynaud Jones and Milford Hite playing keyboards and drums, respectively. Marlon, then seven years old, eventually joined, playing the tambourine. In August 1965, before a show at Gary 's Tiny Tots Jamboree held on Michael 's seventh birthday, Evelyn LaHaie suggested the group rename themselves "the Jackson Five Singing Group '', later shortened simply to "the Jackson Five ''.
In 1965, the group won a talent show at Gary 's Theodore Roosevelt High School, where Jermaine performed several Motown numbers, including the Temptations ' "My Girl '' and Michael performed Robert Parker 's "Barefootin ' '', winning the talent show instantly. Johnny Jackson and Ronnie Rancifer eventually replaced Milford Hite and Reynaud Jones. After several more talent show wins, Joe Jackson booked his sons to perform at several respected music venues of the chitlin ' circuit, including Chicago 's Regal Theater and Harlem 's Apollo Theater, winning the talent competitions on both shows in 1967. After they won the Apollo contest on August 13, 1967, singer Gladys Knight sent a tape of the boys ' demo to Motown Records, hoping to get them to sign, only to have their tape rejected and sent back to Gary. In November 1967, Joe Jackson signed the group 's first contract with Gordon Keith, an owner and producer of Steeltown Records, and the Jackson Five recorded and released two singles, "Big Boy '' which was sung by Michael and "We Do n't Have to Be Over 21 ''. During early 1968, the group also performed at strip clubs on Joe 's behest to earn extra income.
While performing a week - long run of shows at the Regal Theater as the opening act for Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers, an impressed Taylor sent the Jacksons to Detroit to help with their Motown audition, which was set for July 23 at Motown 's headquarters on Woodward Avenue. Following the taped audition, which was sent to CEO Berry Gordy 's office in Hollywood, Gordy originally turned them down again, since he had Stevie Wonder in his spotlight, but later changed his mind, and had requested the group to be signed, with final negotiations completed by early 1969, leading to the group to be signed on March 11. Following initial recordings at Detroit 's Hitsville USA studio, Berry Gordy sent the Jacksons to Hollywood in July, hiring Suzanne de Passe to become a mentor of the brothers.
Starting in August, the Jackson Five performed as the opening act for the Supremes, whose lead singer Diana Ross was planning to leave for a solo career at the end of the year. After performing at the Daisy in Los Angeles and at the Miss Black America Pageant in New York, the group recorded their first single, "I Want You Back '', written by a newly assembled Motown team called the Corporation, which consisted of three composers and songwriters Freddie Perren, Deke Richards and Alphonzo Mizell with Gordy as a fourth partner. In October, their first single for Motown was released and the group promoted it while performing at the Hollywood Palace with Ross hosting. In December, the brothers made their first appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show. Afterwards, their debut album, Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5, was released that same month.
In January 1970, "I Want You Back '' topped the Billboard Hot 100. Led by the Corporation, the Jackson 5 released two more number - one singles, "ABC '' and "The Love You Save ''. A fourth single, "I 'll Be There '', co-written and produced by Hal Davis, became the band 's fourth number - one single, making them the first recording act to have their first four singles reach the top of the Hot 100. All four singles were almost as popular in other countries as they were in the United States. Releasing a succession of four albums in one year, the Jackson 5 replaced the Supremes as Motown 's best - selling group. They continued their success with singles such as "Mama 's Pearl '', "Never Can Say Goodbye '' and "Sugar Daddy '', giving them a total of seven top ten singles within a two - year period.
As the Jackson Five became Motown 's main marketing focus, the label capitalized on the group 's youth appeal, licensing dozens of products, including the J5 heart logo located on Johnny Jackson 's drum set, the group 's album covers, stickers, posters and coloring books, as well as a board game and a Saturday morning cartoon series produced by Rankin / Bass. In view of their lack of covers on otherwise predominantly white teen - oriented magazines including Tiger Beat and Seventeen, a black publication, Right On!, began in 1971 and initially focused heavily on the Jackson 5, with at least one of the five members adorning a single cover between January 1972 and April 1974. In addition, the Jackson 5 appeared in several television specials including Diana Ross ' 1971 special, Diana!. Later that September, they starred on their first of two Motown - oriented television specials, Goin ' Back to Indiana; their second, The Jackson 5 Show, debuted in November of the following year. During the Vietnam War period, the group was often joined by Bob Hope on USO - benefited performances to support military troops.
In order to continue increasing sales, Motown launched Michael Jackson 's solo career in 1971, with the single, "Got to Be There '', released in November of that year. Following several top 40 follow - ups, Michael 's 1972 song, "Ben '', became his first to top the charts. Jermaine was the second to release a solo project; his most successful hit of the period was a cover of the doo - wop song, "Daddy 's Home ''.
By 1972, despite Michael and Jermaine 's solo successes, the Jackson 5 's own records began plummeting on the charts. Partially credited to the changing musical landscape, the Corporation, which had produced most of their hit singles, split up in 1973. Focusing their attention on the emerging disco scene, the brothers recorded the charted song, "Get It Together '', followed by their hit, "Dancing Machine '', their first to crack the top ten since "Sugar Daddy '' nearly three years before. Despite those successes, most of the Jackson 5 's follow - ups were not as successful and by 1973, Joe Jackson had grown tired of Motown 's uneasiness to continue producing hits for the brothers. Joe began producing a nightclub act around his sons and daughters, first starting in Las Vegas and spreading throughout the states.
By 1975, most of the Jacksons opted out of recording any more music for Motown desiring creative control and royalties. Learning that they were earning only 2.8 % of royalties from Motown, Joe Jackson began negotiating to have his boys sign a lucrative contract with another company, settling for Epic Records, which had offered a royalty rate of 20 % per record, signing with the company in June 1975. Absent from the deal was Jermaine Jackson, who decided to stay in Motown, followed by his marriage to Berry 's daughter Hazel. Randy Jackson formally replaced him. After initially suing them for breach of contract, Motown allowed the group to record for Epic, as long as they changed their name, since the name Jackson 5 was owned by Motown. The brothers renamed themselves, simply, the Jacksons.
In November 1976, following the debut of the family 's weekly variety series, the Jacksons released their self - titled Epic debut under the Philadelphia International subsidiary, produced by Gamble & Huff. Featuring "Enjoy Yourself '' and "Show You the Way to Go '', the album went gold but failed to generate the sales the brothers had enjoyed while at Motown. A follow - up, Goin ' Places, fizzled. Renewing their contract with Epic, the Jacksons were allowed full creative control on their next recording, Destiny, released in December 1978. Featuring their best - selling Epic single to date, "Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground) '', written by Michael and Randy, the album sold over a million copies. Its follow - up, 1980 's Triumph, also sold a million copies, spawning hits such as "Lovely One '' and "Can You Feel It ''. In 1981, they released their fifth album, a live album that eventually sold half a million copies. The live album was culled from recordings of performances on their Triumph Tour. In between the releases of Destiny and Triumph, Michael Jackson released the best - selling solo effort, Off the Wall. Its success led to rumors of Jackson 's alleged split from his brothers. After Triumph, Jackson worked on his second Epic solo release, which was released in November 1982 as Thriller, which later went on to become the best - selling album of all time, winning eight Grammy Awards including Album of the Year, plus two number one hit singles "Billie Jean, '' and "Beat It, '' and three breakthrough MTV music videos "Billie Jean, '' "Beat It, '' and 14 minute zombie music video "Thriller. '' Jermaine Jackson was reportedly upset at not being invited to the Thriller One Night Only concert which took place in January 1983.
In March 1983, with Jermaine, the Jacksons performed on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, the same show where Michael debuted the moonwalk during a solo performance of "Billie Jean ''. Following the success of the reunion, all six brothers agreed to record a sixth album for Epic, later released as Victory in 1984. Their biggest - selling album to date, it included their final top ten single, "State of Shock ''. The song was actually a duet between Michael and Mick Jagger and did n't feature participation from any other Jackson besides Marlon and Jackie who were credited as background vocalists. Most of the album was produced in this way, with each brother essentially recording solo songs. Another hit was the top 20 single "Torture '', a duet between Michael and Jermaine, with Jackie singing several parts. In the same year, the brothers participated in a Pepsi Commercial where Michael suffered burns to his scalp due to a pyrotechnic fault, followed by his recovery, he continued filming the commercial. In July 1984, the Jacksons launched their Victory Tour, which was overshadowed by Jackie 's leg injury, ticket issues, friction between the brothers, and a shakeup in the promotion and marketing team, initially headed by Don King, who was later fired. Michael announced he was leaving the group after their final performance at Dodger Stadium that December to continue his solo career. The following January, Marlon Jackson also announced he was leaving the group to pursue a solo career. In 1989, five years after their last album, the remaining quartet of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Randy released 2300 Jackson Street, which performed badly on the charts. After a brief promotional tour, the band went into hiatus and never recorded another album together.
In September 2001, nearly 17 years after their last performance together, all six Jackson brothers reunited for two performances at Madison Square Garden for a 30th anniversary special commemorating Michael 's solo career, which aired in November. In early 2009, the four elder brothers began filming a reality show to make their attempt on reuniting the band, later debuting in December 2009 as The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty. During the middle of the project, Michael had announced his concert comeback in London was scheduled on July 13, 2009. Michael died that same year on June 25, putting efforts on halt.
Later in 2009, following the death of brother Michael, the surviving Jacksons recorded background vocals for a previously unreleased song, "This Is It '' (the theme for the movie of the same name), which had originally been a demo. The radio - only single was released in October of that same year. The song did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100, but charted at number nineteen on Billboards Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. "This Is It '' returned the Jacksons to the chart. The surviving members of the Jacksons were in talks of planning a reunion concert tour (which was to be served as a tribute to Michael) for 2010, and were in talks in working on their first new studio album in over 20 years. However, neither plan was put into action.
In September 2010, Jermaine Jackson held his own "tribute '' concert to Michael in Las Vegas. In 2011, Jackie Jackson released a solo single to iTunes, while Jermaine released his first solo album in 21 years, I Wish U Love. Following the release of one solo album, Marlon Jackson quit the music business in 1989 and invested in real estate. Randy Jackson has n't been active in the industry since he disbanded the group Randy & the Gypsys in 1991.
In August 2011, there appeared to be a discord between the brothers concerning a tribute concert dedicated to Michael. While Jackie, Tito and Marlon were present alongside mother Katherine and sister La Toya for a tribute concert in Cardiff at the Millennium Stadium for a press conference concerning the tour, a couple of days after the press conference, both Randy and Jermaine issued a statement denouncing the tribute tour as the date of it occurred around the time of Conrad Murray 's manslaughter trial in relation to Michael 's death. The show carried on with Jackie, Tito and Marlon performing without Jermaine. In April 2012, Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Marlon announced that they would reunite for several United States concerts for their Unity Tour. Thirty - eight dates were announced, however, eleven shows in the U.S. were canceled. The tour started at Casino Rama in Orillia, Ontario, Canada on June 20, 2012. Thirty - two additional dates were eventually added, and the tour ended on July 27, 2013 in Atlantic City, United States.
In 1980, the brothers, under their "Jacksons '' moniker, were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. As "the Jackson 5 '' they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. Two of the band 's recordings ("ABC '' and "I Want You Back '') are among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll, while the latter track also included in the Grammy Hall of Fame. On September 8, 2008, the Jacksons were honored as BMI Icons at the annual BMI Urban Awards.
In 1992, Suzanne de Passe, Jermaine Jackson, and Jermaine 's then common - law wife Margaret Maldonado, worked with Motown to produce The Jacksons: An American Dream, a five - hour television miniseries broadcast based on the history of the Jackson family in a two - part special on ABC.
Influenced by the Temptations, the Supremes, James Brown, Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers and Sly & the Family Stone, the group eventually served as the inspiration for several generations of boy bands, including New Edition, Menudo, New Kids on the Block, N * SYNC, the Jonas Brothers, Backstreet Boys, One Direction, and many more.
The rise of the Jackson 5 in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with the rise of a very similar musical family, the Osmonds. The Osmonds had risen to fame as regular performers on The Andy Williams Show; Jay Osmond would later note: "Michael had a unique sense of humor about him, and told us he was so tired of watching the Osmonds on The Andy Williams Show. He explained this was something their father had them do, and Michael joked he became really tired of it! '' The song "One Bad Apple '', written by George Jackson, who had the Jackson Five in mind when he wrote it, was originally presented to Motown Record 's Chairman of the Board Berry Gordy for the group to record, but he turned it down. It was then presented to MGM Records for the Osmonds. "One Bad Apple '', which the Osmonds recorded in a similar style to the songs of the Jackson 5 at the time, reached number one and began a string of several hits for the Osmonds. Both bands followed a similar career trajectory: a string of several hits as a group, which eventually led to a breakout star (Michael for the Jacksons, Donny for the Osmonds) becoming a solo artist, a little sister not originally part of the group also rising to fame (Janet Jackson and Marie Osmond respectively), and eventual decline as a smaller group in the 1980s. The two groups ' members eventually became friends, despite public perception of a rivalry between the two and allegations that the Osmonds, white Mormon brothers from Utah, were an imitation of the black Jackson 5.
The following singles reached the Top Forty on the US or UK Pop Singles Charts:
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what does the prefix pro mean in prokaryotic | Prokaryote - wikipedia
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane - bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane - bound organelle. The word prokaryote comes from the Greek πρό (pro) "before '' and κάρυον (karyon) "nut or kernel ''. Prokaryotes are divided into two domains, Archaea and Bacteria. In contrast, species with nuclei and organelles are placed in the third domain, Eukaryota.. Prokaryotes reproduce without fusion of gametes. The first living organisms are thought to have been prokaryotes.
In the prokaryotes, all the intracellular water - soluble components (proteins, DNA and metabolites) are located together in the cytoplasm enclosed by the cell membrane, rather than in separate cellular compartments. Bacteria, however, do possess protein - based bacterial microcompartments, which are thought to act as primitive organelles enclosed in protein shells. Some prokaryotes, such as cyanobacteria may form large colonies. Others, such as myxobacteria, have multicellular stages in their life cycles.
Molecular studies have provided insight into the evolution and interrelationships of the three domains of biological species. Eukaryotes are organisms, including humans, whose cells have a well defined membrane - bound nucleus (containing chromosomal DNA) and organelles. The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes reflects the existence of two very different levels of cellular organization. Distinctive types of prokaryotes include extremophiles and methanogens; these are common in some extreme environments.
Prokaryotes have a prokaryotic cytoskeleton, albeit more primitive than that of the eukaryotes. Besides homologues of actin and tubulin (MreB and FtsZ), the helically arranged building - block of the flagellum, flagellin, is one of the most significant cytoskeletal proteins of bacteria, as it provides structural backgrounds of chemotaxis, the basic cell physiological response of bacteria. At least some prokaryotes also contain intracellular structures that can be seen as primitive organelles. Membranous organelles (or intracellular membranes) are known in some groups of prokaryotes, such as vacuoles or membrane systems devoted to special metabolic properties, such as photosynthesis or chemolithotrophy. In addition, some species also contain carbohydrate - enclosed microcompartments, which have distinct physiological roles (e.g. carboxysomes or gas vacuoles).
Most prokaryotes are between 1 μm and 10 μm, but they can vary in size from 0.2 μm (Mycoplasma genitalium) to 750 μm (Thiomargarita namibiensis).
Long, whip - like protrusion that aids cellular locomotion used by both gram positive and gram negative organisms.
Surrounds the cell 's cytoplasm and regulates the flow of substances in and out of the cell.
Outer covering of most cells that protects the bacterial cell and gives it shape.
A gel - like substance composed mainly of water that also contains enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
Cell structures responsible for protein production.
Area of the cytoplasm that contains the prokaryote 's single DNA molecule.
A glycoprotein - polysaccharide covering that surrounds the cell membranes.
It contains the inclusion bodies like ribosomes and larger masses scattered in the cytoplasmic matrix.
Prokaryotic cells have various shapes; the four basic shapes of bacteria are:
The archaeon Haloquadratum has flat square - shaped cells.
Bacteria and archaea reproduce through asexual reproduction, usually by binary fission. Genetic exchange and recombination still occur, but this is a form of horizontal gene transfer and is not a replicative process, simply involving the transference of DNA between two cells, as in bacterial conjugation.
DNA transfer between prokaryotic cells occurs in bacteria and archaea, although it has been mainly studied in bacteria. In bacteria, gene transfer occurs by three processes. These are (1) bacterial virus (bacteriophage) - mediated transduction, (2) plasmid - mediated conjugation, and (3) natural transformation. Transduction of bacterial genes by bacteriophage appears to reflect an occasional error during intracellular assembly of virus particles, rather than an adaptation of the host bacteria. The transfer of bacterial DNA is under the control of the bacteriophage 's genes rather than bacterial genes. Conjugation in the well - studied E. coli system is controlled by plasmid genes, and is an adaptation for distributing copies of a plasmid from one bacterial host to another. Infrequently during this process, a plasmid may integrate into the host bacterial chromosome, and subsequently transfer part of the host bacterial DNA to another bacterium. Plasmid mediated transfer of host bacterial DNA (conjugation) also appears to be an accidental process rather than a bacterial adaptation.
Natural bacterial transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium. Unlike transduction and conjugation, transformation is clearly a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer, because it depends on numerous bacterial gene products that specifically interact to perform this complex process. For a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine donor DNA into its own chromosome, it must first enter a special physiological state called competence. About 40 genes are required in Bacillus subtilis for the development of competence. The length of DNA transferred during B. subtilis transformation can be as much as a third to the whole chromosome. Transformation is a common mode of DNA transfer, and 67 prokaryotic species are thus far known to be naturally competent for transformation.
Among archaea, Halobacterium volcanii forms cytoplasmic bridges between cells that appear to be used for transfer of DNA from one cell to another. Another archaeon, Sulfolobus solfataricus, transfers DNA between cells by direct contact. Frols et al. found that exposure of S. solfataricus to DNA damaging agents induces cellular aggregation, and suggested that cellular aggregation may enhance DNA transfer among cells to provide increased repair of damaged DNA via homologous recombination.
While prokaryotes are considered strictly unicellular, most can form stable aggregate communities. When such communities are encased in a stabilizing polymer matrix ("slime ''), they may be called "biofilms ''. Cells in biofilms often show distinct patterns of gene expression (phenotypic differentiation) in time and space. Also, as with multicellular eukaryotes, these changes in expression often appear to result from cell - to - cell signaling, a phenomenon known as quorum sensing.
Biofilms may be highly heterogeneous and structurally complex and may attach to solid surfaces, or exist at liquid - air interfaces, or potentially even liquid - liquid interfaces. Bacterial biofilms are often made up of microcolonies (approximately dome - shaped masses of bacteria and matrix) separated by "voids '' through which the medium (e.g., water) may flow easily. The microcolonies may join together above the substratum to form a continuous layer, closing the network of channels separating microcolonies. This structural complexity -- combined with observations that oxygen limitation (a ubiquitous challenge for anything growing in size beyond the scale of diffusion) is at least partially eased by movement of medium throughout the biofilm -- has led some to speculate that this may constitute a circulatory system and many researchers have started calling prokaryotic communities multicellular (for example). Differential cell expression, collective behavior, signaling, programmed cell death, and (in some cases) discrete biological dispersal events all seem to point in this direction. However, these colonies are seldom if ever founded by a single founder (in the way that animals and plants are founded by single cells), which presents a number of theoretical issues. Most explanations of co-operation and the evolution of multicellularity have focused on high relatedness between members of a group (or colony, or whole organism). If a copy of a gene is present in all members of a group, behaviors that promote cooperation between members may permit those members to have (on average) greater fitness than a similar group of selfish individuals (see inclusive fitness and Hamilton 's rule).
Should these instances of prokaryotic sociality prove to be the rule rather than the exception, it would have serious implications for the way we view prokaryotes in general, and the way we deal with them in medicine. Bacterial biofilms may be 100 times more resistant to antibiotics than free - living unicells and may be nearly impossible to remove from surfaces once they have colonized them. Other aspects of bacterial cooperation -- such as bacterial conjugation and quorum - sensing - mediated pathogenicity, present additional challenges to researchers and medical professionals seeking to treat the associated diseases.
Prokaryotes have diversified greatly throughout their long existence. The metabolism of prokaryotes is far more varied than that of eukaryotes, leading to many highly distinct prokaryotic types. For example, in addition to using photosynthesis or organic compounds for energy, as eukaryotes do, prokaryotes may obtain energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. This enables prokaryotes to thrive in harsh environments as cold as the snow surface of Antarctica, studied in cryobiology or as hot as undersea hydrothermal vents and land - based hot springs.
Prokaryotes live in nearly all environments on Earth. Some archaea and bacteria are extremophiles, thriving in harsh conditions, such as high temperatures (thermophiles) or high salinity (halophiles). Many archaea grow as plankton in the oceans. Symbiotic prokaryotes live in or on the bodies of other organisms, including humans.
In 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. Archaea were originally thought to be extremophiles, living only in inhospitable conditions such as extremes of temperature, pH, and radiation but have since been found in all types of habitats. The resulting arrangement of Eukaryota (also called "Eucarya ''), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three - domain system, replacing the traditional two - empire system.
A widespread current model of the evolution of the first living organisms is that these were some form of prokaryotes, which may have evolved out of protocells, while the eukaryotes evolved later in the history of life. Some authors have questioned this conclusion, arguing that the current set of prokaryotic species may have evolved from more complex eukaryotic ancestors through a process of simplification. Others have argued that the three domains of life arose simultaneously, from a set of varied cells that formed a single gene pool. This controversy was summarized in 2005:
There is no consensus among biologists concerning the position of the eukaryotes in the overall scheme of cell evolution. Current opinions on the origin and position of eukaryotes span a broad spectrum including the views that eukaryotes arose first in evolution and that prokaryotes descend from them, that eukaryotes arose contemporaneously with eubacteria and archeabacteria and hence represent a primary line of descent of equal age and rank as the prokaryotes, that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing an endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus, that eukaryotes arose without endosymbiosis, and that eukaryotes arose through a symbiotic event entailing a simultaneous endosymbiotic origin of the flagellum and the nucleus, in addition to many other models, which have been reviewed and summarized elsewhere.
The oldest known fossilized prokaryotes were laid down approximately 3.5 billion years ago, only about 1 billion years after the formation of the Earth 's crust. Eukaryotes only appear in the fossil record later, and may have formed from endosymbiosis of multiple prokaryote ancestors. The oldest known fossil eukaryotes are about 1.7 billion years old. However, some genetic evidence suggests eukaryotes appeared as early as 3 billion years ago.
While Earth is the only place in the universe where life is known to exist, some have suggested that there is evidence on Mars of fossil or living prokaryotes. However, this possibility remains the subject of considerable debate and skepticism.
The division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is usually considered the most important distinction or difference among organisms. The distinction is that eukaryotic cells have a "true '' nucleus containing their DNA, whereas prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain large RNA / protein structures called ribosomes, which produce protein.
Another difference is that ribosomes in prokaryotes are smaller than in eukaryotes. However, two organelles found in many eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain ribosomes similar in size and makeup to those found in prokaryotes. This is one of many pieces of evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are themselves descended from free - living bacteria. This theory holds that early eukaryotic cells took in primitive prokaryotic cells by phagocytosis and adapted themselves to incorporate their structures, leading to the mitochondria we see today.
The genome in a prokaryote is held within a DNA / protein complex in the cytosol called the nucleoid, which lacks a nuclear envelope. The complex contains a single, cyclic, double - stranded molecule of stable chromosomal DNA, in contrast to the multiple linear, compact, highly organized chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells. In addition, many important genes of prokaryotes are stored in separate circular DNA structures called plasmids.
Prokaryotes lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. Instead, processes such as oxidative phosphorylation and photosynthesis take place across the prokaryotic cell membrane. However, prokaryotes do possess some internal structures, such as prokaryotic cytoskeletons. It has been suggested that the bacterial order Planctomycetes have a membrane around their nucleoid and contain other membrane - bound cellular structures. However, further investigation revealed that Planctomycetes cells are not compartmentalized or nucleated and like the other bacterial membrane systems are all interconnected.
Prokaryotic cells are usually much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Therefore, prokaryotes have a larger surface - area - to - volume ratio, giving them a higher metabolic rate, a higher growth rate, and as a consequence, a shorter generation time than eukaryotes.
This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document "Science Primer ''.
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who is philostrate in a midsummer's night dream | Philostrate - wikipedia
Philostrate (meaning "lover of battle '') is a fictional character in a number of literary works, including William Shakespeare 's A Midsummer Night 's Dream (1596). In that play, he is the Master of Revels at Theseus ' court, meaning he is in charge of his lord 's entertainments, making recommendations to Theseus, as well as altering the text of some of the plays performed in his court. Shakespeare may have used this character to poke fun at play censorship in London at the time. In early performances of the play, the actor who played this character probably also played the part of Egeus, Hermia 's strict father. There is only one scene in Act V where both Egeus and Philostrate are present, and in this scene Egeus ' character would have taken all of Philostrate 's lines as his own.
As Theseus 's head guard, Philostrate is asked to defend his Lord and also makes recommendations for plays to help while away the time. He is also the one who chooses plays for Theseus. Theseus rejects all of the plays except "Pyramus and Thisbe '', which Philostrate has given a particularly bad review. He advises the betrothed king not to choose "The Mechanicals ' '' (the workers ') play because it is badly rehearsed:
I have heard it over, And it is nothing, nothing in the world, Unless you can find sport in their (The Mechanicals ') intents, Extremely stretched, & conned (learnt) with cruel pain, To do you service.
Theseus, eager to please his fiancee, Hippolyta, and the rest of his court, chooses Pyramus and Thisbe despite Philostrate 's efforts. Because of its amateurishness, the play turns out to be humorous.
In most contemporary performances Philostrate 's name is usually pronounced: FILL - uh - straight, (to rhyme with "illustrate '') with a short "uh '' rather than a long "oo '' because the medial vowel is unaccented.
However, a variation to this would be based on the conventions of classical Greek. In this case, the final "e '' would be pronounced (as an "ee '' or "aye ''), giving the name four syllables, and the accent would shift from the first syllable, to either the second or third syllable, depending on whether the medial syllables are considered short or long. It would then be pronounced: fill - uh - STRA - tay.
Shakespeare is known for borrowing plots and characters from other stories, but the source of A Midsummer Night 's Dream has proved difficult to trace. There is no clear parallel to its plot in the literature of his time. However, many of its characters ' names and relationships are borrowed from Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales and Philostrate is no exception. His name is the pseudonym adopted by Arcite upon covertly returning to Athens in The Knight 's Tale to work for Theseus. (A Knight 's Tale was dramatised nearly twenty years later by Shakespeare and Fletcher as The Two Noble Kinsmen.) Chaucer himself took the name Philostrate from Boccaccio 's poem Il Filostrato, a story about Troilus and Criseyde. Because Chaucer 's Arcite adopts this identity to become a servant at Theseus ' court, it is possible that the Midsummer Night 's Dream character is meant to be the same person in a continuation of the story. However, the two characters have little else in common. Another candidate for the source of Philostrate 's character is Philostratus the Elder, the author of Comus, a play which has similarities to Midsummer Night 's Dream.
Philostrate 's duty in Theseus ' court is to examine the play that Nick Bottom and the others are about to perform and to make suggestions for improvement. It is also his duty to advise Theseus on matters of entertainment. Theseus calls him "our usual manager of mirth ''. The official term for Philostrate 's position in the Court is the Master of Revels.
In Shakespeare 's day, the Queen of England had her own Master of Revels -- appointed to oversee all entertainment in London. Before a play could be performed, its script had to go through him, and whenever the Queen wanted to see a play, he would make recommendations. By 1581 (over a decade before the writing of Dream), all plays had to be approved by the Master of Revels prior to being performed. Shakespeare seems to be poking fun at the profession through Philostrate. At one point, when Theseus asks Philostrate to recommend a play to help pass the time, he lists several which sound ridiculous, such as "the battle with the centaurs to be sung by an Athenian eunuch to the harp. '' These names are humorous examples of the types of plays that were actually being performed around the time of Dream. They were becoming old however, and, like Theseus, monarchs were searching for something new, refreshing, and sophisticated.
In original performances of A Midsummer Night 's Dream, the actor who played Egeus and the actor who played Philostrate were probably one and the same. This can be gathered through discrepancies between the First Folio and earlier quarto versions of the play. In Act V, scene 1, for example, the quartos say "Call Philostrate '' in several places where the 1623 Folio says "Call Egeus ''. This would be an easy mistake to make if one actor had spoken both parts in this scene. One actor filling both roles explains the jumbled dialogue in this scene. Howard Furness, editor of several Shakespeare editions, interprets this a little differently, saying that Shakespeare may not have originally intended both roles to be played by the same person, but that directors combined the roles to save money. In any case, Act V, scene 1 is the only scene in which both men are present at the same time. In cases where one actor was playing both roles, Egeus ' character would probably have filled both roles in this scene, absorbing Philostrate 's lines into his own.
However, during Act V, there is no mention of Egeus, nor does he have a speaking role. It is logical, however, that he would have been in attendance since it is also his daughter Hermia 's wedding that the group if there to celebrate.
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who was the first missing person on a milk carton | Disappearance of Etan Patz - wikipedia
Etan Kalil Patz (/ ˈeɪtɑːn ˈpeɪts /, born October 9, 1972, declared legally dead in 2001) was an American boy who was six years old on May 25, 1979 when he disappeared on his way to his school bus stop in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. His disappearance helped launch the missing children movement, which included new legislation and new methods for tracking down missing children, and spawned the "photo on a milk carton '' campaigns of the early 1980s. He was the first missing child to have a photo on a milk carton. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan designated May 25 -- the anniversary of Etan 's disappearance -- as National Missing Children 's Day in the United States.
Decades later, it was determined that Etan had been abducted and murdered. The case was reopened in 2010 by the Manhattan District Attorney 's office. In 2012, the FBI excavated the basement of the alleged crime scene near the Patz residence but discovered no new evidence. Pedro Hernandez -- a suspect who confessed -- was charged and indicted later that year on charges of second - degree murder and first - degree kidnapping. In 2014, the case went through a series of hearings to determine whether or not Hernandez 's statements before he received his Miranda rights were legally admissible at trial. His trial began in January 2015 and ended in a mistrial that May, when one of the 12 jurors held out. The retrial began on October 19, 2016, and concluded on February 14, 2017, after nine days of deliberations, when the jury found Hernandez guilty of murder and kidnapping. Hernandez was sentenced to life in prison on April 18, 2017. Hernandez will not be eligible for parole for 25 years.
On the morning of May 25, 1979, Etan left his SoHo apartment at 113 Prince Street by himself for the first time, planning to walk two blocks to board a school bus at West Broadway and Prince Street. He was wearing a blue captain 's hat, a blue shirt, blue jeans, and blue sneakers. He never got on the bus.
At school, Etan 's teacher noticed his absence but did not report it to the principal. When Etan did not return home after school, his mother Julie called the police. At first, detectives considered the Patzes to be possible suspects but quickly determined they had no involvement. An intense search began that evening, using nearly 100 police officers and a team of bloodhounds. The search continued for weeks. Neighbors and police canvassed the city and placed missing - child posters featuring Etan 's portrait, but this resulted in few leads.
Etan 's father Stanley was a professional photographer and had a collection of photographs he had taken of his son. His photos of Etan were printed on countless missing - child posters and milk cartons. They were also projected on screens in Times Square.
Assistant United States Attorney Stuart R. GraBois received the case in 1985 and identified Jose Antonio Ramos, a convicted child sexual abuser who had been a friend of Etan 's former babysitters, as the primary suspect. In 1982, multiple boys had accused Ramos of trying to lure them into a drain pipe in the area where Ramos was living. When police searched the drain pipe, they found photographs of Ramos and young boys who resembled Etan. GraBois eventually found out that Ramos had been in custody in Pennsylvania in connection with an unrelated child molestation case. In 1990, GraBois was deputized as a deputy state attorney general in Pennsylvania to help prosecute a case against Ramos for sexually abusing children and to obtain further information about Etan 's case. When first questioned by GraBois, Ramos stated that, on the day when Etan disappeared, he had taken a young boy back to his apartment to rape him. Ramos said that he was "90 percent sure '' it was the boy whom he later saw on television. However, Ramos did not use Etan 's name. He also claimed he had "put the boy on a subway ''.
In 1991, while Ramos was incarcerated, a jailhouse informant told GraBois and FBI agent Mary Galligan that Ramos had told him he knew what had happened to Etan. Ramos even drew a map of Etan 's school bus route, indicating that he knew that Etan 's bus stop was the third one on the route. In a special feature on missing children, the New York Post reported on October 21, 1999, that Ramos was the prime suspect in Etan 's disappearance. Ramos had been known by the Patz family and was the prime suspect all along, but in the early 1980s authorities were unable to prosecute Ramos.
Etan 's body was never found; he was declared legally dead in 2001. Stan and Julie Patz pursued, and won, a civil case against Ramos in 2004. They were awarded a symbolic sum of $2 million, which they have never collected. Ramos has never been criminally prosecuted for the murder of Etan. Every year, on Etan 's birthday and the anniversary of his disappearance, Stan Patz sent Ramos a copy of his son 's missing - child poster. On the back, he typed the same message: "What did you do to my little boy? ''
Ramos has denied that he killed Etan. He served a 20 - year prison sentence in the State Correctional Institution in Dallas, Pennsylvania, for child molestation. He was released from prison on November 7, 2012. Soon after his release he was arrested on a Megan 's Law violation.
Stan and Julie Patz had the 2004 judgment against Ramos dismissed after the 2015 trial of Pedro Hernandez convinced them that Ramos was not responsible for their son 's death.
Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr. officially reopened the case on May 25, 2010. On April 19, 2012, FBI and NYPD investigators began excavating the SoHo basement of 127 - B Prince Street, near the Patz home. This residence had been newly refurbished shortly after Etan 's disappearance in 1979, and the basement had been the workshop and storage space of a handyman. After a four - day search, investigators announced that there was "nothing conclusive found. ''
On May 24, 2012, New York Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly announced that a man was in custody who had implicated himself in Etan 's disappearance. According to The New York Times, a law enforcement official identified the man as 51 - year - old Pedro Hernandez of Maple Shade, New Jersey, and said that he had confessed to strangling the child. According to a 2009 book about the case, After Etan, Etan had a dollar and had told his parents he planned to buy an ice - cold Coca - Cola to drink with his lunch. At the time of Etan 's disappearance, Hernandez was an 18 - year - old convenience store worker in a neighborhood bodega. Hernandez said that he later threw Etan 's remains into the garbage. Hernandez was charged with second - degree murder. According to a New York Times report from May 25, 2012, the police at that time had no physical evidence to corroborate his confession.
In 2012 a man from New Jersey, Jose Lopez, reached out to investigators: He believed that his brother - in - law, Pedro Hernandez, could have been responsible for Etan 's disappearance. Statements by Hernandez 's sister, Nina Hernandez, and Tomas Rivera, leader of a Charismatic Christianity group at St. Anthony of Padua, a Roman Catholic church in Camden, New Jersey, indicated that Hernandez may have publicly confessed to murdering Etan in the presence of fellow parishioners in the early 1980s. According to Hernandez 's sister, it was an "open family secret that he had confessed in the church. '' A New York grand jury indicted Hernandez on November 14, 2012, on charges of second - degree murder and first - degree kidnapping. His lawyer has stated that Hernandez was diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder, which includes hallucinations. The lawyer has also said his client has a low IQ of around 70, "at the border of intellectual disability. ''
On December 12, 2012, Hernandez pleaded not guilty to two counts of murder and one count of kidnapping in a New York court. In April 2013, Harvey Fishbein, a Legal aid criminal defense lawyer for Pedro Hernandez, filed a motion to dismiss the case, citing that Hernandez 's "confession in one of the nation 's most notorious child disappearances was false, peppered with questionable claims and made after almost seven hours of police questioning ''. The next month, however, New York Supreme Court Justice Maxwell Wiley ruled that the evidence was "legally sufficient to support the charges '' and that the case could move forward. He also ordered a hearing to determine whether the defendant 's statements could be used at trial.
Hernandez had a hearing in September 2014 about whether his statements made prior to police giving him his Miranda rights were legally admissible at trial. This would be influenced by whether or not he felt free to leave during the time before he was informed of his Miranda rights. The hearing was also to determine whether or not he understood the significance of the Miranda rights and was competent to waive them when he did so. This was significant because it would decide whether any statements made after that point by Hernandez were legally admissible at trial. The actual truth or falsehood of the statements was not the focus of the hearing; rather, the question of the statements ' truthfulness was to be discussed in the trial, which began on January 5, 2015.
The case resulted in a mistrial in May 2015 due to a hung jury, which was deadlocked 11 against 1 for conviction. A retrial began on October 19, 2016, in a New York City court, with jury deliberations in February 2017. On February 14, 2017, Hernandez was found guilty of kidnapping and felony murder. Sentencing was scheduled on February 28, with Hernandez facing up to 25 years to life in prison. However, Hernandez 's attorneys were granted a delay so as to be able to challenge the verdict, and no new sentencing date was set.
On April 18, 2017, Hernandez was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years.
In 1983, the May 25 anniversary of Etan Patz 's disappearance was designated National Missing Children 's Day in the United States. In 2001, the tribute spread worldwide. The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) coordinates the "Help Bring Them Home '' campaign in 22 countries in conjunction with International Missing Children 's Day.
The extensive media attention given to Etan 's disappearance has been credited with creating greater attention to missing children, resulting in changes such as less willingness to allow children to walk to school, photos of missing children being printed on milk cartons, and promotion of the concept of "stranger danger '', the idea that all adults not known to the child must be regarded as potential sources of danger.
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when does the plane crash happen on grey's | Flight (Grey 's Anatomy) - wikipedia
"Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy, and the show 's 172nd episode overall. It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 17, 2012. In the episode, six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive, but Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) ultimately dies. Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) fires Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) gets engaged.
The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series. Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake, California. Jason George reprised his role as a guest star, whereas James LeGros made his first appearance. The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics, with some criticizing the death of Lexie, but praising Leigh 's performance, in addition to Ellen Pompeo (Dr. Meredith Grey) 's and Eric Dane (Dr. Mark Sloan) 's. "Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards. Upon its initial airing, the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people, garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic, ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership, and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama.
After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they can not save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.
Lexie 's death devastates Meredith, who is still desperately trying to find her husband. Eventually, she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can. Meanwhile, back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents, which Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), and Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) are dreading. Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center, and he and Kepner share a moment. Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) decide to get married, even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles. After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), the chief of surgery, fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died. As the episode ends, Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise. The residents, finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner, are left waiting for their stranded friends. The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out. In the closing monologue, Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series.
The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. Featured music included The Paper Kites ' "Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard ". Filming took place in Big Bear Lake, California, a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip. Commenting on the filming conditions, Leigh said: "It would rain and be sunny and hot. I never died before (on camera). That sounds funny saying that. I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung. Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew, cast. And I opted to stay underneath (the wreckage) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out. ''
In regard to the episode, Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write, largely because of the death of a main character. She compared it to writing the season six finale, by explaining that the former was "more painful '' to write. After the episode aired, Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale, adding: "I did not enjoy it. It made me sick and it made me sad. '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh, whose character died after the plane crash, by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie, after extensive discussion. Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM, Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal, but declined.
The episode received mixed reviews among television critics, and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings. "Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17, 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people, a 16.5 % (1.62 million) increase from the previous episode "Migration '', which garnered 9.82 million viewers. In terms of viewership, "Flight '' ranked fourth for the night, behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol, and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist. In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales, the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale, just behind the seventh season 's, which garnered 9.89 million viewers. The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership, but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9: 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night, registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama, for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic. Its rating lost to American Idol, but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory, Person of Interest, and The Mentalist. In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night, it was an increase from the previous episode, which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic. The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale, which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic.
Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote, "Wow... just wow. Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale. '' While she appreciated the "realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '', she found the episode was "almost too much '' as it was "extremely gory and difficult to watch, initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the "heavy and emotional things that transpired ''. She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead. Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances "phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane. He described the moment the two actors shared as "truly poignant ''. To him, Lexie 's death felt like a finale, which was thus too early. As for what was happening in Seattle Grace, he thought it was "a bit pointless '' and "uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure, which he deemed "the most significant moment at the hospital ''. Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death: "It was an intense death. I mean, how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die. Could it have been someone less important somehow? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner. And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan, right? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode, but enjoyed Bailey 's story.
In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year, Lexie 's death was voted the "Top Tissue Moment '', while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the "Most Disturbing Image ''. The ending of the episode was also considered as the "Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season ''. Lexie 's death was also nominated under the "Best (Presumed) Death '' category, while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the "Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '', and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for "Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It ''. Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012. In TVLine 's review of 2012, Lexie 's death was runner - up for "Biggest Tearjerker ''. The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes.
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what was the purpose of the gettysburg adress | Gettysburg Address - wikipedia
The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln that is one of the best - known speeches in American history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers ' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Lincoln 's carefully crafted address, secondary to others ' presentations that day, came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose. In just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union sundered by the secession crisis, with "a new birth of freedom '' that would bring true equality to all of its citizens. Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also for the principle of human equality.
Beginning with the now - iconic phrase "Four score and seven years ago '' -- referring to the signing of the Declaration of Independence eighty - seven years earlier -- Lincoln invoked the United States ' founding principles as set forth in that document, then reminded his listeners of the peril to those principles posed by the Civil War then in progress. He extolled the sacrifices of those who died at Gettysburg in defense of those principles, and exhorted his listeners to continue the struggle for survival of the nation 's representative democracy as a beacon to the world -- urging resolve
that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Despite the speech 's prominent place in the history and popular culture of the United States, the exact wording and location of the speech are disputed. The five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address in Lincoln 's hand differ in a number of details, and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the speech. Modern scholarship locates the speakers ' platform 40 yards (or more) away from the Traditional Site within Soldiers ' National Cemetery at the Soldiers ' National Monument and entirely within private, adjacent Evergreen Cemetery.
Following the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1 -- 3, 1863, reburial of Union soldiers from the Gettysburg Battlefield graves began on October 17. David Wills, of the committee for the November 19 Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, invited President Lincoln: "It is the desire that, after the Oration, you, as Chief Executive of the nation, formally set apart these grounds to their sacred use by a few appropriate remarks. '' Lincoln 's address followed the oration by Edward Everett, who subsequently included a copy of the Gettysburg Address in his 1864 book about the event (Address of the Hon. Edward Everett At the Consecration of the National Cemetery At Gettysburg, 19th November 1863, with the Dedicatory Speech of President Lincoln, and the Other Exercises of the Occasion; Accompanied by An Account of the Origin of the Undertaking and of the Arrangement of the Cemetery Grounds, and by a Map of the Battle - field and a Plan of the Cemetery).
During the train trip from Washington, D.C., to Gettysburg on November 18, Lincoln remarked to John Hay that he felt weak. On the morning of November 19, Lincoln mentioned to John Nicolay that he was dizzy. In the railroad car the President rode with his secretary, John G. Nicolay, his assistant secretary, John Hay, the three members of his Cabinet who accompanied him, William Seward, John Usher and Montgomery Blair, several foreign officials and others. Hay noted that during the speech Lincoln 's face had ' a ghastly color ' and that he was ' sad, mournful, almost haggard. ' After the speech, when Lincoln boarded the 6: 30 pm train for Washington, D.C., he was feverish and weak, with a severe headache. A protracted illness followed, which included a vesicular rash and was diagnosed as a mild case of smallpox. It thus seems highly likely that Lincoln was in the prodromal period of smallpox when he delivered the Gettysburg address.
The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee included:
Music, by Birgfeld 's Band ("Homage d'uns Heros '' by Adolph Birgfeld)
Prayer, by Reverend T.H. Stockton, D.D. Music, by the Marine Band ("Old Hundred ''), directed by Francis Scala Oration, by Hon. Edward Everett ("The Battles of Gettysburg '') Music, Hymn ("Consecration Chant '') by B.B. French, Esq., music by Wilson G Horner, sung by Baltimore Glee Club Dedicatory Remarks, by the President of the United States Dirge ("Oh! It is Great for Our Country to Die '', words by James G. Percival, music by Alfred Delaney), sung by Choir selected for the occasion
Benediction, by Reverend H.L. Baugher, D.D.
While it is Lincoln 's short speech that has gone down in history as one of the finest examples of English public oratory, it was Everett 's two - hour oration that was slated to be the "Gettysburg address '' that day. His now seldom - read 13,607 - word oration began:
Standing beneath this serene sky, overlooking these broad fields now reposing from the labors of the waning year, the mighty Alleghenies dimly towering before us, the graves of our brethren beneath our feet, it is with hesitation that I raise my poor voice to break the eloquent silence of God and Nature. But the duty to which you have called me must be performed; -- grant me, I pray you, your indulgence and your sympathy.
And ended two hours later with:
But they, I am sure, will join us in saying, as we bid farewell to the dust of these martyr - heroes, that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of this great warfare are read, and down to the latest period of recorded time, in the glorious annals of our common country, there will be no brighter page than that which relates the Battles of Gettysburg.
Lengthy dedication addresses like Everett 's were common at cemeteries in this era. The tradition began in 1831 when Justice Joseph Story delivered the dedication address at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Those addresses often linked cemeteries to the mission of Union.
Shortly after Everett 's well - received remarks, Lincoln spoke for only a few minutes. With a "few appropriate remarks '', he was able to summarize his view of the war in just ten sentences.
Despite the historical significance of Lincoln 's speech, modern scholars disagree as to its exact wording, and contemporary transcriptions published in newspaper accounts of the event and even handwritten copies by Lincoln himself differ in their wording, punctuation, and structure. Of these versions, the Bliss version, written well after the speech as a favor for a friend, is viewed by many as the standard text. Its text differs, however, from the written versions prepared by Lincoln before and after his speech. It is the only version to which Lincoln affixed his signature, and the last he is known to have written.
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle - field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
In Lincoln at Gettysburg, Garry Wills notes the parallels between Lincoln 's speech and Pericles 's Funeral Oration during the Peloponnesian War as described by Thucydides. (James McPherson notes this connection in his review of Wills 's book. Gore Vidal also draws attention to this link in a BBC documentary about oration.) Pericles ' speech, like Lincoln 's:
In contrast, writer Adam Gopnik, in The New Yorker, notes that while Everett 's Oration was explicitly neoclassical, referring directly to Marathon and Pericles, "Lincoln 's rhetoric is, instead, deliberately Biblical. (It is difficult to find a single obviously classical reference in any of his speeches.) Lincoln had mastered the sound of the King James Bible so completely that he could recast abstract issues of constitutional law in Biblical terms, making the proposition that Texas and New Hampshire should be forever bound by a single post office sound like something right out of Genesis. ''
Several theories have been advanced by Lincoln scholars to explain the provenance of Lincoln 's famous phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people ''. Despite many claims, there is no evidence a similar phrase appears in the Prologue to John Wycliffe 's 1384 English translation of the Bible.
In a discussion "A more probable origin of a famous Lincoln phrase '', in The American Monthly Review of Reviews, Albert Shaw credits a correspondent with pointing out the writings of William Herndon, Lincoln 's law partner, who wrote in the 1888 work Abraham Lincoln: The True Story of A Great Life that he had brought to Lincoln some of the sermons of abolitionist minister Theodore Parker, of Massachusetts, and that Lincoln was moved by Parker 's use of this idea:
I brought with me additional sermons and lectures of Theodore Parker, who was warm in his commendation of Lincoln. One of these was a lecture on ' The Effect of Slavery on the American People '... which I gave to Lincoln, who read and returned it. He liked especially the following expression, which he marked with a pencil, and which he in substance afterwards used in his Gettysburg Address: ' Democracy is direct self - government, over all the people, for all the people, by all the people. '
Craig R. Smith, in "Criticism of Political Rhetoric and Disciplinary Integrity '', suggested Lincoln 's view of the government as expressed in the Gettysburg Address was influenced by the noted speech of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster, the "Second Reply to Hayne '', in which Webster famously thundered "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable! '' Specifically, in this speech on January 26, 1830, before the United States Senate, Webster described the federal government as: "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people '', foreshadowing Lincoln 's "government of the people, by the people, for the people ''. Webster also noted, "This government, Sir, is the independent offspring of the popular will. It is not the creature of State legislatures; nay, more, if the whole truth must be told, the people brought it into existence, established it, and have hitherto supported it, for the very purpose, amongst others, of imposing certain salutary restraints on State sovereignties. ''
A source predating these others with which Lincoln was certainly familiar was Chief Justice John Marshall 's opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), a case asserting federal authority to create a national bank and to be free from the State 's powers to tax. In asserting the superiority of federal power over the states, Chief Justice Marshall stated: "The government of the Union, then (whatever may be the influence of this fact on the case), is, emphatically and truly, a government of the people. In form, and in substance, it emanates from them. Its powers are granted by them, and are to be exercised directly on them, and for their benefit. '' Lincoln, a lawyer and President engaged in the greatest struggle of federalism, was (more eloquently) echoing the preeminent case that had solidified federal power over the States.
Wills observed Lincoln 's usage of the imagery of birth, life, and death in reference to a nation "brought forth '', "conceived '', and that shall not "perish ''. Others, including Allen C. Guelzo, the director of Civil War Era studies at Gettysburg College in Pennsylvania, suggested that Lincoln 's formulation "four score and seven '' was an allusion to the King James Version of the Bible 's Psalms 90: 10, in which man 's lifespan is given as "threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years ''.
Each of the five known manuscript copies of the Gettysburg Address is named for the person who received it from Lincoln. Lincoln gave copies to his private secretaries, John Nicolay and John Hay. Both of these drafts were written around the time of his November 19 address, while the other three copies of the address, the Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss copies, were written by Lincoln for charitable purposes well after November 19. In part because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated the Bliss copy, it has become the standard text of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address.
Nicolay and Hay were appointed custodians of Lincoln 's papers by Lincoln 's son Robert Todd Lincoln in 1874. After appearing in facsimile in an article written by John Nicolay in 1894, the Nicolay copy was presumably among the papers passed to Hay by Nicolay 's daughter Helen upon Nicolay 's death in 1901. Robert Lincoln began a search for the original copy in 1908, which resulted in the discovery of a handwritten copy of the Gettysburg Address among the bound papers of John Hay -- a copy now known as the "Hay copy '' or "Hay draft ''.
The Hay draft differed from the version of the Gettysburg Address published by John Nicolay in 1894 in a number of significant ways: it was written on a different type of paper, had a different number of words per line and number of lines, and contained editorial revisions in Lincoln 's hand.
Both the Hay and Nicolay copies of the Address are within the Library of Congress, encased in specially designed, temperature - controlled, sealed containers with argon gas in order to protect the documents from oxidation and continued deterioration.
The Nicolay copy is often called the "first draft '' because it is believed to be the earliest copy that exists. Scholars disagree over whether the Nicolay copy was actually the reading copy Lincoln held at Gettysburg on November 19. In an 1894 article that included a facsimile of this copy, Nicolay, who had become the custodian of Lincoln 's papers, wrote that Lincoln had brought to Gettysburg the first part of the speech written in ink on Executive Mansion stationery, and that he had written the second page in pencil on lined paper before the dedication on November 19. Matching folds are still evident on the two pages, suggesting it could be the copy that eyewitnesses say Lincoln took from his coat pocket and read at the ceremony. Others believe that the delivery text has been lost, because some of the words and phrases of the Nicolay copy do not match contemporary transcriptions of Lincoln 's original speech. The words "under God '', for example, are missing in this copy from the phrase "that this nation shall have a new birth of freedom... '' In order for the Nicolay draft to have been the reading copy, either the contemporary transcriptions were inaccurate, or Lincoln would have had to depart from his written text in several instances. This copy of the Gettysburg Address apparently remained in John Nicolay 's possession until his death in 1901, when it passed to his friend and colleague John Hay. It used to be on display as part of the American Treasures exhibition of the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.
The existence of the Hay copy was first announced to the public in 1906, after the search for the "original manuscript '' of the Address among the papers of John Hay brought it to light. Significantly, it differs somewhat from the manuscript of the Address described by John Nicolay in his article, and contains numerous omissions and inserts in Lincoln 's own hand, including omissions critical to the basic meaning of the sentence, not simply words that would be added by Lincoln to strengthen or clarify their meaning. In this copy, as in the Nicolay copy, the words "under God '' are not present.
This version has been described as "the most inexplicable '' of the drafts and is sometimes referred to as the "second draft ''. The "Hay copy '' was made either on the morning of the delivery of the Address, or shortly after Lincoln 's return to Washington. Those who believe that it was completed on the morning of his address point to the fact that it contains certain phrases that are not in the first draft but are in the reports of the address as delivered and in subsequent copies made by Lincoln. It is probable, they conclude, that, as stated in the explanatory note accompanying the original copies of the first and second drafts in the Library of Congress, Lincoln held this second draft when he delivered the address. Lincoln eventually gave this copy to his other personal secretary, John Hay, whose descendants donated both it and the Nicolay copy to the Library of Congress in 1916.
The Everett copy, also known as the "Everett - Keyes copy '', was sent by President Lincoln to Edward Everett in early 1864, at Everett 's request. Everett was collecting the speeches at the Gettysburg dedication into one bound volume to sell for the benefit of stricken soldiers at New York 's Sanitary Commission Fair. The draft Lincoln sent became the third autograph copy, and is now in the possession of the Illinois State Historical Library in Springfield, Illinois, where it is currently on display in the Treasures Gallery of the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum.
The Bancroft copy of the Gettysburg Address was written out by President Lincoln in February 1864 at the request of George Bancroft, the famed historian and former Secretary of the Navy, whose comprehensive ten - volume History of the United States later led him to be known as the "father of American History ''. Bancroft planned to include this copy in Autograph Leaves of Our Country 's Authors, which he planned to sell at a Soldiers ' and Sailors ' Sanitary Fair in Baltimore. As this fourth copy was written on both sides of the paper, it proved unusable for this purpose, and Bancroft was allowed to keep it. This manuscript is the only one accompanied both by a letter from Lincoln transmitting the manuscript and by the original envelope addressed and franked by Lincoln. This copy remained in the Bancroft family for many years, was sold to various dealers and purchased by Nicholas and Marguerite Lilly Noyes, who donated the manuscript to Cornell in 1949. It is now held by the Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections in the Carl A. Kroch Library at Cornell University. It is the only one of the five copies to be privately owned.
Discovering that his fourth written copy could not be used, Lincoln then wrote a fifth draft, which was accepted for the purpose requested. The Bliss copy, named for Colonel Alexander Bliss, Bancroft 's stepson and publisher of Autograph Leaves, is the only draft to which Lincoln affixed his signature. Lincoln is not known to have made any further copies of the Gettysburg Address. Because of the apparent care in its preparation, and in part because Lincoln provided a title and signed and dated this copy, it has become the standard version of the address and the source for most facsimile reproductions of Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address. It is the version that is inscribed on the South wall of the Lincoln Memorial.
This draft is now displayed in the Lincoln Room of the White House, a gift of Oscar B. Cintas, former Cuban Ambassador to the United States. Cintas, a wealthy collector of art and manuscripts, purchased the Bliss copy at a public auction in 1949 for $54,000 ($555,000 as of 2018), at that time the highest price ever paid for a document at public auction. Cintas ' properties were claimed by the Castro government after the Cuban Revolution in 1959, but Cintas, who died in 1957, willed the Gettysburg Address to the American people, provided it would be kept at the White House, where it was transferred in 1959.
Garry Wills concluded the Bliss copy "is stylistically preferable to others in one significant way: Lincoln removed ' here ' from ' that cause for which they (here) gave... ' The seventh ' here ' is in all other versions of the speech. '' Wills noted the fact that Lincoln "was still making such improvements '', suggesting Lincoln was more concerned with a perfected text than with an ' original ' one.
From November 21, 2008, to January 1, 2009, the Albert H. Small Documents Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History hosted a limited public viewing of the Bliss copy, with the support of then - First Lady Laura Bush. The Museum also launched an online exhibition and interactive gallery to enable visitors to look more closely at the document.
Another contemporary source of the text is the Associated Press dispatch, transcribed from the shorthand notes taken by reporter Joseph L. Gilbert. It also differs from the drafted text in a number of minor ways.
Eyewitness reports vary as to their view of Lincoln 's performance. In 1931, the printed recollections of 87 - year - old Mrs. Sarah A. Cooke Myers, who was 19 when she attended the ceremony, suggest a dignified silence followed Lincoln 's speech: "I was close to the President and heard all of the Address, but it seemed short. Then there was an impressive silence like our Menallen Friends Meeting. There was no applause when he stopped speaking. '' According to historian Shelby Foote, after Lincoln 's presentation, the applause was delayed, scattered, and "barely polite ''. In contrast, Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Gregg Curtin maintained, "He pronounced that speech in a voice that all the multitude heard. The crowd was hushed into silence because the President stood before them... It was so Impressive! It was the common remark of everybody. Such a speech, as they said it was! '' Reinterment of soldiers ' remains from field graves into the cemetery, which had begun within months of the battle, was less than half complete on the day of the ceremony.
In an oft - repeated legend, Lincoln is said to have turned to his bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon and remarked that his speech, like a bad plow, "wo n't scour ''. According to Garry Wills, this statement has no basis in fact and largely originates from the unreliable recollections of Lamon. In Garry Wills 's view, "(Lincoln) had done what he wanted to do (at Gettysburg) ''.
In a letter to Lincoln written the following day, Everett praised the President for his eloquent and concise speech, saying, "I should be glad if I could flatter myself that I came as near to the central idea of the occasion, in two hours, as you did in two minutes. '' Lincoln replied that he was glad to know the speech was not a "total failure ''.
Other public reaction to the speech was divided along partisan lines. The Democratic - leaning Chicago Times observed, "The cheek of every American must tingle with shame as he reads the silly, flat and dishwatery utterances of the man who has to be pointed out to intelligent foreigners as the President of the United States. '' In contrast, the Republican - leaning The New York Times was complimentary and printed the speech. In Massachusetts, the Springfield Republican also printed the entire speech, calling it "a perfect gem '' that was "deep in feeling, compact in thought and expression, and tasteful and elegant in every word and comma ''. The Republican predicted that Lincoln 's brief remarks would "repay further study as the model speech ''. On the sesquicentennial of the address, The Patriot - News of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, formerly the Patriot & Union, retracted its original reaction ("silly remarks '' deserving "the veil of oblivion '') stating: "Seven score and ten years ago, the forefathers of this media institution brought forth to its audience a judgment so flawed, so tainted by hubris, so lacking in the perspective history would bring, that it can not remain unaddressed in our archives... the Patriot & Union failed to recognize (the speech 's) momentous importance, timeless eloquence, and lasting significance. The Patriot - News regrets the error. ''
Foreign newspapers also criticized Lincoln 's remarks. The Times of London commented: "The ceremony (at Gettysburg) was rendered ludicrous by some of the luckless sallies of that poor President Lincoln. ''
Congressman Joseph A. Goulden, then an eighteen - year - old school teacher, was present and heard the speech. He served in the United States Marine Corps during the war, and later had a successful career in insurance in Pennsylvania and New York City before entering Congress as a Democrat. In his later life, Goulden was often asked about the speech, since the passage of time made him one of a dwindling number of individuals who had been present for it. He commented on the event and Lincoln 's speech in favorable terms, naming Lincoln 's address as one of the inspirations for him to enter military service. Goulden 's recollections included remarks to the House of Representatives in 1914.
William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of both Lincoln 's arrival at Gettysburg and the address itself to have left an audio recording of his recollections. One year before his death in 1939, Rathvon 's reminiscences were recorded on February 12, 1938, at the Boston studios of radio station WRUL, including his reading the address, itself, and a 78 rpm record was pressed. The title of the 78 record was "I Heard Lincoln That Day -- William R. Rathvon, TR Productions ''. A copy wound up at National Public Radio (NPR) during a "Quest for Sound '' project in 1999. NPR continues to air it around Lincoln 's birthday.
Like most people who came to Gettysburg, the Rathvon family was aware that Lincoln was going to make some remarks. The family went to the town square where the procession was to form to go out to the cemetery that had not been completed yet. At the head of the procession rode Lincoln on a gray horse preceded by a military band that was the first the young boy had ever seen. Rathvon describes Lincoln as so tall and with such long legs that they went almost to the ground; he also mentions the long eloquent speech given by Edward Everett of Massachusetts whom Rathvon accurately described as the "most finished orator of the day ''. Rathvon then goes on to describe how Lincoln stepped forward and "with a manner serious almost to sadness, gave his brief address ''. During the delivery, along with some other boys, young Rathvon wiggled his way forward through the crowd until he stood within 15 feet of Mr. Lincoln and looked up into what he described as Lincoln 's "serious face ''. Rathvon recalls candidly that, although he listened "intently to every word the president uttered and heard it clearly '', he explains, "boylike, I could not recall any of it afterwards ''. But he explains that if anyone said anything disparaging about "honest Abe '', there would have been a "junior battle of Gettysburg ''. In the recording Rathvon speaks of Lincoln 's speech allegorically "echoing through the hills ''.
The only known and confirmed photograph of Lincoln at Gettysburg, taken by photographer David Bachrach was identified in the Mathew Brady collection of photographic plates in the National Archives and Records Administration in 1952. While Lincoln 's speech was short and may have precluded multiple pictures of him while speaking, he and the other dignitaries sat for hours during the rest of the program. Given the length of Everett 's speech and the length of time it took for 19th - century photographers to get "set up '' before taking a picture, it is quite plausible that the photographers were ill - prepared for the brevity of Lincoln 's remarks.
The words "under God '' do not appear in the Nicolay and Hay drafts but are included in the three later copies (Everett, Bancroft, and Bliss). Accordingly, some skeptics maintain that Lincoln did not utter the words "under God '' at Gettysburg. However, at least three reporters telegraphed the text of Lincoln 's speech on the day the Address was given with the words "under God '' included. Historian William E. Barton argues that:
Every stenographic report, good, bad and indifferent, says ' that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom. ' There was no common source from which all the reporters could have obtained those words but from Lincoln 's own lips at the time of delivery. It will not do to say that (Secretary of War) Stanton suggested those words after Lincoln 's return to Washington, for the words were telegraphed by at least three reporters on the afternoon of the delivery.
The reporters present included Joseph Gilbert, from the Associated Press; Charles Hale, from the Boston Advertiser; John R. Young (who later became the Librarian of Congress), from the Philadelphia Press; and reporters from the Cincinnati Commercial, New York Tribune, and The New York Times. Charles Hale "had notebook and pencil in hand, (and) took down the slow - spoken words of the President ''. "He took down what he declared was the exact language of Lincoln 's address, and his declaration was as good as the oath of a court stenographer. His associates confirmed his testimony, which was received, as it deserved to be, at its face value. '' One explanation is that Lincoln deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he spoke. Ronald C. White, visiting professor of history at the University of California -- Los Angeles and professor of American religious history emeritus at the San Francisco Theological Seminary, wrote in this context of Lincoln 's insertion and usage of "under God '':
It was an uncharacteristically spontaneous revision for a speaker who did not trust extemporaneous speech. Lincoln had added impromptu words in several earlier speeches, but always offered a subsequent apology for the change. In this instance, he did not. And Lincoln included "under God '' in all three copies of the address he prepared at later dates. "Under God '' pointed backward and forward: back to "this nation '', which drew its breath from both political and religious sources, but also forward to a "new birth ''. Lincoln had come to see the Civil War as a ritual of purification. The old Union had to die. The old man had to die. Death became a transition to a new Union and a new humanity.
The phrase "under God '' was used frequently in works published before 1860, usually with the meaning "with God 's help ''.
Outside the Cemetery and within sight of the cross-walk, a historical marker reads:
Nearby, Nov. 19, 1863, in dedicating the National Cemetery, Abraham Lincoln gave the address which he had written in Washington and revised after his arrival at Gettysburg the evening of November 18.
Directly inside the Taneytown Road entrance are located the Rostrum and the Lincoln Address Memorial. Neither of these is located within 300 yards of any of the five (or more) claimed locations for the dedicatory platform.
Colonel W. Yates Selleck was a marshal in the parade on Consecration Day and was seated on the platform when Lincoln made the address. Selleck marked a map with the position of the platform and described it as "350 feet almost due north of Soldiers ' National Monument, 40 feet from a point in the outer circle of lots where (the) Michigan and New York (burial sections) are separated by a path ''. A location which approximates this description is 39 ° 49.243 ′ N, 77 ° 13.869 ′ W.
As pointed out in 1973 by retired park historian Frederick Tilberg, the Selleck Site is 25 feet lower than the crest of Cemetery Hill, and only the crest presents a panoramic view of the battlefield. A spectacular view from the location of the speech was noted by many eyewitnesses, is consistent with the Traditional Site at the Soldiers ' National Monument (and other sites on the crest) but is inconsistent with the Selleck Site.
The Kentucky Memorial, erected in 1975, is directly adjacent to the Soldiers ' National Monument, and states, "Kentucky honors her son, Abraham Lincoln, who delivered his immortal address at the site now marked by the soldiers ' monument. '' With its position at the center of the concentric rings of soldiers ' graves and the continuing endorsement of Lincoln 's native state the Soldiers ' National Monument persists as a credible location for the speech.
Writing a physical description of the layout for the Gettysburg National Cemetery under construction in November 1863, the correspondent from the Cincinnati Daily Commercial described the dividing lines between the state grave plots as "the radii of a common center, where a flag pole is now raised, but where it is proposed to erect a national monument ''. With the inclusion of this quotation Tilberg inadvertently verifies a central principle of future photographic analyses -- a flagpole, rather than the speakers ' platform, occupied the central point of the soldiers ' graves. In fact, the precision of the photo - analyses relies upon the coincidence of position between this temporary flag pole and the future monument.
Confusing to today 's tourist, the Kentucky Memorial is contradicted by a newer marker which was erected nearby by the Gettysburg National Military Park and locates the speakers ' platform inside Evergreen Cemetery. Similarly, outdated National Park Service documents which pinpoint the location at the Soldiers ' National Monument have not been systematically revised since the placement of the newer marker. Miscellaneous web pages perpetuate the Traditional Site.
Based upon photographic analysis, the Gettysburg National Military Park (G.N.M.P.) placed a marker (near 39 ° 49.199 ′ N 77 ° 13.840 ′ W / 39.819983 ° N 77.230667 ° W / 39.819983; - 77.230667 (Gettysburg address marker)) which states, "The speakers ' platform was located in Evergreen Cemetery to your left. '' The observer of this marker stands facing the fence which separates the two cemeteries (one public and one private).
In 1982, Senior Park Historian Kathleen Georg Harrison first analyzed photographs and proposed a location in Evergreen Cemetery but has not published her analysis. Speaking for Harrison without revealing details, two sources characterize her proposed location as "on or near (the) Brown family vault '' in Evergreen Cemetery.
William A. Frassanito, a former military intelligence analyst, documented a comprehensive photographic analysis in 1995, and it associates the location of the platform with the position of specific modern headstones in Evergreen Cemetery. According to Frassanito, the extant graves of Israel Yount (died 1892) (39 ° 49.180 ′ N 77 ° 13.845 ′ W / 39.819667 ° N 77.230750 ° W / 39.819667; - 77.230750 (grave of Israel Yount (d. 1892))), John Koch (died 1913) (39 ° 49.184 ′ N 77 ° 13.847 ′ W / 39.819733 ° N 77.230783 ° W / 39.819733; - 77.230783 (grave of John Koch (d. 1913))), and George E. Kitzmiller (died 1874) (39 ° 49.182 ′ N 77 ° 13.841 ′ W / 39.819700 ° N 77.230683 ° W / 39.819700; - 77.230683 (grave of George E. Kitzmiller (d. 1874))) are among those which occupy the location of the 1863 speaker 's stand.
Assistant Professor of New Media at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, Christopher Oakley and his students are "working to produce a lifelike virtual 3 - D re-creation of Lincoln delivering the Gettysburg Address '' as part of the Virtual Lincoln Project. After taking precise measurements, some using lasers, and countless photographs on Cemetery Hill in 2013, Oakley 's team used 3 - D animation software Maya to estimate locations for the platform and the photographers who recorded its occupants. This work remains under development.
The GNMP marker, Wills ' interpretation of Harrison 's analysis, and the Frassanito analysis concur that the platform was located in private Evergreen Cemetery, rather than public Soldiers ' National Cemetery. The National Park Service 's National Cemetery Walking Tour brochure is one NPS document which agrees:
The Soldiers ' National Monument, long misidentified as the spot from which Lincoln spoke, honors the fallen soldiers. (The location of the speech) was actually on the crown of this hill, a short distance on the other side of the iron fence and inside the Evergreen Cemetery, where President Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address to a crowd of some 15,000 people.
While the GNMP marker is unspecific, providing only "to your left '', the locations determined by the Harrison / Wills analysis and the Frassanito analysis differ by 40 yards. Frassanito has documented 1) his own conclusion, 2) his own methods and 3) a refutation of the Harrison site, but neither the GNMP nor Harrison has provided any documentation. Each of the three points to a location in Evergreen Cemetery, as do modern NPS publications.
Although Lincoln dedicated the Gettysburg National Cemetery, the monument at the Cemetery 's center actually has nothing to do with Lincoln or his famous speech. Intended to symbolize Columbia paying tribute to her fallen sons, its appreciation has been commandeered by the thirst for a tidy home for the speech. Freeing the Cemetery and Monument to serve their original purpose, honoring of Union departed, is as unlikely as a resolution to the location controversy and the erection of a public monument to the speech in the exclusively private Evergreen Cemetery.
The importance of the Gettysburg Address in the history of the United States is underscored by its enduring presence in American culture. In addition to its prominent place carved into a stone cella on the south wall of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the Gettysburg Address is frequently referred to in works of popular culture, with the implicit expectation that contemporary audiences will be familiar with Lincoln 's words.
In the many generations that have passed since the Address, it has remained among the most famous speeches in American history, and is often taught in classes about history or civics. Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address is itself referenced in another of those famed orations, Martin Luther King, Jr. 's "I Have a Dream '' speech. Standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in August 1963, King began with a reference, by the style of his opening phrase, to President Lincoln and his enduring words: "Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. ''
Phrases from the Address are often used or referenced in other works. The current Constitution of France states that the principle of the French Republic is "gouvernement du peuple, par le peuple et pour le peuple '' ("government of the people, by the people, and for the people ''), a literal translation of Lincoln 's words. Sun Yat - Sen 's "Three Principles of the People '' as well as the preamble for the 1947 Constitution of Japan were also inspired from that phrase. The aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln has as its ship 's motto the phrase "shall not perish ''.
U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts wrote of the address and its enduring presence in American culture after Lincoln 's assassination in April 1865: "That speech, uttered at the field of Gettysburg... and now sanctified by the martyrdom of its author, is a monumental act. In the modesty of his nature he said ' the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here. ' He was mistaken. The world at once noted what he said, and will never cease to remember it. ''
U.S. President John F. Kennedy stated in July 1963 about the battle and Lincoln 's speech: "Five score years ago the ground on which we here stand shuddered under the clash of arms and was consecrated for all time by the blood of American manhood. Abraham Lincoln, in dedicating this great battlefield, has expressed, in words too eloquent for paraphrase or summary, why this sacrifice was necessary. '' Kennedy was himself assassinated three days after the Gettysburg Address centennial.
In 2015, the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation compiled Gettysburg Replies: The World Responds to Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address. The work challenges leaders to craft 272 word responses to celebrate Lincoln, the Gettysburg Address, or a related topic. One of the replies was by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson in which he made the point that one of Lincoln 's greatest legacies was establishing, in the same year of the Gettysburg Address, the National Academy of Sciences, which had the longterm effect of "setting our Nation on a course of scientifically enlightened governance, without which we all may perish from this Earth ''.
A common American myth about the Gettysburg Address is that Lincoln quickly wrote the speech on the back of an envelope. This widely held misunderstanding may have originated with a popular book, The Perfect Tribute, by Mary Raymond Shipman Andrews (1906), which was assigned reading for generations of schoolchildren, sold 600,000 copies when published as a standalone volume, and was twice adapted for film.
Other lesser - known claims include Harriet Beecher Stowe 's assertion that Lincoln had composed the address "in only a few moments, '' and that of industrialist Andrew Carnegie, who claimed to have personally supplied Lincoln with a pen.
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when did they finish filming the dark knight | Heath Ledger - Wikipedia
Heathcliff Andrew Ledger (4 April 1979 -- 22 January 2008) was an Australian actor and director. After performing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s, Ledger left for the United States in 1998 to develop his film career. His work comprised nineteen films, including 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), The Patriot (2000), A Knight 's Tale (2001), Monster 's Ball (2001), Lords of Dogtown (2005), Brokeback Mountain (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), the latter two being posthumous releases. He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director.
For his portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Brokeback Mountain, Ledger won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor and Best International Actor from the Australian Film Institute, and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Posthumously he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the ensemble cast, the director, and the casting director for the film I 'm Not There, which was inspired by the life and songs of American singer - songwriter Bob Dylan. In the film, Ledger portrayed a fictional actor named Robbie Clark, one of six characters embodying aspects of Dylan 's life and persona.
Ledger died on 22 January 2008 from an accidental intoxication from prescription drugs. A few months before his death, Ledger had finished filming his performance as The Joker in The Dark Knight. His death occurred during editing of The Dark Knight and in the midst of filming his last role as Tony in The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. His untimely death cast a shadow over the subsequent promotion of the $185 million Batman production. Ledger received numerous posthumous accolades for his critically acclaimed performance in the film, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, a Best Actor International Award at the 2008 Australian Film Institute Awards (for which he became the first actor to win an award posthumously), the 2008 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor, the 2009 Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture, and the 2009 BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Ledger was born in Perth, Western Australia, the son of Sally Ledger (née Ramshaw), a French teacher, and Kim Ledger, a racecar driver and mining engineer whose family established and owned the Ledger Engineering Foundry. The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust is named after his great - grandfather. He had English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. Ledger attended Mary 's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill, and later Guildford Grammar School, where he had his first acting experiences, starring in a school production as Peter Pan at age 10. His parents separated when he was 10 and divorced when he was 11. Ledger 's older sister Kate, an actress and later a publicist, to whom he was very close, inspired his acting on stage, and his love of Gene Kelly inspired his successful choreography, leading to Guildford Grammar 's 60 - member team 's "first all - boy victory '' at the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge. Ledger 's two half - sisters are Ashleigh Bell (b. 1990), his mother 's daughter with her second husband and his stepfather Roger Bell, and Olivia Ledger (b. 1996), his father 's daughter with second wife and his stepmother Emma Brown.
After sitting for early graduation exams at age 17, Ledger left school to pursue an acting career. With Trevor DiCarlo, his best friend since he was three years old, Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney, returning to Perth to take a small role in Clowning Around (1992), the first part of a two - part television series, and to work on the TV series Sweat (1996), in which he played a gay cyclist. From 1993 to 1997, Ledger also had parts in the Perth television series Ship to Shore (1993); in the short - lived Fox Broadcasting Company fantasy - drama Roar (1997); in Home and Away (1997), one of Australia 's most successful television shows; and in the Australian film Blackrock (1997), his feature film debut. In 1999, he starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You and in the acclaimed Australian crime film Two Hands, directed by Gregor Jordan.
From 2000 to 2005, he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin, the eldest son of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson), in The Patriot (2000), and as Sonny Grotowski, the son of Hank Grotowski (Billy Bob Thornton), in Monster 's Ball (2000); and in leading or title roles in A Knight 's Tale (2001), The Four Feathers (2002), The Order (2003), Ned Kelly (2003), Casanova (2005), The Brothers Grimm (2005), and Lords of Dogtown (2005). In 2001, he won a ShoWest Award as "Male Star of Tomorrow ''.
Ledger received "Best Actor of 2005 '' awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his performance in Brokeback Mountain, in which he plays Wyoming ranch hand Ennis Del Mar, who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo rider Jack Twist, played by Jake Gyllenhaal. He also received a nomination for Golden Globe Best Actor in a Drama and a nomination for Academy Award for Best Actor for this performance, making him, at age 26, the ninth - youngest nominee for a Best Actor Oscar. In The New York Times review of the film, critic Stephen Holden writes: "Both Mr. Ledger and Mr. Gyllenhaal make this anguished love story physically palpable. Mr. Ledger magically and mysteriously disappears beneath the skin of his lean, sinewy character. It is a great screen performance, as good as the best of Marlon Brando and Sean Penn. '' In a review in Rolling Stone, Peter Travers states: "Ledger 's magnificent performance is an acting miracle. He seems to tear it from his insides. Ledger does n't just know how Ennis moves, speaks and listens; he knows how he breathes. To see him inhale the scent of a shirt hanging in Jack 's closet is to take measure of the pain of love lost. ''
After Brokeback Mountain, Ledger costarred with fellow Australian Abbie Cornish in the 2006 Australian film Candy, an adaptation of the 1998 novel Candy: A Novel of Love and Addiction, as young heroin addicts in love attempting to break free of their addiction, whose mentor is played by Geoffrey Rush; for his performance as sometime poet Dan, Ledger was nominated for three "Best Actor '' awards, including one of the Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards, which both Cornish and Rush won in their categories. Shortly after the release of Candy, Ledger was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. As one of six actors embodying different aspects of the life of Bob Dylan in the 2007 film I 'm Not There, directed by Todd Haynes, Ledger "won praise for his portrayal of ' Robbie (Clark), ' a moody, counter-culture actor who represents the romanticist side of Dylan, but says accolades are never his motivation ''. Posthumously, on 23 February 2008, he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the film 's ensemble cast, its director, and its casting director.
In his penultimate film performance, Ledger played the Joker in Christopher Nolan 's 2008 film The Dark Knight, released nearly six months after his death. While working on the film in London, Ledger told Sarah Lyall in their New York Times interview that he viewed The Dark Knight 's Joker as a "psychopathic, mass murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy ''. For his work on The Dark Knight, Ledger won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor with his family accepting it on his behalf, as well as numerous other posthumous awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, which Christopher Nolan accepted for him. At the time of his death on 22 January 2008, Ledger had completed about half of the work for his final film performance as Tony in Terry Gilliam 's The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. Gilliam chose to adapt the film after his death by having fellow actors Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell play "fantasy transformations '' of his character so that Ledger 's final performance could be seen in theatres.
Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and had made some music videos, which director Todd Haynes praised highly in his tribute to Ledger upon accepting the ISP Robert Altman Award, which Ledger posthumously shared, on 23 February 2008. In 2006, Ledger directed music videos for the title track on Australian hip hop artist N'fa 's CD debut solo album Cause An Effect and for the single "Seduction Is Evil (She 's Hot) ''. Later that year, Ledger inaugurated a new record label, Masses Music, with singer Ben Harper and also directed a music video for Harper 's song "Morning Yearning ''.
At a news conference at the 2007 Venice Film Festival, Ledger spoke of his desire to make a documentary film about the British singer - songwriter Nick Drake, who died in 1974, at the age of 26, from an overdose of an antidepressant. Ledger created and acted in a music video set to Drake 's recording of the singer 's 1974 song about depression "Black Eyed Dog '' -- a title "inspired by Winston Churchill 's descriptive term for depression '' (black dog); it was shown publicly only twice, first at the Bumbershoot Festival, in Seattle, held from 1 to 3 September 2007; and secondly as part of "A Place To Be: A Celebration of Nick Drake '', with its screening of Their Place: Reflections On Nick Drake, "a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake '' (including Ledger 's), sponsored by American Cinematheque, at the Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre, in Hollywood, on 5 October 2007. After Ledger 's death, his music video for "Black Eyed Dog '' was shown on the Internet and excerpted in news clips distributed via YouTube.
He was working with Scottish screenwriter and producer Allan Scott on an adaptation of the 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit by Walter Tevis, which would have been his first feature film as a director. He also intended to act in the film, with Canadian actress Ellen Page proposed in the lead role. Ledger 's final directorial work, in which he shot two music videos before his death, premiered in 2009. The music videos, completed for Modest Mouse and Grace Woodroofe, include an animated feature for Modest Mouse 's song, "King Rat '', and the Woodroofe video for her cover of David Bowie 's "Quicksand ''. The "King Rat '' video premiered on 4 August 2009.
Ledger was an avid chess player, winning Western Australia 's junior chess championship at the age of 10. As an adult, he often played with other chess enthusiasts at Washington Square Park. Ledger also had a keen interest in the West Coast Eagles, a professional Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League and are based in his hometown of Perth. Allan Scott 's film adaptation of the chess - related 1983 novel The Queen 's Gambit, by Walter Tevis, which at the time of his death he was planning to both perform in and direct, would have been Ledger 's first feature film as a director.
Ledger had relationships with actresses Lisa Zane, Heather Graham and Naomi Watts. In 2004, he met and began dating actress Michelle Williams on the set of Brokeback Mountain. Their daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City. Matilda 's godparents are Brokeback co-star Jake Gyllenhaal and Williams ' Dawson 's Creek co-star Busy Philipps. In January 2006, Ledger put his residence in Bronte, New South Wales up for sale, and returned to the United States, where he shared a house with Williams, in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn, from 2005 to 2007. In September 2007, Williams 's father confirmed to Sydney 's Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had ended their relationship.
After his break - up with Williams, in late 2007 and early 2008, the tabloid press and other public media linked Ledger romantically with supermodels Helena Christensen and Gemma Ward. On 30 January 2011, Ward stated that the pair began dating in November 2007 and their families spent Christmas together in their home town of Perth.
Ledger 's relationship with the press in Australia was sometimes turbulent, and it led to his abandonment of plans for his family to reside part - time in Sydney. In 2004, he strongly denied press reports alleging that "he spat at journalists on the Sydney set of the film Candy '', or that one of his relatives had done so later, outside Ledger 's Sydney home. On 13 January 2006, "Several members of the paparazzi retaliated... squirting Ledger and Williams with water pistols on the red carpet at the Sydney premiere of Brokeback Mountain ''.
After his performance on stage at the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards, when he had giggled in presenting Brokeback Mountain as a nominee for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, the Los Angeles Times referred to his presentation as an "apparent gay spoof ''. Ledger called the Times later and explained that his levity resulted from stage fright, saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier; he stated: "I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness. I would be absolutely horrified if my stage fright was misinterpreted as a lack of respect for the film, the topic and for the amazing filmmakers. ''
Ledger was quoted in January 2006 in Melbourne 's Herald Sun as saying that he heard that West Virginia had banned Brokeback Mountain, which it had not; actually, a cinema in Utah had banned the film. He had also referred mistakenly to West Virginia 's having had lynchings as recently as the 1980s, but state scholars disputed his statement, observing that, whereas lynchings did occur in Alabama as recently as 1981, according to "the director of state archives and history '' quoted in The Charleston Gazette, "The last documented lynching in West Virginia took place in Lewisburg in 1931. ''
In their New York Times interview, published on 4 November 2007, Ledger told Sarah Lyall that his recently completed roles in I 'm Not There (2007) and The Dark Knight (2008) had taken a toll on his ability to sleep: "Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night... I could n't stop thinking. My body was exhausted, and my mind was still going. '' At that time, he told Lyall that he had taken two Ambien pills, after taking just one had not sufficed, and those left him in "a stupor, only to wake up an hour later, his mind still racing. ''
Prior to his return to New York from his last film assignment, in London, in January 2008, while he was apparently suffering from some kind of respiratory illness, he reportedly complained to his co-star from The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, Christopher Plummer, that he was continuing to have difficulty sleeping and taking pills to help with that problem: "Confirming earlier reports that Ledger had n't been feeling well on set, Plummer says, ' we all caught colds because we were shooting outside on horrible, damp nights. But Heath 's went on and I do n't think he dealt with it immediately with the antibiotics... I think what he did have was the walking pneumonia. ' (...) On top of that, ' He was saying all the time, ' dammit, I ca n't sleep '... and he was taking all these pills to help him. ' ''
In talking with Interview magazine, after his death, Ledger 's former fiancée Michelle Williams also confirmed reports the actor had experienced trouble sleeping. "For as long as I 'd known him, he had bouts with insomnia. He had too much energy. His mind was turning, turning, turning -- always turning. ''
At about 2: 45 pm (EST), on 22 January 2008, Ledger was found unconscious in his bed by his housekeeper, Teresa Solomon, and his masseuse, Diana Wolozin, in his fourth - floor loft apartment at 421 Broome Street in the SoHo neighbourhood of Manhattan.
According to the police, Wolozin, who had arrived early for a 3: 00 pm appointment with Ledger, called Ledger 's friend Mary - Kate Olsen for help. Olsen, who was in California, directed a New York City private security guard to go to the scene. At 3: 26 pm, "less than 15 minutes after she first saw him in bed and only a few moments after the first call to Ms. Olsen '', Wolozin telephoned 9 - 1 - 1 "to say that Mr. Ledger was not breathing ''. At the urging of the 9 - 1 - 1 operator, Wolozin administered CPR, which was unsuccessful in reviving him.
Paramedics and emergency medical technicians arrived seven minutes later, at 3: 33 pm ("at almost exactly the same moment as a private security guard summoned by Ms. Olsen '') but were also unable to revive him. At 3: 36 pm, Ledger was pronounced dead, and his body was removed from the apartment.
Two weeks later on 6 February 2008, the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of New York released its conclusions, based on an initial autopsy of 23 January 2008 and a subsequent complete toxicological analysis. The report concludes, in part, "Mr. Heath Ledger died as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam, temazepam, alprazolam and doxylamine. '' It states definitively: "We have concluded that the manner of death is accident, resulting from the abuse of prescribed medications. ''
While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia, anxiety, pain, or common cold (doxylamine) symptoms, the vast majority of physicians in the US are extremely reluctant to prescribe multiple benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam, alprazolam, and temazepam) to a single patient, let alone prescribe the same to a patient already taking a mix of oxycodone and hydrocodone. Although the Associated Press and other media reported that "police estimate Ledger 's time of death between 1 pm and 2: 45 pm '' (on 22 January 2008), the Medical Examiner 's Office announced that it would not be publicly disclosing the official estimated time of death. The official announcement of the cause and manner of Ledger 's death heightened concerns about the growing problems of prescription drug abuse or misuse and combined drug intoxication (CDI).
Dr. Jason Payne - James, a forensic pathologist, has believed that Ledger might have survived if hydrocodone and oxycodone had been left out of the combination of drugs that the actor took just prior to his death.
Late in February 2008, a DEA investigation of medical professionals relating to Ledger 's death exonerated two American physicians, who practice in Los Angeles and Houston, of any wrongdoing, determining that "the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications -- not the pills that killed him. ''
On 4 August 2008, citing unnamed sources, Murray Weiss, of the New York Post, first reported that Mary - Kate Olsen had "refused (through her attorney, Michael C. Miller) to be interviewed by federal investigators probing the accidental drug death of her close friend Heath Ledger... (without)... immunity from prosecution '' and that, when asked about the matter, Miller at first declined further comment. Later that day, after the police confirmed the gist of Weiss 's account to the Associated Press, Miller issued a statement denying that Olsen supplied Ledger with the drugs causing his death and asserting that she did not know their source. In his statement, Miller said specifically, "Despite tabloid speculation, Mary - Kate Olsen had nothing whatsoever to do with the drugs found in Heath Ledger 's home or his body, and she does not know where he obtained them, '' emphasising that media "descriptions (attributed to an unidentified source) are incomplete and inaccurate. ''
After a flurry of further media speculation, on 6 August 2008, the US Attorney 's Office in Manhattan closed its investigation into Ledger 's death without filing any charges and rendering moot its subpoena of Olsen. With the clearing of the two doctors and Olsen, and the closing of the investigation because the prosecutors in the Manhattan US Attorney 's Office "do n't believe there 's a viable target, '' it is still not known how Ledger obtained the oxycodone and hydrocodone in the lethal drug combination that killed him.
Eleven months after Ledger 's death, on 23 December 2008, Jake Coyle, writing for the Associated Press, announced that "Heath Ledger 's death was voted 2008 's top entertainment story by U.S. newspaper and broadcast editors surveyed by The Associated Press ''. He claimed that this was partially a result of the "shock and confusion '' surrounding the circumstances of Ledger 's death, as well as due to Ledger 's "legacy... in a roundly acclaimed performance as the Joker in the year 's biggest box office hit The Dark Knight. ''
After Ledger 's death, in response to some press reports about his will, filed in New York City on 28 February 2008, and his daughter 's access to his financial legacy, his father, Kim Ledger, said that he considered the financial well - being of his granddaughter Matilda Rose an "absolute priority '', whilst also stating that her mother, Michelle Williams, was "an integral part of our family ''. He added, "They will be taken care of and that 's how Heath would want it to be ''. Some of Ledger 's relatives may be challenging the legal status of his will signed in 2003, prior to his involvement with Williams and the birth of their daughter and not updated to include them, which divides half of his estate between his parents and half among his siblings; they claim that there is a second, unsigned will, which leaves most of that estate to Matilda Rose. Williams ' father, Larry Williams, has also joined the controversy about Ledger 's will as it was filed in New York City soon after his death.
On 31 March 2008, stimulating another controversy pertaining to Ledger 's estate, Gemma Jones and Janet Fife - Yeomans published an "Exclusive '' report, in The Daily Telegraph, citing Ledger 's uncle Haydn Ledger and other family members, who "believe the late actor may have fathered a secret love child '' when he was 17, and stating that "If it is confirmed that Ledger is the girl 's biological father, it could split his multi-million dollar estate between... Matilda Rose... and his secret love child. '' A few days later, reports citing telephone interviews with Ledger 's uncles Haydn and Mike Ledger and the family of the other little girl, published in OK! and Us Weekly, "denied '' those "claims '', with Ledger 's uncles and the little girl 's mother and stepfather describing them as unfounded "rumors '' distorted and exaggerated by the media.
On 15 July 2008, Fife - Yeomans reported further, via Australian News Limited, that "While Ledger left everything to his parents and three sisters, it is understood they have legal advice that under Western Australia law, Matilda Rose is entitled to the lion 's share '' of his estate; its executors, Kim Ledger 's former business colleague Robert John Collins and Geraldton accountant William Mark Dyson, "have applied for probate in the West Australian Supreme Court in Perth, advertising for ' creditors and other persons ' having claims on the estate to lodge them by 11 August 2008... to ensure all debts are paid before the estate is distributed... '' According to this report by Fife - Yeomans, earlier reports citing Ledger 's uncles, and subsequent reports citing Ledger 's father, which do not include his actual posthumous earnings, "his entire fortune, mostly held in Australian trusts, is likely to be worth up to $ 20 million. ''
On 27 September 2008, Ledger 's father Kim stated that "the family has agreed to leave the US $16.3 million fortune to Matilda, '' adding: "There is no claim. Our family has gifted everything to Matilda. '' In October 2008, Forbes estimated Ledger 's annual earnings from October 2007 through October 2008 -- including his posthumous share of The Dark Knight 's gross income of "US $1 billion in box office revenue worldwide '' -- -- as "US $20 million. ''
As the news of Ledger 's death became public, throughout the night of 22 January 2008, and the next day, media crews, mourners, fans, and other onlookers began gathering outside his apartment building, with some leaving flowers or other memorial tributes.
The next day, at 10: 50 am Australian time, Ledger 's parents and sister appeared outside his mother 's house in Applecross, a riverside suburb of Perth, and read a short statement to the media expressing their grief and desire for privacy. Within the next few days, memorial tributes were communicated by family members; the Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd; the Deputy Premier of Western Australia, Eric Ripper; Warner Bros. (distributor of The Dark Knight) and thousands of Ledger 's fans around the world.
Several actors made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger 's death, including Daniel Day - Lewis, who dedicated his Screen Actors Guild Award to him, saying that he was inspired by Ledger 's acting; Day - Lewis praised Ledger 's performances in Monster 's Ball and Brokeback Mountain, describing the latter as "unique, perfect ''. Verne Troyer, who was working with Ledger on The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus at the time of his death, had a heart shape, an exact duplicate of a symbol that Ledger scrawled on a piece of paper with his email address, tattooed on his hand in remembrance of Ledger because Ledger "had made such an impression on (him). '' British indie band Kasabian paid tribute to Ledger in their song ' Vlad the Impaler ', with the line "Joker, meet you on the other side ''. Singer Tom Meighan often changes the word "Joker '' to either "Ledger '', or the names of recently deceased celebrities.
On 1 February, in her first public statement after Ledger 's death, Michelle Williams expressed her heartbreak and described Ledger 's spirit as surviving in their daughter.
After attending private memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles, Ledger 's family members returned with his body to Perth.
On 9 February, a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held at Penrhos College, attracting considerable press attention; afterward Ledger 's body was cremated at Fremantle Cemetery, followed by a private service attended by only 10 closest family members, with his ashes interred later in a family plot at Karrakatta Cemetery, next to two of his grandparents. Later that night, his family and friends gathered for a wake on Cottesloe Beach.
In January 2011, the State Theatre Centre of Western Australia in Ledger 's home town of Perth named a 575 - seat theatre the Heath Ledger Theatre after him. For the opening of the theatre, Ledger 's Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor was on display in the theatre 's foyer along with his Joker costume.
Bon Iver 's "Perth '' was inspired by Heath Ledger. Justin Vernon, the lead singer and songwriter of the American indie folk band, revealed back in 2011 that he had begun working on the song in 2008 and was scheduled to meet with a music video director who was good friends with Ledger, Matt Amato. "The first thing I worked on, the riff and the beginning melodies, was the first song on the record, ' Perth, ' '' Vernon told Exclaim!. Amato was directing the band 's "The Wolves (Act I & II) '' music video the day that Ledger died. "It was no longer about just making a Bon Iver music video anymore, '' Vernon says. "This was now our chance to be there with Matt as he grieved. It was a three - day wake. '' Amato told Vernon stories about Ledger that eventually became the inspiration for "Perth, '' the opening track to the band 's second studio album Bon Iver, Bon Iver (2011).
Portraying a variety of roles, from romantic heroes to the reluctantly oppressed, Ledger created a hodgepodge of characters that are deliberately unlike one another, stating "I feel like I am wasting my time if I repeat myself ''. He also reflected on his inability to be happy with his work, "I feel the same thing about everything I do. The day I say, ' It 's good ' is the day I should start doing something else. '' Ledger liked to wait between jobs so that he would start creatively hungry on new projects. In his own words, acting was about harnessing "the infinite power of belief, '' thus using belief as a tool for creating.
Directors who have worked with the actor praised him for his creativity, seriousness and intuition. "I 've never felt as old as I did watching Heath explore his talents, '' The Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan has written, expressing amazement over the actor 's working process, genuine curiosity and charisma Mark Foster, who directed Ledger in Monster 's Ball, complimented him as taking the job "very seriously '', being disciplined, observant, and understanding and intuitive. In 2007, director Todd Haynes compared Ledger 's presence to actor James Dean, casting Ledger as Robbie Clarke, a fictive personification of Bob Dylan in I 'm Not There. Drawing on the similar characteristics between the actors, Haynes further highlighted Ledger 's "precocious seriousness '' and intuition. He also felt that Ledger had a rare maturity beyond his years. '' Ledger, however, disconnected himself and acting from perfectionism. "I 'm always gon na pull myself apart and dissect (the work). I mean, there 's no such thing as perfection in what (actors) do. Pornos are more perfect than we are, because they 're actually fucking. ''
"Some people find their shtick, '' Ledger reflected on the categorization of style. "I never figured out who ' Heath Ledger ' is on film: ' This is what you expect when you hire me, and it will be recognizable '... People always feel compelled to sum you up, to presume that they have you and can describe you. That 's fine. But there are so many stories inside of me and a lot I want to achieve outside of one flat note. ''
Ledger 's death affected the marketing campaign for Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight (2008) and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam 's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, with both directors intending to celebrate and pay tribute to his work in these films. Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film, he expressed determination to "salvage '' it, perhaps using computer - generated imagery (CGI), and dedicated it to Ledger. In February 2008, as a "memorial tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation, '' Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell signed on to take over Ledger 's role, becoming multiple incarnations of his character, Tony, transformed in this "magical re-telling of the Faust story ''. The three actors donated their fees for the film to Ledger 's and Williams 's daughter.
Speaking of editing The Dark Knight, on which Ledger had completed his work in October 2007, Nolan recalled, "It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day... But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish. '' All of Ledger 's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no "digital effects '' to alter Ledger 's actual performance posthumously. Nolan dedicated the film in part to Ledger 's memory, as well as to the memory of technician Conway Wickliffe, who was killed during a car accident while preparing one of the film 's stunts.
Released in July 2008, The Dark Knight broke several box office records and received both popular and critical accolades, especially with regard to Ledger 's performance as the Joker. Even film critic David Denby, who does not praise the film overall in his pre-release review in The New Yorker, evaluates Ledger 's work highly, describing his performance as both "sinister and frightening '' and Ledger as "mesmerising in every scene '', concluding: "His performance is a heroic, unsettling final act: this young actor looked into the abyss. '' Attempting to dispel widespread speculations that Ledger 's performance as the Joker had in any way led to his death (as Denby and others suggest), Ledger 's co-star and friend Christian Bale, who played opposite him as Batman, has stressed that, as an actor, Ledger greatly enjoyed meeting the challenges of creating that role, an experience that Ledger himself described as "the most fun I 've ever had, or probably ever will have, playing a character. '' Terry Gilliam also refuted the claims that playing the Joker made him crazy, calling it "absolute nonsense '' and going on to say, "Heath was so solid. His feet were on the ground and he was the least neurotic person I 've ever met. ''
Ledger received numerous awards for his Joker role in The Dark Knight. On 10 November 2008, he was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards related to his work on the film, "Best Ensemble Cast '' and "Best Onscreen Match - Up '' (shared with Christian Bale), and Ledger won an award for "Match - Up '' in the ceremony aired live on CBS in January 2009.
On 11 December 2008, it was announced that Ledger had been nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture for his performance as the Joker in The Dark Knight; he subsequently won the award at the 66th Golden Globe Awards ceremony telecast on NBC on 11 January 2009 with Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan accepting on his behalf.
Film critics, co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine and many of Ledger 's colleagues in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger 's achievement in The Dark Knight. Ledger 's subsequent nomination was announced on 22 January 2009, the anniversary of his death.
Ledger went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second person to win a posthumous Academy Award for acting (after fellow Australian actor Peter Finch, who won for 1976 's Network), as well as the first comic - book movie actor to win an Oscar for their acting. Ledger 's family attended the ceremony on 22 February 2009, with his parents and sister accepting the award on stage on his behalf. Following talks with the Ledger family in Australia, the Academy determined that Ledger 's daughter, Matilda Rose, would own the award. However, due to Matilda 's age, she will not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023. Until that time, her mother Michelle Williams, will hold the statuette in trust for Matilda.
On 4 April 2017, a Trailer was released for the upcoming documentary I am Heath Ledger which was released on 3 May 2017. It features archival footage of Ledger and interviews.
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where was the last spike of the cpr driven | Last spike (Canadian Pacific railway) - wikipedia
The Last Spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway was the ceremonial final spike driven into the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) at Craigellachie, British Columbia at 9: 22 am on November 7, 1885. It was driven in by CPR railroad financier Donald Smith, marking the end of a saga of natural disasters, financial crises, and even rebellion that plagued Canada 's first transcontinental railroad from its beginning.
The Last Spike signalled the completion of the CPR, driven through under engineer James Ross, and it remains a symbol of national unity in Canada, though due to the need to build protective snowsheds in Rogers Pass and Kicking Horse Pass in addition to the actual rails and roadbed, through trains did not run until June 1886. At the time, the railway 's completion fulfilled an 1871 commitment made by the Canadian federal government to British Columbia which stipulated that a railroad be built joining the Pacific province to Central Canada. The promise of a transcontinental railway had been a major factor in British Columbia 's decision to join the Canadian Confederation. However, successive governments mismanaged the project and by the original deadline of 1881 little of the railway had been completed, resulting in threats of secession by some BC politicians. The work was then assigned to a newly incorporated CPR company, which was allowed an additional ten years to complete the line, and they did it in five.
The circumstance of the CPR 's last spike ceremony led several spikes to assume the honour of being the "last spike ''. In contrast to the ceremonial gold or silver final spikes often used to mark the completion of other major railroads, the CPR 's "Last Spike '' was a conventional iron spike identical to the many others used in the construction of the line. A silver spike had been created for the Governor General, Henry Petty - Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, who was to be present at the ceremony but he was forced, due to poor weather, to return with the spike to Ottawa. The silver spike remained with the Van Horne family until 2012 when they donated it, along with other artifacts, to the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec.
The symbolic iron spike driven by Donald Smith was badly bent as he pounded it into the railway tie. Roadmaster Frank Brothers extracted the spike and it was given to Smith as the "last spike ''. Smith had the bent spike straightened and cut several strips of iron from it which were mounted with diamonds and presented to the wives of some of the party assembled at Craigellachie. This spike was later donated to the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa. It is on long term loan to the Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia where it is displayed as a tribute to the immigrant railway workers who were critical to the railway 's construction.
Smith later used another iron spike, usually called "the ordinary '' or "fourth spike '' to provide iron to make symbolic jewelry for the wives of other officials, but he made the strips larger to distinguish these souvenirs from the original brooches.
The second last spike, which Smith successfully drove into the tie, was removed from the track shortly after the ceremony to prevent theft by souvenir hunters. A regular spike was inserted in its place. This spike was given to the son of the patent office president at the time, and is still in the family 's possession, fashioned into the shape of a carving knife.
The now - famous photograph of Donald Alexander Smith driving in "The Last Spike '' was taken by Winnipeg photographer Alexander J. Ross.
The most notable accounts of the construction and completion of the CPR are Pierre Berton 's twin volumes The National Dream and The Last Spike, which together were depicted in the Canadian television docudrama miniseries The National Dream, an eight - part series whose rated audience of three million within Canada set a record for CBC in terms of dramatic programming.
Another important recollection of this event is the narrative poem entitled Towards the Last Spike by Canadian poet, E.J. Pratt.
A board game published under the name "The Last Spike '' had as its object the financing and construction of a trans - Canadian railway.
Coordinates: 50 ° 58 ′ 31 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 25 '' W / 50.97528 ° N 118.72361 ° W / 50.97528; - 118.72361 (Craigellachie)
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who has the most points in an nba finals game | NBA post-season Records - wikipedia
This article lists all - time records achieved in the NBA post-season in major categories recognized by the league, including those set by teams and individuals in single games, series, and careers. The NBA also recognizes records from its original incarnation, the Basketball Association of America.
Records through the 2017 playoffs.
In 2006, the NBA introduced age requirement restrictions. Prospective high school players must wait a year before entering the NBA, making some age - related records harder to break.
* This award has only been given since the 1968 - 69 season.
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when is subnautica coming out fully for xbox one | Subnautica - wikipedia
Subnautica is a survival adventure game developed and published by Unknown Worlds Entertainment. It allows the player to freely explore the ocean on an alien planet, known as planet 4546B, collecting resources to survive. Subnautica was first released in early access for Microsoft Windows in December 2014, Mac OS X in June 2015, and for Xbox One in May 2016. The full release out of early access was in January 2018 Exclusive for PC on Steam, with a version for the PlayStation 4 also planned for a later date.
Subnautica is a survival, adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a first - person perspective. The player controls the lone survivor of a crashed space ship, called the Aurora, on an aquatic planet. This ship blows up early in the game. Upon entry, the PDA warns that creatures around the Aurora contain traces of human tissue inside their digestive systems, and continues to advise you not to be there. The main objective of the player is to explore the game 's world and survive the dangers of the planet while at the same time following the story of the game. Subnautica allows the player to collect resources, construct tools, bases, and submersibles, and interact with the planet 's wildlife. In the basic difficulty "Survival '', the player will have to maintain nutrition, hydration, and oxygen. The game includes a day and night cycle which affects the gameplay and surroundings. The game includes three other modes: "Freedom mode '', in which hunger and thirst are disabled; "Hardcore mode '', which is the same as Survival, except that if the player dies, the player will no longer be able to respawn; and "Creative Mode '', in which the hunger, thirst, health, and oxygen features are all disabled, all the crafting blueprints are acquired, where no resources are needed to craft and the submersibles do not need energy and can not be damaged. The game is mainly set underwater, with two explorable islands.
HTC Vive Support is not yet fully built into the game. As a result, using SteamVR will not work with the Vive Controllers.
Subnautica takes place in the late 22nd century, when humanity begins to colonize planets in space. An Alterra vessel known as the "Aurora '' has been sent to the outer reaches of controlled space to construct a Phasegate and find a lost ship known as the "Degasi ''. However, the Aurora is struck by an energy pulse of unknown origin, and crash lands onto an ocean planet known as 4546B. While the player crashing is still part of the plot, the Aurora 's nature has changed several times throughout the game 's development. For a period of time, it was instead a trade ship that was trying to take a shortcut by performing a gravitational slingshot maneuver around the planet when it got shot down, while in the launch version of the game, the Aurora has been built for the sole purpose of constructing a Phasegate in 4546B 's system.
As time passes, a series of radio messages from other survivors begins to stream in, sending the player to other crashed escape pods containing information about some of the Aurora 's passengers, but no people. A few signals appear to be sent by unknown creatures, which are planning on hunting down the survivors of the crash. Eventually, a passing trade ship called the "Sunbeam '' picks up the Aurora 's distress signal and comes to help. However, upon attempting landing to pick up the player, the Sunbeam is destroyed, along with its entire crew, by the Quarantine Enforcement Platform. Fortunately, soon afterwards the Alterra Corporation - the Aurora 's owner - manages to send through schematics of a rocket ship called the "Neptune Escape Rocket '' that will allow the player to escape the planet. Unfortunately, it will not be possible for the rocket to take off while the Quarantine Enforcement Platform is still active.
As the player discovers later in the game, 4546B used to be a research outpost of an ancient alien race referred to as the "Precursors ''. The Precursors placed the planet under quarantine after an outbreak of an infectious bacteria known as "Kharaa '', which, due to a containment breach caused by an attack by a highly defensive mother "Sea Dragon '', has by now infected most of the entire planet. They made several attempts of finding a cure, including dissection of babies of the Sea Emperor Leviathan - the game 's largest creature and the being that has been telepathically communicating with the player throughout the game. This 1,600 year old creature produces an enzyme called "Enzyme 42 '' which can cure Kharaa. However, the Empress was too old to produce the enzyme anymore and the babies always died when they studied them. Because of so many failed experiments, the Precursors declared quarantine on the planet before either leaving, dying or downloading their minds into a computer. Quarantine measures include the activation of the Quarantine Enforcement Platform (massive atmospheric defence gun), which shot down the Aurora, Degasi, and Sunbeam, as well as a group of cyborg creatures known as "Warpers '' who attempt to hunt down all Kharaa bearers.
The player must then find the Precursors ' Primary Containment Facility, where the research to cure Kharaa was being conducted. There, you meet the Sea Emperor and she explains why the Precursors could n't obtain the Enzyme. The Empress could n't speak to them telepathically due to their biology, and told them that forcing the babies out of their eggs will kill them, they need a hatching enzyme to wake them from the eggs. The player then gathers materials to make the Hatching Enzyme. After hatching the Sea Emperor 's eggs and receiving the cure in return, the player can disable the Quarantine Enforcement Platform. Once this is accomplished, they can launch the Neptune - 1 rocket to escape the planet. In a scene after the credits the computer confirms you have arrived back at Alterra, but permission to land will only be granted after you pay your outstanding balance of one trillion credits, for the value of the minerals used during the game.
Subnautica was announced by Unknown Worlds Entertainment on December 17, 2013, with Charlie Cleveland as the game director and lead gameplay programmer, and Hugh Jeremy as the producer.
The development team opted to use the Unity engine rather than Spark, the engine used for the company 's previous game, Natural Selection 2. Subnautica producer Hugh Jeremy justified this decision because of the different demands that the game places on the engine, and "because (the team) does not include people working on Spark, it 's not appropriate for Subnautica to use Spark. By using Unity for Subnautica, Spark can continue to develop in certain directions, while Subnautica develops in others. To use Spark for Subnautica would be like trying to fit a square peg in a round hole. ''
The development team opted against the inclusion of lethal weapons in the game. Charlie Cleveland, the game 's director, described Subnautica as "one vote towards a world with less guns, '' and had felt inspired by real life gun violence, including the Sandy Hook shooting, to encourage players to think about "non-violent and more creative solutions to solve our problems. ''
Subnautica was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014, and was in early access development until January 23, 2018. It was released on Xbox One Preview on May 17, 2016.
The complete version of Subnautica was released on January 23, 2018 for Steam.
The game received a positive pre-release reception. Ian Birnbaum of PC Gamer described Subnautica as an "underwater Minecraft '', remarking that "with an experienced developer at the helm and a limitless variety of the oceans to play with, it 's going to take a lot for Subnautica to go badly wrong. As the toolbox gets deeper and the shape of the end - game gets set, Subnautica will be a unique example of the ways survival can be tense, rewarding, and fun. '' Marsh Davies of Rock, Paper, Shotgun praised the rewarding nature of exploring the world of Subnautica, but criticized the "arbitrariness '' and lack of intuition in some of the in - game recipes.
At launch, the game received generally positive reviews. Metacritic calculated an average score of 87 out of 100 based on 27 reviews for the Windows version.
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glenn miller let's have another cup oʼ coffee | Let 's have another cup of coffee - wikipedia
"Let 's Have Another Cup of Coffee '' is a song by Irving Berlin appearing in the musical comedy Face the Music, which opened in 1932. The song, set in a self - service restaurant modeled on the Horn & Hardart Automat, is sung in the play by a group of once - wealthy citizens who were awaiting better times, as mirrored in the song 's opening lyrics:
Just around the corner, there 's a rainbow in the sky, So let 's have another cup of coffee, and let 's have another piece of pie.
The hit version was released in 1932 on the RCA Victor label (Victor 22936) by Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians with vocals by Chick Bullock with the Three Waring Girls.
Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with refrain by Marion Hutton, Ernie Caceres and The Modernaires recorded their version in New York City on January 5, 1942. It was released by Bluebird Records as catalog number B 11450A (in USA) and by EMI on the His Master 's Voice label as catalog number BD 5784.
Sammy Kaye recorded a version (Victor 27780) in 1942 with the Three Kaydets vocalizing.
The melody of "Frosty the Snowman '' (1950) bears resemblance.
Tage Danielsson made a Swedish adaption, "Kaffe och bullar gör mig glad '', which he performed in the cabaret Lådan (1966 - 1967), which also was filmed (1968).
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who sang looking through the window of love | Lookin ' Through the Windows (song) - Wikipedia
"Lookin ' Through the Windows '' is a song written by Clifton Davis released as a single by The Jackson 5 in 1972 from the album Lookin ' Through the Windows. Produced by Hal Davis, it peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard Hot 100.
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which of the following is a requirement for using the z-test for differences of proportions | Z - test - wikipedia
A Z - test is any statistical test for which the distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis can be approximated by a normal distribution. Because of the central limit theorem, many test statistics are approximately normally distributed for large samples. For each significance level, the Z - test has a single critical value (for example, 1.96 for 5 % two tailed) which makes it more convenient than the Student 's t - test which has separate critical values for each sample size. Therefore, many statistical tests can be conveniently performed as approximate Z - tests if the sample size is large or the population variance is known. If the population variance is unknown (and therefore has to be estimated from the sample itself) and the sample size is not large (n < 30), the Student 's t - test may be more appropriate.
If T is a statistic that is approximately normally distributed under the null hypothesis, the next step in performing a Z - test is to estimate the expected value θ of T under the null hypothesis, and then obtain an estimate s of the standard deviation of T. After that the standard score Z = (T − θ) / s is calculated, from which one - tailed and two - tailed p - values can be calculated as Φ (− Z) (for upper - tailed tests), Φ (Z) (for lower - tailed tests) and 2Φ (− Z) (for two - tailed tests) where Φ is the standard normal cumulative distribution function.
The term "Z - test '' is often used to refer specifically to the one - sample location test comparing the mean of a set of measurements to a given constant. If the observed data X,..., X are (i) uncorrelated, (ii) have a common mean μ, and (iii) have a common variance σ, then the sample average X has mean μ and variance σ / n. If our null hypothesis is that the mean value of the population is a given number μ, we can use X − μ as a test - statistic, rejecting the null hypothesis if X − μ is large.
To calculate the standardized statistic Z = (X − μ) / s, we need to either know or have an approximate value for σ, from which we can calculate s = σ / n. In some applications, σ is known, but this is uncommon. If the sample size is moderate or large, we can substitute the sample variance for σ, giving a plug - in test. The resulting test will not be an exact Z - test since the uncertainty in the sample variance is not accounted for -- however, it will be a good approximation unless the sample size is small. A t - test can be used to account for the uncertainty in the sample variance when the sample size is small and the data are exactly normal. There is no universal constant at which the sample size is generally considered large enough to justify use of the plug - in test. Typical rules of thumb range from 20 to 50 samples. For larger sample sizes, the t - test procedure gives almost identical p - values as the Z - test procedure.
Other location tests that can be performed as Z - tests are the two - sample location test and the paired difference test.
For the Z - test to be applicable, certain conditions must be met.
If estimates of nuisance parameters are plugged in as discussed above, it is important to use estimates appropriate for the way the data were sampled. In the special case of Z - tests for the one or two sample location problem, the usual sample standard deviation is only appropriate if the data were collected as an independent sample.
In some situations, it is possible to devise a test that properly accounts for the variation in plug - in estimates of nuisance parameters. In the case of one and two sample location problems, a t - test does this.
Suppose that in a particular geographic region, the mean and standard deviation of scores on a reading test are 100 points, and 12 points, respectively. Our interest is in the scores of 55 students in a particular school who received a mean score of 96. We can ask whether this mean score is significantly lower than the regional mean -- that is, are the students in this school comparable to a simple random sample of 55 students from the region as a whole, or are their scores surprisingly low?
First calculate the standard error of the mean:
where σ (\ displaystyle (\ sigma)) is the population standard deviation.
Next calculate the z - score, which is the distance from the sample mean to the population mean in units of the standard error:
In this example, we treat the population mean and variance as known, which would be appropriate if all students in the region were tested. When population parameters are unknown, at test should be conducted instead.
The classroom mean score is 96, which is − 2.47 standard error units from the population mean of 100. Looking up the z - score in a table of the standard normal distribution, we find that the probability of observing a standard normal value below − 2.47 is approximately 0.5 − 0.4932 = 0.0068. This is the one - sided p - value for the null hypothesis that the 55 students are comparable to a simple random sample from the population of all test - takers. The two - sided p - value is approximately 0.014 (twice the one - sided p - value).
Another way of stating things is that with probability 1 − 0.014 = 0.986, a simple random sample of 55 students would have a mean test score within 4 units of the population mean. We could also say that with 98.6 % confidence we reject the null hypothesis that the 55 test takers are comparable to a simple random sample from the population of test - takers.
The Z - test tells us that the 55 students of interest have an unusually low mean test score compared to most simple random samples of similar size from the population of test - takers. A deficiency of this analysis is that it does not consider whether the effect size of 4 points is meaningful. If instead of a classroom, we considered a subregion containing 900 students whose mean score was 99, nearly the same z - score and p - value would be observed. This shows that if the sample size is large enough, very small differences from the null value can be highly statistically significant. See statistical hypothesis testing for further discussion of this issue.
Location tests are the most familiar Z - tests. Another class of Z - tests arises in maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters in a parametric statistical model. Maximum likelihood estimates are approximately normal under certain conditions, and their asymptotic variance can be calculated in terms of the Fisher information. The maximum likelihood estimate divided by its standard error can be used as a test statistic for the null hypothesis that the population value of the parameter equals zero. More generally, if θ ^ (\ displaystyle (\ hat (\ theta))) is the maximum likelihood estimate of a parameter θ, and θ is the value of θ under the null hypothesis,
can be used as a Z - test statistic.
When using a Z - test for maximum likelihood estimates, it is important to be aware that the normal approximation may be poor if the sample size is not sufficiently large. Although there is no simple, universal rule stating how large the sample size must be to use a Z - test, simulation can give a good idea as to whether a Z - test is appropriate in a given situation.
Z - tests are employed whenever it can be argued that a test statistic follows a normal distribution under the null hypothesis of interest. Many non-parametric test statistics, such as U statistics, are approximately normal for large enough sample sizes, and hence are often performed as Z - tests.
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we are singing in the light of god | Siyahamba - wikipedia
Siyahamba (Written by Andries Van Tonder) is a South African hymn that became popular in North American churches in the 1990s. The title means "We Are Marching '' or "We are Walking '' in the Zulu language.
"Siyahamba '' originated in South Africa, probably as a Zulu folk song. It was rewritten as a Christian hymn by Andries Van Tonder, an elder of the Judith Church, and was passed on to his great grandsons, Andrew and Zachariah O ' Tonder, from Ireland. It was written in 1952, 3 years before Andries Van Tonder died.
In 1978, the Swedish choral group Fjedur toured South Africa at the invitation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of South Africa. It was during this tour that Fjedur 's musical director, Anders Nyberg (sv), heard and recorded "Siyahamba '' at a girls ' school in Appelsbosch, Natal. Subsequently, this song has been used around the world by schools in their prayers.
In 1984, Nyberg arranged "Siyahamba '' for a four - voice setting and published it in a songbook and recording called Freedom is Coming: Songs of Protest and Praise from South Africa. In 1994, GIA Publications included the song (under the title "We Are Marching in the Light of God '') in Gather Comprehensive, a hymnal widely used in American Catholic parishes. A year later, the United Church of Christ included the song, under the same title, in The New Century Hymnal. The Unitarian Universalist Association included the song in its 2005 supplemental hymnbook, Singing the Journey.
Today, "Siyahamba '' is often performed by children 's groups in both sacred and secular environments. Occasionally, the translated lyrics are modified for a secular performance: for example, the English translation "We are marching in the light of God '' becomes "We are standing in the light of peace. ''
The structure of the song is cyclic, rather than sequential: the lyrics consist of one phrase, repeated with permutations. Hawn notes that cyclical forms tend to emphasize a spirit of community and allow for physical response during the performance. This cyclical form, along with the meaning of the lyrics, may explain the song 's popularity as a processional and offertory as well as a protest or marching song.
Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God,
Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God.
Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God,
Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God. (in die lig van God)
Ons marsjeer nou... ooh (Ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou, ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou,)
Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God. (in die lig van God)
Ons marsjeer nou... ooh (Ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou, ons marsjeer nou, marsjeer nou,)
Ons marsjeer nou in die lig van God.
(Alternative versions of the lyrics may alternate marsjeer with different verbs such as wandel.)
Siyahamb ' ekukhanyeni kwenkos, Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos '.
Siyahamb ' ekukhanyeni kwenkos ', Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos '.
(ekukhanyeni kwenkos ')
Siyahamba... ooh
(Siyahamba, hamba, Siyahamba, hamba)
Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos '.
(ekukhanyeni kwenkos ')
Siyahamba... ooh
(Siyahamba, hamba, Siyahamba, hamba)
Siyahamba ekukhanyeni kwenkos '.
Twatembea nuruni mwake,
twatembea nuruni mwake.
Twatembea nuruni mwake,
twatembea nuruni mwake. (nuruni mwake)
Twatembea... ooh (Twatembea, tembea, twatembea, tembea,)
Twatembea nuruni mwake. (nuruni mwake)
Twatembea... ooh (Twatembea, tembea, twatembea, tembea,)
Twatembea nuruni mwake.
Leader: We are marching in the light of God
Choir: We are marching in the light of God.
Leader: We are marching in the light of God,
Choir: We are marching in the light of God. (in the light of God)
We are marching... ooh (We are marching, marching, we are marching, marching,)
We are marching in the light of God. (the light of God)
We are marching... ooh (We are marching, marching, we are marching, marching,)
We are marching in the light of God.
(Alternative versions of the lyrics may alternate marching with different verbs such as walking, dancing, singing, living, or praying, holding up, or the word "God '' for love in a less religious gathering.)
Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes
Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes.
Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes,
Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes. (im Lichte Gottes)
Wir marschieren... ooh (Wir marschieren, marschieren, wir marschieren, marschieren,)
Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes. (im Lichte Gottes)
Wir marschieren... ooh (Wir marschieren, marschieren, wir marschieren, marschieren,)
Wir marschieren im Lichte Gottes.
(Wobei marschieren hier nicht im Sinne von einem militärischen Marsch verstanden werden soll, sondern die Bedeutung geht hier mehr in Richtung wandern.)
Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu,
Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu.
Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu,
Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu. (dans la lumière de Dieu)
Nous marchons... ooh (Nous marchons, marchons, nous marchons, marchons,)
Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu. (dans la lumière de Dieu)
Nous marchons... ooh (Nous marchons, marchons, nous marchons, marchons,)
Nous marchons dans la lumière de Dieu.
Caminamos en la luz de Dios,
Caminamos en la luz de Dios.
Caminamos en la luz de Dios,
Caminamos en la luz de Dios. (en la luz de Dios)
Caminando... ooh (Caminando, vamos caminando, vamos)
Caminando en la luz de Dios. (en la luz de Dios)
Caminando... ooh (Caminando, vamos caminando, vamos)
Caminando en la luz de Dios.
Caminhando, na luz do Senhor,
Caminhando, na luz do Senhor
Caminhando, na luz do Senhor,
Caminhando, na luz do Senhor. (com a luz do Senhor)
Caminhando... ooh (Caminhando, eu vou caminhando, eu vou)
Caminhando, na luz do Senhor. (com a luz do Senhor)
Caminhando... ooh (Caminhando, eu vou caminhando, eu vou)
Caminhando, na luz do Senhor.
Við göngum í ljósi Guðs
já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs
Við göngum í ljósi Guðs
já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs
Við göngum,
já við göngum
Úww, já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs
Við göngum,
já við göngum
Úww, já, við göngum í ljósi Guðs
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who plays stevie in wizards of waverly place | Hayley Kiyoko - wikipedia
Hayley Kiyoko Alcroft (born April 3, 1991) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, dancer, and director. Beginning dance lessons as a child, Kiyoko 's interest in entertaining led to her working as a child model and actress. She appeared in a variety of films including Scooby - Doo! film series (2009 -- 10), Lemonade Mouth (2011), Blue Lagoon: The Awakening (2012), Jem and the Holograms (2015), and XOXO (2016). Alongside her film roles, she also held a recurring role in the TV series The Fosters (2014) and a lead role on CSI: Cyber (2015 -- 16) and Five Points (2018).
Kiyoko was a founding member of The Stunners in 2007. The group released a slew of singles and supported Justin Bieber 's My World Tour, before disbanding in 2011. Since, Kiyoko has issued three solo extended plays: A Belle to Remember (2013), This Side of Paradise (2015, which includes the single "Girls Like Girls ''), and Citrine (2016). Following singles including "Sleepover '', "Feelings '', and "Curious '' have been released to accompany her debut studio album Expectations, which was released on March 30, 2018. The album reached the top 20 of the charts in United States, Canada and Australia. She has also created a comic book, with the help of Naomi Franquiz and Marla Vazquez, based on her song "Gravel to Tempo ''.
Kiyoko was born on April 3, 1991, in Los Angeles, California, to actor / comedian Jamie Alcroft and figure skater / choreographer Sarah Kawahara. Her mother is from Canada, and is of Japanese ancestry, and her father is from Ohio, and has German, Welsh, English and Irish ancestry. Kiyoko has two siblings, Alysse and Thatcher. She began acting at a young age, appearing in national commercials for companies such as GM Onstar, Slim Jim, and Cinnamon Toast Crunch. Insisting on drum lessons at age 6, she was writing drum charts for new releases and selling them in a local music store by age 11. At age 8, Kiyoko wrote a song called "Notice '', which her father still urges her to release. She was elected President of her middle school and high school freshman classes and Vice-president in her senior year. She was appointed Commissioner of Entertainment in her sophomore year and Commissioner of Pep Rallies in her junior year.
She created and choreographed "The Agoura High Step Team '' which was faculty - approved as a school club under her direction. The team placed 3rd at a Nationals competition in 2005. Upon graduation in 2009, she was accepted into Clive Davis School of Recorded Music at New York University but initially deferred until eventually declining due to career opportunities.
Kiyoko was discovered at the age of 5 when she went with her friend to a photo shoot. The director asked her to step in front of the camera, and she ended up in a national print ad for KnowledgeWare. Nickelodeon spotted her at the Culver City Ice Rink, and she ended up featured in and narrating a short piece about children in sports called, "I 'm Hayley, a Skater ''. Kiyoko continued to hone her skills in middle school plays, and in 7th grade she, after seeing Eurasian girls like herself act in J.C. Penney commercials, asked for an agent. She got her commercial agent and booked her first audition, claiming acting was always just something she did on the side to make money for college and music equipment. Kiyoko started the garage band Hede, named after her grandfather, in November 2007, and released five songs on Myspace and a music video for "Warehouse ''. The band performed locally on several occasions and split in 2009 after the remaining band members left for college. Her grandfather died in 2011. He was one of the biggest inspirations in Kiyoko 's life.
In 2007, Kiyoko was approached by former pop - star Vitamin C to join an all - girl singing and dancing group. She joined Allie Gonino, Tinashe, Kelsey Sanders (later replaced by Lauren Hudson), and Marisol Esparza to form The Stunners. Six months after forming, the group signed with Columbia Records and released a single titled "Bubblegum '' to iTunes along with the official video for the single. They also contributed a cover of the song "Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' to the iCarly soundtrack. In 2009, the group left Columbia Records, signed a production deal with Lionsgate Entertainment, and shot a music video for their promo single "We Got It '', which was released on February 22, 2010. In 2007, Kiyoko starred in her first television role in Unfabulous, being credited as Hayley Alcroft. After graduating high school in 2009, Kiyoko booked her first big movie, starring as Velma Dinkley in Scooby - Doo! The Mystery Begins, a role she almost did not audition for due to her image. In a 2017 interview, she stated that she struggles to find acting roles as a biracial woman. The TV movie premiered on September 13, 2009 and was a huge success. It brought in 6.1 million viewers, making it the most - watched program in Cartoon Network 's history. She reprised the role in the movie 's sequel, Scooby - Doo! Curse of the Lake Monster, which premiered on October 16, 2010. The sequel drew 3.4 million viewers. In 2010, Kiyoko also guest starred in four episodes of Disney 's Wizards of Waverly Place in the role of Stevie Nichols, an evil wizard.
The Stunners signed to Universal Republic Records in 2010 and released their first single "Dancin ' Around the Truth '', which featured the New Boyz. The music video for the song premiered June 2, just before the group was announced as an opening act on Justin Bieber 's My World Tour. A full album was planned, but cancelled when the group split in 2011. Kiyoko claimed that she wanted to be in control of her own music. Kiyoko began work on the Disney Channel movie Lemonade Mouth in 2010, starring in a lead role as rebellious teenager Stella Yamada. The film premiered on April 15, 2011 with 5.7 million viewers. Kiyoko later guest starred in the episode "Skater Girl Island '' of Disney XD 's Zeke and Luther which aired May 23, 2011. A sequel to Lemonade Mouth was cancelled prior to pre-production when Disney released a statement saying that "they felt the movie had completed its story within the first film. ''
In February 2012, Kiyoko landed a small role in Blue Lagoon: The Awakening, a Lifetime TV movie and remake of the 1980 film The Blue Lagoon. The movie premiered on June 16, 2012. She portrayed the character Gabi in a recurring role on ABC Family 's The Fosters and later landed the role of Raven Ramirez in CSI: Cyber. She also portrayed Shannie in the Netflix movie XOXO, which premiered in August 2016.
On March 12, 2013, Kiyoko released her debut EP, A Belle to Remember. The album was partially crowdfunded through MusicPledge. Immediately following its release, Kiyoko began writing new music in London with British producer James Flannigan. She announced via Facebook in 2014 that her next EP was finished and she would be debuting the songs at a show later that month. The songs were recorded in her parents ' garage in Los Angeles with Flannigan. Kiyoko also collaborated with Swedish producer Anders Grahn. During this time, Kiyoko was affiliated with Maker Studios, releasing covers of "Jolly Old Saint Nicholas '' and medleys of Valentine 's Day themed songs on the Maker Music YouTube channel with AJ Rafael.
Her second EP, This Side of Paradise, was released on February 3, 2015. The music video for her single "Girls Like Girls '' was released on June 24, 2015. After co-directing the video for "Girls Like Girls '' (which as of August 2018 has over 95 million views), Kiyoko assumed full directorial responsibilities for her next music video. "Cliff 's Edge '' was released via Vevo in November 2015.
After her 25th birthday party, Kiyoko hit her head and suffered a concussion. She was concurrently diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome and depression. In a 2018 interview, Kiyoko said "I could n't create, and I was like ' If I ca n't create, what 's the point? I have no purpose. ' '' She started resting with citrine pieces on her forehead and started using a citrine crystal, which inspired the name for her third EP. In 2016, she released the single "Gravel to Tempo '' and its music video from her next EP, Citrine. The EP was released on September 30, 2016 via EMPIRE and Atlantic. Her third fully self - directed music video for the song "One Bad Night '' was premiered via Vice on October 11, 2016 in order to promote the EP. A new single called "Sleepover '' was released alongside its music video on March 2, 2017 via BuzzFeed. Following that, the self - directed music video for her single "Feelings '' was released on October 19, 2017. On December 21, 2017, Kiyoko announced her debut studio album, Expectations. The third single, "Curious '' was released on January 13, 2018 with the album 's pre-order, alongside its music video, directed by Kiyoko and James Larese, and which premiered on Total Request Live. In March, Kiyoko was announced as a supporting act for the first leg of Panic! At The Disco 's Pray for the Wicked Tour.
Expectations was released on March 30, 2018. To promote the release of her album, Kiyoko made her live TV debut and performed "Curious '' on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on April 3, 2018. Later that month, she announced that she collaborated with Marla Vazquez and Naomi Franquiz to make a comic book based on her song, "Gravel to Tempo. '' The comic book was sold during the Expectations Tour. Her self - directed music video for "What I Need, '' feat. Kehlani, was released on May 31, 2018. In June, Kiyoko performed "He 'll Never Love You (HLNY) '' on Late Night with Seth Meyers. Later in June, Kiyoko was featured in InStyle 's first issue of 50 Badass Women for her work alongside notable figures such as Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Emma Watson. On July 26, 2018, Kiyoko was invited by Taylor Swift to perform with her on stage at Gillette Stadium, marking Kiyoko 's first stadium performance. The performance video for "What I Need '' was released on August 17, 2018. At the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, Kiyoko won the award for Push Artist of the Year and performed "Curious '' on stage.
Kiyoko is a lesbian and knew she was attracted to girls when she was six years old, coming out to her parents in the sixth grade. She had a crush on a female swim teacher, and she realized she liked girls and grew up struggling with these feelings, fearing rejection and judgment if she came out. She wanted to inspire confidence in young people dealing with the same struggles. Kiyoko 's music is focused on her story and emotions she 's experienced while coming to terms with her identity. The "This Side of Paradise '' music video focused on her struggles with expressing her true self and the "Gravel to Tempo '' music video draws on her experiences with having crushes on girls while growing up. In a 2016 interview, she expressed her frustration about not connecting to people the way she wanted. When Lily May - Young, one of the co-writers for Girls Like Girls, asked Kiyoko about something about herself that no one knew and she was afraid to sing about, Kiyoko wanted to sing about the fact that she likes girls, but was struggling to be out about that. Tegan and Sara and Katy Perry 's "I Kissed a Girl '' were Kiyoko 's turning point and inspiration to turn to pop music. Through her music, Kiyoko works to normalize lesbian relationships in a society and music industry that she sees as being very heteronormative.
After seeing the impact her music has on her fans, Kiyoko regretted not being open about her sexuality sooner.
Her song, "Mercy / Gatekeeper '' talks about the depression she dealt with after suffering from her concussion.
Since publicly coming out, Kiyoko has been an advocate for LGBT rights and is widely considered to be a gay icon by her fans. Her music videos highlight her own experiences and various LGBT - related issues. The music video for ' One Bad Night ' raised awareness of violence against transgender women. For Pride Month 2017, Kiyoko partnered with MeUndies to promote their ' Celebrate ' campaign. Each pair of underwear sold had a portion of the profit donated to the Los Angeles LGBT Center. In 2018, Kiyoko critiqued Rita Ora 's song, "Girls '', for its depiction of same - sex attraction and harmful implications for the LGBT community. Ora later apologized for the song 's implications. After 78 bras were thrown at Kiyoko during the Expectations Tour, she and Neara Russell donated them to I Support The Girls, an organization which supports homeless women, to support homeless LGBT youth. In her acceptance speech for Push Artist of the Year at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, Kiyoko dedicated her win to queer women of color.
In 2016, she supported Hillary Clinton and expressed dismay at Donald Trump winning the U.S. Presidential Election. In 2018, Kiyoko was praised by HeadCount for helping her fans register to vote while she was supporting Panic! at the Disco 's Pray for the Wicked Tour.
During her career, Kiyoko has been nominated for numerous awards for her work as an actress, musical artist, and her presence in the LGBT community. In 2015, she won the Jury Award for her role as Alisa in Hello, My Name is Frank. In 2018, she won a MTV Video Music Award for Push Artist of the Year.
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the role of observation and imitation in learning is emphasized by | Observational learning - wikipedia
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes. In humans, this form of learning seems to not need reinforcement to occur, but instead, requires a social model such as a parent, sibling, friend, or teacher with surroundings. Particularly in childhood, a model is someone of authority or higher status in an environment. In animals, observational learning is often based on classical conditioning, in which an instinctive behavior is elicited by observing the behavior of another (e.g. mobbing in birds), but other processes may be involved as well.
Many behaviors that a learner observes, remembers, and imitates are actions that models display and display modeling, even though the model may not intentionally try to instill a particular behavior. A child may learn to swear, smack, smoke, and deem other inappropriate behavior acceptable through poor modeling. Bandura claims that children continually learn desirable and undesirable behavior through observational learning. Observational learning suggests that an individual 's environment, cognition, and behavior all incorporate and ultimately determine how the individual functions and models.
Through observational learning, individual behaviors can spread across a culture through a process called diffusion chain. This basically occurs when an individual first learns a behavior by observing another individual and that individual serves as a model through whom other individuals learn the behavior, and so on.
Culture plays a role in whether observational learning is the dominant learning style in a person or community. Some cultures expect children to actively participate in their communities and are therefore exposed to different trades and roles on a daily basis. This exposure allows children to observe and learn the different skills and practices that are valued in their communities.
Albert Bandura, who is known for the classic Bobo doll experiment, identified this basic form of learning in 1961. The importance of observational learning lies in helping individuals, especially children, acquire new responses by observing others ' behavior.
Albert Bandura states that people 's behavior could be determined by their environment. Observational learning occurs through observing negative and positive behaviors. Bandura believes in reciprocal determinism in which the environment can influence people 's behavior and vice versa. For instance, the Bobo doll experiment shows that model, in a determined environment, affects children 's behavior. In this experiment Bandura demonstrates that one group of children placed in an aggressive environment would act the same way, while the control group and the other group of children placed in a passive role model environment hardly shows any type of aggression.
In communities where children 's primary mode of learning is through observation, the children are rarely separated from adult activities. This incorporation into the adult world at an early age allows children to use observational learning skills in multiple spheres of life. This learning through observation requires keen attentive abilities. Culturally, they learn that their participation and contributions are valued in their communities. This teaches children that it is their duty, as members of the community, to observe others ' contributions so they gradually become involved and participate further in the community.
Bandura 's social cognitive learning theory states that there are four stages involved in observational learning:
Bandura clearly distinguishes between learning and performance. Unless motivated, a person does not produce learned behavior. This motivation can come from external reinforcement, such as the experimenter 's promise of reward in some of Bandura 's studies, or the bribe of a parent. Or it can come from vicarious reinforcement, based on the observation that models are rewarded. High - status models can affect performance through motivation. For example, girls aged 11 to 14 performed better on a motor performance task when they thought it was demonstrated by a high - status cheerleader than by a low - status model.
Some have even added a step between attention and retention involving encoding a behavior.
Observational learning leads to a change in an individual 's behavior along three dimensions:
According to Bandura 's social cognitive learning theory, observational learning can affect behavior in many ways, with both positive and negative consequences. It can teach completely new behaviors, for one. It can also increase or decrease the frequency of behaviors that have previously been learned. Observational learning can even encourage behaviors that were previously forbidden (for example, the violent behavior towards the Bobo doll that children imitated in Albert Bandura 's study). Observational learning can also influence behaviors that are similar to, but not identical to, the ones being modeled. For example, seeing a model excel at playing the piano may motivate an observer to play the saxophone.
Albert Bandura stressed that developing children learn from different social models, meaning that no two children are exposed to exactly the same modeling influence. From infancy to adolescence, they are exposed to various social models. A 2013 study found that a toddlers ' previous social familiarity with a model was not always necessary for learning and that they were also able to learn from observing a stranger demonstrating or modeling a new action to another stranger.
It was once believed that babies could not imitate actions until the latter half of the first year. However a number of studies now report that infants as young as seven days can imitate simple facial expressions. By the latter half of their first year, 9 - month - old babies can imitate actions hours after they first see them. As they continue to develop, toddlers around age two can acquire important personal and social skills by imitating a social model.
Deferred imitation is an important developmental milestone in a two - year - old, in which children not only construct symbolic representations, but can also remember information. Unlike toddlers, children of elementary school age are less likely to rely on imagination to represent an experience. Instead, they can verbally describe the model 's behavior. Since this form of learning does not need reinforcement, it is more likely to occur regularly.
As age increases, age - related observational learning motor skills may decrease in athletes and golfers. Younger and skilled golfers have higher observational learning compared to older golfers and less skilled golfers.
Humans use observational Moleen causal learning to watch other people 's actions and use the information gained to find out how something works and how we can do it ourselves.
A study of 25 - month - old infants found that they can learn causal relations from observing human interventions. They also learn by observing normal actions not created by intentional human action.
Observational learning is presumed to have occurred when an organism copies an improbable action or action outcome that it has observed and the matching behavior can not be explained by an alternative mechanism. Psychologists have been particularly interested in the form of observational learning known as imitation and in how to distinguish imitation from other processes. To successfully make this distinction, one must separate the degree to which behavioral similarity results from (a) predisposed behavior, (b) increased motivation resulting from the presence of another animal, (c) attention drawn to a place or object, (d) learning about the way the environment works, as distinguished from what we think of as (e) imitation (the copying of the demonstrated behavior).
Observational learning differs from imitative learning in that it does not require a duplication of the behavior exhibited by the model. For example, the learner may observe an unwanted behavior and the subsequent consequences, and thus learn to refrain from that behavior. For example, Riopelle (1960) found that monkeys did better with observational learning if they saw the "tutor '' monkey make a mistake before making the right choice. Heyes (1993) distinguished imitation and non-imitative social learning in the following way: imitation occurs when animals learn about behavior from observing conspecifics, whereas non-imitative social learning occurs when animals learn about the environment from observing others.
Not all imitation and learning through observing is the same, and they often differ in the degree to which they take on an active or passive form. John Dewey describes an important distinction between two different forms of imitation: imitation as an end in itself and imitation with a purpose. Imitation as an end is more akin to mimicry, in which a person copies another 's act to repeat that action again. This kind of imitation is often observed in animals. Imitation with a purpose utilizes the imitative act as a means to accomplish something more significant. Whereas the more passive form of imitation as an end has been documented in some European American communities, the other kind of more active, purposeful imitation has been documented in other communities around the world.
Observation may take on a more active form in children 's learning in multiple Indigenous American communities. Ethnographic anthropological studies in Yucatec Mayan and Quechua Peruvian communities provide evidence that the home or community - centered economic systems of these cultures allow children to witness first - hand, activities that are meaningful to their own livelihoods and the overall well - being of the community. These children have the opportunity to observe activities that are relevant within the context of that community, which gives them a reason to sharpen their attention to the practical knowledge they are exposed to. This does not mean that they have to observe the activities even though they are present. The children often make an active decision to stay in attendance while a community activity is taking place to observe and learn. This decision underscores the significance of this learning style in many indigenous American communities. It goes far beyond learning mundane tasks through rote imitation; it is central to children 's gradual transformation into informed members of their communities ' unique practices. There was also a study, done with children, that concluded that Imitated behavior can be recalled and used in another situation or the same.
Apprenticeship can involve both observational learning and modelling. Apprentices gain their skills in part through working with masters in their profession and through observing and evaluating the work of their fellow apprentices. Examples include renaissance inventor / painter Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, before succeeding in their profession they were apprentices.
Michael Tomasello described various ways of observational learning without the process of imitation in animals (ethology): Exposure - Individuals learn about their environment with a close proximity to other individuals that have more experience. For example, a young dolphin learning the location of a plethora of fish by staying near its mother.
Observational learning is very beneficial when there are positive, reinforcing peer models involved. Although individuals go through four different stages for observational learning: attention; retention; production; and motivation, this does not simply mean that when an individual 's attention is captured that it automatically sets the process in that exact order. One of the most important ongoing stages for observational learning, especially among children, is motivation and positive reinforcement.
Performance is enhanced when children are positively instructed on how they can improve a situation and where children actively participate alongside a more skilled person. Examples of this are scaffolding and guided participation. Scaffolding refers to an expert responding contingently to a novice so the novice gradually increases their understanding of a problem. Guided participation refers to an expert actively engaging in a situation with a novice so the novice participates with or observes the adult to understand how to resolve a problem.
Cultural variation can be seen by the extent of information learned or absorbed by children in non-Western cultures through learning by observation. Cultural variation is not restricted only to ethnicity and nationality, but rather, extends to the specific practices within communities. In learning by observation, children use observation to learn without verbal requests for further information, or without direct instruction. For example, children from Mexican heritage families tend to learn and make better use of information observed during classroom demonstration then children of European heritage. Children of European heritage experience the type of learning that separates them from their family and community activities. They instead participate in lessons and other exercises in special settings such as school. Cultural backgrounds differ from each other in which children display certain characteristics in regards to learning an activity. Another example is seen in the immersion of children in some Indigenous communities of the Americas into the adult world and the effects it has on observational learning and the ability to complete multiple tasks simultaneously. This might be due to children in these communities having the opportunity to see a task being completed by their elders or peers and then trying to emulate the task. In doing so they learn to value observation and the skill - building it affords them because of the value it holds within their community. This type of observation is not passive, but reflects the child 's intent to participate or learn within a community.
Observational learning can be seen taking place in many domains of Indigenous communities. The classroom setting is one significant example, and it functions differently for Indigenous communities compared to what is commonly present in Western schooling. The emphasis of keen observation in favor of supporting participation in ongoing activities strives to aid children to learn the important tools and ways of their community. Engaging in shared endeavors -- with both the experienced and inexperienced -- allows for the experienced to understand what the inexperienced need in order to grow in regards to the assessment of observational learning. The involvement of the inexperienced, or the children in this matter, can either be furthered by the children 's learning or advancing into the activity performed by the assessment of observational learning. Indigenous communities rely on observational learning as a way for their children to be a part of ongoing activities in the community (Tharp, 2006).
Although learning in the Indigenous American communities is not always the central focus when participating in an activity, studies have shown that attention in intentional observation differs from accidental observation. Intentional participation is "keen observation and listening in anticipation of, or in the process of engaging in endeavors ''. This means that when they have the intention of participating in an event, their attention is more focused on the details, compared to when they are accidentally observing.
Observational learning can be an active process in many Indigenous American communities. The learner must take initiative to attend to activities going on around them. Children in these communities also take initiative to contribute their knowledge in ways that will benefit their community. For example, in many Indigenous American cultures, children perform household chores without being instructed to do so by adults. Instead, they observe a need for their contributions, understand their role in their community, and take initiative to accomplish the tasks they have observed others doing. The learner 's intrinsic motivations play an important role in the child 's understanding and construction of meaning in these educational experiences. The independence and responsibility associated with observational learning in many Indigenous American communities are significant reasons why this method of learning involves more than just watching and imitating. A learner must be actively engaged with their demonstrations and experiences in order to fully comprehend and apply the knowledge they obtain.
Children from indigenous heritage communities of the Americas often learn through observation, a strategy that can carry over into adulthood. The heightened value towards observation allows children to multi-task and actively engage in simultaneous activities. The exposure to an uncensored adult lifestyle allows children to observe and learn the skills and practices that are valued in their communities. Children observe elders, parents, and siblings complete tasks and learn to participate in them. They are seen as contributors and learn to observe multiple tasks being completed at once and can learn to complete a task, while still engaging with other community members without being distracted.
Indigenous communities provide more opportunities to incorporate children in everyday life. This can be seen in some Mayan communities where children are given full access to community events, which allows observational learning to occur more often. Other children in Mazahua, Mexico are known to intensely observe ongoing activities. In native northern Canadian and indigenous Mayan communities, children often learn as third - party observers from stories and conversations by others. Most young Mayan children are carried on their mother 's back, allowing them to observe their mother 's work and see the world as their mother sees it. Often, children in Indigenous American communities assume the majority of the responsibility for their learning. Additionally, children find their own approaches to learning. Children are often allowed to learn without restrictions and with minimal guidance. They are encouraged to participate in the community even if they do not how to do the work. They are self - motivated to learn and finish their chores. These children act as a second set of eyes and ears for their parents updating them about the community.
Children aged 6 to 8 in an indigenous heritage community in Guadalajara, Mexico participated in hard work, such as cooking or running errands, to benefit the whole family, while those in the city of Guadalajara rarely did so. These children participated more in adult regulated activities and had little time to play, while those from the indigenous - heritage community had more time to play and initiate in their own after - school activities and had a higher sense of belonging to their community.
Within certain indigenous communities people do not typically seek out explanation beyond basic observation. This is because they are competent in learning through astute observation. In a Guatemalan footloom factory amateur adult weavers observed skilled weavers over the course of weeks without questioning or being given explanations; the amateur weaver moved at their own pace and began when they felt confident. The framework of learning how to weave through observation can serve as a model that groups within a society use as a reference to guide their actions in particular domains of life. Communities that participate in observational learning promote tolerance and mutual understand of those coming from different cultural backgrounds.
When an animal is given a task to complete, they are almost always more successful after observing another animal doing the same task before them. Experiments have been conducted on several different species with the same effect: animals can learn behaviors from peers. However, there is a need to distinguish the propagation of behavior and the stability of behavior. Research has shown that social learning can spread a behavior, but there are more factors regarding how a behavior carries across generations of an animal culture.
Experiments with ninespine sticklebacks showed that individuals will use social learning to locate food.
A study in 1996 at the University of Kentucky used a foraging device to test social learning in pigeons. A pigeon could access the food reward by either pecking at a treadle or stepping on it. Significant correspondence was found between the methods of how the observers accessed their food and the methods the initial model used in accessing the food.
Studies have been conducted at the University of Oslo and University of Saskatchewan regarding the possibility of social learning in birds, delineating the difference between cultural and genetic acquisition. Strong evidence already exists for mate choice, bird song, predator recognition, and foraging.
Researchers cross-fostered eggs between nests of blue tits and great tits and observed the resulting behavior through audio - visual recording. Tits raised in the foster family learned their foster family 's foraging sites early. This shift -- from the sites the tits would among their own kind and the sites they learned from the foster parents -- lasted for life. What young birds learn from foster parents, they eventually transmitted to their own offspring. This suggests cultural transmissions of foraging behavior over generations in the wild.
The University of Washington studied this phenomenon with crows, acknowledging the evolutionary tradeoff between acquiring costly information firsthand and learning that information socially with less cost to the individual but at the risk of inaccuracy. The experimenters exposed wild crows to a unique "dangerous face '' mask as they trapped, banded, and released 7 - 15 birds at five different study places around Seattle, WA. An immediate scolding response to the mask after trapping by previously captured crows illustrates that the individual crow learned the danger of that mask. There was a scolding from crows that were captured that had not been captured initially. That response indicates conditioning from the mob of birds that assembled during the capture.
Horizontal social learning (learning from peers) is consistent with the lone crows that recognized the dangerous face without ever being captured. Children of captured crow parents were conditioned to scold the dangerous mask, which demonstrates vertical social learning (learning from parents). The crows that were captured directly had the most precise discrimination between dangerous and neutral masks than the crows that learned from the experience of their peers. The ability of crows to learn doubled the frequency of scolding, which spread at least 1.2 km from where the experiment started to over a 5 - year period at one site.
Researchers at the Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Institut Jean Nicod, Ecole Normale Supérieure acknowledged a difficulty with research in social learning. To count acquired behavior as cultural, two conditions need must be met: the behavior must spread in a social group, and that behavior must be stable across generations. Research has provided evidence that imitation may play a role in the propagation of a behavior, but these researchers believe the fidelity of this evidence is not sufficient to prove stability of animal culture.
Other factors like ecological availability, reward - based factors, content - based factors, and source - based factors might explain the stability of animal culture in a wild rather than just imitation. As an example of ecological availability, chimps may learn how to fish for ants with a stick from their peers, but that behavior is also influenced by the particular type of ants as well as the condition. A behavior may be learned socially, but the fact that it was learned socially does not necessarily mean it will last. The fact that the behavior is rewarding has a role in cultural stability as well. The ability for socially - learned behaviors to stabilize across generations is also mitigated by the complexity of the behavior. Different individuals of a species, like crows, vary in their ability to use a complex tool. Finally, a behavior 's stability in animal culture depends on the context in which they learn a behavior. If a behavior has already been adopted by a majority, then the behavior is more likely to carry across generations out of a need for conforming.
Animals are able to acquire behaviors from social learning, but whether or not that behavior carries across generations requires more investigation.
Experiments with hummingbirds provided one example of apparent observational learning in a non-human organism. Hummingbirds were divided into two groups. Birds in one group were exposed to the feeding of a knowledgeable "tutor '' bird; hummingbirds in the other group did not have this exposure. In subsequent tests the birds that had seen a tutor were more efficient feeders than the others.
Herman (2002) suggested that bottlenose dolphins produce goal - emulated behaviors rather than imitative ones. A dolphin that watches a model place a ball in a basket might place the ball in the basket when asked to mimic the behavior, but it may do so in a different manner seen.
Kinnaman (1902) reported that one rhesus monkey learned to pull a plug from a box with its teeth to obtain food after watching another monkey succeed at this task.
Fredman (2012) also performed an experiment on observational behavior. In experiment 1, human - raised monkeys observed a familiar human model open a foraging box using a tool in one of two alternate ways: levering or poking. In experiment 2, mother - raised monkeys viewed similar techniques demonstrated by monkey models. A control group in each population saw no model. In both experiments, independent coders detected which technique experimental subjects had seen, thus confirming social learning. Further analyses examined copying at three levels of resolution.
The human - raised monkeys exhibited the greatest learning with the specific tool use technique they saw. Only monkeys who saw the levering model used the lever technique, by contrast with controls and those who witnessed poking. Mother - reared monkeys instead typically ignored the tool and exhibited fidelity at a lower level, tending only to re-create whichever result the model had achieved by either levering or poking.
Nevertheless, this level of social learning was associated with significantly greater levels of success in monkeys witnessing a model than in controls, an effect absent in the human - reared population. Results in both populations are consistent with a process of canalization of the repertoire in the direction of the approach witnessed, producing a narrower, socially shaped behavioral profile than among controls who saw no model.
Pinkham and Jaswal (2011) did an experiment to see if a child would learn how to turn on a light box by watching a parent. They found that children who saw a parent use their head to turn on the light box tended to do the task in that manner, while children who had not seen the parent used their hands instead.
When adequate practice and appropriate feedback follow demonstrations, increased skill performance and learning occurs. Lewis (1974) did a study of children who had a fear of swimming and observed how modelling and going over swimming practices affected their overall performance. The experiment spanned nine days, and included many steps. The children were first assessed on their anxiety and swimming skills. Then they were placed into one of three conditional groups and exposed to these conditions over a few days.
At the end of each day, all children participated in a group lesson. The first group was a control group where the children watched a short cartoon video unrelated to swimming. The second group was a peer mastery group, which watched a short video of similar - aged children who had very good task performances and high confidence. Lastly, the third group was a peer coping group, whose subjects watched a video of similar - aged children who progressed from low task performances and low confidence statements to high task performances and high confidence statements.
The day following the exposures to each condition, the children were reassessed. Finally, the children were also assessed a few days later for a follow up assessment. Upon reassessment, it was shown that the two model groups who watched videos of children similar in age had successful rates on the skills assessed because they perceived the models as informational and motivational.
Recent research in neuroscience has implicated mirror neurons as a neurophysiological basis for observational learning. These specialized visuomotor neurons fire action potentials when an individual performs a motor task and also fire when an individual passively observes another individual performing the same motor task. In observational motor learning, the process begins with a visual presentation of another individual performing a motor task, this acts as a model. The learner then needs to transform the observed visual information into internal motor commands that will allow them to perform the motor task, this is known as visuomotor transformation. Mirror neuron networks provide a mechanism for visuo - motor and motor - visual transformation and interaction. Similar networks of mirror neurons have also been implicated in social learning, motor cognition and social cognition.
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when was the ancient egyptian number system used | Egyptian numerals - wikipedia
The system of ancient Egyptian numerals was used in Ancient Egypt from around 3000 BC until the early first millennium AD. It was a system of numeration based on multiples of ten, often rounded off to the higher power, written in hieroglyphs. The Egyptians had no concept of a place - valued system such as the decimal system. The hieratic form of numerals stressed an exact finite series notation, ciphered one to one onto the Egyptian alphabet.
The following hieroglyphs were used to denote powers of ten:
Multiples of these values were expressed by repeating the symbol as many times as needed. For instance, a stone carving from Karnak shows the number 4622 as
Egyptian hieroglyphs could be written in both directions (and even vertically). This example is written left - to - right and top - down; on the original stone carving, it is right - to - left, and the signs are thus reversed.
By 1740 BCE, the Egyptians had a symbol for zero in accounting texts. The symbol nfr, meaning beautiful, was also used to indicate the base level in drawings of tombs and pyramids and distances were measured relative to the base line as being above or below this line.
Rational numbers could also be expressed, but only as sums of unit fractions, i.e., sums of reciprocals of positive integers, except for ⁄ and ⁄. The hieroglyph indicating a fraction looked like a mouth, which meant "part '':
Fractions were written with this fractional solidus, i.e., the numerator 1, and the positive denominator below. Thus, ⁄ was written as:
There were special symbols for ⁄ and for two non-unit fractions, ⁄ (used frequently) and ⁄ (used less frequently):
If the denominator became too large, the "mouth '' was just placed over the beginning of the "denominator '':
For plus and minus signs, the hieroglyphs
were used: if the feet pointed into the direction of writing, it signified addition, otherwise subtraction.
As with most modern day languages, the ancient Egyptian language could also write out numerals as words phonetically, just like one can write thirty instead of "30 '' in English. The word (thirty), for instance, was written as
while the numeral (30) was
This was, however, uncommon for most numbers other than one and two and the signs were used most of the time.
As administrative and accounting texts were written on papyrus or ostraca, rather than being carved into hard stone (as were hieroglyphic texts), the vast majority of texts employing the Egyptian numeral system utilize the hieratic script. Instances of numerals written in hieratic can be found as far back as the Early Dynastic Period. The Old Kingdom Abusir Papyri are a particularly important corpus of texts that utilize hieratic numerals.
Boyer proved 50 years ago that hieratic script used a different numeral system, using individual signs for the numbers 1 to 9, multiples of 10 from 10 to 90, the hundreds from 100 to 900, and the thousands from 1000 to 9000. A large number like 9999 could thus be written with only four signs -- combining the signs for 9000, 900, 90, and 9 -- as opposed to 36 hieroglyphs. Boyer saw the new hieratic numerals as ciphered, mapping one number onto one Egyptian letter for the first time in human history. Greeks adopted the new system, mapping their counting numbers onto two of their alphabets, the Doric and Ionian.
In the oldest hieratic texts the individual numerals were clearly written in a ciphered relationship to the Egyptian alphabet. But during the Old Kingdom a series of standardized writings had developed for sign - groups containing more than one numeral, repeated as Roman numerals practiced. However, repetition of the same numeral for each place - value was not allowed in the hieratic script. As the hieratic writing system developed over time, these sign - groups were further simplified for quick writing; this process continued into Demotic as well.
Two famous mathematical papyri using hieratic script are the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.
The following table shows the reconstructed Middle Egyptian forms of the numerals (which are indicated by a preceding asterisk), the transliteration of the hieroglyphs used to write them, and finally the Coptic numerals which descended from them and which give Egyptologists clues as to the vocalism of the original Egyptian numbers. A breve (_̆) in some reconstructed forms indicates a short vowel whose quality remains uncertain; the letter ' e ' represents a vowel that was originally u or i (exact quality uncertain) but became e by Late Egyptian.
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a member of a local government is called | Local Government in the Republic of Ireland - wikipedia
In Ireland, local government functions are mostly exercised by thirty - one local authorities, termed County, City, or City and County Councils. The principal decision - making body in each of the thirty - one local authorities is composed of the members of the council, elected by universal franchise in local elections every five years. Irish Local Authorities are the closest and most accessible form of Government to people in their local community. Many of the authorities ' statutory functions are, however, the responsibility of ministerially appointed career officials termed Chief executives.
The area under the jurisdiction of each of the authorities corresponds to the area of each of the thirty - one Local administrative unit (LAU 1) Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) areas for Eurostat purposes. The competencies of the city and county councils include planning, transport infrastructure, sanitary services, public safety (notably fire services) and the provision of public libraries.
Local government in the state is governed by Local Government Acts, the most recent of which -- the Local Government Act 2001 -- established this two - tier structure. The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 is the founding document of the present system. The Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland (1999) provided for constitutional recognition of local government for the first time in Ireland.
The Local Government Reform Act 2014 changed the existing structure, in line with reforms announced in October 2012 by the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government. These included the abolition of all town councils and the merger of some county councils. The reforms came into effect in 2014, to coincide with that year 's local elections.
The county was a unit of judicial and administrative government introduced to Ireland following the Norman invasion. The country was shired in a number of phases with County Wicklow being the last to be shired in 1625. The traditional county of Tipperary was split into two judicial counties (or ridings) following the establishment of assize courts in 1838. Sixty years later, a more radical reorganisation of local government took place with the passage of the Local Government (Ireland) Act (1898). This Act established a county council for each of the thirty - three Irish counties and ridings. The geographic remit of the Irish Free State, which was established pursuant to the Anglo - Irish Treaty of 1921, was confined to twenty - six of the traditional counties of Ireland and thus included 27 administrative counties. To this number may be added the county boroughs. In 1994 Dublin County Council and the Corporation of Dún Laoghaire were abolished with their administrative areas being divided among three new counties: Dún Laoghaire -- Rathdown, Fingal and South Dublin.
The 2001 Act simplified the local government structure, in which the principal tier of local government (county and city councils) cover the entire territory of the state and have general responsibility for all functions of local government except in 80 towns within the territory of county councils, where the lower tier (town councils) exists with more limited functions. The five county boroughs of Dublin, Cork, Galway, Waterford, and Limerick were re-styled as city councils under the Act, with the same status in law as county councils. The remaining county boroughs in place at the foundation of the state were downgraded by the 2001 Act to town council status.
In introducing a second tier of local government, the Act had the effect of:
From 1 January 2002 the existing Urban District Councils and boards of Town Commissioners were renamed as Town Councils. Additionally, the city of Kilkenny, along with the four towns of (Sligo, Drogheda, Clonmel, and Wexford) were reduced in status to the level of Town Council. In recognition of the previous history, the towns were permitted to use the title of "Borough Council '' instead of "Town Council ''. There were 75 other town councils in addition to these five borough councils.
This structure was a modified version of the system introduced in 1898, with some county boroughs renamed as cities, urban districts and municipal boroughs renamed as town councils (or, as noted, boroughs), and rural districts abolished (everywhere except County Dublin in 1925, and in County Dublin in 1930). The distinction between urban district and "towns with town commissioners '' had been abolished.
At various times in the past, other entities at a level below that of the county or county borough have been employed in Ireland for various judicial, administrative and revenue collecting purposes. Some of these, such as the barony and Grand jury, no longer fulfil their original purpose while retaining only vestigial legal relevance in the modern state. Others, such as the Poor Law Unions, have been transformed into entities still in use by the modern state, but again, their original functions have been substantially altered.
On 28 June 2011, the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government Phil Hogan announced that Limerick City Council and Limerick County Council would be merged into a single local council. The proposed merger would come into effect following the 2014 local elections. The new entity would be headed by a directly elected Mayor, with a five - year term. The Minister also said that he would not rule out other local council mergers and that the proposal for a directly elected Mayor for Dublin was being re-examined.
On 26 July 2011, the proposed merger of North Tipperary County Council and South Tipperary County Council was announced.
On 16 October 2012, the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government published Putting People First, an "action plan for effective local government ''. The changes for the 2014 local elections were:
The civic and ceremonial status of existing cities, boroughs and larger towns was retained where they are merged with counties. Those municipal districts that included existing cities or boroughs merged would be "metropolitan districts '' or "borough districts ''. They will continue to have mayors as will those districts containing county towns. In all other councils the equivalent office is known as Chair / Cathaoirleach or Leader. Each municipal district was issued with a new statutory charter setting out its powers alongside any historic charters that already exist.
(*) Six other Ulster counties are in Northern Ireland
The European Union uses a geographical hierarchy system called the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) for various statistical and financial disbursement purposes. The entirety of Ireland is a First - level NUTS of the European Union. The Second level (NUTS 2) divides the state into two broad areas. The Third level (NUTS 3) splits the Second level into a total of 8 regions. Below this third level there are two further sub-divisions -- the Local administrative units (LAU) which are the basic component for regions. For each EU member state, two levels of Local Administrative Units are defined: LAU 1 and LAU 2. In Ireland, the LAUs are structured as followed:
The former lower level of local administration in Ireland -- town councils -- only covered a small percentage of the territory of the state and did not correspond to the second level of the LAU. Instead, DEDs serve as LAU 2 units although they have no local government functions.
Following the abolition of domestic property rates in the late 1970s, local councils have found it extremely difficult to raise money. The shortfall from the abolition of property rates led to the introduction of service charges for water and refuse, but these were highly unpopular in certain areas and led in certain cases to large - scale non-payment. Arising from a decision made by the Rainbow Government domestic water charges were abolished on 1 January 1997 placing further pressure on local government funding.
The Department of Finance is a significant source of funding at present, and additional sources are rates on commercial and industrial property, housing rents, service charges and borrowing. The dependence on Exchequer has led to charges that Ireland has an overly centralised system of local government.
It is worth noting that over the past three decades numerous studies carried out by consultants on behalf of the Government have recommended the reintroduction of some form of local taxation / charging regime, but these were generally seen as politically unacceptable. However, in 2012 the Local Government Management Agency was established to provide a central data management service to enable the collection of the Home Charge, the Non Principle Private Residence (NPPR) charge and the proposed Water charge.
The most recent report on local government funding, carried out by the Indecon Consortium, is due to be published in the near future.
Since 1999, Motor Tax is paid into the Local Government Fund, established by the Local Government Act 1998 and is distributed on a "Needs and Resources '' basis.
In 2013, a local property tax was introduced to provide funding for local authorities.
Local government has progressively lost control over services to national and regional bodies, particularly since the foundation of the state in 1922. For instance, local control of education has largely been passed to Education and Training Boards, whilst other bodies such as the Department of Education and Skills still hold significant powers. In 1970 local government lost its health remit, which had been already eroded by the creation of the Department of Health in 1947, to the Health Board system. In the 1990s the National Roads Authority took overall authority for national roads projects, supported by local authorities who maintain the non-national roads system. The whole area of waste management has been transformed since the 1990s, with a greater emphasis on environmental protection, recycling infrastructure and higher environmental standards. In 1993 the Environmental Protection Agency was established to underpin a more pro-active and co-ordinated national and local approach to protecting the environment. An Bord Pleanála was seen as another inroad into local government responsibilities. Additionally, the trend has been to remove decision - making from elected councillors to full - time professionals and officials. In particular, every city and county has a manager, who is the chief executive but is also a public servant appointed by the Public Appointments Service (formerly the Civil Service and Local Appointments Commission), and is thus answerable to the national government as well as the local council. Therefore, local policy decisions are sometimes heavily influenced by the TDs who represent the local constituency in Dáil Éireann (the main chamber of parliament), and may be dictated by national politics rather than local needs.
Local government bodies now have responsibility for such matters as planning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries. The Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government has responsibility for local authorities and related services. Fingal County Manager David O'Connor: "Local Authorities perform both a representational and an operational role because the Irish system of Local Government encompasses both democratic representation and public administration. ''
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where are the green mountains located on a map | Green Mountains - wikipedia
The Green Mountains are a mountain range in the U.S. state of Vermont. The range runs primarily south to north and extends approximately 250 miles (400 km) from the border with Massachusetts to that with Quebec, Canada. The part of the same range that is in Massachusetts and Connecticut is known as The Berkshires or the Berkshire Hills (with the Connecticut portion, mostly in Litchfield County, locally called the Northwest Hills or Litchfield Hills) and the Quebec portion is called the Sutton Mountains, or Monts Sutton.
All mountains in Vermont are often referred to as the "Green Mountains ''. However, other ranges within Vermont, including the Taconics -- in southwestern Vermont 's extremity -- and the Northeastern Highlands, are not geologically part of the Green Mountains.
The best - known mountains -- for reasons such as high elevation, ease of public access by road or trail (especially the Long Trail and Appalachian Trail), or with ski resorts or towns nearby -- in the range include:
The Green Mountains are part of the Appalachian Mountains, a range that stretches from Quebec in the north to Alabama in the south.
The Green Mountains are part of the New England / Acadian forests ecoregion.
Three peaks -- Mount Mansfield, Camel 's Hump, and Mount Abraham -- support alpine vegetation.
Some of the mountains are developed for skiing and other snow - related activities. Others have hiking trails for use in summer. Mansfield, Killington, Pico, and Ellen have downhill ski resorts on their slopes. All of the major peaks are traversed by the Long Trail, a wilderness hiking trail that runs from the southern to northern borders of the state and is overlapped by the Appalachian Trail for roughly ⁄ of its length.
The Vermont Republic, also known as the Green Mountain Republic, existed from 1777 to 1791, at which time Vermont became the 14th state.
Vermont not only takes its state nickname ("The Green Mountain State '') from the mountains, it is named after them. The French Monts Verts or Verts Monts is literally translated as "Green Mountains ''. This name was suggested in 1777 by Dr. Thomas Young, an American revolutionary and Boston Tea Party participant. The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College is referred to as UVM, after the Latin Universitas Viridis Montis (University of the Green Mountains).
The Green Mountains are a physiographic section of the larger New England province, which in turn is part of the larger Appalachian physiographic division.
Lemon Fair runs through the towns of Orwell, Sudbury, Shoreham, Bridport, and Cornwall, Vermont, before flowing into Otter Creek. The story is that its name derives from early English - speaking settlers ' phonetic approximation of ' Les Monts Vert '.
Coordinates: 44 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 72 ° 34 ′ 58 '' W / 44.79167 ° N 72.58278 ° W / 44.79167; - 72.58278
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who are the candidates for governor in new mexico | New Mexico gubernatorial Election, 2018 - wikipedia
Susana Martinez Republican
The 2018 New Mexico gubernatorial election will take place on November 6, 2018, to elect the next Governor of New Mexico, concurrently with the election of New Mexico 's Class I U.S. Senate seat, as well as other elections to the United States Senate in other states and elections to the United States House of Representatives and various New Mexico and local elections. Incumbent Republican Governor Susana Martinez is term - limited and can not seek re-election to a third consecutive term.
Based on the party 's voter registration numbers and presidential nominee Gary Johnson 's result in 2016, the Libertarian Party holds major - party status in New Mexico.
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make a comic strip of the story of the sly fox | Slylock Fox & Comics for Kids - wikipedia
Slylock Fox & Comics for Kids is a daily comic strip created by Bob Weber Jr. and published by King Features Syndicate. Bob Weber Jr. is the son of Bob Weber Sr., creator of the comic strip Moose & Molly. As the comic 's name implies, the target audience is young children. According to the official website, Slylock Fox & Comics For Kids appears in nearly 400 newspapers with a combined readership of over 30 million.
Slylock Fox regularly features a logic puzzle presented in a single panel. Slylock, an anthropomorphic fox detective, is constantly matching wits against a variety of criminals, including Count Weirdly, Shady Shrew and Slick Smitty. The strip does not normally use dialogue; instead, text accompanying the illustration informs the reader of a problem Slylock must solve. These often include escaping from a dungeon, locating stolen goods, or determining who committed a crime through visual clues or logical inconsistencies. The puzzle solution is printed upside down.
Slylock is assisted by sidekick Max Mouse. Max wears pink shorts and a matching bowler hat. He functions as Slylock 's foil, being distracted at the crime scene or coming to a false conclusion, only to be corrected by Slylock.
A varied cast of witnesses, victims, policemen and criminals fill in the rest of Slylock 's world. These characters ' names usually contain either some form of alliteration, a type of animal, a profession, or a personality trait. This allows Weber to quickly establish a scene and set up a mystery using very little space. Some notable examples include Deputy Duck, Roxy Rabbit, and Shady Shrew. Most of these characters are seen once and never again.
Slylock 's name is likely an homage to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. Like Sherlock, Slylock is traditionally depicted with a magnifying glass and a blue deerstalker hat; also, he wears a blue suit and cape.
The Slylock Fox logic puzzles appear only in Sunday and Monday strips. The Tuesday to Saturday strips consist of spot the difference puzzles, trivia challenges, how - to - draw tutorials, and other activities. The Sunday edition features both Slylock and the activities.
Slylock Fox also has an iPhone game called "Slylock Fox Spot the Differences ''. The iPhone app provides children of all ages the ability to test their observation skills with fifty of Bob Weber Jr. 's favorite spot the differences puzzles.
The now - defunct Slylock Fox & Comics For Kids website featured many additional Slylock mysteries that have never been printed, in addition to other activities. The site was voted an "Educational Best Bet '' by USA Today and received an award for "Best of the Net '' from About.com in April 1999. The site currently redirects to the official page for Weber 's other comic strip, Oh, Brother!.
Slylock Fox and Cassandra Cat guest starred in a week of My Cage comic strips in October 2007.
Stephan Pastis made a parody of Slylock Fox in his comic strip Pearls Before Swine on January 13, 2008; Weber reciprocated by having Rat and Pig, the two main characters from Pearls, appear in Slylock on February 3, 2008. Pastis repeated with another parody on April 24, 2016.
A Slylock Fox mystery puzzle reprint book titled Go Fun Slylock Fox Mystery Puzzles and a Spot Six Differences reprint book titled Go Fun Spot Six Differences have been released by Andrews McMeel Publishing.
https://www.amazon.com/Fun-Slylock-Fox-Mystery-Puzzles/dp/1449469000/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1441398470&sr=8-1&keywords=slylock+fox
https://www.amazon.com/Go-Fun-Spot-Six-Differences/dp/1449469019/ref=pd_bxgy_14_img_y
In addition to a large cast of one - time characters, the strip has a handful of heroes and villains.
Reprints of the different activities featured in Slylock Fox are distributed through King Features ' official store.
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what is the red spot on indian foreheads | Bindi (decoration) - wikipedia
A bindi (Hindi: बिंदी, from Sanskrit bindu, meaning "point, drop, dot or small particle '') is a colored dot worn on the centre of the forehead, commonly by Hindu and Jain women. The word bindu dates back to the hymn of creation known as Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda. Bindu is considered the point at which creation begins and may become unity. It is also described as "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state ''. A bindi is a bright dot of some colour applied in the centre of the forehead close to the eyebrows worn in Indian subcontinent (particularly amongst Hindus in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia among Balinese, Javanese, Malaysian, Singaporean and Burmese Hindus. A similar marking is also worn by babies and children in China and, like in South and Southeast Asia, represents the opening of the third eye. Bindi in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism is associated with ajna chakra, and Bindu is known as the third eye chakra. Bindu is the point or dot around which the mandala is created, representing the universe. The bindi has a historical and cultural presence in the region of Greater India.
Traditionally, the area between the eyebrows (where the bindi is placed) is said to be the sixth chakra, ajna, the seat of "concealed wisdom ''. The bindi is said to retain energy and strengthen concentration. The bindi also represents the third eye. The Nasadiya Sukta of the Rig Veda, the earliest known Sanskrit text, mentions the word Bindu.
The Ajna is symbolised by a sacred lotus with two petals, and corresponds to the colours violet, indigo or deep blue, though it is traditionally described as white. It is at this point that the two sides Nadi Ida (yoga) and Pingala are said to terminate and merge with the central channel Sushumna, signifying the end of duality, the characteristic of being dual (e.g. light and dark, or male and female). The seed syllable for this chakra is the syllable OM, and the presiding deity is Ardhanarishvara, who is a half male, half female Shiva / Shakti. The Shakti goddess of Ajna is called Hakini. In metaphysics, Bindu is considered the dot or point at which creation begins and may become unity. It is also described as "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state ''. Bindu is the point around which the mandala is created, representing the universe. Ajna (along with Bindu), is known as the third eye chakra and is linked to the pineal gland which may inform a model of its envisioning. The pineal gland is a light sensitive gland that produces the hormone melatonin which regulates sleep and waking up, and is also postulated to be the production site of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine, the only known hallucinogen endogenous to the human body. Ajna 's key issues involve balancing the higher and lower selves and trusting inner guidance. Ajna 's inner aspect relates to the access of intuition. Mentally, Ajna deals with visual consciousness. Emotionally, Ajna deals with clarity on an intuitive level.
In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, bindi is associated with Ajna Chakra and Bindu. Divinities in these religions are typically depicted with Bhrumadhya Bindu, in meditative pose with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between eyebrows, other spot being the tip of the nose -- Naasikagra. The very spot between the eyebrows known as Bhrumadhya is where one focuses his / her sight, so that it helps concentration. In South Asia, bindi is worn by women of all religious dispositions and is not restricted to religion or region. However, the Islamic Research Foundation, located in India, says "wearing a bindi or mangalsutra is a sign of Hindu women. The traditional bindi still represents and preserves the symbolic significance that is integrated into Indian mythology in many parts of India. ''
The red bindi has multiple meanings which are all simultaneously valid:
A traditional bindi is red or maroon in colour. A pinch of vermilion powder is applied skilfully with a ring - finger to make a perfect red dot. It takes considerable practice to achieve the perfect round shape by hand. A small annular disc aids application for beginners. First, they apply a sticky wax paste through the empty centre of the disc. This is then covered with kumkum or vermilion and then the disc is removed to get a perfect round bindi. Various materials such as lac, sandal, ' aguru ', mica, ' kasturi ', kumkum (made of red turmeric) and sindoor colour the dot. Saffron ground together with ' kusumba ' flower can also work. Traditionally they are green in colour with red dot in the middle. The bindi is no longer restricted in colour or shape.
Historically, the ornamental bindi spangle consists of a small piece of lac over which is smeared vermilion, while above it a piece of mica or thin glass is fixed for ornament. Women wore large spangles set in gold with a border of jewels if they can afford it. The bindi was made and sold by lac workers known as Lakhera. In Hinduism, it 's part of the Suhāg or lucky trousseau at marriages and is affixed to the girl 's forehead on her wedding and thereafter always worn. Unmarried girls optionally wore small ornamental spangles on their foreheads. A widow was not allowed to wear bindi or any ornamentation associated with married women. In modern times, self - adhesive bindis are available in various materials, usually made of felt or thin metal and adhesive on the other side. These are simple to apply, disposable substitutes for older lac tikli bindis. Sticker bindis come in many colours, designs, materials, and sizes.
There are different regional variations of the bindi. In Maharashtra a large crescent moon shaped bindi is worn with a smaller black dot underneath or above, associated with Chandrabindu and Bindu chakra represented by crescent moon, they are commonly known as Chandrakor in this region, outside Maharashtra they are popularly known as Marathi bindi. In Bengal region a large round red bindi is worn, brides in this region are often decorated with Alpana design on forehead and cheeks, along with bindi. In southern India a smaller red bindi is worn with a white tilak at the bottom, another common type is a red tilak shaped bindi. In Rajasthan the bindi is often worn round, long tilak shaped bindi are also common, as well as the crescent moon on some occasions. Decorative bindis have become popular among women in South Asia, regardless of religious background. Bindis are staple and symbolic for women in the Indian subcontinent.
In addition to the bindi, in India, a vermilion mark in the parting of the hair just above the forehead is worn by married women as commitment to long - life and well - being of their husbands. During all Hindu marriage ceremonies, the groom applies sindoor in the part in the bride 's hair.
Apart from their cosmetic use, bindis have found a modern medical application in India. Iodine patch bindis have often been used among women in north - west Maharashtra to battle iodine deficiency.
In Southeast Asia, Bindis are worn by Balinese and Javanese Hindus of Indonesia. Historically, it was worn by many Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Bindis are also decorated on wedding brides and grooms of Java and other parts of Indonesia, even worn by non-Hindus. It is worn for cultural purposes because Indonesia was once ruled by Indianized Hindu kingdoms, thus the culture still preserves until today. The color of the Bindis in Indonesia usually worn by Balinese people are usually white rather than red as in India.
Bindis are popular outside the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia as well. They are sometimes worn purely for decorative purpose or style statement without any religious or cultural affiliation. Decorative and ornamental bindis were introduced to other parts of the world by immigrants from the Indian subcontinent. International celebrities such as Gwen Stefani, Julia Roberts, Madonna, Selena Gomez and many others have been seen wearing bindis. The appropriateness of such uses has been disputed. Reacting to Gomez 's appearance in her song, Come and Get It, Hindu leader Rajan Zed said that the bindi has religious significance and should not be used as a fashion accessory, but Indian actress Priyanka Chopra praised Gomez 's choice as "an embrace of Indian culture ''.
A bindi can be called:
Shyama Tara Attended by Sita Tara and Bhrikuti. India. ca. 8th century.
Kalpasutra Manuscript, folio dated c. 1375 - 1400. Miniature showing the birth of Mahavira (Vardhamana)
Green Tara as Prajnyaparamita, ca. 11th century AD.
Kalpasutra Manuscript folio dated 1472. recto image of Trishala 's grief.
Goddess Lalita flanked by Gaṇeśa and Kārttikeya, Pala Dynasty.
Courtesan Bani Thani as Radha with ornamental bindi spangle and maang tikka. ca. 1750
Lady with a bindi holding a wine cup and rose. ca. 1701
Idealized portrait of Princess Padmavati with maang tikka. ca. 1701
Hindu bride wearing Bindi and Groom with Tilaka.
Hindu bride with decorated forehead
Bride with decorated forehead
Hindu woman with Bindi
Modern stick - on bindi
Bindi are often used as decoration or as a style statement.
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can an american citizen vote in another country | Citizenship of the United States - wikipedia
Citizenship of the United States is a status that entails specific rights, duties and benefits. Citizenship is understood as a "right to have rights '' since it serves as a foundation of fundamental rights derived from and protected by the Constitution and laws of the United States, such as the right to freedom of expression, vote, due process, live and work in the United States, and to receive federal assistance. Certain Rights are so fundamental that they are guaranteed to all persons, not just citizens. Those rights include the rights guaranteed by the First 8 Amendments that pertain to individuals. However, not all U.S. citizens, such as those living in Puerto Rico, have the right to vote in federal elections.
There are two primary sources of citizenship: birthright citizenship, in which a person is presumed to be a citizen if he or she was born within the territorial limits of the United States, or -- providing certain other requirements are met -- born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent, and naturalization, a process in which an eligible legal immigrant applies for citizenship and is accepted. These two pathways to citizenship are specified in the Citizenship Clause of the Constitution 's 1868 Fourteenth Amendment which reads:
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
National citizenship signifies membership in the country as a whole; state citizenship, in contrast, signifies a relation between a person and a particular state and has application generally limited to domestic matters. State citizenship may affect (1) tax decisions and (2) eligibility for some state - provided benefits such as higher education and (3) eligibility for state political posts such as U.S. Senator.
In Article One of the Constitution, the power to establish a "uniform rule of naturalization '' is granted explicitly to Congress.
U.S. law permits multiple citizenship. A citizen of another country naturalized as a U.S. citizen may retain their previous citizenship, though they must renounce allegiance to the other country. A U.S. citizen retains U.S. citizenship when becoming the citizen of another country, should that country 's laws allow it. U.S. citizenship can be renounced by Americans who also hold another citizenship via a formal procedure at a U.S. Embassy, and it can also be restored.
Civic participation is not required in the United States. There is no requirement to attend town meetings, belong to a political party, or vote in elections. However, a benefit of naturalization is the ability to "participate fully in the civic life of the country ''. There is disagreement about whether popular lack of involvement in politics is helpful or harmful.
Vanderbilt professor Dana D. Nelson suggests that most Americans merely vote for president every four years, and sees this pattern as undemocratic. In her book Bad for Democracy, Nelson argues that declining citizen participation in politics is unhealthy for long term prospects for democracy.
However, writers such as Robert D. Kaplan in The Atlantic see benefits to non-involvement; he wrote "the very indifference of most people allows for a calm and healthy political climate ''. Kaplan elaborated: "Apathy, after all, often means that the political situation is healthy enough to be ignored. The last thing America needs is more voters -- particularly badly educated and alienated ones -- with a passion for politics. '' He argued that civic participation, in itself, is not always a sufficient condition to bring good outcomes, and pointed to authoritarian societies such as Singapore which prospered because it had "relative safety from corruption, from breach of contract, from property expropriation, and from bureaucratic inefficiency ''.
A person who is considered a citizen by more than one nation has dual citizenship. It is possible for a United States citizen to have dual citizenship; this can be achieved in various ways, such as by birth in the United States to a parent who is a citizen of a foreign country (or in certain circumstances the foreign nationality may be transmitted even by a grandparent) by birth in another country to a parent (s) who is / are a United States citizen / s, or by having parents who are citizens of different countries. Anyone who becomes a naturalized U.S. citizen is required to renounce any prior "allegiance '' to other countries during the naturalization ceremony; however, this renunciation of allegiance is generally not considered renunciation of citizenship to those countries.
The earliest recorded instances of dual citizenship began before the French Revolution when the British captured American ships and forced them back to Europe. The British Crown considered subjects from the United States as British by birth and forced them to fight in the Napoleonic wars.
Under certain circumstances there are relevant distinctions between dual citizens who hold a "substantial contact '' with a country, for example by holding a passport or by residing in the country for a certain period of time, and those who do not. For example, under the Heroes Earnings Assistance and Relief Tax (HEART) Act of 2008, U.S. citizens in general are subject to an expatriation tax if they give up U.S. citizenship, but there are exceptions (specifically 26 U.S.C. § 877A (g) (1) (b)) for those who are either under age 181⁄2 upon giving up U.S. citizenship and have lived in the U.S. for less than ten years in their lives, or who are dual citizens by birth residing in their other country of citizenship at the time of giving up U.S. citizenship and have lived in the U.S. for less than ten out of the past fifteen years. Similarly, the United States considers holders of a foreign passport to have a substantial contact with the country that issued the passport, which may preclude security clearance.
U.S. citizens are required by federal law to identify themselves with a U.S. passport, not with any other foreign passport, when entering or leaving the United States. The Supreme Court case of Afroyim v. Rusk declared that a U.S. citizen did not lose his citizenship by voting in an election in a foreign country, or by acquiring foreign citizenship, if they did not intend to lose U.S. citizenship. U.S. citizens who have dual citizenship do not lose their United States citizenship unless they renounce it officially.
Citizenship began in colonial times as an active relation between men working cooperatively to solve municipal problems and participating actively in democratic decision - making, such as in New England town hall meetings. Men met regularly to discuss local affairs and make decisions. These town meetings were described as the "earliest form of American democracy '' which was vital since citizen participation in public affairs helped keep democracy "sturdy '', according to Alexis de Tocqueville in 1835. A variety of forces changed this relation during the nation 's history. Citizenship became less defined by participation in politics and more defined as a legal relation with accompanying rights and privileges. While the realm of civic participation in the public sphere has shrunk, the citizenship franchise has been expanded to include not just propertied white adult men but black men and adult women.
Earlier on, U.S. citizenship was not given to people of Indian or East Asian descent. A.K. Mozumdar was the first person born in the Indian sub-continent to attain U.S. citizenship. A few years earlier, as a result of the 1898 United States v. Wong Kim Ark Supreme Court decision, ethnic Chinese born in the United States became citizens. During World War II, due to Japan 's heavy involvement as an aggressor, it was decided to restrict many Japanese citizens from applying for U.S. citizenship, while Chinese citizens encountered no trouble, because of China 's alliance with the United States.
The Equal Nationality Act of 1934 was an American law which allowed foreign - born children of American mothers and alien fathers who had entered America before age 18 and lived in America for five years to apply for American citizenship for the first time. It also made the naturalization process quicker for American women 's alien husbands. This law equalized expatriation, immigration, naturalization, and repatriation between women and men. However, it was not applied retroactively, and was modified by later laws, such as the Nationality Act of 1940.
U.S. citizenship is usually acquired by birth when a child is born in the territory of the United States. In addition to U.S. states, this includes the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Citizenship, however, was not specified in the original Constitution. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment specifically defined persons who were either born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction as citizens. All babies born in the United States -- except those born to enemy aliens in wartime or the children of foreign diplomats -- enjoy U.S. citizenship under the Supreme Court 's long - standing interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The amendment states: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. '' There remains dispute as to who is "subject to the jurisdiction '' of the United States at birth.
By acts of Congress, every person born in Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands is a United States citizen by birth. Also, every person born in the former Panama Canal Zone whose father or mother (or both) are or were a citizen is a United States citizen by birth.
Regardless of where they are born, children of U.S. citizens are U.S. citizens in most cases. Children born outside the United States with at least one U.S. citizen parent usually have birthright citizenship by parentage.
A child of unknown parentage found in the US while under the age of 5 is considered a US citizen until proven, before reaching the age of 22, to have not been born in the US.
While persons born in the United States are considered to be citizens and can have passports, children under age eighteen are legally considered to be minors and can not vote or hold office. Upon the event of their eighteenth birthday, they are considered full citizens but there is no ceremony acknowledging this relation or any correspondence between the new citizen and the government to this effect. Citizenship is assumed to exist, and the relation is assumed to remain viable until death or until it is renounced or dissolved by some other legal process. Secondary schools teach the basics of citizenship and create "informed and responsible citizens '' who are "skilled in the arts of effective deliberation and action ''.
Americans who live in foreign countries and become members of other governments have, in some instances, been stripped of citizenship, although there have been court cases where decisions regarding citizenship have been reversed.
Acts of Congress provide for acquisition of citizenship by persons born abroad.
The agency in charge of admitting new citizens is the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, commonly abbreviated as USCIS. It is a bureau of the Department of Homeland Security. It offers web - based services. The agency depends on application fees for revenue; in 2009, with a struggling economy, applications were down sharply, and consequently there was much less revenue to upgrade and streamline services. There was speculation that if the administration of president Barack Obama passed immigration reform measures, then the agency could face a "welcome but overwhelming surge of Americans - in - waiting '' and longer processing times for citizenship applications. The USCIS has made efforts to digitize records. A USCIS website says the "U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is committed to offering the best possible service to you, our customer '' and which says "With our focus on customer service, we offer you a variety of services both before and after you file your case. '' The website allowed applicants to estimate the length of time required to process specific types of cases, to check application status, and to access a customer guide. The USCIS processes cases in the order they 're received.
People applying to become citizens must satisfy certain requirements. For example, there have been requirements that applicants have been permanent residents for five years (three if married to a U.S. citizen), be of "good moral character '' (meaning no felony convictions), be of "sound mind '' in the judgment of immigration officials, have knowledge of the Constitution, and be able to speak and understand English unless they are elderly or disabled. Applicants must also pass a simple citizenship test. Up until recently, a test published by the Immigration and Naturalization Service asked questions such as "How many stars are there in our flag? '' and "What is the Constitution? '' and "Who is the president of the United States today? '' At one point, the Government Printing Office sold flashcards for $8.50 to help test takers prepare for the test. In 2006, the government replaced the former trivia test with a ten - question oral test designed to "shun simple historical facts about America that can be recounted in a few words, for more explanation about the principles of American democracy, such as freedom ''. One reviewer described the new citizenship test as "thoughtful ''. While some have criticized the new version of the test, officials counter that the new test is a "teachable moment '' without making it conceptually more difficult, since the list of possible questions and answers, as before, will be publicly available. Six correct answers constitutes a passing grade. The new test probes for signs that immigrants "understand and share American values ''. A unique way to become a permanent resident is to apply to the US government DV lottery. This program is a drawing for foreigners to apply for a drawing to become a permanent resident.
According to a senior fellow at the Migration Policy Institute, "citizenship is a very, very valuable commodity ''. However, one study suggested legal residents eligible for citizenship, but who do n't apply, tend to have low incomes (41 percent), do not speak English well (60 percent), or have low levels of education (25 percent). There is strong demand for citizenship based on the number of applications filed. From 1920 to 1940, the number of immigrants to the United States who became citizens numbered about 200,000 each year; there was a spike after World War II, and then the level reduced to about 150,000 per year until resuming to the 200,000 level beginning about 1980. In the mid-1990s to 2009, the levels rose to about 500,000 per year with considerable variation. In 1996, more than one million people became citizens through naturalization. In 1997, there were 1.41 million applications filed; in 2006, 1.38 million. The number of naturalized citizens in the United States rose from 6.5 million in the mid-1990s to 11 million in 2002. By 2003, the pool of immigrants eligible to become naturalized citizens was 8 million, and of these, 2.7 million lived in California. In 2003, the number of new citizens from naturalization was 463,204. In 2007, the number was 702,589. In 2007, 1.38 million people applied for citizenship creating a backlog. In 2008, applications decreased to 525,786.
Naturalization fees were $60 in 1989; $90 in 1991; $95 in 1994; $225 in 1999; $260 in 2002; $320 in 2003; $330 in 2005. In 2007 application fees were increased from $330 to $595 and an additional $80 computerized fingerprinting fee was added. The biometrics fee was increased to $85 in 2010. On December 23, 2016, the application fees were increased again from $595 to $640. The high fees have been criticized as putting up one more wall to citizenship. Increases in fees for citizenship have drawn criticism. Doris Meissner, a senior fellow at the Migration Policy Institute and former Immigration and Naturalization Service Commissioner, doubted that fee increases deter citizenship - seekers. In 2009, the number of immigrants applying for citizenship plunged 62 percent; reasons cited were the slowing economy and the cost of naturalization.
The citizenship process has been described as a ritual that is meaningful for many immigrants. Many new citizens are sworn in during Independence Day ceremonies. Most citizenship ceremonies take place at offices of the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. However, one swearing - in ceremony was held at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia in 2008. The judge who chose this venue explained: "I did it to honor our country 's warriors and to give the new citizens a sense for what makes this country great. '' According to federal law, citizenship applicants who are also changing their names must appear before a federal judge.
The title of "Honorary Citizen of the United States '' has been granted eight times by an act of Congress or by a proclamation issued by the President pursuant to authorization granted by Congress. The eight individuals are Sir Winston Churchill, Raoul Wallenberg, William Penn, Hannah Callowhill Penn, Mother Teresa, the Marquis de Lafayette, Casimir Pulaski, and Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Viscount of Galveston and Count of Gálvez.
Sometimes, the government awarded non-citizen immigrants who died fighting for American forces with the posthumous title of U.S. citizen, but this is not considered honorary citizenship. In June 2003, Congress approved legislation to help families of fallen non-citizen soldiers.
There is a sense in which corporations can be considered "citizens ''. Since corporations are considered persons in the eyes of the law, it is possible to think of corporations as being like citizens. For example, the airline Virgin America asked the United States Department of Transportation to be treated as an American air carrier. The advantage of "citizenship '' is having the protection and support of the United States government when jockeying with foreign governments for access to air routes and overseas airports. Alaska Airlines, a competitor of Virgin America, asked for a review of the situation; according to U.S. law, "foreign ownership in a U.S. air carrier is limited to 25 % of the voting interest in the carrier, '' but executives at Virgin America insisted the airline met this requirement.
For the purposes of diversity jurisdiction in the United States civil procedure, corporate citizenship is determined by the principal place of business of the corporation. There is some degree of disagreement among legal authorities as to how exactly this may be determined.
Another sense of "corporate citizenship '' is a way to show support for causes such as social issues and the environment and, indirectly, gain a kind of "reputational advantage ''.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (INA) made a minor distinction between U.S. citizenship and U.S. nationality. Citizenship comprises a larger set of privileges and rights for those persons that are U.S. citizens which is not afforded to individuals that are only U.S. nationals by virtue of their rights under the INA. It is well - established that all U.S. citizens are U.S. nationals but not all U.S. nationals are U.S. citizens.
The Naturalization Act of 1790 (1 Stat. 103) provided the first rules to be followed by the United States in the granting of national citizenship after the ratification of the Constitution. A number of other Acts and statutes followed the Act of 1790 that expanded or addressed specific situations but it was not until the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (Pub. L. 82 -- 414, 66 Stat. 163, enacted June 27, 1952), codified under Title 8 of the United States Code (8 U.S.C. ch. 12), that the variety of statutes governing citizenship law were organized within one single body of text. The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 set forth the legal requirements for the acquisition of American nationality. The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) addressed citizenship rights. The United States nationality law, despite its "nationality '' title, comprises the statues that embody the law regarding both American citizenship and American nationality.
For example, as specified in 8 U.S.C. § 1408, a person whose only connection to the U.S. is through birth in an outlying possession (which, as of March 2015, was defined under 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (a) (29) as American Samoa and Swains Island), or through descent from a person so born, acquires only U.S. nationality but not U.S. citizenship. Such person is said to be a non-citizen national of the United States.
American Samoans continue to be U.S. nationals but not U.S. citizens. People born in American Samoa receive passports declaring the holder is only a U.S. national, not a U.S. citizen. For an America Samoan to become a U.S. citizen, he or she must relocate to another part of the United States, initiate the naturalization process, pay the $680 fee (as of February 11, 2014), pass a good moral character assessment, be fingerprinted and pass an English / civics examination.
In addition, residents of the Northern Mariana Islands who automatically gained U.S. citizenship in 1986 as a result of the Covenant between the Northern Mariana Islands and the U.S. could elect to become U.S. noncitizen nationals within 6 months of the implementation of the Covenant or within 6 months of turning 18.
The nationality status of a person born in an unincorporated U.S. Minor Outlying Island is not specifically mentioned by law, but under international law and Supreme Court dicta, they are also regarded as non-citizen nationals of the United States.
Non-citizen nationals of the United States may reside and work in the United States without restrictions, and may apply for U.S. citizenship under the same rules as permanent U.S. residents. Both of these groups are not allowed to vote in federal or state elections, although there is no constitutional prohibition against their doing so. Every national of the United States statutorily transmits nationality to children born outside the United States.
The U.S. passport issued to noncitizen nationals of the United States contains the endorsement code 9 which states: "The bearer is a United States national and not a United States citizen '' on the annotations page.
The issue of citizenship naturalization is a highly contentious matter in US politics, particularly regarding illegal immigrants. Candidates in the 2008 presidential election, such as Rudolph Giuliani, tried to "carve out a middle ground '' on the issue of illegal immigration, but rivals such as John McCain advocated legislation requiring illegal immigrants to first leave the country before being eligible to apply as citizens. Some measures to require proof of citizenship upon registering to vote have met with controversy.
Issues such as whether to include questions about current citizenship status in census questions have been debated in the Senate. Generally, there tends to be controversy when citizenship affects political issues. For example, issues such as asking questions about citizenship on the United States Census tend to cause controversy. Census data affects state electoral clout; it also affects budgetary allocations. Including non-citizens in Census counts also shifts political power to states that have large numbers of non-citizens due to the fact that reapportionment of congressional seats is based on Census data.
There have been controversies based on speculation about which way newly naturalized citizens are likely to vote. Since immigrants from many countries have been presumed to vote Democratic if naturalized, there have been efforts by Democratic administrations to streamline citizenship applications before elections to increase turnout; Republicans, in contrast, have exerted pressure to slow down the process. In 1997, there were efforts to strip the citizenship of 5,000 newly approved immigrants who, it was thought, had been "wrongly naturalized ''; a legal effort to do this presented enormous challenges. An examination by the Immigration and Naturalization Service of 1.1 million people who were granted citizenship from September 1995 to September 1996 found 4,946 cases in which a criminal arrest should have disqualified an applicant or in which an applicant lied about his or her criminal history. Before the 2008 election, there was controversy about the speed of the USCIS in processing applications; one report suggested that the agency would complete 930,000 applications in time for the newly processed citizens to vote in the November 2008 election. Foreign - born naturalized citizens tend to vote at the same rates as natives. For example, in the state of New Jersey in the 2008 election, the foreign born represented 20.1 % of the state 's population of 8,754,560; of these, 636,000 were eighteen or older and hence eligible to vote; of eligible voters, 396,000 actually voted, which was about 62 %. So foreign - born citizens vote in roughly the same proportion (62 %) as native citizens (67 %).
There has been controversy about the agency in charge of citizenship. The USCIS has been criticized as being a "notoriously surly, inattentive bureaucracy '' with long backlogs in which "would - be citizens spent years waiting for paperwork ''. Rules made by Congress and the federal government regarding citizenship are highly technical and often confusing, and the agency is forced to cope with enforcement within a complex regulatory milieu. There have been instances in which applicants for citizenship have been deported on technicalities. One Pennsylvania doctor and his wife, both from the Philippines, who applied for citizenship, and one Mr. Darnell from Canada who was married to an American with two children from this marriage, ran afoul of legal technicalities and faced deportation. The New York Times reported that "Mr. Darnell discovered that a 10 - year - old conviction for domestic violence involving a former girlfriend, even though it had been reduced to a misdemeanor and erased from his public record, made him ineligible to become a citizen -- or even to continue living in the United States. '' Overworked federal examiners under pressure to make "quick decisions '' as well as "weed out security risks '' have been described as preferring "to err on the side of rejection ''. In 2000, 399,670 applications were denied (about ⁄ of all applications); in 2007, 89,683 applications for naturalization were denied, about 12 % of those presented.
Generally, eligibility for citizenship is denied for the millions of people living in the United States illegally, although from time to time, there have been amnesties. In 2006, there were mass protests numbering hundreds of thousands of people throughout the US demanding U.S. citizenship for illegal immigrants. Many carried banners which read "We Have A Dream Too ''. One estimate is that there are 12 million illegal immigrants in the U.S. in 2006. There are many American high school students with citizenship issues. In 2008, it was estimated that there were 65,000 illegal immigrant students. The number was less clear for post-secondary education. A 1982 Supreme Court decision entitled illegal immigrants to free education from kindergarten through high school. Undocumented immigrants who get arrested face difficulties in the courtroom as they have no constitutional right to challenge the outcome of their deportation hearings. In 2009, writer Tom Barry of the Boston Review criticized the crackdown against illegal immigrants since it "flooded the federal courts with nonviolent offenders, besieged poor communities, and dramatically increased the U.S. prison population, while doing little to solve the problem itself ''. Barry criticized the United States ' high incarceration rate as being "fives times greater than the average rate in the rest of the world ''. Virginia Senator Jim Webb agreed that "we are doing something dramatically wrong in our criminal justice system ''.
U.S. citizens can relinquish their citizenship, which involves abandoning the right to reside in the United States and all the other rights and responsibilities of citizenship. "Relinquishment '' is the legal term covering all seven different potentially - expatriating acts (ways of giving up citizenship) under 8 U.S.C. § 1481 (a). "Renunciation '' refers to two of those acts: swearing an oath of renunciation before a U.S. diplomatic or consular officer abroad, or before an official designated by the Attorney General within the United States during a state of war. Out of an estimated three to six million U.S. citizens residing abroad, between five and six thousand relinquished citizenship each year in 2015 and 2016. U.S. nationality law treats people who performs potentially - expatriating acts with intent to give up U.S. citizenship as ceasing to be U.S. citizens from the moment of the act, but U.S. tax law since 2004 treats such individuals as though they remain U.S. citizens until they notify the State Department and apply for a Certificate of Loss of Nationality (CLN).
Renunciation requires an oath to be sworn before a State Department officer and thus involves in - person attendance at an embassy or consulate, but applicants for CLNs on the basis of other potentially - expatriating acts must attend an in - person interview as well. During the interview, a State Department official assesses whether the person acted voluntarily, intended to abandon all rights of U.S. citizenship, and understands the consequences of their actions. The State Department strongly recommends that Americans intending to relinquish citizenship have another citizenship, but will permit Americans to make themselves stateless if they understand the consequences. There is a $2,350 administrative fee for the process. In addition, an expatriation tax is imposed on some individuals relinquishing citizenship, but payment of the tax is not a legal prerequisite for relinquishing citizenship; rather, the tax and its associated forms are due on the normal tax due date of the year following relinquishment of citizenship. State Department officials do not seek to obtain any tax information from the interviewee, and instruct the interviewee to contact the IRS directly with any questions about taxes.
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who was the oldest cast member in grease | Grease (film) - wikipedia
Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey 's musical of the same name. Written by Bronte Woodard and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut, the film depicts the life of Rydell High School students Danny (John Travolta) and Sandy (Olivia Newton - John) in the late 1950s. Grease was successful both critically and commercially. Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States, behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever.
A sequel, Grease 2, was released in 1982, with Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer playing leads. Only a few of the original cast members reprised their roles.
In the summer of 1959, Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and vacationing Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton - John) met at the beach and fell in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they may never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is "only the beginning ''. The film moves to the start of the seniors ' term at Rydell High School ("Grease ''). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T - Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Doody (Barry Pearl), Sonny (Michael Tucci), and Putzie (Kelly Ward). The Pink Ladies, a popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Frenchy (Didi Conn), Marty (Dinah Manoff), and Jan (Jamie Donnelly).
After her parents decide to move from Australia, Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy, who considers dropping out of school to become a beautician. Unaware of each other 's presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy tell their respective groups the accounts of events during the pair 's brief romance, without initially mentioning the other 's name. Sandy 's version emphasizes the romance of the affair, while Danny 's version is more sexual (and therefore presumably less honest) ("Summer Nights '').
When Sandy finally tells everyone it was Danny Zuko, Rizzo arranges a surprise reunion for the two at a pep rally, where Sandy is cheering and catches the eye of a member of the football team (Lorenzo Lamas). When Sandy and Danny are reunited, they are initially elated, but Danny soon slips back into his greaser attitude, which offends Sandy. At the same rally, Kenickie reveals his new car and announces he has entered it into a "pinks '' street race at Thunder Road.
Frenchy invites Sandy to her house for a sleepover. Sandy throws up from trying a cigarette, drinking a dessert wine, and getting her ears pierced by Frenchy. While she recovers in the bathroom, Rizzo makes fun of her innocence and virtuous nature ("Look At Me, I 'm Sandra Dee ''). The T - Birds arrive in Kenickie 's car, and Rizzo departs to make out with Kenickie, leaving the other T - Birds stranded. Sandy laments over her feelings towards Danny, despite his earlier behavior ("Hopelessly Devoted to You ''). As Kenickie and Rizzo are having a tryst, the condom Kenickie is using breaks. The two are also interrupted by Leo Balmudo (Dennis C. Stewart), leader of the T - Birds ' rival gang, the Scorpions, and his girlfriend Cha - Cha (Annette Charles).
The next day, Danny and the T - Birds prepare to get Kenickie 's car ready for the race ("Greased Lightnin ' ''). In an attempt to impress Sandy, Danny approaches Coach Calhoun (Sid Caesar) in an effort to become a high school athlete. His combative nature leads to fights with the basketball team, wrestlers, and baseball players, so Calhoun suggests cross-country running, in which Danny excels. Danny 's running proves to impress Sandy, prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace; when the other greasers arrive, Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort. Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up, while Putzie and Jan begin dating. Left alone, Frenchy -- who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school, only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink -- is visited by a guardian angel (Frankie Avalon) who advises her to return to Rydell ("Beauty School Dropout '').
The school dance arrives, broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine (Edd Byrnes), who flirts with Marty. Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha - Cha as their dates, while Danny and Sandy arrive together. Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition, but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through. Cha - Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance, and the two win ("Born to Hand Jive ''). During the last dance ("Blue Moon ''), Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience, which Principal McGee (Eve Arden) vows to put on their permanent records.
Danny apologizes to Sandy and tries to make it up to her by taking her to a drive - in theater. She 's unmoved by his pleas for forgiveness until he gives Sandy his ring, which she gleefully accepts. Moments later, Danny tries to aggressively make out with her, causing Sandy to angrily throw his ring at him and depart, leaving Danny distraught ("Sandy ''). Meanwhile, Rizzo admits she may be pregnant to Marty, who in turn tells Sonny, and the rumor spreads like wildfire through the drive - in, reaching Kenickie just as Rizzo is walking past. He attempts to talk to Rizzo about it, telling her he does n't run away from his mistakes. Rizzo tells him it was someone else 's mistake, a response that angers Kenickie. At school the next day, word of Rizzo 's pregnancy fears reaches Patty Simcox, who has spread the gossip to her clique and sneers at Rizzo as they walk by. A visibly hurt Rizzo, who thanks Sandy for her offer of help, sings to herself about how her sins are not as bad as they could be ("There Are Worse Things I Could Do '').
On the day of the race, Kenickie asks Danny to be on standby in case he decides to back out. Moments before the race is set to begin, Kenickie suffers a concussion when he bends over to pick up a penny for good luck and Putzie opens the car door on Kenickie 's head, and Danny takes the helm of the car. Leo and Danny run a tight race, with Leo attempting to shred Danny 's tires with bladed hubcaps (in a sequence paying homage to Ben - Hur); Danny eventually wins when Leo skids out. Sandy watches from afar and concludes that she still loves Danny. She decides to change her attitude and image to impress him and asks Frenchy for help ("Look At Me, I 'm Sandra Dee (Reprise) '').
On the last day of school, a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche (Dody Goodman), in a speech over the intercom, state that some of the Rydell graduates could go on to become great leaders, such as the next Eleanor Roosevelt or Richard Nixon (which appeals to Sonny). The seniors celebrate their graduation at the fair on the school grounds. Sonny and Putzie find out they can not graduate until completing summer school, as Coach Calhoun had failed Sonny in physical education and Putzie had never even taken the course.
Kenickie approaches Rizzo and demands to talk to her, only to have her reveal she is not pregnant after all. Overjoyed, they reunite. He proposes to her again, and this time she accepts. Danny shows up wearing a Letterman 's sweater and reveals he lettered in track while the rest of the T - Birds were preoccupied with tuning up Kenickie 's car. The T - Birds lament that Danny has forsaken being a greaser in favor of becoming a jock which Danny confesses is a decision he has made in an effort to clean up his image so that he can be together with Sandy, telling the T - Birds that they too will have to grow up and stop following people all the time. The group is subsequently stunned when Sandy appears seconds later sporting a new hairstyle, dressed in black leather, and smoking a cigarette. In song, the two admit they love each other and reunite ("You 're the One That I Want '') and Sandy also tells Danny that if she was willing to change for him then it is only fair that he do the same for her by being faithful and more mature.
The gang realizes that high school is now over, and worries that they 'll never see each other again. Danny insists, "Nah, that 'll never happen, '' and everyone celebrates their friendship ("We Go Together ''). As the song nears its conclusion, Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod, which takes flight, and the pair wave goodbye to their friends.
John Travolta had previously worked with producer Robert Stigwood on Saturday Night Fever, had a nascent singing career at the time (including the top - 10 hit "Let Her In '' in 1976), and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of Grease. He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted, including suggesting Randal Kleiser (who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm The Boy in the Plastic Bubble) as director, and Olivia Newton - John, then known almost exclusively as a country music singer, as Sandy. Newton - John had done little acting before this film, with only one film credit (the unreleased 1970 film Toomorrow, which predated her singing breakthrough) to her name up to that time. Before accepting the role, Newton - John requested a screen test for Grease to avoid another career setback. The screen test was done with the drive - in movie scene. Newton - John, who is native to Australia, was unable to perform with a convincing American accent, and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian. In a case of life imitating art, Newton - John 's own musical career would undergo a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character; her next album after Grease, the provocatively titled Totally Hot, featured a much more sexual and pop - oriented approach, with Newton - John appearing on the album cover in similar all - leather attire and teased hair.
Jeff Conaway, like Travolta, had previously appeared in the stage version of Grease; he had played Danny Zuko during the show 's run on Broadway. Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with Travolta under Kleiser; again to accommodate Ward 's lack of singing experience, the role was substantially rewritten from the musical. Whereas "Rump '' in the musical sang lead on two songs and was particularly known for his mooning, the renamed "Putzie '' did not sing and shares the mooning scene with two of the other T - Birds, Sonny and Doody.
Henry Winkler was once considered for a lead in the film. Winkler, who was playing Arthur Fonzarelli on Happy Days, was originally chosen to play Danny. His lack of singing experience and fear of being typecast after Happy Days and the film The Lords of Flatbush led him to decline the role. Adult film star Harry Reems was originally signed to play Coach Calhoun; however, executives at Paramount nixed the idea due to Reems ' previous work in adult films, and producers cast Sid Caesar instead. Caesar was one of several veterans of 1950s television (Eve Arden, Frankie Avalon, Joan Blondell, Edd Byrnes, Alice Ghostley, Dody Goodman) to be cast in supporting roles. Coincidentally, Frankie Avalon and Randal Kleiser had both appeared in 1966 's Fireball 500, the latter as an extra.
The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu 's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity. The exterior Rydell scenes, including the basketball, baseball and track segments, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers "Greased Lightning '' and "Beauty School Dropout ''. The drive - in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive - In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot. The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School. And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles.
Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca - Cola signs. Prior to the film 's release, producer Allan Carr had made a product - placement deal with Coca - Cola 's main competitor Pepsi (for example, a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence). When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca - Cola products and signage, he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca - Cola logos from the scene. As reshoots were deemed too expensive and time - consuming, optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca - Cola references. The ' blurring ' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster, but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged. According to Kleiser, "We just had to hope that Pepsi would n't complain. They did n't. ''
In the 2010 sing - along version (see below), the blurred Coke poster has been digitally removed. In its place is more of the wavy wall design that surrounded it.
John Wilson did the animated title sequence for the start of the film.
Grease was originally released to North American theaters on June 16, 1978 and was an immediate box office success. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking at No. 2 (behind Jaws 2) at the box office. Grease has grossed $188,755,690 domestically and $206,200,000 internationally, totaling $394,955,690 worldwide. Globally, it was the highest - grossing musical ever, eclipsing the 13 - year - old record held by The Sound of Music, but has since been overtaken by Les Misérables, Mamma Mia! and the 2017 release of Beauty and the Beast. Grease is now the fourth highest - grossing live action musical.
Grease received mostly positive reviews from movie critics and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978.
Vincent Canby on its initial release in June 1978 called the film "terrific fun '', describing it as a "contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen - age musical -- a larger, funnier, wittier and more imaginative - than - Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own ''; Canby pointed out that the film was "somewhat in the manner of Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which recalls the science - fiction films of the ' 50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then, Grease is a multimillion - dollar evocation of the B - picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the ' 50s (Do n't Knock the Rock, 1956) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s (Beach Party, 1963). ''
Grease was voted the best musical ever on Channel 4 's 100 greatest musicals in 2004. The film currently holds a 75 % "Certified Fresh '' rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes based on 61 critic reviews with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 and with a consensus that reads, "Grease is a pleasing, energetic musical with infectiously catchy songs and an ode to young love that never gets old. '' It holds a score of 70 / 100 on similar website Metacritic.
Grease premiered for the first time on American television in 1981 on ABC - TV. It was re-released to theaters in 1998 to mark the 20th anniversary. The film was also ranked number 21 on Entertainment Weekly 's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.
Grease was first released in the US on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1982, with reissues in 1989 and 1994; the last VHS release was on June 23, 1998 and titled the 20th Anniversary Edition following a theatrical re-release that March. On September 17, 2002, it was released on DVD for the first time. On September 19, 2006, it was re-released on DVD as the Rockin ' Rydell Edition, which came with a black Rydell High T - Bird jacket cover, a white Rydell "R '' letterman 's sweater cover or the Target - exclusive Pink Ladies cover. It was released on Blu - ray Disc on May 5, 2009.
The sequel, Grease 2 (1982), stars Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer. While only a few cast members from the original movie such as Dody Goodman, Sid Caesar, Eddie Deezen, Didi Conn, Dennis Stewart and Eve Arden reprise their respective roles. Dick Patterson returned, playing a different character. It was not as successful, grossing just $15 million on its $13 million budget. Patricia Birch, the original movie 's choreographer, directed the ill - fated sequel. It would be the only movie that she would direct.
On July 8, 2010, a sing - along version of Grease was released to select theaters around the U.S. A trailer was released in May 2010 with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes, implying heavy editing; however, Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film 's advertising, and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG - 13 for "sexual content including references, teen smoking and drinking, and language. '' The movie was shown for two weekends only; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend.
On March 12, 2013, Grease and Grease 2 were packaged together in a Double Feature DVD set from Warner Home Video.
The soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second - best selling album of the year in the United States, exceeded only by another soundtrack album, from the film Saturday Night Fever, which also starred Travolta. The song "Hopelessly Devoted to You '' was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music -- Original Song. The song "You 're the One That I Want '' was released as a single prior to the film 's release and became an immediate chart - topper, despite not being in the stage show or having been seen in the film at that time. Additionally, the dance number to "You 're the One That I Want '' was nominated for TV Land 's award for "Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room '' in 2008. In the United Kingdom, the two Travolta / Newton - John duets, "You 're the One That I Want '' and "Summer Nights '', were both number one hits and as of 2011 are still among the 20 best - selling singles of all time (at Nos. 6 and 19 respectively). The movie 's title song was also a number - one hit single for Frankie Valli.
The song "Look at Me, I 'm Sandra Dee '' references Sal Mineo in the original stage version. Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming, so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead. The references to Troy Donohue, Doris Day, Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version. Coincidentally, this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16, 1977, the date of Elvis Presley 's death.
Some of the songs were not present in the film; songs that appear in the film but not in the soundtrack are "La Bamba '' by Ritchie Valens, "Whole Lotta Shaking Going On '' by Jerry Lee Lewis, "Alma Mater '', "Alma Mater Parody '', and "Rydell Fight Song ''. "Alone at a Drive - in Movie (instrumental) '', "Mooning '', and "Freddy My Love '' are not present in the film, although all three are listed in the end credits in - addition to being on the soundtrack. (Both "Mooning '' and "Rock'n'Roll Party Queen, '' the latter of which was played in the film as background music, were written in the musical for a character named Roger that was written out of the film, replaced by the non-singing Putzie. In general, all of the songs in the musical that were performed by characters other than Danny, Rizzo, Sandy or Johnny Casino were either taken out of the film or given to other characters, including Marty Maraschino 's number "Freddy My Love, '' Kenickie 's "Greased Lightnin ', '' and Doody 's "Those Magic Changes. '')
The songs appear in the film in the following order:
On August 17, 2009, a television series inspired by the film premiered in Venezuela. The series was produced and directed by Vladimir Perez. The show will explore and expand on the characters and story from the film.
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when was the last time a plane crashed in australia | Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 - Wikipedia
Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 was a scheduled international passenger flight operated by Malaysia Airlines that disappeared on 8 March 2014 while flying from Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, to its destination, Beijing Capital International Airport in China. Commonly referred to as "MH370 '', "Flight 370 '' or "Flight MH370 '', the flight was also marketed as China Southern Airlines Flight 748 (CZ748 / CSN748) through a codeshare, The crew of the Boeing 777 - 200ER aircraft last made contact with air traffic control (ATC) around 38 minutes after takeoff when the flight was over the South China Sea. The aircraft was lost from ATC radar screens minutes later, but was tracked by military radar for another hour, deviating westwards from its planned flight path, crossing the Malay Peninsula and Andaman Sea. It left radar range 200 nautical miles (370 km) northwest of Penang Island in northwestern Malaysia. With all 227 passengers and 12 crew on board presumed dead, the disappearance of Flight 370 was the deadliest incident involving a Boeing 777 and the deadliest incident in Malaysia Airlines ' history, until it was surpassed in both regards by Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 four months later. The combined loss led to significant financial problems for Malaysia Airlines, which was renationalised by the Malaysian government in late 2014.
The search for the missing plane, which became the most costly in aviation history, focused initially on the South China and Andaman seas, before analysis of the aircraft 's automated communications with an Inmarsat satellite identified a possible crash site somewhere in the southern Indian Ocean. The lack of official information in the days following the disappearance prompted fierce criticism from the Chinese public, particularly from relatives of the passengers; most on board Flight 370 were of Chinese origin. Several pieces of marine debris confirmed to be from the aircraft were washed ashore in the western Indian Ocean during 2015 and 2016. After a three - year search across 120,000 km (46,000 sq mi) of ocean failed to locate the aircraft, the Joint Agency Coordination Centre heading the operation suspended their activities in January 2017. A second search launched in January 2018 by the private contractor Ocean Infinity also ended without success after six months.
The disappearance of Flight 370 has been dubbed one of the greatest aviation mysteries of all time. Relying mostly on analysis of data from the Inmarsat satellite with which the aircraft last communicated, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau initially proposed that a hypoxia event was the most likely cause given the available evidence, although there has been no consensus on this theory among investigators. At various stages during the investigation, attention has turned towards possible hijacking scenarios, including crew involvement, and suspicion of the plane 's cargo manifest; many unofficial theories have also been proposed in the media. In the absence of a definitive cause of the disappearance, safety recommendations and regulations within the air transport industry, citing Flight 370, have been mostly aimed at preventing a repetition of the circumstances surrounding the loss. These include increased battery life on underwater locator beacons, lengthening of recording times on flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders, and new standards for aircraft position reporting over open ocean.
The final report from the Malaysian Ministry of Transport on the disappearance was released on 30 July 2018. It shed no new light on the fate of the plane, but did point to errors made by Malaysian air traffic controllers in their limited efforts in attempting to communicate with the aircraft. Following the reports of air traffic controllers failings, the Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Malaysia, Azharuddin Abdul Rahman, resigned on 31 July 2018.
The aircraft, a Boeing 777 - 200ER operated by Malaysia Airlines, last made voice contact with air traffic control at 01: 19 MYT, 8 March (17: 19 UTC, 7 March) when it was over the South China Sea, less than an hour after takeoff. It disappeared from air traffic controllers ' radar screens at 01: 22 MYT, but was still tracked on military radar as it deviated westwards from its planned flight path and crossed the Malay Peninsula, until it left the range at 02: 22 while over the Andaman Sea, 200 nautical miles (370 km) northwest of Penang in northwestern Malaysia. The aircraft was carrying 12 Malaysian crew members and 227 passengers from 15 nations. The multinational search effort for the aircraft was the most expensive aviation search in history. The search began in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea, where the aircraft 's signal was last detected on secondary surveillance radar, and was soon extended to the Strait of Malacca and Andaman Sea. Analysis of satellite communications between the aircraft and Inmarsat 's satellite communications network concluded that the flight continued until at least 08: 19 and flew south into the southern Indian Ocean, although the precise location can not be determined. Australia took charge of the search on 17 March when the search moved to the southern Indian Ocean. On 24 March, the Malaysian government noted that the final location determined by the satellite communication is far from any possible landing sites, and concluded that "Flight MH370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean. '' From October 2014 to January 2017, a comprehensive survey of 120,000 km (46,000 sq mi) of sea floor about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) southwest of Perth, Western Australia yielded no evidence of the aircraft. Several pieces of marine debris found on the coast of Africa and on Indian Ocean islands off the coast of Africa -- the first discovered on 29 July 2015 on Réunion -- have been confirmed as pieces of Flight 370. The bulk of the aircraft has not been located, prompting many theories about its disappearance.
On 22 January 2018, a search by private U.S. marine company Ocean Infinity began in the search zone around 35 ° 36 ′ S 92 ° 48 ′ E / 35.6 ° S 92.8 ° E / - 35.6; 92.8 (CSIRO crash area), the most likely crash site according to the drift study published in 2017.
In a previous search attempt, Malaysia had established the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) to investigate the incident, working with foreign aviation authorities and experts. Malaysia released a final report on Flight 370 in October 2017. Neither the crew nor the aircraft 's communication systems relayed a distress signal, indications of bad weather, or technical problems before the aircraft vanished. Two passengers travelling on stolen passports were investigated, but eliminated as suspects. Malaysian police have identified the captain as the prime suspect if human intervention was the cause of the disappearance, after clearing all others on the flight of suspicion over possible motives. Power was lost to the aircraft 's satellite data unit (SDU) at some point between 01: 07 and 02: 03; the SDU logged onto Inmarsat 's satellite communication network at 02: 25 -- three minutes after the aircraft left the range of radar. Based on analysis of the satellite communications, the aircraft turned south after passing north of Sumatra and the flight continued for six hours with little deviation in its track, ending when its fuel was exhausted.
With the loss of all 239 on board, Flight 370 is the second - deadliest incident involving a Boeing 777 and the second - deadliest incident in Malaysia Airlines ' history, behind Flight 17 in both categories. Malaysia Airlines was struggling financially, a problem that was exacerbated by a decline in ticket sales after the disappearance of Flight 370 and the downing of Flight 17; the airline was re-nationalised by the end of 2014. The Malaysian government received significant criticism, especially from China, for failing to disclose information promptly during the early weeks of the search. Flight 370 's disappearance brought to public attention the limits of aircraft tracking and flight recorders, including the limited battery life of Underwater Locator Beacons raised four years earlier -- but never mandated -- following the loss of Air France Flight 447. In response to Flight 370 's disappearance, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) adopted new standards for aircraft position reporting over open ocean, extended recording time for cockpit voice recorders, and, starting from 2020, will require new aircraft designs to have a means to recover the flight recorders, or the information they contain, before they sink below the water.
Flight 370 was operated with a Boeing 777 - 2H6ER, serial number 28420, registration 9M - MRO. It was the 404th Boeing 777 produced, first flown on 14 May 2002, and was delivered new to Malaysia Airlines on 31 May 2002. The aircraft was powered by two Rolls - Royce Trent 892 engines and configured to carry 282 passengers in total capacity. It had accumulated 53,471.6 hours and 7,526 cycles (takeoffs and landings) in service and had not previously been involved in any major incidents, though a minor incident while taxiing at Shanghai Pudong International Airport in August 2012 resulted in a broken wing tip. Its last maintenance "A check '' was carried out on 23 February 2014. The aircraft was in compliance with all applicable Airworthiness Directives for the airframe and engines. A replenishment of the crew oxygen system was performed on 7 March 2014, a routine maintenance task; an examination of this procedure found nothing unusual.
The Boeing 777 was introduced in 1994 and has an excellent safety record. Since its first commercial flight in June 1995, the type has suffered only five other hull losses: British Airways Flight 38 in 2008; a cockpit fire in a parked EgyptAir Flight 667 at Cairo International Airport in 2011; the crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 214 in 2013, in which three people died; Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, which was shot down over Ukraine killing all 298 people on board in July 2014; and in August 2016, the sixth Boeing 777 hull - loss occurred, when Emirates Flight 521 crashed while landing and caught fire at Dubai Airport.
Malaysia Airlines released the names and nationalities of the 227 passengers and 12 crew members, based on the flight manifest, later modified to include two Iranian passengers traveling on stolen passports.
All 12 crew members, two pilots and 10 cabin staff, were Malaysian citizens.
Of the 227 passengers, 152 were Chinese citizens, including a group of 19 artists with six family members and four staff returning from a calligraphy exhibition of their work in Kuala Lumpur; 38 passengers were Malaysian. The remaining passengers were from 13 different countries. Twenty passengers -- 12 of whom were from Malaysia and eight from China -- were employees of Freescale Semiconductor.
Under a 2007 agreement with Malaysia Airlines, Tzu Chi -- an international Buddhist organisation -- immediately sent specially trained teams to Beijing and Malaysia to give emotional support to passengers ' families. The airline also sent its own team of caregivers and volunteers and agreed to bear the expense of bringing family members of the passengers to Kuala Lumpur and providing them with accommodation, medical care, and counselling. Altogether, 115 family members of the Chinese passengers flew to Kuala Lumpur. Some other family members chose to remain in China, fearing they would feel too isolated in Malaysia.
Flight 370 was a scheduled flight in the early morning of 8 March 2014 from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to Beijing, China. It was one of two daily flights operated by Malaysia Airlines from its hub at Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) to Beijing Capital International Airport -- scheduled to depart at 00: 35 local time (MYT; UTC + 08: 00) and arrive at 06: 30 local time (CST; UTC + 08: 00). On board were 227 passengers, 10 cabin crew, 2 pilots, and 14,296 kg (31,517 lb) of cargo.
The planned flight duration was 5 hours and 34 minutes, which would consume an estimated 37,200 kg (82,000 lb) of jet fuel. The aircraft carried 49,100 kilograms (108,200 lb) of fuel, including reserves, allowing an endurance of 7 hours and 31 minutes. The extra fuel was enough to divert to alternate airports -- Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport and Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport -- which would require 4,800 kg (10,600 lb) or 10,700 kg (23,600 lb), respectively, to reach from Beijing.
At 00: 42 MYT, Flight 370 took off from runway 32R, and was cleared by air traffic control (ATC) to climb to flight level 180 -- approximately 18,000 feet (5,500 m) -- on a direct path to navigational waypoint IGARI (located at 6 ° 56 ' 12 '' N 103 ° 35 ' 6 '' E). Voice analysis has determined that the First Officer communicated with ATC while the flight was on the ground and that the Captain communicated with ATC after departure. Shortly after departure, the flight was transferred from the airport 's ATC to "Lumpur Radar '' air traffic control on frequency 132.6 MHz. ATC over peninsular Malaysia and adjacent waters is provided by the Kuala Lumpur Area Control Centre (ACC); Lumpur Radar is the name of the frequency used for en route air traffic. At 00: 46, Lumpur Radar cleared Flight 370 to flight level 350 -- approximately 35,000 ft (10,700 m). At 01: 01, Flight 370 's crew reported to Lumpur Radar that they had reached flight level 350, which they confirmed again at 01: 08.
The aircraft 's final automated position report and last transmission, using the Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS) protocol, was sent at 01: 06 MYT; among the data provided in the message was total fuel remaining -- 43,800 kg (96,600 lb). The final verbal contact with air traffic control occurred at 01: 19: 30, when Captain Shah acknowledged a hand - over by Lumpur Radar to Ho Chi Minh ACC:
Lumpur Radar: "Malaysian three seven zero, contact Ho Chi Minh one two zero decimal nine. Good night. ''
Flight 370: "Good night. Malaysian three seven zero. ''
The crew was expected to contact air traffic control in Ho Chi Minh City as the aircraft passed into Vietnamese airspace, just north of the point where contact was lost. The captain of another aircraft attempted to reach the crew of Flight 370 "just after (01: 30) '' using the international distress frequency to relay Vietnamese air traffic control 's request for the crew to contact them; the captain said he was able to establish contact, but only heard "mumbling '' and static. Calls made to Flight 370 's cockpit at 02: 39 and 07: 13 were unanswered but acknowledged by the aircraft 's satellite data unit.
At 01: 20: 31 MYT, Flight 370 was observed on radar at the Kuala Lumpur ACC as it passed the navigational waypoint IGARI (6 ° 56 ′ 12 '' N 103 ° 35 ′ 6 '' E / 6.93667 ° N 103.58500 ° E / 6.93667; 103.58500 (Waypoint IGARI)) in the Gulf of Thailand; five seconds later, the Mode - S symbol disappeared from radar screens. At 01: 21: 13, Flight 370 disappeared from the radar screen at Kuala Lumpur ACC and was lost about the same time on radar at Ho Chi Minh ACC, which reported that the aircraft was at the nearby waypoint BITOD. Air traffic control uses secondary radar, which relies on a signal emitted by a transponder on each aircraft; therefore, the transponder was no longer functioning on Flight 370 after 01: 21. The final transponder data indicated that the aircraft was flying at its assigned cruise altitude of flight level 350 and was travelling at 471 knots (872 km / h; 542 mph) true airspeed. There were few clouds around this point, and no rain or lightning nearby. Later analysis estimated that Flight 370 had 41,500 kg (91,500 lb) of fuel when it disappeared from secondary radar.
At the time that the transponder stopped functioning, military radar showed Flight 370 turning right, but then beginning a left turn to a southwesterly direction. From 01: 30: 35 until 01: 35, military radar showed Flight 370 at 35,700 ft (10,900 m) on a 231 ° magnetic heading, with a ground speed of 496 knots (919 km / h; 571 mph). Flight 370 continued across the Malay Peninsula, fluctuating between 31,000 and 33,000 ft (9,400 and 10,100 m) in altitude. A civilian primary radar at Sultan Ismail Petra Airport with a 60 nmi (110 km; 69 mi) range made four detections of an unidentified aircraft between 01: 30: 37 and 01: 52: 35; the tracks of the unidentified aircraft are "consistent with those of the military data ''. At 01: 52, Flight 370 was detected passing just south of Penang Island. From there, the aircraft flew across the Strait of Malacca, passing close to the waypoint VAMPI, and Pulau Perak at 02: 03, after which it flew along air route N571 to waypoints MEKAR, NILAM, and possibly IGOGU. The last known radar detection, from a point near the limits of Malaysian military radar, was at 02: 22, 10 nmi (19 km; 12 mi) after passing waypoint MEKAR (which is 237 nmi (439 km; 273 mi) from Penang) and 247.3 nmi (458.0 km; 284.6 mi) northwest of Penang airport at an altitude of 29,500 ft (9,000 m).
Countries were reluctant to release information collected from military radar because of sensitivity about revealing their capabilities. Indonesia has an early - warning radar system, but its air traffic control radar did not register any aircraft with the transponder code used by Flight 370, despite the aircraft possibly having flown near, or over, the northern tip of Sumatra. Indonesian military radar tracked Flight 370 earlier when en route to waypoint IGARI before the transponder is thought to have been turned off, but did not provide information on whether it was detected afterwards. Thailand and Vietnam also detected Flight 370 on radar before the transponder stopped working. The radar position symbols for the transponder code used by Flight 370 vanished after the transponder is thought to have been turned off. Thai military radar detected an aircraft that might have been Flight 370, but it is not known what time the last radar contact was made. The signal did not include identifying data. The flight was also not detected by Australia 's conventional or its long - range JORN over-the - horizon radar system, which has an official range of 3,000 km, the latter not being in operation on the night of the disappearance.
At 02: 25 MYT, the aircraft 's satellite communication system sent a "log - on request '' message -- the first message on the system since the ACARS transmission at 01: 07 -- which was relayed by satellite to a ground station, both operated by satellite telecommunications company Inmarsat. After logging on to the network, the satellite data unit aboard the aircraft responded to hourly status requests from Inmarsat and two ground - to - aircraft phone calls, at 02: 39 and 07: 13, which went unanswered by the cockpit. The final status request and aircraft acknowledgement occurred at 08: 10, about 1 hour and 40 minutes after it was scheduled to arrive in Beijing. The aircraft sent a log - on request at 08: 19: 29, which was followed, after a response from the ground station, by a "log - on acknowledgement '' message at 08: 19: 37. The log - on acknowledgement is the last piece of data available from Flight 370. The aircraft did not respond to a status request from Inmarsat at 09: 15.
At 01: 38 MYT, Ho Chi Minh Area Control Centre (ACC) contacted Kuala Lumpur Area Control Centre to query the whereabouts of Flight 370 and informed them that they had not established verbal contact with Flight 370, which was last detected by radar at waypoint BITOD. The two centres exchanged four more calls over the next 20 minutes with no new information.
At 02: 03, Kuala Lumpur ACC relayed to Ho Chi Minh ACC information received from Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre that Flight 370 was in Cambodian airspace. Ho Chi Minh ACC contacted Kuala Lumpur ACC twice in the following eight minutes asking for confirmation that Flight 370 was in Cambodian airspace. At 02: 15, the watch supervisor at Kuala Lumpur ACC queried Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre, which said that it could exchange signals with Flight 370 and that Flight 370 was in Cambodian airspace. Kuala Lumpur ACC contacted Ho Chi Minh ACC to ask whether the planned flight path for Flight 370 passed through Cambodian airspace. Ho Chi Minh ACC responded that Flight 370 was not supposed to enter Cambodian airspace and that they had already contacted Phnom Penh ACC (which controls Cambodian airspace), which had no contact with Flight 370. Kuala Lumpur ACC contacted Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre at 02: 34, inquiring about the communication status with Flight 370, and were informed that Flight 370 was in a normal condition based on a signal download and that it was located at 14 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 109 ° 15 ′ 00 '' E / 14.90000 ° N 109.25000 ° E / 14.90000; 109.25000. Later, another Malaysia Airlines aircraft (Flight 386 bound for Shanghai) attempted, at the request of Ho Chi Minh ACC, to contact Flight 370 on the Lumpur Radar frequency -- the frequency on which Flight 370 last made contact with Malaysian air traffic control -- and on emergency frequencies. The attempt was unsuccessful.
At 03: 30, Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre informed Kuala Lumpur ACC that the locations it had provided earlier were "based on flight projection and not reliable for aircraft positioning. '' Over the next hour, Kuala Lumpur ACC contacted Ho Chi Minh ACC asking whether they had contacted Chinese air traffic control. At 05: 09, Singapore ACC was queried for information about Flight 370. At 05: 20, an undisclosed official contacted Kuala Lumpur ACC requesting information about Flight 370; he opined that, based on known information, "MH370 never left Malaysian airspace. ''
The watch supervisor at Kuala Lumpur ACC activated the Kuala Lumpur Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) at 05: 30, over four hours after communication was lost with Flight 370. The ARCC is a command post at an Area Control Centre that coordinates search - and - rescue activities when an aircraft is lost.
Malaysia Airlines issued a media statement at 07: 24 MYT, one hour after the scheduled arrival time of the flight at Beijing, stating that contact with the flight had been lost by Malaysian ATC at 02: 40 and that the government had initiated search - and - rescue operations; the time when contact was lost was later corrected to 01: 21. Neither the crew nor the aircraft 's communication systems relayed a distress signal, indications of bad weather, or technical problems before the aircraft vanished from radar screens.
On 24 March, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak appeared before media at 22: 00 local time to give a statement regarding Flight 370, during which he announced that he had been briefed by the Air Accidents Investigation Branch that it and Inmarsat (the satellite data provider) had concluded that the airliner 's last position before it disappeared was in the southern Indian Ocean. As there were no places there where it could have landed, the aircraft must therefore have crashed into the sea.
Just before Najib spoke at 22: 00 MYT, an emergency meeting was called in Beijing for relatives of Flight 370 passengers. Malaysia Airlines announced that Flight 370 was assumed lost with no survivors. It notified most of the families in person or via telephone, and some received an SMS (in English and Chinese) informing them that it was highly likely that the aircraft had crashed with no survivors.
On 29 January 2015, the Director General of the Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia, Azharuddin Abdul Rahman, announced that the status of Flight 370 would be changed to an "accident '', in accordance with the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, and that all passengers and crew are presumed to have lost their lives.
If the official assumption is confirmed, Flight 370 was at the time of its disappearance the deadliest aviation incident in the history of Malaysian Airlines, surpassing the 1977 hijacking and crash of Malaysian Airline System Flight 653 that killed all 100 passengers and crew on board, and the deadliest involving a Boeing 777, surpassing Asiana Airlines Flight 214 (3 fatalities). In both of those categories, Flight 370 was surpassed 131 days later by Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, another Boeing 777 - 200ER, which was shot down on 17 July 2014, killing all 298 people aboard.
The news media reported several sightings of an aircraft fitting the description of the missing Boeing 777. For example, on 19 March 2014, CNN reported that witnesses, including fishermen, an oil rig worker and people on the Kuda Huvadhoo atoll in the Maldives saw the missing airliner. A fisherman claimed to have seen an unusually - low - flying aircraft off the coast of Kota Bharu; while an oil - rig worker 186 miles southeast of Vung Tau claimed he saw a "burning object '' in the sky that morning, a claim credible enough for the Vietnamese authorities to send a search - and - rescue mission; and Indonesian fishermen reported witnessing an aircraft crash near the Malacca Straits. Two days later, the London - based Daily Mail reported that "a Malaysian woman on a flight across the Indian Ocean claimed to have seen an aircraft in the water near the Andaman Islands on the day the jet disappeared ''. Three months later, The Daily Telegraph reported that a British woman sailing in the Indian Ocean claimed to have seen an aircraft on fire.
A search - and - rescue effort was launched in southeast Asia soon after the aircraft 's disappearance. Following initial analysis of communications between the aircraft and a satellite, the surface search was moved to the southern Indian Ocean one week after the aircraft 's disappearance. Between 18 March and 28 April, nineteen vessels and 345 sorties by military aircraft searched over 4,600,000 km (1,800,000 sq mi). The final phase of the search was a bathymetric survey and sonar search of the sea floor, about 1,800 kilometres (970 nmi; 1,100 mi) southwest of Perth, Western Australia. With effect from 30 March 2014, the search was coordinated by the Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC), an Australian government agency established specifically to co-ordinate the search effort to locate and recover Flight 370, which primarily involved the Malaysian, Chinese, and Australian governments.
On 17 January 2017, the official search for Flight 370, which had proved to be the most expensive search operation in aviation history, was suspended after yielding no evidence of the aircraft apart from some marine debris on the coast of Africa. The final ATSB report, published on 3 October 2017, stated that the underwater search for the aircraft, as of 30 June 2017, had cost a total of US $155 million: the underwater search accounted for 86 % of this amount, bathymetry 10 % and programme management 4 %; Malaysia supported 58 % of the total cost, Australia 32 %, and China 10 %. The report also concluded that the location where the aircraft went down had been narrowed to 25,000 sqkm, by using satellite images and debris drift analysis.
In January 2018, a private U.S. company called Ocean Infinity resumed the search for MH370 in the narrowed 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) area using the Norwegian ship Seabed Constructor. The planned search area of site 1, where the search began, was 33,012 km (12,746 sq mi), while the extended search area covered a further 48,500 km (18,700 sq mi). By the end of May 2018, the vessel had searched over 112,000 km (43,000 sq mi) of the area using eight autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The contract with the Malaysian government ended shortly thereafter and the search was concluded without success on 9 June 2018.
The Kuala Lumpur Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre (ARCC) was activated at 05: 30 MYT -- four hours after communication was lost with the aircraft -- to co-ordinate search and rescue efforts. Search efforts began in the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea. On the second day of the search, Malaysian officials said that radar recordings indicated Flight 370 may have turned around; the search zone was expanded to include part of the Strait of Malacca. On 12 March, the chief of the Royal Malaysian Air Force announced that an unidentified aircraft -- believed to be Flight 370 -- had travelled across the Malay peninsula and was last sighted on military radar 370 km (200 nmi; 230 mi) northwest of Penang Island; search efforts were subsequently increased in the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal.
Records of signals sent between the aircraft and a communications satellite over the Indian Ocean revealed that the aircraft had continued flying for almost six hours after its final sighting on Malaysian military radar. Initial analysis of these communications determined that Flight 370 was along one of two arcs -- equidistant from the satellite -- when its last signal was sent; the same day this analysis was publicly disclosed, 15 March, authorities announced they would abandon search efforts in the South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand, and Strait of Malacca to focus their efforts on the two corridors. The northern arc -- from northern Thailand to Kazakhstan -- was soon discounted as the aircraft would have had to pass through heavily militarised airspace and those countries claimed their military radar would have detected an unidentified aircraft entering their airspace.
The focus of the search shifted to the Southern Indian Ocean west of Australia and within Australia 's aeronautical and maritime Search and Rescue regions that extend to 75 ° E longitude. Accordingly, on 17 March, Australia agreed to lead the search in the southern locus from Sumatra to the southern Indian Ocean.
From 18 -- 27 March 2014 the search effort focused on a 305,000 km (118,000 sq mi) area about 2,600 km (1,400 nmi; 1,600 mi) southwest of Perth, that Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott said is "as close to nowhere as it 's possible to be '' and which is renowned for its strong winds, inhospitable climate, hostile seas, and deep ocean floors. Satellite imagery of the region was analysed; several objects of interest and two possible debris fields were identified on images captured between 16 -- 26 March. None of these possible objects were found by aircraft or ships.
Revised estimates of the radar track and the aircraft 's remaining fuel led to a move of the search 1,100 km (590 nmi; 680 mi) northeast of the previous area on 28 March, which was followed by another shift on 4 April. Between 2 and 17 April an effort was made to detect the underwater locator beacons (ULBs; informally known as "pingers '') attached to the aircraft 's flight recorders, whose batteries were expected to expire around 7 April. Australian naval cutter ADV Ocean Shield equipped with a towed pinger locator (TPL); China 's Haixun 01 equipped with a hand - held hydrophone; and the Royal Navy 's HMS Echo equipped with a hull - mounted hydrophone; were utilised in the search. Operators considered it a shot in the dark, when comparing the vast search area with the fact that a TPL could only search up to 130 km (50 sq mi) per day. Between 4 -- 8 April several acoustic detections were made that were close to the frequency and rhythm of the sound emitted by the flight recorders ' ULBs; analysis of the acoustic detections determined that, although unlikely, the detections could have come from a damaged ULB. A sonar search of the sea - floor near the detections was carried out between 14 April and 28 May without any sign of Flight 370. In a March 2015 report, it was revealed that the calendar life of the battery for the ULB attached to Flight 370 's flight data recorder had expired in December 2012 and may not have been as capable.
In late June 2014, details of the next phase of the search were announced; officials have called this phase the "underwater search '', despite the previous seafloor sonar survey. Continued refinement of the analysis of Flight 370 's satellite communications identified a "wide area search '' along the arc where Flight 370 was located when it last communicated with the satellite. The priority search area was in the southern extent of the wide area search. Some of the equipment used for the underwater search is known to be most effective when towed 200 m (650 ft) above the seafloor at the end of a 9.7 km (6 mi) cable. Available bathymetric data for this region was of poor resolution, thus necessitating a bathymetric survey of the search area before the underwater phase began. Commencing in May, the bathymetric survey charted around 208,000 km (80,000 sq mi) of seafloor through 17 December 2014, when it was suspended so that the ship conducting the survey could be mobilised in the underwater search.
The governments of Malaysia, China, and Australia agreed to thoroughly search 120,000 km (46,000 sq mi) of seafloor. This phase of the search, which began on 6 October 2014, used three vessels equipped with towed deep - water vehicles that use side - scan sonar, multi-beam echo sounders, and video cameras to locate and identify aircraft debris. A fourth vessel participated in the search between January -- May 2015, using an AUV to search areas that could not be effectively searched using equipment on the other vessels. Following the discovery of the flaperon on Réunion, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) reviewed its drift calculations for debris from the aircraft and, according to the JACC, was satisfied that the search area was still the most likely crash site. Reverse drift modelling of the debris, to determine its origin after 16 months, also supported the underwater search area, although reverse drift modelling is very imprecise over long periods. On 17 January 2017, the three countries jointly announced the suspension of the search for Flight 370.
On 17 October 2017, Malaysia received proposals from three companies, including Dutch - based Fugro and U.S. - based Ocean Infinity, offering to continue the search for the aircraft. In January 2018, Ocean Infinity announced that it was planning to resume the search in the narrowed 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) area. The attempt was approved by the Malaysian government, provided payment would be made only if the wreckage was found. Ocean Infinity chartered the Norwegian ship Seabed Constructor to conduct the search.
Later that month it was reported that the tracking system had detected the vessel reaching the search zone on 21 January, and it started moving to 35 ° 36 ′ S 92 ° 48 ′ E / 35.6 ° S 92.8 ° E / - 35.6; 92.8 (CSIRO crash area), the most likely crash site according to the drift study by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. The planned search area of site 1, where the search began, was 33,012 km (12,746 sq mi), while the extended area covered a further 48,500 km (18,700 sq mi). In April, a report by Ocean Infinity revealed that site 4, further northeast along the 7th arc, had been added to the search plan. As of 29 May 2018, the vessel had searched over 112,000 km (43,000 sq mi) of the area using eight AUVs; all areas of site 1 (including areas beyond the originally planned search area of site 1), site 2, and site 3 had been searched. The final phase of the search was conducted in site 4 in May 2018 "before the weather limits Ocean Infinity 's ability to continue working this year. '' Malaysia 's new Transport Minister, Loke Siew Fook, announced on 23 May 2018 that the search for MH370 would conclude at the end of that month, and Ocean Infinity confirmed on 31 May that the contract with the Malaysian government had come to an end. On 9 June 2018, it was reported that the search itself had ended. Ocean floor mapping data collected during the search have been donated to the Nippon Foundation - GEBCO Seabed 2030 Project to be incorporated into the global map of the ocean floor.
As of October 2017, twenty pieces of debris believed to be from 9M - MRO had been recovered from beaches in the western Indian Ocean. On 16 August 2017, the Australian Transport Safety Bureau released two reports: an analysis of a 23 March 2014 satellite imagery, two weeks after MH370 disappeared, classifying 12 objects in the ocean as "probably man - made '', and a drift study of the recovered objects by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, identifying the crash area "with unprecedented precision and certainty '', at 35 ° 36 ′ S 92 ° 48 ′ E / 35.6 ° S 92.8 ° E / - 35.6; 92.8 (CSIRO crash area), northeast of the main 120,000 km (46,000 sq mi) underwater search zone.
The first item of debris identified as coming from Flight 370 was the right (starboard) flaperon (a trailing edge control surface). It was discovered at the end of July 2015 on a beach in Saint - André, on Réunion, an island in the western Indian Ocean, about 4,000 km (2,200 nmi; 2,500 mi) west of the underwater search area. It was transported from Réunion -- an overseas department of France -- to Toulouse, where it was examined by France 's civil aviation accident investigation agency, the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA), and a French defence ministry laboratory. Malaysia sent investigators to both Réunion and Toulouse. On 3 September, French officials announced that serial numbers found on internal components of the flaperon link it "with certainty '' to Flight 370. These serial numbers were retrieved via borescope.
After discovery of the flaperon, French police conducted a search of the waters around Réunion for additional debris, and came across a damaged suitcase which might be associated with Flight 370. The location is consistent with models of debris dispersal 16 months after an origin in the current search area, off the west coast of Australia. A Chinese water bottle and an Indonesian cleaning product were found in the same area.
France also conducted an aerial search for possible marine debris around the island, searching an area 120 by 40 km (75 by 25 mi) along the east coast of Réunion. Foot patrols along beaches to search for debris were also planned. Malaysia asked authorities in neighbouring states to be on alert for marine debris which could be from an aircraft. On 14 August, it was announced that no debris that could be related to Flight 370 had been found at sea off Réunion, but that some had been found on land. Air and sea searches for debris ended on 17 August.
In late February 2016, an object (with a stencilled text "NO STEP '' on it) was found off the coast of Mozambique; early photographic analysis suggested it could have come from the aircraft 's horizontal stabiliser or the leading edges of the wings. It was found by Blaine Gibson on a sandbank in the Mozambique Channel, between Mozambique in eastern Africa and Madagascar; and in the same part of the southern Indian Ocean where the flaperon had been found the previous July. The fragment was sent to Australia where experts identified it as almost certainly a horizontal stabiliser panel from MH370.
In December 2015, Liam Lotter found a grey piece of debris on a beach in southern Mozambique, but only after reading in March 2016 about Gibson 's find -- some 300 km (190 mi) from his find -- did his family alert authorities. It was flown to Australia for analysis. It carried a stencilled code 676EB, which identified it as part of a Boeing 777 flap track fairing, and the style in which the lettering was painted onto the fairing matched stencils used by Malaysia Airlines, making it almost certain that the part came from 9M - MRO.
The location where both pieces were retrieved was found to be consistent with the drift model performed by CSIRO, further corroborating they could have come from Flight 370.
On 7 March 2016, more debris, possibly from the aircraft, was found on the island of Réunion. Ab Aziz Kaprawi, Malaysia 's Deputy Transport Minister, said that "an unidentified grey item with a blue border '', might be linked to Flight 370. Both Malaysian and Australian authorities, co-ordinating the search in the South Indian Ocean, sent teams to verify whether the debris was from the missing aircraft.
On 21 March 2016, South African archaeologist Neels Kruger found a grey piece of debris on a beach near Mossel Bay, South Africa that has an unmistakable partial logo of Rolls Royce, the manufacturer of the engines of the missing aircraft. An acknowledgement of a possible part of an engine cowling was made by the Malaysian Ministry of Transport. An additional piece of possible debris, suggested to have come from the interior of the aircraft, was found on the island of Rodrigues, Mauritius, in late March and was to be examined by Australian authorities. On 11 May 2016, the authority determined that these two pieces of debris were "almost certainly '' from Flight 370.
On 9 June 2016, The Sydney Morning Herald reported that a man had found what could possibly be debris from the aircraft at a location on Kangaroo Island, southern Australia. South Australian police collected the shoebox - sized piece and it was to be delivered to the ATSB for further investigation. The examination concluded that it was not from the missing aircraft.
On 24 June 2016, the Australian Transport Minister, Darren Chester, said that a piece of aircraft debris had been found on Pemba Island, off the coast of Tanzania. It was handed over to the authorities so that experts from Malaysia could determine whether it was part of the aircraft. The Australian government released photos of the piece, believed to be an outboard flap from one of the aircraft 's wings, on 20 July. On 15 September, Malaysia 's transport ministry confirmed that the debris came from the missing aircraft.
On 21 November 2016, families of the victims announced that they would take up the search for debris in Madagascar, in December.
Malaysia set up a Joint Investigation Team (JIT), consisting of specialists from Malaysia, China, the U.K., the U.S., and France, led according to ICAO standards by "an independent investigator in charge ''. The team consists of an airworthiness group, an operations group, and a medical and human factors group. The airworthiness group will examine issues related to maintenance records, structures, and systems of the aircraft. The operations group will review flight recorders, operations, and meteorology. The medical and human factors group will investigate psychological, pathological, and survival factors. Malaysia also announced, on 6 April, that it had set up three ministerial committees -- a Next of Kin Committee, a committee to organise the formation of the Joint Investigation Team, and a committee responsible for Malaysian assets deployed in the search effort. The criminal investigation is being led by the Royal Malaysia Police, assisted by Interpol and other relevant international law enforcement authorities.
On 17 March, Australia took control for co-ordinating search, rescue, and recovery operations. For the following six weeks, the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) and ATSB worked to determine the search area, correlating information with the JIT and other government and academic sources, while the Joint Agency Coordination Centre (JACC) coordinated the search efforts. Following the fourth phase of the search, the ATSB took responsibility for defining the search area. In May, the search strategy working group was established by the ATSB to determine the most likely position on the aircraft at the 00: 19 UTC (08: 19 MYT) satellite transmission. The group included aircraft and satellite experts from: Air Accidents Investigation Branch (UK), Boeing (US), Defence Science and Technology Group (Australia), Department of Civil Aviation (Malaysia), Inmarsat (UK), National Transportation Safety Board (US), and Thales (UK).
The Malaysian Ministry of Transport issued an interim report entitled "Factual Information: Safety Information for MH370 '' on 8 March 2015. As suggested by the report 's title, it focused on providing factual information and not analysis of possible causes of the disappearance. A brief update statement was provided in March 2016 regarding the status of the investigation. The final ATSB report was published 3 October 2017.
The final report from the Malaysian Ministry of Transport on the disappearance was released on 30 July 2018. It shed no new light on the fate of the plane, but did point to errors made by Malaysian air traffic controllers in their limited efforts in attempting to communicate with the aircraft.
The communications between Flight 370 and the satellite communication network operated by Inmarsat, which were relayed by the Inmarsat - 3 F1 satellite, provide the only significant clues to the location of Flight 370 after disappearing from Malaysian military radar at 02: 22 MYT. These communications have also been used to deduce possible in - flight events (see next section). The investigative team was challenged with reconstructing the flight path of Flight 370 from a limited set of transmissions with no explicit information about the aircraft 's location, heading, or speed.
Aeronautical satellite communication (SATCOM) systems are used to transmit messages from the aircraft cockpit, as well as automated messages from on - board systems using the ACARS communications protocol, but may also be used to transmit FANS and ATN messages and provide voice, fax and data links using other protocols. The aircraft 's satellite data unit (SDU) is used to send and receive signals with the satellite communications network; it operates independently from other aircraft equipment that communicate through the SATCOM system, many using the ACARS protocol. Signals from the SDU are relayed by a satellite, which simply changes the signal 's frequency, and then received by a ground station, which processes the signal and, if applicable, routes it to its destination (e.g., Malaysia Airlines ' operations centre); signals to the aircraft are sent in reverse order. When the SDU is powered on and attempts to connect with the Inmarsat network, it transmits a log - on request, which the ground station acknowledges. This is, in part, to determine that the SDU belongs to an active service subscriber and also used to determine which satellite should be used to transmit messages to the SDU. After connecting, if a ground station has not received any contact from a terminal for one hour, the ground station will transmit a "log - on interrogation '' message, informally referred to as a "ping ''; an active terminal responds automatically. The entire process of interrogating the terminal is referred to as a "handshake ''.
Although the ACARS data link on Flight 370 stopped functioning between 01: 07 and 02: 03 MYT (most likely around the same time the plane lost contact by secondary radar), the SDU remained operative. After last contact by primary radar west of Malaysia, the following events were recorded in the log of Inmarsat 's ground station at Perth, Western Australia (all times are MYT / UTC + 8):
The aircraft did not respond to a ping at 09: 15.
A few deductions can be made from the satellite communications. The first is that the aircraft remained operational until at least 08: 19 MYT -- seven hours after final contact was made with air traffic control over the South China Sea. The varying burst frequency offset (BFO) values indicate the aircraft was moving at speed. The aircraft 's SDU needs location and track information to keep its antenna pointed towards the satellite, so it can also be deduced that the aircraft 's navigation system was operational.
Since the aircraft did not respond to a ping at 09: 15, it can be concluded that at some point between 08: 19 and 09: 15, the aircraft lost the ability to communicate with the ground station. The log - on message sent from the aircraft at 08: 19: 29 was "log - on request ''. There are only a few reasons the SDU would transmit a log - on request, such as a power interruption, software failure, loss of critical systems providing input to the SDU, or a loss of the link due to the aircraft 's attitude. Investigators consider the most likely reason to be that it was sent during power - up after an electrical outage. At 08: 19, the aircraft had been airborne for 7 h 38 min; the typical Kuala Lumpur - Beijing flight is 5 ⁄ hours, so fuel exhaustion was likely. In the event of fuel exhaustion and engine flame - out, which would eliminate power to the SDU, the aircraft 's ram air turbine (RAT) would deploy, providing power to some instruments and flight controls, including the SDU. Approximately 90 seconds after the 02: 25 handshake -- also a log - on request -- communications from the aircraft 's inflight entertainment system were recorded in the ground station log. Similar messages would be expected following the 08: 19 handshake, but none were received, supporting the fuel - exhaustion scenario.
Two parameters associated with these transmissions that were recorded in a log at the ground station were key to the investigation:
By combining the distance between the aircraft and satellite, speed, and heading with aircraft performance constraints (e.g. fuel consumption, possible speeds and altitudes), investigators generated candidate paths that were analysed separately by two methods. The first assumed the aircraft was flying on one of the three autopilot modes (two are further affected by whether the navigation system used magnetic north or true north as a reference), calculated the BTO and BFO values along these routes, and compared them with the values recorded from Flight 370. The second method generated paths which had the aircraft 's speed and heading adjusted at the time of each handshake to minimise the difference between the calculated BFO of the path and the values recorded from Flight 370. A probability distribution for each method at the BTO arc of the sixth handshake of the two methods was created and then compared; 80 % of the highest probability paths for both analyses combined intersect the BTO arc of the sixth handshake between 32.5 ° S and 38.1 ° S, which can be extrapolated to 33.5 ° S and 38.3 ° S along the BTO arc of the seventh handshake.
The SATCOM link functioned normally from pre-flight (beginning at 00: 00 MYT) until it responded to a ground - to - air ACARS message with an acknowledge message at 01: 07. Ground - to - air ACARS messages continued to be transmitted to Flight 370 until Inmarsat 's network sent multiple "Request for Acknowledge '' messages at 02: 03, without a response from the aircraft. At some time between 01: 07 and 02: 03, power was lost to the SDU. At 02: 25, the aircraft 's SDU sent a "log - on request ''. It is not common for a log - on request to be made in - flight, but it could occur for multiple reasons. An analysis of the characteristics and timing of these requests suggest a power interruption in - flight is the most likely culprit. As the power interruption was not due to engine flame - out, per ATSB, it may have been the result of manually switching off the aircraft 's electrical system.
An analysis by the ATSB comparing the evidence available for Flight 370 with three categories of accidents -- an in - flight upset (e.g., stall), a glide event (e.g., engine failure, fuel exhaustion), and an unresponsive crew or hypoxia event -- concluded that an unresponsive crew or hypoxia event "best fit the available evidence '' for the five - hour period of the flight as it travelled south over the Indian Ocean without communication or significant deviations in its track, likely on autopilot. No consensus exists among investigators on the unresponsive crew or hypoxia theory. If no control inputs were made following flameout and the disengagement of autopilot, the aircraft would likely have entered a spiral dive and entered the ocean within 20 nmi (37 km; 23 mi) of the flameout and disengagement of autopilot. The analysis of the flaperon showed that the landing flaps were not extended, supporting the spiral dive at high speed theory. In May 2018, the ATSB again asserted that the flight was not in control when it crashed, its spokesperson adding that "We have quite a bit of data to tell us that the aircraft, if it was being controlled at the end, it was n't very successfully being controlled. '' This was in reaction to speculation by former Canadian air crash investigator Larry Vance in his recent book that the cause was pilot suicide.
Two men boarded Flight 370 with stolen passports, which raised suspicion in the immediate aftermath of its disappearance. The passports, one Austrian and one Italian, were reported stolen in Thailand within the preceding two years. Interpol stated that both passports were listed on its database of lost and stolen passports and that no check had been made against its database. Malaysia 's Home Minister, Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, criticised his country 's immigration officials for failing to stop the passengers travelling on the stolen European passports. The two one - way tickets purchased for the holders of the stolen passports were booked through China Southern Airlines. It was reported that an Iranian had ordered the cheapest tickets to Europe via telephone in Bangkok, Thailand, and paid in cash. The two passengers were later identified as Iranian men, one aged 19 and the other 29, who had entered Malaysia on 28 February using valid Iranian passports. The head of Interpol said the organisation was "inclined to conclude that it was not a terrorist incident ''. The two men were believed to be asylum seekers.
United States and Malaysian officials were reviewing the backgrounds of every passenger named on the manifest. On 18 March, the Chinese government announced that it had checked all of the Chinese citizens on the aircraft and ruled out the possibility that any were involved in "destruction or terror attacks ''. One passenger who worked as a flight engineer for a Swiss jet charter company was briefly suspected as a potential hijacker because he was thought to have the relevant skill set.
US intelligence officers believe the most likely explanation was that someone in the cockpit of Flight 370 re-programmed the aircraft 's autopilot to travel south across the Indian Ocean. Police searched the homes of the pilots and seized financial records for all 12 crew members, including bank statements, credit card bills and mortgage documents. On 2 April 2014, Malaysia 's Police Inspector - General said that more than 170 interviews had been conducted as part of Malaysia 's criminal investigation, including interviews with family members of the pilots and crew.
Media reports have claimed that Malaysian police have identified Captain Shah as the prime suspect if human intervention is proven to be the cause of Flight 370 's disappearance. The United States ' Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reconstructed the deleted data from Captain Shah 's home flight simulator; a Malaysian government spokesman indicated that "nothing sinister '' had been found on it. The preliminary report issued by Malaysia in March 2015 stated that there was "no evidence of recent or imminent significant financial transactions carried out '' by any of the pilots or crew and that analysis of the behaviour of the pilots on CCTV showed "no significant behavioural changes ''.
In 2016, a leaked American document stated that a route on the pilot 's home flight simulator closely matching the projected flight over the Indian Ocean was found during the FBI analysis of the hard drive of the computer used for the flight simulator. This was later confirmed by the ATSB, although it stressed that this did not prove the pilot 's involvement. It was similarly confirmed by the Malaysian government.
In 2018, the sister of the pilot said the safety investigation report on MH370 showed "nothing negative '' about the pilot flying the plane. According to the report, "There were seven ' manually programmed ' waypoint coordinates, that when connected together, will create a flight path from KLIA to an area south of the Indian Ocean through the Andaman Sea. But a forensic report concluded there were no unusual activities other than game - related flight simulations. '' They were dated 3 February 2014 but could have originated from different files.
Flight 370 was carrying 10,806 kg (23,823 lb) of cargo, of which four ULDs of mangosteens and 221 kg (487 lb) of lithium - ion batteries are of interest, according to Malaysian investigators. The four ULDs of mangosteens were loaded into the aft cargo bay of the aircraft. The lithium - ion batteries were divided among two pallets in the forward cargo bay and one pallet placed in the rear of the aft cargo bay.
The lithium - ion batteries were contained in a 2,453 kg (5,408 lb) consignment being transported between Motorola Solutions facilities in Bayan Lepas, Malaysia, and Tianjin, China; the rest of the consignment consisted of walkie - talkie chargers and accessories. The batteries were assembled on 7 March and transported to the Penang Cargo Complex to be transported by MASkargo -- Malaysia Airlines ' cargo subsidiary -- to be loaded onto a lorry to transport it to Kuala Lumpur International Airport and onwards by air to Beijing. At the Penang Cargo Complex, the consignment was inspected by MASkargo employees and Malaysian customs officials, but did not go through a security screening before the truck was sealed for transfer to the airport. The consignment did not go through any additional inspections at Kuala Lumpur International Airport before it was loaded onto Flight 370. Because the batteries were packaged in accordance with IATA guidelines, they were not regulated as dangerous goods. Lithium - ion batteries can cause intense fires if they overheat and ignite, which has led to strict regulations on their transport aboard aircraft. A fire fuelled by lithium - ion batteries caused the crash of UPS Airlines Flight 6, and lithium - ion batteries are suspected to have caused a fire which resulted in the crash of Asiana Airlines Flight 991; both were cargo aircraft. Some airlines have stopped carrying bulk shipments of lithium - ion batteries on passenger aircraft, citing safety concerns.
A 4,566 kg (10,066 lb) consignment of mangosteens was aboard Flight 370. The mangosteens were loaded into four ULDs at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and inspected by officials from Malaysia 's Federal Agriculture Marketing Authority before being loaded onto Flight 370. According to the head of Malaysian police, Inspector - General Tan Sir Khalid Abu Bakar, the people who handled the mangosteens and the Chinese importers were questioned to rule out sabotage.
Public communication from Malaysian officials regarding the loss of the flight was initially beset with confusion. The Malaysian government and the airline released imprecise, incomplete, and sometimes inaccurate information, with civilian officials sometimes contradicting military leaders. Malaysian officials were criticised for such persistent release of contradictory information, most notably regarding the last location and time of contact with the aircraft.
Although Malaysia 's acting Transport Minister Hishammuddin Hussein, who is also the country 's Defence Minister, denied the existence of problems between the participating countries, academics said that because of regional conflicts, there were genuine trust issues involved in co-operation and sharing intelligence, and that these were hampering the search. International relations experts said entrenched rivalries over sovereignty, security, intelligence, and national interests made meaningful multilateral co-operation very difficult. A Chinese academic made the observation that the parties were searching independently; thus it was not a multilateral search effort. The Guardian noted the Vietnamese permission given for Chinese aircraft to overfly its airspace as a positive sign of co-operation. Vietnam temporarily scaled back its search operations after the country 's Deputy Transport Minister cited a lack of communication from Malaysian officials despite requests for more information. China, through the official Xinhua News Agency, said that the Malaysian government ought to take charge and conduct the operation with greater transparency, a point echoed by the Chinese Foreign Ministry days later.
Malaysia had initially declined to release raw data from its military radar, deeming the information "too sensitive '', but later acceded. Defence experts suggested that giving others access to radar information could be sensitive on a military level, for example: "The rate at which they can take the picture can also reveal how good the radar system is. '' One suggested that some countries could already have had radar data on the aircraft, but were reluctant to share any information that could potentially reveal their defence capabilities and compromise their own security. Similarly, submarines patrolling the South China Sea might have information in the event of a water impact, and sharing such information could reveal their locations and listening capabilities.
Criticism was also levelled at the delay of the search efforts. On 11 March, three days after the aircraft disappeared, British satellite company Inmarsat (or its partner, SITA) had provided officials with data suggesting the aircraft was nowhere near the areas in the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea being searched at that time, and may have diverted its course through a southern or northern corridor. This information was publicly acknowledged and released by Najib only on 15 March in a press conference. Explaining why information about satellite signals had not been made available earlier, Malaysia Airlines said that the raw satellite signals needed to be verified and analysed "so that their significance could be properly understood '' before it could publicly confirm their existence. Hishammuddin said that Malaysian and US investigators had immediately discussed the Inmarsat data upon receiving them on 12 March, and on two occasions, both groups agreed that it needed further processing and sent the data to the US twice for this purpose. Data analysis was completed on 14 March: by then, the AAIB had independently arrived at the same conclusion.
In June 2014, relatives of passengers on Flight 370 began a crowdfunding campaign on Indiegogo to raise US $100,000 -- with an ultimate goal of raising US $5 million -- as a reward to encourage anyone who knows the location of Flight 370 or the cause of its disappearance to reveal what they know. The campaign, which ended 8 August 2014, raised US $100,516 from 1007 contributors.
A month after the disappearance, Malaysia Airlines ' chief executive Ahmad Jauhari Yahya acknowledged that ticket sales had declined but failed to provide specific details. This may have partially resulted from the suspension of the airline 's advertising campaigns following the disappearance. Ahmad stated in an interview with the Wall Street Journal that the airline 's "primary focus... is that we do take care of the families in terms of their emotional needs and also their financial needs. It is important that we provide answers for them. It is important that the world has answers, as well. '' In further remarks, Ahmad said he was not sure when the airline could start repairing its image, but that the airline was adequately insured to cover the financial loss stemming from Flight 370 's disappearance. In China, where the majority of passengers were from, bookings on Malaysia Airlines were down 60 % in March.
Malaysia Airlines retired the Flight 370 (MH370) flight number and replaced it with Flight 318 (MH318) beginning 14 March. This follows a common practice among airlines to rename flights following notorious accidents. The flight -- Malaysia Airline 's second daily flight to Beijing -- was later suspended beginning 2 May; according to insiders, this was due to lack of demand.
Malaysia Airlines was given US $110 million from insurers in March 2014 to cover initial payments to passengers ' families and the search effort. In May, remarks from lead reinsurer of the flight, Allianz, indicated the insured market loss on Flight 370, including the search, was about US $350 million.
At the time of Flight 370 's disappearance, Malaysia Airlines was struggling to cut costs to compete with a wave of new, low - cost carriers in the region. In the previous three years, Malaysia Airlines had booked losses of: RM 1.17 billion (US $356 million) in 2013, RM433 million in 2012, and RM2. 5 billion in 2011. Malaysia Airlines lost RM443. 4 million (US $137.4 million) in the first quarter of 2014 (January -- March). The second quarter -- the first full quarter in the aftermath of Flight 370 's disappearance -- saw a loss of RM307. 04 million (US $97.6 million), which represented a 75 - percent increase over losses from the second quarter of 2013. Industry analysts expected Malaysia Airlines to lose further market share and face a challenging environment to stand out from competitors while addressing its financial plight. The company 's stock, down as much as 20 percent following the disappearance of Flight 370, had fallen 80 % over the previous five years, which contrasted with a rise in the Malaysian stock market of about 80 % over the same period.
Many analysts and the media suggested that Malaysia Airlines would need to rebrand and repair its image and / or require government assistance to return to profitability. The loss of Flight 17 in July greatly exacerbated Malaysia Airline 's financial problems. The combined effect on consumer confidence of the loss of Flight 370 and Flight 17; and the airline 's poor financial performance; led Khazanah Nasional -- the majority shareholder (69.37 %) and a Malaysian state - run investment arm -- to announce on 8 August its plan to purchase the remainder of the airline, thereby renationalising it.
Lack of evidence in determining the cause of Flight 370 's disappearance, even physical evidence that the aircraft crashed, raises many issues regarding responsibility for the accident and payments made by insurance agencies. Under the Montreal Convention, it is the carrier 's responsibility to prove lack of fault in an accident and each passenger 's next - of - kin are automatically entitled, regardless of fault, to a payment of approximately US $175,000 from the airline 's insurance company -- a total of nearly US $40 million for the 227 passengers on board.
Malaysia Airlines would still be vulnerable to civil lawsuits from passengers ' families. Compensation awarded (or settlements reached out - of - court) during civil trials will likely vary widely among passengers based on country of the court. An American court could likely award upwards of US $8 -- 10 million, while Chinese courts would likely award a small fraction of that. Despite the announcement that Flight 370 ended in the southern Indian Ocean, it was not until 29 January 2015 that the Malaysian government officially declared Flight 370 an accident with no survivors, a move that would allow compensation claims to be made. The first lawsuit related to the disappearance was filed in October 2014 -- before Flight 370 was declared an accident -- on behalf of two Malaysian boys whose father was a passenger, for negligence in failing to contact the aircraft soon after it was lost and for breach of contract for failing to bring the passenger to his destination. Additional lawsuits against Malaysia Airlines have been filed in China and Malaysia.
Malaysia Airlines offered ex gratia condolence payments soon after the disappearance. In China, families of passengers were offered ¥ 31,000 (about US $5,000) "comfort money ''; but some families rejected the offer. It was also reported that Malaysian relatives received only $2,000. In June, Malaysia 's deputy Foreign Minister Hamzah Zainuddin said that families of seven passengers received $50,000 advance compensation from Malaysia Airlines, but that full payout would come after the aircraft was found or officially declared lost (which later occurred in January 2015).
Air force experts raised questions and the Malaysian opposition leveled criticisms about the state of Malaysia 's air force and radar capabilities. Many criticised the failure of the Royal Malaysian Air Force to identify and respond to an unidentified aircraft (later determined to be Flight 370) flying through Malaysian airspace. The Malaysian military became aware of the unidentified aircraft only after reviewing radar recordings several hours after the flight 's disappearance. The failure to recognise and react to the unidentified aircraft was a security breach, and was also a missed opportunity to intercept Flight 370 and prevent the time - consuming and expensive search operation.
The Malaysian Prime Minister, Najib Razak, responded to criticism of his government in an opinion piece published in The Wall Street Journal in which he acknowledged mistakes had been made, and said time would show that Malaysia had done its best, had helped co-ordinate the search, and would continue to support. Najib went on to emphasise the need for the aviation industry to "not only learn the lessons of MH370 but implement them, '' saying in closing that "the world learned from (Air France Flight 447) but did n't act. The same mistake must not be made again. ''
Opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim criticised the Malaysian government regarding its response to Flight 370 's disappearance and the military 's response when Flight 370 turned back over the Malay Peninsula; he called for an international committee to take charge of the investigation "to save the image of the country and to save the country. '' Malaysian authorities have accused Anwar -- who was jailed on contentious charges the day before Flight 370 disappeared -- of politicising the crisis. Flight 370 's captain was a supporter of Anwar and the two knew each other.
Questioned about why Malaysia did not scramble fighter jets to intercept the aircraft as it tracked back across the Malay Peninsula, Defence Minister Hishammuddin Hussein noted that it was deemed a commercial aircraft and was not hostile, remarking: "If you 're not going to shoot it down, what 's the point of sending (a fighter jet) up? ''
The response to the crisis and lack of transparency in the response brought attention to the state of media in Malaysia. After decades of having tight control of media, during which government officials were accustomed to passing over issues without scrutiny or accountability, Malaysia was suddenly thrust to the forefront of global media and unable to adjust to demands for transparency.
On the second anniversary of the disappearance, 8 March 2016, Najib said that he was hopeful that the missing Flight 370 would be found. The Malaysian Parliament observed a moment of silence to mark the anniversary. Najib said that the search had been "the most challenging in aviation history '', but that he remained committed to completing it.
Chinese Deputy Foreign Minister Xie Hangsheng reacted sceptically to the conclusion by the Malaysian government that the aircraft had gone down with no survivors, demanding on 24 March 2014 "all the relevant information and evidence about the satellite data analysis '', and said that the Malaysian government must "finish all the work including search and rescue. '' The following day, Chinese president Xi Jinping sent a special envoy to Kuala Lumpur to consult with the Malaysian government over the missing aircraft.
On 25 March 2014, around two hundred family members of the Chinese passengers protested outside the Malaysian embassy in Beijing. Relatives who had arrived in Kuala Lumpur after the announcement continued with their protest, accusing Malaysia of hiding the truth and harbouring a murderer. They also wanted an apology for the Malaysian government 's poor initial handling of the disaster and its "premature '' conclusion of loss, drawn without physical evidence. An op - ed for China Daily said that Malaysia was not wholly to be blamed for its poor handling of such a "bizarre '' and "unprecedented crisis, '' and appealed to Chinese people not to allow emotions to prevail over evidence and rationality. The Chinese ambassador to Malaysia defended the Malaysian government 's response, stating that the relatives ' "radical and irresponsible opinions do not represent the views of Chinese people and the Chinese government ''. The ambassador also strongly criticised Western media for having "published false news, stoked conflict and even spread rumours '' to the detriment of relatives and of Sino -- Malaysian relations. On the other hand, a US Department of Defense official criticised China for what he perceived as providing apparently false leads that detracted from the search effort and wasted time and resources.
On 7 March 2016, the day before the second anniversary of the disappearance, twelve Chinese families with relatives on board the missing aircraft filed a lawsuit in Beijing, one day before the deadline for pursuing litigation against the carrier. In Kuala Lumpur, lawyer Ganesan Nethi reported that he had filed a joint lawsuit on behalf of the families of 32 passengers on 3 March 2016, explaining that most were Chinese, along with an American and a few Indians.
Some Chinese boycotted all things Malaysian, including holidays and singers, in protest of Malaysia 's handling of the Flight 370 investigation. Bookings on Malaysia Airlines from China, where the majority of passengers were from, were down 60 % in March. In late March, several major Chinese ticketing agencies -- eLong, LY.com, Qunar and Mango -- discontinued the sale of airline tickets to Malaysia and several large Chinese travel agencies reported a 50 - percent drop in tourists compared to the same period the year before. China was the third largest source of visitors to Malaysia prior to Flight 370 's disappearance, accounting for 1.79 million tourists in 2013. One market analyst predicted a 20 -- 40 % drop in Chinese tourists to Malaysia, resulting in a loss of 4 -- 8 billion yuan (RM2. 1 -- 4.2 billion; US $650 million - 1.3 billion).
The boycotts were largely led or supported by celebrities. Film star Chen Kun posted a message to Weibo -- where he had 70 million followers -- stating that he would be boycotting Malaysia until its government told the truth. The post was shared over 70,000 times and drew over 30,000 comments. Over 337,000 people retweeted a tweet from TV host Meng Fei, that said he would join the boycott.
China and Malaysia had previously nominated 2014 to be the "Malaysia -- China Friendship Year '' to celebrate 40 years of diplomatic relations between the two countries.
The fact that, in a digitally - connected world, a modern aircraft could disappear was met with surprise and disbelief by the public. While changes in the aviation industry often take years to be implemented, airlines and air transport authorities responded swiftly to take action on several measures to reduce the likelihood of a similar incident.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) -- an industry trade organisation representing over 240 airlines (representing 84 % of global air traffic) -- and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) -- the United Nations ' civil aviation body -- began working on implementing new measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The IATA created a task force (which included several outside stakeholders) to define a minimal set of requirements that any tracking system must meet, allowing airlines to decide the best solution to track their aircraft. The IATA 's task force planned to come up with several short -, medium -, and long - term solutions to ensure that information is provided in a timely manner to support search, rescue, and recovery activities in the wake of an aircraft accident. The task force was expected to provide a report to the ICAO on 30 September 2014, but on that day said that the report would be delayed, citing the need for further clarification on some issues. In December 2014, the IATA task force recommended that, within 12 months, airlines track commercial aircraft in no longer than 15 - minute intervals, although it still has not released its report and full details of proposed changes. The IATA itself did not support the deadline, which it believes can not be met by all airlines, but the proposed standard has the support of the ICAO. Although the ICAO can set standards, it has no legal authority and such standards must be adopted by member states.
In 2016, the ICAO adopted a standard that, by November 2018, all aircraft over open ocean report their position every 15 minutes. In March, the ICAO approved an amendment to the Chicago Convention requiring new aircraft manufactured after 1 January 2021 to have autonomous tracking devices which could send location information at least once per minute in distress circumstances.
In May 2014, Inmarsat said that it would offer its tracking service for free to all aircraft equipped with an Inmarsat satellite connection (which amounts to nearly all commercial airliners). Inmarsat also changed the time period for handshakes with its terminals from one hour to 15 minutes.
There was a call for automated transponders after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks; no changes were made, as aviation experts preferred flexible control, in case of malfunctions or electrical emergencies. In the wake of Flight 370, the air transport industry was still resistant to the installation of automated transponders, which would likely entail significant costs. Pilots also criticised changes of this kind, insisting on the need to cut power to equipment in the event of a fire. Nonetheless, new types of tamper - proof circuit breakers were being considered.
The frenzied search for the flight recorders in early April 2014, due to the 30 - day battery life of the underwater locator beacons (ULBs) attached to them, brought attention to the limitations of the ULBs. The distance the signal from the ULBs can be detected from is 2,000 -- 3,000 m (6,600 -- 9,800 ft), or 4,500 m (14,800 ft) under favourable conditions. Even if the flight recorders are located, the cockpit voice recorder memory has capacity to store only two hours of data, continuously recording over the oldest data. This length complies with regulations and it is usually only data from the last section of a flight that are needed to determine the cause of an accident. The events which caused Flight 370 to divert from its course and disappear happened more than two hours before the flight ended. Given these limitations and the importance of the data stored on flight recorders, Flight 370 has brought attention to new technologies that enable data streaming to the ground.
A call to increase the battery life of ULBs was once again made after the unsuccessful initial search in 2009 for the flight recorders on Air France Flight 447, which were not located until 2011. A formal recommendation that the ULB design be upgraded to offer a longer battery life or to make the recorders ejectable had been included in the final report of the board of inquiry into the loss of South African Airways Flight 295 over the Indian Ocean in 1987; the ICAO made such a recommendation in 2014, with implementation by 2018. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) issued new regulations requiring that the transmitting time of ULBs fitted to aircraft flight recorders be increased from 30 to 90 days. The agency proposed a new underwater locator beacon with a greater transmitting range to be fitted to aircraft flying over oceans. In June 2015, Dukane, a manufacturer of underwater locator beacons, began selling beacons with a 90 - day battery life.
In March 2016, the ICAO adopted several amendments to the Chicago Convention to address issues raised by Flight 370 's disappearance. For aircraft manufactured after 2020, cockpit voice recorders will be required to record at least 25 hours of data, so that they record all phases of a flight. Aircraft designs approved after 2020 will need to have a means to recover the flight recorders, or the information they contain, before the recorders sink below water. This provision is performance - based so that it can be accomplished by different techniques, such as streaming flight recorder data from aircraft in distress or using flight recorders which eject from aircraft and float on the water 's surface. The new regulations will not require modifications to existing aircraft.
In January 2015, the US National Transportation Safety Board cited Flight 370 and Air France Flight 447 when it issued eight safety recommendations related to locating aircraft wreckage in remote or underwater locations; and repeated recommendations for a crash - protected cockpit image recorder and tamper - resistant flight recorders and transponders.
The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 has been described as "one of the biggest mysteries in modern aviation history ''.
Several documentaries have been produced about the flight. The Smithsonian Channel aired a one - hour documentary about the flight on 6 April 2014, titled Malaysia 370: The Plane That Vanished. The Discovery Channel broadcast a one - hour documentary about Flight 370 on 16 April 2014 titled Flight 370: The Missing Links.
An episode of the television documentary series Horizon titled "Where is Flight MH370? '' was broadcast on 17 June 2014 on BBC Two. The programme, narrated by Amanda Drew, documents how the aircraft disappeared, what experts believe happened to it, and how the search has unfolded. The programme also examines new technologies such as flight recorder streaming and automatic dependent surveillance -- broadcast (ADS - B), which may help prevent similar disappearances in the future. It concludes by noting that Ocean Shield had spent two months searching 850 km (330 sq mi) of ocean, but that it had searched far to the north of the Inmarsat "hotspot '' on the final arc, at approximately 28 degrees south, where the aircraft was most likely to have crashed. On 8 October 2014, a modified version of the Horizon programme was broadcast in the US by PBS as an episode of Nova, titled "Why Planes Vanish '', with a different narrator.
The first fictional account of the mystery was Scott Maka 's MH370: A Novella, published three months after the aircraft 's disappearance.
The aviation disaster documentary television series Mayday (also known as Air Crash Investigation or Air Emergency) produced an episode on the disaster, titled "Malaysia 370: What Happened? ''. In the UK, it aired on the first anniversary of Flight 370 's disappearance, 8 March 2015.
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what was an agreement made by the allies at the potsdam | Potsdam agreement - wikipedia
The Potsdam Agreement (German: Potsdamer Abkommen) was the August 1945 agreement between three of the Allies of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. It concerned the military occupation and reconstruction of Germany, its borders, and the entire European Theatre of War territory. It also addressed Germany 's demilitarisation, reparations and the prosecution of war criminals.
Executed as a communiqué, the agreement was not a peace treaty according to international law, although it created accomplished facts. It was superseded by the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany signed on 12 September 1990.
As De Gaulle had not been invited to the Conference, the French resisted implementing the Potsdam Agreements within their occupation zone. In particular, the French refused to resettle any expelled Germans from the east. Moreover, the French did not accept any obligation to abide by the Potsdam Agreement in the proceedings of the Allied Control Council; in particular resisting all proposals to establish common policies and institutions across Germany as a whole, and anything that they feared might lead to the emergence of an eventual unified German government.
After the end of World War II in Europe (1939 -- 45), and the decisions of the earlier Tehran, Casablanca and Yalta Conferences, the Allies by the Berlin Declaration of June 5, 1945, had assumed supreme authority over Germany. In the Three Power Conference of Berlin (formal title of the Potsdam Conference) from 17 July to 2 August 1945, they agreed to and adopted the Protocol of the Proceedings, August 1, 1945, signed at Cecilienhof Castle in Potsdam. The signatories were General Secretary Joseph Stalin, President Harry S. Truman, and Prime Minister Clement Attlee, who, as a result of the British general election of 1945, had replaced Winston Churchill as the UK 's representative. The three powers also agreed to invite France and China to participate as members of Council of Foreign Ministers established to oversee the agreement. The Provisional Government of the French Republic accepted the invitation on August 7, with the key reservation that it would not accept a priori any commitment to the eventual reconstitution of a central government in Germany.
In the Potsdam Agreement (Berlin Conference) the Allies (UK, USSR, USA) agree:
The Three Governments have taken note of the discussions which have been proceeding in recent weeks in London between British, United States, Soviet and French representatives with a view to reaching agreement on the methods of trial of those major war criminals whose crimes under the Moscow Declaration of October 1943 have no particular geographical localization. The Three Governments reaffirm their intention to bring these criminals to swift and sure justice. They hope that the negotiations in London will result in speedy agreement being reached for this purpose, and they regard it as a matter of great importance that the trial of these major criminals should begin at the earliest possible date. The first list of defendants will be published before 1st September.
(t) he three Governments have also charged the Council of Foreign Ministers with the task of preparing peace treaties for Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary and Romania. The conclusion of Peace Treaties with recognized democratic governments in these States will also enable the three Governments to support applications from them for membership of the United Nations. The three Governments agree to examine each separately in the near future in the light of the conditions then prevailing, the establishment of diplomatic relations with Finland, Romania, Bulgaria, and Hungary to the extent possible prior to the conclusion of peace treaties with those countries.
The Three Governments, having considered the question in all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agree that any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner.
Moreover, towards concluding the Pacific Theatre of War, the Potsdam Conference issued the Potsdam Declaration, the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender (26 July 1945) wherein the Western Allies (UK, US, USSR) and the Nationalist China of General Chiang Kai - shek asked Japan to surrender or be destroyed.
Already during the Potsdam Conference, on 30 July 1945, the Allied Control Council was constituted in Berlin to execute the Allied resolutions (the "Four Ds ''):
The northern half of the German province of East Prussia, occupied by the Red Army during its East Prussian Offensive followed by its evacuation in winter 1945, had already been incorporated into Soviet territory as the Kaliningrad Oblast. The Western Allies promised to support the annexation of the territory north of the Braniewo -- Gołdap line when a Final German Peace Treaty was held.
The Allies had acknowledged the legitimacy of the Polish Provisional Government of National Unity, which was about to form a Soviet satellite state. Urged by Stalin, the UK and the US gave in to put the German territories east of the Oder -- Neisse line from the Baltic coast west of Świnoujście up to the Czechoslovak border "under Polish administration ''; allegedly confusing the Lusatian Neisse and the Nysa Kłodzka (Glatzer Neisse) rivers. The proposal of an Oder - Bóbr - Kwisa line was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The cession included the former Free City of Danzig and the seaport of Stettin on the mouth of the Oder River (Szczecin Lagoon), vital for the Upper Silesian Industrial Region.
Post-war, ' Germany as a whole ' would consist solely of aggregate territories of the respective zones of occupation. As all former German territories east of the Oder - Neisse line were excluded from the Soviet Occupation Zone, they were consequently excluded from ' Germany as a whole '.
In the course of the proceedings, Polish communists had begun to suppress the German population west of the Bóbr river to underline their demand for a border on the Lusatian Neisse. The Allied resolution on the "orderly transfer '' of German population became the legitimation of the expulsion of Germans from the nebulous parts of Central Europe, if they had not already fled from the advancing Red Army.
The expulsion of ethnic Germans by the Poles concerned, in addition to Germans within areas behind the 1937 Polish border in the West (such as in most of the old Prussian province of West Prussia), the territories placed "under Polish administration '' pending a Final German Peace Treaty, i.e. southern East Prussia (Masuria), Farther Pomerania, the New March region of the former Province of Brandenburg, the districts of the Grenzmark Posen - West Prussia, Lower Silesia and those parts of Upper Silesia that had remained with Germany after the 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite. It further affected the German minority living within the territory of the former Second Polish Republic in Greater Poland, eastern Upper Silesia, Chełmno Land and the Polish Corridor with Danzig.
The Germans in Czechoslovakia, known as Sudeten Germans but also Carpathian Germans, were expelled from the Sudetenland region where they formed a majority, from linguistic enclaves in central Bohemia and Moravia, as well as from the city of Prague.
Though the Potsdam Agreement only refers to Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, expulsions also occurred in Romania, where the Transylvanian Saxons were deported and their property disseized, and in Yugoslavia. In the Soviet territories, Germans not only were expelled from northern East Prussia (Oblast Kaliningrad) but also from the adjacent Lithuanian Klaipeda Region and other lands settled by Baltic Germans.
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what animals do you see at yellowstone national park | List of animals of Yellowstone - wikipedia
Yellowstone National Park in the northwest United States is home to a large variety of mammals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians, many of which migrate within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These animals are a major park attraction.
Bison are the largest grazing mammals in Yellowstone National Park. They are obligate herbivores, a grazer of grasslands and sedges in the meadows, the foothills, and even the high - elevation, forested plateaus of Yellowstone. Bison males, called bulls, can weigh upwards of 1,800 pounds. Females (cows) average about 1,300 pounds. Both stand approximately six feet tall at the shoulder, and can move with surprising speed to defend their young or when approached too closely by people. Bison breed from mid-July to mid-August, and bear one calf in April and May. Some wolf predation of bison is documented in Canada and has recently been observed in Yellowstone. Bison live an average lifespan of 20 -- 25 years in the wild.
Yellowstone is the only place in the lower 48 states where a population of wild American bison has persisted since prehistoric times, although fewer than 50 native bison remained there in 1902. Fearing extinction, the park imported 21 bison from two privately owned herds, as foundation stock for a bison ranching project that spanned 50 years at the Lamar Buffalo Ranch in Yellowstone 's Lamar Valley. Activities there included irrigation, hay - feeding, roundups, culling, and predator control, to artificially ensure herd survival. By the 1920s, some intermingling of the introduced and wild bison had begun. With protection from poaching, the native and transplanted populations increased. In 1936, bison were transplanted to historic habitats in the Firehole River and Hayden Valley. In 2003, the entire population numbered 1,477. Bison were trapped and herds periodically reduced until 1967, when only 397 bison were counted parkwide. All bison herd reduction activities were phased out after 1966, again allowing natural ecological processes to determine bison numbers and distribution. Presently, the park 's bison population is estimated at about 4,000.
Bison are nomadic grazers, wandering high on Yellowstone 's grassy plateaus in summer. Despite their slow gait, bison are surprisingly fast for animals that weigh more than half a ton. In winter, they use their large heads like a plow to push aside snow and find winter food. In the park interior where snows are deep, they winter in thermally influenced areas and around the geyser basins. Bison also move to winter range in the northern part of Yellowstone.
The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) population within the Yellowstone ecosystem is estimated to be approximately 280 - 610 bears. The current estimate of the black bear (Ursus americanus) population is 500 - 650 bears.
While in spawning streams, Yellowstone cutthroat trout are preyed upon by numerous predators including black bears and grizzly bears. Due to their high digestibility and protein and lipid content, spawning cutthroat trout are one of the highest sources of net digestible energy for grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Cutthroat trout are an important late - spring and early - summer food source for bears and may provide bears the opportunity to regain body mass after den emergence and help females with cubs meet the energetic demands of lactation. The average lifespan of a grizzly bear in Yellowstone is about 22 years, and the average lifespan of a Yellowstone black bear is about 17.
With the reintroduction of gray wolves (Canis lupus) to Yellowstone National Park, much interest has been shown regarding the effects of a restored wolf population on both grizzly bears and black bears. Grizzly bears, black bears, and gray wolves have historically coexisted in much of the same range throughout a large portion of North America.
Bears were once commonly observed along roadsides and within developed areas of Yellowstone National Park. Bears were attracted to these areas by the availability of human foods in the form of handouts and unsecured camp groceries and garbage. Although having bears readily visible along roadsides and within developed areas was very popular with the park visitors, it was also considered to be the primary cause of an average of 48 bear - caused human injuries per year from 1930 through 1969. Rocky Mountain grizzly bears have killed several people in the park since the 1970s.
In 1970, the park took a gamble and initiated an intensive bear management program. The objectives of this change was restoring the grizzly bear and black bear populations to subsistence on natural forage and reducing bear - caused injuries to humans. As part of the bear management program implemented in 1970, regulations prohibiting the feeding of bears were strictly enforced. Some experts believed that the bears would not survive this change. As the bears became more desperate for food and more aggressive, more of them were encountered in camps and in the next several years, over 100 grizzly bears had to be euthanized, putting the park bear population on the brink of extinction. On July 28, 1975, under the authority of the Endangered Species Act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed the grizzly bear in the lower 48 states as a threatened species.
Over the next several decades, the bears learned to hunt and forage for themselves from non-human food sources, and their population slowly grew. On March 22, 2007, grizzly bears were taken off of the endangered species list. In the 30 years since the grizzly was listed as a threatened species, the Yellowstone population increased from 126 to 500. "The grizzly is a large predator that requires a great deal of space, and conserving such animals is a challenge in today 's world, '' Deputy Interior Secretary Lynn Scarlett said in announcing the decision. "I believe all Americans should be proud that, as a nation, we had the will and the ability to protect and restore this symbol of the wild. ''
From 1980 to 2002, over 62 million people visited Yellowstone National Park (YNP). During the same period, 32 people were injured by bears. Grizzly bear - inflicted injuries to humans in developed areas averaged approximately 1 per year during the 1930s through the 1950s and 4 per year during the 1960s. Human injuries from black bears have decreased from averages of 46 per year from 1931 to 1969, to 4 per year during the 1970s and less than one (0.17) per year from 1980 to 2002. The chance of being injured by a bear while in the park is approximately 1 in 1.9 million. Five known bear - caused human fatalities and 1 possible fatality have occurred within the park. In addition, 1 fatality occurred in the Gallatin National Forest outside of the park.
Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) were once very numerous in western United States and were an important food source for humans. The "Sheepeaters '', a band of Shoshone people, lived year - round in Yellowstone until 1880. Their principal food was bighorn sheep and they made their bows from sheep horns. By 1900, during an "epoch of relentless destruction by the skin hunters '', bighorn numbers were reduced to a few hundred in the United States. In 1897 about 100 - 150 were estimated to be present in the park. By 1912, despite a disease (scab) contracted from domestic sheep, bighorns in the park had increased to more than 200 and travelers could find them with fair certainty by devoting a few days to searching around Mount Everts, Mount Washburn or other well - known ranges. In winter, small bands of sheep could then be seen every day between Mammoth and Gardiner. Bighorn sheep usually live 10 -- 15 years in the wild.
In the early years of the 20th century, bobcats (Lynx rufus) were reported as "somewhat common '' in the park. There have been 9 to 14 reported sightings each decade since 1960. These sightings have occurred throughout the park; about 80 percent have occurred in the northern half. Bobcats have been reported in about equal numbers during all seasons. In 1960, a bobcat was killed by a car near Squaw Lake (now Indian Pond) on the north shore of Yellowstone Lake; its skull was deposited in the Yellowstone Museum collection. Other roadkilled bobcats were reported in 1993 and 1996. In 1960, a young bobcat was reported on the porch of the administration building at Mammoth; other young bobcats have been reported at Pebble Creek bridge (February 1977) and at Canyon campground (July 1986), where one accompanied an adult bobcat.
No research has been conducted in Yellowstone to determine the numbers or distribution of this elusive animal that usually is solitary, nocturnal, and widely scattered over its range.
Unlike Canadian lynx, which they resemble, bobcats elsewhere have been highly adaptable to human - caused changes in environmental conditions; some biologists believe that there are more bobcats in the United States today than in colonial times. Yellowstone has many rock outcrops, canyons bordered by rock ledges, conifer forests, and semi-open areas that seem to offer conditions favorable for bobcats -- adequate shelter, a variety of rodents, rabbits, hares, birds, and other small animals as well as seasonal carrion, for food. Carrion is seldom used if live prey is available. Studies elsewhere have shown that bobcats also may kill both young and adult antelope and deer; they stalk bedded adults and may be carried long distances while biting their prey in the neck. Bobcats live an average lifespan of about 7 years.
Visitors are advised to report any sightings of bobcats or bobcat tracks to a ranger or visitor center. For animals so seldom recorded, every observation is considered useful and important.
The Canada lynx is listed as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. Biologists studying the lynx in Yellowstone believe it has persisted in the park in some number since the park 's creation in 1872. A four - year study completed in 2005 concluded there is a small resident population of lynx in the park, but it is rarely seen directly or indirectly (tracks) by either biologists or visitors.
Yellowstone 's coyotes (Canis latrans) are among the largest coyotes in the United States; adults average about 30 pounds (13 -- 14 kg). and some weigh around 40 pounds (18 kg).
Coyotes live an average of about 6 years, although one Yellowstone coyote lived to be more than 13 before she was killed and eaten by a cougar. The coyote is a common predator in the park, often seen alone or in packs, traveling through the park 's wide open valleys hunting small mammals. But they are widely distributed and their sign can also be found in the forests and thermal areas throughout Yellowstone. They are capable of killing large prey, especially when they cooperatively hunt.
The reintroduction of wolves in 1995 has significantly decreased the coyote population, although those who remain often scavenge from wolf kills. Throughout the restoration project, coyote research has continued, with an eye toward identifying the interactions between coyotes and wolves and on assessing the effects of wolves on coyote populations. During planning and environmental assessment of the effects of wolf restoration, biologists anticipated that coyotes would compete with the larger canid, perhaps resulting in disruption of packs and numerical declines.
Coyotes occasionally lose their wariness of humans and frequent roadsides or developed areas, becoming conditioned to human food by receiving handouts or picking up food scraps. They can quickly learn bad habits like roadside begging behavior. This leads to potential danger for humans and coyotes. Several instances of coyote aggression toward humans have occurred in the park, including one that involved an actual attack. Habituation most likely played a role in this unusual coyote behavior.
Elk or wapiti (Cervus canadensis) are the most abundant large mammal found in Yellowstone; paleontological evidence confirms their continuous presence for at least 1,000 years. Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872, when market hunting of all large grazing animals was rampant. Not until after 1886, when the United States Army was called in to protect the park and wildlife slaughter was brought under control, did the large animals increase in number. In recent years, however, Yellowstone 's elk population has plummeted. The Northern Herd, the only herd that winters in the park, has declined from nearly 20,000 animals in 1994 to less than 4,000 in 2013. Ecologists have linked this decline to a declining population of cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Lake, caused by invasive lake trout. With less fish to eat, grizzly bears began to eat more elk calves, causing a steep decline in elk numbers.
More than 30,000 elk from 7 - 8 different herds summer in Yellowstone and approximately 15,000 to 22,000 winter in the park. The subspecies of elk that lives here are found from Arizona to northern Canada along the Rocky Mountain chain; other species of elk were historically distributed from coast to coast, but disappeared from the eastern United States in the early 19th century. Some other subspecies of elk still occupy coastal regions of California, Washington, and Oregon. Elk are the second largest member of the deer family (moose are the largest). Adult males, or bulls, range upwards of 700 pounds (~ 320 kg) while females, or cows, average 500 - 525 pounds (~ 225 -- 240 kg). Their coats are reddish brown with heavy, darker - colored manes and a distinct yellowish rump patch. Elk usually live about 15 years in the wild.
Bulls grow antlers annually from the time they are nearly one year old. When mature, a bull 's "rack '' may have 6 to 8 points or tines on each side and weigh more than 30 pounds. The antlers are usually shed in March or April, and begin regrowing in May, when the bony growth is nourished by blood vessels and covered by furry - looking "velvet. '' Antler growth ceases each year by August, when the velvet dries up and bulls begin to scrape it off by rubbing against trees, in preparation for the autumn mating season or rut. A bull may gather 20 - 30 cows into his harem during the mating season, often clashing or locking antlers with another mature male for the privilege of dominating the herd group. By November, mating season ends and elk generally move to their winter ranges. Calves weighing 25 - 40 pounds are born in late May or early June.
Moose (Alces alces shirasi Nelson), the largest member of the deer family, were reportedly very rare in northwest Wyoming when Yellowstone National Park was established in 1872. Subsequent protection from hunting and wolf control programs may have contributed to increased numbers but suppression of forest fires probably was the most important factor, since moose here depend on mature fir forests for winter survival.
Surveys in the late 1980s suggested a total park population of fewer than 1000 moose. The moose calf crop has been declining since the fires of 1988. During that summer there was also high predation of moose by grizzly bears in small patches of surviving timber. The winter following the fires many old moose died, probably as a combined result of the loss of good moose forage and a harsh winter. The fires forced some moose into poorer habitats, with the result that some almost doubled their home range, using deeper snow areas than previously, and sometimes browsing burned lodgepole pines.
Moose are commonly observed in the park 's southwestern corner along the Bechler and Fall rivers, in the riparian zones around Yellowstone Lake, in the Soda Butte Creek, Pelican Creek, Lewis River, and Gallatin River drainages, and in the Willow Park area between Mammoth and Norris. Summer moose migrations from south and west of the park into Yellowstone have been confirmed by radio telemetry. Moose usually live to 20 years in the wild.
Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) are not native in the park but were introduced into the Absaroka Range in Montana in the 1940s. They migrated into the park and breeding populations established themselves in the northwestern and northeastern regions of the park in the 1990s. As of 2008, the number of goats in and adjacent to the park is estimated to be 175 -- 225. This colonization of a non-native species has raised concerns about adverse effects on alpine habitats. Surveys in 2002 and 2003 suggest that ridgetop vegetation cover is lower, and barren areas along alpine ridges are more prevalent in areas with relatively high goat use. Competition with high densities of mountain goats could also negatively affect bighorn sheep, whose range overlaps with mountain goats. Mountain goats generally live 15 years in the wild.
The mountain lion (Puma concolor), also called the cougar, is the largest member of the cat family living in Yellowstone. Mountain lions can weigh up to 200 pounds (~ 90 kg), although lions in Yellowstone are thought to range between 140 and 160 pounds (~ 65 and ~ 70 kg) for males and around 100 pounds (45 kg) for females. Two to three kittens may be born at any time of year, although most arrive in summer and fall. For reasons that are not clear, only about 50 percent of kittens survive their first year. The current population of lions in Yellowstone is estimated to be 18 - 24 animals and is thought to be increasing. Mountain lions live an average lifespan of about 12 years in the wild.
Mountain lions were significantly reduced by predator control measures during the early 20th century. It is reported that 121 lions were removed from the park between the years 1904 and 1925. At that time, the remaining population was estimated to be 12 individuals. Mountain lions apparently existed at very low numbers between 1925 and 1940. Reports of lions in Yellowstone have increased steadily from 1 each year between 1930 and 1939 to about 16 each year between 1980 and 1988. However, increases in visitor travel in Yellowstone and improvements in record keeping during this period probably contributed to this trend.
In 1987, the first study of mountain lion ecology was initiated in Yellowstone National Park. The research documented population dynamics of mountain lions in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem inside and outside the park boundary, determined home ranges and habitat requirements, and assessed the role of lions as a predator in the ecosystem. In recent years in other areas of the West, mountain lions have occasionally attacked humans. No documented lion / human confrontations have occurred in Yellowstone.
The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is a deer whose habitat is in the western half of North America. It gets its name from its large mule - like ears. In Yellowstone mule deer are commonly found in forests, grasslands, and shrub lands.
The white - tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) occurs in aspen parklands and deciduous river bottomlands within the central and northern Great Plains, and in mixed deciduous riparian corridors, river valley bottomlands, and lower foothills of the northern Rocky Mountain regions from Wyoming to southeastern British Columbia. It is an occasional visitor to these habitats in the Yellowstone region. Both mule and white - tailed deer live an average lifespan of 10 to 15 years in the wild.
Northern Rocky Mountain wolves, a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus), were native to Yellowstone when the park was established in 1872. Predator control was practiced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between 1914 and 1926, at least 136 wolves were killed in the park; by the 1940s, wolf packs were rarely reported. By the 1970s, scientists found no evidence of a wolf population in Yellowstone; wolves persisted in the lower 48 states only in northern Minnesota and on Isle Royale in Michigan. Canadian grey wolves were introduced into Yellowstone in 1995. This move has returned wolves to land that was once ruled by the canine. They currently exist in several packs, the largest of which are the Slough Creek, Yellowstone Delta, and Leopold packs. The wolves had to "re-learn '' an instinct that their ancestors once had: hunting bison. Being used to the elk in Canada, the wolves were dumbfounded by the large, burly bison found all over Yellowstone. However, their main prey remains elk. They have made many appearances on National Geographic Channel documentaries. Wolves in Yellowstone can live as long as 10 years in the wild, though 6 to 8 is normal.
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service provides weekly updates on the wolves of the Rocky Mountain region including wolves of Yellowstone. This site has stated that at the end of 2011 there was at least 98 wolves in ten packs and two loner wolves in the park.
A montane subspecies of Red fox (Vulpes vulpes macroura) occurs in the park and Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. These foxes are not overly common due to predation and displacement by the more common coyote. They are most commonly found in forested areas of the park.
There are at least 50 small mammal species known to occur in Yellowstone National Park, including four common species of bats: big brown bat, little brown bat, long - legged bat, and silver - haired bat. Squirrel, rabbit, skunk, raccoon, badger, otter, vole, mice, and shrew species are common, but many are nocturnal and rarely seen by visitors. The Uinta ground squirrel, least chipmunk, golden - mantled ground squirrel and American red squirrel are commonly encountered.
Weasel species, including the North American river otter are prevalent in the park. Beaver were almost trapped out of the park region prior to its creation. In 1998, beaver populations were making a comeback and an estimated 500 beavers were living in the park with the densest colonial in the Bechler River and Fall River region, the Yellowstone River delta above Yellowstone Lake and the lower Madison River and its tributaries.
Since the creation of the park in 1872, 318 species of birds have been documented within its boundaries. Although Yellowstone is not a birding mecca because of its high altitude and cold winters, it is home to a variety of interesting bird species that attract visitor attention every year. The park has a good resident population of bald eagles, trumpeter swans, common loons, ospreys, American white pelicans, and sandhill cranes. The extensive rivers, lakes and wetlands are summer homes to large numbers of waterfowl, while the forests and meadows host many different species of warblers, sparrows and other passerine birds.
Yellowstone is home for four species of amphibians. Glacial activity and current cool and dry conditions are likely responsible for their relatively low numbers in Yellowstone.
Although no Yellowstone reptile or amphibian species are currently listed as threatened or endangered, several -- including the boreal toad -- are thought to be declining in the West. Surveys and monitoring are underway to try to determine if amphibian populations are declining in Yellowstone National Park. In 2014, a population of plains spadefoot toad was found in the park. More common species include the boreal chorus frog, columbian spotted frog, and the blotched tiger salamander.
Cool, dry conditions limit Yellowstone 's reptiles to six species and population numbers for these species are not known. Known reptile species in the park: prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis viridis), bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi), valley garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi), wandering garter snake (Thamnophis elegans vagrans), rubber boa (Charina bottae), sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus graciosus graciosus).
In 1991 park staff began cooperating with researchers from Idaho State University to sample additional park habitats for reptiles and amphibians. This led to establishment of long - term monitoring sites in the park. The relatively undisturbed nature of the park and the baseline data may prove useful in testing hypotheses concerning the apparent declines of several species of toads and frogs in the western United States. Reptile and amphibian population declines may be caused by such factors as drought, pollution, disease, predation, habitat loss and fragmentation, introduced fish and other non-native species.
Yellowstone Lake supports the largest inland population of cutthroat trout in the world, and is the core of the remaining undisturbed habitat for native Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri) in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Each spring, cutthroat trout migrate from the lake to its tributaries to spawn.
Yellowstone cutthroat trout generally declined in the second half of the 20th century due to angler overharvest, competition with exotic fishes, and overzealous egg collection. Populations rebounded in the park after the advent of catch - and - release - only fishing rules in the 1970s, but new and aggressive invaders are causing an increasing threat to these native fish and alarming park fisheries biologists. Nonnative lake trout, an effective fish predator, were discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1994. Throughout the west cutthroat trout populations preyed upon by introduced lake trout have typically declined, exhibited lower growth, or have disappeared. Aggressive lake trout control efforts by the National Park Service and no harvest limits have resulted in removing thousands of lake trout from Yellowstone Lake since 1994, including more than 12,000 in 2000. Still, the number of Yellowstone cutthroat trout monitored during the annual fall count in Yellowstone Lake was lower in recent years than at any other time in the 25 - year history of the monitoring effort. Whirling disease, which has been implicated in recent years in the decline of trout populations in many western states, was discovered in Yellowstone Lake in 1998. So far, it is unclear which of these two nonnative invaders has been the greater factor in the decline of Yellowstone cutthroat trout, but there is no question they are causing it.
Yellowstone cutthroat trout have declined throughout the west and are currently designated as a "Species of Special Concern - Class A '' by the American Fisheries Society. A formal petition to list this subspecies as "threatened '' throughout its range was submitted to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in 1998. Yellowstone National Park represents approximately 91 % of the current range of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and contains 85 % of the historical lake habitat for this subspecies, so the park is considered crucial to the survival of the species.
Other native sport fish, including westslope cutthroat trout and Montana grayling, have been under catch - and - release - only fishing rules since 1973. This is the first time mountain whitefish have been placed under such rules in Yellowstone National Park. The new rule gives mountain whitefish equal status to the other native sport fish in the park.
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how did the selective service act prepare the us for war | Selective service Act of 1917 - wikipedia
The Selective Service Act of 1917 or Selective Draft Act (Pub. L. 65 -- 12, 40 Stat. 76, enacted May 18, 1917) authorized the United States federal government to raise a national army for service in World War I through conscription. It was envisioned in December 1916 and brought to President Woodrow Wilson 's attention shortly after the break in relations with Germany in February 1917. The Act itself was drafted by then - Captain (later Brigadier General) Hugh S. Johnson after the United States entered World War I by declaring war on Germany. The Act was canceled with the end of the war on November 11, 1918. The Act was upheld as constitutional by the United States Supreme Court in 1918.
At the time of World War I, the US Army was small compared with the mobilized armies of the European powers. As late as 1914, the Regular Army had under 100,000 men, while the National Guard (the organized militias of the states) numbered around 115,000. The National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the growth of the Army to 165,000 and the National Guard to 450,000 by 1921, but by 1917 the Army had only expanded to around 121,000, with the National Guard numbering 181,000.
By 1916, it had become clear that any participation by the United States in the conflict in Europe would require a far larger army. While President Wilson at first wished to use only volunteer troops, it soon became clear that this would be impossible. When war was declared, Wilson asked for the Army to increase to a force of one million. But by six weeks after war was declared, only 73,000 men had volunteered for service. Wilson accepted the recommendation of Secretary of War Newton D. Baker for a draft.
General Enoch H. Crowder, the Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, when first consulted, was opposed. But later, with the assistance of Captain Hugh Johnson and others, Crowder guided the bill through Congress and administered the draft as the Provost Marshal General.
A problem that came up in the writing of the bill and its negotiation through Congress was the desire of former President Theodore Roosevelt to assemble a volunteer force to go to Europe. President Wilson and others, including army officers, were reluctant to permit this for a variety of reasons. The final bill contained a compromise provision permitting the president to raise four volunteer divisions, a power Wilson did not exercise.
To persuade an uninterested populace to support the war and the draft, George Creel, a veteran of the newspaper industry, became the United States ' official war propagandist. He set up the Committee on Public Information, which recruited 75,000 speakers, who made 750,000 four - minute speeches in 5,000 cities and towns across America. Creel later helped form the American Alliance for Labor and Democracy, with union leader Samuel Gompers as president, to win working - class support for the war and "unify sentiment in the nation ''. The AALD had branches in 164 cities, and many labor leaders went along although "rank - and - file working class support for the war remained lukewarm... '', and the campaign was ultimately unsuccessful. Many prominent Socialist leaders became pro-war, though the majority did not.
By the guidelines set down by the Selective Service Act, all males aged 21 to 30 were required to register to potentially be selected for military service. At the request of the War Department, Congress amended the law in August 1918 to expand the age range to include all men 18 to 45, and to bar further volunteering. By the end of World War I, some two million men volunteered for various branches of the armed services, and some 2.8 million had been drafted. This meant that more than half of the almost 4.8 million Americans who served in the armed forces were drafted. Due to the effort to incite a patriotic attitude, the World War I draft had a high success rate, with fewer than 350,000 men '' dodging '' the draft.
The biggest difference between the draft established by the Selective Service Act of 1917 and the Civil War draft was that substitutes were not allowed. During the Civil War, a drafted man could avoid service by hiring another man to serve in his place. This option was primarily used by wealthy men, and was resented by those who could n't afford it or considered it dishonorable.
This practice was prohibited in Section Three of the Selective Service Act of 1917:
No person liable to military service shall hereafter be permitted or allowed to furnish a substitute for such service; nor shall any substitute be received, enlisted, or enrolled in the military service of the United States; and no such person shall be permitted to escape such service or to be discharged therefrom prior to the expiration of his term of service by the payment of money or any other valuable thing whatsoever as consideration his release from military service or liability there to.
During World War I there were three registrations.
The Selective Service Act was upheld by the United States Supreme Court in the Selective Draft Law Cases, 245 U.S. 366 (1918). The Solicitor General 's argument, and the court 's opinion, were based primarily on Kneedler v. Lane, 45 Pa. 238, 252 (1863), and Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations.
After the signing of the armistice of November 11, 1918, the activities of the Selective Service System were rapidly curtailed. On March 31, 1919, all local, district, and medical advisory boards were closed, and on May 21, 1919, the last state headquarters closed operations. The Provost Marshal General was relieved from duty on July 15, 1919, thereby finally terminating the activities of the Selective Service System of World War I.
Conscription was by class. The first candidates were to be drawn from Class I. Members of each class below Class I were available only if the pool of all available and potential candidates in the class above it were exhausted.
The American military was entirely segregated at the time of World War I. While the Army had several regiments of black "Buffalo Soldiers '', many white supremacist politicians such as Sen. James K. Vardaman (D - Mississippi) and Sen. Benjamin Tillman (D - South Carolina) staunchly opposed any expanded military role for black Americans. Nevertheless, the War Department decided to include blacks in the draft. A total of 290,527 black Americans were ultimately registered for the draft during the two calls of June 2 and September 12, 1917 -- 9.6 percent of the total American pool for potential conscription.
Draft board officials were told to tear off the lower left - hand corner of the Selective Service form of a black registrant, indicating his designation for segregated units. The August 1917 Houston Riot, when armed black soldiers fired upon Houston police and civilians, also affected the War Department 's decision - making. The great majority of black soldiers were employed only in labor functions, such as road - building and freight - handling. Only two black combat units of were ultimately established -- the 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions. Black Americans were entirely excluded from the United States Marine Corps and were consigned to menial labor in the United States Navy for the duration of the war.
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what is the climate in the caribbean lowlands | Geography of Nicaragua - wikipedia
Coordinates: 13 ° 00 ′ N 85 ° 00 ′ W / 13.000 ° N 85.000 ° W / 13.000; - 85.000
Nicaragua (officially the Republic of Nicaragua Spanish: República de Nicaragua (reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa) (listen)) is a country in Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras. Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America.
Nicaragua covers a total area of 130,370 square kilometers (119,990 square kilometers of which is land area) and contains a variety of climates and terrains. The country 's physical geography divides it into three major zones: the Pacific lowlands, the wetter, cooler central highlands, and the Caribbean lowlands.
The natural regions are the following:
The Pacific lowlands extend about 75 kilometers inland from the Pacific coast. Most of the area is flat, except for a line of young volcanoes, many of which are still active, running between the Golfo de Fonseca and Lago de Nicaragua. These peaks lie just west of a large crustal fracture or structural rift that forms a long, narrow depression passing southeast across the isthmus from the Golfo de Fonseca to the Río San Juan.
The rift is occupied in part by the largest freshwater lakes in Central America: Lago de Managua (56 kilometers long and 24 kilometers wide) and Lago de Nicaragua (about 160 kilometers long and 75 kilometers wide). These two lakes are joined by the Río Tipitapa, which flows south into Lago de Nicaragua. Lago de Nicaragua in turn drains into the Río San Juan (the boundary between Nicaragua and Costa Rica), which flows through the southern part of the rift lowlands to the Caribbean Sea.
The valley of the Río San Juan forms a natural passageway close to sea level across the Nicaraguan isthmus from the Caribbean Sea to Lago de Nicaragua and the rift. From the southwest edge of Lago de Nicaragua, it is only nineteen kilometers to the Pacific Ocean. This route was considered as a possible alternative to the Panama Canal at various times in the past.
Surrounding the lakes and extending northwest of them along the rift valley to the Golfo de Fonseca are fertile lowland plains highly enriched with volcanic ash from nearby volcanoes. These lowlands are densely populated and well cultivated. More directly west of the lake region is a narrow line of ash - covered hills and volcanoes that separate the lakes from the Pacific Ocean. This line is highest in the central portion near the cities of León and Managua.
Because Western Nicaragua is located where two major tectonic plates collide, it is subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Although periodic volcanic eruptions have caused agricultural damage from fumes and ash, earthquakes have been by far more destructive to life and property. Hundreds of shocks occur each year, some of which cause severe damage. The capital city of Managua was virtually destroyed in 1931 and again in 1972.
The triangular area known as the central highlands lies northeast and east of the Pacific lowlands. These rugged mountains are composed of ridges 900 to 1,809 meters high and a mixed forest of oak and pine alternating with deep valleys that drain primarily toward the Caribbean. Very few significant streams flow west to the Pacific Ocean. Those that do are steep, short, and flow intermittently.
The relatively dry western slopes of the central highlands, protected by the ridges of the highlands from the moist winds of the Caribbean, have drawn farmers from the Pacific region since colonial times. The eastern slopes are among the wettest places in the world, being too wet for agriculture, and have an economy dominated by timber extraction.
The eastern Caribbean lowlands of Nicaragua form the extensive and exaggerated (occupying more than 50 percent of national territory) and still sparsely settled lowland area known as the Costa de Mosquitos (Miskito Coast). The Caribbean lowlands are sometimes considered synonymous with the former department of Zelaya, which is now divided into the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Norte, RACCN) and the South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (Región Autónoma de la Costa Caribe Sur, RACCS) and constitutes about 45 percent of Nicaragua 's territory.
These lowlands are a hot, humid area that includes coastal plains, the eastern spurs of the central highlands, and the lower portion of the Río San Juan basin. The soil is generally leached and infertile. Pine and palm savannas predominate as far south as the Laguna de Perlas. Tropical rain forests are characteristic from the Laguna de Perlas to the Río San Juan, in the interior west of the savannas, and along rivers through the savannas.
Fertile soils are found only along the natural levees and narrow floodplains of the numerous rivers, including the Escondido, the Río Grande de Matagalpa, the Prinzapolka, and the Coco, and along the many lesser streams that rise in the central highlands and cross the region en route to the complex of shallow bays, lagoons, and salt marshes of the Caribbean coast.
Temperature varies little with the seasons in Nicaragua and is largely a function of elevation. The "hot land '' is characteristic of the foothills and lowlands from sea level to about 750 meters (2,461 ft) of elevation. At night temperatures drop to 21 to 24 ° C (69.8 to 75.2 ° F) most of the year.
The tierra templada, or the "temperate land, '' is characteristic of most of the central highlands, where elevations range between 750 and 1,600 meters (2,461 and 5,249 ft). The "cold land '' at elevations above 1,600 meters (5,249 ft), is found only on and near the highest peaks of the central highlands. Daytime averages in this region are 22 to 24 ° C (71.6 to 75.2 ° F), with nighttime lows below 15 ° C (59 ° F).
Rainfall varies greatly in Nicaragua. The Caribbean lowlands are the wettest section of Central America, receiving between 2,500 and 6,500 millimeters (98.4 and 255.9 in) of rain annually. The western slopes of the central highlands and the Pacific lowlands receive considerably less annual rainfall, being protected from moisture - laden Caribbean trade winds by the peaks of the central highlands.
Mean annual precipitation for the rift valley and western slopes of the highlands ranges from 1,000 to 1,500 millimeters (39.4 to 59.1 in). Rainfall is seasonal -- May through October is the rainy season, and December through April is the driest period.
During the rainy season, Eastern Nicaragua is subject to heavy flooding along the upper and middle reaches of all major rivers. Near the coast, where river courses widen and river banks and natural levees are low, floodwaters spill over onto the floodplains until large sections of the lowlands become continuous sheets of water. River bank agricultural plots are often heavily damaged, and considerable numbers of savanna animals die during these floods.
The coast is also subject to destructive tropical storms and hurricanes, particularly from July through October. The high winds and floods, accompanying these storms often cause considerable destruction of property. In addition, heavy rains (called papagayo storms) accompanying the passage of a cold front or a low - pressure area may sweep from the north through both eastern and western Nicaragua (particularly the rift valley) from November through March.
Hurricanes or heavy rains in the central highlands where agriculture has destroyed much of the natural vegetation also cause considerable crop damage and soil erosion. In 1988 Hurricane Joan forced hundreds of thousands of Nicaraguans to flee their homes and caused more than US $1 billion in damage, most of it along the Caribbean coast.
Although nowhere in Central America is antipodal to another land mass, Nicaragua comes closest, with its Big Corn Island within half a kilometer of being antipodal to the South Island of the Australian Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean.
Area: total: 130,370 km land: 119,254 km water: 10,380 km
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Mogotón 2,438 m
Land use: arable land: 14.57 % permanent crops: 1.76 % other: 83.66 % (2011.)
Irrigated land: 942.4 km (2011)
Total renewable water resources: ' 196.6 km (2011)
Nicaragua is subject to destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasionally severe hurricanes. It currently faces deforestation, soil erosion, and water pollution. It is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol, the Nuclear Test Ban, and the Ozone Layer Protection, and has signed but not ratified the Law of the Sea.
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how many years was american idol off tv | American Idol - Wikipedia
American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002 to April 7, 2016 for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the 16th season made its debut on ABC.
It started as an addition to the Idols format that was based on Pop Idol from British television, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with the winner determined by American viewers using phones, Internet, and SMS text voting. The winners of the first sixteen seasons, as chosen by viewers, are Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze, Scotty McCreery, Phillip Phillips, Candice Glover, Caleb Johnson, Nick Fradiani, Trent Harmon, and Maddie Poppe.
American Idol employs a panel of vocal judges who critique the contestants ' performances. The original judges, for seasons one through eight, were record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, singer and choreographer Paula Abdul, and music executive and manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel for seasons 13, 14, and 15 on Fox consisted of singers Keith Urban, Jennifer Lopez, and Harry Connick, Jr. Season 16 brought three entirely new judges: singers Lionel Richie, Katy Perry, and Luke Bryan. The first season was hosted by radio personality Ryan Seacrest and comedian Brian Dunkleman, but Seacrest remained as the sole master of ceremonies for the rest of the series.
The success of American Idol has been described as "unparalleled in broadcasting history ''. A rival TV executive said the series was "the most impactful show in the history of television ''. It became a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, "Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart - toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Katharine McPhee, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert, and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut. ''
For an unprecedented eight consecutive years, from the 2003 -- 04 television season through the 2010 -- 11 season, either its performance show or result show was ranked number one in U.S. television ratings.
American Idol was based on the British show Pop Idol created by Simon Fuller, which was in turn inspired by the New Zealand television singing competition Popstars. Television producer Nigel Lythgoe saw a version in Australia and helped bring it over to Britain. Fuller was inspired by the idea from Popstars of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition. He then added other elements, including telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows, such as the Eurovision Song Contest), the drama of backstories, and real - life soap opera unfolding in real time. Pop Idol debuted in Britain in 2001 with Lythgoe as showrunner -- the executive producer and production leader -- and Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was successful with the viewing public.
In 2001, Fuller, Cowell, and TV producer Simon Jones attempted to sell the Pop Idol format to the United States, but the idea was initially met with poor responses from all the television networks including Fox. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox 's parent company, was later persuaded to buy the series by his daughter, Elisabeth, who had seen the British show. Although Fox 's executives wanted to change the format, Murdoch insisted that it should remain the same as the British one. One change was nevertheless made due to the presence of multiple time zones in the United States that made it impractical for the country to vote in the same time period, an additional half - hour results show was therefore added the day following the performance show. The show was renamed American Idol: The Search for a Superstar and debuted in the summer of 2002. Cowell was initially offered the job of showrunner, but turned down the offer; Lythgoe then took over that position. Much to the surprise of Cowell and Fox, it became one of the biggest shows of the summer. With its successful launch in the summer, the show was then moved to January and expanded. The show grew into a phenomenon largely due to its personal engagement with the contestants by prompting the viewers to vote, and the presence of the acid - tongued Cowell as a judge. By 2004, it had become the most - watched show on U.S. television, a position it then held for seven consecutive seasons.
However, after a few years of sharp declining ratings starting in 2012, with rating falls of over 20 % each season, the network announced that the fifteenth season would be its last, ending its run in April 2016. In May 2017, ABC acquired the rights to the series and announced that the program would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season.
The show had originally planned on having four judges following the Pop Idol format; however, only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing "image concerns ''. In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season eight. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.
In season eight, Latin Grammy Award - nominated singer - songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge. She stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree to terms with the show producers. Emmy Award - winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing the American version of his show The X Factor to the USA for 2011.
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel in season ten, but both left after two seasons. They were replaced by three new judges, Mariah Carey, Nicki Minaj and Keith Urban, who joined Randy Jackson in season 12. However both Carey and Minaj left after one season, and Randy Jackson also announced that he would depart the show after twelve seasons as a judge but would return as a mentor. Urban was the only judge from season 12 to return in season 13. He was joined by previous judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. Lopez, Urban and Connick, Jr. all returned as judges for the show 's fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.
On May 16, 2017, it was announced that Katy Perry was the first to be chosen as a judge for the revival series. On September 24, 2017, country singer Luke Bryan was announced as the second judge to take the panel. On September 29, 2017, it was announced that Lionel Richie would be taking the third and final seat on the judges panel.
Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six, nine, and fourteen such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton - John in season six, Shania Twain in season eight, Neil Patrick Harris, Avril Lavigne and Katy Perry in season nine, and season eight runner - up, Adam Lambert, in season fourteen.
The first season was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman following the format of Pop Idol of using two presenters. Dunkleman quit thereafter, making Seacrest the sole emcee of the show starting with season two. Dunkleman did, however, return in the initial series finale on Fox. Seacrest also returned for Season 16.
In a series of steps, the show selected the eventual winner out of many tens of thousands of contestants.
The eligible age - range for contestants was fifteen to twenty - eight years old. The initial age limit was sixteen to twenty - four in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to twenty - eight in season four, and the lower limit was reduced to fifteen in season ten. The contestants had to be legal U.S. residents, could not have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons, and must not have held a current recording or talent representation contract by the semi-final stage (in previous years by the audition stage).
Contestants went through at least three sets of cuts. The first was a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show 's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these made it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sang in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10 -- 60 people in each city may make it to Hollywood.
Once in Hollywood, the contestants performed individually or in groups in a series of rounds. Until season ten, there were usually three rounds of eliminations in Hollywood. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants put themselves in small groups and performed a song together. In the final round, the contestants performed solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band -- depending on the season. In seasons two and three, contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round. In season seven, the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round. In season twelve, the executive producers split up the females and males and chose the members to form the groups in the group round.
In seasons ten and eleven, a further round was added in Las Vegas, where the contestants performed in groups based on a theme, followed by one final solo round to determine the semi-finalists. At the end of this stage of the competition, 24 to 36 contestants were selected to move on to the semi-final stage. In season twelve the Las Vegas round became a Sudden Death round, where the judges had to choose five guys and five girls each night (four nights) to make the top twenty. In season thirteen, the Las Vegas round was eliminated and a new round called "Hollywood or Home '' was added, where if the judges were uncertain about some contestants, those contestants were required to perform soon after landing in Los Angeles, and those who failed to impress were sent back home before they reached Hollywood. In season fourteen, a Showcase round was added, where the contestants performed at a LA nightclub or auditorium for the judges and a live audience, and these performances determine who makes into the Top 24.
From the semi-finals onward, the fate of the contestants was decided by public vote. During the contestant 's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll - free telephone number for each contestant was displayed on the screen. For a two - hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant 's telephone number, and each call or text message was registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers were allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two - hour voting window. However, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialers. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in season ten. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc.
In the first three seasons, the semi-finalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. These seasons also featured a wildcard round, where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all.
From seasons four to seven and nine, the twenty - four semi-finalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
The wildcard round returned in season eight, wherein there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward -- the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest - placed singer -- for each night, and four wildcards were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. Starting season ten, the girls and boys perform on separate nights. In seasons ten and eleven, five of each gender were chosen, and three wildcards were chosen by the judges to form a final 13. In season twelve, the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10. In season thirteen, there were thirty semifinalists, but only twenty semifinalists (ten for each gender) were chosen by the judges to perform on the live shows, with five in each gender based on the vote and three wildcards chosen by the judges composing the final 13. In season fourteen, the top 24 performed at The Fillmore Detroit, starting with the 12 males on one night and then the 12 females on the next night. The following week, the same order went for the top 16, with four males eliminated, followed by four females based on the vote. Then, on the first night of finals, a similar sequence from the thirteenth season was used to determine the final 12, with five of each gender based on the vote and two wildcards chosen by the judges. In season fifteen, the top 24 performed at Cathedral of Saint Vibiana in Los Angeles and were split into two groups of twelve and performed twice, one being a solo performance and one being a duet with a former Idol contestant. In each group, the judges chose 7 contestants to advance to the top 14 where the judges chose 4 to advance to the top 10 and remaining 6 contestants were chosen based on the vote. In season sixteen, the show repeated the process of season 15, however instead of Idol alumnus as duet partners, superstar celebrity singers were used as the duet partners.
The finals were broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one. From seasons two to nine and fourteen, the finals lasted eleven weeks. Seasons ten and eleven lasted for twelve weeks, while season twelve lasted for ten weeks. In season season thirteen, the finals lasted thirteen weeks. The finals lasted seven weeks in season fifteen. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more general themes such as Billboard number - one hits or songs from the contestant 's year of birth. Contestants usually worked with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sang one song each week, but this was increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.
The most popular contestants were usually not revealed in the results show. Instead, typically the three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes was called to the center of the stage. One of these three was usually sent to safety; however the two remaining were not necessarily the bottom two. The contestant with the fewest votes was then revealed and eliminated from the competition. A montage of the eliminated contestant 's time on the show was played and they gave their final performance. However, in season six, during the series ' first ever Idol Gives Back episode, no contestant was eliminated, but on the following week, two were sent home. Moreover, starting in season eight, the judges may overturn viewers ' decision with a "Judges ' Save '' if they unanimously agreed to. "The save '' could only be used once, and only up through the top five. In the eighth, ninth, tenth, and fourteenth seasons, a double elimination then took place in the week following the activation of the save, but in the eleventh and thirteenth seasons, a regular single elimination took place. The save was not activated in the twelfth season and consequently, a non-elimination took place in the week after its expiration with the votes then carrying over into the following week.
The "Fan Save '' was introduced in the fourteenth season. During the finals, viewers were given a five - minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
The finale was the two - hour last episode of the season, culminating in revealing the winner. For seasons one, three through six, fourteen, and fifteen it was broadcast from the Dolby Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre, which has an audience capacity of over 6,000. In seasons seven through thirteen, the venue was at the Nokia Theater, which holds an audience of over 7,000. In season 16, the venue did not change from the Finals.
The winner received a record deal with a major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with American Idol - affiliated 19 Management (which has the right of first refusal to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to season nine reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners - up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, had also received record deals with major labels. However, starting in season 11, the runner - up may only be guaranteed a single - only deal. BMG / Sony (seasons 1 -- 9), UMG (season 10 -- 15), and Hollywood Records (season 16 -) had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season 's finale. Starting in the fourteenth season, the winner was signed with Big Machine Records. Prominent music mogul Clive Davis also produced some of the selected contestants ' albums, such as Kelly Clarkson, Clay Aiken, Fantasia Barrino and Diana DeGarmo. All top 10 (11 in seasons 10 and 12) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour, where the participants may each earn a six - figure sum.
Each season premieres with the audition round, taking place in different cities. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round (Las Vegas round from seasons 10 - 12), 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinals onward the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed during a results segment. The results segment feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers. The Top - three results also features homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists. The season reaches its climax in a two - hour results finale show, where the winner of the season is revealed.
With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onward perform in front of a studio audience. They perform with a full band in the finals. The current musical director is Kris Pooley, who has been with the show since season 16. In previous seasons, the American Idol band was led by Rickey Minor (seasons 4 -- 9, 13 -- 15) and Ray Chew (seasons 10 -- 12). Assistance has also been given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Starting with season seven, contestants may perform with a musical instrument from the Hollywood rounds onward. In later seasons, the contestants were allowed to perform with a musical instrument in the auditions. During the first nine seasons, performances were usually aired live on Tuesday nights, followed by the results shows on Wednesdays, but moved to Wednesdays and Thursdays from seasons 10 - 13. From season 14 onward, there were no separate results shows. On season 14, the show aired on Wednesday nights, and on season 15, Thursday nights. From season 16 onward, it aired on Sundays and Mondays.
The first season of American Idol debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman.
In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who attended the auditions. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One semifinalist, Delano Cagnolatti, was disqualified for lying to evade the show 's age limit. One of the early favorites, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Christina Christian was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show; his sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes.
The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin 's "Natural Woman '', and Betty Hutton 's "Stuff Like That There '', and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002.
In what was to become a tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, "A Moment Like This '', went on to break a 38 - year - old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner - up not to do so. Both Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, From Justin to Kelly, which was released in 2003 but was widely panned. Clarkson has since become the most successful Idol contestant internationally, with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million.
Starting September 30, 2006, this season was repackaged as "American Idol Rewind '' and syndicated directly to stations in the U.S.
Following the success of season one, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show 's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was a correspondent for this season.
Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record; however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two semi-finalists were also disqualified that year -- Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website.
Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Aiken. This slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.
Both finalists found success after the show, but Aiken out - performed Studdard 's coronation song "Flying Without Wings '' with his single release from the show "This Is the Night '', as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth - place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer.
Season three premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked - about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off - key rendition of Ricky Martin 's "She Bangs '' received widespread attention. His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best - selling singer from that season.
Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three black singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes "incredibly racist ''. The prolonged stays of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke ' blown out of proportion '.
The performance of "Summertime '' by Barrino, later known simply as "Fantasia '', at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite Idol moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single "I Believe '', a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and DeGarmo released "Dreams ''.
Season four premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of season three was also aired in high definition. The number of those attending the auditions by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, and among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice, the two rockers of the show.
The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing ' personal reasons ' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media, which produces the show, sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Vazquez toward him during the show.
During the top 11 week, due to a mix - up with the contestants ' telephone number, voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night.
In May 2005, Carrie Underwood was announced the winner, with Bice the runner - up. Both Underwood and Bice released the coronation song "Inside Your Heaven '', with Underwood 's version of the song making her the first country artist ever to debut at number - one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. As of 2015, Underwood has become the most successful Idol contestant in the U.S., selling 16 million albums in the country, while selling a total of 65 million records worldwide.
Season five began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest - rated season in the show 's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft.
Chris Daughtry 's performance of Fuel 's "Hemorrhage (In My Hands) '' on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel 's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live 's version of "I Walk the Line '' was well received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shocking result.
On May 30, 2006, Taylor Hicks was named American Idol, with Katharine McPhee the runner - up. "Do I Make You Proud '' was released as Hicks ' first single and McPhee 's was "My Destiny ''.
Despite being eliminated earlier in the season, Chris Daughtry (as lead of the band Daughtry) became the most successful recording artist from this season. Other contestants, such as Hicks, McPhee, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, Kellie Pickler, and Elliott Yamin have had varying levels of success.
Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers.
Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season 's most talked - about contestant for his unusual hairdo, and for managing to survive elimination for many weeks due in part to the weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern, who both encouraged fans to vote for him. However, on April 18, Sanjaya was voted off.
This season saw the first Idol Gives Back telethon - inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two (Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson) were eliminated the next.
In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner - up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol.
This season also saw the launch of the American Idol Songwriter contest which allows fans to vote for the "coronation song ''. Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, "This Is My Now '', was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by Sparks on May 24, 2007.
Season seven premiered on January 15, 2008, for a two - day, four - hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so - called ' ringers ', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper.
For the finals, American Idol debuted a new state - of - the - art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on - air look. David Cook 's performance of "Billie Jean '' on top - ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook 's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell 's version. Cornell himself said he was ' flattered ' and praised David Cook 's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after the top - nine performance show due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure.
David Archuleta 's performance of John Lennon 's "Imagine '' was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song - moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro 's semi-final performance of "Hallelujah '' also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley 's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. This was the first season in which contestants ' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants ' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
Idol Gives Back returned on April 9, 2008, and raised $64 million for charity.
The finalists were Cook and Archuleta. David Cook was announced the winner on May 21, 2008, the first rocker to win the show. Both Cook and Archuleta had some success as recording artists with both selling over a million albums in the U.S.
The American Idol Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the "coronation song ''. The winning song, "The Time of My Life '', was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008.
Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants ' personal life.
In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show So You Think You Can Dance. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. Idol Gives Back was canceled for this season due to the global recession at the time.
There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in the first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the "Judges ' Save '', and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated.
The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two. It was claimed, and then later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen 's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power - texting at viewing parties in Arkansas.
Both Allen and Lambert released the coronation song, "No Boundaries '' which was co-written by DioGuardi. This is the first season in which the winner failed to achieve gold album status.
Season nine premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week.
One of the most prominent auditioners this season was General Larry Platt whose performance of "Pants on the Ground '' became a viral hit song.
Crystal Bowersox, who has Type - I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.
Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges ' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million.
A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show 's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance.
The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song -- DeWyze chose U2 's "Beautiful Day '', and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin 's "Up to the Mountain ''. This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales.
Season ten of the series premiered on January 19, 2011. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges following the departures of Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi (whose contract was not renewed) and Ellen DeGeneres, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M label group, the new partner of American Idol, acted as the in - house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episodes special guest mentors such as Beyoncé, will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.
Season ten is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 - second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds.
One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain - damaged fiancée received widespread coverage. Medina was cut in the Top 40 round. Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show. The judges used their one save on Abrams on the Top 11, and as a result this was the first season that 11 finalists went on tour instead of 10. In the following week, Naima Adedapo and Thia Megia were both eliminated the following week.
Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. Her elimination drew criticisms from some former Idol contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks.
The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol. McCreery released his first single, "I Love You This Big '', as his coronation song, and Alaina released "Like My Mother Does ''. McCreery 's debut album, Clear as Day, became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard 's Soulful in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200.
Season 11 premiered on January 18, 2012. On February 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the Top 24 making it the Top 25, and that was Jermaine Jones. However, on March 14, Jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. Jones denied the accusation that he concealed his arrests.
Finalist Phillip Phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the Top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. He was reported to have eight surgeries during his Idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. He underwent surgery to remove the stones and reconstruct his kidney soon after the season had finished.
Jessica Sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the Top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their "save '' option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. The following week, unlike previous seasons, Colton Dixon was the only contestant sent home. Sanchez later made the final two, the first season where a recipient of the save reached the finale.
Phillips became the winner, beating Sanchez. Prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist Ace Young proposed marriage to season three runner - up Diana DeGarmo on stage -- which she accepted.
Phillips released "Home '' as his coronation song, while Sanchez released "Change Nothing ''. Phillips ' "Home '' has since become the best selling of all coronation songs.
Season 12 premiered on January 16, 2013. Judges Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler left the show after two seasons. This season 's judging panel consisted of Randy Jackson, along with Mariah Carey, Keith Urban and Nicki Minaj. This was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel. The pre-season buzz and the early episodes of the show were dominated by the feud between the judges Minaj and Carey after a video of their dispute was leaked to TMZ.
The top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with Lazaro Arbos the last male to be eliminated. For the first time in the show 's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. It was also the first time that the judges ' "save '' was not used, the top four contestants were therefore given an extra week to perform again with their votes carried over with no elimination in the first week.
23 - year - old Candice Glover won the season with Kree Harrison taking the runner - up spot. Glover is the first female to win American Idol since Jordin Sparks. Glover released "I Am Beautiful '' as a single while Harrison released "All Cried Out '' immediately after the show. Glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this is also the first season that the runner - up was not signed by a music label.
Towards the end of the season, Randy Jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. Both judges Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers.
The thirteenth season premiered on January 15, 2014. Randy Jackson and Keith Urban returned, though Jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in - mentor. Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj left the panel after one season. Former judge Jennifer Lopez and former mentor Harry Connick, Jr. joined Urban on the panel. Also, Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were replaced as executive producers by Per Blankens, Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Pragger. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, while Louis J. Horvitz replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show.
This was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. In the Top 8, Sam Woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. The 500th episode of the series was the Top 3 performance night.
Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner - up. Johnson released "As Long as You Love Me '' as his coronation single while Irene released "We Are One ''.
The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner - up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in - house mentor for this season.
Changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. Coca - Cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and Ford Motor Company maintained a reduced role. The winner of the season also received a recording contract with Big Machine Records.
Nick Fradiani won the season, defeating Clark Beckham. By winning, Fradiani became the first winner from the Northeast region. Fradiani released "Beautiful Life '' as his coronation single while Beckham released "Champion ''. Jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called "Forcefield ''.
Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program 's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges. The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years. During the finale episode, President Barack Obama praised the millions of young people that voted for contestants and pitched that they vote in the upcoming election. The farewell season concluded on April 7, 2016. Seacrest signed off by saying: "And one more time -- this is so tough -- we say to you from Hollywood, goodnight America '', and then he added, "for now. ''
Trent Harmon won the season against runner - up La'Porsha Renae. Harmon released "Falling '' co-written by Keith Urban as his coronation song. Renae 's "Battles '', third - place finisher Dalton Rapattoni 's "Strike A Match '' and fourth - place finisher MacKenzie Bourg 's "Roses '' were also released as singles.
In early 2017, Variety reported that Fremantle Media was in talks to revive the show for NBC or for its original network, Fox. A dispute between Fremantle and Core Media Group derailed these plans. Then, in May 2017, it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program. Later, ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and that American Idol would return for the 2017 -- 18 television season.
On May 16, 2017, Katy Perry was the first judge to be announced by ABC. On July 20, 2017, it was announced on Live with Kelly and Ryan, that Ryan Seacrest would be returning as the host for the revival season. On September 24, 2017, Luke Bryan was the second judge to be announced for the revival season. On September 29, 2017, Lionel Richie was the third and final judge to be announced. On November 6, 2017, it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11, 2018. On May 21, 2018 the season concluded, crowning Maddie Poppe winner and Caleb Lee Hutchinson runner - up.
On May 4, 2018, it was announced that ABC would renew the revival series for another season. Perry, Bryan and Richie will return as judges, while Seacrest will return as host.
Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of American Idol. It holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the Nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest - rated of all television programs in the United States overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years when either its performance or result show was ranked number one overall.
American Idol premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age groups, but more importantly it led in the in 18 -- 49 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers.
The growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. The season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18 -- 49 age group. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest - rated ever American Idol episode at 38.1 million for the final hour. By season three, the show had become the top show in the 18 -- 49 demographic a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten, and its competition stages ranked first in the nationwide overall ratings. By season four, American Idol had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV for the first time, with an average viewership of 26.8 million. The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million per episode, and season five remains the highest - rated season of the series.
Season six premiered with the series ' highest - rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of American Idol. During this time, many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before, as its consistent dominance of up to two hours two or three nights a week exceeded the 30 - or 60 - minute reach of previous hits such as NBC 's The Cosby Show. The show was dubbed "the Death Star '', and competing networks often rearranged their schedules in order to minimize losses. However, season six also showed a steady decline in viewership over the course of the season. The season finale saw a drop in ratings of 16 % from the previous year. Season six was the first season wherein the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second - highest - rated of the series after the preceding season.
The loss of viewers continued into season seven. The premiere was down 11 % among total viewers, and the results show in which Kristy Lee Cook was eliminated delivered its lowest - rated Wednesday show among the 18 -- 34 demo since the first season in 2002. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the series ' third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network. Overall ratings for the season were down 10 % from season six, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike.
The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5 -- 10 % for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9 % for the finale. In season nine, Idol 's six - year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when NBC 's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17 beat Idol in the same time slot with 30.1 million viewers over Idol 's 18.4 million. Nevertheless, American Idol overall finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS ' All in the Family and NBC 's The Cosby Show.
In season ten, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12 -- 13 %, and by up to 23 % in the 18 -- 49 demo compared to season nine. Later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale -- up 12 % for the adults 18 -- 49 demo and a 21 % increase in total viewers from the season nine finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year -- the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season. The demographics also became "whiter '' over time and less diverse. Nevertheless, in the 2010 -- 11 television season, Fox maintained its lead on over other networks with its seventh consecutive season of victory overall in the 18 -- 49 demographic ratings in the United States.
Season eleven, however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as The Voice and The X-Factor. The ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16 -- 21 % in overall viewer numbers and 24 -- 27 % in the 18 / 49 demo, while the season finale fell 27 % in total viewer number and 30 % in the 18 -- 49 demo. The average viewership for the season fell below 20 million viewers the first time since 2003, a drop of 23 % in total viewers and 30 % in the 18 / 49 demo. For the first time in eight years, American Idol lost the leading position in both the total viewers number and the 18 / 49 demo, coming in second to NBC Sunday Night Football, although the strengths of Idol in its second year in the Wednesday - Thursday primetime slots helped Fox achieve the longest period of 18 -- 49 demographic victory in the Nielsen ratings, standing at 8 straight years from 2004 to 2012.
The loss of viewers continued into season 12, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18 -- 49 demo. The finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of 44 % in the 18 -- 49 demo. The season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24 % from the previous season. The thirteenth season suffered a huge decline in the 18 -- 49 demographic, a drop of 28 % from the twelfth season, and American Idol lost its Top 10 position in the Nielsen ratings by the end of the 2013 -- 14 television season for the first time since its entry to the rankings in 2003 as a result, and never regained its Top 10 position by the series ' end in 2016.
The continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14, including the loss of Coca - Cola as the show 's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two - hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate results show). On May 11, 2015, prior to the fourteenth - season finale, Fox announced that the fifteenth season of American Idol would be its last.
Despite these changes, the show 's ratings would decline more sharply. The fourteenth - season finale was the lowest - rated finale ever, with an average of only 8.03 million viewers watching the finale. The show 's ratings, however, rebounded in its final season, and ended its run in 2016 as Fox 's first ever program to conclude its run without dropping from the Nielsen Top 30 most watched television shows in each of its seasons.
Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that "As TV, American Idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it 's dust - mote inconsequential ''. Others, however, thought that "the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed ''. It was also described as a "sadistic musical bake - off '', and "a romp in humiliation ''. Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations -- Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune charged that American Idol is "a conniving multimedia monster '' that has "absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil ''. The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that "The terrorists have won '' and, with a sideswipe at the show 's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who "gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the ' Great American Idol Marketing Mandala ' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit. Them and a handful of phone - redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome). ''
Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of Entertainment Weekly, thought that "for all its bloated, synthetic, product - shilling, money - making trappings, Idol provides a once - a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today 's music business. '' Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show "undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism ''. Pop music critic Ann Powers nevertheless suggested that Idol has "reshaped the American songbook '', "led us toward a new way of viewing ourselves in relationship to mainstream popular culture '', and connects "the classic Hollywood dream to the multicentered popular culture of the future. '' Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek accused judge Simon Cowell 's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that "Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him. '' Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on Idol are not real artists with self - respect.
Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star - making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the "true art form of music '', thought that shows like American Idol made it seem "so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight '', and that "television is a lie ''. Musician Michael Feinstein, while acknowledging that the show had uncovered promising performers, said that American Idol "is n't really about music. It 's about all the bad aspects of the music business -- the arrogance of commerce, this sense of ' I know what will make this person a star; artists themselves do n't know. ' '' That American Idol is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that "Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award ''. It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on American Idol, commenting on talent shows in general, said that "there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs ''. American Idol revolutionized American pop culture and the pop idol process and has provided an opportunity for many to bypass the small club scene and allow a much larger audience to participate in and select the next potential chart topping performer.
The success of the show 's alumni, however, has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having "proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records ''. While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, "if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone '', and that country music and Idol "go together well ''.
American Idol was nominated for the Emmy 's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for nine years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won a Creative Arts Emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two in 2011, as well as a Governor 's Award in 2007 for its Idol Gives Back edition. It won the People 's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition / reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012. It won the first Critics ' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition.
In 2013, TV Guide ranked the series No. 48 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time.
Throughout the series, eleven of the sixteen Idol winners, including its first five, had come from the Southern United States. A large number of other finalists during the series ' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry, who are all from North Carolina. In 2012, an analysis of the 131 contestants who have appeared in the finals of all seasons of the show up to that point found that 48 % have some connection to the Southern United States.
The show itself was popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern United States 10 % more likely to watch American Idol during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the East Central region, such as Kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music - sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by Idol contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South.
Theories given for the success of Southerners on Idol have been: more versatility with musical genres, as the Southern U.S. is home to several music genre scenes; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business; text - voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell - phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing. Others also suggest that the Southern character of these contestants appeal to the South, as well as local pride. According to season five winner Taylor Hicks, who is from the state of Alabama, "People in the South have a lot of pride... So, they 're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region. ''
For five consecutive seasons, starting in season seven, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar -- a trend that Idol pundits call the "White guy with guitar '' or "WGWG '' factor. Just hours before the season eleven finale, where Phillip Phillips was named the winner, Richard Rushfield, author of the book American Idol: The Untold Story, said, "You have this alliance between young girls and grandmas and they see it, not necessarily as a contest to create a pop star competing on the contemporary radio, but as... who 's the nicest guy in a popularity contest '', he says, "And that has led to this dynasty of four, and possibly now five, consecutive, affable, very nice, good - looking white boys. ''
The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management.
Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being ' ringers ' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others.
Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol, and Vote for the Worst.
The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for the Fox Broadcasting Company. American Idol and fellow competing shows Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the United States in the 1990s and 2000s, and Idol became the most watched non-scripted primetime television series for almost a decade, from 2003 to 2012, breaking records on U.S. television (dominated by drama shows and sitcoms in the preceding decades).
The show pushed Fox to become the number one U.S. TV network amongst adults 18 -- 49, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as House and Bones, and Idol, for years, had become Fox 's strongest platform primetime television program for promoting eventual hit shows of the 2010s (of the same network) such as Glee and New Girl. The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, "saved Fox ''.
The show 's massive success in the mid-2000s to early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing - competition shows, such as Rock Star, Nashville Star, The Voice, Rising Star, The Sing - Off, and The X Factor. The number of imitative singing shows on American television had reached 17 by its final year in 2016. Its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing TV shows such as Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance, most of which contribute to the current highly competitive reality TV landscape on American television.
As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, American Idol had a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson, Daughtry and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. The alumni of the show had received between them 54 Grammy nominations and 13 Grammy awards by the end of the show in 2016, with Carrie Underwood winning seven.
Various American Idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the U.S. they had achieved 345 number ones on the Billboard charts in its first 10 years, and 458 by its last year of broadcast in 2016, with 100 achieved by Kelly Clarkson alone. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit - making artists and best - selling albums and singles. In 2007, American Idol alums accounted for 2.1 % of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, American Idol had become "a dominant force in radio '' according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins.
At the end of the show 's run, Idol 's contestants have sold more than 60 million albums in the US, resulting in more than 80 Platinum records and 95 Gold records. Its participants have generated more than 450 Billboard No. 1 hits and sold more than 260 million digital downloads.
The impact of American Idol was also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance.
The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off - air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature "Idol '' branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience.
American Idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime - time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30 - seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually the next few seasons. However, the sharp drop in ratings in season eleven also resulted in a sharp drop in advertising rate for season twelve, and the show lost its leading position as the costliest show for advertisers. By 2014, ad revenue from had fallen to $427 million where a 30 - second spot went for less than $300,000. For the relaunched Idol on ABC, it has been reported that a 30 - second spot may cost between $120,000 -- $160,000.
Ford Motor Company and Coca - Cola were two of the first sponsors of American Idol in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T Wireless joined in the second season but ended after season 12, and Coca - Cola officially ended its sponsorship after season 13 amidst the declining ratings of Idol in the mid-2010s. iTunes sponsored the show since season seven.
American Idol prominent display of its sponsors ' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. By season six, Idol showed 4,349 product placements according to Nielsen Media Research. The branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers -- promotion of AT&T text - messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca - Cola has seen its equity increased during the show.
Coca - Cola 's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show 's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called "missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation '' contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell 's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation.
For the revived series on ABC, Macy 's and Johnson & Johnson 's Zyrtec signed on as the major sponsors of the show.
The top ten (eleven in the tenth season, five in the fourteenth season, and seven in the sixteenth season) toured at the end of every season except for the fifteenth season. In the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing - off was also added to the tour. Kellogg 's Pop - Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour. M&M 's Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour. The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million. However no concert tour was organized in the fifteenth season, the only season not to have an associated tour. The 2018 tour will feature the final seven finalists, Cade Foehner, Caleb Lee Hutchinson, Catie Turner, Gabby Barrett, Jurnee, Maddie Poppe and Michael J. Woodard, along with In Real Life as an opener on select dates.
Idol Gives Back was a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund - raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total.
American Idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants ' performances as well as the winner 's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then American Idol the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the American Idol official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night.
19 Recordings, a recording label owned by 19 Entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with Bertelsmann Music Group (BMG) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels RCA Records, Arista Records, J Records, Jive Records. In 2005 -- 2007, BMG partnered with Sony Music Entertainment to form a joint venture known as Sony BMG Music Entertainment. From 2008 to 2010, Sony Music handled the distribution following their acquisition of BMG. Sony Music was partnered with American Idol and distribute its music, and In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for American Idol by UMG 's Interscope - Geffen - A&M Records.
American Idol video games
On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted "The American Idol Experience '' at its Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then performed on a stage in a 1000 - seat theater replicating the Idol set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimicked those of the real Idol judges, critiqued the performances. Audience members then voted for their favorite performer. There were several preliminary - round shows during the day that culminated in a "finals '' show in the evening where one of the winners of the previous rounds that day was selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show received a "Dream Ticket '' that granted them front - of - the - line privileges at any future American Idol audition. The attraction closed on August 30, 2014.
American Idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. In Canada, the first thirteen seasons of American Idol were aired live by CTV and / or CTV Two, in simulcast with Fox. CTV dropped Idol after its thirteenth season and in August 2014, Yes TV announced that it had picked up Canadian rights to American Idol beginning in its 2015 season. In 2017, it was announced the show would return to CTV Two for its sixteenth season.
In Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television. In southeast Asia, it is broadcast by STAR World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after. In Philippines, it is aired every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its United States telecast; from 2004 to 2007 on ABC 5; 2008 -- 11 on QTV, then GMA News TV; and since 2012 on ETC. On Philippine television history. In Australia, it aired a few hours after the U.S. telecast. It was aired on Network Ten from 2002 to 2008 and then again in 2013. Between 2008 and 2012 it aired on Fox8 and from season 13 to 14 (2014 -- 15) it aired on digital channel, Eleven, a sister channel to Network Ten. Its final season (2016) aired on Fox8 hours after the original U.S. broadcast. The show enjoyed a lot of popularity in Australia throughout the 2000s before declining in the ratings. In the United Kingdom, episodes were aired one day after the U.S. broadcast on digital channel ITV2. In season 12, the episodes aired on 5 *. It was also aired in Ireland on TV3 two days after the telecast. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after its original broadcast. In the instances where the airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results. In Italy, the twelfth season was broadcast by La3.
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who plays the ice cream man in death wish | Death Wish (2018 film) - wikipedia
Death Wish is a 2018 American vigilante action thriller film directed by Eli Roth and written by Joe Carnahan. It is the sixth installment of the Death Wish series and a remake of the 1974 film of the same name starring Charles Bronson, based on Brian Garfield 's 1972 novel. The film stars Bruce Willis as Paul Kersey, a Chicago doctor who sets out to get revenge on the men who attacked his family. Vincent D'Onofrio, Elisabeth Shue, Dean Norris, and Kimberly Elise also star.
The film was released in the United States by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and in international markets by Annapurna Pictures on March 2, 2018. It received generally negative reviews, with criticism aimed at it for not adding anything new to previous installments.
Paul Kersey, who lives with his wife Lucy and college - bound daughter Jordan, works as a trauma surgeon at a Chicago hospital. After having lunch at a restaurant, Paul gives the keys to his car to a valet, Miguel, who secretly takes a picture of their home address from the car 's navigation software after overhearing when they will all be out one night. Later, while Paul is working late at the hospital, three masked men invade the Kersey 's home. Jordan and Lucy return home and are both shot and Paul learns at the hospital that Lucy died and Jordan fell into a coma.
Police Detective Kevin Raines is tasked with the case, but Paul soon becomes frustrated with the lack of progress in the investigation. One night, Paul comes across two thugs harassing a woman and tries to intervene but gets beaten. Paul then visits a gun store, but when he sees he 's being videotaped, he decides to leave without purchasing anything. When an injured gang member is brought in to the hospital and his Glock 17 falls off the gurney, Paul steals the gun and then uses online videos to learn how to maintain and use it. Eventually, Paul uses it to stop a carjacking, a video of which goes viral; Paul is dubbed Chicago 's "Grim Reaper ''. His reputation as the "Grim Reaper '' soars even higher after he kills a drug dealer known as "The Ice Cream Man ''. When an unconscious Miguel is hospitalized, Paul recognizes his stolen watch around his wrist. After Miguel dies, Paul takes Miguel 's phone and discovers a photograph and a text on it suggesting that a liquor store is where the thieves bring and re-sell their stolen goods.
Paul visits the liquor store, but the owner, Ponytail, realizes who he is, secretly messages an accomplice for backup and reaches for a gun. Paul stabs him with a dart and demands the goods stolen from his house. Ponytail 's accomplice, Fish, arrives and accidentally kills Ponytail. After shooting Fish, Paul learns from him that Lucy 's killer is an auto body shop worker named Joe. Fish kicks Paul and gains the upper hand, but is stunned by a falling bowling ball, allowing Paul to kill him. At the auto body shop, Paul ambushes Joe while he is working under a car. He tortures Joe for information by cutting his sciatic nerve with a scalpel and pouring brake fluid into the wound. Joe divulges that their leader, Knox, shot Lucy. Paul then removes the jack holding the car up, causing it to crush Joe 's head.
Paul receives a phone call from Knox, telling him to meet him in a bathroom at a nightclub. When he arrives, Paul calls the number back and hears it ringing in one of the stalls. He shoots through the stall door, only to find that it was a ruse. Knox opens fire from the other end of the bathroom and the two engage in a shootout, injuring both before both escape. After going home and encountering his brother, Frank, Paul is informed from the hospital that Jordan has regained consciousness. A week later, as Paul brings Jordan home from the hospital, Knox talks to both of them in the hospital elevator: Jordan does not recognize Knox, but Knox tells Paul he 'll see him around. Paul returns to the gun store to legally purchase weapons to legally defend his remaining family.
Sometime later, Knox and two other thugs prepare to invade Paul 's home at night. Paul glimpses a man running across his lawn and hides Jordan in a closet under the stairs, telling her to call the police. After killing the two thugs in the upstairs bedroom, Paul heads into the basement, where he suspects Knox is located. There, Knox emerges from the darkness, shoots Paul in the shoulder and threatens to burn Jordan alive. When Knox is distracted by Jordan yelling out her father 's name, Paul retrieves a fully automatic M4 carbine assault rifle from a hidden compartment under a coffee table and shoots Knox dead. When the police arrive, Detective Raines suspects that Paul is the "Grim Reaper '', but pretends to buy his story because he 's satisfied that justice was served and because Paul subtly informs him that his "Grim Reaper '' days are over.
Months later, Paul drops Jordan off at NYU. As Paul is leaving, he spots a man who steals a bag from a bellhop, calls out to him and points at him with a finger gun.
Development of the film began in 2006, when Sylvester Stallone announced that he would be directing and starring in a remake of Death Wish (1974). Stallone told Ai n't It Cool News, "Instead of the Charles Bronson character being an architect, my version would have him as a very good cop who had incredible success without ever using his gun. So when the attack on his family happens, he 's really thrown into a moral dilemma in proceeding to carry out his revenge. '' He later told the publication that he was no longer involved. In a 2009 interview with MTV, though, Stallone stated that he was again considering the project.
In late January 2012, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that a remake would be written and directed by Joe Carnahan. The film was originally set to star Liam Neeson and Frank Grillo. Carnahan, however, left the project in February 2013 due to creative differences, but received sole writing credit for the completed film. He was replaced as director with Gerardo Naranjo, who was interested in casting Benicio Del Toro in the lead role; this version also never came to fruition.
In March 2016, Paramount Pictures and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer announced that Aharon Keshales and Navot Papushado would direct with Bruce Willis starring. Willis was chosen from a shortlist which included Russell Crowe, Matt Damon, Will Smith, and Brad Pitt. In May, Keshales and Papushado quit the project after MGM declined to allow them to rewrite Joe Carnahan 's original script, which had been approved by Willis. In June, Eli Roth signed on to direct, with the script being rewritten by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. On August 25, 2016, Vincent D'Onofrio was cast alongside Bruce Willis to play Paul Kersey 's brother, Breaking Bad actor Dean Norris also joined Willis in the film. On October 7, 2016, Kimberly Elise and Camila Morrone were cast in the film to play Detective Jackson and Jordan Kersey. Later on October 17, 2016, Ronnie Gene Blevins was cast in the film.
Principal photography on the film began in late September 2016 in Chicago, Illinois. Later in October 2016, it began filming in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
In June 2017, it was announced Annapurna Pictures would distribute the film on behalf of Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and release it on November 22, 2017. However in October of 2017, it was announced it was being delayed until March 2, 2018 and that Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer would handle the film 's distribution in the United States, while Annapurna Pictures handle its international distribution. It was speculated the delay was due in - part to the mass shooting in Las Vegas several days prior. Death Wish was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on April 6 by Vertigo Releasing. It became available on DVD and BluRay on June 5, 2018.
As of July 5, 2018, Death Wish has grossed $34 million in the United States and Canada, and $14.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $48.5 million, against a production budget of $30 million.
In the United States and Canada, Death Wish was released alongside Red Sparrow, and was projected to gross $10 -- 20 million from 2,847 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $4.2 million on its first day (including $650,000 from Thursday night previews) and $13 million in its opening weekend, finishing third behind Black Panther ($66.7 million in its third week) and Red Sparrow ($17 million). 55 % of its audience was male, while 89 % was over the age of 25. It dropped 49 % to $6.6 million in its second weekend, finishing at 7th.
-- Eli Roth on the reception of Death Wish
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 17 % based on 135 reviews by professional critics, and an average rating of 3.9 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, "Death Wish is little more than a rote retelling that lacks the grit and conviction of the original -- and also suffers from spectacularly bad timing. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B + '' on an A+ to F scale.
The Chicago Sun - Times 's Richard Roeper gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing, "Even with the social commentary, Death Wish is n't trying to be some intense, gritty, ripped - from - the - headlines docudrama... A number of gruesome scenes are staged like something out of one of those Final Destination movies, with a bowling ball, a dart, a wrench and other conveniently handy items used as weapons of singular destruction. It 's essentially revenge porn. '' Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and said, "For a while, director Roth plays this stuff relatively straight, and Willis periodically reminds us he can act (the grieving Kersey cries a fair bit here). The script contains a reference to AR - 15 rifles; by the end, Willis goes full Willis when his adversaries return to the sanctity of the family home. ''
Many critics noted the timing of the film 's release, coming less than three weeks after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida. Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times called the film "imbecilic '', and criticized the film for its jokey tone and "morally unconflicted '' approach to its subject matter. Similarly, The Guardian 's Amy Nicholson criticized the film for "(flatlining) the politics and (saturating) the pathos '', and for insulting both sides of the gun control argument. The Hollywood Reporter 's John DeFore noted that the film does not attempt to "use genre metaphors to address real national debates '', making the original film "look philosophical by comparison '', and he also noted the improbable and contrived nature of Kersey 's mission. Writing for the Los Angeles Times, Justin Chang called the film "a slick, straightforward revenge thriller as well as a sham provocation, pandering shamelessly to the viewer 's bloodlust while trying to pass as self - aware satire ''. Chang compared the film unfavorably to the 2007 Death Sentence, citing the lack of consequences that Kersey faces.
Some reviewers stood in defense of the film. Peter Howell of the Toronto Star stated that "Roth and Carnahan do an OK job updating Death Wish '', and that the film accurately depicts the "casual way that Americans acquire and use guns ''. He felt, though, that Liam Neeson would have been a better choice for the lead role. Matthew Rozsa of Salon agreed that the film 's release was indeed timed poorly, but argued that "mass shootings have been ubiquitous for so long that I doubt there ever would have been an appropriate release date for a vigilante fantasy... It exists everywhere in our culture, from movies and video games to the right - wing talking points that regularly thwart gun control legislation. '' Rosza considers Death Wish his guilty pleasure, recommending it as a "success '' as well as "a competent popcorn muncher that moves at a brisk pace, is about as engaging as your average Law and Order episode and contains an appropriately glowering (if somewhat bored looking) Bruce Willis. '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick Lasalle summed up his review by calling it "way better than all the "Death Wish '' sequels '' and "easily the second best "Death Wish '' movie ever made, and not a distant second. ''
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where do the elf ships go in lord of the rings | Valinor - wikipedia
Valinor (Land of the Valar) is a fictional location in J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium, the realm of the Valar in Aman. It was also known as the Undying Lands, along with Tol Eressëa and the outliers of Aman. This latter name is somewhat misleading; the land itself, while blessed, did not cause mortals to live forever. However, only immortal beings were generally allowed to reside there. Exceptionally, the surviving bearers of the One Ring were allowed to dwell there for a time -- Bilbo and Frodo Baggins and Sam Gamgee -- and perhaps Gimli son of Glóin who, it is said, accompanied his friend Legolas to Valinor.
In Tolkien 's works Valinor is the home of the Valar (singular Vala), spirits that often take humanoid form, sometimes called "gods '' by the Men of Middle - earth. Other residents of Valinor include the related but less powerful spirits, the Maiar, and most of the Eldar. Valinor lies in Aman, a continent west of Middle - earth. Ekkaia, the encircling sea surrounds both Aman and Middle - earth.
Valinor is located in the middle of Aman, in the tropical and subtropical latitudes. The land has a warm climate generally, though snow falls on the peaks of the Pelóri, the mountains that border Valinor. Every animal and plant found elsewhere in Middle - earth exists in Valinor along with species endemic to Valinor.
While Valinor proper is the part of Aman inside the Pelóri, the "shore of Valinor '' where the Elves live is considered a part of Valinor as well.
Each Vala has its own region of the land where it resides and alters things as it pleases. The Mansions of Manwë and Varda, two of the most powerful spirits, stood upon Taniquetil, the highest mountain of the Pelóri. Yavanna, the Vala of Earth, Growth, and Harvest, resided in the Pastures of Yavanna in the south of the land, west of the Pelóri. Near - by were the mansions of Yavanna 's spouse, Aulë the Smith, who made the Dwarves. Oromë, the Vala of the Hunt, lived in the Woods of Oromë to the north - east of the pastures. Nienna, the lonely Vala of Sorrow and Endurance, lived in the far west of the island where she spent her days crying about all the evil of the world, looking out to sea. Just south of Nienna 's home, and to the north of the pastures, were the Halls of Mandos. Mandos was the Vala of the After - life. Also living in the Halls of Mandos was his spouse Vairë the weaver, who weaves the threads of time. To the east of the Halls of Mandos is the Isle of Estë, which is situated in the middle of the lake of Lórellin, which in turn lies to the north of the Gardens of Lórien (not to be confused with Lothlórien in Middle - earth). Estë and Lórien were married.
In east - central Valinor at the Girdle of Arda (the Equator of Tolkien 's world) is Valmar, the capital of Valinor (also called Valimar or the City of Bells), the residence of the Valar and the Maiar in the realm of Valinor. The first house of the Elves, the Vanyar, settled there as well. The mound of Ezellohar, on which stood the Two Trees, and Máhanaxar, the Ring of Doom, are outside Valmar. Farther east is the Calacirya, the only easy pass through the Pelóri, a huge mountain range fencing Valinor on three sides, created to keep Morgoth 's forces out. In the pass is the city Tirion, built on a hill, the city of the Noldor Elves. By the shore of the sea, north - east of Tirion, is the Telerin Elves ' port Alqualondë.
Directly east of the shore of Valinor is the isle of Tol Eressëa, where the Elves later built the city of Avallónë and where the Teleri lived for centuries before moving to Valinor itself.
In the northern inner foothills of the Pelóri, hundreds of miles north of Valmar was Fëanor 's city of Formenos, built upon his banishment from Tirion.
In the extreme north - east, beyond the Pelóri, was the Helcaraxë, a vast ice sheet that joined the two continents of Aman and Middle - earth before the War of Wrath. A long chain of islands called the Enchanted Isles were raised along the east coast Aman, to prevent anyone from reaching Aman by sea, without the blessing of the Valar.
After the destruction of Númenor, the Undying Lands were removed from Arda so that Men could not reach them. The Elves could go there only by the Straight Road and in ships capable of passing out of the spheres of the earth.
The size of Valinor is not specified in the text, and Tolkien created no detailed maps of Aman. The maps of Karen Wynn Fonstad, based on Tolkien 's rough sketch of Arda 's landmasses and seas, show Valinor about 800 miles wide, west to east (from the Great Sea to the Outer Sea), and about 3000 miles long north to south - similar in size to the United States. The entire continent of Aman runs from the Arctic latitudes of the Helcaraxë to the subarctic southern region of Middle - earth - about 7000 miles.
Valinor was established on the western continent Aman when Melkor (a Vala later named Morgoth, "the black foe '', by the Elves) destroyed the Valar 's original home on the island Almaren. To defend their new home from attack, they raised the Pelóri Mountains. They also established Valimar, the radiant Two Trees, and their abiding places. Valinor was said to have surpassed Almaren in beauty.
Later, the Valar heard of the awakening of the Elves in Middle - earth, where Melkor was unopposed. They proposed to bring the Elves to the safety of Valinor. However, to get Elves to Valinor, they needed to get Melkor out of the way. A war was fought, and Melkor 's stronghold Utumno was destroyed. Then, many Elves came to Valinor, and established their cities Tirion and Alqualonde, beginning Valinor 's age of glory.
There was a problem, however. Melkor had come back to Valinor as a prisoner, and after three Ages was brought before the Valar and he sued for pardon, with a vow to assist the Valar and make amends for the hurts he had done. Manwë then granted him pardon, but confined him within Valmar to remain under watch. After his release, Melkor started planting seeds of dissent in the minds of the Elves (particularly, the Noldor - the Vanyar would not hear him and Melkor considered the Teleri weak) in Valinor, saying that the Valar had brought them here so that they would control them and claim their lands in Middle - earth as their own and that they were prisoners of the Valar. He also created dissent between Fëanor and his brothers Fingolfin and Finarfin.
Belatedly, the Valar learned what Melkor had done. Knowing that he was discovered, Melkor went to the home of the Noldorin elves ' High King Finwë and stole the Noldorin elves ' prized jewels, the Silmarils, killing the king in the process. Melkor destroyed the Two Trees of Valinor with the help of Ungoliant, bringing an endless night to Valinor, then fled back to Middle - earth, to his other stronghold, Angband.
The Two Trees, from which all light both in Valinor and in Middle - earth came, were dead. The last flowers of the Trees were given to two Maiar, each in their own ship, to sail around the world at different times of the day so that neither Valinor nor Middle - earth would be in darkness. One was called the Sun, and it shone a bright yellow. The other was called the Moon and it shone with a pale white light.
As a result of the killing of king Finwë, the majority of the Noldor, led by Fëanor son of Finwë, the maker of the Silmarils, declared their rebellion and decided to pursue Melkor, afterwards known as Morgoth, to Middle - earth to win back their jewels and avenge their king. The Noldor would not listen to Manwë, the lord of the Valar, telling them that they had themselves come to Valinor of their own free will and that the Valar had no desire to rule or control any of them. But Manwë 's messenger said also that if they choose to leave and to fight Melkor on their own, the Valar would not help them and that they would suffer great pain and grief on their journey.
Valinor took no part in the struggle between the Noldor and Morgoth, but when the Noldor were in total defeat, the mariner Eärendil convinced the Valar to make a last attack on Morgoth. A mighty host of Maiar, Vanyar and the remaining Noldor in Valinor destroyed Morgoth 's gigantic army, destroyed Angband and cast Morgoth into the void.
During the Second Age, Valinor performed a single action: the building of the island Andor as a reward to the Edain (who had fought with the Noldor), where they established Númenor. Soon, the kingdom of Númenor grew powerful, and even invaded Valinor. Then Eru Ilúvatar was called upon by the Valar and the island was destroyed, Aman was lifted out of Arda, and the world was bereft of Valar. Arda then became spherical and was left for Men to govern.
During the Third Age, recognizing that an outright confrontation with dark Maia Sauron would be disastrous, the Valar sent the Istari to Middle - earth with the intent of giving counsel to Men in their resistance to the growing power of the Dark Lord.
In the Arcanis Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting the word "Valinor '' also refers to celestial servants of the Gods. Their names often are in the style of the god, such as the Mercy of Neroth or the Judgement of Nier.
In the 2003 pinball game (by Stern Pinball), Valinor is the game 's final "Wizard Mode ''.
The Townes van Zandt song, "The Silver Ships of Andilar '', makes mention of a land called Valinor, although it is unclear if it is meant to be the same location, since van Zandt describes it as a lifeless plain. The song could be telling the story of Númenóreans sailing the Encircling Sea to reach Valinor. Aldarion was not only a mariner, but a Númenórean king as well. Van Zandt also describes a "lifeless plain '' as only immortal beings are allowed to live in Valinor.
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first cemetery of the spanish and portuguese synagogue | First Shearith Israel Graveyard - wikipedia
First Shearith Israel Graveyard -- also known as Chatham Square Cemetery -- is a tiny Jewish graveyard at 55 - 57 St James Place in Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is the oldest of three Manhattan graveyards currently maintained by Congregation Shearith Israel (Hebrew, "Remnant of Israel ''), which is itself the oldest Jewish congregation in North America. (The Congregation was formed by Spanish and Portuguese Sephardic Jewish immigrants in 1654.) Today, the cemetery is a mere fragment of its original extent. Only about a hundred headstones and above ground tombs can still be seen in what remains of the old burial ground, which rises slightly above street level. It is the only remaining 17th century structure in Manhattan.
What is now called the "First Shearith Israel Graveyard, '' near Chatham Square in Lower Manhattan, was in use from 1683 to 1833. An older cemetery called "Beth Haim, '' dated to 1656 -- two years after the community arrived, was located around the corner of Madison and Oliver Streets. The site for First Shearith Israel Graveyard was originally on a hill overlooking the East River in an open area at the northern periphery of the British - Dutch colonial settlement. The plot was purchased in 1682 by Joseph Bueno de Mesquita, and its first interment was for his relative, Benjamin Bueno de Mesquita, the following year. The cemetery expanded in the 1700s so that at one point it extended from Chatham Square over what is now the upper part of Oliver Street down to Bancker (now Madison) Street.
In a letter in 1776, a staff officer of General George Washington recommended emplacing an artillery battery "at the foot of the Jews ' burying ground '' to help secure Long Island Sound. American prisoners of war were buried en masse in entrenchments beyond the graveyard. In 1823, a city ordinance prohibited burials south of Canal Street, compelling the congregation to rely on its second burial ground, consecrated in 1805 at West 11th Street in Greenwich Village. (Notwithstanding this, a few more burials took place at Chatham Square up to 1833.) Much of this burden was alleviated in 1829, when Shearith Israel 's third cemetery was consecrated at 21st Street just west of 6th Avenue.
Encroaching development and erosion necessitated several instances over the years in which the congregation was forced reduce the size of the Chatham Square Cemetery and disinter bodies, which were moved to their three other graveyards. In 1851, city public health officials prohibited burial south of 86th Street and in partnership with other synagogues, the congregation purchased a large plot of land in Ridgewood, Queens as a fourth cemetery. The most notable of these instances was in 1855, when a large portion of the cemetery was seized by eminent domain. This accommodated expansion of the Bowery -- including the cut - through of today 's St. James Place -- and some 256 graves were removed.
Today, access to the cemetery is by appointment only.
From 1656 until 1825, all of the practicing Jews of New York City belonged to the Shearith Israel congregation and were buried here, including 22 who fought in the Revolutionary War. Among the notable interees (which may include those whose bodies were later removed) were...
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van morrison tell me something the songs of mose allison | Tell Me Something: the songs of Mose Allison - wikipedia
Tell Me Something: The Songs of Mose Allison is a collaboration by Northern Irish singer - songwriter Van Morrison, Georgie Fame, Mose Allison and Ben Sidran, released in 1996. It charted at # 1 on the Top Jazz Albums chart.
The entire recording for this album was done in a day and all of the performances were live first or second takes. Featuring the songs of Mose Allison, the performers were Allison himself, Georgie Fame, Ben Sidran, and Van Morrison, a longtime admirer of Allison 's work. The horns were arranged by Pee Wee Ellis. Morrison said he had wanted to make the record for a long time. Liner notes are by Ben Sidran.
Ben Sidran had said this on working with Van Morrison in the studio for the album:
Heʼs exactly as he appears to be onstage. He never does anything the same way twice. Everything put down in the studio is done live, so whatever you play will likely end up on the finished record.
All songs written by Mose Allison.
Album - Billboard (North America)
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who is the most decorated female tennis player | List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions - wikipedia
List of Women 's singles Grand Slam tournaments tennis champions. Note that some major changes have taken place over the years that have affected how many titles have been won by various players. Most notable included the elimination of the challenge round in 1922, the opening of the French national championships to international competition in 1925, and the allowing in of professional players in 1968 (the start of the ' Open ' era). Since then, 45 women have won at least one grand slam.
In the last 50 years, 48 * different women have won one or more major singles title. * Monica Seles is listed under United States, FR Yugoslavia & SFR Yugoslavia.
Only three players have been able to win all four Majors in a single year.
(Date listed is the year the player first won each tournament. Last one marked in bold)
^ Years are italicized where a player won more than once in a calendar year
Only five countries: Australia, United States, Belgium, Russia and Italy, have had two countrywomen play in a Grand Slam final that took place after 1968.
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who adapted the greek alphabet to the slavic languages | Early Cyrillic alphabet - wikipedia
The Early Cyrillic alphabet is a writing system that was developed during the late ninth century on the basis of the Greek alphabet for the Orthodox Slavic population in Europe. It was developed in the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire in order to write the Old Church Slavonic language. The modern Cyrillic script is still used primarily for Slavic languages, and for East European and Asian languages that were under Russian cultural influence during the 20th century.
The earliest form of manuscript Cyrillic, known as ustav, was based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and by letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek.
The Glagolitic alphabet was created by the monk Saint Cyril, possibly with the aid of his brother Saint Methodius, around 863. Cyrillic, on the other hand, may have been a creation of Cyril 's students (most notable of which was Clement of Ohrid) in the 890s at the Preslav Literary School under Bulgarian Tsar Simeon the Great as a more suitable script for church books, though retaining the original Bulgarian symbols in Glagolitic. An alternative hypothesis proposes that it emerged in the border regions of Greek proselytization to the Slavs before it was codified and adapted by some systematizer among the Slavs; the oldest Cyrillic manuscripts look very similar to 9th and 10th century Greek uncial manuscripts, and the majority of uncial Cyrillic letters were identical to their Greek uncial counterparts. One possibility is that this systematization of Cyrillic was undertaken at the Council of Preslav in 893, when the Old Church Slavonic liturgy was adopted by the Bulgarian Empire.
The Cyrillic alphabet was very well suited for the writing of Old Church Slavic, generally following a principle of "one letter for one significant sound '', with some arbitrary or phonotactically - based exceptions. Particularly, this principle is violated by certain vowel letters, which represent (j) plus the vowel if they are not preceded by a consonant. It is also violated by a significant failure to distinguish between / ji / and / jĭ / orthographically. There was no distinction of capital and lowercase letters, though manuscript letters were rendered larger for emphasis, or in various decorative initial and nameplate forms. Letters served as numerals as well as phonetic signs; the values of the numerals were directly borrowed from their Greek - letter analogues. Letters without Greek equivalents mostly had no numeral values, whereas one letter, koppa, had only a numeric value with no phonetic value.
Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to changes in spoken language and developed regional variations to suit the features of national languages. It has been the subject of academic reforms and political decrees. Variations of the Cyrillic script are used to write languages throughout Eastern Europe and Asia.
The form of the Russian alphabet underwent a change when Tsar Peter the Great introduced the Civil Script (Russian: гражданскій шрифтъ, graždanskij šrift, or граждaнкa, graždanka, in contrast to the prevailing Church Typeface, Russian: церковнославя́нскій шрифтъ, cerkovnoslavjanskij šrift) in 1708. Some letters and breathing marks which were only used for historical reasons were dropped. Medieval letterforms used in typesetting were harmonized with Latin typesetting practices, exchanging medieval forms for Baroque ones, and skipping the western European Renaissance developments. The reform subsequently influenced Cyrillic orthographies for most other languages. Today, the early orthography and typesetting standards only remain in use in Church Slavonic.
A comprehensive repertoire of early Cyrillic characters is included in the Unicode since version 5.1 standard, which published on April 4, 2008. These characters and their distinctive letterforms are represented in specialized computer fonts for Slavistics.
In addition to the basic letters, there were a number of scribal variations, combining ligatures, and regionalisms used, all of which varied over time.
Each letter had a numeric value also, inherited from the corresponding Greek letter. A titlo over a sequence of letters indicated their use as a number; usually this was accompanied by a dot on either side of the letter. In numerals, the ones place was to the left of the tens place, the reverse of the order used in modern Arabic numerals. Thousands are formed using a special symbol, ҂ (U + 0482), which was attached to the lower left corner of the numeral. Many fonts display this symbol incorrectly as being in line with the letters instead of subscripted below and to the left of them.
Titlos were also used to form abbreviations, especially of nomina sacra; this was done by writing the first and last letter of the abbreviated word along with the word 's grammatical endings, then placing a titlo above it. Later manuscripts made increasing use of a different style of abbreviation, in which some of the left - out letters were superscripted above the abbreviation and covered with a pokrytie diacritic.
Several diacritics, adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used, but were seemingly redundant (these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right):
Punctuation systems in early Cyrillic manuscripts were primitive: there was no space between words and no upper and lower case, and punctuation marks were used inconsistently in all manuscripts.
Some of these marks are also used in Glagolitic script.
Used only in modern texts
l 1
l 5
l 150
l 152
l 179 Old Testament, Genesis
l 183 folio 2
l 269
l 296 folio 6 verso
Ostromir Gospels
Sava 's book
Khitrovo Gospels
Miroslav Gospel
Arkhangelsk Gospel
Andronikov Gospels
Media related to early Cyrillic alphabet at Wikimedia Commons
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where did the first kefir grains come from | Kefir - wikipedia
Kefir or kephir (/ kəˈfɪər / kə - FEER), alternatively milk kefir or búlgaros, is a fermented milk drink that originated in the Caucasus Mountains made with kefir "grains '', a yeast / bacterial fermentation starter. It is prepared by inoculating cow, goat, or sheep milk with kefir grains. Traditional kefir was made in goatskin bags that were hung near a doorway; the bag would be knocked by anyone passing through to help keep the milk and kefir grains well mixed.
The word kefir, known in Russian since at least 1884, is probably of Caucasian origin, although some sources see a connection to Turkic köpür (foam) or kef (a word of Persian origin meaning foam or bubbles). Kefir has become the most commonly used term, but other names are found in different geographic regions.
Traditional kefir is fermented at ambient temperatures, generally overnight. Fermentation of the lactose yields a sour, carbonated, slightly alcoholic beverage, with a consistency and taste similar to thin yogurt.
The kefir grains initiating the fermentation are a combination of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts in a matrix of proteins, lipids, and sugars. This symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (or SCOBY) forms "grains '' that resemble cauliflower. A complex and highly variable community of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts can be found in these grains, although some predominate; Lactobacillus species are always present. Even successive batches of kefir may differ due to factors such as the kefir grains rising out of the milk while fermenting or curds forming around the grains, as well as room temperature.
Kefir grains contain kefiran, a water - soluble polysaccharide, which imparts a creamy texture and feeling in the mouth. The grains range in color from white (the acceptable color of healthy grains) to yellow. The latter is the outcome of leaving the grains in the same milk during fermentation for longer than the optimal 24 - hour period and continually doing so over many batches. Grains may grow to the size of walnuts or even larger.
The composition of kefir depends greatly on the type of milk that was fermented, including the concentration of vitamin B.
During fermentation, changes in composition of nutrients and other ingredients occur. Lactose, the sugar present in milk, is broken down mostly to lactic acid (25 %) by the lactic acid bacteria, which results in acidification of the product. Propionibacteria further break down some of the lactic acid into propionic acid (these bacteria also carry out the same fermentation in Swiss cheese). A portion of lactose is converted to kefiran, which is indigestible by gastric digestion. Other substances that contribute to the flavor of kefir are pyruvic acid, acetic acid, diacetyl and acetoin (both of which contribute a "buttery '' flavor), citric acid, acetaldehyde, and amino acids resulting from protein breakdown.
The slow - acting yeasts, late in the fermentation process, break lactose down into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Depending on the process, ethanol concentration can be as high as 1 -- 2 % (achieved by small - scale dairies early in the 20th century), with the kefir having a bubbly appearance and carbonated taste. This makes kefir different from yogurt and most other sour milk products where only bacteria ferment the lactose into acids. Most modern processes, which use shorter fermentation times, result in much lower ethanol concentrations of 0.2 -- 0.3 %.
As a result of the fermentation, very little lactose remains in kefir. People with lactose intolerance are able to tolerate kefir, provided the number of live bacteria present in this beverage consumed is high enough (i.e., fermentation has proceeded for adequate time). It has also been shown that fermented milk products have a slower transit time than milk, which may further improve lactose digestion.
For the preparation of commercially - prepared kefir, so - called mild kefir, kefir grains are no longer used, but rather a powdered preparation of bacteria and yeast, allowing the flavor to be kept constant.
Variations that thrive in various other liquids exist, and vary markedly from kefir in both appearance and microbial composition. Water kefir (or tibicos) is grown for a day or more at room temperature in water with sugar, sometimes with lemon juice and added dry fruit such as figs.
Kefir products contain nutrients in varying amounts from negligible to significant, including dietary minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, and conjugated linoleic acid, in amounts similar to unfermented cow, goat, or sheep milk. At a pH of 4.2 - 4.6, kefir is composed mainly of water and by - products of the fermentation process, including carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Typical of milk, several dietary minerals are found in kefir, such as calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and zinc in amounts that have not been standardized to a reputable nutrient database. Also similar to milk, kefir contains vitamins in variable amounts, including vitamin A, vitamin B (thiamine), vitamin B (riboflavin), vitamin B (niacin), vitamin B (pyridoxine), vitamin B (folic acid), vitamin B (cyanocobalamin), vitamin C, vitamin D, and vitamin E. Essential amino acids found in kefir include methionine, cysteine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, and valine, as for any milk product.
Probiotic bacteria found in kefir products include Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens, Lactococcus lactis, and Leuconostoc species.
Lactobacilli in kefir may exist in concentrations varying from approximately 1 million to 1 billion colony - forming units per milliliter and are the bacteria responsible for the synthesis of the polysaccharide kefiran.
In addition to bacteria, kefir often contains strains of yeast that can metabolize lactose, such as Kluyveromyces marxianus, Kluyveromyces lactis, and Saccharomyces fragilis, as well as strains of yeast that do not metabolize lactose, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Kazachstania unispora. The nutritional significance of these strains is unknown.
Production of traditional kefir requires a starter community of kefir grains which are added to milk.
The traditional or artisanal method of making kefir is to add 2 -- 10 % kefir grains directly to milk in a sealed goatskin leather bag, which is traditionally agitated one or more times a day. Today the leather bag is replaced with a corrosion - resistant container such as a glass jar. It is not filled to capacity, allowing room for some expansion, as the carbon dioxide gas produced causes the liquid level to rise. Non-lightproof containers are stored in the dark to prevent degradation of light - sensitive vitamins. After a period of fermentation lasting around 24 hours, ideally at 20 -- 25 ° C (68 -- 77 ° F), the grains are strained from the liquid using a corrosion - resistant (stainless steel or plastic) utensil and kept as the starter for another batch.
The fermented liquid - kefir, which contains live micro-organisms from the grains, may be drunk, used in recipes, or kept aside in a sealed container for many days to undergo a slower secondary fermentation in which bio-synthesis by certain micro-organisms increases the content of folic acid and some other B vitamins, and the kefir becomes sourer. The shelf life, unrefrigerated, is up to thirty days. The grains enlarge in the process of kefir production and eventually split.
The Russian method permits production of kefir on a larger scale and uses two fermentations. The first step is to prepare the cultures by incubating milk with 2 -- 3 % grains as described. The grains are then removed by filtration and 1 -- 3 % of the resulting liquid mother culture is added to milk and fermented for 12 to 18 hours.
Kefir can be made using freeze - dried cultures commonly available in powder form from health food stores. A portion of the resulting kefir can be saved to be used a number of times to propagate further fermentations but ultimately does not form grains, so a fresh culture must be obtained.
Kefir grains will ferment the milk from most mammals and will continue to grow in such milk. Typical animal milks used include cow, goat, and sheep, each with varying organoleptic (flavor, aroma, and texture) and nutritional qualities. Raw milk has been traditionally used.
Kefir grains will also ferment milk substitutes such as soy milk, rice milk, nut milk and coconut milk, as well as other sugary liquids including fruit juice, coconut water, beer wort, and ginger beer. However, the kefir grains may cease growing if the medium used does not contain all the growth factors required by the bacteria.
Milk sugar is not essential for the synthesis of the polysaccharide that makes up the grains (kefiran), and rice hydrolysate is a suitable alternative medium. Additionally, kefir grains will reproduce when fermenting soy milk, although they will change in appearance and size due to the differing proteins available to them.
Kefir, first consumed in the Caucasus, Russia and Central Asian countries for centuries, spread to the rest of Europe, Japan, the United States by early 21st century. In Chile, where it is known as "yogur de pajaritos '' (little birds ' yogurt), kefir has been regularly consumed for over a century.
As it contains Lactobacillus bacteria, kefir can be used to make a sourdough bread. It is also useful as a buttermilk substitute in baking. Kefir is one of the main ingredients in borscht in Lithuania, also known in Poland as Lithuanian cold soup (chłodnik litewski), and other countries.
Kefir - based soup okroshka is popular across the former Soviet Union.
Kefir may be used in place of milk on cereal, granola, milkshakes, soup, salad dressing, ice cream, smoothies and soup.
Despite intensive research and many attempts to produce kefir grains from the pure or mixed cultures that are normally present in the grains, no successful results have been reported.
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what are the fish that swim on sharks | Remora - wikipedia
Echeneididae
The remoras / ˈrɛmərəz /, sometimes called suckerfish, are a family (Echeneidae) of ray - finned fish in the order Perciformes. They grow to 7 -- 75 cm (2.8 in -- 2 ft 5.5 in) long. Their distinctive first dorsal fins take the form of a modified oval, sucker - like organ with slat - like structures that open and close to create suction and take a firm hold against the skin of larger marine animals. The disk is made up of stout, flexible membranes that can be raised and lowered to generate suction. By sliding backward, the remora can increase the suction, or it can release itself by swimming forward. Remoras sometimes attach to small boats, and have been observed attaching to divers as well. They swim well on their own, with a sinuous, or curved, motion.
Remora front dorsal fins have evolved to enable them to adhere by suction to smooth surfaces and they spend their lives clinging to a host animal such as a whale, turtle, shark or ray. It is probably a mutualistic arrangement as the remora can move around on the host, removing ectoparasites and loose flakes of skin, while benefiting from the protection provided by the host, and the constant flow of water across its gills. Although it was initially believed that remoras fed off particulate matter from the host 's meals, this has been shown a falsehood; in reality their diets are composed primarily of host feces instead.
Remoras are tropical open - ocean dwellers, but are occasionally found in temperate or coastal waters if they have attached to large fish that have wandered into these areas. In the mid-Atlantic, spawning usually takes place in June and July; in the Mediterranean, it occurs in August and September. The sucking disc begins to show when the young fish are about 1 cm (0.4 in) long. When the remora reaches about 3 cm (1.2 in), the disc is fully formed and the remora can then attach to other animals. The remora 's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and the animal lacks a swim bladder.
Some remoras associate with specific host species. They are commonly found attached to sharks, manta rays, whales, turtles, and dugongs (hence the common names "sharksucker '' and "whalesucker ''). Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and swordfish, and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish and sailfish.
The relationship between a remora and its host is most often taken to be one of commensalism, specifically phoresy.
Research into the physiology of the remora has been of significant benefit to the understanding of ventilation costs in fish.
Remoras, like many other fishes, have two different modes of ventilation. Ram ventilation is the process in which at higher speeds, the remora uses the force of the water moving past it to create movement of fluid in the gills. Alternatively, at lower speeds the remora will use a form of active ventilation, in which the fish actively moves fluid through its gills. In order to use active ventilation, a fish must actively use energy to move the fluid; however, determining this energy cost is normally complicated due to the movement of the fish when using either method. As a result, the remora has proved invaluable in finding this cost difference (since they will stick to a shark or tube, and hence remain stationary despite the movement or lack thereof of water). Experimental data from studies on remora found that the associated cost for active ventilation created a 3.7 -- 5.1 % increased energy consumption in order to maintain the same quantity of fluid flow the fish obtained by using ram ventilation.
Other research into the remora 's physiology came about as a result of studies across multiple taxa, or using the remora as an out - group for certain evolutionary studies. Concerning the latter case, remoras were used as an outgroup when investigating tetrodotoxin resistance in remoras, pufferfish, and related species, finding remoras (specifically Echeneis naucrates) had a resistance of 6.1 -- 5.5 × 10 M.
Some cultures use remoras to catch turtles. A cord or rope is fastened to the remora 's tail, and when a turtle is sighted, the fish is released from the boat; it usually heads directly for the turtle and fastens itself to the turtle 's shell, and then both remora and turtle are hauled in. Smaller turtles can be pulled completely into the boat by this method, while larger ones are hauled within harpooning range. This practice has been reported throughout the Indian Ocean, especially from eastern Africa near Zanzibar and Mozambique, and from northern Australia near Cape York and Torres Strait.
Similar reports come from Japan and from the Americas. Some of the first records of the "fishing fish '' in the Western literature come from the accounts of the second voyage of Christopher Columbus. However, Leo Wiener considers the Columbus accounts to be apocryphal: what was taken for accounts of the Americas may have been, in fact, notes Columbus derived from accounts of the East Indies, his desired destination.
In ancient times, the remora was believed to stop a ship from sailing. In Latin, remora means "delay '', while the genus name Echeneis comes from Greek εχειν, echein ("to hold '') and ναυς, naus ("a ship ''). In a notable account by Pliny the Elder, the remora is blamed for the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium and, indirectly, for the death of Caligula. A modern version of the story is given by Jorge Luis Borges in Book of Imaginary Beings (1957).
Live sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates
Common remora, Remora remora
Nurse shark with remoras attending
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which one of the following is not a land locked country | Landlocked country - wikipedia
A landlocked state or landlocked country is a sovereign state entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are currently 49 such countries, including five partially recognised states. Only two, Bolivia and Paraguay in South America, lie outside Afro - Eurasia (the Old World).
As a rule, being landlocked creates political and economic handicaps that access to the high seas avoids. For this reason, states large and small across history have striven to gain access to open waters, even at great expense in wealth, bloodshed, and political capital.
The economic disadvantages of being landlocked can be alleviated or aggravated depending on degree of development, language barriers, and other considerations. Some historically landlocked countries are quite affluent, such as Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, and Austria, all of which frequently employ neutrality to their political advantage. The majority, however, are classified as Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs). 9 of the 12 countries with the lowest Human Development Indices (HDI) are landlocked.
Historically, being landlocked has been disadvantageous to a country 's development. It cuts a nation off from important sea resources such as fishing, and impedes or prevents direct access to seaborne trade, a crucial component of economic and social advance. As such, coastal regions tended to be wealthier and more heavily populated than inland ones. Paul Collier in his book The Bottom Billion argues that being landlocked in a poor geographic neighborhood is one of four major development "traps '' by which a country can be held back. In general, he found that when a neighboring country experiences better growth, it tends to spill over into favorable development for the country itself. For landlocked countries, the effect is particularly strong, as they are limited in their trading activity with the rest of the world. He states, "If you are coastal, you serve the world; if you are landlocked, you serve your neighbors. '' Others have argued that being landlocked may actually be a blessing as it creates a "natural tariff barrier '' which protects the country from cheap imports. In some instances, this has led to more robust local food systems.
Landlocked developing countries have significantly higher costs of international cargo transportation compared to coastal developing countries (in Asia the ratio is 3: 1).
Countries thus have made particular efforts to avoid being landlocked, by acquiring land that reaches the sea:
Countries can make agreements on getting free transport of goods through neighbour countries:
Losing access to the sea is generally a great blow to a nation, politically, militarily, and economically. The following are examples of countries becoming landlocked.
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea now gives a landlocked country a right of access to and from the sea without taxation of traffic through transit states. The United Nations has a programme of action to assist landlocked developing countries, and the current responsible Undersecretary - General is Anwarul Karim Chowdhury.
Some countries have a long coastline, but much of it may not be readily usable for trade and commerce. For instance, in its early history, Russia 's only ports were on the Arctic Ocean and frozen shut for much of the year. The wish to gain control of a warm - water port was a major motivator of Russian expansion towards the Baltic Sea, Black Sea and Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, some landlocked countries can have access to the ocean along wide navigable rivers. For instance, Paraguay (and Bolivia to a lesser extent) have access to the ocean by the Paraguay and Parana rivers.
Several countries have coastlines on landlocked seas, such as the Caspian and the Dead. Since these seas are in effect lakes without access to wider seaborne trade, countries such as Kazakhstan are still considered landlocked. Although the Caspian Sea is connected to the Black Sea via the man - made Volga -- Don Canal, large oceangoing ships are unable to traverse it.
Landlocked countries may be bordered by a single country having access to the high seas, two or more such countries, or be surrounded by other landlocked countries, making a country doubly landlocked.
Three countries are landlocked by a single country (enclaved countries):
Seven landlocked countries are surrounded by only two mutually bordering neighbours (semi-enclaved countries):
To this group could be added two de facto states with no or limited international recognition:
A country is "doubly landlocked '' or "double - landlocked '' when it is surrounded entirely by one or more landlocked countries (requiring the crossing of at least two national borders to reach a coastline).
There were no doubly landlocked countries in recent times from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I. Liechtenstein bordered the Austro - Hungarian Empire, which had an Adriatic coastline, and Uzbekistan was then part of the Russian Empire, which had both ocean and sea access.
With the dissolution of Austria - Hungary in 1918 and creation of an independent, landlocked Austria, Liechtenstein became the sole doubly landlocked country until 1938. In the Nazi Anschluss that year, Austria was absorbed into the Third Reich, which possessed a border on the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. After World War II, Austria regained its independence and Liechtenstein once again became doubly landlocked.
Uzbekistan, which had been absorbed by the new Soviet Union upon the toppling of the Russian throne in 1917, gained its independence with the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in 1991 and became the second doubly landlocked country.
However, Uzbekistan 's doubly landlocked status depends on the Caspian Sea 's status dispute: some countries, especially Iran and Turkmenistan, claim that the Caspian Sea should be considered as a real sea (mainly because this way they would have larger oil and gas fields), which would make Uzbekistan only a simple landlocked country because its neighbours Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have access to the Caspian Sea.
They can be grouped in contiguous groups as follows:
If Transnistria is included then Moldova and Transnistria form their own cluster, listed in parentheses in the table.
If it were not for the 40 km (25 mi) of coastline at Muanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo would join the two African clusters into one, making them the biggest contiguous group in the world. Also, the Central Asian and Caucasian clusters can be considered contiguous, joined by the landlocked Caspian Sea. Mongolia is almost part of this cluster too, being separated from Kazakhstan by only 30 km (19 mi), across Russian or Chinese territory.
There are the following "single '' landlocked countries (each of them borders no other landlocked country):
If the Caucasian countries and Kazakhstan are counted as part of Europe, then Europe has the most landlocked countries, at 20. If these transcontinental countries are included in Asia, then Africa has the most, at 16. Depending on the status of the three transcontinental countries, Asia has between 9 and 15, while South America has only 2. North America and Australia are the only continents with no landlocked countries (not including Antarctica, which has no countries).
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when is a wrinkle in time going to be released | A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film) - wikipedia
A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell, based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle. The film stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Gugu Mbatha - Raw, Michael Peña, Storm Reid, Zach Galifianakis, and Chris Pine, and follows a young girl who, with the help of three astral travelers, sets off on a quest to find her father, who went missing after discovering a new planet.
Principal photography began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California. With a production budget of over $100 million, the film became the first live - action film with a nine - digit budget to be directed by a woman of color. A Wrinkle in Time was released by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States on March 9, 2018, in Disney Digital 3 - D, Real D 3D, and IMAX. The film received mixed reviews, with critics "taking issue with the film 's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes '' while "celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity. ''
Thirteen - year - old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex, a well - renowned scientist, mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics. Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity 's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world.
During the night, Meg 's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house. She mentions the tesseract, a type of space - travel Alex was working on, is real, and leaves soon after. The next day, one of Meg 's classmates, Calvin O'Keefe, joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who, another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace.
When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard, Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman, Mrs. Which, who is the oldest and appears as a giant. The three reveal themselves as astral travelers, and lead Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel.
Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature, and takes the children up into the atmosphere, where they see a dark shadow known as The IT. Mrs. Which tells Meg her father 's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT, a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe. Gaining the women 's trust, Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides.
The Happy Medium shows them Meg 's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz, The IT 's homeworld. Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed, anger, pride, selfishness, and low self - esteem in the world. Showing them examples of these characteristics, Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school, he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self - conscious. The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup, but Meg 's refusal messes with the tesseract, and they travel to Camazotz instead.
Upon arriving on Camazotz, Mrs. Which, Mrs. Whatsit, and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz 's evil is stronger than their light. Before they depart, they bestow gifts upon Meg; these include Mrs. Who 's glasses, the knowledge of Meg 's faults, and the command to never separate.
The trio treks through Camazotz 's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT 's bodyguard, Red. He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy. He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here, but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand. When Red starts repeating the times tables, Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm, allowing the IT to take full control of his mind.
When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace, they find themselves in a seemingly empty room. Using Mrs. Who 's glasses, Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner. After bringing him out of captivity, the IT 's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master. As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT 's power, Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children, abandoning Charles Wallace. Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself, leaving her alone. When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption, she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power. Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect, Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity. The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself.
Returning home, Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways, while Veronica became nice to her. The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father.
In October 2010, it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time, by Madeleine L'Engle, which had previously been made as a 2003 television film. Following the financial success of Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland (2010), Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios. Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films. The project 's budget was slated to be $35 million, which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia, both of which were made for less than $30 million. On August 5, 2014, Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter, taking over from Stockwell, who wrote the first draft. On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film, and she was confirmed to direct later that same month. She became the first woman of color to direct a live - action film with a production budget over $100 million.
On July 26, 2016, Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film, to play Mrs. Which, the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws, celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey. On September 7, 2016, Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film, with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit, who presents as a chatty, grandmotherly hobo, and Kaling set for the quotation - reciting Mrs. Who. On September 13, 2016, Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry, a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before. In October 2016, Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg, Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry, respectively. On November 1, 2016, more cast were announced, including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium, André Holland as Principal Jenkins, Levi Miller as Calvin, and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace, along with Bellamy Young, Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack. Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red. The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand.
Principal photography on the film began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California. After Los Angeles, production moved to New Zealand for two weeks. Tobias A. Schliessler was the film 's cinematographer, Naomi Shohan its production designer, Paco Delgado its costume designer, and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor. During production, DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting.
Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka, California, in Humboldt County, starting on November 29, 2016. Filming also took place at Eureka 's Sequoia Park, located next to Sequoia Park Zoo. None of the film 's major actors were present in Eureka. In mid-December, Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles.
During the last two weeks of February 2017, filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago, New Zealand. Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps, including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea, with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia, by the Māori of New Zealand. Filming wrapped in New Zealand 's South Island after two weeks, and DuVernay declared the cast and crew 's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post.
On September 28, 2017, Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film, replacing Jonny Greenwood, who was initially chosen to compose, and scored the film. On February 20, 2018, it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade, Sia, Kehlani, Chloe x Halle, Freestyle Fellowship, DJ Khaled, and Demi Lovato.
The film was released in the United States on March 9, 2018. It was previously set for an April 6, 2018 release.
DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo; it was released on July 15, 2017.
As of April 3, 2018, A Wrinkle in Time has grossed $86.2 million in the United States and Canada, and just over $21.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $107.4 million. With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement, the film will need to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit.
In the United States and Canada, A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist, Gringo and The Strangers: Prey at Night, and was projected to gross $30 -- 38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $10.2 million on its first day, including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $33.3 million, finishing second behind Disney 's own Black Panther ($41.1 million in its fourth weekend). In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million, dropping 50 % to 4th place.
Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend, with Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 39 % based on 236 reviews, and an average rating of 5.2 / 10. The website 's critical consensus reads, "A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous, big - hearted, and occasionally quite moving; unfortunately, it 's also wildly ambitious to a fault, and often less than the sum of its classic parts. '' On Metacritic, which assigns normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B '' on an A+ to F scale; filmgoers under the age of 18 gave it an average grade of "A -- '' and a PostTrak positive score of 89 %.
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film 's visuals and performances, writing, "Awash in bold colors, bright patterns and ebullient kids, director Ava DuVernay 's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it does n't quite stick the landing. '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C + '' and praised what he described as its ambition, saying: "It almost does n't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power, or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she 's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false. ''
Alex Hudson of Exclaim! gave the film a 5 out of 10, saying that it felt "like a missed opportunity. Rather than a family classic, all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie. '' Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, saying, "... if anything, the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay 's personal touch. In fact, it feels a lot like Brad Bird 's big budget, equally smarmy 2015 Disney film, Tomorrowland. Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human. But universality does n't work that way, no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid. ''
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iron maiden - bring your daughter to the slaughter | Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter - wikipedia
"Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter '' is the second single from the 1990 Iron Maiden album No Prayer for the Dying.
The song was originally recorded and released by Bruce Dickinson for the soundtrack to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child, but Steve Harris liked it so Iron Maiden rerecorded it. It is the only UK No. 1 single for the band to date, in spite of the fact that it received very little airplay on the BBC.
In 1989, while Iron Maiden were taking a break from touring, Zomba asked Dickinson to write a song for A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child. Teaming up with former Gillan (and future Iron Maiden) guitarist Janick Gers, Dickinson recorded the song, which he claims he wrote "in about three minutes, '' and the project was expanded into an album, Tattooed Millionaire. Upon hearing the completed track, Steve Harris decided that it would be "great for Maiden '' and convinced Dickinson not to put it on his solo album.
The original version of the song, which won a Golden Raspberry Award for "Worst Original Song '' in 1989, is, according to Dickinson, "substantially different to the Iron Maiden version, '' explaining that "the arrangement is identical, but mine 's kind of... slinky. Maiden 's just really goes for it. '' Dickinson 's original version was included on disc 2 of The Best of Bruce Dickinson in 2001.
Bruce Dickinson said "We 're going to release this as a single on Christmas Eve to scare the living daylights out of Cliff Richard ''. This led to the song competing with Cliff Richard 's "Saviour 's Day '' for the 1990 Christmas No. 1, but due to not being officially released until the week after Christmas, went straight to No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart on 30 December 1990. This was in spite of a ban by the BBC, who refused to play the song on Radio 1 and only showed a 90 - second live clip for Top of the Pops. The B - side features cover versions of "I 'm a Mover '' (originally by Free) and Led Zeppelin 's "Communication Breakdown ''.
In addition to the standard 7 '' and 12 '' editions, the single was also released as a special edition 7 '' flip - top "brain pack '' edition.
The video clip features footage from The City of the Dead / Horror Hotel (John Llewellyn Moxey, 1960).
Like most songs from the No Prayer for the Dying album, "Bring Your Daughter to the Slaughter '' was rarely played live following the supporting tour, No Prayer on the Road, with the band only performing it on selected dates in 1992, 1993 and 2003.
Production credits are adapted from the 7 inch vinyl, and picture disc covers.
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where are the ping pong shows in phuket | Ping pong show - wikipedia
A ping pong show is a form of stage entertainment that takes place in strip clubs. It is a type of sex show in which women use their pelvic muscles to either hold, eject, or blow objects from their vaginal cavity. Ping pong balls are the most iconic objects used. The show has been popular in Southeast Asia (particularly Bangkok, Thailand) for several decades, and is primarily performed for foreign tourists. The show is in many cases associated with sex tourism and human rights concerns have been raised regarding the performers.
The show typically takes place on a stage or dance platform and often involves a single performer. Usually she performs while lying on her back, although some variations involve a standing performer. The performer is commonly dressed in only a bikini top or bra and has her pubic hair shaved. Items can be inserted into the vagina either on stage as part of the performance or beforehand in preparation. As an alternative to ejecting the items using the pelvic muscles, objects are sometimes pulled out by hand. The earliest versions of the show involved ping pong balls, but other diverse objects have since been used in the performance. They include eggs, bananas, long strings or ribbons, whistles, horns, pens, cigarettes, candles, darts, spinning tops, bottles, firecrackers, razor blades, and chopsticks. Another activity is the shooting of goldfish into a bowl, or stuffing a large frog inside to see how long she can keep it in. A male member of the audience may be brought onto the dance platform to hold a balloon while a dart is shot at it, or the performer may do a shoot around the table at balloons tied to each customer 's chair. Another example of audience participation involves the performer filling her vagina with beer, expelling it into a glass and inviting an audience member to drink it.
The popularity of ping pong shows in Thailand dates back to the early 1980s and a show is featured in the 1976 sexploitation film Emanuelle in Bangkok. The shows are officially prohibited under the obscenity legislation of Thai law, and in 2004 the government further limited what is permitted. Nevertheless, demand from foreign tourists and local police corruption usually results in the practice being implicitly condoned by Thai officials. There are instances of women performing at ping pong shows also working as prostitutes, but in many ping pong show bars performers do not sell sex to customers. Although prostitution in Thailand is not strictly illegal, publicly soliciting and creating a nuisance is.
Locations like Patpong in Bangkok, Walking Street, Pattaya, Bangla Road in Phuket and Ta Pae Gate in Chiang Mai have numerous venues hosting ping - pong shows. Customers are brought in by employees working for the ping - pong shows. They approach tourists and passers - by in streets such as Bangkok 's Khaosan Road during the late evening and ask them if they want to see a show. They are frequently shown pictures of the show in a booklet. The shows take place on the upper floors of bars and strip clubs in locations such as Bangkok 's entertainment district Patpong, while bikini - clad women dance in the ground floor bars. An entry fee is usually charged, often equivalent to around US $ 10, though typically nearer US $ 20 in Bangkok. In some cases, instead of a cover charge, the drinks are priced 3 -- 4 times higher than usual and a purchase is required. Other possible charges can include show fees and exit charges. In addition, performers often go around asking for tips after they have finished their acts.
The Laotian capital Vientiane was once famous for its brothels and ping - pong - show bars during the 1960s and 1970s as a result of the country 's involvement in the Vietnam War. Travel writer Paul Theroux described a bar in 1973 Vientiane thus: "Your eyes get accustomed to the dark and you see the waitress is naked. Without warning she jumps on the chair, pokes a cigarette into her vagina and lights it, puffing it by contracting her uterine lungs. '' British journalist Christopher Robbins wrote that The White Rose, a famous Vientiane bar during the war, featured floor shows in which women used their vaginas to smoke cigarettes and fling ping pong balls. Such shows have since disappeared and brothels are now prohibited by Laotian law.
In the red light district of De Wallen in Amsterdam the Moulin Rouge and Casa Rosso theatres feature on - stage sex shows including variations on the ping pong show.
The ping pong show is designed to get people talking about it so that people will come to the bar to see it. Often customers come only to see the show and leave when it is over. This is good business for the bar, which makes much of its profits from drinks. However, the majority of the bar workers do not participate in the show. Research published in 2002 indicated that most bar workers regard the show as bad for business and do not like it. Many bar workers consider the show to be low - class and in bad taste, boring as it is the same every night, and liable to take attention away from the bar workers by focussing on the acts.
An article in 2009 described an example of the working conditions of women at ping pong shows. The employees arrived at 18: 00 and left at daybreak. They stamped a time card and were penalized 5 baht (US $0.14) for every minute they were late. Each month, they received two nights of leave and, if they did not miss any additional nights, they earned a salary of 6,000 baht (US $181), supplemented by tips. In 2015 the average monthly income in Thailand was $489, according to the International Labour Organization.
Some human rights organizations (such as Not For Sale) have denounced ping pong shows as inherently misogynistic. Taina Bien - Aime of Equality Now commented that: "The attitude that (sex work in places like ping pong shows) is empowering gives a green light to traffickers. We 're trying to fight the commercial sex trade, not empower the sex trade. '' Some of the performers in ping pong shows in Thailand come from poorer neighbouring countries such as Myanmar, Cambodia, or Laos. The closure of factories in Thailand during the Great Recession in the late 2000s led to an increase in unemployment in the country. Some women formerly engaged in factory work moved to Thailand 's red - light districts and ended up working in ping pong shows. Bien - Aime commented: "Working 14 hours (a day) in a factory or blowing ping pong balls out of your vagina should not be a person 's only choices in life. '' Although no pain or suffering is generally experienced by female performers during the show, there have been rare accidents in which performers have been seriously and irreparably injured. The inclusion of a ping pong show scene in the film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert led to the film being criticised on the grounds of sexism and racism.
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indian institute of engineering science and technology botanical garden area howrah west bengal | Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur - Wikipedia
Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (IIEST Shibpur) is a public engineering institution located at Shibpur, Howrah district, West Bengal. It is recognized as an Institute of National Importance under MHRD by the Government of India along with IITs and NITs. The institute offers bachelor 's, master 's and doctorate degrees in engineering and architecture as well as master 's and doctorate degrees in science and management.
Prompted by the idea of meeting the requirement for trained engineering personnel for the Public Works Department, the Council of Education, Bengal, decided to open Civil Engineering classes and a Professorship in Civil Engineering. A college was established on 24 November 1856 named Calcutta Civil Engineering College, training personnel for the Public Works Department, and located at the Writers ' Building, Howrah. With the establishment of Calcutta University on 24 January 1857, the college was affiliated to this university in May 1857. The first degree examination for the Bachelor of Civil Engineering was held in 1864, when two students graduated. In 1865, the college merged with Presidency College, Kolkata and from 1865 to 1869 the college functioned as the Civil Engineering Department of Presidency College. In 1880, the college was shifted to its present campus at Shibpur, Howrah, and was christened the Government College, Howrah, in the premises of Bishop 's College. The college became wholly residential from the year 1889. In 1906 Mining Engineering as a discipline was first started in India in this college to meet the requirements of statutory provision in Indian mines. After independence, Dr. B.C. Roy, the then Chief Minister of West Bengal, revamped the department to satisfy the demand for mining professionals, and the Department of Mining & Geology was reborn in 1956. On 12 February 1920 the name was changed to Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur. The word Shibpur was deleted on 24 March 1921 and it became Bengal Engineering College. The Department of Electrical Engineering came into existence as a separate department from 1912. The B.E. degree course was introduced during 1935 -- 36 with the first batch obtaining the degree from Calcutta University in 1936. The inception of the Mechanical Engineering Department may be traced back to 1921 when a diploma course in Mechanical Engineering was started in this Institute. The first degree course in Mechanical Engineering started in July 1930. The Department of Metallurgy started its journey at the Bengal Engineering College in the year 1939 with the introduction of a three - year degree course in Metallurgy under the Calcutta University. The department is the second oldest metallurgy department of the country.
After the independence of India in 1947, the Department of Architecture, Town and Regional Planning was started on the recommendation of a committee appointed by Government of West Bengal. Two new courses were started at the same time -- one with a five - year degree programme in Architecture another with a two - year part - time diploma programme in Town & Regional Planning. The Department of Architecture, Town and Regional Planning (established in 1949) that offered the First Degree in Architecture and the First Diploma in Town Planning in INDIA. This department has produced more than 800 graduates in Architecture and more than 300 postgraduates in Town Planning in the last fifty years. Its students also founded the National Association of Students of Architecture, briefly designated as NASA India, a non-political, non-profit Student Body Association for the Undergraduate Students of Architecture in India in 1957, with six other colleges. With the end of the Second World War, a ' Committee for the Development of Higher Engineering and Technical Education in Bengal ' under the Chairmanship of the Director of Public Instruction recommended two plans -- one ' Immediate ' and the other ' Five Year Plan ' for the college. Under the ' Immediate ' plan the committee made recommendations regarding the increase of student strength from 300 to 520, an improved curriculum, better teaching staff, a greater range of degree courses and a close liaison with industry. The objective of the ' Five Year Plan ' was to upgrade the college to the status of a modern institution with facilities for postgraduate study and research. A new building was constructed in 1949 and all academic departments were moved to the new building. In 1954, postgraduate courses in Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Metallurgical were introduced. A postgraduate certificate course in Naval Architecture was introduced during this period. Doctoral programs were introduced at this time and approved by Calcutta University to enhance research activities in the college. In 1954 an agreement was concluded by the college and the University of Wisconsin, USA, whereby six guest professors from the USA joined the college and in exchange, five teachers from the college went to the USA as Research Associate. This scheme, known as Technical Co-operation Programme of the USA, helped the college in developing laboratories, postgraduate programmes and research facilities. The college celebrated its gala centenary function inaugurated by Dr. B.C. Roy on 25 December 1956, and the concluding session was attended by Pandit Jawarlal Nehru on 14 January 1957. The Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering started functioning as a separate discipline of engineering in July 1968. The college started its first Computer Centre in 1976 and a Microprocessor Laboratory in 1979. The 125th Anniversary of the college was celebrated on 11 December 1981, with inauguration by Sri N. Sanjiva Reddy, the then President of India. The Department of Computer Science and Technology was established in 1982. It offers undergraduate and postgraduate engineering courses. The department started offering the Master of Engineering courses in 1988 and Master of Computer Applications courses in 1991. The college was selected as a participating institute under the World Bank EIDP Project and an endowment for Rs. 200,000,000 was received for upgrading the teaching facilities and laboratories in the Electronics and Computer Science Departments. In recognition of its service to the nation, the college was elevated to the status of a Deemed University in 1992, breaking its ties with the Calcutta University by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India on the recommendation of a UGC Expert Committee. Formal inauguration was done on 13 March 1993, by the then President of India, Shankar Dayal Sharma. School of Management Sciences (SMOS) and School of Information Technology were established in 1998 and 2000 respectively. It is the second youngest of the ten engineering departments in BESU. The School of Material Science and Engineering (2001), School of Community Science and Technology (2002) were introduced. On 1 October 2004 the institution was elevated to a full - fledged university with the present name. It was formally inaugurated by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the President of India, on 13 July 2005. In 2010 Department of Aerospace Engineering started along with the Applied Mechanics department.
In March 2014, it was upgraded to the status of Institutes of National Importance under the banner of Indian Institutes of Engineering Science and Technology, thus renaming it IIEST Shibpur.
In June 2014, Govt. of West Bengal appointed IIEST Shibpur as the Mentor Institute for Indian Institute of Information Technology, Kolkata, the eleventh addition to the Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT) family of engineering institutes. It was inaugurated by the President of India on 24 August 2014.
Admission to most undergraduate and postgraduate courses in IIEST Shibpur is granted through written entrance examinations. Currently it 's JEE (Main) conducted by the NTA (National Testing Agency)
Admission to undergraduate courses is through Joint Entrance Examination (Main). Candidates who qualify in the test are eligible to apply for admission in different courses through four - year BTech (Bachelor of Technology with an option to change it to dual degree i.e., BTech + MTech in five years) and five - year BArch degree.
The admissions to postgraduate programmes (M - Tech) Master of Technology are done through the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). Other postgraduate entrance exams also include Joint Admission to MSc (JAM) for MSc, and Common Admission Test (CAT) conducted by IIMs for management studies.
From 2017, the admission will be to B. Tech program only and students will be given a choice after 2nd year to complete their 4 - year B. Tech or obtain a 5 - year Dual Degree (B. Tech - M. Tech). The decision has been taken and implemented by the Board of Governors.
IIEST Shibpur offers a multitude of degrees in undergraduate courses, notably
The B. Tech degree is the most common undergraduate degree in IIEST Shibpur. It is based on a four - year programme with eight semesters.
IIEST Shibpur offers postgraduate programmes including Master of Technology (M. Tech.), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Urban and Regional Planning (M.U.R.P.) and Master of Sciences (M.Sc.).
The institute also offers the Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) as part of its doctoral education programme. The doctoral scholars are given a topic by the professor, or work on the consultancy projects sponsored by industry.
IIEST Shibpur also used to offer 5 year dual degree programme courses in undergraduate levels from year 2015. The Dual Degree program spans five years as against six years in conventional BTech (four years) followed by an MTech or MBA (two years). In the year 2017 it did away with the compulsory dual degree courses and decided to include 4 - year B. Tech. courses as a part of the curriculum.
The area of the library is 3,000 square meters. The collection of books is about 158,000 and 41,000 bound volumes of journals, and a collection of documents, such as patents, standards, technical reports and pamphlets. The library has old and rare books and journals of the nineteenth century.
IIEST Shibpur has on - campus residential facilities for students, research scholars, faculty and staff.
The Institute, with a student population of more than 3200, has 17 hostels including two girls ' hostels for UG students and one girls ' hostel for PG and Research Scholars. There are 9 hostels for boys. There are 5 single - seated halls for boys and 3 girls ' hostels (single and multi-seated).
IIEST Shibpur has festivals like REBECA, Instruo. REBECA, short for REunion and Bengal Engineering College Annuals, is the cultural fest of IIEST Shibpur. It is the oldest student - organised festival in India. From REBECAs very inception since 1932, it has been the annual reunion function of the then B.E. College, later on it has been transformed into an annual college fest cum reunion, being the biggest of its kind in eastern India. It is held in the even semester. REBECA consists of 4 nights: Classical Night (decorated with amazing performances by well known classical singers and dance groups such as Dipankar Roy, Violin Brothers), BEings Night (performances by the students of IIEST Shibpur portraying their talent including dance competitions followed by performance by bands like Fossils), Kolkata Night (spellbinding performances by artists and bands from Kolkata such as Underground Authority, Euphoria, The Local Train giving local artists a huge platform to show their talent) and Mumbai Night (sensational performances by various Bollywood sensations such as Mika Singh, Shreya Ghosal, Shaan, Javed Ali, KK, Benny Dayal, Shefali Alvares). Students of IIEST Shibpur organises an annual techno - management festival known as Instruo. It is the biggest techno - management festival of Kolkata with a participation of over 2000 students from all over India. The 3 - day festival is organised in the odd semester, generally between Durga Puja and Diwali. Events include technical workshops, exhibitions, and competitions.
Automaton, the annual robotics competition held by IIEST Shibpur, is organised during Instruo.
Entrepreneurship Development Cell of IIEST Shibpur organises Scintillations, the annual E-Summit of IIEST Shibpur.
Euphony, the official music society of IIEST Shibpur organises Oikotaan, which is a non-competitive open music festival started in 2015. Musicians from all over the country come to perform their Original Compositions of any genre whatsoever in front of eminent personalities from the music industry.
Quizmaniac BEings, the official quiz club of IIEST Shibpur organises Gyandhara, the Open Quiz Festival of IIEST Shibpur.
Undergraduate students can choose between National Cadet Corps (NCC), National Service Scheme (NSS) during their first year. The institute has many sports ground for different sports like cricket, football, volleyball and swimming pools for aquatic events along with badminton and table - tennis court in each of the halls and hostels.
IIEST Shibpur was ranked 30 among engineering colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2018. and 44 overall. It was ranked 19th among engineering colleges in India in 2017 by The Week.
Notable members of the faculty include:
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how much money did the show the office make | The Office (U.S. TV series) - wikipedia
The Office is an American television comedy series that aired on NBC from March 24, 2005, to May 16, 2013. It is an adaptation of the BBC series of the same name. The Office was adapted for American audiences by Greg Daniels, a veteran writer for Saturday Night Live, King of the Hill, and The Simpsons. It is co-produced by Daniels ' Deedle - Dee Productions, and Reveille Productions (later Shine America), in association with Universal Television. The original executive producers were Greg Daniels, Howard Klein, Ben Silverman, Ricky Gervais, and Stephen Merchant, with numerous others being promoted in later seasons.
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. To simulate the look of an actual documentary, it is filmed in a single - camera setup, without a studio audience or a laugh track. The show debuted on NBC as a mid-season replacement and ran for nine seasons and 201 episodes. The Office initially featured Steve Carell, Rainn Wilson, John Krasinski, Jenna Fischer and B.J. Novak as the main cast; the show experienced numerous changes to its ensemble cast during its run.
The first season of The Office was met with mixed reviews, but the following four seasons received widespread acclaim from television critics. These seasons were included on several critics ' year - end top TV series lists, winning several awards including four Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series in 2006. While later seasons were criticized for a decline in quality, earlier writers oversaw the final season and ended the show 's run with a positive reception.
List of showrunners throughout the series ' run:
Greg Daniels served as the senior series showrunner for the first four seasons of the series and developed the British series for American television. He then left the position when he co-created the comedy series Parks and Recreation with fellow Office writer Michael Schur and divided his time between the two series. Paul Lieberstein and Jennifer Celotta were named the series showrunners for the fifth season. Celotta left the series after the sixth season and Lieberstein stayed on as showrunner for the following two seasons. He left the showrunner spot after the eighth season for the potential Dwight Schrute spin - off, The Farm, which was eventually passed up by NBC. Daniels returned to the showrunner position for the ninth and final season. Other executive producers include cast members B.J. Novak and Mindy Kaling. Kaling, Novak, Daniels, Lieberstein and Schur made up the original team of writers. Kaling, Novak and Lieberstein also serve multiple roles on the series, as they play regular characters on the show, as well as write, direct and produce episodes. Credited with twenty - four episodes, Kaling is the most prolific writer on the staff. Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who created the original British series, are credited as executive producers, and wrote the pilot and the third - season episode, "The Convict ''. Merchant later directed the episode "Customer Survey '' while Gervais appeared in the episodes "The Seminar '' and "Search Committee ''.
Randall Einhorn is the most frequent director of the series, with 15 credited episodes. The series has also had several guest directors, including Lost co-creator J.J. Abrams, Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator Joss Whedon, both of whom are fans of the series, and filmmakers Jon Favreau, Harold Ramis, Jason Reitman, and Marc Webb. Episodes have been directed by several of the actors on the show including Steve Carell, John Krasinski, Rainn Wilson, Ed Helms, and Brian Baumgartner.
Before the series aired its second episode, the writers spent time researching in offices. This process was used for Daniels ' other series King of the Hill and Parks and Recreation. The pilot is a direct adaptation of the first episode of the British version. Daniels had decided to go this route because "completely starting from scratch would be a very risky thing to do '' due to the show being an adaptation. He had briefly considered using the idea for "The Dundies '' as the pilot episode. After the writers knew who the cast was, they were allowed to write for the actors, which allowed the show to be more original for the following episode, "Diversity Day ''. Following the mixed reaction towards the first season, the writers attempted to make the series more "optimistic '' and to make Michael Scott more likable. They also established the supporting characters of the series more, giving them actual personalities. They also made the lights in the office brighter, which allowed the series to differentiate itself from the British version.
A common problem with the scripts, according to Novak, is that they tend to run too long for the regular 22 - minute time slot, leading to several cuts. For example, the script for the episode "Search Committee '' was initially 75 pages -- 10 pages too long. A complete script is written for each episode; however, actors are given opportunities to improvise during the shooting process. Fischer said, "Our shows are 100 percent scripted. They put everything down on paper. But we get to play around a little bit, too. Steve and Rainn are brilliant improvisers. '' This leads to a large number of deleted scenes with almost every episode of The Office, all of which are considered part of the show 's canon and storyline by Daniels. Deleted scenes have sometimes been restored in repeats to make episodes longer or draw back people who have seen the episode before to see the bonus footage. In an experiment, a deleted scene from "The Return '' was made available over NBC.com and iTunes, explaining the absence of a character over the next several episodes. Daniels hoped that word of mouth among fans would spread the information, but eventually considered the experiment a failure.
According to Jenna Fischer, the series used an unusual casting process which did not involve a script. The producers would ask the actors several questions and they would respond as the characters they were auditioning for. NBC programmer Kevin Reilly originally suggested Paul Giamatti to producer Ben Silverman for the role of Michael Scott, but the actor declined. Martin Short, Hank Azaria, and Bob Odenkirk were reported to be interested in the part. In January 2004, Variety reported that Steve Carell, of the popular Comedy Central program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, was in talks to play the role. At the time, he was already committed to another NBC mid-season replacement comedy, Come to Papa, but the series was quickly canceled, allowing his full commitment to The Office. Carell later stated that he had only seen about half of the original pilot episode of the British series before he auditioned. He did not continue watching for fear that he would start copying Gervais ' characterizations. Other people who were considered or auditioned for the role included Ben Falcone, Alan Tudyk, Jim Zulevic, and Paul F. Tompkins. Rainn Wilson was cast as power - hungry sycophant Dwight Schrute, and he watched every episode of the series before he auditioned. Wilson had originally auditioned for Michael, a performance that he described as a "terrible Ricky Gervais impersonation ''; however, the casting directors liked his audition as Dwight much more and hired him. Seth Rogen, Matt Besser, Patton Oswalt, and Judah Friedlander also auditioned for the role.
John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer were virtually unknown before being cast in their respective roles as Jim and Pam, the central love interests. Krasinski had attended school with B.J. Novak, and the two were friends. Fischer prepared for her audition by looking as boring as possible, creating the original Pam hairstyle. In an interview on NPR 's Fresh Air, Fischer recalled the last stages of the audition process for Pam and Jim, with the producers partnering the different potential Pams and Jims (four of each) together to gauge their chemistry. When Fischer finished her scene with Krasinski, he told her that she was his favorite Pam, to which she reciprocated that he was her favorite Jim. Adam Scott and John Cho both auditioned for the role of Jim, and Kathryn Hahn also auditioned for the role of Pam.
The supporting cast includes actors known for their improv work: Angela Kinsey, Kate Flannery, Oscar Nunez, Leslie David Baker, Brian Baumgartner, Melora Hardin, and David Denman. Kinsey had originally auditioned for Pam. The producers thought she was "too feisty '' for the character, but they called her back for the part of Angela Martin, which she won. Flannery first auditioned for the part of Jan Levinson - Gould, before landing the role of Meredith Palmer. Baumgartner originally auditioned for Stanley, but was eventually cast as Kevin. Ken Kwapis, the director of the pilot episode, liked the way Phyllis Smith, a casting associate, read with other actors auditioning so much that he cast her as Phyllis. At the beginning of the third season, Ed Helms and Rashida Jones joined the cast as members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford. While Jones would later leave the cast for a role on Parks and Recreation, in February 2007, NBC announced that Helms was being promoted to a series regular.
Four of the show 's writers have also performed in front of the camera. B.J. Novak was cast as reluctant temp Ryan Howard after Daniels saw his stand - up act. Paul Lieberstein was cast as human resources director Toby Flenderson on Novak 's suggestion after his cold readings of scripts. Greg Daniels was originally unsure where to use Mindy Kaling on - screen in the series until the opportunity came in the script for the second episode, "Diversity Day '', where Michael needed to be slapped by a minority. "Since (that slap), I 've been on the show '' (as Kelly Kapoor), says Kaling. Michael Schur has also made occasional appearances as Dwight 's cousin Mose, and consulting producer Larry Wilmore has played diversity trainer Mr. Brown. Plans were made for Mackenzie Crook, Martin Freeman, and Lucy Davis, from the British version of The Office, to appear in the third season, but those plans were scrapped due to scheduling conflicts.
The Office was filmed with a single - camera setup in a cinéma vérité allowing the look of an actual documentary, with no studio audience or laugh track, allowing its "deadpan '' and "absurd '' humor to fully come across. The primary vehicle for the show is that a camera crew has decided to film Dunder Mifflin and its employees, seemingly around the clock. The presence of the camera is acknowledged by the characters, especially Michael Scott, who enthusiastically participates in the filming. The characters, especially Jim and Pam, also look towards the camera when Michael creates an awkward situation. The main action of the show is supplemented with talking - head interviews or "confessionals '' in which characters speak one on one with the camera crew about the day 's events.
In order to get the feel of an actual documentary, the producers hired cinematographer Randall Einhorn, who is known for directing episodes of Survivor, which allowed the show to have the feel of "rough and jumpy '' like an actual documentary. According to producer Michael Schur, the producers to the series would follow the documentary format strictly. The producers would have long discussions over whether a scene could work under the documentary format. For example, in the fourth - season episode "Did I Stutter?, '' a scene featured Michael going through a long process to go to the bathroom and not pass by Stanley. The producers debated whether that was possible and Einhorn walked through the whole scene in order to see if a camera man could get to all the places in time to shoot the whole scene. Despite the strict nature in the early years of the series, later seasons seem to have loosened the rules on the format, with the camera crew often going into places that actual documentary crews would not, which also changed the writing and comedy - style of the series. This inconsistency has received criticism from critics and fans.
The theme song for The Office was written by Jay Ferguson and performed by The Scrantones. It is played over the title sequence, which features scenes of Scranton, various tasks around the office and the main cast members. Some episodes of the series use a shortened version of the theme song. Starting with the fourth season, the theme song is played over the closing credits, which previously rolled in silence. The exteriors of buildings in the title sequence are actual buildings in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and were shot by cast member John Krasinski. The mockumentary format of the show contains no laugh track, and most of the music is diegetic, with songs either sung or played by the characters or heard on radios, computers, or other devices. However, songs have been played during montages or the closing credits, such as "Tiny Dancer '' by Elton John ("The Dundies '') and "Islands in the Stream '' by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton ("E-mail Surveillance ''). Featured music tends to be well known, and often songs reflect the character, such as Michael 's attempt to seem hip by using "Mambo No. 5 '' and later "My Humps '' as his cell phone ringtone. Daniels has said that it does not count as film score as long as it already appeared in the episode.
The Office employs an ensemble cast. Many characters portrayed by The Office cast are based on the British version of the show. While these characters normally have the same attitude and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show. The show is known for its generally large cast size, with many of its actors and actresses known particularly for their improvisational work. Steve Carell stars as Michael Scott, Regional Manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch. Loosely based on David Brent, Gervais ' character in the British version, Scott is a well - intentioned man whose attempts at humor, while seemingly innocent to himself, often offend and annoy his peers and employees, and in some situations lead to reprimanding from his superiors. Rainn Wilson portrays Dwight Schrute, who, based upon Gareth Keenan, is a salesman and the Assistant to the Regional Manager, a fictional title created by Michael. John Krasinski portrays Jim Halpert, a salesman and, in later seasons, co-manager who is often known for his wittiness and his hijinks on Schrute (often accompanied by Pam Beesly). Halpert is based upon Tim Canterbury, and is known to have feelings for Pam, the receptionist. Pam, played by Jenna Fischer, is based on Dawn Tinsley. She is shy, but in many cases a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight. B.J. Novak portrays Ryan Howard, who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker, but is promoted to sales representative in the third season. He later ascends to the position of Vice President, North East Region and Director of New Media until his treachery was exposed for corporate fraud and he was fired. After this, he gets a job in a bowling alley and then briefly works for the Michael Scott Paper Company. After all this, and a stint in rehab, he eventually ends up again as the temporary worker at the Scranton branch.
The accounting department features Angela Martin, an admitted uptight and hypocritical woman who wishes to keep things orderly and make sure situations remain as serious as possible; Kevin Malone, a lovable, but dim - witted man who revels in juvenile humor and frequently indulges himself with gambling and M&Ms; and Oscar Martinez is intelligent but often patronizing and whose homosexuality and Hispanic heritage made him a favorite target for Michael 's unintentional off - color comments. Rounding out the office are the stern salesman Stanley Hudson, who barely stood for Michael 's constant references to his Black - American heritage (he also does n't like to take part in time wasting meetings and sometimes sleeps in them or works on crossword puzzles); eccentric quality assurance representative Creed Bratton; the kind and caring saleswoman Phyllis Lapin - Vance, who marries Bob Vance from Vance Refrigeration across the hall from the office; Andy Bernard is a salesman introduced in season three after the closing of the Stamford, Connecticut branch of Dunder Mifflin and the merging of the two; the bubbly and talkative customer service representative Kelly Kapoor; the promiscuous alcoholic supply relations representative Meredith Palmer; human resources representative Toby Flenderson, who is admittedly hated by, and often the target of abuse by Michael Scott; warehouse foreman Darryl Philbin; Warehouse dock worker and Pam 's ex-fiancé Roy Anderson, who was fired in the third season; and Michael 's former love interest and former Vice President for Regional Sales for Dunder Mifflin Jan Levinson (Jan Levinson - Gould until her divorce in season 2).
Toward the end of season five, the bubbly and naive Erin Hannon is introduced as Pam 's replacement at reception following Pam 's short stint at the Michael Scott Paper Company and her subsequent move to sales. A story arc at the end of season four has Holly Flax transferred to the office as Toby 's replacement. She acts as a love interest for Michael, as they share very similar personalities. Jo Bennett is the CEO of Sabre and Gabe Lewis, introduced in the middle of season six, is a Sabre employee who is assigned to the Dunder Mifflin Scranton branch as the Regional Director of Sales. In season nine Clark Green and Pete Miller joined as two new customer service representatives to attempt to catch up on the ignored customer services complaints that Kelly had dismissed while she worked at Dunder Mifflin.
Initially the actors who portray the other office workers were credited as guest stars before they were named series regulars during the second season. The show 's large ensemble has been mainly praised by critics and led to the series winning two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. Carell was reportedly paid $175,000 per episode starting with the third season. Krasinski and Fischer were paid around $20,000 for the beginning of the series. Starting with the fourth season, the two started getting paid around $100,000 per episode.
A typical episode for a half - hour time slot runs 20 - and - a-half minutes. The final episode of season two introduces the first of what would be several super-sized episodes that are approximately 28 - minute running time for a 40 - minute time slot. Season three introduces the first of occasional hour - long episodes (approximately 42 - minute running time; suitable for being shown as two separate normal episodes).
The first season consists of six episodes.
The series begins by mostly introducing the office 's workers via a tour given by branch manager Michael Scott for both the camera crew and a first - day temp (Ryan Howard). The audience learns salesman Jim Halpert has a crush on receptionist Pam Beesly (who helps him play pranks on co-worker Dwight Schrute), even though she is engaged to Roy (who works in the building 's lower - level warehouse). News spreads throughout the office that Dunder Mifflin 's corporate headquarters is planning to downsize an entire branch, leading to general anxiety, but Michael chooses to deny or downplay the realities of the situation in order to maintain employee morale.
The second season is the series ' first twenty - two - episode season, and has its first 40 - minute "super-sized '' episode.
Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters, and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters. Michael spends the night with his boss Jan, in the wake of the latter 's divorce, but does not sleep with her. Dwight and Angela become romantically involved, but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else. Kelly develops a crush on Ryan, and they start dating. When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam, Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford, Connecticut branch, but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her, even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy. The two kiss, but Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after. The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well.
The third season consists of 25 half - hours of material, divided into 17 half - hour episodes, four 40 - minute "super-sized '' episodes, and two one - hour episodes.
Jim briefly transfers to Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy. Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch and staff into the Scranton branch. Included in the transfer to Scranton are Karen Filippelli, with whom Jim has developed a relationship, and the anger - prone Andy Bernard. Pam is newly single after calling off her marriage and relationship to Roy prior to the merger, and Jim 's unresolved feelings for her and new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three. Meanwhile, Michael and Jan 's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job while Dwight and Angela continue their secret relationship. In the season 's finale, Jim, Karen, and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan 's, who is fired that day for poor performance. Jim wins and rejects the offer off - screen, opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and asks Pam out on a date, which she joyfully accepts. In the final scene, we learn Ryan has been awarded Jan 's job due to his business school credentials.
NBC ordered a full fourth season of 30 half - hour episodes, but ended with only 19 due to a halt in production caused by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike. The season consists of 9 half - hour episodes, and 5 hour - long episodes to comprise the 19 total episodes of material created.
Karen has left the Scranton branch after her breakup with Jim, and becomes regional manager at the Utica branch. Pam and Jim date happily. An unemployed Jan moves in with Michael, until the dissolution of their relationship midway through the season. After Dwight 's crude (though well - intentioned) method of euthanasia of Angela 's ailing cat without her permission, she leaves him for Andy, leading Dwight into depression. Ryan, in his new corporate life in New York City, attempts to modernize Dunder Mifflin with a new website for online sales; he also learns that his boss, David Wallace, favors Jim, and thus Ryan attempts to sabotage Jim 's career. Ryan is soon arrested and fired for committing fraud related to the website 's sales numbers. Toby, embarrassed after accidentally revealing affection for Pam, announces he is moving to Costa Rica, and is replaced by Holly Flax, who quickly shows fondness towards Michael. Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attend a three - month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City. In the season finale Andy proposes to Angela, who reluctantly agrees. Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having sex in the office.
The fifth season consists of 28 half - hours of material, divided into 24 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes, one of which aired after Super Bowl XLIII.
Jim and Pam become engaged, and she ultimately returns from New York to Scranton, where Jim has bought his parents ' house for the two of them. Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service, Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley. Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua, New Hampshire branch and the relationship ends. When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela 's continued affair, both men leave her. Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest. Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company, enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople, and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable, Dunder Mifflin 's profits are immediately threatened. In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company, the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp. During the chaos, new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam. The season 's finale ends with a cliffhanger ending hinting that Pam might be pregnant.
The sixth season consists of 26 half - hours of material, divided into 22 half - hour episodes and two hour - long episodes.
Jim and Pam marry and have a baby named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Meanwhile, Andy and Erin develop mutual interest in one another, but find their inherent awkwardness inhibits his attempts to ask her out on a date. Rumors of bankruptcy begin to surround Dunder Mifflin, and by Christmas, Wallace announces to the branch that Dunder Mifflin has accepted a buyout from Sabre Corporation, a printer company. While Wallace and other executives are let go, the Scranton office survives due to its relative success within the company. In the season finale, Dwight buys the office park. Michael agrees to make an announcement to the press regarding a case of faulty printers. When Jo Bennet, Sabre CEO, asks how she can repay him, Michael responds that she could bring Holly back to the Scranton branch.
The seventh season consists of 26 half - hours of material, divided into 21 half - hour episodes, one "super-sized '' episode, and two hour - long episodes.
This is the final season for Steve Carell, who plays the lead character Michael Scott, as Carell wanted to move on after his contract expired during this season. Beginning with this season, Zach Woods, who portrays Gabe Lewis, was promoted to a series regular. Erin and Gabe have begun a relationship, much to Andy 's chagrin, and he attempts to win her affection back. Michael 's former girlfriend, Holly returns to Scranton to fill in for Toby who is doing jury duty for the "Scranton Strangler '' trial. Michael and Holly eventually restart their relationship. After the two get engaged, he then reveals he will be leaving Scranton to go to Colorado with Holly in order to support her elderly parents. Pam and Jim are still adjusting to parenthood as Angela starts dating the Senator. After Michael 's replacement (Will Ferrell) is seriously injured, Jo creates a search committee to interview candidates and choose a new manager for the office.
The eighth season consists of 24 episodes.
James Spader reprises his role as Robert California, the new CEO of Dunder Mifflin / Sabre. Andy is then promoted to Regional Manager and works hard to make a good impression on Robert, and asks Dwight to be his number two. Pam and Jim are expecting their second child, Phillip, at the start of the season, to coincide with Fischer 's real life pregnancy. Angela is pregnant with her first son, also named Philip, with State Senator Robert Lipton (although it is implied that Dwight Schrute is actually the child 's biological father). Darryl starts falling for new warehouse foreman Val. Dwight is tasked with traveling to Tallahassee, Florida in order to assist Sabre Special Projects Manager Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate) in launching a chain of retail stores, along with Jim, Ryan, Stanley, Erin, and new office temp Cathy Simms. Cathy is also revealed to have ulterior motives for the trip, as she intends to seduce Jim, but fails. Robert later kills the retail store project, and Erin decides to stay in Florida as an elderly woman 's live - in helper. Andy goes to Florida and wins back Erin, but this allows Nellie to claim the manager position as her own. Robert tells Andy that he has been demoted back to a salesman, but he refuses to accept the news, which causes him to be fired. Andy becomes motivated to begin a Dunder Mifflin comeback and joins with former CFO, David Wallace, to buy Dunder Mifflin back from Sabre, putting Sabre completely out of business and giving Andy the manager position once again.
The final season consists of 25 episodes.
Andy, recently returning from Outward Bound manager 's training, reverts to his arrogant earlier season personality, abandoning both Erin and the office to travel around the Caribbean with his brother. In his absence, Erin strikes up a romance with new customer service rep Pete, who along with Clark, another new character, replaces Kelly, who left for Ohio with her new husband (Ryan also moves to Ohio for "unrelated reasons ''). Meanwhile, Jim receives an exciting opportunity from an old college friend, who offers him a job at Athlead, a sports marketing company based in Philadelphia. Darryl also jumps on board, but the distance and dedication to Athlead hurts Jim 's relationship with Pam. Angela also must deal with her husband 's infidelity with Oscar. She also deals with her lingering attraction to Dwight, who inherits his family 's beet farm. Dwight receives more good news when David Wallace handpicks him to be the new manager after Andy quits to pursue an acting career, which quickly ends when he embarrasses himself at an a cappella singing competition that turns into a viral web sensation. Dwight later makes Jim his Assistant to the Regional Manager and the two officially end their grudge. After Jim reconciles with Pam, choosing to stay in Scranton over Philadelphia, Dwight professes his love for Angela, and finally marries her. In the series finale, taking place one year after the release of the documentary, the employees reunite for Dwight and Angela 's wedding, for which Michael returns (with help from Jim who was the person Dwight first asked to be his best man) to serve as the best man. Kelly and Ryan run away together, Nellie now lives in Poland and "adopts '' Ryan 's abandoned baby, Erin meets her birth parents, Andy gets a job at Cornell, Stanley retires to Florida, Kevin and Toby are both fired with the former buying a bar and the latter moving to New York City to become an author, Oscar runs for State Senate, Jim and Pam, at her persuasion, move to Austin to open a new branch of Athleap (previously Athlead) with Darryl (Dwight "fires '' them to give them both severance packages), and Creed is arrested for his many crimes.
The Office has had product placement deals with Staples and the Olympic balers, as well as mentioning in dialogue or displaying clear logos for products such as Sandals Resorts, HP, Apple, and Gateway computers, and Activision 's Call of Duty video game series. In "The Merger '', Kevin Malone uses a Staples - branded shredding machine to shred a Staples - branded CD - R and many other non-paper items, including a salad. As with HP, Cisco Systems, a supplier of networking and telephone equipment, pays for product placement, which can be seen on close - up shots of the Cisco IP Telephones. Some products have additional branding labels attached; this can be clearly seen with the HP photo printer on Toby 's desk in season 6, and is less noticeable with the Cisco phones. In "The Secret '' Michael takes Jim to Hooters to discuss Jim 's feelings for Pam.
Many products featured are not part of product placement agreements, but rather inserted by writers as products the characters would use to create realism under the guise of a documentary. Chili 's restaurants were used for filming in "The Dundies '' and "The Client '', as the writers believed they were realistic choices for a company party and business lunch. Though not an explicit product placement, the producers of the show had to allow Chili 's to have final approval of the script before filming, causing a scene of "The Dundies '' to be hastily rewritten when the chain objected to the original version. Apple Inc. received over four minutes of publicity for the iPod when it was used as a much - desired gift in "Christmas Party '', though the company did not pay for the placement. The travel website TripAdvisor.com was featured during Season 4 when after a visit to Dwight 's "agritourism '' bed and breakfast, Schrute Farms, Jim and Pam post an online review about their stay. The show reportedly approached the travel review website about using their name on the show and TripAdvisor set up a review page for the fictional B&B which itself received hundreds of reviews. The appearance of Second Life in the episode "Local Ad '' was rated eighth in the top ten most effective product placements of 2007.
Before the show aired, Ricky Gervais acknowledged that there were feelings of hesitation from certain viewers. The first season of The Office was met with a mixed response from critics with some of them comparing it to the short - lived NBC series Coupling which was also based on a British version. The New York Daily News called it "so diluted there 's little left but muddy water, '' and USA Today called it a "passable imitation of a miles - better BBC original. '' A Guardian Unlimited review panned its lack of originality, stating, "(Steve Carell) just seems to be trying too hard... Maybe in later episodes when it deviates from Gervais and Merchant 's script, he 'll come into his own. But right now he 's a pale imitation. '' Tom Shales of the Washington Post said it was "not the mishmash that (Americanized version of Coupling) turned out to be, but again the quality of the original show causes the remake to look dim, like when the copying machine is just about to give out. ''
The second season was better received. James Poniewozik of Time remarked, "Producer Greg Daniels created not a copy but an interpretation that sends up distinctly American work conventions... with a tone that 's more satiric and less mordant... The new boss is different from the old boss, and that 's fine by me. '' He named it the second best TV show of 2006 after Battlestar Galactica. Entertainment Weekly writer Mark Harris echoed these sentiments a week later, stating, "Thanks to the fearless Steve Carell, an ever - stronger supporting cast, and scripts that spew American corporate absurdist vernacular with perfect pitch, this undervalued remake does the near impossible -- it honors Ricky Gervais ' original and works on its own terms. '' The A.V. Club reviewer Nathan Rabin expressed its views on the show 's progression: "After a rocky start, The Office improved immeasurably, instantly becoming one of TV 's funniest, sharpest shows. The casting of Steve Carell in the Gervais role proved to be a masterstroke. The American Office is that rarest of anomalies: a remake of a classic show that both does right by its source and carves out its own strong identity. ''
The series has been included on several top TV series lists. The show placed # 61 on Entertainment Weekly 's "New TV Classics '' list. Time 's James Poniewozik named it the second best TV series of 2006, and the sixth best returning series of 2007, out of ten TV series. He also included it on his "The 100 Best TV Shows of All - TIME '' list. The show was also named the best show of 2006 by BuddyTV. while Paste named it the sixth best sitcom of 2010. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America placed it at # 66 on their list of 101 Best Written TV Series.
The show has some superficial similarities to the comic strip Dilbert, which also features employees coping with an inept superior. John Spector, CEO of The Conference Board, says that both show the impact a leader can have, for good or bad. Dilbert creator Scott Adams also touts the similarities: "The lesson from The Office and from Dilbert is that people are often dysfunctional, and no amount of training can fix it. '' A labor - affiliated group praised the episode "Boys and Girls '' for what it considered an unusually frank depiction of union busting on American television. Metacritic, a review aggregation website, only graded the first, third, sixth, and final seasons. However, it denoted that all four of them received "generally favorable reviews '' from critics, awarding a 61, 85, 78, and 64 score -- out of 100 -- to each of them, respectively. It later named it the thirteenth most mentioned series on "Best of Decade '' top - ten lists.
The last few seasons were criticized for a dip in quality. The sixth season received criticisms for a lack of stakes for the characters. Other critics and fans have also criticized the dragging out of the Jim and Pam romance. The Office co-creator Ricky Gervais wrote in his blog, referring to "Search Committee, '' particularly Warren Buffett 's guest appearance, "If you 're going to jump a shark, jump a big one '', and compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais 's other series, Extras (although he later said on his website, "I fucking did n't (diss The Office), that 's for sure ''). Some critics said the series should have ended after the departure of Steve Carell. Rainn Wilson felt that the eighth season possessed some mistakes "creatively '', such as the chemistry between Spader and Helms, which he called "a bit dark '' and argued that the show should have gone for a "brighter and more energized '' relationship. Despite this, there are later - series episodes that have received critical acclaim, including "Stress Relief '', "Niagara '', "Garage Sale '', "Goodbye, Michael '', "Dwight Christmas '', "A.A.R.M. '', and "Finale ''.
The series received 42 Primetime Emmy Awards nominations, with five wins. It won for Outstanding Comedy Series in season two, Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series (Greg Daniels for "Gay Witch Hunt ''), Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series (Jeffrey Blitz for "Stress Relief '') and Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series (David Rogers and Claire Scanlon for "Finale ''). Many cast and crew members have expressed anger that Carell did not receive an Emmy award for his performance in the series. Despite this, Carell won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Television Comedy or Musical in 2006. The series was also named the best TV series by the American Film Institute in 2006 and 2008, won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2006 and 2007 and won a Peabody Award in 2006.
Premiering on Thursday, March 24, 2005, after an episode of The Apprentice on NBC, The Office brought in 11.2 million viewers in the U.S., winning its time slot. When NBC moved the series to its intended Tuesday night slot, it lost nearly half its audience with only 5.9 million viewers. The program averaged 5.4 million viewers, ranking it # 102 for the 2004 -- 05 U.S. television season. "Hot Girl '', the first season 's finale, rated a 2.2 with a 10 audience measurement share. Episodes were also rerun on CNBC.
As the second season started, the success of Carell 's hit summer movie The 40 - Year - Old Virgin and online sales of episodes at iTunes helped the show. The increase in viewership led NBC to move the series to the "Must See TV '' Thursday night in January 2006, where ratings continued to grow. By the 2005 -- 06 season, it placed # 67 (tied with 20 / 20). It averaged 8 million viewers with a 4.0 / 10 rating / share among viewers ages 18 -- 49, and was up 80 % in viewers from the year before and up 60 % in viewers ages 18 -- 49. The series ranked as NBC 's highest rated scripted series during its run. The highest rated episode of the series was "Stress Relief '', which was watched by 22.9 million viewers. This episode was aired right after Super Bowl XLIII. While later seasons dropped in the ratings, the show was still one of NBC 's highest rated shows, and in October 2011 it was reported that it cost $178,840 per - 30 second commercial, the most for any NBC scripted series.
The city of Scranton, long known mainly for its industrial past as a coal mining and rail center, has eagerly embraced, and ultimately has been redefined by the show. "We 're really hip now, '' says the mayor 's assistant. The Dunder Mifflin logo is on a lamppost banner in front of Scranton City Hall, as well as the pedestrian bridge to The Mall at Steamtown. The Pennsylvania Paper & Supply Company, whose tower is shown in the opening credits, plans to add it to the tower as well. Newspapers in other Northeastern cities have published travel guides to Scranton locations for tourists interested in visiting places mentioned in the show. Scranton has become identified with the show outside the United States as well. In a 2008 St. Patrick 's Day speech in its suburb of Dickson City, former Taoiseach (Irish prime minister) Bertie Ahern identified the city as the home of Dunder Mifflin.
The inaugural The Office convention was held downtown in October 2007. Notable landmarks, some of which have been settings for the show, that served as venues include the University of Scranton, the Radisson Lackawanna Station Hotel and the Mall at Steamtown. Cast appearances were made by B.J. Novak, Ed Helms, Oscar Nunez, Angela Kinsey, Brian Baumgartner, Leslie David Baker, Mindy Kaling, Craig Robinson, Melora Hardin, Phyllis Smith, Creed Bratton, Kate Flannery, Bobby Ray Shafer, and Andy Buckley. Writer appearances, besides Novak and Kaling, were made by Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, Jennifer Celotta, Lee Eisenberg, Gene Stupnitsky, Justin Spitzer, Anthony Ferrell, Ryan Koh, Lester Lewis, and Jason Kessler. Not present were writer - actor Paul Lieberstein (who was originally going to make an appearance), Steve Carell, John Krasinski, Rainn Wilson, and Jenna Fischer.
On an episode of The Daily Show, Republican presidential candidate John McCain, reportedly a devoted fan of the show, jokingly told Jon Stewart he might take Dwight Schrute as his running mate. Rainn Wilson later accepted on Dwight Schrute 's behalf while on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. After the airing of "Garage Sale '', Colorado governor John Hickenlooper issued a press release appointing Michael Scott to the position of Director of Paper Distribution in the Department of Natural Resources.
The show is often paid tribute by the band Relient K. Band member Matt Thiessen is a fan of The Office, and, during concerts, will often perform a self - described "love song '' about the series, titled "The Ballad of Dunder Mifflin '', followed by him and the band playing the show 's opening theme.
Aside from NBC, The Office has gone into off - network syndication in the United States. It has reruns on local stations and TBS. In the United Kingdom, the show was named in listings magazines (but not onscreen) as The Office: An American Workplace when it was originally aired on ITV2.
Episodes from The Office were among the first shows available for download from the iTunes Store beginning in December 2005. In 2006, ten internet - exclusive webisodes featuring some of the characters on The Office aired on NBC.com. "Producer 's Cuts '' (containing approximately ten additional minutes of material) of the episodes "Branch Closing '' and "The Return '' were also made available on NBC.com. The Office also became available for download from Amazon. com 's Unbox video downloads in 2006. Sales of new The Office episodes on iTunes ceased in 2007 due to a dispute between NBC and Apple ostensibly over pricing. As of September 9, 2008 The Office was put back on the iTunes Store, and can be bought in HD and Regular format. Netflix also offers the show for online viewing by subscribers, in addition to traditional DVD rental. The Office is also available on Microsofts Zune Marketplace.
Of the 12.4 million total viewings of "Fun Run '', the fourth season 's premiere, 2.7 million, or 22 %, were on a computer via online streaming. "The Office, '' said The New York Times, "is on the leading edge of a sharp shift in entertainment viewing that was thought to be years away: watching television episodes on a computer screen is now a common activity for millions of consumers. '' It was particularly popular with online viewers, an NBC researcher said, because as an episode - driven sitcom without special effects it was easy to watch on smaller monitors such as those found on laptops and iPods. Between the online viewings and those who use digital video recorders, 25 -- 50 % of the show 's viewers watch it after its scheduled airtime.
The show 's Internet success became an issue in the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Daniels and many of the cast members who double as writers posted a video to YouTube shortly after the strike began, pointing out how little, if any, they received in residuals from online and DVD viewing. "You 're watching this on the Internet, a thing that pays us zero dollars, '' Schur said. "We 're supposed to get 11 cents for every two trillion downloads. '' The writers were particularly upset that they were n't compensated for the Daytime Emmy Award - winning summer webisodes "The Accountants '', which NBC considered promotional material despite the embedded commercials.
The show 's success has resulted in expansion outside of television. Characters have appeared in promotional materials for NBC, and a licensed video game -- The Office -- was released in 2007. In 2008 two games were introduced via Pressman Toy Corp: The Office Trivia Board Game and The Office DVD Board Game. In 2009, The Office Clue was released, and The Office Monopoly was released in 2010. Other merchandise, from T - shirts and a bobblehead doll of Dwight Schrute to more office - specific items such as Dunder Mifflin copy paper and parodies of the Successories motivational poster series featuring the cast are available. Dunder Mifflin has two websites, and the cast members maintain blogs both as themselves and in character.
Several members of the cast maintained blogs. These include Jenna Fischer, Angela Kinsey, and Brian Baumgartner, who posted regularly during the season. Rainn Wilson wrote in character on "Schrute Space '' on NBC.com, which is updated periodically. However, he stopped writing the blog himself. It is unknown whether Creed Bratton authors "Creed Thoughts '', the blog attributed to his character.
A spin - off to the series was proposed in 2008, with a pilot episode expected to debut as the Super Bowl lead - out program in 2009. However, The Office 's creative team instead decided to develop Parks and Recreation as a separate series.
Another spin - off starring Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute running a bed - and - breakfast and beet farm, titled The Farm, was proposed in early 2012. In October 2012, however, NBC decided not to go forward with the series. The backdoor pilot episode instead aired as part of the ninth and final season of The Office on March 14, 2013.
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shift from one key to another within a composition | Modulation (music) - wikipedia
In music, modulation is most commonly the act or process of changing from one key (tonic, or tonal center) to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in key signature. Modulations articulate or create the structure or form of many pieces, as well as add interest. Treatment of a chord as the tonic for less than a phrase is considered tonicization.
Modulation is the essential part of the art. Without it there is little music, for a piece derives its true beauty not from the large number of fixed modes which it embraces but rather from the subtle fabric of its modulation.
The quasi-tonic is the tonic of the new key established by the modulation. The modulating dominant is the dominant of the quasi-tonic. The pivot chord is a predominant to the modulating dominant and a chord common to both the keys of the tonic and the quasi-tonic. For example, in a modulation to the dominant, ii / V -- V / V -- V could be a pivot chord, modulating dominant, and quasi-tonic.
Common - chord modulation (also known as diatonic - pivot - chord modulation) moves from the original key to the destination key (usually a closely related key) by way of a chord both keys share: "Most modulations are made smoother by using one or more chords that are common to both keys. '' For example, G major and D major share four chords in common: G major, B minor, D major and E minor. This can be easily determined by a chart similar to the one below, which compares triad qualities. The I chord in G major -- a G major chord -- is also the IV chord in D major, so I in G major and IV in D major are aligned on the chart.
Any chord with the same root note and chord quality (major, minor, diminished) can be used as the pivot chord. However, chords that are not generally found in the style of the piece (for example, major VII chords in a J.S. Bach - style chorale) are also not likely to be chosen as the pivot chord. The most common pivot chords are the predominant chords (ii and IV) in the new key. In analysis of a piece that uses this style of modulation, the common chord is labeled with its function in both the original and the destination keys, as it can be heard either way.
Where an altered chord is used as a pivot chord in either the old or new key (or both), this would be referred to as altered common chord modulation, in order to distinguish the chromaticism that would be introduced from the otherwise, diatonic method.
An enharmonic modulation takes place when one treats a chord as if it were spelled enharmonically as a functional chord in the destination key, and then proceeds in the destination key. There are two main types of enharmonic modulations: dominant seventh / augmented sixth, and (fully) diminished seventh. Any dominant seventh or German sixth can be reinterpreted as the other by respelling the m7 or A6 chord tone (respectively) in order to modulate to a key a half - step away (descending or ascending); if the fifth from root chord tone of a German sixth is omitted, the result is an Italian sixth. A diminished seventh chord meanwhile, can be respelled in multiple other ways to form a diminished seventh chord in a key a minor third (m3 as root), tritone (d5 as root) or major sixth (d7 as root) away. Where the dominant seventh is found in all diatonic scales, the diminished seventh is found only in the harmonic scale naturally; an augmented sixth is itself an altered chord, relying on the raised fourth scale degree.
By combining the diminished seventh with a dominant seventh and / or augmented sixth, altering only one pivot note (by a half tone), it is possible to modulate quite smoothly from any key to any other in at most three chords, no matter how distant the starting and ending keys (be aware that, only when modulating between key signatures featuring double - sharps / flats, may the need to respell natural notes enharmonically arise); however, this may or may not require the use of altered chords (operating in the harmonic minor without augmented sixth would not) where the effect can be less subtle than other modulations. The following are examples used to describe this in chord progressions starting from the key of D minor (these chords may instead be used in other keys as borrowed chords, such as the parallel major, or other forms of the minor):
Note that in standard voice leading practice, any type of augmented sixth chord favours a resolution to the dominant chord (see: augmented sixth chord), with the exception of the German sixth, where it is difficult to avoid incurring parallel fifths; to prevent this, a cadential six four is commonly introduced before the dominant chord (which would then typically resolve to the tonic to establish tonality in the new key), or an Italian / French sixth is used instead.
In short, lowering any note of a diminished seventh chord a half tone leads to a dominant seventh chord (or German sixth enharmonically), the lowered note being the root of the new chord. Raising any note of a diminished seventh chord a half tone leads to a half - diminished seventh chord, the root of which is a whole step above the raised note. This means that any diminished chord can be modulated to eight different chords by simply lowering or raising any of its notes. If also employing enharmonic respelling of the diminished seventh chord, such as that beginning the modulation in the above examples (allowing for three other possible diminished seventh chords in other keys), it quickly becomes apparent the versatility of this combination technique and the wide range of available options in key modulation.
This type of modulation is particularly common in Romantic music, in which chromaticism rose to prominence.
Other types of enharmonic modulation include the augmented triad (III+) and French sixth (Fr+). Augmented triad modulation occurs in the same fashion as the diminished seventh, that is, to modulate to another augmented triad in a key: a major third (M3 as root) or minor sixth (A5 as root) away. French augmented sixth (Fr+) modulation is achieved similarly but by respelling both notes of either the top or bottom major third (i.e. root and major third or diminished fifth and augmented sixth) enharmonically and inverting with the other major third (i.e. diminished fifth and augmented sixth becomes root and major third of the new Fr + 6); either choice results in the same chord and key modulation (a tritone away), as the diminished fifth always becomes the new root.
Common - tone modulation uses a sustained or repeated pitch from the old key as a bridge between it and the new key (common tone). Usually, this pitch will be held alone before the music continues in the new key. For example, a held F from a section in B ♭ major could be used to transition to F major. This is used, for example, in Schubert 's Unfinished Symphony. "If all of the notes in the chord are common to both scales (major or minor), then we call it a common chord modulation. If only one or two of the notes are common, then we call it common tone modulation. ''
Starting from a major chord, for example G major (G -- B -- D), there are twelve potential goals using a common - tone modulation: G minor, G ♯ minor, B ♭ major, B major, B minor, C major, C minor, D minor, D major, E ♭ major, E major, E minor. Thus common - tone modulations are convenient for modulation by diatonic or chromatic third.
A chromatic modulation is so named because it occurs at the point of a chromatic progression, one which involves the chromatic inflection of one or more notes whose letter name, thus, remains the same though altered through an accidental. Chromatic modulations are often between keys which are not closely related. A secondary dominant or other chromatically altered chord may be used to lead one voice chromatically up or down on the way to the new key. (In standard four - part chorale - style writing, this chromatic line will most often be in one voice.) For example, a chromatic modulation from C major to D minor:
In this case, the IV chord in C major (F major) would be spelled F -- A -- C, the V / ii chord in C major (A major) spelled A -- C ♯ -- E, and the ii chord in C major (D minor), D -- F -- A. Thus the chromaticism, C -- C ♯ -- D, along the three chords; this could easily be part - written so those notes all occurred in one voice. Despite the common chord (ii in C major or i in D minor), this modulation is chromatic due to this inflection.
In the example pictured, a chromatic modulation from F major to D minor:
In this case, the V chord in F major (C major) would be spelled C -- E -- G, the V in D minor (A major) would be spelled A -- C ♯ -- E. Thus the chromaticism, C -- C ♯ -- D, which is here split between voices but may often easily be part - written so that all three notes occur in one voice.
The combination of chromatic modulation with enharmonic modulation in late Romantic music led to extremely complex progressions in the music of such composers as César Franck, in which two or three key shifts may occur in the space of a single bar, each phrase ends in a key harmonically remote from its beginning, and great dramatic tension is built while all sense of underlying tonality is temporarily in abeyance. Good examples are to be found in the opening of his Symphony in D minor, of which he himself said (see Wikiquote) "I dared much, but the next time, you will see, I will dare even more... ''; and his Trois Chorals for organ, especially the first and third of these, indeed fulfill that promise.
Phrase (also called direct, static, or abrupt) modulation is a modulation in which one phrase ends with a cadence in the original key, and begins the next phrase in the destination key without any transition material linking the two keys. This type of modulation is frequently done to a closely related key -- particularly the dominant or the relative major / minor key.
An unprepared modulation is a modulation "without any harmonic bridge '', characteristic of impressionism.
For example:
"A passage in a given key ending in a cadence might be followed by the same passage transposed (up or down) to another key, '' this being known as sequential modulation. Although a sequence does not have to modulate, it is also possible to modulate by way of a sequence. A sequential modulation is also called rosalia. The sequential passage will begin in the home key, and may move either diatonically or chromatically. Harmonic function is generally disregarded in a sequence, or, at least, it is far less important than the sequential motion. For this reason, a sequence may end at a point that suggests a different tonality than the home key, and the composition may continue naturally in that key.
Distant keys may be reached sequentially through closely related keys by chain modulation, for example C to G to D or C to C minor to E ♭ major. A common technique is the addition of the minor seventh after each tonic is reached, thus turning it into a dominant seventh chord:
A parallel key modulation is a change of mode, but maintains the same tonal center. For example, one section of a composition may be in the key of E major and then modulate to E minor. This can be done directly or facilitated by the various modulation techniques described above. Depending on the length of the modulation and whether or not it returns to the original key, it may or may not be designated by a change of key signature.
The most common modulations are to closely related keys (I, V, IV, vi, iii, ii). V (dominant) is the most frequent goal and, in minor, III (relative key) is also a common goal. Modulation to the dominant or the subdominant is relatively simple as they are adjacent steps on the circle of fifths. Modulations to the relative major or minor are also simple, as these keys share all pitches in common. Modulation to distantly related keys is often done smoothly through using chords in successive related keys, such as through the circle of fifths, the entirety of which may be used in either direction:
If a given key were G major, the following chart could be used:
From G (which is the given key), a musician would go P5 (a perfect fifth) above G (which is D) and also P5 below G (which is C).
From this, the musician would go to G major 's relative minor which is E minor, and potentially to C major and D major 's related minor as well (a musician who does not know the related minor for C and D major may also go P5 below or above E minor).
By using the relative minor keys one can find the specific key that the key can modulate into.
Many musicians use the circle of fifths to find these keys and make similar charts to help with the modulation.
In certain classical music forms, a modulation can have structural significance. In sonata form, for example, a modulation separates the first subject from the second subject. Frequent changes of key characterize the development section of sonatas. Moving to the subdominant is a standard practice in the trio section of a march in a major key, while a minor march will typically move to the relative major.
Changes of key may also represent changes in mood. In many genres of music, moving from a lower key to a higher often indicates an increase in energy.
Change of key is not possible in the full chromatic or the twelve tone technique, as the modulatory space is completely filled; i.e., if every pitch is equal and ubiquitous there is nowhere else to go. Thus other differentiating methods are used, most importantly ordering and permutation. However, certain pitch formations may be used as a "tonic '' or home area.
Though modulation generally refers to changes of key, any parameter may be modulated, particularly in music of the 20th and 21st century. Metric modulation (known also as tempo modulation) is the most common, while timbral modulation (gradual changes in tone color), and spatial modulation (changing the location from which sound occurs) are also used.
Modulation may also occur from a single tonality to a polytonality, often by beginning with a duplicated tonic chord and modulating the chords in contrary motion until the desired polytonality is reached.
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what is the biggest comeback in ncaa basketball tournament history | List of basketball comebacks - wikipedia
(Original research
This is a list of some notable comebacks in basketball history. The information contained in this article references comebacks in the NCAA and NBA and are ranked solely on a points per game deficit.
These comebacks happened at the end of regulation or the end of an overtime period in a short amount of time.
These comebacks happened over a longer stretch of the game.
2012 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament -- Both games of the March 13 session set NCAA postseason records, for largest deficit overcome within the final five minutes of a game (16) and largest deficit at any point in the game overcome (25).
The following comebacks are based solely on a points deficit basis.
36 points -- Utah Jazz vs. Denver Nuggets (November 27, 1996)
The Utah Jazz defeated the Denver Nuggets 107 to 103 on November 27, 1996. The Jazz, playing before a hometown crowd at the Delta Center, trailed 70 to 36 at halftime. Led by the scoring efforts of Karl Malone with 31 points and Jeff Hornacek contributing 29 points, the Utah Jazz secured the win to overcome one of the largest deficits in NBA history.
35 points -- Sacramento Kings vs. Chicago Bulls (December 21, 2009)
The Sacramento Kings defeated the Chicago Bulls 102 - 98 on December 21, 2009 at Chicago 's United Center. Trailing three quarters, with the largest deficit at 35 points, the Kings rallied behind the scoring of Tyreke Evans ' 23 points. Sacramento overcame the Bulls in the fourth quarter despite a 26 - point performance of Chicago 's Luol Deng. This comeback constitutes the second largest comeback in NBA history.
They were down by as high as 35 points with less than 9 minutes remaining in the third quarter. But despite trailing for almost three quarters, they fought their way back and beat Chicago Bulls by four points.
30 points -- Dallas Mavericks vs. Los Angeles Lakers (December 2, 2002)
The third largest NBA comeback occurred at Staples Center on December 2, 2002. The Los Angeles Lakers were down 30 in the 3rd quarter and trailing by 27 entering the 4th. On the back of 21 points from Kobe Bryant, the Lakers came back to win 105 - 103. Fittingly, Bryant scored with 8.4 seconds remaining, giving the Lakers their first lead of the game and held on for the win.
29 points -- Milwaukee Bucks vs. Atlanta Hawks (November 25, 1977)
The fourth largest NBA comeback occurred at Atlanta 's Omni Coliseum on November 25, 1977. The Milwaukee Bucks, down 29 points to the Atlanta Hawks, came back to win 117 - 115. This game is the largest fourth quarter comeback in NBA history. Milwaukee 's Junior Bridgerman led the comeback effort with 24 points and held off Atlanta 's high scorer John Drew with 30 points on the night
29 points -- Dallas Mavericks vs. Minnesota Timberwolves (December 30, 2008)
The Dallas Mavericks defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 107 to 100 on December 30, 2008 to overcome a 29 - point third quarter deficit. Jason Terry led all Maverick 's scorers with 29 points while Dirk Nowitzki added 24 points. The game was played at Dallas ' American Airlines Center
27 points - Washington Wizards vs. New York Knicks (February 14, 2018)
The Washington Wizards, led by Bradley Beal 's 36 Point Performance, railed back after being down by 27 to the Knicks in Madison Square Garden, NY.
26 points - Boston Celtics vs. Houston Rockets (December 28, 2017)
The Boston Celtics overcame a 26 - point deficit, coming back in the second half to beat the Houston Rockets with a final score of 99 - 98 at the TD Garden in Boston.
25 points - Golden State Warriors vs. San Antonio Spurs (May 14, 2017)
The Golden State Warriors came back from a 25 point deficit, led by Steph Curry 's 40 points and Kevin Durant 's 34 points. Precipitating the comeback was the injury of the Spurs ' first option, Kawhi Leonard. The Warriors won 113 - 111.
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who has played the longest in the nhl | List of NHL players with 1,000 games played - wikipedia
The National Hockey League (NHL) is a major professional ice hockey league which operates in Canada and the United States. Since its inception in 1917 -- 18, 313 players have played at least 1,000 regular season games, varying in amounts between Gordie Howe 's 1,767 to Bernie Federko and Henrik Zetterberg 's 1,000. Of these players, a number have been inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.
Thirty of the listed players have played for only one franchise. Four of those players played exclusively for the Montreal Canadiens and five played for the Detroit Red Wings, those teams having the most such players. The record for most teams played for by a player who has competed in over 1,000 games is held by Mike Sillinger, who played for 12 teams in his career; Sillinger played his 1,000 th game with his 12th and final NHL team, the New York Islanders. Patrick Roy and Martin Brodeur are the only goaltenders with at least 1,000 games played. Roy spent his career with the Canadiens and the Colorado Avalanche while Brodeur played for the New Jersey Devils and his final seven games with the St. Louis Blues.
Only 17 players have played in over 1,500 games; of those, 12 have been inducted into the Hall of Fame and three more are not yet eligible for induction. Three of those 17 (Nicklas Lidstrom, Alex Delvecchio and Steve Yzerman) played their entire careers with Detroit; Shane Doan, of the Winnipeg / Phoenix / Arizona franchise, is the only player to play over 1,500 games with a single franchise other than Detroit. In addition, eight of the 17 spent at least some portion of their career with the Red Wings, also more than any other team. Lidstrom 's 1,564 games is the most for any player in a career spent with only one franchise. The record for most teams played for by a player who has competed in over 1,500 games is held by Jaromir Jagr, who has played for nine teams in his career. Jagr played his 1,500 th game with New Jersey, his seventh NHL team. No goaltender has ever played in 1,500 games.
Due to the much greater number of teams, the greater salaries paid to today 's players, and the greater number of games played in a season, the list is dominated by post-expansion players. No NHL player surpassed 1,000 games before Gordie Howe on November 26, 1961, against the Chicago Black Hawks, only 17 players in the top 100 started their careers before the expansion era, and only two players -- Red Kelly and Bill Gadsby -- played in more than 1,000 games and finished their careers before the expansion era.
This list is updated at the end of the season, except for the list of a player 's teams.
Note: There have been two different NHL franchises carrying the Winnipeg Jets name: one that played from 1979 -- 96 and that is now the Arizona Coyotes, and one from 2011 onward, formerly the Atlanta Thrashers. Players with the first franchise are marked as having played with Winnipeg (original).
(Name, Team played for, Date of Game)
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full story of cloudy with a chance of meatballs | Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs (film) - wikipedia
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is a 2009 American computer - animated science fiction comedy film loosely based on the 1978 children 's book of the same name by Judi and Ron Barrett. It was produced by Sony Pictures Animation, and released by Columbia Pictures on September 18, 2009. The film features the voices of Bill Hader, Anna Faris, Bruce Campbell, James Caan, Bobb'e J. Thompson, Andy Samberg, Mr. T, Benjamin Bratt, Neil Patrick Harris, Al Roker, Lauren Graham, and Will Forte. It was written and directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. It was a critical and commercial success, earning $243 million worldwide on a budget of $100 million. A sequel, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2, was released on September 27, 2013. A television series based on the film with the same title premiered on February 20, 2017, on Cartoon Network.
Flint Lockwood is a wannabe - scientist who lives in Swallow Falls, a tiny island in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that has sardines as the base of its economy. Flint lives with Tim, his widowed technophobic father who misunderstands his son 's talent, and his pet monkey, Steve. Despite Flint 's zealous enthusiasm, his inventions, including spray - on shoes, a remote controlled television, rat birds, hair - un-balder, and a flying car, all ended in failure. Flint states that his dream was to help his hometown and that Swallow Falls used to be famous for sardines until the popular Baby Brent Sardine cannery went out of business permanently.
Flint then invents a machine that transforms water into food, called the "Flint Lockwood Diatonic Super Mutating Dynamic Food Replicator '' (FLDSMDFR). Flint turns on the FLDSMDFR in his laboratory, but ends up overloading the house 's electrical supply. He then decides to power the machine by hooking it up to a nearby power plant. When he turns the machine back on, it ends up rocketing through town, causing widespread damage, ultimately shooting up into the sky. While recovering from his failure, Flint meets Samantha "Sam '' Sparks, a weather intern whose big break was foiled by Flint 's actions. Their conversation is cut short when rainbow colored clouds float over the town and begin to rain cheeseburgers.
The town rejoices in their renewed food choices, and Flint creates a communication device to send orders to the machine and order it to create different types of food. Swallow Falls (now renamed Chewandswallow) suddenly becomes a successful "food tourism '' destination. Everything is going well until the townsfolk start greedily requesting food from Flint 's machine. Flint notices that the food is beginning to grow larger in size. Although he is concerned that the food is starting to "over mutate '', the now morbidly obese mayor sees it as profitable for him and the city, and guilts Flint into continuing to make food rain.
Citizens and worldly tourists in Chewandswallow are blissful until suddenly a large tornado formed of spaghetti and meatballs threatens the town. Flint rushes to his lab to turn the FLDSMDFR off and attempts to send a "kill code '' to stop the machine, but the mayor, while trying to stop him by throwing a giant radish at him, accidentally destroys the communication device before he can do it. With Flint unable to control the machine, a massive food storm is created which threatens the world. When Flint 's father encourages him to fix the mess, Flint gains self - confidence, places the kill code in a USB flash drive, and builds a new flying car to reach and deactivate the FLDSMDFR, with the aid of Sam, her cameraman Manny, Steve and Brent (namesake of the Baby Brent Sardine cannery).
As they approach the machine in the sky, they find that it is now at the core of a giant meatball, where clouds go in the top and a food hurricane goes out the bottom. The machine sends living food to attack them. In the chaos, the flash drive with the kill code is sucked by the wind out the window.
Back at Chewandswallow, the citizens and tourists escape while the last leftovers fall. Mt. Leftovers collapses, causing an avalanche of food that destroys the town. Despite the avalanche ravaging Flint 's Lab, Tim manages to re-send the kill code to Flint 's cell phone from there. Flint then goes inside the meatball, finds the machine, and connects the phone to a port. To his dismay, Flint discovers that Tim sent him the wrong file, so he is unable to stop the FLDSMDFR. Flint then gets an idea and uses his Spray - On Shoes formula on the machine, causing it to explode. With the machine destroyed, the food storm subsides and everyone is able to return safely to Chewandswallow. Tim finally shows his appreciation for his son and his inventions before Flint and Sam celebrate with a kiss. Meanwhile, the obese mayor is seen stranded in the middle of the sea, having eaten nearly all of his peanut butter and jelly sandwich boat, while muttering that his plans were not well thought out.
On May 9, 2003, a year after establishment, Sony Pictures Animation announced its first animated slate, including Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, a film adaptation of the book. The Brizzi brothers were brought to direct the film, with Wayne Rice adapting the screenplay. In 2006, it was reported that the film had been helmed by new directors and writers, Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. On September 18, 2008, Variety announced that Bill Hader and Anna Faris had signed on to voice the two lead characters, with James Caan, Bruce Campbell, Mr. T, Andy Samberg, Neil Patrick Harris, Bobb'e J. Thompson, Benjamin Bratt, Al Roker, Lauren Graham and Will Forte also in the voice cast. Co-writers and co-directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller said later that year that it would be a homage to, and a parody of, disaster films such as Twister, Armageddon, The Core, and The Day After Tomorrow. Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is the second film (after Monster House) made using animation rendering software Arnold.
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs is a soundtrack to the film of the same name, released under Sony Pictures Entertainment on September 15, 2009. The music of the film and this album are both credited to be composed and produced by American composer Mark Mothersbaugh of Devo.
All music composed by Mark Mothersbaugh, except where noted.
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs premiered on September 12, 2009, at the Mann Village Theatre in Los Angeles, California. The film had its wide release on September 18, 2009, along with a digitally re-mastered release to IMAX 3D theatres.
The film was released on DVD, Blu - ray and PSP UMD on January 5, 2010 in the United States and Canada. A 3D Blu - ray was released on June 22, 2010. It was the first 3D Blu - ray sold individually in the United States.
In August 2009, Insight Editions published a companion book to the film called The Art and Making of Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs.
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 87 % of critics gave positive reviews based on 139 reviews with an average rating of 7.3 / 10. The consensus statement reads, "Quirky humor, plucky characters and solid slapstick make this family comedy a frenetically tasty time at the movies. '' Another review aggretator, Metacritic, which normalizes a rating from mainstream critics, gave the film an approval rating of 66 based on 24 reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A - '' on an A+ to F scale.
Ernest Hardy of LA Weekly stated the film "is smart, insightful on a host of relationship dynamics, and filled with fast - paced action ''. Hardy also applauded the 3 - D effects which "are wonderful, full of witty sight gags that play out both center - screen and on the periphery ''. Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film a mixed review stating that "Crazy does n't always equal funny, and the gigantism of this 3 - D offering 's second half puts a damper on your enjoyment. But look: This film was n't made for you, or me. It was made for dangerously, easily distracted 9 - year - olds. '' Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film two stars stating that the animated film "greatly expands on the kids ' book on which it 's based in a clever and engaging first half. But the second half leaves a foul aftertaste. '' Animator John Kricfalusi, known for his generally negative opinions on modern animation, did a review of the film on his blog, saying that "It was an optimistic portent of what could be. It 's basically an undirected film -- but one that allowed many of the artists to take nothing scenes and add some kind of cleverness, design and action to the formulaic events being told by the story. ''
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs earned a total of $243 million on a reported budget of $100 million. Of the gross, 51 %, or $124,870,275, came from the domestic market, while the rest, $118,135,851, from other territories. For the film 's marketing, Sony spent $43.3 million in the United States, and $26 million in other countries. The film earned $8,137,358 on its opening Friday, and ranked # 1 at the box office with a total of $30.3 million for the first weekend. On its second weekend, it remained at # 1 with a decrease of only 17 %. It currently holds the record for third largest - opening weekend in the month of September.
A sequel, titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2, was released on September 27, 2013. Directed by Cody Cameron and Kris Pearn, and it is based on an original idea, where Flint and his friends must again save the world from the food machine, this time producing living food beasts. Most of the main cast reprised their roles, with Terry Crews replacing Mr. T. New cast also includes Kristen Schaal as orangutan Barb, and Will Forte in his new role of Chester V.
On October 9, 2014, DHX Media announced that it will develop and produce a television series based on the film franchise, titled Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs: The Series. The series will be traditionally animated and will consist of 26 22 - minute episodes. It will take place before the first film, showing Flint Lockwood as a high school student who dreams of becoming a serious scientist. In his adventures, he will be joined by Sam Sparks, a new girl in town and the school 's "wannabe '' reporter, along with Flint 's dad Tim, Steve the Monkey, Manny as the head of the school 's audiovisual club, Earl as a school gym teacher, Brent as a baby wear model, and mayor Shelbourne. DHX Media will handle the global television and non-US home entertainment distribution, along with worldwide merchandising rights, while Sony will distribute home entertainment in the US. Commissioned by Teletoon in Canada, the series will air on Cartoon Network in the United States, and on the Boomerang channel in other territories.
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through the panama canal is in panama it belonged to the united states | Panama Canal - wikipedia
The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an artificial 77 km (48 mi) waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. There are locks at each end to lift ships up to Gatun Lake, an artificial lake created to reduce the amount of excavation work required for the canal, 26 m (85 ft) above sea level, and then lower the ships at the other end. The original locks are 34 m (110 ft) wide. A third, wider lane of locks was constructed between September 2007 and May 2016. The expanded canal began commercial operation on June 26, 2016. The new locks allow transit of larger, Post-Panamax ships, capable of handling more cargo.
France began work on the canal in 1881 but stopped due to engineering problems and a high worker mortality rate. The United States took over the project in 1904 and opened the canal on August 15, 1914. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut greatly reduced the time for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, enabling them to avoid the lengthy, hazardous Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America via the Drake Passage or Strait of Magellan.
Colombia, France, and later the United States controlled the territory surrounding the canal during construction. The U.S. continued to control the canal and surrounding Panama Canal Zone until the 1977 Torrijos -- Carter Treaties provided for handover to Panama. After a period of joint American -- Panamanian control, in 1999 the canal was taken over by the Panamanian government and is now managed and operated by the government - owned Panama Canal Authority.
Annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in 1914, when the canal opened, to 14,702 vessels in 2008, for a total of 333.7 million Panama Canal / Universal Measurement System (PC / UMS) tons. By 2012, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal. It takes six to eight hours to pass through the Panama Canal. The American Society of Civil Engineers has called the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
The earliest mention of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama dates back to 1534, when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, ordered a survey for a route through the Americas that would ease the voyage for ships traveling between Spain and Peru. Such a route would have given the Spanish a military advantage over the Portuguese.
In 1668 the English physician and philosopher Sir Thomas Browne speculated in his encyclopaedic endeavour Pseudodoxia Epidemica - some Isthmus have been eat through by the Sea, and others cut by the spade: And if policy would permit, that of Panama in America were most worthy the attempt: it being but few miles over, and would open a shorter cut unto the East Indies and China.
In 1788, Thomas Jefferson suggested that the Spanish should create it since it would be a less treacherous route than going around the southern tip of South America, which tropical ocean currents would naturally widen thereafter. During an expedition from 1788 to 1793, Alessandro Malaspina outlined plans for its construction.
Given the strategic location of Panama and the potential offered by its narrow isthmus separating two great oceans, other trade links in the area were attempted over the years. The ill - fated Darien scheme was launched by the Kingdom of Scotland in 1698 to set up an overland trade route. Generally inhospitable conditions thwarted the effort and it was abandoned in April 1700.
The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw a number of canals built. The success of the Erie Canal in the United States and the collapse of the Spanish Empire in Latin America led to a surge of American interest in building an interoceanic canal. Beginning in 1826, US officials began negotiations with Gran Colombia (present - day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama), hoping to gain a concession for the building of a canal. Jealous of their newly obtained independence and fearing that they would be dominated by an American presence, the president Simon Bolivar and new granadans officials declined American offers. The new nation was politically unstable, and Panama rebelled several times during the 19th century.
Another effort was made in 1843. According to the New York Daily Tribune, August 24, 1843, a contract was entered into by Barings of London and the Republic of New Granada for the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Darien (Isthmus of Panama). They referred to it as the Atlantic and Pacific Canal and it was a wholly British endeavor. It was expected to be completed in five years, but the plan was never carried out. At nearly the same time, other ideas were floated, including a canal (and / or a railroad) across Mexico 's Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Nothing came of that plan either.
In 1846 the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty, negotiated between the U.S. and New Granada, granted the United States transit rights and the right to intervene militarily in the isthmus. In 1849, the discovery of gold in California created great interest in a crossing between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Panama Railway was built by the United States to cross the isthmus and opened in 1855. This overland link became a vital piece of western hemisphere infrastructure, greatly facilitating trade and largely determining the later canal route.
An all - water route between the oceans was still seen as the ideal solution, and in 1855 William Kennish, a Manx - born engineer working for the United States government, surveyed the isthmus and issued a report on a route for a proposed Panama Canal. His report was published as a book entitled The Practicability and Importance of a Ship Canal to Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
In 1877 Armand Reclus, an officer with the French Navy, and Lucien Napoléon Bonaparte Wyse, both engineers, surveyed the route and published a French proposal for a canal. French success in building the Suez Canal, while a lengthy project, encouraged planning for one to cross the isthmus.
The first attempt to construct a canal through what was then Colombia 's province of Panama began on January 1, 1881. The project was inspired by the diplomat Ferdinand de Lesseps, who was able to raise considerable finance in France as a result of the huge profits generated by his successful construction of the Suez Canal. Although the Panama Canal would eventually have to be only 40 % as long as the Suez Canal, the former would prove to be far more of an engineering challenge, due to the tropical rain forests, the climate, the need for canal locks, and the lack of any ancient route to follow.
De Lesseps wanted a sea - level canal as at Suez but only visited the site a few times, during the dry season which lasts only four months of the year. His men were totally unprepared for the rainy season, during which the Chagres River, where the canal started, became a raging torrent, rising up to 10 meters (35 feet). The dense jungle was alive with venomous snakes, insects and spiders, but the worst aspect was the yellow fever and malaria (and other tropical diseases) which killed thousands of workers: by 1884 the death rate was over 200 per month. Public health measures were ineffective because the role of the mosquito as a disease vector was then unknown. Conditions were downplayed in France to avoid recruitment problems, but the high mortality rate made it difficult to maintain an experienced workforce.
Workers had to continually widen the main cut through the mountain at Culebra and reduce the angles of the slopes to minimize landslides into the canal. Steam shovels were used in the construction of the canal, and they were purchased from Bay City Industrial Works, a business owned by William L. Clements in Bay City, Michigan. Other mechanical and electrical equipment was limited in its capabilities, and steel equipment rusted rapidly in the climate.
In France, de Lesseps kept the investment and supply of workers flowing long after it was obvious that the targets were not being met, but eventually the money ran out. The French effort went bankrupt in 1889 after reportedly spending US $287,000,000 and losing an estimated 22,000 lives to disease and accidents, wiping out the savings of 800,000 investors. Work was suspended on May 15, and in the ensuing scandal, known as the Panama affair, various of those deemed responsible were prosecuted, including Gustave Eiffel. De Lesseps and his son Charles were found guilty of misappropriation of funds and sentenced to five years ' imprisonment, though this was later overturned, and the father, at 88, was never imprisoned.
In 1894, a second French company, the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama, was created to take over the project. A minimal workforce of a few thousand people was employed primarily to comply with the terms of the Colombian Panama Canal concession, to run the Panama Railroad, and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in salable condition. The company sought a buyer for these assets, with an asking price of US $109,000,000. In the meantime they continued with enough activity to maintain their franchise. Phillipe Bunau - Varilla, the French manager of the New Panama Canal Company, eventually managed to persuade de Lesseps that a lock - and - lake canal was more realistic than a sea - level canal.
At this time, the President and the Senate of the United States were interested in establishing a canal across the isthmus, with some favoring a canal across Nicaragua and others advocating the purchase of the French interests in Panama. Bunau - Varilla, who was seeking American involvement, asked for $100 million, but accepted $40 million in the face of the Nicaraguan option. In June 1902, the U.S. Senate voted in favor of pursuing the Panamanian option, provided the necessary rights could be obtained, in the Spooner Act.
On January 22, 1903, the Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by United States Secretary of State John M. Hay and Colombian Chargé Dr. Tomás Herrán. For $10 million and an annual payment it would have granted the United States a renewable lease in perpetuity from Colombia on the land proposed for the canal. The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate on March 14, 1903, but the Senate of Colombia did not ratify it. Bunau - Varilla told President Theodore Roosevelt and Hay of a possible revolt by Panamanian rebels who aimed to separate from Colombia, and hoped that the United States would support the rebels with U.S. troops and money. Roosevelt changed tactics, based in part on the Mallarino -- Bidlack Treaty of 1846, and actively supported the separation of Panama from Colombia and, shortly after recognizing Panama, signed a treaty with the new Panamanian government under similar terms to the Hay -- Herrán Treaty.
On November 2, 1903, U.S. warships blocked sea lanes for possible Colombian troop movements en route to put down the rebellion. Panama declared independence on November 3, 1903. The United States quickly recognized the new nation. On November 6, 1903, Philippe Bunau - Varilla, as Panama 's ambassador to the United States, signed the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty, granting rights to the United States to build and indefinitely administer the Panama Canal Zone and its defenses. This is sometimes misinterpreted as the "99 - year lease '' because of misleading wording included in article 22 of the agreement. Almost immediately, the treaty was condemned by many Panamanians as an infringement on their country 's new national sovereignty. This would later become a contentious diplomatic issue among Colombia, Panama, and the United States.
President Roosevelt famously stated that "I took the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal, but to debate me. '' Several parties in the United States called this an act of war on Colombia: The New York Times called the support given by the United States to Bunau - Varilla an "act of sordid conquest. '' The New York Evening Post called it a "vulgar and mercenary venture. '' It is often cited as the classic example of U.S. gunboat diplomacy in Latin America, and the best illustration of what Roosevelt meant by the old African adage, "Speak softly and carry a big stick (and) you will go far. '' After the revolution in 1903, the Republic of Panama became a U.S. protectorate until 1939.
Thus in 1904, the United States purchased the French equipment and excavations, including the Panama Railroad, for US $40 million, of which $30 million related to excavations completed, primarily in the Gaillard Cut (then called the Culebra Cut), valued at about $1.00 per cubic yard. The United States also paid the new country of Panama $10 million and a $250,000 payment each following year.
In 1921, Colombia and the United States entered into the Thomson - Urrutia Treaty, in which the United States agreed to pay Colombia $25 million: $5 million upon ratification, and four - $5 million annual payments, and grant Colombia special privileges in the Canal Zone. In return, Colombia recognized Panama as an independent nation.
The U.S. formally took control of the canal property on May 4, 1904, inheriting from the French a depleted workforce and a vast jumble of buildings, infrastructure and equipment, much of it in poor condition. A U.S. government commission, the Isthmian Canal Commission (ICC), was established to oversee construction and was given control of the Panama Canal Zone, over which the United States exercised sovereignty. The commission reported directly to Secretary of War William Howard Taft and was directed to avoid the inefficiency and corruption that had plagued the French 15 years earlier.
On May 6, 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed John Findley Wallace, formerly chief engineer and finally general manager of the Illinois Central Railroad, as chief engineer of the Panama Canal Project. Overwhelmed by the disease - plagued country and forced to use often dilapidated French infrastructure and equipment, as well as being frustrated by the overly bureaucratic ICC, Wallace resigned abruptly in June 1905. He was succeeded by John Frank Stevens, a self - educated engineer who had built the Great Northern Railroad. Stevens was not a member of the ICC; he increasingly viewed its bureaucracy as a serious hindrance, bypassing the commission and sending requests and demands directly to the Roosevelt Administration in Washington.
One of Stevens ' first achievements in Panama was in building and rebuilding the housing, cafeterias, hotels, water systems, repair shops, warehouses, and other infrastructure needed by the thousands of incoming workers. Stevens began the recruitment effort to entice thousands of workers from the United States and other areas to come to the Canal Zone to work, and tried to provide accommodation in which the incoming workers could work and live in reasonable safety and comfort. He also re-established and enlarged the railway that was to prove crucial in transporting millions of tons of soil from the cut through the mountains to the dam across the Chagres River.
Colonel William C. Gorgas had been appointed chief sanitation officer of the canal construction project in 1904. Gorgas implemented a range of measures to minimize the spread of deadly diseases, particularly yellow fever and malaria which had recently been shown to be mosquito - borne following the work of Dr. Carlos Finlay and Dr. Walter Reed. There was investment in extensive sanitation projects, including city water systems, fumigation of buildings, spraying of insect - breeding areas with oil and larvicide, installation of mosquito netting and window screens, and elimination of stagnant water. Despite opposition from the Commission (one member said his ideas were barmy), Gorgas persisted and when Stevens arrived, he threw his weight behind the project. After two years of extensive work, the mosquito - spread diseases were nearly eliminated. Nevertheless, even with all this effort, about 5,600 workers died of disease and accidents during the U.S. construction phase of the canal.
In 1905, a U.S. engineering panel was commissioned to review the canal design, which still had not been finalized. It recommended to President Roosevelt a sea - level canal, as had been attempted by the French. However, in 1906 Stevens, who had seen the Chagres in full flood, was summoned to Washington and declared a sea - level approach to be "an entirely untenable proposition ''. He argued in favor of a canal using a lock system to raise and lower ships from a large reservoir 85 ft (26 m) above sea level. This would create both the largest dam (Gatun Dam) and the largest man - made lake (Gatun Lake) in the world at that time. The water to refill the locks would be taken from Gatun Lake by opening and closing enormous gates and valves and letting gravity propel the water from the lake. Gatun Lake would connect to the Pacific through the mountains at the Gaillard (Culebra) Cut. Stevens successfully convinced Roosevelt of the necessity and feasibility of the alternative scheme.
The construction of a canal with locks required the excavation of more than 170,000,000 cu yd (130,000,000 m) of material over and above the 30,000,000 cu yd (23,000,000 m) excavated by the French. As quickly as possible, the Americans replaced or upgraded the old, unusable French equipment with new construction equipment that was designed for a much larger and faster scale of work. About 102 new large, railroad - mounted steam shovels were purchased from the Marion Power Shovel Company and brought from the United States. These were joined by enormous steam - powered cranes, giant hydraulic rock crushers, cement mixers, dredges, and pneumatic power drills, nearly all of which were manufactured by new, extensive machine - building technology developed and built in the United States. The railroad also had to be comprehensively upgraded with heavy - duty, double - tracked rails over most of the line to accommodate new rolling stock. In many places, the new Gatun Lake flooded over the original rail line, and a new line had to be constructed above Gatun Lake 's waterline.
Emancipation in the British West Indies in 1838 freed over one - half million slaves, transforming the islands ' societies and economies. Most freedmen preferred not to do plantation work anymore, and the sugar industries gradually declined. The white colonial elites and mulatto middle classes managed to reconstruct the social hierarchy so that the blacks remained at the bottom. In such a precarious position, black freedmen had to take any jobs that appeared, including those abroad. Thus, began the trans - Caribbean migration phase of the diaspora.
The California gold rush of 1849 rekindled interest in a modern transportation route across Central America and spurred larger migrations of these freedmen. Two crossings were developed, Vanderbilt 's steamship and stage line in Nicaragua and the New York - based Panama Railroad. Both enterprises used imported labor, largely Jamaican. Some 5,000 eventually worked on the Panama railroad line. The projects proved that the West Indian blacks resisted tropical diseases better than other workers and they were available in large numbers due to the islands ' depressed economies.
Caribbean migration on a large scale would resume again in the 1880s as a result of two developments, the French canal project and the spread of banana cultivation. The French company employed over 50,000 West Indians (again mainly Jamaicans) during its unsuccessful bid to build the canal across the isthmus.
Banana cultivation also proved a boon to the region 's economy after the 1880s, expanding commercial agriculture and inducing thousands more to migrate. By the early twentieth century, the United Fruit Company operated a string of banana ports, including Puerto Limon (Costa Rica) and Bocas del Toro (Panama).
During the construction of the Panama Canal by the Americans (1904 - 1914), the West Indian migrations to Panama constituted a demographic tidal wave, the largest yet in Caribbean history. Officially, canal authorities brought over 31,000 West Indian men and a few women. But in fact, contemporaries estimated that between 150,000 and 200,000 men and women must have migrated during the decade 1904 - 1914. Most did not plan to stay in Panama. Eventually though, tens of thousands remained on the isthmus because the islands offered few opportunities that could compete with the pay and benefits available in Panama. The West Indians settled, married, had children, and became the largest immigrant group in the sparsely populated country. The descendants of these immigrants are known today as Afro - Panamanians.
In 1907, Stevens resigned as chief engineer. His replacement, appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt, was U.S. Army Major George Washington Goethals of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (soon to be promoted to lieutenant colonel and later to General), a strong, United States Military Academy -- trained leader and civil engineer with experience of canals (unlike Stevens). Goethals would direct the work in Panama to a successful conclusion in 1914, two years ahead of the target date of June 10, 1916.
Goethals divided the engineering and excavation work into three divisions: Atlantic, Central, and Pacific. The Atlantic Division, under Major William L. Sibert, was responsible for construction of the massive breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay, the Gatun locks and their 31⁄2 mi (5.6 km) approach channel, and the immense Gatun Dam. The Pacific Division, under Sydney B. Williamson (the only civilian member of this high - level team), was similarly responsible for the Pacific 3 mi (4.8 km) breakwater in Panama Bay, the approach channel to the locks, and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams and reservoirs.
The Central Division, under Major David du Bose Gaillard of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, was assigned one of the most difficult parts: excavating the Culebra Cut through the continental divide to connect Gatun Lake to the Pacific Panama Canal locks.
On October 10, 1913, President Woodrow Wilson sent a signal from the White House by telegraph which triggered the explosion that destroyed the Gamboa Dike. This flooded the Culebra Cut, thereby joining the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Alexandre La Valley (a floating crane built by Lobnitz & Company, and launched in 1887) was the first self - propelled vessel to transit the canal from ocean to ocean. This vessel crossed the canal from the Atlantic in stages during construction, finally reaching the Pacific on January 7, 1914. SS Cristobal (a cargo and passenger ship built by Maryland Steel, and launched in 1902 as SS Tremont) was the first ship to transit the canal from ocean to ocean on August 3, 1914.
The construction of the canal was completed in 1914, 401 years after Panama was first crossed by Vasco Núñez de Balboa. The United States spent almost $500,000,000 (roughly equivalent to $9,169,650,000 now) to finish the project. This was by far the largest American engineering project to date. The canal was formally opened on August 15, 1914, with the passage of the cargo ship SS Ancon.
The opening of Panama Canal in 1914 caused a severe drop in traffic along Chilean ports due to shifts in the maritime trade routes.
Throughout this time, Ernest "Red '' Hallen was hired by the Isthmian Canal Commission to document the progress of the work.
By the 1930s it was seen that water supply would be an issue for the canal; this prompted the building of the Madden Dam across the Chagres River above Gatun Lake. Completed in 1935, the dam created Madden Lake (later Alajeula Lake) which provides additional water storage for the canal. In 1939, construction began on a further major improvement: a new set of locks for the canal, large enough to carry the larger warships that the United States was building at the time and planned to continue building. The work proceeded for several years, and significant excavation was carried out on the new approach channels, but the project was canceled after World War II.
After World War II, U.S. control of the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it became contentious; relations between Panama and the United States became increasingly tense. Many Panamanians felt that the Canal Zone rightfully belonged to Panama; student protests were met by the fencing - in of the zone and an increased military presence there. Demands for the United States to hand over the canal to Panama increased after the Suez Crisis in 1956, when the United States used financial and diplomatic pressure to force France and the UK to abandon their attempt to retake control of the Suez Canal, previously nationalized by the Nasser regime in Egypt. Unrest culminated in riots on Martyr 's Day, January 9, 1964, when about 20 Panamanians and 3 -- 5 U.S. soldiers were killed.
A decade later, in 1974, negotiations toward a settlement began and resulted in the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties. On September 7, 1977, the treaty was signed by President of the United States Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos, de facto leader of Panama. This mobilized the process of granting the Panamanians free control of the canal so long as Panama signed a treaty guaranteeing the permanent neutrality of the canal. The treaty led to full Panamanian control effective at noon on December 31, 1999, and the Panama Canal Authority (ACP) assumed command of the waterway. The Panama Canal remains one of the chief revenue sources for Panama.
Before this handover, the government of Panama held an international bid to negotiate a 25 - year contract for operation of the container shipping ports located at the canal 's Atlantic and Pacific outlets. The contract was not affiliated with the ACP or Panama Canal operations and was won by the firm Hutchison Whampoa, a Hong Kong -- based shipping interest owned by Li Ka - shing.
While globally the Atlantic Ocean is east of the isthmus and the Pacific is west, the general direction of the canal passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific is from northwest to southeast. This is because of a local anomaly in the shape of the isthmus at the point the canal occupies. The Bridge of the Americas (Spanish: Puente de las Américas) at the Pacific side is about a third of a degree east of the Colón end on the Atlantic side. Still, in formal nautical communications, the simplified directions "Southbound '' and "Northbound '' are used.
The canal consists of artificial lakes, several improved and artificial channels, and three sets of locks. An additional artificial lake, Alajuela Lake (known during the American era as Madden Lake), acts as a reservoir for the canal. The layout of the canal as seen by a ship passing from the Atlantic to the Pacific is as follows:
Thus, the total length of the canal is 50 miles.
Artificially created in 1913 by damming the Chagres River, Gatun Lake is an essential part of the Panama Canal, providing the millions of gallons of water necessary to operate the Panama Canal locks each time a ship passes through. At the time it was formed, Gatun Lake was the largest human - made lake in the world. The impassable rainforest around the lake has been the best defense of the Panama Canal. Today these areas remain practically unscathed by human interference and are one of the few accessible areas where various native Central American animal and plant species can be observed undisturbed in their natural habitat.
The largest island on Gatun Lake is Barro Colorado Island. It was established for scientific study when the lake was formed, and is operated by the Smithsonian Institution. Many important scientific and biological discoveries of the tropical animal and plant kingdom originated here. Gatun Lake covers about 470 square kilometres (180 sq mi), a vast tropical ecological zone and part of the Atlantic Forest Corridor. Ecotourism on the lake has become an industry for Panamanians.
Gatun Lake also provides drinking water for Panama City and Colón. Fishing is one of the primary recreational pursuits on Gatun Lake. Non-native peacock bass were introduced by accident to Gatun Lake around 1967 by a local businessman, and have since flourished to become the dominant angling game fish in Gatun Lake. Locally called Sargento and believed to be the species Cichla pleiozona, these peacock bass originate from the Amazon, Rio Negro, and Orinoco river basins, where they are considered a premier game fish.
The size of the locks determines the maximum size ship that can pass through. Because of the importance of the canal to international trade, many ships are built to the maximum size allowed. These are known as Panamax vessels. A Panamax cargo ship typically has a deadweight tonnage (DWT) of 65,000 -- 80,000 tonnes, but its actual cargo is restricted to about 52,500 tonnes because of the 12.6 m (41.2 ft) draft restrictions within the canal. The longest ship ever to transit the canal was the San Juan Prospector (now Marcona Prospector), an ore - bulk - oil carrier that is 296.57 m (973 ft) long with a beam of 32.31 m (106 ft).
Initially the locks at Gatun were designed to be 28.5 m (94 ft) wide. In 1908, the United States Navy requested that an increased width of at least 36 m (118 ft) to allow the passage of U.S. Naval ships. Eventually a compromise was made and the locks were built 33.53 m (110.0 ft) wide. Each lock is 320 m (1,050 ft) long, with the walls ranging in thickness from 15 m (49 ft) at the base to 3 m (9.8 ft) at the top. The central wall between the parallel locks at Gatun is 18 m (59 ft) thick and over 24 m (79 ft) high. The steel lock gates measure an average of 2 m (6.6 ft) thick, 19.5 m (64 ft) wide, and 20 m (66 ft) high. It is the size of the locks, specifically the Pedro Miguel Locks, along with the height of the Bridge of the Americas at Balboa, that determine the Panamax metric and limit the size of ships that may use the canal.
The 2006 third set of locks project has created larger locks, allowing bigger ships to transit through deeper and wider channels. The allowed dimensions of ships using these locks increased by 25 % in length, 51 % in beam, and 26 % in draft, as defined by New Panamax metrics.
Tolls for the canal are set by the Panama Canal Authority and are based on vessel type, size, and the type of cargo.
For container ships, the toll is assessed on the ship 's capacity expressed in twenty - foot equivalent units (TEUs), one TEU being the size of a standard intermodal shipping container. Effective April 1, 2016, this toll went from US $74.00 per loaded container to $60.00 per TEU capacity plus $30.00 per loaded container for a potential $90 per TEU when the ship is full. A Panamax container ship may carry up to 4,400 TEU. The toll is calculated differently for passenger ships and for container ships carrying no cargo ("in ballast ''). As of April 1, 2016, the ballast rate is US $60.00, down from US $65.60 per TEU.
Passenger vessels in excess of 30,000 tons (PC / UMS), known popularly as cruise ships, pay a rate based on the number of berths, that is, the number of passengers that can be accommodated in permanent beds. The per - berth charge since April 1, 2016 is $111 for unoccupied berths and $138 for occupied berths in the Panamax locks. Started in 2007, this fee has greatly increased the tolls for such ships. Passenger vessels of less than 30,000 tons or less than 33 tons per passenger are charged according to the same per - ton schedule as are freighters. Almost all major cruise ships have more than 33 tons per passenger; the rule of thumb for cruise line comfort is generally given as a minimum of 40 tons per passenger.
Most other types of vessel pay a toll per PC / UMS net ton, in which one "ton '' is actually a volume of 100 cubic feet (2.83 m). (The calculation of tonnage for commercial vessels is quite complex.) As of fiscal year 2016, this toll is US $5.25 per ton for the first 10,000 tons, US $5.14 per ton for the next 10,000 tons, and US $5.06 per ton thereafter. As with container ships, reduced tolls are charged for freight ships "in ballast '', $4.19, $4.12, $4.05 respectively.
On 1 April 2016, a more complicated toll system was introduced, having the neopanamax locks at a higher rate in some cases, natural gas transport as a new separate category and other changes. As of October 1, 2017, there are modified tolls and categories of tolls in effect. Small (less than 125 ft) vessels up to 583 PC / UMS net tons when carrying passengers or cargo, or up to 735 PC / UMS net tons when in ballast, or up to 1,048 fully loaded displacement tons, are assessed minimum tolls based upon their length overall, according to the following table (as of 29 April 2015):
Morgan Adams of Los Angeles, California, holds the distinction of paying the first toll received by the United States Government for the use of the Panama Canal by a pleasure boat. His boat Lasata passed through the Zone on August 14, 1914. The crossing occurred during a 6,000 - mile sea voyage from Jacksonville, Florida, to Los Angeles in 1914.
The most expensive regular toll for canal passage to date was charged on April 14, 2010 to the cruise ship Norwegian Pearl, which paid US $375,600. The average toll is around US $54,000. The highest fee for priority passage charged through the Transit Slot Auction System was US $220,300, paid on August 24, 2006, by the Panamax tanker Erikoussa, bypassing a 90 - ship queue waiting for the end of maintenance work on the Gatun Locks, and thus avoiding a seven - day delay. The normal fee would have been just US $13,430.
The lowest toll ever paid was 36 cents, by American Richard Halliburton who swam the Panama Canal in 1928.
In the Warner Bros. cartoon, Eight Ball Bunny, Bugs Bunny attempted to bring a penguin "home '' to the South Pole. Going through the canal in a handmade canoe, Bugs complained, "Twenty - five cents to go tru DIS ting? Nah, we 'll walk foist! ''
In the 100 + years since its opening, the canal continues to enjoy great success. Even though world shipping -- and the size of ships themselves -- has changed markedly since the canal was designed, it continues to be a vital link in world trade, carrying more cargo than ever before, with fewer overhead costs. Nevertheless, the canal faces a number of potential concerns.
Opponents to the 1977 Torrijos - Carter Treaties feared that efficiency and maintenance would suffer following the U.S. withdrawal from the Panama Canal Zone; however, this has been proven not to be the case. Capitalizing on practices developed during the American administration, canal operations are improving under Panamanian control. Canal Waters Time (CWT), the average time it takes a vessel to navigate the canal, including waiting time, is a key measure of efficiency; according to the ACP, since 2000, it has ranged between 20 and 30 hours. The accident rate has also not changed appreciably in the past decade, varying between 10 and 30 accidents each year from about 14,000 total annual transits. An official accident is one in which a formal investigation is requested and conducted.
Increasing volumes of imports from Asia, which previously landed on U.S. West Coast ports, are now passing through the canal to the American East Coast. The total number of ocean - going transits increased from 11,725 in 2003 to 13,233 in 2007, falling to 12,855 in 2009. (The canal 's fiscal year runs from October through September.) This has been coupled with a steady rise in average ship size and in the numbers of Panamax vessels passing through the canal, so that the total tonnage carried rose from 227.9 million PC / UMS tons in fiscal year 1999 to a then record high of 312.9 million tons in 2007, and falling to 299.1 million tons in 2009. Tonnage for fiscal 2013, 2014 and 2015 was 320.6, 326.8 and 340.8 million PC / UMS tons carried on 13,660, 13,481 and 13,874 transits respectively. The Panama Canal Authority (ACP) has invested nearly US $1 billion in widening and modernizing the canal, with the aim of increasing capacity by 20 %. The ACP cites a number of major improvements, including the widening and straightening of the Gaillard Cut to reduce restrictions on passing vessels, the deepening of the navigational channel in Gatun Lake to reduce draft restrictions and improve water supply, and the deepening of the Atlantic and Pacific entrances to the canal. This is supported by new equipment, such as a new drill barge and suction dredger, and an increase of the tug boat fleet by 20 %. In addition, improvements have been made to the canal 's operating machinery, including an increased and improved tug locomotive fleet, the replacement of more than 16 km (10 mi) of locomotive track, and new lock machinery controls. Improvements have been made to the traffic management system to allow more efficient control over ships in the canal.
In December 2010, record - breaking rains caused a 17 - hour closure of the canal; this was the first closure since the United States invasion of Panama in 1989. The rains also caused an access road to the Centenario Bridge to collapse.
The canal is currently handling more vessel traffic than had ever been envisioned by its builders. In 1934 it was estimated that the maximum capacity of the canal would be around 80 million tons per year; as noted above, canal traffic in 2015 reached 340.8 million tons of shipping.
To improve capacity, a number of improvements have been made to the current canal system. These improvements aim to maximize the possible use of current locking system:
These improvements enlarged the capacity from 300 million PCUMS (2008) to 340 PCUMS (2012). It should be noted that these improvements were started before the new locks project, and are complementary to it.
Despite having enjoyed a privileged position for many years, the canal is increasingly facing competition from other quarters. Because canal tolls have risen as ships have become larger, some critics have suggested that the Suez Canal is now a viable alternative for cargo en route from Asia to the U.S. East Coast. The Panama Canal, however, continues to serve more than 144 of the world 's trade routes and the majority of canal traffic comes from the "all - water route '' from Asia to the U.S. East and Gulf Coasts.
On June 15, 2013, Nicaragua awarded the Hong Kong - based HKND Group a 50 - year concession to develop a canal through the country.
The increasing rate of melting of ice in the Arctic Ocean has led to speculation that the Northwest Passage or Arctic Bridge may become viable for commercial shipping at some point in the future. This route would save 9,300 km (5,800 mi) on the route from Asia to Europe compared with the Panama Canal, possibly leading to a diversion of some traffic to that route. However, such a route is beset by unresolved territorial issues and would still hold significant problems owing to ice.
Gatun Lake is filled with rainwater, and the lake accumulates excess water during wet months. The water is lost to the oceans at a rate of 101,000 m (26,700,000 US gal; 22,200,000 imp gal) per downward lock cycle. Since a ship will have to go upward to Gatun Lake first and then descend, a single passing will cost double the amount; but the same waterflow cycle can be used for another ship passing in the opposite direction. The ship 's submerged volume is not relevant to this amount of water. During the dry season, when there is less rainfall, there is also a shortfall of water in Gatun Lake.
As a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact and member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development, the ACP has developed an environmentally and socially sustainable program for expansion, which will protect the aquatic and terrestrial resources of the canal watershed. After completion, expansion will guarantee the availability and quality of water resources by using water - saving basins at each new lock. These water - saving basins will diminish water loss and preserve freshwater resources along the waterway by reusing water from the basins into the locks. Each lock chamber will have three water - saving basins, which will reuse 60 % of the water in each transit. There are a total of nine basins for each of the two lock complexes, and a total of 18 basins for the entire project.
The mean sea level at the Pacific side is about 20 cm (8 in) higher than that of the Atlantic side due to differences in ocean conditions such as water densities and weather.
As demand is rising for efficient global shipping of goods, the canal is positioned to be a significant feature of world shipping for the foreseeable future. However, changes in shipping patterns -- particularly the increasing numbers of larger - than - Panamax ships -- necessitated changes to the canal for it to retain a significant market share. In 2006 it was anticipated that by 2011, 37 % of the world 's container ships would be too large for the present canal, and hence a failure to expand would result in a significant loss of market share. The maximum sustainable capacity of the original canal, given some relatively minor improvement work, was estimated at 340 million PC / UMS tons per year; it was anticipated that this capacity would be reached between 2009 and 2012. Close to 50 % of transiting vessels were already using the full width of the locks.
An enlargement scheme similar to the 1939 Third Lock Scheme, to allow for a greater number of transits and the ability to handle larger ships, had been under consideration for some time, was approved by the government of Panama, The cost was estimated at US $5.25 billion, and the expansion allowed to double the canal 's capacity, allowing more traffic and the passage of longer and wider Post-Panamax ships. The proposal to expand the canal was approved in a national referendum by about 80 % on October 22, 2006. The canal expansion was built between 2007 and 2016, though completion was originally expected by the end of 2014.
The expansion plan had two new flights of locks built parallel to, and operated in addition to, the old locks: one east of the existing Gatun locks, and one southwest of the Miraflores locks, each supported by approach channels. Each flight ascends from sea level directly to the level of Gatun Lake; the existing two - stage ascent at Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks was not replicated. The new lock chambers feature sliding gates, doubled for safety, and are 427 m (1,400 ft) long, 55 m (180 ft) wide, and 18.3 m (60 ft) deep. This allows the transit of vessels with a beam of up to 49 m (160 ft), an overall length of up to 366 m (1,200 ft) and a draft of up to 15 m (49 ft), equivalent to a container ship carrying around 12,000 containers, each 6.1 m (20 ft) in length (TEU).
The new locks are supported by new approach channels, including a 6.2 km (3.9 mi) channel at Miraflores from the locks to the Gaillard Cut, skirting Miraflores Lake. Each of these channels are 218 m (720 ft) wide, which will require post-Panamax vessels to navigate the channels in one direction at a time. The Gaillard Cut and the channel through Gatun Lake were widened to at least 280 m (920 ft) on the straight portions and at least 366 m (1,200 ft) on the bends. The maximum level of Gatun Lake was raised from 26.7 m (88 ft) to 27.1 m (89 ft).
Each flight of locks is accompanied by nine water reutilization basins (three per lock chamber), each basin being about 70 m (230 ft) wide, 430 m (1,400 ft) long and 5.50 m (18 ft) deep. These gravity - fed basins allow 60 % of the water used in each transit to be reused; the new locks consequently use 7 % less water per transit than each of the existing lock lanes. The deepening of Gatun Lake and the raising of its maximum water level also provide capacity for significantly more water storage. These measures are intended to allow the expanded canal to operate without constructing new reservoirs.
The estimated cost of the project is US $5.25 billion. The project was designed to allow for an anticipated growth in traffic from 280 million PC / UMS tons in 2005 to nearly 510 million PC / UMS tons in 2025. The expanded canal will have a maximum sustainable capacity of about 600 million PC / UMS tons per year. Tolls will continue to be calculated based on vessel tonnage, and in some cases depend on the locks used.
An article in the February 2007 issue of Popular Mechanics magazine described the plans for the canal expansion, focusing on the engineering aspects of the expansion project. There is also a follow - up article in the February 2010 issue of Popular Mechanics.
On September 3, 2007, thousands of Panamanians stood across from Paraíso Hill in Panama to witness a huge initial explosion and launch of the Expansion Program. The first phase of the project was the dry excavations of the 218 meters (715 feet) wide trench connecting the Gaillard Cut with the Pacific coast, removing 47 million cubic meters of earth and rock. By June 2012, a 30 m reinforced concrete monolith had been completed, the first of 46 such monoliths which will line the new Pacific - side lock walls. By early July 2012, however, it was announced that the canal expansion project had fallen six months behind schedule, leading expectations for the expansion to open in April 2015 rather than October 2014, as originally planned. By September 2014, the new gates were projected to be open for transit at the "beginning of 2016. ''
It was announced in July 2009 that the Belgian dredging company Jan De Nul, together with a consortium of contractors consisting of the Spanish Sacyr Vallehermoso, the Italian Impregilo, and the Panamanian company Grupo Cusa, had been awarded the contract to build the six new locks for US $3.1 billion, which was one billion less than the next highest competing bid due to having a concrete budget 71 % percent smaller than that of the next bidder and allotted roughly 25 % less for steel to reinforce that concrete. The contract resulted in $100 million in dredging works over the next few years for the Belgian company and a great deal of work for its construction division. The design of the locks is a carbon copy of the Berendrecht Lock, which is 68 m wide and 500 m long, making it the largest lock in the world. Completed in 1989 by the Port of Antwerp, which De Nul helped build, the company still has engineers and specialists who were part of that project.
In January 2014, a contract dispute threatened the progress of the project. There was a delay of less than two months however, with work by the consortium members reaching goals by June 2014.
In June 2015, flooding of the new locks began: first on the Atlantic side, then on the Pacific; by then, the canal 's re-inauguration was slated for April 2016. On March 23, 2016, the expansion inauguration was set for June 26, 2016.
The new locks opened for commercial traffic on 26 June 2016, and the first ship to cross the canal using the third set of locks was a modern New Panamax vessel, the Chinese - owned container ship Cosco Shipping Panama. The original locks, now over 100 years old, allow engineers greater access for maintenance, and are projected to continue operating indefinitely.
The total cost is unknown since the expansion 's contractors are seeking at least an addition US $3.4 billion from the canal authority due to excess expenses.
China is investigating a proposal to construct a 220 km (137 mi) railway between Colombia 's Pacific and Caribbean coasts.
On July 7, 2014, Wang Jing, chairman of the HK Nicaragua Canal Development Investment Co. Ltd. (HKND Group) advised that a route for Nicaragua 's proposed canal had been approved. The construction work was projected by HKND to begin in 2014 and take 5 years., although there has been little progress whilst a series of environmental impact assessments are being made. The Nicaraguan parliament has approved plans for the 173 - mile canal through Nicaragua, and according to the deal, the company will be responsible for operating and maintaining the canal for a 50 - year period. The government of Nicaragua hopes this will boost the economy; the opposition is concerned with its environmental impact. According to the independent impact assessment by British firm ERM, some 30,000 local residents will be displaced by the canal, although opposition leaders and Amnesty International claim the figure will be in the hundreds of thousands. Supporters and the environmental impact study claim there will be net environmental benefits, but critics argue that nearly a million acres of delicate ecosystems will be destroyed by the time construction is completed.
Individuals, companies, and governments have explored the possibility of constructing deep water ports and rail links connecting coasts as a "dry canal '' in Guatemala, Costa Rica, and El Salvador / Honduras. However, plans to construct these sea - rail - sea links have yet to materialize.
During the last one hundred years, the Panama Canal Authority has appointed a few "Panama Canal Honorary Pilots ''. The most recent of these were Commodore Ronald Warwick, a former Master of the Cunard Liners RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 and RMS Queen Mary 2, who has traversed the Canal more than 50 times, and Captain Raffaele Minotauro, an Unlimited Master Senior Grade, of the former Italian governmental navigation company known as the "Italian Line ''.
Coordinates: 9 ° 04 ′ 48 '' N 79 ° 40 ′ 48 '' W / 9.08000 ° N 79.68000 ° W / 9.08000; - 79.68000
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when did the first season of america's next top model air | America 's Next Top model (cycle 1) - wikipedia
May 20 (2003 - 05 - 20) -- July 15, 2003 (2003 - 07 - 15)
America 's Next Top Model, cycle 1 was the first cycle of America 's Next Top Model. It originally aired on UPN from May to July 2003, and was hosted by Tyra Banks, who additionally served as its executive producer and presenter. The judging panel consisted of Banks, Janice Dickinson, Kimora Lee Simmons, and Beau Quillian. The cycle 's catchphrase was "One girl has what it takes ''.
This was the only season to feature a cast of only 10 finalists. All later cycles have featured at least 12 finalists. The international destination for the cycle was Paris, France. The winner of the competition was 20 - year - old Adrianne Curry from Joliet, Illinois. Her prizes were a modelling contract with Wilhelmina Models, a photo spread in Marie Claire magazine and a contract with Revlon cosmetics.
(ages stated are at start of contest)
First aired May 20, 2003
Twenty semi-finalists, chosen from thousands of hopefuls, arrived in Los Angeles for the preliminary round of the competition. The contestants were told that only ten of them would make it to the finals, but after their meetings with Tyra Banks and the producers, only eight advanced. Two more contestants, Giselle and Tessa, were added to the final cast following a separate audition.
For the week 's photo shoot, the ten finalists modeled J. Lo by Jennifer Lopez swimwear atop a Manhattan skyscraper. The judging session saw Tessa become the first model eliminated from the competition.
First aired May 27, 2003
For the week 's challenge, the nine remaining finalists took part in a mock fashion show. The challenge winner was Giselle. For the photo shoot, the finalists posed for Stuff magazine. The judging session saw Katie become the second model eliminated from the competition.
First aired June 3, 2003
The eight remaining finalists were given makeovers. They had a challenge on applying make - up, which was won by Elyse. For the week 's photo shoot, the finalists had beauty shots taken with a snake. The judging session saw Nicole become the third model eliminated from the competition.
First aired June 10, 2003
The seven remaining finalists were challenged to polish their acting skills. They were given a challenge on line - reading, which was won by Robin. Instead of a photo shoot, the finalists shot a commercial for Fresh Look contact lenses. The judging session saw Ebony become the fourth model eliminated from the competition.
First aired June 17, 2003
For the week 's challenge, the six remaining finalists gave interviews, with Elyse winning. The photo shoot was a campaign for Reebok with NFL Rookie of the Year Clinton Portis. The judging session saw Giselle become the fifth model eliminated from the competition.
First aired June 24, 2003
The five remaining finalists were flown to Paris for the week 's challenge and photo shoot. They did a lingerie shoot for Wonder Bra with male model Brad Pinkert, and for the challenge they attended go - sees. The judging session saw Kesse become the sixth model eliminated from the competition.
First aired July 1, 2003
For the week 's challenge, the four remaining finalists went to a restaurant and met four men, who judged them on their ability to carry themselves in a couture situation. The challenge winner was Adrianne. The finalists did two photo shoots this week: a black - and - white beauty shoot shot by Tyra Banks, and a nude shoot for Merit Diamond jewelry, the latter of which Robin and Shannon refused to participate in. The finalists were flown back to New York City for the judging session, which saw Robin become the seventh model eliminated from the competition.
First aired July 8, 2003
This episode was an overview of the past seven episodes of the cycle which featured previously unseen footage.
First aired July 8, 2003
The final three contestants were Adrianne Curry, Elyse Sewell and Shannon Stewart. Elyse became the eighth model eliminated at the penultimate judging session.
Adrianne and Shannon competed in a Baby Phat fashion show. The final judging session saw Adrianne crowned America 's Next Top Model.
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when did the bengals won a playoff game | List of NFL franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia
This is a list of current National Football League (NFL) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts (multiple consecutive seasons of not winning). Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system.
As of the 2017 NFL season, every active NFL team has qualified for, and won a game in, the playoffs at least once. Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play.
Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl, four (4) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself (Bengals, Panthers, Jaguars, and the Texans). The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played. The seven (7) other clubs (Cardinals, Lions, Oilers / Titans, Chargers, Browns, Bills, and Vikings) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger; in the case of the Vikings, however, the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title, leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them. The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals, at 69 seasons.
Note that for continuity purposes, the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996, 1997 and 1998 seasons, Since returning 19 years ago they have only made playoffs once. While Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996. The Ravens, as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension, but not their history.
Updated through the end of the 2017 NFL season.
Updated through the 2017 NFL season. Sortable table, click on header arrows.
(*): Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round. Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998. Since returning team is 0 - 1 in playoffs.
This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game.
This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship.
Listed according to seasons waited. Current NFL cities / regions only.
Listed according to seasons waited. Updated through the 2017 season.
* * Does not include the three seasons (1996 -- 1998) during which the franchise suspended operations.
Counted from the first Super Bowl season, 1966, to present. Updated through the Super Bowl LII.
In these instances, the matchup ensured that one team would win the first NFL or AFL playoff championship in it 's history.
7003197800000000000 ♠
This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams. Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought.
Updated through the 2017 season.
Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs (played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings) were the only postseason matchups in this era. The Bert Bell Benefit Bowl (1960 - 1969) is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list.
Updated through the 2017 season.
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how was education different in athens and sparta | Education in Ancient Greece - wikipedia
Education in Ancient Greece was vastly "democratized '' in the 5th century BCE, influenced by the Sophists, Plato and Isocrates. Later, in the Hellenistic period of Ancient Greece, education in a gymnasium school was considered essential for participation in Greek culture. The value of physical education to the ancient Greeks and Romans has been historically unique. There were two forms of education in ancient Greece: formal and informal. Formal education was attained through attendance to a public school or was provided by a hired tutor. Informal education was provided by an unpaid teacher, and occurred in a non-public setting. Education was an essential component of a person 's
Formal Greek education was primarily for males and non-slaves. In some poleis, laws were passed to prohibit the education of slaves. The Spartans also taught music and dance, but with the purpose of enhancing their maneuverability as soldiers.
Old Education in classical Athens consisted of two major parts -- intellectual and physical, or what was known to Athenians as "gumnastike '' and "mousike. '' Gumnastike was a physical education that mirrored the ideals of the military -- strength, stamina, and preparation for war. Having a physically fit body was extremely important to the Athenians. Boys would begin physical education either during or just after beginning their elementary education. Initially, they would learn from a private teacher known as a paidotribe. Eventually, the boys would begin training at the gymnasium. Physical training was seen as necessary for improving one 's appearance, preparation for war, and good health at an old age. On the other hand, mousike was a combination of modern - day music, dance, lyrics, and poetry. Mousike provided students with examples of beauty and nobility, as well as an appreciation of harmony and rhythm. Students would write using a stylus, with which they would etch onto a wax - covered board. When children were ready to begin reading whole works, they would often be given poetry to memorize and recite. Mythopoeic legends such as Hesiod and Homer were also highly regarded by Athenians, and their works were often incorporated into lesson plans. Old Education lacked heavy structure and only featured schooling up to the elementary level. Once a child reached adolescence his formal education ended. Therefore, a large part of this education was informal and relied on simple human experience.
It was not until about 420 BCE that Higher Education became prominent in Athens. Philosophers such as Socrates (c. 470 -- 399 BCE), as well as the sophistic movement, which led to an influx of foreign teachers, created a shift from Old Education to a new Higher Education. This Higher Education expanded formal education, and Athenian society began to hold intellectual capacity in higher regard than physical. The shift caused controversy between those with traditional as opposed to modern views on education. Traditionalists believed that raising "intellectuals '' would destroy Athenian culture, and leave Athens at a disadvantage in war. On the other hand, those in support of the change felt that while physical strength was important, its value in relation to Athenian power would diminish over time. Such people believed that education should be a tool to develop the whole man, including his intellect. But Higher Education prevailed. The introduction of secondary and post-secondary levels of education provided greater structure and depth to the existing Old Education framework. More focused fields of study included mathematics, astronomy, harmonics and dialectic -- all with an emphasis on the development of philosophical insight. It was seen as necessary for individuals to use knowledge within a framework of logic and reason.
Wealth played an integral role in classical Athenian Higher Education. In fact, the amount of Higher Education an individual received often depended on the ability and desire for a family to pay for such an education. The formal programs within Higher Education were often taught by sophists who charged for their teaching. In fact, sophists would introduce their educational programs through the use of advertisements in the attempt to reach as many customers as possible. Thus, in most circumstances, only those who could afford the price could participate and the peasant class (who lacked capital) were limited in the education they could receive. Women and slaves were also barred from receiving an education. Societal expectations isolated women to the home, while a belief in their lower intellectual ability resulted in women having little to no access to formal education. Slaves were legally disallowed access to education.
After Greece became part of the Roman Empire, educated Greeks were used as slaves by affluent Romans -- indeed this was the primary way in which affluent Romans were educated. This led to the continuance of Greek culture in the Roman sphere.
Isocrates was an influential classical Athenian orator. Growing up in Athens exposed Isocrates to educators such as Socrates and Gorgias at a young age and helped him develop exceptional rhetoric. As he grew older and his understanding of education developed, Isocrates disregarded the importance of the arts and sciences, believing rhetoric was the key to virtue. Education 's purpose was to produce civic efficiency and political leadership and therefore, the ability to speak well and persuade became the cornerstone of his educational theory. However, at the time there was no definite curriculum for Higher Education, with only the existence of the sophists who were constantly traveling. In response, Isocrates founded his school of Rhetoric around 393 BCE. The school was in contrast to Plato 's Academy (c. 387 BCE) which was largely based on science, philosophy, and dialectic.
Plato was a philosopher in classical Athens who studied under Socrates, ultimately becoming one of his most famed students. Following Socrates ' execution, Plato left Athens in anger, rejecting politics as a career and traveling to Italy and Sicily. He returned ten years later to establish his school, the Academy (c. 387 BCE) -- named after the Greek hero Akademos. Plato perceived education as a method to produce citizens who could operate as members of the civic community in Athens. In one sense, Plato believed Athenians could obtain education through the experiences of being a community member, but he also understood the importance of deliberate training, or Higher Education, in the development of civic virtue. Thus, his reasoning behind founding the Academy -- what is often credited as the first University. It is at this school where Plato discussed much of his educational program, which he outlined in his best known work -- the Republic. In his writing, Plato describes the rigorous process one must go through in order to attain true virtue, and understand reality for what it actually is. The education required of such achievement, according to Plato, included an elementary education in music, poetry, and physical training, two to three years of mandatory military training, ten years of mathematical science, five years of dialectic training, and fifteen years of practical political training. The few individuals equipped to reach such a level would become philosopher - kings, the leaders of Plato 's ideal city.
Aristotle was a classical Greek philosopher. While born in Stagira, Chalkidice, Aristotle joined Plato 's Academy in Athens during his late teenage years and remained for nine - teen years, withdrawing following Plato 's death. His departure from the Academy also signaled his departure from Athens. Aristotle left to join Hermeias, a former student at the Academy, who had become the ruler of Atarneus and Assos in the north - western coast of Anatolia (present - day Turkey). He remained in Anatolia until, in 342 BCE, he received an invitation from King Philip of Macedon to become the educator of his thirteen - year - old son Alexander. Aristotle accepted the invitation and moved to Pella to begin his work with the boy who would soon become known as Alexander the Great. When Aristotle moved back to Athens in 352 BCE, Alexander helped finance Aristotle 's school -- the Lyceum. A significant part of the Lyceum was research. The school had a systematic approach to the collection of information. Aristotle believed dialectical relationships among students performing research could impede the pursuit of truth. Thus, much of the school 's focus was on research done empirically.
The Spartan society desired that all male citizens become successful soldiers with the stamina and skills to defend their polis as members of a Spartan phalanx. There is a no misconception that Spartans killed weak children, but that is not true. It was a rumor started by Plutarch, a Greek historian, who evidently got his history wrong. After examination, the council would either rule that the child was fit to live or would reject the child sentencing him to a death by abandonment and exposure.
Military dominance was of extreme importance to the Spartans of Ancient Greece. In response, the Spartans structured their educational system as an extreme form of military boot camp, which they referred to as agoge. The pursuit of intellectual knowledge was seen as trivial, and thus academic learning, such as reading and writing, was kept to a minimum. A Spartan boy 's life was devoted almost entirely to his school, and that school had but one purpose: to produce an almost indestructible Spartan phalanx. Formal education for a Spartan male began at about the age of seven when the state removed the boy from the custody of his parents and sent him to live in a barracks with many other boys his age. For all intents and purposes, the barracks was his new home, and the other males living in the barracks his family. For the next five years, until about the age of twelve, the boys would eat, sleep and train within their barracks - unit and receive instruction from an adult male citizen who had completed all of his military training and experienced battle. The instructor stressed discipline and exercise and saw to it that his students received little food and minimal clothing in an effort to force the boys to learn how to forage, steal and endure extreme hunger, all of which would be necessary skills in the course of a war. Those boys who survived the first stage of training entered into a secondary stage in which punishments became harsher and physical training and participation in sports almost non-stop in order to build up strength and endurance. During this stage, which lasted until the males were about eighteen years old, fighting within the unit was encouraged, mock battles were performed, acts of courage praised, and signs of cowardice and disobedience severely punished. During the mock battles, the young men were formed into phalanxes to learn to maneuver as if they were one entity and not a group of individuals. To be more efficient and effective during maneuvers, students were also trained in dancing and music, because this would enhance their ability to move gracefully as a unit. Toward the end of this phase of the agoge, the trainees were expected to hunt down and kill a Helot, a Greek slave. If caught, the student would be convicted and disciplined - not for committing murder, but for his inability to complete the murder without being discovered.
The students would graduate from the agoge at the age of eighteen and receive the title of ephebes. Upon becoming an ephebe, the male would pledge strict and complete allegiance to Sparta and would join a private organization to continue training in which he would compete in gymnastics, hunting and performance with planned battles using real weapons. After two years, at the age of twenty, this training was finished and the now grown men were officially regarded as Spartan soldiers.
Spartan women, unlike their Athenian counterparts, received a formal education that was supervised and controlled by the state. Much of the public schooling received by the Spartan women revolved around physical education. Until about the age of eighteen women were taught to run, wrestle, throw a discus, and also to throw javelins. The skills of the young women were tested regularly in competitions such as the annual footrace at the Heraea of Elis, In addition to physical education, the young girls also were taught to sing, dance, and play instruments often by traveling poets such as Alcman or by the elderly women in the polis. The Spartan educational system for females was very strict because its purpose was to train future mothers of soldiers in order to maintain the strength of Sparta 's phalanxes, which were essential to Spartan defense and culture.
Pythagoras was one of many Greek philosophers. He lived his life on the island Samos and is known for his contributions to mathematics. Pythagoras taught philosophy of life, religion and mathematics in his own school in Kroton, which is a Greek colony. Pythagoras ' school is linked to the theorem that states that the sum of the two other sides is equivalent to the square on the hypotenuse of a right - angled triangle. The students of Pythagoras were known as pythagoreans.
Pythagoreans followed a very specific way of life. They were famous for friendship, unselfishness, and honesty. The pythagoreans also believed in a life after the current which drove them to be people who have no attachment to personal possessions everything was communal; they were also vegetarians. The people in a pythagorean society were known as mathematikoi.
There are two forms that Pythagoras taught, Exoteric and Esoteric. Exoteric was the teaching of generally accepted ideas. These courses lasted three years for mathemoki. Esoteric was teachings of deeper meaning. These teachings did not have a time limit. They were subject to when Pythagoras thought the student was ready. In Esoteric, students would learn philosophy of inner meanings. The focus of Pythagoras in his Exoteric teachings were ethical teachings. Here, he taught the idea of the dependence of opposites in the world; the dynamics behind the balance of opposites. Along with the more famous achievements, Pythagoreans were taught various mathematical ideas. They were taught the following; Sum of Angles in a triangle, Pythagorean theorem, irrational numbers, five specific regular polygons, and that the earth was a sphere in the center of the universe. Many people believed that the mathematical ideas that Pythagoras brought to the table allowed reality to be understood. Whether reality was seen as ordered or if it just had a geometrical structure. Even though Pythagoras has many contributions to mathematics, his most known theory is that things themselves are numbers. Pythagoras has a unique teaching style. He never appeared face to face to his students in the exoteric courses. Pythagoras would set a current and face the other direction to address them. The students upon passing their education become initiated to be disciples. Pythagoras was much more intimate with the initiated and would speak to them in person. The specialty taught by pythagoras was his theoretical teachings. In the society of Crotona, Pythagoras was known as the master of all science and brotherhood.
Unlike other education systems of the time, men and women were allowed to be Pythagorean. The Pythagorean students had rules to follow such as, abstaining from beans, not picking up items that have fallen, not touching white chickens, could not stir fir with iron, and not looking in a mirror that was besides a light.
Some of Pythagoras 's applications of mathematics can be seen in his musical relationship to mathematics. The idea of proportions and ratios. Pythagoreans are known for formulating the numerical concords and harmony. They put together sounds by the plucking of a string. The fact that the musician meant to pluck it at a mathematically expressible point. However, if the mathematical proportion between the points on the string were to be broken, the sound would become unsettled.
Pythagorean school had a dictum that said All is number. This means that everything in the world had a number that described them. For instance, number six the number that relates to creation, number five is the number that relates to marriage, number four is the number that relates to justice, number three is the number that relates to harmony, number two is the number that relates to opinion, and number one is the number that relates to reason.
Pythagorean Society was very secretive, the education society was based around the idea of living in peace and harmony, but secretly. Due to the education and society being so secretive, not much is known about the Pythagorean people.
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what does the little girl from waterworld look like now | Tina Majorino - wikipedia
Tina Marie Majorino (/ meɪdʒoʊˈriːnoʊ /; born February 7, 1985) is an American film and television actress. She started her career as a child actor, starring in films such as Andre, When a Man Loves a Woman, Corrina, Corrina, and Waterworld.
Despite her early success, she took a sabbatical from 1999 to 2004. She returned for one of her best known roles to date, the character Deb in the 2004 film Napoleon Dynamite. Since her return to acting, she has been in television series such as Veronica Mars, Big Love, True Blood and Grey 's Anatomy. She returned to the role of Mac in the Veronica Mars movie, and has played the part of Maggie Harris on TNT 's Legends TV series.
Majorino was born in Westlake, California the daughter of Sarah (née Black) and real estate agent Robert "Bob '' Majorino. Her father is of Italian, Cuban, and French descent, and her mother has English, Scottish, German, and Filipino ancestry. She has an older brother, Kevin, with whom she has formed a rock band, The AM Project.
Majorino began her acting career in a 1992 sitcom called Camp Wilder. Her first film role was in 1994 's When a Man Loves a Woman. She subsequently starred in leading roles in the family films Corrina, Corrina and Andre, both of which were released in August 1994. Her next film was the 1995 action film Waterworld, playing a child named Enola.
She played the title role in the 1999 television film Alice in Wonderland. After Alice, she took time off from the business. She has since cited burnout as the reason for her hiatus from acting. She did not appear in another film until the 2004 cult film Napoleon Dynamite. From 2004 onward, she played a recurring role on UPN 's series, Veronica Mars, as the computer - savvy Cindy "Mac '' Mackenzie. It began in the show 's eighth episode, "Like a Virgin '', and continued until the show 's series finale, "The Bitch is Back ''. Show creator Rob Thomas created the role with her in mind. She had met Thomas while interviewing him for a report on one of his books. Majorino became a series regular in the show 's third and final season. During her time on Veronica Mars, she also started appearing in a recurring role on the cable television series Big Love with Waterworld costar Jeanne Tripplehorn and fellow Veronica Mars cast members Amanda Seyfried and Kyle Gallner. In 2005, she appeared in the music video for the song "Blind '' by rock group Lifehouse.
She started filming for The Deep End, a television show for ABC in 2009. She played the role of Addy Fisher, a meek and insecure first - year associate at a high - profile law firm. The show was canceled after only six episodes were aired.
She returned to television in 2011 playing the recurring role of Special Agent Genny Shaw on Bones. She also starred in the music video for "Fuckin ' Perfect '' by Pink.
In 2012, she reprised her role as Deb in the animated TV version of Napoleon Dynamite. She was also seen playing the role of the vampire Molly in Season 5 of the HBO television series True Blood, an uncredited role as a pregnant woman in the Fox show, Raising Hope, in an episode titled "Tarot Cards, '' and the role of intern Dr. Heather Brooks in Season 9 of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy, with her character being killed off in the two - part premiere of Season 10. In 2014 she appeared in the Veronica Mars film as her character Mac, a project financed by fans through Kickstarter.
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