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where will the college football playoffs be played this year | 2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game.
The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season. Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl, respectively, on January 1, 2018. The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.
The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.
The College Football Playoff (CFP) selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide.
The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban.
The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers, 28 -- 7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.
After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown. Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal. The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts. During Georgia 's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score.
After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three. Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted. Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half. On Alabama 's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time. Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury. Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1: 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line. Nine plays later, on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime.
Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half. They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line. Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama 's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out. The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt. Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line, but punted on 4th & 17. Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line. The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20 -- 7. On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker. Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line. The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line. The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten. The teams then traded punts. Just prior to Alabama 's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency ''. He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious. Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted. The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3: 49. With three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left, sending the game to overtime.
In overtime, Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal. On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith. Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game.
The game was televised nationally by ESPN. On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime. This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park.
Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl, the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football. UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement. The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches, many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska; Frost himself (who coached UCF in the game) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract.
The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season, below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences, which left them out of the CFP. The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll, receiving 57 first - place votes, while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team. Additionally, the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings. The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of "national champion major selections. ''
# denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
# denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game
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how many sets of twins do the duggars have | 19 Kids and Counting - wikipedia
19 Kids and Counting (formerly 17 Kids and Counting and 18 Kids and Counting) is an American reality television show that aired on the cable channel TLC for seven years until its cancellation in 2015. The show features the Duggar family: parents Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar and their 19 children -- 9 girls and 10 boys, all of whose names begin with the letter "J ''. During the life of the show, three children were born, three children were married, and four grandchildren were born.
The show focuses on the life of the Duggar family, who are devout Baptists, and frequently discusses values of purity, modesty, and faith in God. The Duggars avoid birth control saying they have decided to allow God to determine the number of children they have. All of the children are homeschooled, and access to entertainment such as movies and television is limited. They practice chaperoned courtship, in which a couple acquaints itself only in a group setting. The values presented on the show have been associated with the Quiverfull movement, which has been described as promoting strict family conformity, male hierarchies, and subservient roles for women. The Duggars have stated they are not associated with the Quiverfull movement.
The series began on September 29, 2008 and concluded on May 19, 2015. The show was TLC 's most popular, averaging 2.3 million viewers per new episode in Season 10, and scoring in the Nielsen "Cable Top 25 ''.
On May 22, 2015, TLC suspended the series when the Duggars ' eldest son Josh publicly apologized for having "acted inexcusably '' following reports that he molested five girls, including some of his sisters, by fondling them. These events occurred in 2002 and 2003, when he was 14 to 15 years of age, and prior to the beginning of the show. On July 16, 2015, TLC (The Learning Channel) announced that the show was officially canceled and would not resume production. A spin - off show, Counting On, aired in December 2015 and the fourth season premiered June 12, 2017.
The Duggars live in Tontitown, Arkansas, near Springdale, and originally appeared in several TLC and Discovery Health one - hour specials, mostly focused on four of Michelle 's last five deliveries. Jim Bob Duggar has an older sister, Deanna, who occasionally appears on the show. Michelle Duggar (née Ruark) has six older siblings (Pamela Ethel, Kathie Ann, Evelyn Alice, Carolyn Jeannite, Freda Louise, and Garrett Floyd Jr.). The couple met in the early 1980s when Duggar and a fellow church member were sent for a follow - up visit after Michelle experienced a religious conversion. The Duggars were married on July 21, 1984, just after Michelle 's high school graduation. When they married, she was 17 and he was 19; neither attended college. Together they first launched a used - car business, then towing and real estate businesses, and both are licensed real estate agents.
The Duggars initially chose to wait before having children and used birth control pills in the early years of their marriage. Their eldest child, Joshua, was born in 1988. They resumed using oral contraceptives after his birth but conceived again despite this precaution. Michelle miscarried. She has mentioned that they named that child Caleb, despite not knowing the baby 's gender. After consulting a doctor, the Duggars learned that birth control can in some cases allow conception but cause miscarriage. As a result, they decided to stop using birth control and allow God to determine the number of children they would have. Michelle soon became pregnant again, this time with her first set of twins, Jana and John - David. Michelle gave birth 17 times (twice with twins) over a period of 21 and a half years, approximately one birth every 15 months on average.
The Duggars are devout independent Baptists. They only watch programs they consider to be wholesome family television and various historical events. Their Internet service is filtered. They adhere to certain standards of modesty in clothing in accordance with their religious beliefs. Shorts and tank tops are prohibited, and the women do not wear skirts that go above the knee. According to Michelle Duggar, such standards are mandated by scripture. They believe that baring the thigh is "nakedness and shame '', and runs the risk of "defrauding '' others -- or stirring up and arousing "desires in someone else that can not be righteously fulfilled. '' They avoid beaches and public swimming areas "because it 's just too hard for the guys to try to keep their eyes averted in those situations. '' Female family members keep their hair long, and males are clean - shaven and short - haired. They practice chaperoned courtship, where the couple gets to know each other in a group setting. The Duggars describe this as "dating with a purpose '' and the Daily Mail describes it as a "G - rated alternative to dating. ''
Jim Bob Duggar served as a Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002. He was defeated for the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate by incumbent Tim Hutchinson in 2002 by a vote of 71,576 to 20,546. He later became a real estate agent and investor. The Duggars ' income is derived from rental proceeds of commercial properties they own. They live debt - free.
Construction of their 7,000 square - foot (650 square - meter) house began in 2000 when they bought the lot and ordered two steel frames. One of the frames was not drilled correctly, so the Duggars received a third frame which was used to make the girls ' room and the industrial kitchen. Discovery Networks completed it, finding local Arkansas construction workers to donate their skills and time. The home was completed on January 20, 2006. Some of the painting, decorating, furnishings, appliances, and other finishing touches -- such as a stocked pantry -- were provided by Discovery Networks and corporate sponsors as part of the one - hour television special entitled 16 Children and Moving In.
Michelle Duggar gave birth via emergency Caesarean section to Josie Brooklyn Duggar on December 10, 2009, six months into her pregnancy. When she was rushed to the hospital for gallstones, doctors discovered that she was pre-eclamptic and performed an emergency delivery. Josie Duggar was premature at only 1 pound 6 ounces (0.62 kg) at birth. Nearly four months later, on April 6, 2010, the Duggars were able to take the infant to their temporary rental home in Little Rock while they awaited medical approval to take her home to Tontitown.
The Duggars took Josie home to Tontitown for good on June 23, 2010. By that December she weighed 15 pounds 12 ounces (7.1 kg).
The couple had discussed the possibility of having more children, with Michelle Duggar saying:
We would love more! I 'm 43, almost 44 this September. I know that my mommy years are probably numbered, and I do n't know how many more children God will see fit to give me... (I) t is something we 've been praying about because we do love children. Each child really is a gift and that does n't mean just our children. We asked the Lord to give us a love of children the way He loves children. That is something that we 've prayed about, and we 'll just see what the Lord has in store for our family in the future.
On December 2, 2008, Jim Bob and Michelle Duggar 's book The Duggars: 20 and Counting! was released. Their second book, A Love That Multiplies, was released on June 7, 2011. The eldest four girls -- Jana, Jill, Jessa, and Jinger -- authored Growing Up Duggar: It 's All About Relationships, which was released March 4, 2014.
On November 8, 2011, Michelle Duggar and family appeared on NBC 's Today Show to announce she was expecting their 20th child. On December 8, 2011, the Duggars announced she had miscarried. Six days later, they held a memorial service for the stillborn baby girl that they named Jubilee Shalom (which means celebration and peace).
A few months after the birth of their daughter Mackynzie, Josh and Anna Duggar learned that she was pregnant with their second child, but the pregnancy ended in a miscarriage. On their daughter 's first birthday, Josh and Anna Duggar announced they were expecting again. The couple welcomed their second child, Michael James, on June 15, 2011. They learned that they were expecting again in September 2012.
Josh Duggar was offered a job at the Family Research Council during his wife 's pregnancy with their third child. Marcus Anthony was delivered by a midwife on June 2, 2013. Duggar announced he was hired to be the executive director of the Family Research Council 's political action committee, FRC Action, on June 18, 2013, and the family would move to Washington, D.C.
On December 2, 2014, Josh and Anna Duggar announced they were expecting their fourth child. The couple welcomed their fourth child, Meredith Grace, on July 16, 2015. They announced her birth on July 19, 2015 through the Duggar family website.
The Duggars issued an announcement that Jessa Duggar was in a courtship with Ben Seewald on September 18, 2013. The couple met through their church. On August 15, 2014, after eleven months of courtship, the couple announced their engagement and were married on November 1, 2014.
Jill Duggar 's courtship with Derick Dillard was announced on March 31, 2014. They were introduced by Jim Bob Duggar and became further acquainted via supervised Skype and text conversations while Dillard was serving as a missionary in Nepal. Jill Duggar and her father traveled to Nepal to meet Dillard in person and began a formal courtship in November 2013. The couple announced their engagement on April 9, 2014, and were married on June 21, 2014.
The Dillards announced their first pregnancy on August 20, 2014. Their son, Israel David Dillard, was born on April 6, 2015.
The Seewalds announced their first pregnancy on April 21, 2015, waiting until the second trimester.
On July 16, 2015, TLC announced that the series was officially canceled.
Arnold Hamilton of The Dallas Morning News described 19 Kids and Counting as "part Little House on the Prairie, part Yours, Mine & Ours -- except the only blending in this real - life family occurs with restaurant like precision at mealtimes. '' He described the Duggars as acting "against the trend '', considering the 2002 US Census found that only 0.3 percent of women ages 15 to 44 have given birth to seven or more children and that this number has declined steadily since 1976.
In an op - ed for The New York Observer, Nina Burleigh described the Duggars as "Good TV. Good, sugarcoated rat poison, politically speaking '', referring to the Duggars political activity such as their opposition to abortion and their lobbying efforts against legislation which would allow transgender people use of public restrooms matching their gender identity.
In an article published in the Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, Christy Mesaros - Winckles described the Duggars as "unofficial spokespeople for the Quiverfull movement ''. Referring to the first season of the show, Mesaros - Winckles said the Duggars introduced themselves and their religious beliefs with the "subtle and disturbing '' message of conformity and "rigid male hierarchy '' associated with the Quiverfull movement. Mesaros - Winckles asserts that the show provides a platform for the legitimization of this movement, while downplaying "patriarchal gender roles and strict family conformity. '' Mesaros - Winckles also said the Duggars "try to convince the audience that their way of life is best for raising healthy, godly children '' and that a large family is a "biblical mandate. '' She concluded that despite the small size of the Quiverfull movement, with perhaps only several thousand followers, the show 19 Kids and Counting has brought the movement to the forefront of American culture.
Feminist Amanda Marcotte referred to the Duggars as part of the "Christian patriarchy movement '', which she described as interchangeable with the Quiverfull movement, saying the Duggars promote sexist values which run counter to mainstream American culture. The Duggars have said they are not part of the Quiverfull movement, stating: "we are simply Bible - believing Christians who desire to follow God 's Word and apply it to our lives ''.
The Duggar family has received criticism due to their stance on LGBT issues. In August 2014, Michelle Duggar recorded a political robocall regarding legislation affecting transgender individuals, which The Huffington Post described as "transphobic '' and The Washington Post described as "anti-anti - discrimination. '' The robocall includes Michelle saying: "The Fayetteville City Council is voting on an ordinance this Tuesday night that would allow men -- yes I said men -- to use women 's and girls restrooms, locker rooms, showers, sleeping areas and other areas that are designated for females only. I do n't believe the citizens of Fayetteville would want males with past child predator convictions that claim they are female to have a legal right to enter private areas that are reserved for women and girls. '' In response to this robocall, a petition was started on Change.org calling for TLC to cancel the show 19 Kids and Counting, which received over 100,000 signatures. In response to the first petition, a second petition was started asking TLC to keep the show on the air, and it also received over 100,000 signatures.
In November 2014, the Duggars asked married couples to take a picture while kissing and share it on their Facebook page. Several users noted that pictures of same - sex couples were deleted from the Duggar 's Facebook page. While working for the Family Research Council, the Duggar 's eldest son, Josh Duggar, said "I truly believe every child deserves a mother and a father ''; the Family Research Council has been labeled as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, with SPLC saying they were designated as such due to their publication of "anti-gay propaganda. '' Josh Duggar has been described as an "anti-gay activist '' by GLAAD.
On May 21, 2015, a police report from 2006 was revealed to the public by In Touch Weekly magazine, stating sexual molestation allegations against the Duggars ' eldest son, Josh Duggar. The report states that in 2002 -- 2003, Josh -- then 14 to 15 years old -- fondled five girls, including four of his sisters, by touching their breasts and genital regions on multiple occasions while they were asleep and in a few cases while awake. These events occurred prior to the beginning of the reality series. The case was never fully investigated, and the statute of limitations has expired. On May 22, 2015, TLC removed all reruns of the show that were previously set to air from its current airing schedule, with the statement, "we are deeply saddened and troubled by this heartbreaking situation, and our thoughts and prayers are with the family and victims at this difficult time. ''
In the wake of the controversy, more than 20 advertisers, including General Mills, Walgreens, Payless ShoeSource, Choice Hotels, Pizza Hut, Sweet Leaf Tea, and Crayola announced that they were pulling their ads from the show; Hulu also removed the show 's entire back catalog of episodes from the streaming service. Public reaction to the revelation led to several petitions calling for TLC to cancel the series on Change.org, citing conflict between the reported events and the show 's promotion of family values.
Josh, along with his wife and his parents, responded to the revelations. Josh apologized, stating he had "acted inexcusably '', and resigned from his position at the Family Research Council. Anna stated she knew about Josh 's actions two years before she married him, and believed that the counseling he received after the incidents "changed his life. '' The Duggars described this time as a dark period in their lives and said it caused their family "to seek God like never before. '' They were featured in an interview with Megyn Kelly on Fox News Channel 's The Kelly File on June 3, 2015, where they answered questions regarding the scandal.
On July 16, 2015, Discovery Communications, parent company of TLC, confirmed to CNN that the show was officially canceled and that all further production would be ceased. In the wake of the allegations, the network announced that it would produce a one - hour, commercial - free documentary special on child abuse, that will include Jill and Jessa.
TLC paid the Duggar family an estimate of US $ 25,000 to US $45,000 per episode. Due to the show cancellation, the loss of endorsements, speaking engagements and book deals based on the show, would result in a loss of an estimate of US $ 25 million a year.
A 3 - part spin - off series, Jill and Jessa: Counting On, focusing on newlyweds Jill and Derick Dillard, Jessa and Ben Seewald, Anna Duggar and several of the other adult Duggar children (sans Josh) aired in December 2015. Its first episode attracted more than 2.2 million viewers, according to a report by The Nielsen Company. The third episode garnered the highest ratings and viewership, at 2.5 million viewers, and ranked in the Top 5 cable shows for the night. In March 2016, it was announced Counting On had been picked up for a full season, that premiered March 15, 2016.
They got married on July 21, 1984 and have 19 children together.
In November 2016, Jim Bob and Michelle were granted permanent custody of Michelle 's 8 - year - old great - nephew Tyler Wayne Hutchins.
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where does the ball drop in new york on new year's eve | Times Square ball - wikipedia
The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City 's Times Square. Located on the roof of One Times Square, the ball is a prominent part of a New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop, where the ball descends 141 feet (43 m) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole, beginning at 11: 59: 00 p.m. ET, and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year. In recent years, the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment, including performances by musicians.
The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs, owner of The New York Times newspaper, as a successor to a series of New Year 's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the Times, while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss. First held on December 31, 1907, to welcome 1908, the ball drop has been held annually since, except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts.
The ball 's design has been updated over the years to reflect improvements in lighting technology; the ball was initially constructed from wood and iron, and lit with 100 incandescent light bulbs. The current incarnation features a computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting of triangular crystal panels. These panels contain inscriptions representing a yearly theme. Since 2009, the current ball has been displayed atop One Times Square year - round, while the original, smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been on display inside the Times Square visitor 's center.
The event is organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown Entertainment, a company led by Jeff Strauss, and is among the most notable New Year 's celebrations internationally: it is attended by at least 1 million spectators yearly, and is nationally televised as part of New Year 's Eve specials broadcast by a number of networks and cable channels. The prevalence of the Times Square ball drop has inspired similar "drops '' at other local New Year 's Eve events across the country; while some use balls, some instead drop objects that represent local culture or history.
To facilitate the arrival of attendees, Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year 's Eve. The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as "pens '', into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival. Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department (NYPD), even more so since the 2001 -- 02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks. Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen, and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event.
Security was increased further for 2017 -- 18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31, and the Route 91 Harvest festival shootings in Las Vegas; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels, rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers, and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters.
Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6: 00 p.m. ET, upon the conclusion of the 20 - second "6 Hours to Go '' countdown at 5: 59: 40. Party favors are distributed to attendees, which have historically included large balloons, hats, and other items branded with the event 's corporate sponsors. The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries, along with live music performances by popular musicians. Some of these performances are organized by, and aired on New Year 's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square.
The drop itself occurs at 11: 59 p.m. -- the last minute of the year, and is ceremonially "activated '' by a dignitary or celebrity joined on - stage by the current Mayor of New York City, Bill de Blasio; formerly Rudy Giuliani from 1995 - 96 until 2001 - 02, and Michael Bloomberg from 2002 - 03 until 2012 - 13. The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square, along with the playing of "Auld Lang Syne '' by Guy Lombardo, "Theme from New York, New York '' by Frank Sinatra, "America the Beautiful '' by Ray Charles, "What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong, and "Over the Rainbow '' by IZ.
The current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest, selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance, in ceremonially "activating '' the ball drop by pressing a button, resembling a smaller version of the ball itself, at exactly one minute to midnight. The button itself does not actually trigger the drop; that is done from a control room, synchronized using a government time signal. Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included:
Since the 2005 -- 06 edition of the event, the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon 's song "Imagine ''. Until 2009 -- 2010, the original recording was used; since 2010 -- 2011, the song has been performed by the headlining act;
After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees, cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning. Few traces of the previous night 's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed: following the 2013 -- 14 drop, the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8: 00 a.m., it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square, using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance.
The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31, 1904; The New York Times ' owner, Adolph Ochs, decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters, One Times Square, with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905. Close to 200,000 people attended the event, displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church. However, following several years of fireworks shows, Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area. The newspaper 's chief electrician, Walter F. Palmer, suggested using a time ball, after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building.
Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration; it was built from iron and wood, electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs, weighed 700 pounds (320 kg), and measured 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter. The ball was hoisted on the building 's flagpole with rope by a team of six men. Once it hit the roof of the building, the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5 - foot tall sign indicating the new year, and trigger a fireworks show. The first ever "ball drop '' was held on December 31, 1907, welcoming the year 1908.
In 1913, only eight years after it moved to One Times Square, the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street. The Times still maintained ownership of the tower, however, and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop.
The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a second design; the second ball remained 5 feet (1.5 m) in diameter, but was now constructed from iron, weighing 400 pounds (180 kg). The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year 's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II. Instead, a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square, accompanied by the sound of church bells played from sound trucks.
The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955; again, it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors, but was now constructed from aluminium, and weighed 150 pounds (68 kg). In 1981, the ball was was modified to make it resemble an apple, by switching to red lightbulbs and adding a green "stem ''. For 1988, organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day (leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC, which is five hours before midnight in New York) by extending the drop to 61 seconds, and by including a special one - second light show during the extra second. The original white bulbs returned to the ball for 1989, but were replaced by red, white, and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield.
The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996, adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights, and over 12,000 rhinestones. Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were "something (that) had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium. ''
The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's time signal; the new system was not without issues, however, as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent. After its 44th use in 1999, the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group, owners of One Times Square.
On December 28, 1998, during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium, and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal. The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop; companies such as Discover Card, Korbel Champagne, and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square. The city also announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as "NYC 2000 '', which was in charge of organizing events across the city for year 2000 celebrations.
A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000, which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry, representing countries entering the new year at that hour. Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators.
The fourth ball, measuring 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds (490 kg), incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs, 504 triangle - shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford, 96 strobe lights, and spinning, pyramid - shaped mirrors. The ball was constructed at Waterford 's factory in Ireland, and was then shipped to New York City, where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed.
Many of the triangles were inscribed with "Hope '' - themed designs changing yearly, such as "Hope for Fellowship '', "Hope for Wisdom '', "Hope for Unity '', "Hope for Courage '', and "Hope for Abundance ''. For 2002, as part of the theme "Hope for Healing '', 195 of the ball 's panels were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. In December 2011, the "Hope for Healing '' panels were accepted into the collection of the National September 11 Museum.
In honor of the ball drop 's centennial anniversary, a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year 's Eve 2008. Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet (1.8 m), but weighing 1,212 pounds (550 kg), it used LED lamps provided by Philips (which can produce 16,777,216 or 2 colors), with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City - based lighting firm Focus Lighting. The ball featured 9,576 energy - efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters. The 2008 ball was only used once, and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event.
For 2009, a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced -- an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps. Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball, at 12 feet (3.7 m), and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels, with a weight of 11,875 pounds (5,386 kg). It was designed to be weatherproof, as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year - round following the celebrations.
Yearly themes for the ball 's crystal panels continued; from 2008 to 2013, the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as "World of Celebration '', including themes such as "Let There Be Light '' and "Let There Be Peace ''. For 2014, all the ball 's panels were replaced, marking a new theme series known as "Greatest Gifts '', beginning with "Gift of Imagination ''.
The numerical sign indicating the year (which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself) uses Philips LED lamps. For 2014, the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company 's "Hue '' line of multi-color LED lamps, allowing them to have computerized lighting cues.
According to the National Weather Service, from 1907 to 2016, the average temperature at midnight in Central Park was 34 ° F (1 ° C). The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 ° F (− 17 ° C) and the wind chill was − 18 ° F (− 28 ° C). The warmest temperature was 58 ° F (14 ° C), in 1965 and 1972. It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 111 events (one being light snow) -- 1926, 1934, 1948, 1952, 1961, 1967, and 2009 -- and it has rained multiple times. Festivities in 2018 were the second - coldest on record due to an arctic air mass, forecast at 9 ° F (− 13 ° C) (− 4 ° F (− 20 ° C) after wind chill).
As a public event, the festivities and ball drop are often broadcast on television. As of 2016 - 17, a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square is provided to broadcasters to incorporate into their coverage.
The event is covered as part of New Year 's Eve television specials on several major U.S. television networks. By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve; created, produced, and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012, and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy, the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC, where it has been broadcast ever since. New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently been the most - watched New Year 's Eve special in the U.S. annually, peaking at 25.6 million viewers for its 2018 edition. Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012, a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute.
Across the remaining networks, NBC broadcasts New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly, hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call while Fox has aired New Year 's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes, which were broadcast primarily under the title New Year 's Eve Live until 2014. From 2015 to 2017, Fox broadcast Pitbull 's New Year 's Revolution from Miami instead, but returned to New York - oriented coverage hosted by Steve Harvey for 2018. Spanish - language network Univision broadcasts ¡ Feliz!, hosted by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca.
On cable, CNN carries coverage of the festivities, known as New Year 's Eve Live, which was historically hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kathy Griffin from Times Square. Griffin was removed from her role in 2017 after she published a controversial political photo; she was replaced by Andy Cohen for 2018. Fox News carries All - American New Year, which was most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square.
Since 2008 - 09, an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced, streamed via Livestream.com.
Beginning in the 1940s, NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television. Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show, continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno 's tenures on the program. NBC would introduce a dedicated special, New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly, beginning in 2004.
From 1956 to 1976, CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City, featuring his band 's famous rendition of "Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight. After Lombardo 's death in 1977, CBS and the Royal Canadians, now led by Victor Lombardo, attempted to continue the special. However, Guy 's absence and the growing popularity of ABC 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely. The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special, Happy New Year, America, which ran in various formats with different hosts (such as Paul Anka, Donny Osmond, Andy Williams, Paul Shaffer, and Montel Williams) until it was discontinued after 1996. CBS, barring a special America 's Millennium broadcast for 2000, has not broadcast any national New Year 's programming since.
For 2000, in lieu of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve, ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day - long telecast, ABC 2000 Today. Hosted by Peter Jennings, the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world, including those in New York City. Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square.
MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network 's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza. For 2011, MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights, New Jersey, the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore, featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant "hamster ball ''. Originally, MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square, but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere.
Coordinates: 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 11 '' W / 40.7564 ° N 73.9865 ° W / 40.7564; - 73.9865
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when is the last episode of game of thrones going to air | Game of Thrones (season 7) - Wikipedia
The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss.
The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines, featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters, Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, Arya and Bran Stark returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa, and the army of the dead breaching the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and entering the Seven Kingdoms.
HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland.
Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. The season introduces several new cast members, including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper.
The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7. They are listed by the region in which they first appear.
Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season. The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 7), Mark Mylod (episodes 2 and 3), Matt Shakman (episodes 4 and 5) and Alan Taylor (episode 6). This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season. Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director, with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons. Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season.
Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter, the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series. According to previous reports, some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin.
Filming began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, and ended in February 2017. In an interview with the showrunners, it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming. The showrunners stated "We 're starting a bit later because, you know, at the end of this season, winter is here, and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more. We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim, gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot. ''
Girona, Spain did not return as one of the filming locations. Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing. It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland, Spain and Iceland, with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016. The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville, Cáceres, Almodóvar del Río, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika, Las Atarazanas, the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo. The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum, which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season. Some scenes were filmed in Iceland. Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik, Croatia, which is used for location of King 's Landing. The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta, Canada.
Deadline reported on June 21, 2016, that the five main cast members, Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons. It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season. It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation, for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons.
On August 31, 2016, Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a "significant '' role. It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast, with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma, who had previously played the role in "Blood of My Blood ''. The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris, who did not appear in the sixth season, Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie, who last appeared in the fourth season, and Joe Dempsie as Gendry, who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member. Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances. British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season. Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon, Brent Hinds, has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance. This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series, following his appearance (along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher) in the fifth season.
On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season. According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss, the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were "down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We 're heading into the final lap. '' Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show 's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes. Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said "It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule. '' HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16. According to a report by Entertainment Weekly, the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes. The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively. The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale, "The Winds of Winter '', which ran 69 minutes.
On July 23, 2016, a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con. The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs, and shots of crew members creating sets and props. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.
On March 1, 2017, HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball (MLB) for a cross-promotional partnership. At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion. On March 8, 2017, HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas, which teases the battle of "ice vs. fire ''. Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event, along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams.
On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King. The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017.
Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season.
On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 96 percent approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10, and a 93 % average episode score, with the site 's consensus reading "After a year - long wait, Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones. ''
The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release. The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well. In the UK, the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days, setting a new record for Sky Atlantic. Compared to the previous season, HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent. HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region, with a 29 percent climb. In Germany, the show went up 210 percent, in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase. In the United States, the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television, and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included. Over the season, the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform.
^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available, so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead.
The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. While in some countries, it aired the day after its first release.
The season will be released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017.
The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO 's international network partners. The leaked copy has the "for internal viewing only '' watermark. On July 31, 2017, due to a security breach, HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data. However, "this was not related to this episode leak '', according to The Verge. On August 16, 2017, four days before its intended release, it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed.
Data from by piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times.
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who holds the record for eating hot dogs | Takeru Kobayashi - wikipedia
Takeru Kobayashi (小林 尊, Kobayashi Takeru, born March 15, 1978) is a Japanese competitive eater. He holds many records, including eight Guinness Records, for eating hot dogs, meatballs, Twinkies, tacos, hamburgers, pizza, ice cream and pasta.
Born in Nagano, Japan, Kobayashi set his first record at his rookie appearance on July 4, 2001, when he ate 50 hot dogs in 12 minutes at the Nathan 's Coney Island Hot Dog Eating Contest, doubling the previous record of 25. The record was so unexpected that when Kobayashi got to the later numbers, the organizers ran out of signs indicating how many dogs Kobayashi had eaten and had to resort to handwritten signs. Kobayashi would go on to break his own record three times in winning the contest six consecutive times (2001 -- 2006).
In the 2006 Krystal Square Off, Kobayashi 's mark of 97 hamburgers was 30 better than his winning total in 2005 and 28 better than the World Record he set in 2004. At a speed - eating contest in Hong Kong on August 13, 2005, Kobayashi consumed 83 vegetarian jiaozi dumplings in 8 minutes. The next day, he ate 100 roasted pork buns in 12 minutes. Kobayashi also won the 2005 Alka - Seltzer US Open of Competitive Eating, a three - hour IFOCE elimination tournament on ESPN, as well as the Glutton Bowl, a two - hour IFOCE eating special that aired on the Fox Network in 2002. However, on Fox 's 2003 show Man vs. Beast, Kobayashi lost in an eating competition against a 1089 - pound (494 kg) Kodiak bear, when he ate 31 bunless hot dogs in 2 minutes and 36 seconds to the bear 's 50. In a 2014 interview, Kobayashi claims to have beaten the bear in the rehearsal. (In October 2012, Kobayashi broke the record held by the bear at the Texas state fair.)
On August 5, 2006, Kobayashi set yet another world record at the Johnsonville World Bratwurst Eating Championship in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, by downing 58 bratwurst sausages in 10 minutes, shattering the previous record of 35 set the previous year by Sonya Thomas.
On September 23, 2006, Takeru Kobayashi set the world record at the Phantom Food Festival in Boston, for eating 41 Summer Shack lobster rolls in 10 minutes, replacing the previous record of 22 rolls. Other world - eating records held by Kobayashi include 17.7 pounds (8.0 kg) of cow brains in 15 minutes and 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of rice balls in 30 minutes.
On June 25, 2007, Kobayashi announced on his blog that he seriously injured his jaw during training. He stated that he could only open his jaw about the width of a fingertip. Kobayashi 's participation in the July 4, 2007, Nathan 's contest continued as scheduled. He was able to eat a personal record 63 hot dogs, though his mark was bettered by Joey Chestnut 's 66.
On July 4, 2008, Kobayashi once again competed in the Nathan 's contest. He ate 59 hot dogs.
Kobayashi went on to defeat Joey Chestnut, on May 31, 2009, in a Pizza Hut P'Zone competition at Sony Studios in Culver City, California. The competition aired on Spike TV on June 21.
In July 2009, Kobayashi visited Puerto Rico in a special appearance for Taco Bell 's Why Pay More Challenge, eating 64 tacos in 15 minutes for a local charity.
On July 4, 2009, he competed again in the Nathan 's contest. He ate 64.5 hot dogs and buns.
On September 27, 2009, Kobayashi defeated Chestnut again with a score of 93 (68 Krystals, 5 Big Angus Burgers), earning the $20,000 top prize. Chestnut was second, with 81, and Pat "Deep Dish '' Bertoletti finished third, with 76.
On July 4, 2011, Kobayashi competed on the rooftop of a Manhattan bar simultaneously with the Nathan 's Contest at Coney Island via a live video simulcast of the event. Kobayashi finished 69 hot dogs, one more than the officially recognized previous world record. That world record stood as the highest ever eaten until 2016 when Joey Chestnut ate a record 70 at that year 's Nathan 's Hot Dog Eating Contest.
On January 23, 2012. Kobayashi went on The Wendy Williams Show to set the record for eating the most Twinkies in one minute, for the "Save The Twinkie '' campaign, and set a new world record of 14 Twinkies.
On February 3, 2012, Kobayashi set the new Wing Bowl record for eating chicken wings at Wing Bowl XX, held at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia. His total was 337 wings in his first competition in that event.
On August 26, 2012, Kobayashi set the new world record at the New York State Fair in Syracuse for eating 110 hot dogs in 10 minutes.
In October 2012, Kobayashi set the new world record at the Texas State Fair for eating 60 hot dogs in 2 minutes 35 seconds.
On June 30, 2012, Kobayashi revealed the terms of the Major League Eating (MLE) contract he was required to sign in order to compete in Nathan 's Fourth of July hot dog eating competition. The year - long contract limited him to $40,000 and took away any rights to endorse or engage in anything outside of what MLE mandated.
On July 4, 2012, Kobayashi competed in the Crif Dog Classic. He ate 58.5 hot dogs and buns.
On October 11, 2012, Kobayashi set the new world record at the Gringo Bandito Taco Challenge by eating 106 tacos in 10 minutes
On July 21, 2013, Kobayashi defended his title at the Gringo Bandito Taco Challenge.
On October 6, 2013, Kobayashi won "LET ' EM EAT '' Canada 's biggest pizza eating contest for the fourth year in a row.
On August 4, 2014, Kobayashi set the new world record at "LET ' EM EAT '' Canada 's biggest pizza eating contest by eating 62 slices of pizza (15 and a half pizzas) in 12 minutes.
Kobayashi expands his stomach for a competition by eating larger and larger amounts of food, and then exercises to ensure that fat will not impede expansion of his stomach during a competition.
Kobayashi 's official web site gives his height as 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) and his weight as 58 kg (128 lb). However he 's weighed as much as 87 kg (192 lb) according to a June 29, 2006 blog entry. As of July 4, 2009, Kobayashi weighed in at 60 kg (132 lb) for the annual Fourth of July hot dog eating competition on Coney Island.
Kobayashi is also known for his trademark body wiggle, referred to by some as the "Kobayashi Shake '', to force food down his esophagus and settle more compactly in his stomach. He eats hot dogs by splitting the frankfurter in half, dipping the buns in water, and then stuffing both parts in his mouth. He calls this the Solomon Method.
On June 28, 2010, Kobayashi announced he would not compete in the Nathan 's Fourth of July Hot Dog Eating Competition. The impasse was reportedly due to the MLE 's insistence that Kobayashi signed an exclusive contract with the organization that would prevent him from competing in contests not sanctioned by MLE.
On July 4, 2010, Kobayashi was in attendance at the Nathan 's International Hot Dog Eating Contest, watching from the crowd. Wearing a black T - shirt that read "Free Kobi '', Kobayashi mingled with the crowd, standing inside a police - barricaded pen just under the stage. After the competition ended, he slipped up the stage stairs and went onto the stage. Although he was initially ushered by security officers up to the stage, one security officer (thought to have been requested by George Shea), quickly arrested him from the back. Kobayashi resisted in surprise of what was happening to him, hanging on to the barricades and fences before being taken to the police car. Some witnesses reported that Kobayashi was attempting to congratulate the winner, Joey Chestnut. Co-host and MLE President Richard Shea stated that "(Kobayashi) tried to jump on stage during the awards ceremony to disrupt it. '' With the crowd chanting at him, Kobayashi was arrested. He was charged with resisting arrest, trespassing, and obstructing government administration and subsequently was taken to jail awaiting an appearance in Brooklyn Criminal Court.
Kobayashi 's interpreter and publicist, Maggie James, said he had originally gone in hopes to cheer on his fellow competitive eaters, but after arriving and the chanting from the fans, he was swooped onto the stage due to the excitement. She said "There 's a contract dispute, they were n't giving him his freedom. It was unfair. ''
Kobayashi told reporters he had a sandwich and a glass of milk while being held. "I am very hungry '', he said. "I wish there were hot dogs in jail. ''
On August 5, 2010, all charges against Kobayashi were dismissed by a judge in Brooklyn. Despite his record six consecutive victories in their annual event, Nathan 's removed Kobayashi 's image from their "Wall of Fame '' in 2011.
After Kobayashi left Nathan 's, the hot dog contest lost sponsorship from Old Navy, Heinz Tomato Ketchup, Pepto - Bismol, and was down year - to - year. With an average 0.7 HH U.S. rating, it was off just a tenth of a point from 2012, when it aired on ESPN. ESPN averaged 1.949 million viewers for 2011 's Nathan 's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest, but went down 41 % to 1.15 million viewers in 2013.
In 2011, Kobayashi was still barred from the annual Nathan 's event due to the contract dispute. On July 4, he competed on the rooftop of a Manhattan bar, 230 Fifth, for the duration of the Coney Island contest. Two official judges from the Athletic Association of NY observed Kobayashi while the live broadcast of the event played next to him on a large television screen. Kobayashi finished with 69 hot dogs, becoming the first to set this world record, which was surpassed on July 4, 2016 by Joey Chestnut 's 70 hotdogs at the annual Nathan 's competition.
In 2012, Kobayashi was still barred from the annual Nathan 's event due to the contract dispute. Kobayashi ate 58.5 at Crif dog classic, eating a different type hot dog from Nathan 's Famous Fourth of July International Hot Dog Eating Contest.
Kobayashi ate 113 bunless Nathan 's hot dogs at 230 Fifth.
In 2005, Kobayashi appeared in a commercial for ESPN 's SportsCenter.
In 2007, Kobayashi appeared in commercials for MasterCard and Coors Light.
In 2008 Kobayashi appeared in a Western Canada Lottery Corporation commercial.
On May 30, 2009, Kobayashi attended the Spike Guys ' Choice Awards.
In November 2010, Kobayashi appeared in a magazine featuring men 's clothing published as an offshoot of V magazine, VMAN 20th Winter.
In November 2010, Kobayashi competed against Donkey Kong in a banana eating contest at the Rio - Can Centre in Toronto as part of the launch for Nintendo 's Donkey Kong Country Returns.
On July 7, 2011, Kobayashi made a guest appearance at Hewlett Packard event 2011. The other guests were Snoop Dogg, Sugar Ray, Dan Finnerty, Third Eye Blind, Candlebox.
In 2011, Kobayashi appeared in TVB commercial.
In Spring 2011, Kobayashi appeared in his first major fashion editorial in Canada 's The Block magazine as a model. Additionally, Kobayashi is an aspiring dog trainer, with six labradoodles he calls his "hot dogs. ''
On March 20, 2012, Kobayashi appeared in a Jake and Amir video produced by College Humor.
In June 2012, Kobayashi made a special guest appearance and a taco demonstration at The Offspring 's release party for their album Days Go By.
In 2012, Kobayashi appeared in Eight O'Clock Coffee, and Hofmann commercial.
In 2012, Kobayashi appeared on a celebrity edition of Fear Factor.
In 2013, Kobayashi appeared in Just - Eat and Thuzio commercials.
Kobayashi has been featured on Late Night with Jimmy Falon, Saturday Night Live, MTV 's True Life, MTV After Hours With Josh Horowitz, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, The Wendy Williams Show and has done original features with Buzzfeed.com, CollegeHumor.com and SI.com, and is a featured user on the foodie mobile and web - based app Foodspotting.
On July 4, 2013, Kobayashi unveiled his new line of all - beef midwestern grain - fed hot dogs, known officially as "Kobi Dogs '' at Eventi Hotel in New York.
On September 16, 2014, he appeared in a YouTube video to be competing with a hamster. The video ends in Kobayashi acknowledging his defeat by putting a medal around the hamster 's neck.
On September 22, 2015, Kobayashi, along with Patrick Bertoletti, Kevin Strahle and Bob Shoudt consumed a 40 - pound goat in 13 minutes and 22 seconds at Taco In A Bag in Chicago.
2015, Takeru Kobayashi consumes 110 hot dogs without buns in 10 minutes.
In the 93rd TV Funhouse short on the November 11th, 2006 episode of Saturday Night Live, Kobayashi is the titular character of "Kobayashi '', a parody of popular anime series, namely Dragon Ball Z where he also appears in - between animated scenes as himself.
Kobayashi 's eating abilities partially inspired the King of the Hill (season 7) episode, "The Fat and the Furious. '' This episode originally aired on November 10, 2002.
Kobayashi also helped inspire the 2005 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (season 6) episode "Dog eat Dog. '' The episode features a victim who ate himself to death, in part from eating several hot dogs at a hot dog eating contest.
Kobayashi is mentioned by Will Ferrell 's character, Ricky Bobby in the 2006 film, Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby.
Referenced in movie Step Brothers by Randy (Rob Riggle) after Derek (Adam Scott) threatens that Randy will, "... eat Brennan 's (Will Ferrell 's) dick '', if Brennan botches the Catalina Wine Mixer, Randy adds, "Like Kobayashi! ''
Kobayashi appears in the ending cinematic of level three, "Around the World in 80 Bites '' in the 2007 video game, The Simpsons Game.
In The Simpsons episode "Luca $ '' in the 25th season, the character Lucas Bortner wears a t - shirt with a photo of Kobayashi eating and refers to him in a dialogue.
In the 1000 Ways To Die skit "Vom - Ate - Dead '' a professional eater modeled after Takeru Kobayashi is cornered by an emetophiliac woman who forces him to vomit on her, which causes her death when she chokes on an undigested piece of hot dog.
Kobayashi appears as himself on a 2012 episode of Jake and Amir, a CollegeHumor web series. He becomes aggressive when Jake tries to feed him Hotdogs.
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what episode of mr young do adam and echo kiss | List of Mr. Young episodes - wikipedia
The following is a list of episodes for the Canadian television series Mr. Young, which airs on YTV in Canada and Disney XD internationally.
Adam Young (Brendan Meyer), a fourteen - year - old genius, starts work as a high school science teacher. When the school bully, Jordan "Slab '' Slabinski (Kurt Ostlund), threatens to beat him up and steals Adam 's master key and wreaks havoc throughout the school. Now Adam must get creative in order to resolve the conflict and outwit Slab.
Guest stars: Brett Dier as Hutch, Amit Josan as Fortran and Debbie Cameron as Nanna.
When Adam has trouble controlling his class, he creates a robot student, Arthur (Gordon Myren), Automated Robotic Teenager Hippopotamus Umbrella Rainbow (as he claimed he needed something for the "HUR ''), to enforce the rules. When Mr. Tater (Milo Shandel) finds out, he figuratively says that he is going to kill Adam. However, Arthur takes it literally and tries to destroy Tater, as one of his directives is to protect Adam. Adam and Derby (Gig Morton) must stop his creation, or he himself could be "terminated. '' They finally succeed by having the students of the school dress up as Mr. Tater, causing Arthur 's system to overload. However, when ARTHUR is in the trash can, his hand rises, indicating he is not dead.
Guest stars: Brett Dier as Hutch and Gordon Myren as Arthur. Recurring: Raugi Yu as Dang and Anna Galvin as Rachel Young
Adam learns that Echo (Matreya Fedor) is taking the same route home from school and is excited to walk with her until he learns he has detention duty and the only way to get out of it is to prevent anyone from getting in trouble. Adam and Derby try the whole week to keep Slab from getting detention.
Guest stars: Amit Josan as Fortran. Recurring: Paula Shaw as Ms. Byrne Absent: Emily Tennant as Ivy Young.
Adam becomes jealous when Derby accidentally invents a miracle hair growth formula. When someone wants to market his formula, Derby has to recreate it but can not remember what the formula was. Meanwhile, Ivy needs to pass her CPR course. By the end of the episode, Ivy (Emily Tennant) still did not pass, although she had saved Preston Pickles (she did not pass even if she did it on a real person because Mr. Tater said it only works on the dummy).
When Adam 's "college buddy, '' a gorgeous twenty - three - year - old girl, comes to visit, Adam thinks she wants to be more than just friends. Derby finds out that she has a boyfriend and has to try to stop Adam from embarrassing himself on their date. Meanwhile, Echo convinces Slab to stage a non-violent protest to prevent Tater from getting rid of the vending machines while Slab gets her to bully people for him.
Adam tries to get the school 's ban on cheerleaders lifted by solving a twenty - five - year - old mystery. It turns out to be Slab 's mother who put the glue on the chicken head to blame Rachel (Adam 's Mom). While Rachel was in suspension, Slab 's mother kissed Slab 's father and married him 11 years later. This story also explains why Mr. Tater is bald.
Absent: Emily Tennant as Ivy Young, as she is seen as one of the cheerleaders for the Finnegan Fryers and she is mentioned.
When Adam discovers that Slab is secretly taking ballet, he and Derby follow him to dance class hoping to blackmail him into behaving at school.
When no one is willing to sign up for the talent show, Mr. Tater offers a get out of detention free card as incentive to sign up. Because no one is getting detention, except for Derby, Tater starts to make new rules in order to give out detentions. When he sees Ivy texting in the hall, he tells her that there is a new rule against it. To avoid getting detention and having to sign up for the talent show, Ivy tries to use different forms of long distance communication, but Tater bans them all. Echo signs up for the talent show at school and decides to sing, a decision which Adam encourages at first. But when he hears her singing voice, he tries to change her mind without hurting her feelings. Meanwhile, Derby searches for a talent to use in the show.
After Adam finds out that Echo is taking her "little sister '' to the school carnival, Adam signs up to be a "big brother '' so they can spend the day together. Unfortunately, Derby made a typo on the questionnaire which said that Adam was 41 instead of 14, so Adam ends up with a "little brother '' who is older than him. Echo 's "little sister '' starts stalking Derby while Adam 's "little brother '' spends a lot of time with Echo.
Adam is made faculty advisor for the school play "Romeo & Juliet '', but when Tater casts Echo as Juliet, Adam tries to prevent her from kissing another Romeo.
Adam holds an overnight astronomy class in the quad, but finds himself competing for his students ' attention with principal Tater, who treats it like a camping trip. Adam tries to trick the class into camping with him. Meanwhile, Ivy plays a horsing game with Dang.
When Adam 's mom sells his prized "Mr. Marvelous '' comic book to Slab, Adam dresses up as the superhero in an attempt to get it back.
Adam believes that a professor has been nominated for a Nobel Prize, based on research he stole from Adam. When he and Derby break into the professor 's office to search for proof and discover he 's blind, Adam convinces Derby to become a seeing - eye dog, and sniff out the evidence.
With Adam, Dang, Mr. Tater, and Mrs. Bryne as the judges, the students try to write a school song for Finnegan High. When all the individual songs turn out to be bad, they all work together.
Echo shows Adam what he missed when he graduated at age 9. Ivy tries to keep herself clean for picture day and Slab becomes interested in photosynthesis and wants to produce his own food just like plants.
It 's Halloween night, and Echo invites Adam to go to a horror movie screening at the school. In order to attend, a grounded Adam must hide from his mom when she shows up at school.
Absent: Kurt Ostlund as Jordan Slabinski Guest stars: Brett Dier as Hutch
Adam tries to get his students to appreciate having a young teacher by pretending to be his own substitute, a cranky old man. The students appreciate his substitute so Principal Tater fires Adam.
Absent: Emily Tennant as Ivy Young
Finnegan High School staff members are auctioned off as servants for a fund - raiser. Adam sees it as an opportunity to spend a day with Echo but is disappointed when she bids on Mrs. Byrne instead
Adam gets a new student: Joseph, a ten - year - old genius. At first, Adam is thrilled to have a younger version of himself to mentor. But when he is shown up by Joseph, he lets jealousy get the best of him.
After being pranked by his students, a fed - up Adam quits Finnegan high school and takes a job in the NASA Space Program. While trying to impress his friends with his new job at NASA, Adam accidentally launches them all into outer space.
Adam follows Echo to the exotic country of Sanduras in the hopes of spending time with her, but he keeps getting pulled away by his guardian, Mrs. Byrne. Meanwhile, Derby and Slab travel to Sanduras by hot air balloon, and Tater and Dang search for a legendary beast: the Sasquawk.
The producer of the popular science - based TV show, "Science Schmeince '' arrives at Finnegan, looking to hire Adam as the show 's new host. Adam agrees, seeing this as a great opportunity to spread his love of science to a broad audience. But, when the producer grows bored of Adam 's science - y technobabble, he hires Derby as the zanier host of the show.
Having had his career ruined by Derby, Preston Pickles takes a job as Finnegan High 's new shop teacher. But while no one else will believe him, Derby is convinced that Preston is trying to get rid of him. Derby must find a way to restart Preston 's career as an infomercial pitchman, or face the wrath of the Derbinator 3000.
Adam pretends to be a student at Finnegan High, so that he can join the Quiz Team and help Echo win a trophy. But when Slab takes Echo 's spot on the team, Adam tries to force Slab off, so Echo can take his place.
A teenage girl, Brap, is accidentally transported from her home in the rainforest to Adam 's classroom. She speaks no English, has superhuman strength, and believes she is an elephant! Impressed by her animal nature, Slab falls in love at first sight. But Brap only has eyes for Adam. While Echo and Adam try to help Brap fit in at Finnegan, Slab tries to win her affections. Then Ivy trains Brap to be like her and renames her Briannna (as she claimed it was with 3 n 's) and teaches her to talk and teaches her that she is a homosapien.
Adam 's robot from a previous episode, ARTHUR, returns after being defeated and recycling himself and reprogrammed himself to make android copies of all humans, but the person he is based on comes and he knocks him unconscious at the end. Meanwhile, Echo writes a report about the dangers of robotics, but chaos ensues when the robot Echo holds a paper about the wonders of robotics. But the Derby robot does not get replaced.
When Adam finds out that Echo is obsessed with Dark Demon, a heavy metal musician that Adam knew in college, he tries to get his old friend to come to Finnegan High. But when Dark Demon refuses to make an appearance, Adam pretends to be the leather - clad rocker, and must perform at Echo 's Save the Ferrets benefit.
After Adam secretly tweaks Echo 's science fair project, she wins first prize. With everyone thinking Echo is a genius, she is instantly graduated from Finnegan and offered a full scholarship to Great Northern University. Now Adam, with the help of Derby and Slab, must crash a frat party and convince Echo to come back to Finnegan.
Adam 's plan to take Echo to the school dance is foiled by Principal Tater. Determined to catch a notorious prankster, the "Gagmeister General, '' red - handed, Tater recruits Adam for a stakeout. Meanwhile, Ivy tries to get sympathy votes for Queen of the Dance by taking Derby as her date.
Adam is scared his love letter will be shown to Echo until his signature is cut, but another student, Jared, claims he wrote it, he soon has to find a way to prove that Jared did n't write it, also to make sure no one knows it was him.
Dang is called back to Vietnam to take over for Master Ki as guardian of his village. The gang heads to Vietnam to try and convince Dang to come back to Finnegan for graduation. While there, Adam discovers an ancient scroll that points to the mythical fountain of youth, which if found, could make Master Ki young again, releasing Dang from his duties. But to find the fountain, Adam must go up against Echo who is trying to preserve the leaf monkey habitat. While Adam and Derby explore a hidden, underground temple in search of the fountain of youth, Tater helps Echo learn about monkey behavior, and Ivy helps Slab prepare for his first ever cover model photo shoot. All roads lead to a confrontation with a local fancy hat factory owner, who has been keeping a secret from the villagers for generations. In the end, Adam gets the gang back to Finnegan, just in time for graduation.
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which command is used to get help about a command in linux | Help (command) - wikipedia
In computing, help is a command in various command line shells such as COMMAND.COM, cmd. exe, Bash, 4DOS / 4NT, Windows PowerShell, Singularity shell, Python and GNU Octave. It provides online information about available commands and the shell environment. The command is also available in the DEC RT - 11 operating system. On Unix, the command is part of the Source Code Control System and prints help information for the SCCS commands.
Arguments:
The help command is available in MS - DOS 5. x and later versions of the software. If no arguments are provided, the command lists the contents of DOSHELP. HLP. In MS - DOS 6. x this command exists as FASTHELP. In DR - DOS, HELP is a batch file that launches DR - DOS ' internal help program, DOSBOOK.
The 4DOS / 4NT help command uses a text user interface to display the online help.
Used without parameters, help lists and briefly describes every system command. Windows NT - based versions use MS - DOS 5 style help. Versions before Windows Vista also have a Windows help file (NTCMDS. HLP or NTCMDS. INF) in a similar style to MS - DOS 6.
In Windows PowerShell, help is a short form (implemented as a PowerShell function) for access to the Get - Help Cmdlet.
Windows PowerShell includes an extensive, console - based help system, reminiscent of man pages in Unix. The help topics include help for cmdlets, providers, and concepts in PowerShell.
In Bash, the builtin command help lists all Bash builtin commands if used without arguments. Otherwise, it prints a brief summary of a command. Its syntax is:
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will xbox 360 disc work on xbox one | List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia
The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles, Xbox and Xbox 360. On June 15, 2015, backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software. The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12, 2015. On October 24, 2017, another such update added games from the original Xbox library. The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality.
At its launch in November 2013, the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games. Xbox Live director of programming Larry "Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One. Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility, but he felt it would be "problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities.
During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15, 2015, Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost. Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features, such as recording and broadcasting gameplay. Games do not run directly from discs. A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted, while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available. As with Xbox One titles, if the game is installed using physical media, the disc is still required for validation purposes.
Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12, 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access. Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging, and they expect the list to grow significantly over time. Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360, the Xbox One does not require game modification, since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems. The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console. At Gamescom, Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure "all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One. '' On December 17, 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One, including titles such as Halo: Reach, Fable III and Deus Ex: Human Revolution. On January 21, 2016, Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible, including The Witcher 2: Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. On May 13, 2016, Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible, starting with Deus Ex: Human Revolution Director 's Cut.
In January 2016, Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available, instead of waiting until a specific day each month.
During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11, 2017, Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature. Based on popular demand, Phil Spencer, Microsoft 's Head of Xbox, announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console, first released in 2001. The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family, including the Xbox One X, and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017.
The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games. Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game. While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles, system link functions will remain available. Xbox games will not receive achievement support, although when asked about this component, Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time.
Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce, Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally. Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service. In a later interview, Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library. Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion.
Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following:
There are currently 472 on this list out of 1233 games released for the Xbox 360.
There are currently 13 on this list out of 1047 released for the Xbox.
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who wrote a hard rains gonna fall | A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall - wikipedia
"A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' is a song written by Bob Dylan in the summer of 1962 and recorded later that year for his second album The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan. Its lyrical structure is thematically complex and modeled after the question and answer form of traditional ballads such as "Lord Randall ''.
The song is characterized by dark symbolist imagery and a message communicating injustice, suffering, pollution, and warfare. Dylan has stated that all of the lyrics were taken from the initial lines of songs that "he thought he would never have time to write. '' Nat Hentoff quoted Dylan as saying that he immediately wrote the song in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, although in his memoir, Chronicles: Volume One, Dylan attributed his inspiration to the feeling he got when reading microfiche newspapers in the New York Public Library:
"After a while you become aware of nothing but a culture of feeling, of black days, of schism, evil for evil, the common destiny of the human being getting thrown off course. It 's all one long funeral song. ''
Dylan originally wrote "A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' in the form of a poem. The first iteration of the lyrics were written on a typewriter in the shared apartment of Dylan 's friends Wavy Gravy and singer Tom Paxton, within Greenwich Village, New York City. Significant edits occured after this time, for instance, an earlier draft which appeared in both Sing Out and Broadside folk magazines contained "a highway of golden with nobody on it '' rather than the final lyric "a highway of diamonds ''.
On September 22, 1962, Dylan appeared for the first time at Carnegie Hall as part of an all - star hootenanny. His three - song set marked the first public performance of "A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall, '' a complex and powerful song built upon the question - and - answer refrain pattern of the traditional British ballad "Lord Randall '', published by Francis Child.
One month later, on October 22, U.S. President John F. Kennedy appeared on national television to announce the discovery of Soviet missiles on the island of Cuba, initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the sleeve notes on the Freewheelin ' album, Nat Hentoff would quote Dylan as saying that he wrote "A Hard Rain '' in response to the Cuban Missile Crisis: "Every line in it is actually the start of a whole new song. But when I wrote it, I thought I would n't have enough time alive to write all those songs so I put all I could into this one. '' In actuality, Dylan had written the song more than a month before the crisis broke.
The song was recorded in a single take at Columbia Records ' Studio A on December 6, 1962.
Folk singer Pete Seeger interpreted the line "When the home in the valley meets the damp dirty prison '' as referring to when a young person suddenly wants to leave his home, but then qualified that by saying, "People are wrong when they say ' I know what he means. ' ''
While some have suggested that the refrain of the song refers to nuclear fallout, Dylan disputes that this was a specific reference. In a radio interview with Studs Terkel in 1963, Dylan said:
"No, it 's not atomic rain, it 's just a hard rain. It is n't the fallout rain. I mean some sort of end that 's just got ta happen... In the last verse, when I say, ' the pellets of poison are flooding the waters, ' that means all the lies that people get told on their radios and in their newspapers. ''
In No Direction Home, Martin Scorsese 's documentary on Dylan, the Beat poet Allen Ginsberg talks about the first time he heard Dylan 's music:
"When I got back from India, and got to the West Coast, there 's a poet, Charlie Plymell - at a party in Bolinas -- played me a record of this new young folk singer. And I heard "Hard Rain, '' I think. And wept. ' Cause it seemed that the torch had been passed to another generation. From earlier bohemian, or Beat illumination. And self - empowerment. ''
Author Ian MacDonald described "A Hard Rain '' as one of the most idiosyncratic protest songs ever written.
Although Dylan may have first played the song to friends, "A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' was formally premiered at Carnegie Hall on September 22, 1962, as part of a hootenanny organized by Pete Seeger. Seeger recalled: "I had to announce to all the singers, ' Folks, you 're gon na be limited to three songs. No more. ' Cause we each have ten minutes apiece. ' And Bob raised his hand and said, ' What am I supposed to do? One of my songs is ten minutes long. ' ''
Dylan featured the song regularly in concerts in the years since he premiered it, and there have been several dramatic performances. An October 1963 performance at Carnegie Hall was released on The Bootleg Series Vol. 7: No Direction Home, while another New York City performance, recorded one year later, appeared on The Bootleg Series Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall. Dylan performed the song in August 1971 at The Concert for Bangladesh, organized by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar. The concert was organized for East Pakistan refugee relief (now independent Bangladesh) after the 1970 Bhola cyclone and during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. On December 4, 1975, at the Forum de Montreal, Canada, Dylan recorded an upbeat version of the song, which appears on The Bootleg Series Vol. 5: Bob Dylan Live 1975, The Rolling Thunder Revue album. On May 23, 1994, Dylan performed the song at "The Great Music Experience '' festival in Japan, backed by a 90 - piece symphony orchestra conducted by Michael Kamen. At the end of 2007, Dylan recorded a new version of "A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' exclusively for Expo Zaragoza 2008 world fair, scheduled to open on June 8, 2008, to highlight the Expo theme of "water and sustainable development ''. As well as choosing local - band Amaral to record a version of the song in Spanish, Dylan 's new version ended with a few spoken words about his "being proud to be a part of the mission to make water safe and clean for every human being living in this world. ''
Patti Smith performed the song with orchestral accompaniment at the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony on December 10, 2016, to commemorate Dylan receiving the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Bob Weir and Phil Lesh performed it on their Bobby and Phil DuoTour at Radio City Music Hall, New York City, March2, 2018.
Photographer Mark Edwards took a series of photographs illustrating the lyrics of the song which were exhibited in many locations such as the United Nations headquarters. These were published in a book in 2006.
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home and away does roo keep the baby | Roo Stewart - wikipedia
Ruth Martha "Roo '' Stewart (also Morgan) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Justine Clarke from 1988 to 1989. The character made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 20 January 1988. Clarke quit the role in 1989 and the character was written out. In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would return to Home and Away with Georgie Parker in the role. The character returned on 29 October 2010.
In 1987, Clarke auditioned for the roles of Carly Morris, Lynn Davenport and Bobby Simpson; but was unsuccessful each time. After the series had finished filming their pilot episode, producers changed their minds and invited Clarke to audition for the role of Roo, which she won. Clarke told a reporter from TV Life that she was "really pleased '' because she thought Roo was a "great character ''.
Roo 's personality gained an unwelcome reception amongst viewers. Clarke said that "everyone '' hated Roo and revealed that people would "boo '' at her while attending promotional appearances. On one occasion Clarke had to leave a shopping centre because females were shouting "slut '' at her. Clarke said that Roo is "a cow '' but defended her because Roo ultimately ends up suffering.
In the serial 's first season, Alan Bateman wanted Home and Away to tackle serious social issues and a few months later Roo became the first character to have a teenage pregnancy. The production team felt that Roo 's pregnancy was "risque '' because Home and Away was aired in an early evening time - slot. Clarke said she did not know what it was like to be pregnant and had to carry out research. While filming the storyline, Clarke was required to wear a bag filled with lentils beneath her clothing. This was to give the impression that Roo was pregnant, and as her pregnancy progressed more lentils were added to the bag to maintain continuity. Clarke remained unaware of how to portray a convincing birth scene. The wife of the episode 's director had previously given birth during a complicated labour. She helped Clarke with her research, which also included watching child birth videos. Clarke said that while she had learned most aspects of labour, not experiencing the actual pain of birth resulted in her feeling unprepared for the scenes. The birth scenes were filmed over the period of one day, consisting of more than fifteen shoots. Clarke said the dramatic breathing left her "dizzy '' and even caused her to hyperventilate.
Clarke played the role of Roo from 1988, until the character was written out a year later after Clarke quit the show. Clarke has been asked to return to the show and reprise her role as Roo many times, but she has never agreed.
In August 2010, it was announced that Roo would be returning to Home and Away. Producers decided to recast the role after Clarke became busy with other television shows and her career as a children 's singer. Former All Saints actress, Georgie Parker was given the role and she began filming her first scenes in the same month. Of her casting, Parker said "I 'm thrilled to be back at Channel Seven and to be part of Home and Away. Working with Ray is a joy. We are having a fantastic time together. The whole cast and crew have been wonderful ''. Of the decision to bring the character back, series producer Cameron Welsh said "We had such a positive reaction to Emily Symons 's return as Marilyn; we trust the fans will love having an original character such as Roo back in the Bay. Securing Georgie Parker to bring her back to our screens is a real coup for the show ''.
Parker called her "a colourful character who has a strong history with the origin of the show ''. Parker has said the grown up Roo is very different from the teenager. She said "She was a colourful character when she left. She lost her mother when she was very young, and I think that when girls lose their mothers, they can go off the rails - and that 's exactly what Roo did ''. Parker added that she gets to play the adult who may have learned from past mistakes. During an interview, Meagher said the adult Roo is "still full of energy, bluff and bravado. She 's had a few financial problems and is possibly running away from a bloke. '' He added that Alf has trouble getting her to tell him the truth, but he is "pleased to see her back in the Bay. ''
In July 2014, the character was diagnosed with meningitis. After returning from an extended trip to Las Vegas to look after her injured aunt Colleen Smart (Lyn Collingwood), Roo was very secretive about her times away. Within a day, Roo started showing symptoms of an illness. Parker explained "This illness hits her fast and hard. She 's lethargic, but thinks it 's just jetlag. She also has a splitting headache that affects her eyes, and she 's low on energy. It 's all very out of character. '' Roo 's decision to keep quiet about her trip meant that nobody had any idea what was wrong with her. Roo fell unconscious at home and the situation became very serious. Roo was eventually diagnosed with meningitis. Her condition later took a turn for the worse and she suffered a seizure. In order to treat her, the doctors needed to know about her trip and her foster - daughter Maddy Osborne (Kassandra Clementi) found her passport, which revealed that she had been to Peru. With the information, the doctors were able to treat Roo and save her life.
Roo begins to resent her father 's relationship with Ailsa Hogan (Judy Nunn) out of loyalty to her late mother, Martha (Alison Mulvaney). Roo begins dating Frank Morgan (Alex Papps) and they start a band with Lance Smart (Peter Vroom) and Martin Dibble (Craig Thompson). Roo 's continued obsession with Ailsa drives a rift between her and Frank, despite nearly sleeping with him as an act of rebellion over Ailsa staying over. Roo contacts her aunt, Morag Bellingham (Cornelia Frances), who is a judge and asks her to do a background check on Ailsa. At Alf and Ailsa 's engagement party, Roo reveals Ailsa went to prison for killing her abusive father. However, Ailsa 's friends and Frank, side with her. Roo begins a feud with Bobby Simpson (Nicolle Dickson), Ailsa 's friend. Tired of her behaviour, Alf sends Roo to boarding school in Sydney.
Roo begins dating Brett Macklin (Gerry Sont) and she gets pregnant. Brett 's reaction to this to book an abortion for her. Roo returns to Summer Bay and tries convincing Frank that he is the baby 's father. She pretends to accept Alf and Ailsa 's relationship so she will be allowed to stay. Roo sleeps with Frank and arranges for Alf to catch them together. She tells her aunt, Celia Stewart (Fiona Spence), that she is pregnant with Frank 's baby. Frank agrees to marry her and Roo tries to accept Alf and Ailsa 's marriage. Brett turns up and tells Roo the mumps has left him infertile and that he now wants the baby. She refuses to let him back into her life, so Brett goes to Morag, who tries to talk Roo into changing her mind. In the middle of her wedding, she reveals that Frank is not the father of her baby. Frank drives off in anger and swerves off the road to avoid Bobby and the car falls into a ditch, almost killing him.
The incident leaves Roo an outcast within the town. Morag tries to persuade her to move to the city with her, but Celia talks her out of it. Brett applies for custody, but Roo suggests they sort it out between themselves. She begins helping Brett 's family as they set up a business in the Bay. She is pleased when Alf and Ailsa 's differences over the development causes them to split up. With Ailsa returning to town to be Christopher Fletcher 's (Ashleigh Bell - Weir) godmother, Roo fakes stomach pains to stop Alf attending the christening. However, by hyperventilating she sends herself into premature labour and gives birth to a baby girl, who she names, Martha (Burcin Kapkin). She is pleased when Frank seems to take an interest, until she learns that he is dating Bobby. Brett tries to force Roo into giving him custody of Martha. He kidnaps the baby and Roo considered suicide, before she is informed that Brett had returned Martha. Roo refuses to press charges and the couple realise that they can not raise Martha, so they give her up for adoption. Roo then begins to accept Ailsa, when she and Alf reconcile.
Roo decides to take a break from the Bay and when she returns, she reveals that she has a new boyfriend, David Lee (Anthony Wong). Alf and Celia are slightly shocked as David is Chinese and they are uncomfortable with Roo being in a mixed race relationship. Alf eventually gives the pair his blessing, but David later leaves town. Frank and Bobby marry and Roo is stunned to learn Bobby is Morag 's daughter and thus her cousin. Roo takes a job at the Macklin Corporation. Her manager, Nicholas Walsh (Robert Taylor), sends nasty letters to Ailsa and frames Roo, with help from Morag. With Alf and Ailsa believing the letters are from her, Roo moves in with Celia and then with Morag. When Alf discovers the truth, he apologises and Roo moves back in. She then starts dating Simon Yates (Christopher Saunders).
Ailsa becomes pregnant, which pleases Roo. Alf and Tom Fletcher (Roger Oakley) go missing on a fishing trip and Ailsa goes into premature labour. Roo stays as her half - brother Duncan (Allana Ellis) is born, shortly before Alf is found. Roo finds herself working closely with Frank and when he is offered a promotion in the city, he celebrates by kissing Roo. She feels guilty about the kiss and when Frank goes to the city without Bobby, everyone assumes he and Roo had an affair. Roo is upset when Sally Fletcher (Katie Ritchie) blames her for the break - up. Bobby tells her that she and Frank would have broken up anyway and gives them her blessing. Roo then goes to the city to meet Frank and tells him she wants to give their relationship another go. Frank and Roo marry, but they split by the time Frank returns to town. Roo later moves to New York, where she is joined for a time by both Martha and Duncan. In 2005, Roo has a near fatal car - accident and Alf and Morag fly to New York to be with her while she recovers.
Five years later, Roo returns to Summer Bay. Alf is shocked to see her and Roo tells him that she has come for a visit as a job fell through and she had some frequent - flyer miles to use up. Roo starts receiving texts and calls from her boyfriend, Tim, and her bank manager. Colleen Smart is also shocked to see Roo and starts mentioning all the bad things she did in the past, until Alf tells her to stop. Robert Robertson (Socratis Otto) questions Roo about Martha and Hugo Austin (Bernard Curry) for the Federal Police and she states that she has not been in contact with them. Roo later tries to persuade Hugo 's mother, Gina (Sonia Todd), to give them the money Hugo left behind, but Gina is reluctant. Gina runs a credit check on Roo and discovers that she is broke. Roo denies wanting the money for herself. Roo advises Alf to get a lawyer when rumours begin to circulate that he killed Penn Graham (Christian Clark). Gina gets Roo to take a job with John Palmer (Shane Withington), who pays her with Hugo 's money. Roo attends Bianca Scott 's (Lisa Gormley) bridal shower and wedding, before leaving for the States.
On her return, Roo finds Alf has gone travelling and her aunt Morag has been placed in charge of the caravan park. Roo goes to the relaunch of Angelo Rosetta 's (Luke Jacobz) restaurant where she gets drunk and wakes up in bed with Miles Copeland (Josh Quong Tart). Angelo offers Roo a room at his place and tries to make a pass at her. John hires Roo to organise sponsorship for the upcoming surf carnival. Roo becomes close friends with Nicole Franklin (Tessa James) and Marilyn Chambers (Emily Symons). She also gets on well with Marilyn 's partner, Sid Walker (Robert Mammone). Roo supports Nicole during her pregnancy and she asks her to be present at the birth. Roo also supports Romeo Smith 's (Luke Mitchell) attempts to start a charter business. Laura Carmody (Roxanne Wilson) arrives in the Bay and reveals she and Roo are old friends. Roo invites Laura to stay with her and they work together on a hospital fundraiser. Roo invites Romeo to accompany her on a business trip to Hawaii and he brings Indigo Walker (Samara Weaving) with them. When they announce that they are getting married, Roo calls Sid and he flies over. Sid kisses Roo, but she rejects him because he is with Marilyn. However, she runs after his taxi, but fails to stop him leaving.
When she returns home, Roo is shocked to learn Marilyn and Sid have broken up. She and Sid kiss again and agree to be a couple. Roo and Laura organise a ball at Sid 's farm and Roo tries to make peace with Marilyn. Bianca is raped at the ball and Roo criticises Laura for selling tickets to the River Boys. Alf disapproves of Roo 's relationship with Sid, as he is worried about how he will treat her. Roo and Marilyn eventually become friends again and Roo breaks up with Sid when she realises his family will always be a priority over her. Roo takes over the running of the Diner due to staff shortages and she starts dating Harvey Ryan (Marcus Graham), despite being warned not to by Romeo, Indi and Sid. Roo and Harvey break up when she learns he sabotaged Alf 's boat. Roo is disgusted when Harvey tries to blackmail John and she persuades Alf to stand against him during the council elections. Roo later takes a job alongside Harvey and becomes jealous of him and his girlfriend, Fleur Simpson (Alys Daroy). Roo and Harvey later get back together and she is surprised when his ex-wife, Mel (Allison Cratchley), and daughter, Lottie (Morgan Weaving), arrive in Summer Bay.
Sid tells Roo that Harvey had a young son who drowned and she becomes upset that Harvey did not tell her. Harvey admits to Roo that he and the Mayor rigged the election, so he would win. Harvey is arrested and Roo stands by him. She later tells Harvey that she loves him. Roo bonds with Lottie and agrees that she can move in with her and Harvey, when Mel goes to the city. Lottie and Mel eventually leave the Bay and Harvey asks Roo to marry him. Roo 's ex-boyfriend, Tim (Jonny Pasvolsky), comes to the Bay and tries to win Roo back. Harvey and Roo marry and they take in teen runaways Maddy Osborne and Spencer Harrington (Andrew Morley). Harvey sails around the world with his best friend, Winston Markman (John Batchelor). Winston returns a few months later to tell Roo that he lost Harvey. Roo holds a memorial service for Harvey and says goodbye. Roo is delighted when Harvey eventually returns. However, he can not cope being back in the Bay, causing problems with his marriage. Roo decides the best thing for them to do is get divorced. Harvey agrees and leaves the Bay.
When Colleen has an accident, Roo flies to Las Vegas to care for her. On her return, she becomes ill and collapses. She is diagnosed with meningitis and has to have fluid removed from her brain, but she shows no improvement. Nate Cooper (Kyle Pryor) discovers growths on her brain and her family learn that Roo went to Peru, where she had suffered a reaction to her inoculations. Roo is given antiviral drugs and recovers. Roo plans Marilyn and John 's wedding. At the reception, she is informed that Maddy has stolen her credit card to buy clothes. Maddy is later fired from the gym for stealing and Roo pays off her debt, preferring that Maddy owes her instead. When Maddy learns that she has ovarian cancer, Roo supports her through her treatment. Alf collapses during a school field trip to a war memorial and he is diagnosed with post traumatic stress disorder. He experiences mood swings and Roo encourages him to speak to a therapist. James Edmunds (Myles Pollard) returns to the Bay and offers Roo a job as a lecturer at the university. She and James get on well and begin dating. Roo and Maddy then move in with James. He later proposes to her and she accepts. James and Roo try to get married quickly, but their wedding is stopped by Alf who thinks James lied about where he used to work. James and Roo then decide to put the wedding on hold. Roo later discovers James is already married with children, and has been lying to her all along. She calls off their engagement, but continues her relationship with him. After James confesses to Roo that he also lied to her about his parents being alive, she finally breaks up with him.
When Roo visits her brother Duncan in Hawaii, she meets James Mayvers (Tim Ross) and they begin a relationship. Roo initially tries to keep the relationship a secret due to the age gap between them, but Morag soon catches them together. Roo faints and is convinced by Morag that she is going through the menopause. However, she soon learns she is pregnant. James tells Roo that he does not want children and asks her to have an abortion, but she refuses and decides to the raise the child as a single parent. James 's father David Mayvers (Noel Hodda) offers Roo $250,000 with the condition that she or her child does not contact James. Roo turns the offer down. While driving back from the pharmacy, she collapses in pain. Nate and Tori Morgan (Penny McNamee) find her and diagnose a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. She undergoes surgery, but loses the baby. Roo leaves town to try and find Martha, but she is unsuccessful and returns home.
A writer for Ausculture named Roo fifth on their Top Ten Aussie Soap Villains list. They called Roo "evil '' for trying to break up Alf 's relationship with Ailsa, lying to and trying to marry Frank, leaving him at the altar and later having an affair with him. They added "If she had n't already left town, I would n't have been surprised to hear that she was driving the speedboat that struck down Summer Bay 's beloved butch Bobby and killed her. On the plus side, she does have the rather hilarious name of ' Roo '. '' Andrew Mercado described Roo as Alf Stewart 's (Ray Meagher) "Minxy teenage daughter '' in his book, Super Aussie soaps: behind the scenes of Australia 's best loved TV shows. A TV Week columnist describe Roo as "Summer Bay 's original spoilt brat '' who was never very far from drama.
A Holy Soap writer stated that Roo 's most memorable moment was "Bowling over her dad Alf by unexpectedly arriving back in Summer Bay after more than two decades away. '' The Herald Sun said Roo is "Manipulative, mysterious and returned from living what she claims was the high life in New York '', they predicted that her motives for returning to the Bay would puzzle viewers. When she slept with Miles, The Sun 's television magazine Buzz said: "Will she ever give up her wild - child way? '' Jaci Stephen writing for the Daily Mail highlighted the fact that Roo and Sid were fighting an attraction for one another. She said she could guess they would give into their desires in a number of "days rather than weeks. '' Laura Morgan writing for All About Soap hoped Roo would not steal Sid from Marilyn and said: "Keep your hands off that Sid, Roo! '' When Roo finds happiness with Harvey, Stephen predicted that it would take one week before Roo became unhappy again.
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which of the following is exempt from the poison prevention packaging act of 1970 | Poison Prevention packaging Act of 1970 - wikipedia
The Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 (PPPA; (Pub. L. 91 - 601, 84 Stat. 1670 - 74) was signed into law by U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 30, 1970. It was enacted by the 91st United States Congress. This law required the use of child - resistant packaging for prescription drugs, over-the - counter (OTC) drugs, household chemicals, and other hazardous materials that could be considered dangerous for children.
Before the PPPA was enacted, unintentional poisonings by both medicines and common household products were considered by most pediatricians to be the leading cause of injury to children aged 5 and under. At that time there were about 500 deaths per year being reported for children aged 5 and under due to accessibility of these chemicals. The purpose of the PPPA was to protect children from ingesting harmful chemicals and prescription medications by accident. After the PPPA was implemented, deaths in children aged 5 and under went down by 1.4 per million. This represented a reduction in the rate of fatalities, up to 45 %, from projections of deaths without the presence of child - proof packaging and equated to an average of 24 fewer deaths in children annually.
In 1957, the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers was established with the goal in mind to collect data from different individual poison control centers and provide them with the information needed on the many types of household products involved in childhood poisonings.
Some of the earliest attempts at controlling the problem of poisonings in children came about after World War II. In 1960, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in association with the American Medical Association (AMA), drafted what became known as the Hazardous Substances Labeling Act. This law stated that certain products, identified as ' hazardous substances ' within the meaning of the law, had to carry on their labels specific statements of caution.
There are some exceptions to the child - resistant packaging. There were concerns about accessibility of medications to the elderly and handicapped. As such, a manufacturer may package any over-the - counter household substance, subject to a PPPA standard, in a single - size package if the manufacturer also supplies such a substance in packages that comply with such a standard and if the packages of such substance that do not meet such standard bear conspicuous labeling stating: "This package for households without young children '' (or "Package Not Child - Resistant '' for small packages). As a result, with the exception of prescription drugs, manufacturers of certain household products that are regulated under the PPPA have the option of marketing one size in a conventional package as long as that same product is supplied in a popular - sized package, which is child - resistant.
Some of the main products that are exempted from the PPPA include the following:
There is a long list of substances that fall under the authority of the PPPA. These substances include, but are not limited to
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who is the wedding singer in the hangover | Dan Finnerty - wikipedia
Dan Finnerty (born January 22, 1970) is an American actor and singer.
Finnerty was born in Rochester, New York, and grew up in the small town of Bath, New York. He attended Emerson College in Boston. He was a member of the hit off - Broadway show Stomp in New York City. In August 1998, he married actress Kathy Najimy. Gloria Steinem officiated the ceremony. The couple has one daughter, Samia Najimy Finnerty, born December 1996.
He created and is the lead singer of the cult hit group The Dan Band. His show, Dan Finnerty & The Dan Band: I Am Woman, was filmed as a one - hour concert special on Cable TV 's Bravo channel, directed by McG and executive produced by Steven Spielberg.
Finnerty is best known for his foul - mouthed rendition of "Total Eclipse of the Heart '' as the wedding singer at Will Ferrell 's wedding in the movie Old School, directed by Todd Phillips, who continued to feature Dan, using him as the sleazy bat - mitzvah singer in Starsky & Hutch and again as the irreverent wedding singer in The Hangover. After seeing The Dan Band, Steven Spielberg cast him in The Terminal. Finnerty has also been seen in the films "The Wedding Planner '' and Rock of Ages and originated the role of Lonny in the world premiere of "Rock of Ages '' in Los Angeles.
He was a recurring comedy correspondent on "The Jay Leno Show '' and continued onto The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.
He has released 3 albums. The Dan Band Live, the full - length CD of his live show, which Entertainment Weekly dubbed "the hottest ticket in Hollywood. '' As well as the comedy holiday album entitled: Ho: A Dan Band Xmas. The album consists completely of original Dan Band songs. Songs on the album include "Ho, Ho, Ho '' (a smooth R&B Christmas song about a prostitute) "Merry Christmakwanzakah, '' "Please Do n't Bomb Nobody This Holiday, '' and "I Wanna Rock U Hard This Christmas '' whose video featured Florence Henderson from The Brady Bunch making the moves on Santa at a retirement home.
The video for "Please Do n't Bomb Nobody This Holiday '' featured many celebrity cameos, including Sheryl Crow, Christina Applegate, Nicole Scherzinger, Kyle Gass from Tenacious D, Neil Patrick Harris, Meg Ryan, Macy Gray, Christopher Guest, among others.
The Dan Band appeared numerous times as the house band on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Pajama Party, and Spike TV 's Spike Guys ' Choice Awards 2009, and wrote and performed the finale song for the final season of Last Comic Standing as well as many appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Jimmy Kimmel Live!, The Late Late Show and Last Call with Carson Daly '. He has guest - starred on numerous television shows and he voiced Wallow in Random! Cartoons and the singing Prince in The Princess and the Pea.
His newest album "The Wedding Album '' was released in 2015 and includes collaborations with Nicole Scherzinger, Rob Thomas, Bridget Everett, Nuno Bettencourt and TRAIN.
In March 2017, AT&T announced that Finnerty would appear in advertisements for DIRECTV during March Madness, co-starring with Greg Gumbel. The spots feature Finnerty performing the Aerosmith song "I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '', with lyrics tailored to each scene (generally people at work while tournament games are on).
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when does the tennis grass court season start | 2018 ATP World Tour - wikipedia
The 2018 ATP World Tour is the global elite men 's professional tennis circuit organised by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) for the 2018 tennis season. The 2018 ATP World Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (supervised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the Davis Cup (organised by the ITF), and the ATP Finals. Also included in the 2018 calendar are the Hopman Cup (organised by the ITF) and the Next Gen ATP Finals, which do not distribute ranking points.
This is the complete schedule of events on the 2018 calendar.
These tables present the number of singles (S), doubles (D), and mixed doubles (X) titles won by each player and each nation during the season, within all the tournament categories of the 2018 ATP World Tour: the Grand Slam tournaments, the ATP Finals, the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, and the ATP World Tour 250 series. The players / nations are sorted by:
The following players won their first main circuit title in singles, doubles or mixed doubles:
The following players defended a main circuit title in singles, doubles, or mixed doubles:
The following players achieved their career high ranking in this season inside top 50 (on bold the players who entered the top 10 for the first time):
These are the ATP rankings and yearly ATP Race rankings of the top 20 singles players, doubles players and doubles teams at the current date of the 2018 season.
Change since previous week 's rankings
Change since previous week 's rankings
Following is a list of notable players (winners of a main tour title, and / or part of the ATP Rankings top 100 (singles) or top 50 (doubles) for at least one week) who returned from retirement, announced their retirement from professional tennis, became inactive (after not playing for more than 52 weeks), or were permanently banned from playing, during the 2018 season:
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who is on the cover of the contra album | Contra (album) - wikipedia
Contra is the second studio album by the American indie rock band Vampire Weekend, released in January 2010 on XL Recordings. It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. The album title is intended as a thematic allegory and a complex reference to the Nicaraguan counter-revolutionaries, the 1980 album Sandinista! by The Clash, and the video game Contra.
The album was recognized as one of The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far by Pitchfork in August 2014.
The release of Contra was announced on September 15, 2009, and was released in the UK on January 11, 2010. It was released in the U.S. on the next day. However, the album was already available on January 8 on iTunes. "Horchata '' was released as a free download on October 5, 2009 on the band 's website. The first single was "Cousins '', accompanied by a 7 '' single, and a music video. The album was available for streaming on the band 's MySpace starting on January 3, 2010. It was also available for streaming from their official website, as of January 5, 2010.
Koenig has stated in multiple interviews that the album contains lyrical themes of opposition consistent with its title, and feels it is important to understand that the word "Contra '' is a fundamental concept of conflict, without any implication that one side is right or wrong. The lyrics of Contra are also meant to express a desire to be compassionate even towards people and things you disagree with. He also states the lyrics of Contra deal with reconciling feeling of privilege and guilt, for which he uses the term "first world guilt ''. Contra is considered by critics to be instrumental in cementing the cultural significance of Vampire Weekend first formed with their debut record, as Contra deepens and commits to a general attitude of rejecting traditional notions that rock musicians are poor, underprivileged rebels. Whereas their first album brought to light the prejudices against affluence and wealth in rock music, Contra, even in its title, openly argues this stigma.
The band made an effort to make their second album a natural expansion on the universe created in their debut album, as a result Contra covers a far greater gamut of musical influences than their debut album, drawing inspiration from genres such as ska on "Holiday '', synthpop on "Giving Up the Gun '', speed rap on "California English '' and even rave music on "Run ''. The production of the album, directed by Rostam Batmanglij, was also different from their former work in that it did not use chamber echo and natural reverb but instead used digital effects to give the album an eighties aesthetic. Other distinguishing features of Contra are the use of backing vocals as textural elements, the debut of Rostam as a lead guitarist and more layered drumwork in which fundamental Latin beats are blended with drum machines to create a busier rhythm section.
The lyrics of "I Think Ur a Contra '' include the phrase "Complete Control '', the title of a Clash single (notably, an influential 1980 triple album by The Clash was entitled Sandinista! after the socialist militancy opposed by the Contras during the Nicaraguan civil war). This refers partially to the controversy surrounding their punk roots. The title "Diplomat 's Son '' is a reference to a story singer Ezra Koenig wrote while in college about boarding school, though the content lyrically talks about a relationship told by Rostam Batmanglij. The song also features a vocal sample from M.I.A. 's "Hussel ''. "Holiday '' begins with the opening lyrics of Fairport Convention 's 1969 rendition of Matty Groves.
The cover of "Contra '' features a candid polaroid of a girl from 1983. The photo was found by Rostam while searching "New York City 1983 '' on Flickr. Lead singer Koenig states that when he first saw the image, he felt he read "some sort of hesitation '' in her face, and that the band discussed at length what her possible age or emotional state could be in the photograph, without ever becoming certain of either. Koenig believed that "wrapped up in her expression is this question: ' How is she feeling? ' '' and that "maybe she was n't even really sure at the time. ''
In an interview, Koenig revealed that the girl pictured on the front cover is "now living in Malibu ''. Koenig has confirmed that the picture was taken in 1983 by photographer Tod Brody and was chosen as a juxtaposition to the debut album 's cover which, while taken in 2006, looks as if it "inhabits the same world ''. Koenig also referred to the girl as "Kirsten '' in a post on Twitter. Koenig likens the image to the Rorschach test as multiple meanings can be extrapolated from just a few signifiers, saying, "Some people get very mad when they see a white blonde girl in a Polo shirt. ''
On July 15, 2010, Vampire Weekend, along with XL Recordings and Brody, were sued by Ann Kirsten Kennis, the woman who identified herself as the mysterious woman on the cover, for $2 million for using the photo without her permission. Kennis has said that the photo was taken while she was "a high - fashion model under contract with prestigious agencies in New York City. '' In addition, Kennis said that the release forms for the photo that was allegedly signed by Kennis herself, were forged. In a statement released by Kennis ' lawyer Alan Neigher, Neigher said that Kennis discovered herself on the cover when her daughter brought home a copy of Contra and showed it to Kennis. Neigher also mentioned that Brody did not take the photo and said that it was taken by Kennis ' mother. Despite this claim, Brody claims that he took the photo and says that he had the photo for 26 years until Vampire Weekend discovered it on his Flickr page and bought it for five thousand dollars. Kennis ' own former agent, Sue Charney, told Vanity Fair, "To me it is very clearly a Polaroid taken at a casting session. '' Koenig later responded on the matter and said that "this is the first time any of us have ever been sued, so we 're still learning how it works. '' He added, "There 's nothing we can say about it. We 're not trying to be mysterious. I imagine in the next few months there 'll be plenty to talk about. Given it 's our first time, we just want to do it properly. ''
In December 2010, Vampire Weekend filed their own lawsuit against Brody, which argued that he would be liable for any damages Kennis would receive, due to misrepresentation.
On August 15, 2011, it was announced that Kennis had dropped her lawsuit against XL Recordings and Vampire Weekend after they paid Kennis an undisclosed sum. However, the separate lawsuits against Brody from Kennis and Vampire Weekend were not dropped.
The album received acclaim from music critics. Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, reported an average score of 81 based on 39 reviews, described as "universal acclaim ''. Dave Simpson of The Guardian stated that Contra "will probably be among this year 's most played and most joyful tunes. '' Spin 's Jon Dolan wrote that "the balance of classical, rock, and world instrumentation, cagey rhythms, and stunning prettiness is n't just architecturally resplendent, it 's reassuringly sweet and strangely moving. '' Paul Stokes of NME described Vampire Weekend as "one of the most unique bands on the planet. '' Consequence of Sound named it the best album of 2010. On December 1, 2010, it was announced that Contra was nominated for a Grammy for "Best Alternative Music Album ''. This album was number 6 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 30 Best Albums of 2010. Pitchfork placed it at number 6 on its list "The Top 50 Albums of 2010 ''.
It is the band 's first album to reach number one on the Billboard 200, and the 12th independently - distributed album in history to reach the number one spot on the Billboard 200 since Nielsen Soundscan began recording data in 1991, while also being the first independent artist to have done so without ever having signed with a major label, after already established rock bands Radiohead and Pearl Jam and before Arcade Fire 's The Suburbs. The album sold 124,000 copies in its first week and was awarded Gold by the RIAA on November 21, 2011 which means it has sold over 500,000 units in the US alone. In 2010. It was awarded a diamond certification from the Independent Music Companies Association which indicated sales of at least 250,000 copies throughout Europe.
All lyrics written by Ezra Koenig, except where noted; all music composed by Chris Baio, Rostam Batmanglij, Koenig and Christopher Tomson, except where noted.
Vampire Weekend
Additional musicians
Production
Release
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what is blair hiding from chuck in season 5 | The End of the Affair? - Wikipedia
"The End of the Affair? '' is the eleventh episode of season 5 on the show, Gossip Girl. The episode was directed by Michael Grossman and written by Sara Goodman. It was aired on January 16, 2012 on the CW. This episode continues the fifth season after a winter break.
Similar to previous names in the TV series, the title of the episode references a work on literature. The title reference is from the 1999 film, The End of the Affair starring Ralph Fiennes.
Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) is forced to bring back old feelings for Dan when she covers Blair 's secrets by saying she is dating Dan.
Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) receives an anonymous text saying that he needs to look into the car crash closer. He finds that Blair and Chuck got in the wrong limo that night and the one he was supposed to get in was purposely tampered with.
Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) reveals why she suddenly does not want to love Chuck anymore and commits herself to Louis. She spends extra time with Dan as he supports her through this rough time.
Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) is hurt when he survives the crash and realizes that Blair will never love him again. It is evident that he is returning to his dark self.
Daniel Humphrey (Penn Badgely) helps Blair with her struggle to overcome her feelings for Chuck.
Through a series of emotional flashbacks, Blair reveals to Serena what really happened in the aftermath of her car crash with Chuck. Dan tries to help Blair recover, while both Chuck and Louis mistaken their bonding as an affair. Meanwhile, Nate discovers information about the crash that suggests possible foul play. Having successfully shut down Gossip Girl 's website, Serena is reluctant to become the next Gossip Girl as her work at Spectator News takes off. Elsewhere, Lily is worried by Charlie 's long absence and decides to hire a private detective to track her down despite Rufus ' objections. Vera Wang makes a cameo as herself at Blair 's dress fitting.
The episode starts with a recap of the previous episode, "Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' and the title sequence.
Chuck is shown walking his dog and running in to Louis. He asks how 's Blair 's doing since she lost her baby. Chuck tries to help Louis out of the cold weather and Louis accepts.
A flashback of Chuck and Blair arriving at the hospital after their crash shows and Chuck reaches for Blair 's hand but falls limp.
Chuck takes Louis back to Blair 's house. As Louis leaves the room, Blair comes down and sees Chuck for the first time since their crash. She says she needs to stay away from Chuck since her wedding is in a month. Chuck asks what happened since the crash and Blair dismisses it with an excuse involving the wedding. Louis mentions that Blair has been distant since the crash and he 's becoming so jealous that he 's thinking about hiring a private investigator.
Chuck shows up at Dan 's loft and questions if he 's spoken to Blair. Dan says he has n't known anything since Gossip Girl is down. Dan refuses to spy on Blair for Chuck and Chuck says he 'll do it unless he wants the truth to come out. Chuck leaves and Dan opens a door to which Blair is in. She says, "Chuck can never know. ''
Dan goes to Serena 's and sees her working on her blog. She says her blog is so popular since Gossip Girl has n't been posting. Nate enters and asks Dan about his new book. He says he hopes that it is n't about all of his friends. They set out to run errands.
Rufus gets off the phone with Jenny who is in London. Lily expresses her concern for Charlie and how she has n't been speaking to Lily. Rufus tells her pushing Charlie to speak to them would be a mistake.
Dan visits Blair who is in tears. Vera Wang had a dress personally made for Blair but she feels that it reminds her of everything that happened leading up to her crash. Dan suggests she can have another dress made or to not marry Louis if it makes her this unhappy. A woman sees Dan and Blair together and immediately calls Chuck who comes to spy on Blair.
Serena and Nate are busy planning a party when Nate discovers that people have been sending tips to Serena instead of Gossip Girl. He tells her to publish some of them if she does n't want people going back to Gossip Girl or someone worse.
Dan tells Blair he 's tired of lying to people about them hanging out but Blair convinces him not to think about it. Chuck sees them enter a nondescript building.
Nate receives an anonymous text and tells him that the paparazzi did n't cause Chuck and Blair 's crash and he needs to do some research. After doing research, he sees the paparazzi definitely did not cause the crash and sets out to talk to the driver.
Chuck calls Dan and confirms that Dan is definitely lying to him. He calls Louis and tells him that Blair is lying. He steps in front a moving car that almost hits him. Chuck goes to see Louis and tells him and Serena that Blair and Dan are hanging out. Chuck and Louis are assuming that Blair is cheating on Louis but Serena defends her. She gives them her computer so they can look through Gossip Girl tips. They find pictures of the two together and plan to reveal her infidelity at the Spectator New Year 's Eve party.
Rufus receives a call from Lily 's private investigator. He asks Lily about it. She tells him that she hired him to make sure Charlie is okay. Lily finds out that Charlie never left New York.
At the party, Blair and Dan see each other and avoid each other. Chuck and Louis decide that they need to oust them. Serena goes to ask Blair directly. Louis adds a "Most Secret Affair '' slide with a picture tipped to Gossip Girl of Blair and Dan together to a presentation set to play publicly at the party.
Serena asks Blair about Dan and she tells her about their friendship through flashbacks. They start out with the scene when Blair is told she lost the baby and Chuck may not make it. She goes to the hospital 's chapel and begs God to let Chuck live, vowing to marry Louis and never speak to Chuck again. Instantly, a nurse comes and tells her that Chuck is asking for her. When she goes to see Chuck, she says, "Just because we ca n't be together does n't mean I do n't love you ''. Serena tells her it 's okay if she changes her mind. Blair reveals that Dan has coming with her to church to consult with a minister about Chuck and what God would want her to do. The minister says it 's between her and God. When she goes to look out a window and think about if she could break off her engagement, she sees Chuck walking in front of a cab and almost getting hit. Serena keeps reminding her it 's okay to change her mind.
Nate is able to stop the presentation before the "Most Secret Affair '' slide comes up. Chuck and Louis ask Dan why he 's seeing Blair so much when Serena comes and lies, saying that her and Dan are actually dating but did n't want to say anything until they knew it was going to work.
Rufus finds Lily in an art institute waiting for Charlie to show. When Lily sees Charlie, it turns out to be another Charlotte Rhodes but she goes by Lola. They apologize and go home.
Louis meets Blair in the restroom and apologizes for being too suspicious. He tells her that he knows Serena was dating Dan and Blair was covering up for her. Louis tells her he feels she is being distant since the crash. She seems like she 's going to tell the whole truth, but ends up telling Louis she 's converting to Catholism like he had wanted for a while.
Nate meets with the driver of Chuck and Blair 's limo. The driver tells him that the brakes were acting weird when he was driving. He later speaks to the limo service and it turns out that Blair was the one that called the car.
Dan goes to talk to Chuck. Chuck tells him he knows he 's lying about Blair and that nothing could keep him away from Blair. He commits himself to finding out what the truth is between Dan and Blair.
At midnight, Serena and Dan kiss and some old feelings reignite. Blair and Louis kiss and Chuck sees them. Blair notices and instantly feels guilty.
Serena goes to see Nate and tells him she 's going to go through her tips that were e-mailed to her and somehow publish them in a positive way.
Lily decides to take the private investigator off the Charlie case.
Blair goes to Chuck and tells him that he is an amazing person and she hopes that her marrying Louis does n't ruin that. He asks for a reason why she does n't love him anymore. She tells him that he will never know and they will never be together. He tells her he 's going to find out why she 's no longer in love with her. She tells him, "Just because we ca n't be together does n't mean I do n't love you '' and he remembers that night in the hospital.
At the end of the episode, Lola pulls her ID out from her wallet that has a picture of her and Carol together. Also, Nate discovers that Blair and Chuck had gotten in the limo ordered for him that night. He instantly texts the unknown number and they say, "How about we help each other? XOXO Gossip Girl. ''
End of episode
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how many medals india won in last commonwealth games | India at the Commonwealth Games - Wikipedia
India has competed in fourteen of the eighteen previous Commonwealth Games; starting at the second Games in 1934. India has also hosted the games once.
India hosted the Games in 2010, at Delhi. It was India 's most successful Commonwealth Games to date with Indian athletes winning 38 gold, 27 silver and 36 bronze medals.
At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, India ended its campaign with a total of 64 medals (15 Golds, 30 Silvers, 19 Bronzes). India 's first ever Commonwealth medal was won by Rashid Anwar who won a bronze in Dept category of Wrestling.
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what is the median income of the united states | Household income in the United States - Wikipedia
Household income is an economic measure that can be applied to one household, or aggregated across a large group such as a county, city, or the whole country. It is commonly used by the United States government and private institutions to describe a household 's economic status or to track economic trends in the US.
One key measure is the real median level, meaning half of households have income above that level and half below, adjusted for inflation. According to the Census, this measure was $59,039 in 2016, a record high. This was the largest two year increase percentage increase on record.
The distribution of U.S. household income has become more unequal since around 1980, with the income share received by the top 1 % trending upward from around 10 % or less over the 1953 -- 1981 period to over 20 % by 2007. After falling somewhat due to the Great Recession in 2008 and 2009, inequality rose again during the economic recovery, a typical pattern historically.
A household 's income can be calculated various ways but the US Census as of 2009 measured it in the following manner: the income of every resident of that house that is over the age of 15, including wages and salaries, as well as any kind of governmental entitlement such as unemployment insurance, disability payments or child support payments received, along with any personal business, investment, or other recurring sources of income.
The residents of the household do not have to be related to the head of the household for their earnings to be considered part of the household 's income. As households tend to share a similar economic context, the use of household income remains among the most widely accepted measures of income. That the size of a household is not commonly taken into account in such measures may distort any analysis of fluctuations within or among the household income categories, and may render direct comparisons between quintiles difficult or even impossible.
The U.S. Census Bureau reported in September 2017 that real median household income was $59,039 in 2016, exceeding any previous year. This was the fourth consecutive year with a statistically significant increase by their measure.
Changes in median income reflect several trends: the aging of the population, changing patterns in work and schooling, and the evolving makeup of the American family, as well as long - and short - term trends in the economy itself. For instance, the retirement of the Baby Boom generation should push down overall median income, as more persons enter lower - income retirement. However, analysis of different working age groups indicate a similar pattern of stagnating median income as well.
Journalist Annie Lowrey wrote in September 2014: "The root causes (of wage stagnation) include technological change, the decline of labor unions, and globalization, economists think, though they disagree sharply on how much to weight each factor. But foreign - produced goods became sharply cheaper, meaning imports climbed and production moved overseas. And computers took over for humans in many manufacturing, clerical, and administrative tasks, eroding middle - class jobs growth and suppressing wages. ''
Another line of analysis, known as "total compensation, '' presents a more complete picture of real wages. The Kaiser Family Foundation conducted a study in 2013 which shows that employer contributions to employee healthcare costs went up 78 % from 2003 to 2013. The marketplace has made a trade - off: expanding benefits packages vs. increasing wages.
Measured relative to GDP, total compensation and its component wages and salaries have been declining since 1970. This indicates a shift in income from labor (persons who derive income from hourly wages and salaries) to capital (persons who derive income via ownership of businesses, land and assets). This trend is common across the developed world, due in part to globalization. Wages and salaries have fallen from approximately 51 % GDP in 1970 to 43 % GDP in 2013. Total compensation has fallen from approximately 58 % GDP in 1970 to 53 % GDP in 2013.
However, as indicated by the charts below, household income has still increased significantly since the late 1970s and early 80s in real terms, partly due to higher individual median wages, and partly due to increased opportunities for women.
According to the CBO, between 1979 and 2011, gross median household income, adjusted for inflation, rose from $59,400 to $75,200, or 26.5 %. However, once adjusted for household size and looking at taxes from an after - tax perspective, real median household income grew 46 %, representing significant growth.
Use of individual household income: The government and organizations may look at one particular household 's income to decide if a person is eligible for certain programs, such as nutrition assistance or need - based financial aid, among many others.
Use at the aggregate level: Summaries of household incomes across groups of people - often the entire country - are also studied as part of economic trends like standard of living and distribution of income and wealth. Household income as an economic measure can be represented as a median, a mean, a distribution, and other ways. Household income can be studied across time, region, education level, race / ethnicity, and many other dimensions. As an indicator of economic trends, it may be studied along with related economic measures such as disposable income, debt, household net worth (which includes debt and investments, durable goods like cars and houses), wealth, and employment statistics.
Median inflation - adjusted ("real '') household income generally increases and decreases with the business cycle, declining in each year during the periods 1979 through 1983, 1990 through 1993, 2000 through 2004 and 2008 through 2012, while rising in each of the intervening years. Extreme poverty in the United States, meaning households living on less than $2 per day before government benefits, more than doubled from 636,000 to 1.46 million households (including 2.8 million children) between 1996 and 2011, with most of this increase occurring between late 2008 and early 2011.
The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office conducted a study analyzing household income throughout the income distribution, by combining the Census and IRS income data sources. Unlike the Census measure of household income, the CBO showed income before and after taxes, and by also taking into account household size. Also, the CBO definition of income is much broader, and includes in kind transfers as well as all monetary transfers from the government. The Census ' official definition of money income excludes food stamps and the EITC, for example, while CBO includes it.
Between 1979 and 2011, gross median household income, adjusted for inflation, rose from $59,400 to $75,200, or 26.5 %. This compares with the Census ' growth of 10 %. However, once adjusted for household size and looking at taxes from an after - tax perspective, real median household income grew 46 %, representing significant growth.
While median gross household income showed much stronger growth than depicted by the Census, inequality was shown to still have increased. The top 10 % saw gross household income grow by 78 %, versus 26.5 % for the median. Interestingly, the bottom 10 %, using the same measure, saw higher growth than the median (40 %).
Another common measurement of personal income is the mean household income. Unlike the median household income, which divides all households in two halves, the mean income is the average income earned by American households. In the case of mean income, the income of all households is divided by the number of all households. The mean income is usually more affected by the relatively unequal distribution of income which tilts towards the top. As a result, the mean tends to be higher than the median income, with the top earning households boosting it. Overall, the mean household income in the United States, according to the US Census Bureau 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, was $72,641.
The US Census Bureau also provides a breakdown by self - identified ethnic groups as follows (as of March 2014):
Median income is the amount which divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having income above that amount, and half having income below that amount. Mean income (average) is the amount obtained by dividing the total aggregate income of a group by the number of units in that group. The means and medians for households and families are based on all households and families. Means and medians for people are based on people 15 years old and over with income.
The aggregate income measures the combined income earned by all persons in a particular income group. In 2007, all households in the United States earned roughly $7.723 trillion. One half, 49.98 %, of all income in the US was earned by households with an income over $100,000, the top twenty percent. Over one quarter, 28.5 %, of all income was earned by the top 8 %, those households earning more than $150,000 a year. The top 3.65 %, with incomes over $200,000, earned 17.5 %. Households with annual incomes from $50,000 to $75,000, 18.2 % of households, earned 16.5 % of all income. Households with annual incomes from $50,000 to $95,000, 28.1 % of households, earned 28.8 % of all income. The bottom 10.3 % earned 1.06 % of all income.
White Americans made up roughly 75.1 % of all people in 2000, 87.93 % of all households in the top 5 % were headed by a person who identified as being White alone. Only 4.75 % of all household in the top 5 % were headed by someone who identified as Hispanic or Latino of any race, versus 12.5 % of persons identifying themselves as Hispanic or Latino in the general population.
Overall, 86.01 % of all households in the top two quintiles with upper - middle range incomes of over $55,331 were headed by someone identifying as White alone, while 7.21 % were being headed by someone who identified as Hispanic and 7.37 % by someone who identified as African American or Black. Overall, households headed by Hispanics and African Americans were underrepresented in the top two quintiles and overrepresented in the bottom two quintiles. Households headed by people who identified as being Asian alone were also overrepresented among the top two quintiles. In the top five percent the percentage of Asians was nearly twice as high as the percentage of Asians among the general population. Whites were relatively even distributed throughout the quintiles only being underrepresented in the lowest quintile and slightly overrepresented in the top quintile and the top five percent.
In terms of race in 2010 data, Asian American households had the highest median household income of $57,518, European - American households ranked second with $48,977, Hispanic or Latino households ranked third with $34,241. African - American or Black households had the lowest median household income of all races with $30,134.
Source: US Census Bureau, 2004
Household income as well as per capita income in the United States rise significantly as the educational attainment increases. In 2005 graduates with a Master 's in Business Administration (MBA) who accepted job offers were expected to earn a base salary of $88,626. They were also expected to receive an "average signing bonus of $17,428. ''
According to the US Census Bureau persons with doctorates in the United States had an average income of roughly $81,400. The average for an advanced degree was $72,824, with men averaging $90,761 and women averaging $50,756 annually. Year - round full - time workers with a professional degree had an average income of $109,600 while those with a master 's degree had an average income of $62,300. Overall, "... (a) verage earnings ranged from $18,900 for high school dropouts to $25,900 for high school graduates, $45,400 for college graduates and $99,300 for workers with professional degrees (M.D., D.P.T., D.P.M., D.O., J.D., Pharm. D., D.D.S., or D.V.M.).
Individuals with graduate degrees have an average per capita income exceeding the median household income of married couple families among the general population ($63,813 annually). Higher educational attainment did not, however, help close the income gap between the genders as the life - time earnings for a male with a professional degree were roughly forty percent (39.59 %) higher than those of a female with a professional degree. The lifetime earnings gap between males and females was the smallest for those individuals holding an associate degrees with male life - time earnings being 27.77 % higher than those of females. While educational attainment did not help reduce the income inequality between men and women, it did increase the earnings potential of individuals of both sexes, enabling many households with one or more graduate degree householders to enter the top household income quintile. These data were not adjusted for preferential differences among men and women whom attend college. For example, men often study fields of engineering while women often pursue social sciences. Since the difference between earnings in said fields of study are often quite large, it is natural for us to observe men earning more than women. That is to say, not all degrees are created equally.
Household income also increased significantly with the educational attainment of the householder. The US Census Bureau publishes educational attainment and income data for all households with a householder who was aged twenty - five or older. The biggest income difference was between those with some college education and those who had a Bachelor 's degree, with the latter making $23,874 more annually. Income also increased substantially with increased post-secondary education. While the median annual household income for a household with a householder having an associate degree was $51,970, the median annual household income for householders with a bachelor 's degree or higher was $73,446. Those with doctorates had the second highest median household with a median of $96,830; $18,289 more than that for those at the master 's degree level, but $3,170 lower than the median for households with a professional degree holding householder.
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2003
The change in median personal and household since 1991 also varied greatly with educational attainment. The following table shows the median household income according to the educational attainment of the householder. All data is in 2003 dollars and only applies to householders whose householder is aged twenty - five or older. The highest and lowest points of the median household income are presented in bold face. Since 2003, median income has continued to rise for the nation as a whole, with the biggest gains going to those with associate degrees, bachelor 's degree or more, and master 's degrees. High - school dropouts fared worse with negative growth.
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2003
Household income in the United States varies substantially with the age of the person who heads the household. Overall, the median household income increased with the age of householder until retirement age when household income started to decline. The highest median household income was found among households headed by working baby - boomers.
Households headed by persons between the ages of 45 and 54 had a median household income of $61,111 and a mean household income of $77,634. The median income per member of household for this particular group was $27,924. The highest median income per member of household was among those between the ages of 54 and 64 with $30,544 (The reason this figure is lower than the next group is because pensions and Social Security add to income while a portion of older individuals also have work - related income.).
The group with the second highest median household income, were households headed by persons between the ages 35 and 44 with a median income of $56,785, followed by those in the age group between 55 and 64 with $50,400. Not surprisingly the lowest income group was composed of those households headed by individuals younger than 24, followed by those headed by persons over the age of 75. Overall, households headed by persons above the age of seventy - five had a median household income of $20,467 with the median household income per member of household being $18,645. These figures support the general assumption that median household income as well as the median income per member of household peaked among those households headed by middle aged persons, increasing with the age of the householder and the size of the household until the householder reaches the age of 64. With retirement income replacing salaries and the size of the household declining, the median household income decreases as well.
While median household income has a tendency to increase up to four persons per household, it declines for households beyond four persons. For example, in the state of Alabama in 2004, two - person households had a median income of $39,755, with $48,957 for three - person households, $54,338 for four - person households, $50,905 for five - person households, $45,435 for six - person households, with seven - or - more - person households having the second lowest median income of only $42,471.
Considering other racial and geographical differences in regards to household income, it should come as no surprise that the median household income varies with race, size of household and geography. The state with the highest median household income in the United States as of the US Census Bureau 2009 is Maryland with $69,272, followed by New Jersey, Connecticut and Alaska, making the Northeastern United States the wealthiest area by income in the entire country.
Regionally, in 2010, the Northeast reached a median income of $53,283, the West, $53,142, the South, $45,492, and the Midwest, $48,445. Each figure represents a decline from the previous year.
In 2010, the median household income by state ranged from $35,693 in Mississippi to $66,334 in Maryland. Despite having the highest median home price in the nation and home prices that far outpaced incomes, California ranked only ninth in income, with a median household income of $61,021. While California 's median income was not near enough to afford the average California home or even a starter home, West Virginia, which had one of the nation 's lowest median household incomes, also had the nation 's lowest median home price.
By Census Bureau Region, of the 15 states with the highest median household income, only Minnesota is located in the Mid-West, while eight are in the Northeast (New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, and New York) and the other six (Alaska, Hawaii, California, Washington, Colorado and Utah) are in the West.
The southern states had, on average, the lowest median household income, with nine of the country 's fifteen poorest states located in the South. However, most of the poverty in the South is located in rural areas. Metropolitan areas such as Atlanta, Nashville, Charlotte, Raleigh, Birmingham, Dallas, Houston, and Miami are areas within the southern states that have above average income levels. Overall, median household income tended to be the highest in the nation 's most urbanized northeastern, upper midwestern and west coast states, while rural areas, mostly in the southern and mountain states (like New Mexico, Montana and Idaho), had the lowest median household income.
As of 2015, the median household income ranged from $40,037 in Mississippi to $75,675 in New Hampshire.
Household income is one of the most commonly used measures of income and, therefore, also one of the most prominent indicators of social class. Household income and education do not, however, always reflect perceived class status correctly. Sociologist Dennis Gilbert acknowledges that "... the class structure... does not exactly match the distribution of household income '' with "the mismatch (being) greatest in the middle... '' (Gilbert, 1998: 92) As social classes commonly overlap, it is not possible to define exact class boundaries.
According to Leonard Beeghley a household income of roughly $95,000 would be typical of a dual - earner middle class household while $60,000 would be typical of a dual - earner working class household and $18,000 typical for an impoverished household. William Thompson and Joseph Hickey see common incomes for the upper class as those exceeding $500,000 with upper middle class incomes ranging from the high 5 - figures to most commonly in excess of $100,000. They claim the lower middle class ranges from $35,000 to $75,000; $16,000 to $30,000 for the working class and less than $2,000 for the lower class.
Thompson, W. & Hickey, J. (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon; Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Pearson, Allyn & Bacon.
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who played ray on sex and the city | Craig Bierko - wikipedia
Craig Philip Bierko (born August 18, 1964) is an American actor and singer.
Bierko was born in Rye Brook, New York, the son of Pat (Distillator) and Rex Bierko, who ran a local community theatre. Bierko 's mother was a Jewish - born convert to Roman Catholicism. Bierko has said he is "very connected '' to his Jewish heritage. His surname is Polish. He attended Boston University intending to study broadcast journalism at the School of Public Communications but graduated from Northwestern University in 1986 with a BS in theater arts from the School of Speech.
Bierko got his break in 1990 when he was cast opposite Valerie Bertinelli and Matthew Perry in the CBS sitcom Sydney; however, the production lasted just 13 episodes. He went on to make steady appearances in various television shows including Amen, The Powers That Be, Wings and Ally McBeal. Bierko may be best known for his role as Timothy in the 1996 action film The Long Kiss Goodnight, as Max Baer in the film Cinderella Man, as Tom Ryan in Scary Movie 4 (spoofing Tom Cruise throughout the film) and on the Broadway stage as Harold Hill in The Music Man. He was also the original choice for the character of Chandler Bing on the sitcom Friends but turned it down. He had a small role as a jazz musician love interest for Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker) in the fourth season of Sex and the City. He had another small role as attorney Jeffrey Coho during the third season of the ABC television series Boston Legal and as a lead in the short - lived Unhitched. He was also cast as Dave Lister in the pilot for the American TV version of Red Dwarf, which was not picked up as a series. He appeared in 2001 's Kate and Leopold in an uncredited role, and in TV 's Law and Order: Special Victims Unit as Andy Eckerson, a United States Deputy Marshal who is working with the SVU (and ex-flame Det. Olivia Benson) to recapture an escaped convict.
Bierko was slated to appear on Broadway in the Manhattan Theatre Club production of To Be or Not to Be but withdrew from the production August 29, 2008, for unspecified reasons. He starred as Sky Masterson in the Broadway revival of Guys and Dolls which began performances at the Nederlander Theatre on February 5, 2009, and officially opened on March 1, 2009. The production closed on June 14, 2009 after 113 performances. He performed the role of Peter in the 2011 New York Philharmonic production of Stephen Sondheim 's Company with Neil Patrick Harris, Patti Lupone and Stephen Colbert.
Bierko was slated to replace Bertie Carvel as Miss Trunchbull in Matilda the Musical at the Shubert Theatre along with Jill Paice as Miss Honey on September 3, but did not start performances until September 17 due to a "minor injury ''. On November 19, it was announced that Bierko will not return to the role of Miss Trunchbull due to "medical circumstances '', following a shoulder injury sustained during rehearsals.
On July 22, 2014, it was announced that Bierko has been cast in a lead role in the Lifetime dramedy series UnREAL, playing Chet, who is the "eccentric and drug - using '' creator of a reality dating show.
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when is the next eclipse supposed to take place | Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017 - Wikipedia
The solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, dubbed "The Great American Eclipse '' by the media, was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States, passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts. As a partial solar eclipse, it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America. In northwestern Europe and Africa, it was partially visible in the late evening. In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity, the Chukchi Peninsula.
Prior to this event, no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8, 1918; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States. The path of totality touched 14 states, and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse. The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States, with most of this area over the ocean, not land. The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4: 05 p.m. UTC (9: 05 a.m. PDT), with the total eclipse beginning there at 5: 16 p.m. UTC (10: 16 a.m. PDT); the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6: 44 p.m. UTC (2: 44 p.m. EDT). Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu, Hawaii began with sunrise at 4: 20 p.m. UTC (6: 20 a.m. HST) and ended by 5: 25 p.m. UTC (7: 25 a.m. HST).
This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America. Information, personal communication, and photography were widely available as never before, capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience.
Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors, especially for smaller communities. The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries.
Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 (12 states) and August 2045 (10 states), and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 (9 states) and June 2048 (9 states).
The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles (110 km) wide, crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States: Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10: 15 a.m. PDT (17: 15 UTC) at Oregon 's Pacific coast, and then it progressed eastward through Salem, Oregon; Idaho Falls, Idaho; Casper, Wyoming; Lincoln, Nebraska; Kansas City, Missouri; St. Louis, Missouri; Hopkinsville, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Columbia, South Carolina about 2: 41 p.m.; and finally Charleston, South Carolina. A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period, beginning shortly after 9: 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon. Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states, but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast.
The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton. This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds, prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra. A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra, including all of North America, particularly areas just south of the totality pass, where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north - east Asia.
During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality, several bright stars and four planets were visible. The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun. Mars was 8 degrees to the right, and Venus 34 degrees right. Mercury was 10 degrees left, and Jupiter 51 degrees left.
This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11, 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979. An eclipse of comparable length (up to 3 minutes, 8 seconds, with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7, 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard, from Florida to Virginia.
The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26, 1979 crossed only the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and North Dakota. Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse, since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades.
Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10, 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia. (This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song "You 're So Vain '' in the lyric, "Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun. '') Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements, emphasizing the rarity of the event.
The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918. Also, its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States, making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776. Prior to this, the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13, 1257, was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States.
The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8, 2024, with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake, just south of Carbondale. An area of about 9,000 square miles, including the cities of Makanda, Carbondale, Cape Girardeau, Missouri, and Paducah, Kentucky, will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years. The cities of Benton, Carbondale, Chester, Harrisburg, Marion, and Metropolis in Illinois; Cape Girardeau, Farmington, and Perryville in Missouri, as well as Paducah, Kentucky, will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse, thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years.
The solar eclipse of August 12, 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse: about 400 km (250 mi) to the southwest, also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country; however, totality will be more than twice as long.
A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada, ranging from 89 percent in Victoria, British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute, Nunavut. In Ottawa, viewing parties were held at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum. In Toronto, viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre
A partial eclipse was visible from Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean islands, and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans, as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia, Venezuela, and several others.
A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula. In Anadyr, the maximum obscuration was 27.82 %.
In northwestern Europe, a partial eclipse was visible in the evening or at sunset. Only those in Iceland, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end; in the rest of the UK, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, and Portugal, sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse. In Germany, the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country. In all regions east of the orange line on the map, the eclipse was not visible.
In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa, a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset.
A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse, including television and internet outlets. NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets, using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality, along with cameras on high - altitude balloons, jets, and coverage from the International Space Station; NASA stated that "never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space, from the air, and from the ground. '' ABC, CBS, and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality, along with CNN, Fox News Channel, Science, and The Weather Channel. The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien, and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- "Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day (which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history).
Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse, including the Exploratorium in San Francisco, the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald, Tennessee, the Slooh robotic telescope app, and The Virtual Telescope Project. The Eclipse Ballooning Project, a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments, provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches. Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment, launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale, Oregon, was lost at 20,000 feet (6,100 m). Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet (30,000 m) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell, Idaho (most likely) to Sun Valley, Idaho; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery.
The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse.
In orbit, the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, the International Space Station, the Solar Dynamics Observatory, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse.
A viewing party was held at the White House, during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump. With the sun partially eclipsed, President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses.
The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses, considering that "our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear (and) they ai n't all go blind ''. Unlike the US president, he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse. Later, he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland, Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour, due to "unforeseen circumstances ''.
The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life. Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming, usually an evening activity. Horses also displayed increased whinnying, running, and jumping after the event. Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality. Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations. Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night, before opening again after the solar event.
NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites, making it the agency 's biggest online event ever, beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over.
In the months leading up to the eclipse, many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale. Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light, but most UV and infrared light as well. For visible light, the user should only be able to see the Sun, sunglint reflected off shiny metal, halogen bulbs, the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs, and similarly intense sources. Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer, which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment.
The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors, and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness.
The American Astronomical Society (AAS) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes, and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses. The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number, but not tested by an accredited laboratory. Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products, some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits.
Andrew Lund, the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses, noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe. He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum, concluding that "the IP is getting ripped off, but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects. '' As one example, the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses, but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage.
On July 27, 2017, Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information, and proof of an accredited ISO certification. In mid-August 2017, Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that "may not comply with industry standards '', and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them.
Short - term damage includes solar keratitis, which is similar to sunburn of the cornea. Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity.
Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy, which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina, usually at the fovea (the focus of the retina). Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident, and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision, as well as eye pain and light sensitivity, afterimages, and changes in color vision.
Depending on the severity of damage, vision problems can last for several months or be permanent.
Dr. Avnish Deobhakta, an ophthalmologist in New York, states that, ""If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing, intentionally, the light of the sun onto the spot (fovea) where you want the most precise vision. ''
Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999, at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed.
One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki, who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse, leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life. During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did. While some can recover, the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun.
Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people. Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster.
In the American West, illegal camping was a major concern, including near cities like Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state, and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases; nearly every hotel and motel room, campground, and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles (160 km) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months, if not years, in advance. The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents.
Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season. Hospital staffing, and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote, were augmented along the totality line.
In Oregon, there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate, sometimes threefold or more, for guests staying to view the eclipse. The Oregon Department of Justice (DOJ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state. These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ.
Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse, there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended. Michael Zeiler, an eclipse cartographer, had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse.
In Oregon, an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97. Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse.
Officials in Idaho, where the totality path crossed the center of the state, began planning for the eclipse a year in advance. The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15, which traverses Eastern Idaho, from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open; their counterparts in neighboring Utah, where many were expected to travel the 220 miles (350 km) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, did the same. On the morning of the eclipse, many drivers left before dawn, creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour (16 -- 24 km / h). The Idaho State Police (ISP) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles (24 km) between Shelley and the Utah border.
After the eclipse, traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound, with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south. The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls. Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles (76 km) from that city to Pocatello to the south, a journey that normally takes 45 minutes. Others reported that it took three hours to travel from Idaho Falls to the closer city of Blackfoot, 30 miles (48 km) farther north of Pocatello.
In the rest of the state the impact was less severe. Traffic nearly doubled on US 93, and was up 55 percent on US 20.
For some northbound travelers on I - 15, the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho, scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane, near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon. Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1,000 vehicles per day, on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times. As a result, traffic backed up as far as Lima, creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward. Further, as construction had not yet begun, drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road. While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods, a state official admitted "we... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard. ''
In Wyoming, estimates were that the population of the state, officially 585,000, may have doubled or even tripled, with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August; a 68 percent increase. One official offered an estimate of "two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure, and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways. There were additional arrivals by aircraft, plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days. Two days before the eclipse, traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average, with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road. Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase.
Following the eclipse, more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads, creating large traffic jams, particularly on southbound and eastbound highways. Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles (260 km) into northern Colorado. There was one traffic fatality, and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident, but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated.
In Tennessee, the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state. One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles (55 km) in length, between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut. A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job, noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows, attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour.
Before the eclipse, state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival, the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival. "Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '', the News Sentinel commented. The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that "(e) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave (wa) s working '' the day of the eclipse; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well. Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles.
In North Carolina, the Department of Transportation added cameras, message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place, as well as stopping road work. The department warned that due to "unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult, and advised people to act as if there were snow.
In Kentucky, particularly around the Hopkinsville area, which was dubbed "Eclipseville, USA '', post-eclipse traffic caused extensive delays. The en masse departure of tourists via Interstate 69 as well as the Western Kentucky Parkway resulted in commute times double or even triple of normal. The Hopkinsville - to - Lexington commute under normal circumstances lasts three and a half hours.
An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel, as do clouds.
The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts, and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse. In California, solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute, and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes. CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute. Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured.
After the 2017 eclipse, grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power, which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected, mimicking the usual duck curve. Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop.
NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states. When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness, which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity, NV Energy sent power there. Likewise, when Nevada received less sunlight, other west coast states supplied electricity to it. During the solar eclipse, the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity, the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences.
The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe; in Germany, solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW, of a 38 GW solar power capacity.
On June 20, 2017, the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. When pressed with a finger, body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon. The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 seen in Jalu, Libya. The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak.
Illustration showing umbra (black oval), penumbra (concentric shaded ovals), and path of totality (red).
Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event.
Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds.
Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry, South Carolina
(Images where the sun is completely eclipsed by the moon)
Sequence starting at 9: 06am, totality at 10: 19am, and ending at 10: 21am PDT, as seen from Corvallis, Oregon
Totality and prominences as seen from Glenrock, Wyoming
Totality as seen from Columbia, Missouri
Totality as seen from Sweetwater, Tennessee
Totality as seen from Saint Paul, Clarendon County, South Carolina
Totality as seen from Newberry, South Carolina
(Images showing Baily 's beads or a Diamond ring, which occur just as totality begins or ends)
Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock, Wyoming
Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em, Wyoming
Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska
Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis, Oregon
Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul, South Carolina
Diamond ring as seen from Newberry, South Carolina
Diamond ring (with large flare) as seen from Cullowhee, NC
(Images where the sun is partially eclipsed by the moon)
Seattle, Washington
North Cascades National Park, Washington
San Francisco, California
Mira Mesa in San Diego, California
Far western Nebraska
White House, Tennessee
Maine at 2: 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2: 45 p.m.
Brooklyn, New York
Ellicott City, Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse (~ 80 %)
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Simpsonville, South Carolina
Newberry, South Carolina
(Images of the eclipse created by natural pinholes formed by tree leaves)
North Cascade mountains (British Columbia and Washington).
Moon, Pennsylvania
Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Chiapas), Mexico at 12: 36 GMT - 6.
Chihuahua, Mexico at 11: 40 a.m.
Sunset from Zarautz, Basque Country Spain
Sunset, viewed from Coimbra, Portugal
Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2, 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26, 2019.
A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7, 2017, in the same eclipse season. It was visible over Africa, Asia, Australia, and eastern Europe.
Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours (a semester) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit.
This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145, repeating every 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours, containing 77 events. The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4, 1639, and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6, 1891. It was a hybrid event on June 17, 1909, and total eclipses from June 29, 1927, through September 9, 2648. The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17, 3009. The longest eclipse will occur on June 25, 2522, with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes, 12 seconds.
The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles. Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date. In addition, the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years (1387.94 days).
Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:
Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050:
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how many times did victor come back in big brother | Big Brother 18 (Us) - Wikipedia
Big Brother 18 is the eighteenth season of the American reality television series Big Brother. The season premiered on June 22, 2016 on CBS with a two - hour season premiere and ended with a 90 - minute season finale on September 21, 2016. Julie Chen returned as host. On September 21, 2016, Nicole Franzel won the game in a 5 - 4 vote against Paul Abrahamian. The season lasted for 99 days making it the longest running season in the show 's 16 - year history.
On September 24, 2014, CBS announced that it had renewed Big Brother for its 17th and 18th editions for broadcast in summer 2015 and 2016, respectively. The series would continue to be hosted by Julie Chen.
Similar to the cliques twist in Big Brother 11, the HouseGuests initially competed in teams, which were selected by school - yard pick prior to the first competition. When a HouseGuest wins Head of Household, their entire team earns immunity from nominations, while the team with the worst performance in each Head of Household competition became the Have - Nots for the week.
Following the nomination ceremony, the HouseGuests competed in the BB Roadkill competition, with the winner earning the power to privately nominate a third HouseGuest for eviction. For each Roadkill competition, an RV is placed in the backyard; one at a time, HouseGuests enter the RV to complete the task. Following the competition, the HouseGuests are privately informed if they won or lost the challenge, with no obligation to ever reveal their result; the winner then names a third nominee in the Diary Room. Unlike the Head of Household, the Roadkill winner could nominate a member of his or her own team, provided their intended nominee is not immune. If the Roadkill nominee is saved by the Power of Veto, the Roadkill winner has to privately name a replacement nominee. The power to privately name a third nominee and replacement was previously seen in Big Brother 15 with the MVP, who earned the power through public vote. On Day 37, the BB Roadkill competition was officially cancelled.
Instead of permanent eviction, the first five evicted HouseGuests received a chance to return to the game. The first two evictees faced off in a duel, with the winner advancing to face the next evicted HouseGuest, permanently eliminating the losers; following four duels, the remaining evictee will re-enter the house. All four duels aired in a special episode on July 22; Jozea defeated Glenn in the first competition, but Victor defeated Jozea, Bronte and Tiffany in the subsequent competitions to return to the house.
Shortly after the end of the Battle Back, Teams and Roadkill twists, the HouseGuests were alerted to the existence of a secret room within the house. To find it, HouseGuests deciphered a series of clues hidden on decorations throughout the house to uncover a five - digit code, and then dialed the code into a phone booth in the house to reveal a tunnel to the room; only one HouseGuest was allowed to enter the room at a time. Inside the room was 12 envelopes, and each HouseGuest could only claim one envelope. Inside one of the envelopes was a "Round Trip Ticket, '' which would allow the HouseGuest who picked it to re-enter the house immediately following eviction. Envelopes could only be opened by a HouseGuest following their eviction; If a HouseGuest opened their envelope prior to their eviction, their card would be voided. Once all remaining HouseGuests entered the room and picked tickets, they were free to enter the room with no restrictions. The tickets were valid until Day 65; Paul had the Round Trip Ticket, but was not evicted while the tickets were still valid.
After Frank 's eviction, Julie announced that for the next five weeks, beginning in Week 6, viewers would be able to give one HouseGuest per week a special power -- or "care package '' -- as determined by a public vote. All five powers were revealed to the public upon the twist 's introduction. The HouseGuests were made aware of this twist, though the weekly rewards were left unspecified until the package was dropped in the backyard for public unboxing. Once a HouseGuest receives a care package, they are no longer eligible to win future packages.
The 12 new HouseGuests were announced on June 14, 2016. Among them are two siblings of former Big Brother HouseGuests: Paulie Calafiore, brother of Big Brother 16 runner - up Cody Calafiore and Tiffany Rousso, sister of Big Brother 17 HouseGuest Vanessa Rousso.
This is the fifth season to feature former HouseGuests returning to the game. the first time since Big Brother 14. The four returning players were announced during the premiere episode on June 22, 2016. As part of the House 's travel theme, the returning HouseGuests were referred to as "stowaways, '' entering the House in suitcases shortly prior to the new HouseGuests ' arrival.
Jozea Flores was one of two former Big Brother HouseGuests included in a public vote to compete in Big Brother: Over the Top, but lost to Jason Roy from Big Brother 17. Paul Abrahamian returned for Big Brother 19 as a HouseGuest, while Nicole Franzel returned to host the first HOH Competition of the same season. Abrahamian once again finished in 2nd place, becoming the 2nd houseguest in Big Brother history to reach the final 2 twice.
Later on, the HGs went outside to form four teams, each headed by a returnee. The teams were told about a second twist: they will compete in four competitions. The winning team of each competition will be safe and exempt from the next one. The last team remaining will then have to compete against each other as individuals. The loser of the final part will be evicted from the House. The remaining three will then decide amongst themselves which of their own would be the first Head of Household (HoH).
Big Sister became Have - Nots, Category 4 went to Mystery Land, and the Freakazoids received $10,000. Team Unicorn received immunity for two evictions. The three remaining teams then battled in a three - part competition called Hit the Road (HtR).
Category 4 won the competition, and were therefore immune from eviction and exempt from the next competitions.
Big Sister won the competition, and were therefore immune from eviction and exempt from the final competition. The Freakzoids then went head - to - head in the final round.
Nicole finished first, with Tiffany finishing second and Corey barely edging out Glenn when the latter displaced some of his coconuts upon grabbing his flag. Glenn lost and was evicted immediately. The remaining members of the Freakazoids decided Nicole should be HoH, much to the dismay of the other newbies, who originally planned of getting rid of the returnees early in the game. As HoH, Nicole considered Da'Vonne's advice and targeted Jozea, whom Da'Vonne felt was leading the returnee revolt. She nominated Jozea and Paulie for eviction, with Paulie agreeing as a pawn. To gain the numbers, the returnees pulled in Zakiyah, Michelle, Corey, and Tiffany to form the "8 Pack '' alliance. The HGs were then informed of a new twist called the "BB Roadkill '' competition.
Frank was the winner. Natalie, Bridgette, and Bronte formed the "Spy Girls '' alliance, however, in full view of Tiffany, who informed the 8 Pack of this alliance. As a punishment for landing in "Mystery Land, '' Category 4 had to wear pixelated costumes for the entire week. At the Roadkill ceremony, Frank secretly nominated Paul. Corey and Da'Vonne were selected to join Nicole, Jozea, Paulie, and Paul for the Power of Veto (PoV) competition.
Paul was the winner and at the Veto ceremony, took himself off the block, forcing Frank to secretly name Bridgette as the replacement nominee. Jozea was evicted by a 7 - 4 vote, with Bronte, Natalie, Paul, and Victor voting to evict Paulie. Julie then informed Jozea will face off against Glenn in the "Battle Back '' competition.
Category 4 won the competition, giving them immunity from this week 's eviction, and Paulie became the new HoH. Paulie planned on backdooring Victor for being a physical threat and casting an eviction vote against Paulie. He then proceeded to nominate Bronte, for casting another eviction vote, and Paul, who offered himself as a pawn to gain the trust of the House.
Victor won the competition and decided to reveal it to Paulie, who in turn told his allies. At the Roadkill ceremony, Victor secretly nominated Tiffany. With Paul aware of the impending backdoor, he advised his closest ally Victor about not being too trusting and telling anyone everything but Victor disagreed. Tiffany became emotional and paranoid that she could be the one going home but Paulie and her allies assured her otherwise. Her behavior made them think she was starting to play like her sister Vanessa and consider voting her out instead. Da'Vonne and Zakiyah were selected to join Paulie, Bronte, Paul, and Tiffany for the PoV competition.
Paulie was the winner. Da'Vonne told Paulie and her allies about Tiffany 's attempt to win the PoV despite their wishes for her to throw it to prevent Victor from nominating someone from the alliance. At the Veto ceremony, Paulie took Paul off the block and named Victor as the replacement nominee. Victor was evicted by a 9 - 1 vote, with Paul voting to evict Bronte. During this week, Jozea and Glenn also faced off in the Battle Back competition.
Jozea was the winner and will face off against next week 's evictee. Glenn was permanently eliminated from the game.
Bridgette was the winner, thereby making her Category 4 teammates also immune from this week 's eviction. The other HGs felt that her HoH would be more of Frank 's HoH because they were close allies and she trusted him well. With Frank 's advice, Bridgette nominated Paul and Tiffany for eviction, with Tiffany as the target for being a loose cannon. Despite being in the 8 Pack, Frank and Tiffany also did not get along well.
Frank was the winner, and at the Roadkill ceremony, secretly nominated Bronte for eviction. Bridgette was upset that her Spy Girls ally was nominated again, not knowing ironically that it was her closest ally Frank who did it. Natalie and Paulie were selected to join Bridgette, Bronte, Paul, and Tiffany for the PoV competition.
Bridgette was the winner and chose Big Sister to join Category 4 for the reward dinner. At the Veto ceremony, Bridgette kept her nominations the same. Frank was confident that Tiffany would be evicted. Da'Vonne, still having issues with Frank, rallied the rest of the 8 Pack to flip the vote against Bronte, knowing that Tiffany would go after Frank. On eviction night, Frank and Bridgette were blindsided when Bronte was evicted by a 5 - 4 vote. During this week, Jozea and Victor also faced off in the Battle Back competition.
Victor was the winner and will face off against next week 's evictee. Jozea was permanently eliminated from the game.
Paulie was the winner, thereby making his Category 4 teammates also immune from this week 's eviction and, much to the dismay of the 8 Pack, postponing their plan of evicting Frank. Despite being enemies the previous week, Tiffany, Frank, and Bridgette formed an alliance after being outcasts in the House. They planned on targeting Paulie 's alliance with Zakiyah, Nicole, and Corey for running the House in the past weeks. Paulie proceeded to nominate Natalie and Tiffany for eviction, shifting the target back on Tiffany.
Tiffany was the winner, and at the Roadkill ceremony, secretly named her teammate and Paulie 's closest ally, Corey, for eviction in hopes of shifting the power in the House. She told Da'Vonne she was the Roadkill winner but Da'Vonne decided not to reveal this information to the 8 Pack to avoid further tension with Tiffany. Da'Vonne and Paul were selected to join Paulie, Natalie, Tiffany, and Corey for the PoV competition.
Corey was the winner, but considered not using the Veto on himself for fear of Nicole being nominated in his place. Shortly after the competition Da'Vonne started getting paranoid, which made Tiffany suspicious. At the Roadkill ceremony, Corey removed himself from the block, and Tiffany secretly nominated Da'Vonne in his place, hoping the House would see the latter as a bigger threat. Despite Tiffany campaigning hard to stay in the House, she was still evicted by a 8 - 0 - 0 vote. During this week, Victor and Bronte also faced off in the Battle Back competition.
Victor was the winner and will face off against next week 's evictee. Bronte was permanently eliminated from the game.
Following Tiffany 's eviction, Julie revealed to the HouseGuests that both the team and Roadkill twists were dissolved. Julie also announced to the HouseGuests that the first five evicted HouseGuests competed in the Battle Back competition. Victor was revealed to be the champion of the Battle Back duels and he returned to the House. Julie then revealed a twist to the viewers that would be in play for the next five weeks -- in the House, there are secret clues to discover a secret room. Any HouseGuest who discovers this secret room will have the opportunity to claim an envelope. One envelope will hold a round trip ticket. Once a HouseGuest gets evicted, their envelope will be opened. If they have the round trip ticket, their eviction will be null, and they will head back into the House with another shot at the half million dollars.
Following Victor 's return, the HouseGuests grooved in the Watch Your Dubstep Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had a wristband attached to a confetti box. They must keep their hand above their head while stepping over the light bars that shuffle by their feet. If they drop their hand, their confetti box will open, eliminating them from the competition. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. James was the winner. On Day 38, James nominated Bridgette and Frank for eviction, with Frank as the target. On Day 39, James, Bridgette and Frank, as well as Michelle, Da'Vonne and Nicole, were riddled in the OTEV the Dope DJ Power of Veto competition. In this competition, OTEV asked the HouseGuests a riddle about a competition. They then had to find a record with the name of the competition described in the riddle. The last HouseGuest to return the correct record to OTEV will be eliminated. The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto. Michelle won the Power of Veto. On Day 41, Michelle decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 42, all the HouseGuests solved the clues and discovered the secret room. On Day 44, Frank was evicted by a unanimous 9 - 0 vote. Frank was revealed not to have the round trip ticket. Julie also revealed another twist to the viewers -- "America 's Care Package '' -- where for the next five weeks, America had the opportunity to vote to send a care package to a HouseGuest. Once a HouseGuest receives a care package, they may not receive a future one.
Following Frank 's eviction, the HouseGuests rolled in the Perfect Shot Head of Household competition. Each HouseGuest had a lane with slots numbered 1 - 21. They must roll their ball down their lane to try and make the highest score. They had the opportunity to practice by rolling their yellow ball down their lane as often as they wanted. Whenever they decided to take their best shot, they must roll the red ball. Whatever slot the red ball lands in will be their official score. The HouseGuest with the highest score will be the new Head of Household. Paul was the winner. For being the bottom four performers in the Head of Household competition, Corey, Natalie, Paulie and Zakiyah became Have - Nots for the week. However, Natalie received America 's Care Package, which contained a Never - Not Pass, rendering her immune from being a Have - Not for the rest of the season. On Day 45, Paul nominated Bridgette and Paulie for eviction. On Day 46, Paul, Bridgette and Paulie, as well as Corey, Victor and Natalie, sprinted in the Ready, Set, Whoa Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had to hold down two buttons in their starting lane. At the end of their lanes, a monitor will cycle though the words "ready, set, go. '' If a HouseGuest releases a button before the word "go '', they will be eliminated. Once they see the word "go, '' they must run to the end of their lane and hit one of the five buttons. The last person to hit a button will be eliminated. Once a HouseGuest uses a button, it is out of play for future rounds. The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto. Paulie was the winner. On Day 48, Paulie took himself off the block, and Paul named Da'Vonne as the replacement nominee. On Day 51, Da'Vonne was evicted by a 6 - 2 vote, with Michelle and Zakiyah voting to evict Bridgette. Da'Vonne was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and she became the first member of the jury.
Following Da'Vonne's eviction, the HouseGuests spun in the Harsh Hashtags Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests stood on a small disc suspended by a hanging rope. As the competition continued, they were spun into insult punching bags. If a HouseGuest falls off their disc, they will be eliminated. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Victor was the winner. For being the first three HouseGuests to fall in the Head of Household competition, Bridgette, Corey and James became Have - Nots for the week. James received America 's Care Package, which contained the power to prevent two HouseGuests from voting at the next eviction. On Day 52, Victor nominated Michelle and Zakiyah for eviction. On Day 53, Victor, Michelle and Zakiyah chose Paulie, James and Nicole for the Hide and Go Veto Power of Veto competition. HouseGuests had three minutes to individually hide their locked veto card in the House. Then, one at a time, HouseGuests entered the House and had one minute to attempt to find a veto card. If a HouseGuest 's veto card is found, they will be eliminated, though the owner of the veto cards will not be revealed until the end of the competition. The HouseGuest who hides their veto card the best will win the Power of Veto. Paulie won the Power of Veto, but on Day 55, decided not to use the Power of Veto. At the live eviction, Julie informed the HouseGuests of the Double Eviction. Just before the first live vote, James used his America 's Care Package to prevent Corey and Paul from voting. On Day 58, Zakiyah was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote, with Nicole and Paulie voting to evict Michelle. Zakiyah was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and she became the second member of the jury. Immediately after Zakiyah 's eviction, the HouseGuests calculated in the Statcathalon Head of Household competition. HouseGuests were asked numerical questions. HouseGuests were required to state whether the real number was more or less than the number mentioned in the question. An incorrect answer resulted in elimination. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Corey was the winner and immediately nominated Bridgette and Michelle for eviction, putting the plan to backdoor Bridgette in motion. Corey, Bridgette and Michelle, as well as Paul, Nicole and James, later tussled in the Veto Time Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had to run across their lane into their ball pit at the end. They must search through the balls to find three clocks. They must return their clocks to their stand one at a time. After they retrieve all of the clocks, they must grab their veto symbol above their ball pit and hit their button. The first HouseGuest to hit their button will win the Power of Veto. Corey was the winner, but decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 58, Bridgette was evicted by a 5 - 1 vote, with Natalie voting to evict Michelle. Bridgette was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and she became the third member of the jury.
Following Zakiyah and Bridgette 's eviction, the HouseGuests went head - to - head in the Hollywoods Squirrels Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests competed in one - on - one matches. In each round, HouseGuests were asked a question based on a grid of Benny the BB Comp Squirrels. If a HouseGuest buzzes in with the correct answer, they will move on and eliminate their opponent. If they are incorrect, they will be eliminated. The HouseGuest who survives in each round must pick the next two HouseGuests to face off. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Victor was the winner. For being the first two HouseGuests eliminated in the Head of Household competition, Michelle and Nicole became Have - Nots for the week. Nicole received America 's Care Package, which contained safety for the week, on the condition she wear a "Super Safety '' costume all week. On Day 59, Victor nominated Corey and Paulie for eviction, with Paulie as the target. On Day 60, Zingbot made an appearance and hosted Victor, Corey, Paulie, Paul, Nicole and James in the Zingbot for President Power of Veto competition, with Natalie moderating. In each round, HouseGuests launched a beanbag at a map to claim votes for Zingbot. Once a spot has been landed in, any future tosses into that spot will have a score of zero. The HouseGuest who gets the least votes in each round will be eliminated from the competition. After each HouseGuest has been eliminated, they will claim a campaign gift. HouseGuests eliminated in future rounds have the option of keeping their gift or claiming a gift already revealed. The HouseGuest with the Power of Veto at the end of the game will win the Power of Veto. Paul became a member of the BB Secret Service, James won $5,000, Paulie must bake apple pies any time he is instructed by Big Brother for the rest of the season, Corey has to wear the "Patriotard '' for the week and Nicole won a trip to anywhere in the United States. Victor won the Power of Veto. On Day 62, Victor decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 65, Paulie was evicted by a unanimous 5 - 0 vote. Paulie was revealed not to have the round trip ticket and he became the fourth member of the jury. All of the tickets expired and it was later revealed that Paul had the round trip ticket.
Following Paulie 's eviction, the HouseGuests celebrated how far they have survived as they enjoyed a carnival, with a chance to win prizes such as $5,000, a tech - pack containing a new TV, tablet and smart phone, along with a performance from Ziggy Marley. They also picked pies to determine Have - Nots for the week, as well as an advantage in the next Head of Household competition. Michelle, James and Victor became Have - Nots for the week. After the carnival, the HouseGuests blacked out in The Black Box Head of Household competition. In this competition, the HouseGuests entered the black box and held down their button. Throughout the competition, HouseGuests were given opportunities to search the black box for discs. There are also dummy discs that will not fit on their pole. If a HouseGuest does not return to their button before time is up, they will be eliminated. After two hours and ten searches, the player who survives with the most discs will be the new Head of Household. Michelle won the advantage for the competition and she received an extra 30 - second solo search. Natalie was the winner. Michelle received America 's Care Package, which contained the power of co-HOH. She and Natalie will both have safety, share the HOH room and will each name one nominee. For winning this week 's America 's Care Package, Michelle 's week as a Have - Not was also cancelled. On Day 66, Michelle and Natalie nominated Paul and Victor for eviction, respectively. On Day 67, all HouseGuests except Nicole memorized for the BB Storm Watch Power of Veto competition. In the days leading up to the competition, HouseGuests listened to a series of BB Storm Watch updates. In this competition, HouseGuests competed individually. HouseGuests looked at a teleprompter for sentences with blanks. HouseGuests had to report the weather and fill in the blanks with the name of one of the first five evicted HouseGuests while standing in a storm. If the sentence passes through the teleprompter before the HouseGuest fills in the blank, they will be incorrect. The HouseGuest who fills in the most blanks will win the Power of Veto. Paul was the winner. On Day 69, Paul took himself off the block, and Michelle named Corey as the replacement nominee. On Day 72, Victor was evicted by a 2 - 1 vote, with Paul voting to evict Corey. He became the fifth member of the jury. Julie then informed the HouseGuests that the jurors will compete in the next Head of Household competition, with one of them returning to the game.
Following Victor 's second eviction, the HouseGuests and jurors put it all on the line in the Welcome to Loch Mess Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests stood on a small platform against a wall. If anyone falls off their platform, they will be eliminated. The last juror standing will be back in the game and the last HouseGuest standing overall will be the new Head of Household. Victor eventually beat out the other jurors to re-enter the game, becoming the first HouseGuest in Big Brother history to return to the House twice in one season. Nicole became the new Head of Household. For being the first two HouseGuests to fall in the Head of Household competition, Corey and Victor became Have - Nots for the week. Corey received America 's Care Package, which gave him $5,000 to use to bribe another HouseGuest in the upcoming week. On Day 73, Nicole nominated Michelle and Paul for eviction, with Michelle as the target. On Day 74, all HouseGuests except Natalie tallied in the Santa 's Little Counters Power of Veto competition. HouseGuests had a few minutes to count groups of items throughout the backyard. In this competition, HouseGuests were asked how many of a certain object were in the display. After everyone revealed their answer, they had a decision to stay or fold. If a HouseGuest folds, they are ineligible to win a candy cane, but they can not be eliminated. If a HouseGuest stays and they are the closest to the correct answer, they will win a candy cane. If a HouseGuest stays and they are the furthest away from the answer, then they will be eliminated. The first HouseGuest to get three candy canes will win the Power of Veto. Nicole was the winner. On Day 76, Nicole decided not to use the Power of Veto. Corey used his bribe on Victor in return for him voting out Michelle. On Day 79, after Nicole cast the tie - breaking vote, Michelle was evicted by a 3 - 2 vote, with James and Natalie voting to evict Paul. She became the fifth member of the jury.
Following Michelle 's eviction, the HouseGuests scrambled in the Poached Eggs Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had to maneuver eggs through their chicken wire and through their hole. They then had to roll their egg down the ramp in an attempt to knock down the letters "HOH. '' The first HouseGuest to knock down all of their letters would then become the new Head of Household. Victor was the winner and became the new HOH. For being the last two HouseGuests to place an egg in their special "Have '' holder, Natalie and Victor became Have - Nots for the week. However, because Victor won HoH and Natalie had a Never - Not Pass, all of the HouseGuests were safe from being Have - Nots for the week. On Day 80, Victor nominated James and Natalie for eviction. On Day 81, all of the HouseGuests used their resources in the Being Mac Power of Veto competition, sponsored by the new CBS show, MacGyver. In this competition, HouseGuests competed individually. They had to figure out how to escape three different rooms as fast as possible. The HouseGuest who escapes all three rooms in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto, as well as a trip to the set of MacGyver. Corey was the winner, but on Day 83, decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 86, Natalie was evicted by a unanimous 3 - 0 vote. She became the sixth member of the jury.
Following Natalie 's eviction, the HouseGuests slid in the Slide - In Theater Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had to fill their small scoop with butter, walk down to the end of their slippery lane and pour it into their bowl. If a HouseGuest fills up their small bowl, they will receive a larger scoop. The first HouseGuest to retrieve the ball from their large bowl will be the new Head of Household. Corey was the winner and, on Day 87, Corey nominated Paul and Victor for eviction. On Day 88, the HouseGuests zipped in the BB Comics Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests competed individually. HouseGuests had to ride a zip line past the comic studio window to get a look at a set of sixteen comics. They must replicate the comic studio on their computer. However, there are decoy comics with slight differences. The HouseGuest who replicates the studio wall in the fastest time will win the Power of Veto. Nicole was the winner. On Day 89, Nicole decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 90, Victor was evicted by a 2 - 0 vote. He became the seventh member of the jury.
Following Victor 's third eviction, the HouseGuests sought a spot in the final three in the What the Bleep? Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests were shown a series of clips with a censored word or words. Julie will then give them words as to what the blurred phrase may be. The HouseGuests must then state if Julie 's suggestion is true or false. A correct answer earned a HouseGuest a point. The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the new Head of Household. Paul was the winner and, on Day 91, Paul nominated Corey and Nicole for eviction. On Day 92, the HouseGuests recalled in the Cover Your Bases final Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests were asked on what day a certain event took place in the House. The HouseGuests had to step on their bases to display the correct day, then hit the umpire to lock in their answer. If they are incorrect, their counter will drop to zero and they must try again. The last person to display the correct day will get a strike and three strikes resulted in elimination. The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto. Paul was the winner, but on Day 92, decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 92, after James cast the sole vote to evict Corey, he became the eighth member of the jury.
Following Corey 's eviction, the HouseGuests engaged in their final battle in the Hang In There Kitty Part 1 of the Final Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had to follow a laser which would lead them to one of three endurance stations. Once the laser stops, they have fifteen seconds to climb onto the station. If the laser re-appears, they must jump off of their station and follow it again. If they fail to climb onto their station within 15 seconds or if they fall before the laser re-appears, they will be eliminated. The last HouseGuest standing will win Part 1 of the competition and automatically advance to Part 3. Paul was the winner. James and Nicole then faced off in the Snap Shot Part 2 of the Final Head of Household competition. In this competition, James and Nicole competed individually. They had to read a clue and place the three HouseGuests that applied to the clue into the roller coaster car. They had to push the car down the track, then take a snapshot of the HouseGuests while in frame. If they are incorrect or the HouseGuests are not in frame, they must try again. The HouseGuest who finishes all three snapshots faster will win Part 2 and advance to Part 3 against Paul. Nicole was the winner. Paul and Nicole had the final showdown in the Scales of Just - Us Part 3 of the Final Head of Household competition. In this competition, Nicole and Paul were read a series of statements made by the jurors. The HouseGuests were required to guess how the juror completed each statement. The HouseGuest with the most points after eight questions will be the final Head of Household of the season. Paul became the final Head of Household by a score of 4 - 3. On Day 99, after Paul cast the sole vote to evict James, he became the final member of the jury. On Day 99, after receiving Da'Vonne, Zakiyah, Paulie, Natalie and Corey 's votes, Paul received $50,000 as the runner - up, Nicole received $500,000 and was declared the winner of Big Brother 18, the first female winner since Rachel Reilly in Big Brother 13 and the first female to win against a male in the final two and, Victor was revealed to be America 's Favorite HouseGuest and received $25,000, bringing his cash winnings to $30,000.
For the duration of the teams twist, the team that fared the worst in the Head of Household competition became the Have - Nots for the week. In Week 6, Natalie would have been a Have - Not, but was exempt by virtue of receiving America 's Care Package containing a Never - Not Pass, rendering her exempt from any future Have - Not punishments. In Week 9, Michelle would have been a Have - Not, but was exempt by virtue of receiving America 's Care Package containing being a Co-HoH. In Week 11, Victor would have been a Have - Not, but was exempt by virtue of winning HoH.
Bronte D'Acquisto and Paul Abrahamian were captured on live feed making racist remarks about fellow HouseGuest James Huling, who is ethnically Korean. Although Huling is a lifelong resident of the United States, D'Acquisto stated that she "will send (Huling) back to Hong Kong ''. In another incident, while discussing Huling, D'Acquisto said: "I want to kick his little Asian ass back to Hong Kong. Wherever he came from. '' Furthermore, Abrahamian referred to Huling as a "little Korean man '' on multiple occasions. These incidents were not aired on the CBS television broadcasts, leading to speculation that CBS was editing the show to protect the image of HouseGuests who displayed bigoted behavior, similarly to season 11.
Jozea Flores also created controversy during the beginning of the live feeds, saying that the 4th of July should not be a holiday. When a comment was brought up that "a lot of Americans died for our freedom, '' Flores replied with, "ai n't nobody told them to do that. '' While his remarks did not make the live feeds, many of the HouseGuests talked about it.
Corey Brooks faced some criticism due to homophobic tweets that were found on his Twitter account, as well as homophobic remarks he made while inside the house. Brooks also faced more controversy after telling a story on the live feeds of his friend attempting to burn a goat. This was not shown on the CBS television broadcasts, leading to speculation that CBS was attempting to put out a clean image of Brooks.
Frank Eudy was criticized for sexual harassment due to his behavior with women in the house. In one instance, Frank slapped Da'Vonne Rogers 's buttocks without her consent and repeatedly called her a slut behind her back.
Paulie Calafiore made a series of offensive remarks to fellow HouseGuest Natalie Negrotti about her breast implants. Upon realizing that the house had grown weary of his abuse and running the game, including Negrotti, Calafiore began a campaign of harassment referring to Negrotti 's implants and body. Calafiore routinely referring to Natalie as "F.T. '' (Fake Tits) and telling Negrotti that she was "as fake as those things on her chest. '' Calafiore also received criticism for his misogynistic and sexist comments about women from New Jersey, stating they "play '' men and "spit them out and eat them for breakfast, lunch and dinner. '' He referred to these type of women as "Jersey Girls '' and afterwards received backlash from female viewers, particularly those from New Jersey, viewing it as a derogatory comment and reinforcing stereotypes.
Coordinates: 34 ° 8 ′ 40.12 '' N 118 ° 23 ′ 20.71 '' W / 34.1444778 ° N 118.3890861 ° W / 34.1444778; - 118.3890861
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who did ed sheeran write galway girl for | Galway Girl (Ed Sheeran song) - wikipedia
"Galway Girl '' is a song recorded by English singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran. The song is a collaboration between Sheeran and Irish folk band Beoga, and is heavily influenced by Irish traditional music. On Saint Patrick 's Day 2017, Sheeran announced the song as the third single from his 2017 album ÷, accompanied by a lyric video.
The song reached number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the Irish chart when it became available for download and streaming upon the release of the album.
Sheeran wrote and recorded the song together with the Irish band Beoga; the song incorporates parts of the tune "Minute 5 '' from Beoga 's album How to Tune a Fish. They decided to write this song after they had finished another song together at his house, and had some free time. In an interview with Zane Lowe, Sheeran said: "I came up with this song with Foy, and Johnny and Amy. We were recording in Suffolk and we were just sitting in the garden, and we had Beoga, this Irish folk band, come and recording some other songs. And I was kinda like: Beoga would be here for two or three days, it would be a shame to waste them, shall we try and write another song?... They have a song called "Minute 5 '', which is that riff. So I just said: "Can you try that on it? '' And they did, and it sounded brilliant, so we just kept it. ''
In an interview with The Irish Times, Sheeran said that the opening line of the song, "She played the fiddle in an Irish band '', was inspired by Niamh Dunne of Beoga, however, the rest of the song was made up and not about anyone in particular (Dunne is from County Limerick and married an Irishman). According to Sheeran, he had to fight his record label to keep the song on his album: "They were really, really against ' Galway Girl ', because apparently folk music is n't cool. '' The song went on to become the third most streamed song from ÷ on Spotify.
The song was announced as the third single from the album on Saint Patrick 's Day, 17 March, and it was added to BBC Radio 2 's playlist on 18 March.
Sheeran was aware that Steve Earle recorded a song with the same title in 2000; however, Sheeran said that his version is an original, and not a cover of Earle 's song. He said in a BBC interview "I actually tried to find another (title). I did Wexford Girl and Clonakity Girl and Cork Girl... none of them worked. But the whole point of folk songs is taking inspiration from the past and making something new -- so people will just have to deal with it. ''. In a 2017 Dublin concert Sheeran played first verse and chorus of the Steve Earle song together with Beoga, followed by his own.
Amy Mulvaney from the Irish Independent gave the song a positive review, calling it "Definitive proof of just how much he (Ed) likes Ireland '' and wrote "With mentions of Grafton Street, "Carrickfergus '', fiddles, céilis, an Irish band and trad tunes, there 's no denying just how much the pop star loves our fair isle, and can see this becoming a sure fire hit over the next few weeks ". BBC 6 Music DJ Shaun Keaveny described the song as "Like finding a turd in your slipper '', with Labour Party Deputy Leader Tom Watson asking, in reply, "Good for warming your feet on a cold day? ''
The song entered the UK chart at number two behind "Shape of You '' when it became available for download on the album release. As of September 2017, the song has sold 1.2 million combined units in the United Kingdom, with 246,000 in actual sales and 95 million in streams.
In Ireland, it debuted at number one on the singles chart. It also reached the number one chart position in Scotland and Slovenia. In the United States, the song peaked at number 53, and has sold 210,813 copies as of October 2017.
On 11 April 2017, Sheeran shot the POV music video for "Galway Girl '' in Galway, Ireland and filmed it himself on a Sony A6500 on body - mounted Ikan gimbal rigged to a Steadicam vest. The video was directed by Jason Koenig, who also directed the music video for "Shape of You '', and director of photography Johnny Valencia. Galway Girl features Irish actress Saoirse Ronan. It was uploaded to his official YouTube channel on 3 May 2017.
His new tattoo filmed in the video is misspelled "Galway Grill ''.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
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the original cast of the lion king on broadway | The Lion King (musical) - wikipedia
The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Disney animated film of the same name with music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice along with the musical score created by Hans Zimmer with choral arrangements by Lebo M. Directed by Julie Taymor, the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant, hollow puppets. The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions.
The musical debuted July 8, 1997, in Minneapolis, Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre, and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15, 1997, in previews with the official opening on November 13, 1997. On June 13, 2006, the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins, where it is still running after more than 6,700 performances. It is Broadway 's third longest - running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time, having grossed more than $1 billion.
The show debuted in the West End 's Lyceum Theatre on October 19, 1999, and is still running. The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008, in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family.
In September 2014, The Lion King became the top - earning title in box - office history for both stage productions and films, surpassing the record previously held by The Phantom of the Opera.
As the sun rises, Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock. She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals ("Circle of Life ''). Elsewhere, Mufasa 's brother, Scar, laments his lost chance at becoming King. Back at her baobab tree, Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new prince 's name: Simba.
Time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub ("Grasslands Chant ''). Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands from the top of Pride Rock and explains that everything exists in a delicate balance known as the Circle of Life. Mufasa warns Simba not to stray beyond the boundaries of the Pride Lands, pointing out a shadowy area in the distance. Zazu, a hornbill who acts as Mufasa 's advisor, arrives and delivers his daily report on the state of affairs in the King 's domain ("The Morning Report '', now cut from the Broadway production).
Simba goes to see his Uncle Scar. The scheming lion piques the cub 's curiosity by mentioning the elephant graveyard, where Simba is forbidden to go. Meanwhile, the lionesses go hunting ("The Lioness Hunt ''). Simba arrives and asks his best friend, a female cub named Nala, to come with him to the elephant graveyard. He lies to the lionesses about where they are going, and Sarafina (Nala 's mother) and Sarabi allow the cubs to go, escorted by Zazu. Simba and Nala formulate a plan and manage to lose Zazu, while Simba brags about his future position ("I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '').
The cubs go to the graveyard and begin to explore. Zazu catches up, but they are confronted by three hyenas: Shenzi, Banzai and Ed. The hyenas intend to eat the trespassers and gloat about their find ("Chow Down ''). Mufasa rescues the cubs and frightens off the hyenas.
Mufasa is disappointed and angry at Simba 's reckless disobedience, and explains the difference between bravery and bravado. Mufasa tells Simba about the great kings of the past and how they watch over everything from the stars ("They Live in You ''). Mufasa says that he will always be there for his son. Later he discusses Simba 's behavior with Zazu, who reminds Mufasa that he had the same tendency to get into trouble at Simba 's age.
Back at the elephant graveyard, Scar tells the hyenas of his plan to kill Mufasa and Simba so that he can become king. He raises an army of hyenas, promising that they will never go hungry again if they support him ("Be Prepared ''). Scar takes Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there. On Scar 's signal, the hyenas start a wildebeest stampede into the gorge ("The Stampede ''). Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is trapped in the gorge. Mufasa leaps into the stampede and manages to save his son, but as he tries to escape, Scar throws him off the cliff back into the stampede, killing him. Scar convinces Simba that his father 's death was his fault and tells him to run away, but as he leaves, Scar orders the hyenas to kill him. Simba escapes but the hyenas tell Scar that he is dead. Rafiki and the lionesses mourn the deaths ("Rafiki Mourns ''). Scar claims the throne and allows the hyenas into the Pride Lands ("Be Prepared (Reprise) ''). Rafiki returns to her tree and smears the drawing of Simba, while Sarabi and Nala quietly grieve.
Out in the desert, Simba collapses from heat exhaustion. Vultures begin to circle, but are scared away by Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog. Simba feels responsible for Mufasa 's death, but the duo take the cub to their jungle home and show him their carefree way of life and bug diet ("Hakuna Matata ''). Simba grows to adulthood in the jungle.
The chorus, dressed in colorful clothes with ornate bird puppets and kites, begin the Second Act ("One by One ''). As the song ends, however, the beautiful birds are replaced by vultures and gazelle skeletons. Under Scar 's rule, the Circle of Life is out of balance and a drought has hit the Pride Lands. Zazu, now a prisoner of Scar, listens to the king 's woes. The hyenas are complaining about the lack of food, but Scar is only concerned with himself and why he is not loved. He is haunted by visions of Mufasa and rapidly switches between delusional confidence and paranoid despair ("The Madness of King Scar ''). Nala arrives to confront Scar about the famine and Scar decides she will be his queen and give him cubs. Nala fiercely rebukes him and resolves to leave the Pride Lands to find help. Rafiki and the lionesses bless her for her journey ("Shadowland '').
Back in the jungle, Timon and Pumbaa want to sleep, but the restless Simba is unable to settle. Annoyed, Simba leaves them, but Timon and Pumbaa lose their courage and follow him. Simba leaps across a fast - moving river and challenges Timon to do the same. Timon falls in and is swept downstream. He grabs a branch over a waterfall and calls for Simba 's help, but Simba is paralyzed by a flashback of Mufasa 's death. Timon falls from the branch and Simba snaps out of the flashback, rescuing his friend. Simba is ashamed that Timon nearly died because of his recklessness.
The three friends settle to sleep and discuss the stars. Simba recalls Mufasa 's words, but his friends laugh at the notion of dead kings watching them. Simba leaves, expressing his loneliness and bitterly recalling Mufasa 's promise to be there for him ("Endless Night ''). Rafiki hears the song on the wind, joyfully realizes that Simba is alive, and draws a mane onto her painting of Simba.
In the jungle, Pumbaa is hunted and chased by a lioness. Simba confronts her and saves his friend, but recognizes the lioness as Nala. She is amazed to find Simba alive, knowing that he is the rightful king. Timon and Pumbaa are confused, but Simba asks them to leave him and Nala alone. Timon realizes what is happening and laments the end of Simba 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle ("Can You Feel the Love Tonight ''). Nala tells Simba about the devastated Pride Lands, but Simba still feels responsible for Mufasa 's death and refuses to return home.
On his own, Simba meets Rafiki, who explains that his father lives on ("He Lives in You ''). Mufasa 's spirit appears in the sky and tells Simba he is the one true king and must take his place in the Circle of Life. Reawakened, Simba finds his courage and heads for home. Meanwhile, Nala wakes Timon and Pumbaa to ask where Simba is, and Rafiki appears to tell them all the news. The three of them catch up with him in the Pride Lands, where he witnesses the ruin of his home. Timon and Pumbaa distract some hyenas by doing the Charleston, allowing Simba and Nala to reach Pride Rock.
Scar calls for Sarabi and demands to know why the lionesses are not hunting. Sarabi stands up to him about the lack of anything to hunt, angrily comparing him to Mufasa, and Scar strikes his sister - in - law, saying he 's ten times the king Mufasa was. Enraged, Simba reveals himself. Scar forces a confession of murder from Simba and corners him. Believing that he has won, Scar taunts Simba by admitting that he killed Mufasa. Furious, Simba recovers and forces Scar to reveal the truth to the lionesses ("Simba Confronts Scar ''). Simba 's friends fight the hyenas while Simba battles Scar to the top of Pride Rock. Scar begs for his life, blaming the hyenas for everything. Simba lets him leave out of mercy, but Scar attacks again. Simba blocks the attack and Scar falls from the cliff. The hyenas, who heard Scar 's betrayal and are still starving, tear him to shreds.
With the battle won, Simba 's friends come forward and acknowledge Simba as the rightful king. Simba ascends Pride Rock and roars out across the kingdom ("King of Pride Rock ''). The Pride Lands recover and the animals gather in celebration as Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub, continuing the Circle of Life ("Circle of Life (Reprise) '').
* Cut from the show as of June 27, 2010
The musical incorporates several changes and additions to the storyline as compared to the film. The mandrill Rafiki 's gender was changed to a female role because Taymor believed that there was generally no leading female character in the film. Rafiki was portrayed by Tsidii Le Loka in the original Broadway musical, and by Josette Bushell - Mingo in the original London production.
Several new scenes are present, including a conversation between Mufasa and Zazu about Mufasa 's parenting and a perilous scene in which Timon finds himself nearly drowning in a waterfall while Simba feels powerless to help him. A major narrative addition is the depiction of Nala 's departure in the scene "The Madness of King Scar '', where the mentally deteriorating villain tries to make Nala his mate. Nala refuses and later announces her intention to depart the Pride Lands and find help. She receives the blessings of the lionesses and Rafiki during the new song "Shadowland ''.
Like its predecessor, the Beauty and the Beast musical, the show adds more songs to its stage production, including "Morning Report '', sung by Zazu the hornbill and later added to the film for the Platinum Edition DVD release. "Shadowland ''. originally featured on the CD Rhythm of the Pride Lands with Zulu lyrics as "Lea Halelela '', was adapted for the musical with new English lyrics. It is sung by Nala, the lionesses, and Rafiki. "Endless Night '', also from Rhythm of the Pride Lands with Swahili lyrics as "Lala '', is sung by Simba while reflecting on Mufasa 's promise to always be there. "One by One '', from the Rhythm of the Pride Lands CD, was adapted as the rousing African - styled entre act sung by the chorus at the opening of the second act.
Many of the animals portrayed in the production are actors in costume using extra tools to move their costumes. For example, the giraffes are portrayed by actors walking on stilts. For principal characters such as Mufasa and Scar, the costumes feature mechanical headpieces that can be raised and lowered to foster the illusion of a cat "lunging '' at another. Other characters, such as the hyenas, Zazu, Timon, and Pumbaa, are portrayed by actors in life - sized puppets or costumes. The Timon character is described by Taymor as one of the hardest roles to master because the movement of the puppet 's head and arms puts a strain on the actor 's arms, back, and neck.
Composer Lebo M led the original Broadway chorus. The chorus members are usually visible in the production, rather than being hidden in the shadows as seen in some other musical shows.
A new section of the production, the Lioness Hunt, features a particularly complicated dance sequence for the actresses, and the dance is made even more difficult by the large headpieces worn during the scene.
During the show 's run in China, Chinese elements were included in the musical. One of the songs was adapted to a well - known Chinese pop song, "Laoshu ai dami '' or "Mice Love Rice ''. The cast even cracked jokes and attempted conversations with the audience in Chinese.
As of June 27, 2010, nine minutes of the Broadway version were cut, among them the entire "Morning Report '' musical number. The song was also removed from subsequent productions and cast recordings, such as the Spanish one.
There is currently one U.S. touring production. (At one time there were two US touring productions traveling simultaneously.) The tour version is very similar to the original Broadway production; however, certain scenic elements which rise out of the stage floor (such as Pride Rock, the stampede, and the grasslands) were converted to less costly configurations for the touring productions. The sun during the opening is reduced in size for the shorter - lasting tours. Stage sizes are also smaller, and the size of the pit orchestra is decreased.
A Las Vegas production opened at Mandalay Bay on May 15, 2009, with previews beginning May 5, 2009. The Las Vegas cast performed on the ninth season of the American dance competition Dancing With the Stars on September 23, 2009. Led by Buyi Zama, the cast performed Circle of Life. When this production closed, on December 30, 2011, it turned into the second longest run the show had in a same American city (only coming after Broadway), running longer than the 2000 -- 2003 Los Angeles Production.
A Los Angeles production began performances at the Pantages Theatre on September 29, 2000, with an official opening on October 19, 2000. The show closed on January 12, 2003, after 952 performances. The cast of this production performed a set of the show 's songs in The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on October 2, 2001. The cast was led by Fuschia Walker.
A Canadian production of the show was staged in Toronto and ran for nearly four years at the Princess of Wales Theatre. The show ran from 1999 to 2004. Degrassi star Raymond Ablack starred as Young Simba in the 2001 production.
The musical had a Mexican limited run (in English) between January 3 and January 27, 2008, in Mexico City, as part of the U.S. national tour.
In May 2014, it was confirmed a new production of the musical, this time in Spanish. The production opened on May 7, 2015, at the Teatro Telcel in Mexico City. Actor Carlos Rivera returned to the role of Simba, which he also took in Spain four years earlier. The lyrics of the songs of this production differ from the European Spanish one. South - African actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as Rafiki, marking the first time in years a completely new actress was elected for that role.
A Brazilian production was confirmed to debut in São Paulo in March 28, 2013. Auditions take place in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. The cast contain mainly Brazilian actors and seven South African actors. The Portuguese lyrics were translated by Brazilian singer Gilberto Gil.
Actress Phindile Mkhize, who had previously performed in many of the show 's productions, was selected as Rafiki for this production, leaving in October 2013 and being replaced by Ntsepa Ptjeng. The show closed its doors on December 14, 2014.
After the success of the Broadway show, the show opened in the United Kingdom in on October 19, 1999. The cast included Cornell John as Mufasa, Luke Youngblood as Young Simba, Dominique Moore as Young Nala, Martyn Ellis as Pumbaa, Simon Gregor as Timon, Rob Edwards as Scar, Paul J. Medford as Banzai and Josette Bushell - Mingo as Rafiki. As of October 2015, it has been playing at the Lyceum Theatre in London for 16 years. Taymor directed the British production of the show, with Melissa De Melo as the producer. The show also toured the UK from 2012 until March 2015.
The West End cast of the show performed twice at the traditional Royal Variety Performance: in 1999 (led by Josette Bushell - Mingo) and 2008 (led by Brown Lindiwe Mkhize). In both performances, the song Circle of Life was performed. The company also performed at the show Strictly Come Dancing special Strictly African Dancing, broadcast in 2005, led once again by Mkhize and performed the same song.
The German production has been playing in Hamburg at the Theater in Hafen since December 2001 and had its 5000th performance on January 14, 2014. Access to the theater is by ferry, where the boats are decorated in the colors of the musical and are named after characters in the musical (such as Nala and its sister ship Rafiki).
A Dutch production of the show was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties / Stage Entertainment and Disney Theatrical Group and played at the Circustheater in Scheveningen and ran from April 4, 2004, until August 27, 2006, replaced by another Disney musical, Tarzan. A revival of the show 's Dutch production began performances in the same Circustheater in October 2016.
The show 's French production debuted in Paris on September 22, 2007, in Stage Entertainment 's Théâtre Mogador. This production won several Moliére Awards and closed on July 25, 2010, after being watched by over a million people.
On October 20, 2011, the first Spanish production opened at Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid, where it is still running after more than 2,300 performances.
In Basel, Switzerland, the musical was performed for the first time from March 12, 2015, until October 11, 2015.
Beginning in June 2007, The Lion King debuted its first - ever performance on the African continent in Johannesburg, South Africa. Its tenth anniversary was celebrated in the new Teatro Theatre at Monte Casino in Fourways. The Lion King was the first production to take place in the new theatre. The opening night in Johannesburg was celebrated with key persons involving the creation of the musical and American talk show host Oprah Winfrey who had recently opened an educational academy for girls in Johannesburg The show closed on February 17, 2008.
The show was translated into Japanese and staged by the Shiki Theatre Company. The Tokyo production began in 1998 and continues to the present day at the Shiki Theatre HARU. The production achieved its 10,000 th performance on July 15, 2015.
The show played at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney, Australia, from October 16, 2003, until June 26, 2005. The production then ran at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne from July 28, 2005, until June 4, 2006. The Lion King returned to Sydney 's Capitol Theatre on December 12, 2013.
The musical had a Korean production from October 28, 2006, to October 28, 2007, at the Charlotte Theater, southern Seoul.
In August 2008, a production opened in Taipei, Taiwan, closing on August 24, 2009.
The show had a limited run at Shanghai 's Grand Theatre from July to September 2006. This production was led by Buyi Zama and was performed in English, though a couple of Chinese elements were added to the story. In June 2014, the Walt Disney Company announced that The Lion King Musical will be returning to China, in a new production that will be staged at the 1,200 capacity Walt Disney Grand Theatre, in the Shanghai Disney Resort. This new production will be performed in Mandarin and led by Ntsepa Ptjeng.
On March 7, 2016 Lebo M confirmed through his social media that the show would have an international tour starting in 2018 and with initial productions taking place up to 2020. First confirmed stops are Manila, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and South Africa. All these countries have had productions so far, except the Philippines, where the show will run for two months. The tour will be performed in English and auditions will take place in 2017.
The original principal casts of all major productions.
Most of the show 's international productions had cast recordings which are available on CD, including:
Of all the show 's productions (counting the English ones), only the Brazilian and the Korean ones did n't have cast recordings released.
The Lion King: Original Broadway Cast Recording is a cast recording released on 1997 by The Walt Disney Company, a recording of the songs as heard in the stage musical. Most of the tracks were composed by African composer Lebo M. and focused primarily on the African influences of the film 's original music, with most songs being sung either partially or entirely in various African languages.
Rafiki 's chants in "Rafiki Mourns '' were written by Tsidii Le Loka, who originated the role on Broadway.
The original broadway show included:
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who played scotty's dad on general hospital | Lee Baldwin - wikipedia
Lee Baldwin is a fictional character on the daytime dramas General Hospital and Port Charles.
Ross Elliott originated the role on General Hospital in 1963. Peter Hansen inherited the role in 1965 and played it until 1986 and again from 1989 to 1990 before returning permanently from 1992 to 2004. Lee Baldwin is the adoptive father of Scott Baldwin.
A recovering alcoholic, Lee is a pillar in the community and has a thriving law practice. Scott has sometimes been a disappointment to Lee over the years but these days, Lee could n't be more proud of Scott and the way he turned his life around. In 1964, as the painful memories of her past marriage to notorious Phil Brewer subsided, Jessie Brewer began to go out on tentative dates with her lawyer, Lee Baldwin. A lifelong bachelor and recovering alcoholic, Lee was a fixture on the seventh floor of General Hospital where he volunteered as an addiction counselor.
When Jessie discovered she was pregnant by Phil after Phil left town, Lee offered to marry Jessie in order to give her baby a name. Once Jessie 's divorce from Phil was finalized, she would become Mrs. Lee Baldwin. But Phil found out about Jessie 's pregnancy before they could wed and returned to Port Charles. Phil plead for one month 's time to make it up to Jessie, but Jessie was afraid that if she left Lee, he 'd be devastated and return to drinking. Jessie went forth with her plans to marry Lee, but on the eve of their wedding, Jessie went into labor! Phil was thrilled, since the divorce was n't finalized, and the baby would be born with his name! Jessie gave birth to a beautiful daughter, Nancy Brewer, and Lee gallantly released Jessie from the "burden '' of their engagement. Unfortunately, Nancy Brewer died of a heart condition in July 1966.
Lee was delighted by the arrival of nurse Meg Bentley that same year. Meg was a widow with a young son Scotty and teenage stepdaughter Brooke. Lee was forced to maintain a platonic relationship with Meg, since she was already engaged to Dr. Noel Clinton. Meg was devastated when Noel announced that he was leaving her for her stepdaughter Brooke! Meg turned to Lee, who helped her through the shocking crisis. The situation was difficult for young Scotty Bentley, who lost both his sister and the man he hoped would become his father, when Noel and Brooke ran off to get married. Lee became a surrogate father to Scotty, and Meg happily wed Lee in late 1966. Lee adopted Scotty shortly thereafter. Lee defended Jessie when she faced murder charges over her dead husband, Dr. John Prentice. Lee lost the case, and Jessie was sent to jail, but an eleventh hour confession by her stepdaughter Polly set her free.
In 1969, Lee and Meg 's marriage began to come apart when Meg 's old nursing school friend, Iris Fairchild, came to Port Charles and used alcohol to solve her life 's problems. Lee intervened and counseled her, giving her a job as his secretary and a reason to go on. Meg grew jealous of Lee 's friendship with Iris, and accused them of having an affair. Lee and Meg separated for a while over Meg 's unfounded accusations, but came together again when Lee donated his kidney to save Scotty 's life.
The following year, Brooke 's marriage to Noel had fallen apart and Brooke returned to live with Meg and Lee. Meg was diagnosed with breast cancer, and after a radical mastectomy, Meg 's insecurities about her appearance were magnified by the presence of sexy Brooke. Meg suffered a nervous breakdown from her jealousy and depression, and Lee was regrettably forced to institutionalize his wife. By 1971, Lee was thrilled to welcome Meg back from the mental institution, supposedly recovered from her mental breakdown. Now, Meg suffered from a severe case of hypertension. Dr. Lesley Williams, a strikingly beautiful doctor, was assigned to her case at General Hospital. The jealous Meg began to suspect -- wrongly -- that Lesley was trying to work her way into Lee 's bed! During an argument with Lee, Meg suddenly died of a fatal stroke. Lee was devastated, but remained strong for Scotty.
Lee defended Jessie against murder charges again in 1974, when Jessie stood accused of her ex-husband Dr. Phil Brewer 's murder. Jessie saddened Lee when she refused to cooperate in her own defense. Lee urged Jessie to fight the charges, letting his emotions run away with him and kissing her passionately! Lee proved Jessie 's innocence, but they could n't rekindle their old relationship. To Scotty 's delight, Lee Baldwin found a soulmate in adoption agent Caroline Chandler. After a marriage and a short honeymoon, the newlyweds returned to town to face the disastrous news that Caroline 's son, Bobby, an energetic med student, was suffering from an incurable case of Melenkoff 's disease. Miraculously, Bobby 's certain fate was reversed when Steve discovered that Bobby 's fatal diagnosis was wrong! Rejoicing from the welcome news, Lee and Caroline joined Bobby in New York where he received treatment.
Lee Baldwin returned to Port Charles in 1977 after his wife died in an accident. Lee found comfort in long, warm and platonic evenings with Dr. Gail Adamson. Lee and Gail were good company for each other. Sensing his devastation, Gail secretly contacted Scotty Baldwin, Lee 's stepson, urging the young law student to get in touch with the only father he 'd ever known. Scotty had left Port Charles several years earlier and was now living in New York 's Greenwich Village. Gail 's mission worked when Scotty showed up in town. She smiled with satisfaction as father and son reunited. Scotty, agreeing to join the "establishment '', accepted a clerking job at General Hospital, where he met and became instantly captivated by young Laura Webber.
In the spring of 1979, Scotty kept assuring Laura that he was doing everything in his power to bring a June wedding about, but she lost confidence that they would ever be together. Disillusioned, Laura returned her ring and set out to make new friends. Laura 's disregard for his feelings sent Scotty into a tailspin. In despair, Scotty turned to drink. Thankfully, Lee, a recovering alcoholic, pulled his son out of the trap. Lee and Gail were married early in 1979, followed by Laura and Scotty a short time later. Gail and Lee were constantly wrapped up in Scotty 's personal troubles. They stood by him through all the tumultuous twists and turns in Scotty 's marriage to Laura which included her rape at the campus disco by Luke Spencer.
For much of 1980, Lee and Gail tried to help Laura and Scotty repair their damaged marriage which became strained because of Laura 's rape. Scotty eventually found proof of who had raped Laura and showed up at Luke 's wedding to Jennifer Smith, and punched Luke, sending him flying overboard the Smith yacht. Laura found Luke and disappeared from Port Charles, leaving Scotty very bitter towards life. He soon disappeared from Port Charles, leaving only a letter for Laura, denouncing her as a slut. Because he blamed her for Scotty 's departure, Lee became antagonistic towards Laura, especially when they found themselves face to face at ELQ where Laura worked as a receptionist and Lee aided Edward Quartermaine in his legal issues. After Laura spent another summer on the run with Luke, she returned, determined to marry Scotty, and found him in Mexico where he promised to give her a divorce so she could marry Luke. The divorce papers ended up in Lee 's hands, and he burned them, embittered over Laura 's betrayal of his son. Gail feared that Lee would turn back to the bottle, but eventually Lee confessed what he had done and made amends with Laura, attending the wedding with no animosity from either Luke or Laura. When Scotty caught the bridal bouquet at the wedding and announced that he was contesting the divorce, Lee and Gail tried to talk some sense into him but were horrified to find out that he had returned to town a very embittered man. When Laura disappeared soon afterwards and was presumed dead, Lee and Gail mourned her but were relieved to find out that Scotty (who had shared a plane ride with her that very night) had nothing to do with her disappearance.
At Scotty 's encouragement, Lee ran for Mayor in 1983, and his opponent was none other than Luke Spencer, the man who ruined Scotty and Laura 's marriage! Scotty was managing Lee 's campaign and using smear tactics to discredit Luke. Scotty even threatened to expose Luke 's sister 's past as a prostitute to get him to drop out of the race! When Lee found out what Scotty was up to, Lee fired Scotty and Scotty left town. Luke 's campaign manager D.L. Brock used Lee 's alcoholism against him but Luke demanded that he not pull stunts like what Scotty had done. Luke won the election but after Laura was revealed to be alive, he resigned and Lee took over, resigning at the end of 1985 and leaving town with Gail to travel in early 1986. In 1989, Gail visited Port Charles alone, informing Scott (who had returned) that Lee was busy with work. The next year, Lee paid a visit with Gail and was shocked to find him in bed with Tracy Quartermaine.
They returned to town for good in 1992 and supported Scotty when he married Dominique Taub who was dying. They were present at his wedding to Katherine Bell in late 1983 which was broken off when Lucy Coe revealed lies about Katherine 's past. Scott left town shortly afterwards. Lee and Gail were surprised to learn they were grandparents, when it was revealed in 1994 that Scott fathered high school graduate Karen Wexler with his secretary Rhonda Wexler when he was a law student. The very same year, Lee defended old friend Edward Quartermaine on the charges of murdering his own illegitimate son Bradley Ward who had actually been killed by their old business acquaintance Jack Boland.
After several ups and downs with Scotty, Lee and Gail were thrilled when he returned to Port Charles in 1997 with his young daughter Serena. Dr. Julie Devlin called on Lee 's legal services in 1998 when she stood accused of the General Homicide serial killings. Julie 's murder trial began and Lee set out to make Dr. Eve Lambert look like the guilty party. Lee was successful in his defense of Julie, who was acquitted of all the charges against her. The killer was still at large, but the authorities now had a clue to go on as someone who resembled Eve was caught on tape by the surveillance camera on the roof of the hospital. At that same time, a woman wearing a very Eve - like wig was seen looking at herself in the mirror. When the woman turned around, it was revealed that Julie was the General Homicide killer!
As it turned out, Julie was really being controlled by evil Dr. Greg Cooper, and was doing his bidding. When Julie was finally caught, Lee Baldwin was appointed as her legal guardian, and Gail helped see to it that Julie was committed to Ferncliff psychiatric facility to get the therapy she needed. Chris and Julie schemed to have Lee replaced as Julie 's guardian to further their plan to get Julie acquitted of the murder charges and released from Ferncliff.
Lee worried his loved ones in 1999 when he suffered a Pulmonary Embolism that nearly claimed his life, but with the love and support of his family rallying around him, Lee pulled through and is back to being a vital part of Port Charles. For months, DV Bordisso had made life a living hell for Scott and Lucy Coe. As it turned out, DV claimed to be Scott 's biological father and he wanted to get revenge on Scott for what his mother, Meg, had done to him before Scott was even born! Scott, Lucy, Kevin, Eve and Victor all teamed up to beat DV at his own game and emerged victorious in the end. DV, however, managed to frame Scott for attempted murder, but an innocent Scott beat the charges. Scott faced some inner demons upon learning that DV was his biological father, but Lee helped Scott to see that no matter what Scott 's biology, he was Lee 's son, and was a good person.
Lee and Gail were devastated by the July 2003 death of their eldest granddaughter Karen, when she was hit by a car. Though Lee and Gail mourned her death, they took comfort in the fact that Karen 's blood helped save Lucy 's life. Lila Quartermaine quietly died in her sleep on the evening of Tuesday, July 13, 2004, and Lee and Gail paid their respects to the Quartermaines at the funeral that Friday. The sources of joy for Lee are his beloved wife Gail and granddaughter, Serena. Highly respected by everyone in the community, Lee always comes down on the right side of the law.
In May 2013, Scott opted not to invite Lee, Gail, & Serena to his & Laura 's wedding, but rather keep it small and intimate. Their second attempt at marriage ended in divorce soon afterwards due to her pre-occupation with Luke 's ongoing problems.
On July 13, 2017, Lucy comes to Scott to report Lee 's passing (actor Peter Hansen died on April 9).
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how long is the play the book of morman | The Book of Mormon (musical) - wikipedia
The Book of Mormon is a musical comedy about two young Mormon missionaries who travel to Africa to preach the Mormon religion. First staged in 2011, the play mocks various Mormon beliefs and practices. The script, lyrics, and music were written by Trey Parker, Robert Lopez, and Matt Stone. Parker and Stone were best known for creating the animated comedy South Park; Lopez had co-written the music for the musical Avenue Q.
The Book of Mormon follows two Mormon missionaries as they attempt to share their scriptures with the inhabitants of a remote Ugandan village. The earnest young men are challenged by the lack of interest of the locals, who are preoccupied with more pressing troubles such as AIDS, famine, and oppression from the local warlord.
In 2003, after Parker and Stone saw Avenue Q, they met with Lopez and began developing the musical, meeting sporadically for several years. Parker and Stone grew up in Colorado, and references to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints had been commonplace in their previous works. For research, the trio took a trip to Salt Lake City to meet with current and former Mormon missionaries. Beginning in 2008, developmental workshops were staged. The show 's producer, Scott Rudin, opted to open the show directly on Broadway.
The show opened on Broadway in March 2011, after nearly seven years of development. The LDS Church issued a polite, measured response to the musical, and purchased advertising space in its playbill in later runs. The Book of Mormon garnered overwhelmingly positive critical responses, and set records in ticket sales for the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. The show was awarded nine Tony Awards, one of which was for Best Musical, and a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album. The original Broadway cast recording became the highest - charting Broadway cast album in over four decades, reaching number three on the Billboard charts. In 2013, the musical premiered in the West End, followed by two US national tours. A production in Melbourne and the first non-English version, in Stockholm, both opened in January 2017. Productions in Oslo and Copenhagen followed.
The Book of Mormon has grossed over $500 million.
The Book of Mormon was conceived by Trey Parker, Matt Stone and Robert Lopez. Parker and Stone grew up in Colorado, and were familiar with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints (LDS Church) and its members. They became friends at the University of Colorado Boulder and collaborated on a musical film, Cannibal! The Musical (1993), their first experience with movie musicals. In 1997, they created the TV series South Park for Comedy Central and in 1999, the musical film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut. The two had first thought of a fictionalized Joseph Smith, religious leader and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, while working on an aborted Fox series about historical characters. Their 1997 film, Orgazmo, and a 2003 episode of South Park, "All About Mormons '', both gave comic treatment to Mormonism. Smith was also included as one of South Park 's "Super Best Friends '', a Justice League parody team of religious figures like Jesus and Buddha.
During the summer of 2003, Parker and Stone flew to New York City to discuss the script of their new film, Team America: World Police, with friend and producer Scott Rudin (who also produced South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut). Rudin advised the duo to see the musical Avenue Q on Broadway, finding the cast of marionettes in Team America similar to the puppets of Avenue Q. Parker and Stone went to see the production during that summer and the writer - composers of Avenue Q, Lopez and Jeff Marx, noticed them in the audience and introduced themselves. Lopez revealed that South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut was highly influential in the creation of Avenue Q. The quartet went for drinks afterwards, and soon found that each camp wanted to write something involving Joseph Smith. The four began working out details nearly immediately, with the idea to create a modern story formulated early on. For research purposes, the quartet took a field trip to Salt Lake City where they "interviewed a bunch of missionaries -- or ex-missionaries. '' They had to work around Parker and Stone 's South Park schedule.
In 2006, Parker and Stone flew to London where they spent three weeks with Lopez, who was working on the West End production of Avenue Q. There, the three wrote "four or five songs '' and came up with the basic idea of the story. After a disagreement between Parker and Marx, who felt he was not getting enough creative control, Marx was separated from the project. For the next few years, the remaining trio met frequently to develop what they initially called The Book of Mormon: The Musical of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. "There was a lot of hopping back and forth between L.A. and New York, '' Parker recalled.
There are numerous revealed changes from original script to final production. A song named "Family Home Evening '', which was in early workshops of the show, was cut. The warlord in Uganda was called General Kony in previews but later changed to General Butt Fucking Naked. The song "The Bible Is A Trilogy '' went through a major rewrite to become "All - American Prophet ''. The earlier version was based around how the third movie in movie trilogies is always the best one and sums everything up which led to a recurring Matrix joke where a Ugandan man said "I thought the third Matrix was the worst one '' which later changed to "I have maggots in my scrotum '' in the rewritten version. The song "Spooky Mormon Hell Dream '' was originally called "H-E Double Hockey Sticks. ''
Lopez pushed to "workshop '' the project, which baffled Parker and Stone, clueless about what he meant. Developmental workshops were directed by Jason Moore, and starred Cheyenne Jackson. Other actors in readings included Benjamin Walker and Daniel Reichard. The crew embarked on the first of a half - dozen workshops that would take place during the next four years, ranging from 30 - minute mini-performances for family and friends to much larger - scale renderings of the embryonic show. They spent hundreds of thousands of dollars of their own money, still unconvinced they would take it any further. In February 2008, a fully staged reading starred Walker and Josh Gad as Elders Price and Cunningham, respectively. Moore was originally set to direct, but left the production in June 2010. Other directors, including James Lapine, were optioned to join the creative team, but the producers recruited Casey Nicholaw. A final five - week workshop took place in August 2010, when Nicholaw came on board as choreographer and co-director with Parker.
Rudin was named as the producer of the show. Originally, Rudin planned to stage The Book of Mormon off - Broadway at the New York Theatre Workshop in summer 2010, but opted to premiere it directly on Broadway, "(s) ince the guys (Parker and Stone) work best when the stakes are highest. '' Rudin booked the Eugene O'Neill Theatre and hired key players while sets were designed and built. Rudin expected the production to cost $11 million, but it came in under budget at $9 million. Hundreds of actors auditioned and 28 were cast. The crew did four weeks of rehearsals, with an additional two weeks of technical rehearsals, and then went directly into previews. The producers first heard the musical with the full pit six days before the first paying audience.
The Book of Mormon premiered on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24, 2011, following previews since February 24. The production is choreographed by Casey Nicholaw and co-directed by Nicholaw and Parker. Set design is by Scott Pask, with costumes by Ann Roth, lighting by Brian MacDevitt, and sound by Brian Ronan. Orchestrations were co-created by Larry Hochman and the show 's musical director and vocal arranger Stephen Oremus. The production was originally headlined by Josh Gad and Andrew Rannells in the two leading roles.
On April 25, 2011, the producers confirmed that "counterfeit tickets to the Broadway production had been sold to and presented by theatergoers on at least five different occasions ''. An article in The New York Times reported, "In each case, the tickets were purchased on Craigslist, and while a single seller is suspected, the ticket purchases have taken place in different locations each time... (T) he production 's management and Jujamcyn Theaters, which operates the O'Neill, had notified the New York Police Department ''.
The New York production of The Book of Mormon employed an innovative pricing strategy, similar to the ones used in the airline and hotel industries. The producers charged as much as $477 for the best seats for performances with particularly high demand. The strategy paid off handsomely. During its first year, the show was consistently one of the top five best - selling shows on Broadway and set 22 new weekly sales records for the Eugene O'Neill Theater. For the week of Thanksgiving 2011, the average paid admission was over $170 even though the highest - priced regular seat was listed at $155. High attendance coupled with aggressive pricing allowed the financial backers to recoup their investment of $11.4 million after just nine months of performances.
After Gad 's departure in June 2012, standby Jared Gertner played the role, until June 26 when Cale Krise permanently took over the role as Gertner left to play Elder Cunningham in the First National Tour. Two days after Gad left (June 2012), original star Rannells was replaced by his standby Nic Rouleau. The same day, Samantha Marie Ware played Nabulungi on Broadway as the start of a 6 - week engagement (James was shooting a film) in preparation for her tour performance. Following Rouleau 's departure in November 2012 (to originate the role of Elder Price in Chicago), the role of Elder Price was taken over by Matt Doyle. In December 2012, Jon Bass joined as Elder Cunningham. Original cast member Rory O'Malley was replaced by Matt Loehr in January 2013. In April 2013, Stanley Wayne Mathis joined the cast as Mafala Hatimbi. In May 2013, Jon Bass left the role of Elder Cunningham, and was replaced by Cody Jamison Strand. After Doyle and Strand 's contracts finished in January 2014, Rouleau and Ben Platt (who had previously played the role of Elder Cunningham while in Chicago with Rouleau) joined the Broadway cast to reprise their roles as Elder Price and Elder Cunningham. On August 26, 2014 Grey Henson took over for Loehr as Elder McKinley. Henson had previously played the role on the First National Tour. Rouleau and Platt left Broadway in January 2015. They were replaced by Gavin Creel and Christopher John O'Neill who played the roles of Price and Cunningham (respectively) on the First National Tour. On January 3, 2016 Creel left the show after three and a half years with The Book of Mormon. He was replaced by Kyle Selig, former Second National Tour Elder Price standby, who is scheduled to play the role through February 21, 2016. On January 25, 2016, Christopher John O'Neill was temporarily replaced by longtime Elder Cunningham standby Nyk Bielak. Bielak has been a standby for Elder Cunningham on all three North American companies before becoming the Broadway Elder Cunningham. On February 17, 2016 Nic Rouleau announced via Twitter that he would be taking over the role of Elder Price starting on February 23, 2016. This will be Rouleau 's third time playing the role on Broadway; he previously played the role in Chicago, the Second National Tour, and most recently, the West End. O'Neill and Rouleau 's first performance together was on February 23, 2016. August 21, 2016 was Grey Henson 's last performance as Elder McKinley. On August 23, 2016, Henson was replaced by Stephen Ashfield who came over from the West End Production. On November 7, 2016, Nikki Rene Daniels announced she was pregnant with her second child, and would be going on maternity leave. Later that week, Kim Exum then took over the role of Nabalungi. On February 20, 2017 Chris O'Neill and Daniel Breaker had their final performances as Elder Cunningham and Mafala Hatimbi. O'Neill was replaced by Brian Sears, who came over from the London Production. Breaker was replaced by Billy Eugene Jones. Other Broadway cast members include, Original Broadway Cast member Lewis Cleale as Joseph Smith / Mission President and other roles, and Derrick Williams as the General.
The first North American tour began previews on August 14, 2012 at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts in Denver, Colorado, before moving to the Pantages Theatre in Los Angeles beginning September 5, with the official opening night for the tour on September 12. Originally planned to begin in December 2012, production was pushed forward four months. Gavin Creel (Price) and Jared Gertner (Cunningham) led the cast until late December when West End performer Mark Evans and Christopher John O'Neill took over, allowing time for Creel and Gertner to begin rehearsals for their move to the West End production. After Evans left the show on June 30, 2014, Broadway Elder Price stand - by, K.J. Hippensteel, temporarily covered as Elder Price. Hippensteel returned to Broadway and Ryan Bondy (who was covering for Hippensteel as the Broadway Elder Price stand - by) took over the role of Elder Price. Bondy continued on as Elder Price until Creel returned from London later in the summer of 2014. When Creel and O'Neill left the touring production to join the Broadway production, Bondy again took over the role of Elder Price while Chad Burris took over for O'Neill as Elder Cunningham. The two were only leads for six weeks as they waited for replacements to come from the West End Production. Billy Harrigan Tighe and A.J. Holmes moved over from the West End production to reprise their roles as Elder 's Price and Cunningham, respectively. Bondy and Burris then returned to the Second National Tour as stand - bys for Elder Price and Elder Cunningham.
As part of the tour, the musical was performed in Salt Lake City for the first time at the end of July and early August 2015.
The tour closed on May 1, 2016 in Honolulu, Hawaii.
The first replica sit - down production, separate from the tour, began previews on December 11, 2012, and officially opened on December 19 of that year, at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago, Illinois as part of Broadway in Chicago. The limited engagement closed October 6, 2013 and became the second U.S. national tour. The cast included Nic Rouleau in the role of Price, along with Ben Platt as Cunningham.
A UK production debuted in the West End on February 25, 2013 at the Prince of Wales Theatre. Gavin Creel and Jared Gertner reprised their North American tour performances. The London cast members hosted a gala performance of the new musical on March 13, 2013, raising £ 200,000 for the British charity Comic Relief 's Red Nose Day. A typical London performance runs two hours and 30 minutes, including an interval of 15 minutes. In March 2014, The Book of Mormon was voted Funniest West End Show as part of the 2014 West End Frame Awards. On July 28, 2014, both Creel and Gertner left the production. Creel left the West End production to return to the 1st National Tour and was replaced by his stand - by, Billy Harrigan Tighe. Gertner was replaced by one of his stand - by 's, A.J. Holmes, who had previously played Cunningham on both the National Tour and Broadway.
After February 2, 2015, Broadway actor Nic Rouleau, cast in the role Elder Kevin Price replaced Billy Harrigan Tighe, and Brian Sears, who also starred on Broadway (as an ensemble member), replaced A.J. Holmes as Elder Cunningham. Tighe and Holmes then joined the cast of the 1st National Tour, filling the void that was there when Creel and O'Neill left the tour to play the leads on Broadway. On January 25, 2016 Rouleau announced via Twitter that January 30, 2016 will be his last performance as Elder Price in the West End. On February 1, 2016, longtime Broadway stand - by K.J. Hippensteel officially took over the role as Elder Price in the West End cast. On August 6, 2016 Stephen Ashfield had his last performance as Elder McKinley, as he was transferring over to the Broadway Production. On August 9, 2016 Steven Webb took over for Ashfield as Elder McKinley. On January 14, 2017 Brian Sears performed his last performance in the West End. Sears left London to join the Broadway company on February 20th. Sears was replaced by longtime Second National Tour Elder Cunningham, Cody Jamison Strand. Strand 's first performance was on January 30th, 2017.
After the Chicago production closed on October 6, 2013, the same production began touring the U.S. Platt never went on tour with the production and Rouleau performed in only a few cities on the tour before they both moved to New York and started rehearsals in preparation of joining the Broadway production. David Larsen succeeded Nic Rouleau as Elder Price. A.J. Holmes succeeded Ben Platt as Elder Cunningham. Cody Jamison Strand then succeeded A.J. Holmes in the role. December 14, 2014 was Pierce Cassedy 's last performance as Elder McKinley. He was replaced by former Broadway swing Daxton Bloomquist. On January 3, 2016, Larsen completed his final show as Elder Price. Larsen was replaced by his stand - by, Ryan Bondy. Gabe Gibbs replaced Bondy as Elder Price in October 2016. Oge Agulué replaced David Aron Damane as the General in December 2016. On January 1, 2017 Cody Jamison Strand had his last performance as Elder Cunningham. Strand left the show to join the West End Production. Strand was replaced by Connor Pierson on January 3, 2017. On October 24, 2017 long time ensemble member Kevin Clay assumed the role of Elder Price. Clay had been with the tour since November 2015, and worked his way up from ensemble, to Elder Price Understudy, and Elder Price Standby, before finally assuming the role. Bondy left the touring cast to take over the role of Elder Price in the Australia production. Other cast members include Kayla Pecchioni as Nabulungi, PJ Adzima as Elder McKinley, and Sterling Jarvis as Mafala Hatimbi. January 28, 2018 was PJ Adzima 's last performance as Elder McKinley. He was replaced by Andy Huntington Jones.
The Australia production of Book of Mormon opened at Melbourne 's Princess Theatre on January 18, 2017. Auditions were held in January 2016 in Sydney and Melbourne; rehearsals began in November. In November 2016, it was announced that Ryan Bondy and A.J. Holmes would reprise their roles as Elder Price and Elder Cunningham respectively. Zahra Newman would play Nabulungi, Bert Labonté would play Mafala, and Rowan Witt would play Elder McKinley. The production moved to the Sydney Lyric theater on February 28, 2018.
The first non-English version of the musical opened at the Chinateatern in Stockholm, Sweden, in January 2017. A Norwegian production opened at Det Norske Teatret in Oslo, Norway September 2017 to favorable reviews with demand crashing the ticketing website. The musical opened in Denmark at Copenhagen 's Det Ny Teater in January 2018.
At LDS Church Missionary Training Center, devout, handsome, supercilious missionary - to - be Elder Kevin Price leads his classmates in a demonstration of the door - to - door method to convert people to Mormonism ("Hello! ''). Price believes if he prays enough, he will be sent to Orlando, Florida for his two - year mission, but he and Elder Arnold Cunningham, an insecure, compulsive liar, are instead sent to Uganda as a pair ("Two By Two ''). Price is sure he is destined to do something incredible, while Cunningham is just happy to follow. ("You and Me (But Mostly Me) '').
Upon arrival in northern Uganda, the two are robbed by soldiers of a local warlord, General Butt - Fucking Naked (an allusion to the real General Butt Naked). They are welcomed to the village where a group of villagers share their daily reality of living in appalling conditions while being ruled by the General. To make their lives seem better, the villagers repeat a phrase that translates as "Fuck you, God! '' ("Hasa Diga Eebowai '').
Price and Cunningham are led to their living quarters by Nabulungi, where they meet their fellow missionaries stationed in the area, who have been unable to convert anyone to Mormonism. Elder McKinley, the district leader, teaches Price and Cunningham a widely accepted method of dealing with the negative and upsetting feelings ("Turn It Off ''). Though Price is riddled with anxiety, Cunningham reassures him that he will succeed and that, as his partner, Cunningham will be by his side no matter what ("I Am Here for You '').
Price is certain he can succeed where the other Mormon elders have failed, teaching the villagers about Joseph Smith through a song that begins as a tribute to Smith but eventually descends into a tribute by Price to himself ("All - American Prophet ''). The General arrives and announces his demand for the genital mutilation of all female villagers. After a villager protests, the General executes him. Safely hiding back at home, Nabulungi, moved by Price 's promise of an earthly paradise, dreams of a better life in a new land ("Sal Tlay Ka Siti '').
The Mission President has requested a progress report on their mission. Shocked by the execution and the reality of Africa, Price decides to abandon his mission and requests a transfer to Orlando, while Cunningham, ever loyal, assures Price he will follow him anywhere ("I Am Here For You (Reprise) ''). However, Price unceremoniously dumps him as mission companion. Cunningham is crushed and alone, but when Nabulungi comes to him, wanting to learn more about the Book of Mormon and having convinced the villagers to listen to him, Cunningham finds the courage to take control of the situation ("Man Up '').
When his audience begins to get frustrated and leave, Cunningham quickly makes up stories by combining what he knows of Mormon doctrines with pieces of science fiction and fantasy. Cunningham 's conscience (personified by his father, Joseph Smith, hobbits, Lt. Uhura, Darth Vader, and Yoda) admonishes him, but he rationalizes that if it helps people, it surely can not be wrong ("Making Things Up Again '').
Price joyfully arrives in Orlando but then realizes that he is dreaming. He is reminded of the nightmares of hell he had as a child and panics when his nightmare begins once again ("Spooky Mormon Hell Dream ''). Price awakens and decides to re-commit to his mission.
Cunningham announces several Ugandans are interested in the church. McKinley points out that unless the General is dealt with, no one will convert. Price, seeing the chance to prove his worth, sets off on the "mission he was born to do ''. After re-affirming his faith, he confronts the General determined to convert him ("I Believe ''). The General is unimpressed and drags Price away.
Cunningham concludes his preaching and the villagers are baptized, with Nabulungi and Cunningham sharing a tender moment as they do ("Baptize Me ''). The Mormon missionaries feel oneness with the people of Uganda and celebrate ("I Am Africa ''). Price is seen in the village doctor 's office, having the Book of Mormon removed from his rectum. Meanwhile, the General hears of the villagers ' conversion and resolves to kill them all.
Having lost his faith, Price drowns his sorrows in coffee. Cunningham finds Price and tells him they need to at least act like mission companions, as the Mission President is coming to visit the Ugandan mission. Price reflects on all the broken promises the Church, his parents, his friends and life in general made to him ("Orlando '').
Nabulungi and the villagers perform a pageant to "honor (them) with the story of Joseph Smith, the American Moses '' ("Joseph Smith American Moses ''), which reflects the distortions put forth by Cunningham, such as making love to a frog to cure their AIDS. The Mission President is appalled, orders all the missionaries to go home, and tells Nabulungi that she and her fellow villagers are not Mormons. Nabulungi, heartbroken at the thought that she will never reach paradise, curses God for forsaking her ("Hasa Diga Eebowai (Reprise) ''). Price has had an epiphany and realizes Cunningham was right all along: though scriptures are important, what is more important is getting the message across ("You and Me (But Mostly Me) (Reprise) '').
The General arrives, and Nabulungi is ready to submit to him, telling the villagers that the stories Cunningham told them are untrue. To her shock, they respond that they have always known that the stories were metaphors rather than the literal truth. Price rallies the Mormons and the Ugandans to work together to make this their paradise. In an imagined future, the newly minted Ugandan elders go door to door to evangelize "The Book of Arnold. '' ("Tomorrow Is a Latter Day '' / "Hello! (Reprise) '' / "Finale '').
† This song is not on the cast album.
The Book of Mormon uses a nine - member orchestra:
A cast recording of the original Broadway production was released on May 17, 2011, by Ghostlight Records. All of the songs featured on stage are present on the recording with the exception of "I Am Here For You '' (Reprise), "Orlando '' (Reprise), "Hasa Diga Eebowai '' (Reprise) and "You and Me (But Mostly Me) '' (Reprise). "Hello '' (Reprise) and the "Encore '' are attached to the end of the last track of the CD, titled, "Tomorrow Is a Latter Day ''. A free preview of the entire recording was released on NPR starting on May 9, 2011. Excerpts from the cast recording are featured in an extended Fresh Air interview.
During its first week of its iTunes Store release, the recording became "the fastest - selling Broadway cast album in iTunes history, '' according to representatives for the production, ranking No. 2 on its day of release on the iTunes Top 10 Chart. According to Playbill, "It 's a rare occurrence for a Broadway cast album to place among the iTunes best sellers. '' The record has received positive reviews, with Rolling Stone calling the recording an "outstanding album that highlights the wit of the lyrics and the incredible tunefulness of the songs while leaving you desperate to score tickets to see the actual show. '' Although the cast album had a respectable debut on the US Billboard 200 chart in its initial week of release, after the show 's success at the 2011 Tony Awards, the record rapidly ascended the chart to number three, making it the highest - charting Broadway cast album in over four decades.
A vinyl version is planned.
The principal cast members of all major productions of The Book of Mormon.
The Book of Mormon contains many religious themes, most notably those of faith and doubt. Although the musical satirizes organized religion and the literal credibility of the LDS Church, the Mormons in The Book of Mormon are portrayed as well - meaning and optimistic, if a little naïve and unworldly. In addition, the central theme that many religious stories are rigid, out of touch, and silly comes to the conclusion that, essentially, religion itself can do enormous good as long as it is taken metaphorically and not literally. Matt Stone, one of the show 's creators, described The Book of Mormon as "an atheist 's love letter to religion. ''
The opening scenes of Act I and II parody the Hill Cumorah Pageant.
The Book of Mormon received broad critical praise for the plot, score, actors ' performances, direction and choreography. Vogue Magazine called the show "the filthiest, most offensive, and -- surprise -- sweetest thing you 'll see on Broadway this year, and quite possibly the funniest musical ever. '' New York Post reported that audience members were "sore from laughing so hard ''. It praised the score, calling it "tuneful and very funny, '' and added that "the show has heart. It makes fun of organized religion, but the two Mormons are real people, not caricatures. ''
Ben Brantley of The New York Times compared the show favorably to Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and The Sound of Music but "rather than dealing with tyrannical, charismatic men with way too many children, our heroes... must confront a one - eyed, genocidal warlord with an unprintable name... That 's enough to test the faith of even the most optimistic gospel spreaders (not to mention songwriters). Yet in setting these dark elements to sunny melodies The Book of Mormon achieves something like a miracle. It both makes fun of and ardently embraces the all - American art form of the inspirational book musical. No Broadway show has so successfully had it both ways since Mel Brooks adapted his film The Producers for the stage a decade ago. '' Jon Stewart, host of The Daily Show, spent much of his interview with Parker and Stone on the March 10, 2011 episode praising the musical.
Charles McNulty of the Los Angeles Times praised the music, and stated: "The songs, often inspired lampoons of contemporary Broadway styles, are as catchy as they are clever. '' McNulty concluded by stating "Sure it 's crass, but the show is not without good intentions and, in any case, vindicates itself with musical panache. '' Peter Marks of the Washington Post wrote: "The marvel of The Book of Mormon is that even as it profanes some serious articles of faith, its spirit is anything but mean. The ardently devout and comedically challenged are sure to disagree. Anyone else should excitedly approach the altar of Parker, Stone and Lopez and expect to drink from a cup of some of the sweetest poison ever poured. '' Marks further describes the musical as "one of the most joyously acidic bundles Broadway has unwrapped in years. ''
However, The Wall Street Journal 's Terry Teachout called the show "slick and smutty: The Book of Mormon is the first musical to open on Broadway since La Cage aux Folles that has the smell of a send - in - the - tourists hit... The amateurish part relates mostly to the score, which is jointly credited to the three co-creators and is no better than what you might hear at a junior - varsity college show. The tunes are jingly - jangly, the lyrics embarrassingly ill - crafted. '' Other critics have called the show "crassly commercial '' as well as "dull '' and "derivative ''.
The show 's depiction of Africans has been called racist. NPR 's Janice Simpson notes that "the show does n't work unless the villagers are seen mainly as noble savages who need white people to show them the way to enlightenment. '' She further criticized the depiction of African doctors as well as the references to AIDS and female genital mutilation. Max Perry Mueller of Harvard writes that "The Book of Mormon producers worked so hard to get the ' Mormon thing ' right, while completely ignoring the Ugandan culture ''. The Aid Leap blog noted that "the gleeful depiction of traditional stereotypes about Africa (dead babies, warlord, HIV, etc) reinforced rather than challenged general preconceptions '', and "the Africans are just a background to the emotional development of the Mormons ''.
The response of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints to the musical has been described as "measured. '' The church released an official response to inquiries regarding the musical, stating, "The production may attempt to entertain audiences for an evening, but the Book of Mormon as a volume of scripture will change people 's lives forever by bringing them closer to Christ. '' Michael Otterson, the head of Public Affairs for the church, followed in April 2011 with measured criticism. "Of course, parody is n't reality, and it 's the very distortion that makes it appealing and often funny. The danger is not when people laugh but when they take it seriously -- if they leave a theater believing that Mormons really do live in some kind of a surreal world of self - deception and illusion, '' Otterson wrote, outlining various humanitarian efforts achieved by Mormon missionaries in Africa since the early 2000s. Stone and Parker were unsurprised:
The official church response was something along the lines of "The Book of Mormon the musical might entertain you for a night, but the Book of Mormon, '' -- the book as scripture -- "will change your life through Jesus. '' Which we actually completely agree with. The Mormon church 's response to this musical is almost like our Q.E.D. at the end of it. That 's a cool, American response to a ribbing -- a big musical that 's done in their name. Before the church responded, a lot of people would ask us, "Are you afraid of what the church would say? '' And Trey and I were like, "They 're going to be cool. '' And they were like, "No, they 're not. There are going to be protests. '' And we were like, "Nope, they 're going to be cool. '' We were n't that surprised by the church 's response. We had faith in them.
The LDS Church has advertised in the playbills at many of the musical 's venues to encourage attendees to learn more about the Book of Mormon, with phrases like "you 've seen the play, now read the book '' and "the book is always better. ''
In Melbourne during the 2017 run, the Church advertised at Southern Cross railway station and elsewhere in the city, as well as on television with ads featuring prominent Australian Mormons, including rugby player Will Hopoate, stage actor Patrice Tipoki and ballet dancer Jake Mangakahia.
Mormons themselves have had varying responses to the musical. Richard Bushman, professor of Mormon studies, said of the musical, "Mormons experience the show like looking at themselves in a fun - house mirror. The reflection is hilarious but not really you. The nose is yours but swollen out of proportion. '' Bushman said that the musical was not meant to explain Mormon belief, and that many of the ideas in Elder Price 's "I Believe '' (like God living on a planet called Kolob), though having some roots in Mormon belief, are not doctrinally accurate.
When asked in January 2015 if he had met Mormons who disliked the musical, Gad stated "In the 1.5 years I did that show, I never got a single complaint from a practicing Mormon... To the contrary, I probably had a few people -- a dozen -- tell me they were so moved by the show that they took up the Mormon faith. ''
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how many levels are there in bioshock 2 | BioShock 2 - wikipedia
BioShock 2 is a first - person shooter video game developed by 2K Marin and published by 2K Games. A part of the Bioshock series, it is the sequel to the 2007 video game BioShock and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, the PlayStation 3, and the Xbox 360 on February 9, 2010. Feral Interactive released an OS X version of the game on March 30, 2012. Set in the fictional underwater dystopian city of Rapture, the game 's story takes place eight years after BioShock. Assuming control of Subject Delta, a hulking Big Daddy, players are tasked with fighting through "splicers '', the psychotic human population of the city, using weapons and an array of genetic modifications. The game also introduces a story - driven multiplayer mode called Fall of Rapture, which takes place during Rapture 's 1959 civil war, before the events of the first game.
BioShock 2 was mainly developed by 2K Marin, with 2K Australia, Arkane Studios, and Digital Extremes providing additional support. 2K Boston, formerly Irrational Games, also assisted the game 's development, with series creator Ken Levine providing input. The story received major changes over the course of development. Garry Schyman, the composer of the first game, returned to create the score for BioShock 2.
The game received critical acclaim upon release, with praise particularly directed at the game 's narrative, art - style, characters, ending and gameplay. However, the game attracted criticism for having a slow start and being too similar to its predecessor. The game was supported with downloadable content upon launch, and a new single - player campaign, titled Minerva 's Den, was released in August 2010. The game sold more than 3 million copies, but did not meet Take - Two Interactive 's sales expectations. A remastered version of the game was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on September 13, 2016, as part of BioShock: The Collection.
BioShock 2 is set in the fictional city of Rapture, hidden from the rest of the world underwater. Rapture was the realized vision of Andrew Ryan, who built the city to escape the tyranny of governments. Despite the apparent utopia, class distinctions grew, and former gangster and businessman Frank Fontaine used his influence of the lower class to plan a coup of Rapture. Fontaine created black market routes with the surface world, and together with Dr. Brigid Tenenbaum, created a cheap plasmid industry by mass - producing ADAM through the implanting of the slugs in the stomachs of orphaned girls, nicknamed "Little Sisters ''. Fontaine used his plasmid - enhanced army to attack Ryan, but reportedly was killed in the battle.
Ryan took the opportunity to seize his assets including the plasmid factories. In the months that followed, a second figure named Atlas rose to speak for the lower class, creating further strife. Atlas led attacks on the factories housing the Little Sisters, and Ryan countered by creating "Big Daddies '', plasmid - enhanced humans surgically grafted into giant lumbering diving suits who were psychologically compelled to protect the Little Sisters at all costs. Ryan also created his own army of plasmid - enhanced soldiers, named "Splicers, '' which he controlled using pheromones distributed through Rapture 's air system. Tension came to a head on New Year 's Eve of 1958, when Atlas ordered an all - out attack on Ryan. The battle left many dead, and the few sane survivors barricaded themselves away. What once was a beautiful utopia had fallen into a crumbling dystopia.
BioShock 2 opens on New Year 's Eve, 1958 (2 years before the events of the first game), as Subject Delta patrols Rapture with his Little Sister, Eleanor. Eleanor is separated from Delta by her mother, Sofia Lamb, who uses a mind control plasmid on Delta to make him shoot himself. Ten years later, Delta awakens, revived by Little Sisters under the control of Eleanor. Delta is drawn towards Eleanor by their past Big Daddy - Little Sister connection. Brigid Tenenbaum encounters Delta, and explains that unless Delta reunites with Eleanor, he will fall into a coma. With the help of the Little Sisters under Eleanor 's control and Tenenbaum 's ally, former enterpreneur Augustus Sinclair, Delta makes his way towards Lamb 's stronghold. Traveling through the city, Delta encounters members of the Rapture family such as Grace Holloway, a singer who had suffered under Ryan 's unjust laws against revolt; Stanley Poole, a con artist whom had murdered many of the Family 's members in Dionysus Square after foolishly trying to cover up his blunders from Lamb; and Gil Alexander, a respected scientist who worked at Fontaine Futuristics before Lamb transformed him into an encased monstrosity of flesh, who he can kill or spare, and learns Lamb 's plan: she seeks to use ADAM to transform Eleanor into a perfect embodiment of her altruistic ideals. Lamb 's ultimate goal is to have the collected minds and memories of everyone in Rapture become a part of Eleanor through the use of the genetic memory in ADAM, thus making her an "Embodiment of the Family '' which Lamb believes will put an end to "The Self ''.
Delta arrives at a containment chamber where Eleanor is held, but Lamb captures him and severs his bond with Eleanor by temporarily stopping her heart. Though Eleanor survives, Delta begins to slowly die as the bond can not be re-established. Using a Little Sister, Eleanor transforms herself into a Big Sister and breaks Delta from confinement. Together they head for an escape pod that Sinclair has arranged to leave Rapture. The two find that Lamb has converted Sinclair into Subject Omega, declaring that Delta should be what Sinclair is now, and Delta is forced to finish him off. After a final climactic showdown with the remnants of The Rapture Family in order to buy time for Eleanor to prepare the pod, Delta is forced to flood the area and escape in his suit. Eleanor and Delta make it to the escape pod but a bomb set by Lamb leaves Delta mortally wounded. Eleanor teleports and reaches the escape pod before the bomb blows, while Delta manages to grab onto the pod 's side and climb aboard as it rises.
The game 's ending depends on how the player interacted with the Little Sisters, and the fates of Holloway, Poole and Alexander within the game. Eleanor can save Sofia Lamb or force her to drown, depending on whether the player spared or executed the non-player characters. If Delta rescued all of the Little Sisters he will breathe his last breath in Eleanor 's arms, the weather will be sunny and clean, then she will absorb his personality and memories and leave Rapture with the Little Sisters to change the world for the better, dropping the doll that one of the little sisters give her in the ocean, which slightly resembles Delta, in order to mourn his death, and to make his death count. If Delta harvested all of the Little Sisters then Eleanor will extract Delta 's ADAM and become bent on world domination, the weather becoming dark and stormy as the corpses of Rapture 's inhabitants float to the surface. A mix between rescuing and harvesting the little sisters gives the player a choice; either Eleanor can absorb his ADAM and become evil, or Delta can stop her and die, in which case Eleanor will mourn his death and make her own way in life.
BioShock 2 is presented as a first - person shooter, with the player taking on the role of Subject Delta, a prototype for the Big Daddies 8 years after the events of the first game. As in BioShock, the player explores Rapture and fights off splicers, the remaining psychotic human population of the undersea city, using a combination of the environment, weapons, plasmids, and tonics. Plasmids and tonics are special genetic - reencoding liquids that grant the user active or passive abilities, respectively, and include many of those introduced in BioShock as well as new ones. For example, plasmids can give the player the ability to use telekinesis or to invoke fire, while tonics can improve the player 's movement speed, attack damage, or damage resistance. Several of the weapons in BioShock 2 were previously seen carried by Big Daddies in the first game, including a powerful drill and a rivet gun. The player can use each weapon in a close - range melee attack, unlike in the first game, and is able to equip a weapon and a plasmid at the same time, which they can use in quick succession to destroy enemies. For example, the player might freeze a foe using a plasmid then shatter it using a spear gun. If the player is killed, they are revived in the nearest "vita - chamber. ''
As the player explores Rapture, he will collect ammo, health, recovery items, money and EVE (a liquid used to power plasmid use). Money can be used to purchase more items at vending machines scattered around the city. The player will also encounter security systems which can be hacked through a mini-game; this requires the player to stop a quick - moving needle one or more times in the correctly colored areas of a gauge. Stopping it within a green area progresses the sequence or potentially ends it; stopping in a blue area may grant a bonus to the hacking result, landing in a white area shocks the player (dealing a small amount of damage); and landing in a red area causes a security alert. The player also gains access to a research video camera. In BioShock 2, once the player begins recording an enemy, the player has a short time to damage that enemy in creative ways in order to score a number of points, which are then added towards the total research points of that enemy type. At various levels of research, the player is rewarded with new abilities. Certain areas of the game take place entirely underwater, limiting the actions the player can perform.
As a Big Daddy, the player can defeat other Big Daddies to either adopt their Little Sisters -- having them gather ADAM for the player -- or harvest them for their ADAM outright. If the player adopts the Little Sister, they must escort their charge to corpses littered around Rapture and protect them while they harvest more ADAM. Once the Little Sister has collected enough ADAM, the player can then return her to an escape vent, where the player must choose to either rescue or harvest the Little Sister. Rescuing her gives the player a modest amount of ADAM but also the possibility of beneficial gifts later; harvesting her yields a large ADAM boost. ADAM can then be spent at Gatherer 's Garden machines throughout Rapture to buy new plasmids, gene tonics, slots, or health / eve upgrades. Once the player has either rescued or harvested each of the Little Sisters on the level, the player will be attacked by a Big Sister. The Big Sister 's agility and resourcefulness will task the player with a difficult fight before the player can proceed further in the game.
BioShock 2 features a story - driven multiplayer mode called Fall of Rapture in which the player takes on the role of one of Rapture 's citizens before the events of BioShock, during Rapture 's 1959 civil war. The player is sponsored by the plasmid manufacturer, Sinclair Solutions, to test out their weapons, plasmids, and Tonics in a consumer reward program. As the player progresses through the multiplayer experience, new weapons, tonics, and plasmids will be unlocked (provided by Sinclair) in addition to the story of the Rapture civil war being told through audio diaries available in the player 's apartment.
The player can choose from among 6 characters to serve as an in - game avatar. The characters are: Jacob Norris the welder, Barbara Johnson the housewife, Danny Wilkins the football star, Buck Raleigh the businessman, Naledi Atkins the pilot, and Suresh Sheti the Indian mystic. Two additional characters were available as a pre-order bonus from 12game, GameStop, EB Games or Game, or through the purchase of a DLC pack: a fisherman named Zigo d'Acosta and an actress named Mille Blanche de Glace. Another two characters were made available by downloading the Sinclair Solutions Tester Pack: a criminal named Louie McGraff and a smooth - talking playboy named Oscar Calraca.
Multiplayer comes in 7 different modes, two of which have a single - player and team - based mode. The modes include "Survival of the Fittest '', a free - for - all deathmatch mode; "Civil War '', a team deathmatch; "Capture the Sister '', a capture - the - flag - style mode where one team defends a Little Sister while the other attempts to capture her, and "Turf War '', where teams compete to control specific areas of a map.
In the multiplayer modes ' Survival of the Fittest ', ' Civil War ', and ' Turf War ', a Big Daddy suit will spawn at a random location in the level. The choice is given to the player who finds this suit to become the Big Daddy, which will give the player greater strength and endurance but prohibits the use of plasmids and hacking, as well as expelling any previously held damage bonuses against other players. The Big Daddy can stomp, shoot a rivet gun, melee attack, and throw proximity mines. All damage dealt to the Big Daddy is permanent, and can not be replenished. Once the Big Daddy is defeated, the suit disappears and spawns in another location on the map two minutes later. In ' Capture the Sister ' one member of the defending team is chosen at random to be the Big Daddy; after the player 's death, the Big Daddy suit disappears for the rest of the round.
2K Boston and Irrational Games produced BioShock to critical and commercial acclaim. Several ex-BioShock developers moved to 2K Marin, a new Bay Area studio parent company Take - Two Interactive formed in late 2007. 2K Marin started on BioShock 2 with a core team of eight in November 2007, adding 78 additional personnel at peak development.
Jordan Thomas, BioShock 2 's creative director, said that the first concern with a sequel to BioShock was "where do you go with this? How do you bring people back to an experience and terrify them and shock them in a way that they 're not expecting, but also fulfill the many expectations they 're projecting onto it? '' Early on, Thomas decided that it could n't be a BioShock game without the city of Rapture, and that there were many unseen locations and untold stories that could remained with the setting. The developers wanted to bring some of the mystery back to the location of Rapture, and maintain a balance of surprising old players while introducing the setting to newcomers. Thomas and environmental artist Hogarth De La Plante agreed that the setting of Rapture was fertile ground for new ideas, and that as they were both veterans of the original game, they were excited to add never - before - seen parts of the city and push the artistic style they had developed. "Any idea was out on the table at that point, and I think nobody has played BioShock more than the developers that made it, so I feel like in one respect we are a pretty good litmus test for whether it 's still an interesting place or not, '' La Plante recalled. "And if that does n't bore us and we 're the people that played it for thousands upon thousands of hours, then I think we have a pretty good perspective on how interesting that location really is. ''
Each game level was devised by a team comprised on an environmental artist and level designer working collaboratively, as opposed to a workflow where the level was designed and then handed over to art teams to be detailed. Level designer Steve Gaynor recalled that by involving the level designer, they could make sure that gameplay spaces still felt like functional, real spaces, making sure that the Rapture of BioShock 2 still felt like a living, breathing world.
Among the goals of BioShock 2 's developers was to capitalize or improve aspects of the first game that were received less positively. One such element was the Pipe Mania - inspired hacking minigame. Thomas said that even players who enjoyed the minigames became "numb '' to it after repetition; the replacement of the mini game with hacking that did n't allow you to pause the game added more urgency to the gameplay. Another aspect was the choice to harvest or save Little Sisters; by allowing players to adopt the Little Sisters before deciding their fate, Thomas hoped it would help players form a bond with the characters and think about their choice. Among the other goals the developers had for the sequel was adding more unspliced characters and give players a greater chance to make decisions that impacted the course of the game. "You make decisions about their fate as well, all of which play into the way the story ends, '' Thomas said. "There 's definitely more granularity and dynamism in the narrative of BioShock 2. '' The game uses Unreal Engine 2.5.
The story received major changes over the course of development, with two of the most important relating to the player 's character and the Big Sister. Initially there was only going to be one Big Sister who would continually hunt the player down throughout the course of the game and then retreat once she was defeated. This Big Sister was written as a Little Sister who, as she grew up on the surface, could not leave the memory of Rapture behind and eventually returned. The reason for the change, as explained by Zak McClendon, lead designer for 2K Marin, is "If you have a single character that the player knows they ca n't kill because they 're so important to the story you 're completely removing the triumph of overcoming that encounter with them. '' Jordan Thomas, the game 's director, explains however, "The soul of the original Big Sister character still exists, but in the form of somebody you get to know over the course of the game. '' The other major change was that the player 's character, Subject Delta, is no longer the first Big Daddy, but rather the fourth prototype. He is, however, the first to be successfully ' pair - bonded ' to a single Little Sister.
Initially, media reports suggested that the subtitle, Sea Of Dreams, would accompany the second entry in the series. However, this subtitle was supposedly dropped, before 2K withdrew the statement, stating that the "Sea Of Dreams '' subtitle would still be part of the full title. However, a later statement from 2K spokesman Charlie Sinhaseni clarified that the Sea Of Dreams title was for the trailer, and not for the game itself. The first appearance for BioShock 2 came in the form of a teaser trailer that was available in the PlayStation 3 version of the first game. The first major details on the gameplay and plot of the game were revealed in the April 2009 issue of Game Informer magazine, around the same time that the "viral '' site "There 's Something in the Sea '' was revealed. This site documents a man named Mark Meltzer 's investigation into the disappearances of girls from coastline areas around the Atlantic, along with a mysterious red light that accompanies each kidnapping. On April 9, 2009, on the Spike TV show GameTrailers TV with Geoff Keighley the first BioShock 2 gameplay video was shown featuring the Big Sister. This demo showed many features including the ability to walk under water.
Assisting 2K Marin were artists from 2K Australia, 2K China, Digital Extremes, and Arkane Studios. Character modeler Brendan George recalled that the modelers would have to think about how the concept art would be animated, not directly copying from the concept art to avoid animation issues and the uncanny valley. Character concept artist Colin Fix recalled that while the teams researched the time period for era - appropriate influences, costumes would need regular adjustment. "(The artists) had an earlier version of Stanley with a swanky Hawaiian shirt that was in the time period, but felt out of place in Rapture. It felt really modern even though it was n't. ''
Fix described the splicers as originally perfect J.C. Leyendecker and Norman Rockwell figures, but "totally distorted. '' Starting with the recognizably human silhouettes of the splicers established in BioShock, the artists decided to push into more varied forms. Early concepts had parasite - covered splicers or air sacs, along with translucent, bioluminescent skin, but finding that these "human blobs '' did not instill a sense of sadness in the player, the artists moved back to more conventional forms.
To create the multiplayer characters of pre-fall Rapture, Digital Extremes developed more than 26 character concepts, which were then narrowed down to a few archetypes that would represent a cross-section of the Rapture population.
The Big Sister was, according to animation supervisor Jeff Weir, the first thing Jordan Thomas talked about to the animators when they arrived at 2K Marin. The character challenged the team to convey her backstory and personality through the design. Fix started with descriptive words on a page, moving to thumbnails and silhouette concepts. Early inspiration for the character 's design included racing dogs, and the idea of a character that carries itself in a restrained way until it explodes in action. "(We thought) of her as graceful and yet awkward at the same time, and that 's really the hard challenge that we had with her. Actually in terms of design, there were lots of fun things, like at one point she had a sort of ' Fallen Angel ' feel to her, like broken wings, '' Weir recalled. Motion capture sessions were used for inspiration for the alternatingly awkward and fluid motion of the character, though none of it was used in the final product. In developing her visual design, the team tried to balance the design influence of the Big Daddies with a unique look. Soft design elements influenced by the story, like Little Sisters that would ride around in the Big Sister 's cage and draw on her armor, were added to complement the harsh metal of the rest of the character.
Digital Extremes produced the multiplayer component of the game. In the multiplayer portion, players are put in a separate story where civil war has broken out in Rapture prior to the events of the first game. In the multiplayer mode, the player acts as a plasmid test subject for a company called Sinclair Solutions. As the player progresses through the multiplayer maps like Mercury Suites and Kashmir Restaurant they will either have the ability to hack turrets and vending machines or search for the Big Daddy suit.
Michael Kamper served as BioShock 2 's Audio Lead; he joined 2K Marin to work on BioShock 2 after the closure of Electronic Arts Chicago. Only a single sound designer had worked on the previous BioShock 's lauded sound, which Kamper called "intimidating ''; "we were all basically coming into the project as fans of the first game. '' While Kamper collaborated with the leads for other facets of the game, he was given wide latitude to develop the sonic style of the game. Kamper, in turn, gave his team freedom to use whatever software they wanted to create and manipulate sounds, not wanting to limit their creativity.
"Certainly, the fact that the game was going to be set ten years after the first BioShock established the atmosphere of BioShock 2, '' he recalled. "I really wanted the ambience to sell the fact that Rapture was constantly falling apart around the player. '' In addition to lots of creaking and groaning sounds to accentuate the setting 's disrepair, Kamper and the audio team added non-diegetic sounds that grow in frequency the closer the player gets to the end of the game to convey the mounting insanity of the Splicers. The Big Sister 's sound effects were created by layering sounds from birds, hyenas, and Kamper 's wife doing impressions of a dolphin. The audio team spent a great deal of time on immersing the player in their role of a Big Daddy through the audio -- everything from the sound of the footsteps to the sounds for impacts and water drips on the player 's armor was used to sell the player on who their character was. Audio programmer Guy Somberg created a background sound system that allowed the team to layer stereo sounds together depending on the player 's location, combined with mono sound effects for certain areas. "This allowed us to quickly iterate on our ambiences and implement them into the levels with ease, and helped create the randomness I was looking for in the background effects, '' Kamper recalled. Multiplayer sounds were handled by Digital Extremes, who along with Kamper 's team had to make sure their sounds cohered not only with each other 's work, but with the sounds of the first game.
Garry Schyman reprised his role as BioShock 's composer to create the score for BioShock 2. He wrote that "scoring a sequel to a major hit game is always a challenge, '' and the praise his BioShock score received made things even more difficult. He decided to retain some elements and motifs from the first game -- use of the solo violin, and compositional techniques common in the mid-20th century setting -- while creating something different. "BioShock 2 was easier in the sense that the style had been established and I did n't have to reinvent the wheel, '' Schyman noted. "So it was just delightful work creating that score. Which in some respects surpasses my original in my opinion. '' Among the elements the developers tried to improve on from the first game was adding more pieces of music for the combat sequences in each level.
Once the game 's tone and style was established, Schyman worked off specific requests from the audio director for individual pieces of music. Kamper recalled that "(Schyman) really, really did a wonderful job '' with molding the music to fit Thomas ' and his intended mood and tones. The results, such as the music for the Pauper 's Drop level, were different from anything else in the first game. To test how the music fit for each level, Kamper would send Schyman video footage of the game, which would then be appraised with the new score to see how well it meshed. Kamper split some of Schyman 's tracks to use as leitmotivs; the opening track of Eleanor and Delta together was divided in later renditions, using the deeper cello for Delta and the violin for Eleanor. The score was recorded with a 60 - piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony at Capitol Studios.
In addition to the original music, BioShock 2 makes extensive use of licensed music from the time period. "Similar to the first game, we tried really hard to instill a sense of thematic cogency with our picks that the message that is coming through the licensed tracks, '' Thomas said, adding that blues and religious music were important to the sequel 's themes, and that while the first game had used more commercial pop music, they wanted a broader range. Music from BioShock was used in the multiplayer portion of BioShock 2 to help connect it back to the time period of the first game.
BioShock 2 was released on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms on February 9, 2010. A Special Edition of the game was announced on November 19, 2009. This edition, which was limited to a single production run, contains the game along with three posters featuring fictional advertisements from Rapture that reveal hidden messages under a black light, the orchestral score from the game on CD, the orchestral score from the original BioShock on a vinyl 180g LP, and a hardbound, 164 - page art book. It is packaged in a 13 by 13 in (33 by 33 cm) case with special art on both the slipcase and the box cover.
A smaller limited edition, titled BioShock 2 Rapture Edition, was officially announced on December 2, 2009. Its contents are the game and a smaller, 96 - page art book, packaged together in a special slipcover. As with the Special Edition, the Rapture Edition was limited to a single production run. The BioShock 2 Rapture Edition is available in Europe, New Zealand and Australia, in addition to the BioShock 2 Special Edition.
In its first week of release, BioShock 2 was the best - selling Xbox 360 game in the UK and North America. In the U.S., NPD recorded it as the top selling game of February with 562,900 units sold on the Xbox 360, and 190,500 on the PS3. Gamasutra state a possible reason for the Xbox 360 's greater sales was the original BioShock 's 14 - month exclusivity on the platform. It also managed to hold both the first and second positions on the Steam release charts. In its first month of release, BioShock 2 was number 1 in sales for the Xbox 360 and number 12 for the PlayStation 3.
By March 2010, BioShock 2 sold 3 million copies across all platforms, close to the original BioShock 's 4 million lifetime sales at the time. In an earnings call, Take - Two Interactive 's Chief Financial Officer noted that the game had "lower than expected '' sales, adding "sales slowed down sooner than we expected. '' Prior to the game 's release, Take - Two chairman Strauss Zelnick stated that he expected the game to sell 5 million copies across all platforms.
BioShock 2 was supported post-launch with patches and technical fixes, as well as new downloadable content (DLC) for its single player and multiplayer modes. The first DLC, the Sinclair Solutions Test Pack, was released March 11, 2010. It added new player characters, cosmetics, and a multiplayer level increase. This was followed on May 11 by the Rapture Metro Pack, which added six new maps and new achievements. Also released alongside the Rapture Metro Pack were additional characters and a new game mode.
Released on August 3, "The Protector Trials Pack '' is a single - player downloadable content that has the player defend Little Sisters against swarms of enemies in a variety of challenge rooms. The content contains six maps based on locations from the main game, alongside three difficulty levels, seven Achievements / Trophies, and new concept art and videos to unlock. This downloadable content was released for free on the PC on March 14, 2011.
The Minerva 's Den DLC was released on August 31, 2010 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It is a single - player campaign with a plot completely separate from that of the main campaign. The player assumes the role of Subject Sigma, another Alpha Series Big Daddy, as he travels through Minerva 's Den, home to Rapture 's Central Computing. The campaign adds three new levels and provides deeper insight into Rapture 's inner workings. The add - on also features new weapons, a new plasmid, and new enemy types. The DLC was released on PC on May 31, 2011.
With the closure of the Games for Windows -- Live Marketplace, the PC version of BioShock 2 was patched in October 2013 to remove Games for Windows Live in favor of Steamworks support for matchmaking. In addition, Minerva 's Den was released for free for players who owned BioShock 2 before the patch.
BioShock 2 received positive reviews. On Review aggregator Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100 across its released platforms.
GamesRadar 's Charlie Barratt awarded the game with a perfect score stating that "The weapons are better. The plasmids are better. The enemies are better. At some points, even the storytelling is better. What 's most amazing and surprising about BioShock 2, however, is that by diving deeper into Rapture 's tortured history and exploring more of Rapture 's haunted world, it actually manages to make the original BioShock better, too. ''
Game Informer 's Andrew Reiner scored the game an 8.25. He criticised the game for being too similar to its predecessor, saying that "For roughly 10 hours, BioShock 2 follows directly in its forefather 's footsteps, too fearful to inject anything new into this twisted world. '' However, he praised the game 's ending, stating that "Eventually this disappointing adventure does turn a corner. It takes 10 hours to get there, but the final two acts (lasting approximatetely three hours) are brilliant. '' He concluded with "BioShock 2 eventually becomes the sequel I hoped for, but spends too much time getting there. '' In 2013, Liz Lanier of Game Informer included Dr. Sofia Lamb among top ten female villains in video games, stating that "an extremist obsessed with the "greater good, '' Lamb will sacrifice anything and anyone for her own agenda; whether that means brainwashing or murdering to create her utopia, she 's down. ''
IGN scored the game a 9.1 / 10 and said that "anyone looking for a first - person shooter that offers more than flat, stereotypical characters and copy - and - paste supersoldier plots, one that attempts to establish a sense of right and wrong and loops you into the decision making process, and one that 's set in one of the most vividly realized settings around should pick up BioShock 2. It 's a game in which story, setting, and gameplay are expertly blended to create an experience that 's as thought - provoking as it is entertaining. '' IGN 's review also stated that the game does not look as visually impressive as its predecessor, but it is still one of the best - looking games around because of its unique art style. In a round - table style video chat, IGN editors said that Rapture was less mysterious because players have seen it before, and that was a major strike against the game. Since the original had such an eerie mysterious feel to it, the twists and turns seen in the sequel seemed less surprising.
Tom Price of TeamXbox gave the game an overall score of 9.2 / 10 saying that "BioShock 2 remains one of the most original, exciting, subversive and intriguing shooters out there for you to play, and you should n't miss the experience of doing that. ''
Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell was more critical of BioShock 2. Though he scored the game a very positive 8 / 10 overall, he noted that "The single - player campaign... will and should be damned for its long, slow start, during which the game struggles to make its intentions clear, but once past that the developers find a new tempo that wrings just enough extra quality out of the existing framework to justify your patience, even if the game still feels flat in the context of more daring and elaborate sequels like Mass Effect 2 and last year 's Assassin 's Creed follow - up. ''
In contrast to the first BioShock 's focus on libertarianism and Ayn Rand 's philosophies, BioShock 2 focuses on collectivist ideals.
Lamb 's philosophy of altruism is based on that of Karl Marx and John Stuart Mill. "Her motto is ' Make the world your family ' meaning force your mind into becoming loyal to the world in a way usually reserved for your child, and that 's intellectually daunting, '' said Thomas. In comparison to the first game 's questions of free will and destiny, Thomas said that the player character is "almost the ultimate individual '' whom Lamb goads to fulfill her goals.
Professor Ryan Lizardi draws parallels between BioShock 2 's themes of community versus the individual and the issues of McCarthyism and the hippie movement that occurred around the time period of the game 's setting. "As this sequel is an extension of the first game 's storylines and characters, there are direct contrasts between the extreme politics of Andrew Ryan 's objectivism and the extreme religion / politics of Lamb 's collectivism, '' he writes. "Bioshock 2 specifically asks players to question all sides of debates when extreme stances are taken, and asks players to weigh their decisions in an alternate and complex history. ''
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who sings cry to me in dirty dancing | Cry to Me - wikipedia
"Cry to Me '' is a song written by Bert Berns (listed as "Bert Russell '') and first recorded by American soul singer Solomon Burke in 1961. Released in 1962, it was Burke 's second single to appear in both Billboard magazine 's Hot R&B Sides and Hot 100 singles charts. Several other artists recorded the song, including Betty Harris (1963), Dionne Warwick (1963), the Pretty Things (1965), the Rolling Stones (1965), Freddie Scott (1967), Tom Petty (1979) and Precious Wilson (1980).
On December 6, 1961 Burke recorded one of his best known songs, "Cry to Me '', "an ode to loneliness and desire '' "one of the first songs to unify country, gospel and R&B in one package '', that is considered "the paradigm for Southern soul ballads. '' "Cry to Me '' was written (as Bert Russell), conducted and arranged by Klaus Ogermann and produced by Bert Berns, "a roly - poly white New Yorker with a deep love and empathy for black music despite a formal music education at the Juilliard School of Music and a music background far removed from the searing soul in which, by 1963, he specialised '', with whom Burke had a difficult relationship. Burke "distrusted the young producer '', and often spoke of him disparagingly, but later acknowledged Berns as "a genius '' and "a great writer, a great man. '' Cissy Houston, who provided backing vocals on several of Burke 's songs that were produced by Berns, believed "Burke changed his mind about Bert as soon as Sol started working with him in the studio. Bert 's emotion - charged songs and Sol 's gospel delivery was a marriage made in heaven. '' Although Burke recognized Berns 's skill for crafting hit records, he rejected two Berns compositions, "Hang on Sloopy '' (later recorded by (The McCoys), and "A Little Bit of Soap '', a recent hit for The Jarmels. Burke explained in 2004: "I felt a little unsafe about it, because they were pushing me in an ethnic market, so why would I want to say that (about soap) to my people? It did n't have the meaning it needed to have. '' In frustration after Burke had rejected his song choices, Berns offered him a final song, "Cry to Me '', which Berns sang to him very slowly. According to Burke in a 2008 interview: "I said ' That 's terrible. It 's just too slow for me, I do n't like slow songs. ' And Mr Wexler says, ' Listen this guy writes for you, you 're pissing him off. You 're pissing me off, too. ' (Laughs) I tried to sing it a couple of times that way, could n't even feel it. Then I asked the young man in the studio, the engineer Tommy Dowd, ' Could we have them speed this up? ' ''. The personnel on the Solomon Burke recording included Leon Cohen on alto sax, Jesse Powell on tenor sax, Hank Jones on piano, Robert Mosely on organ, Don Arnone, Al Caiola, Bucky Pizzarelli and Everett Barksdale on guitars: Art Davis on bass, and Gary Chester on drums
Released in 1962, "Cry to Me '', backed with "I Almost Lost My Mind '' (Atlantic 2131), became Burke 's second entry in the US charts, peaking at number five on the R&B charts and number 44 on the Hot 100. On March 20, 1962, Burke sang "Cry to Me '' on American Bandstand.
Several artists have recorded versions of the song. Betty Harris ' rendition (also produced by Bert Berns) reached R&B number 10 and Hot 100 number 23 in September 1963. English band the Pretty Things recorded it in 1965 and their version reached number 28 on the UK Singles Chart. Also in 1965, a rendition by the Rolling Stones was included on their Out of Our Heads on both the UK and US editions of the album. Freddie Scott recorded the song in 1967; his single peaked at numbers 40 on the R&B and 70 on the Hot 100. Jamaican singer Precious Wilson released a version in 1980.
After "Cry to Me '', Burke became one of the first performers to be called a soul artist. In "Cry to Me '', and in his "most popular recordings from 1962 onward, elements of the African - American folk - preaching style '', which incorporated "the fusion of speech and song '', "the use of repetition or elongation for emphasis '', and the improvisation of "hollers and vocal melismas '', the "flowers and curlicues of gospel singing '', are salient. Burke always had his pulpit in the recording studio.
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in what season does gideon leave criminal minds | Jason Gideon - wikipedia
Jason Gideon is a fictional character in the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds, portrayed by Mandy Patinkin. Gideon was a Senior Supervisory Special Agent and the unit chief of the FBI 's Behavioral Analysis Unit, and has appeared from the series ' pilot episode "Extreme Aggressor '', which was originally broadcast on September 22, 2005. He is also portrayed as a younger man by Ben Savage, in flashbacks.
Mandy Patinkin abruptly left the show in 2007 just as his character abruptly quit from the BAU due to emotional issues. In 2012, Patinkin opened up about why he left stating that the show "was very destructive to my soul and my personality. After that, I did n't think I would get to work in television again. '' Gideon 's position is now held by his former partner and best friend, David Rossi, who has held it to this day. In Season Ten, Gideon was murdered by Donnie Mallick.
Gideon was the protege of Max Ryan, who taught him everything he knew about profiling, but he did n't escape the hazing of being a new recruit. One of Gideon 's earliest cases was a bomber case, which was supervised by Max. As a prank for the new member, Max and the other investigators involved planted a list of the FBI director 's whereabouts over the next 48 hours in the bomber 's car for Gideon to find. When he found it, before Max could stop him, Gideon rushed up 25 flights of stairs and interrupted a meeting between the director and the U.S. Attorney General in an attempt to save him.
While investigating the case of Adrian Bale, a.k.a. "The Boston Shrapnel Bomber '', Gideon had reportedly suffered a nervous breakdown after he sent six men into a warehouse before Bale detonated a bomb inside. All six agents and a hostage were killed, and he was heavily criticized about the event. He took a six - month medical leave because he was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Upon his return from medical leave, he was given the Senior Agent position, as Hotch was confirmed as Unit Chief. Not much is known about his personal life, other than he has a son named Stephen, with whom he was estranged because of his commitment to his job.
Through the first two seasons, Gideon was portrayed to be very good at chess, winning against Reid many times (only exception being Reid 's birthday) and encouraging him to "think outside the box ''. Prior to the series, he was said to have had a "nervous breakdown '' (or "major depressive episode '') after he sent six men into a warehouse with a bomb in it; all six agents were killed, and he was heavily criticized about the event. He showed particular dislike for the practice of using religion as a defense or motivation for one 's crimes. Gideon participated in some field operations during his time with the BAU and had the rest of his team "think outside the box '' as well, as he made a major advancement by shouting at the top of his lungs with pleas of mercy and, when questioned by his team, he said that the victims were being threatened to be kept quiet as neighbors would have heard the pleas if they were unrestrained. He blamed himself for the torture Reid received from Tobias Hankel as he had ordered Penelope Garcia to add a virus warning to the videos Hankel posted. Gideon also had a son named Stephen. The nature of their relationship has not been directly stated, but it was implied that they have not seen each other very recently. Gideon also has an obsession for birds and bird - watching.
The character of Jason Gideon was partially based on real - life criminal profiler John E. Douglas, one of the founders of modern Behavioral Science.
He helped Derek Morgan and Spencer Reid through their nightmares. He was shown to have a very close relationship with Reid, having hand - picked him from the FBI Academy for his team, helping Reid through many difficulties (including his implied drug use), and even leaving the good - bye letter for Reid to find. Gideon did not know Garcia well, as expressed through an episode wherein he is placed with her while he is on crutches; after they are placed, Garcia complains about him, and he does n't know her name.
In the show 's first episode, "Extreme Aggressor '', Gideon was called back to work to help profile a killer, called "The Seattle Strangler '' by the media, who abducts women and holds them prisoner before strangling them and dumping their bodies. After solving the case of the Seattle Strangler, Gideon is seen at an old - fashioned gas station in Dumfries, Virginia. While inside, Gideon notices that the cashier fits his profile of the Footpath Killer, a serial killer he had been investigating prior to being called in for the Seattle Strangler case. The man notices Gideon 's gun and threatens him with a shotgun, insisting that he tell him who he is. When Gideon reveals he is with the FBI, the gunman gets even more agitated. Gideon then tells the man that he can tell him the one thing no one has ever been able to tell him: why he stutters. However, Gideon did not truly know the answer but was merely trying to provoke a stutter in order to distract the killer. The killer forced Gideon down a hall and into a small room full of pictures of his many victims, an amount that was more than law enforcement had found. Gideon intentionally demeans and insults the killer, increasingly agitating him and making his stutter worse. He takes his eyes off Gideon just long enough for him to grab the gun and subdue the killer.
In "Wo n't Get Fooled Again '', a copycat bomber uses the methods of serial bomber Adrian Bale (the same criminal who committed the warehouse bombing that killed his six colleagues), and Gideon has to face his past and Bale, to find out who the bomber is and stop him. After saving the lives of more agents from a suicide bombing, Gideon was forced to make a deal with Bale to have him help them get a bomb off of an innocent man. When Gideon realizes that Bale is lying about how dismantle it, he calls his bluff, saving them all from a bomb going off. He then has the pleasure of returning Bale to prison, the burden of the six agents ' deaths presumably gone, even mocking him while he was being placed in a cell by using Bale 's own words ("(A) n emotional release '') in a sentence; he states that he finds it an emotional release in putting away criminals like Bale.
In "No Way Out '', Gideon faces the scariest and most evil serial killer in his entire career, Frank Breitkopf. The BAU had received a call from Georgia Davis, the Sheriff of the Golconda Sheriff 's Department, who had recently found two murder victims, both missing their right rib bones, similar to a case that took place in 1996. However, Gideon realized that this unsub has been killing for thirty years. After studying one of the murder victims, he determined that the unsub has extensive medical knowledge, his victims are alive when he cut off their limbs, and that he uses Ketamine to immobilize his victims. With this information, Gideon and the team were able to build a profile of the killer. In order to find the unsub, the Sheriff 's Department set up a road - block looking for an RV, truck, or trailer, which was believed was the killer 's mode of transportation.
Gideon later noticed that something was bothering Sheriff Davis, and she told him that the profile the BAU gave them reminded her of the experience made by a local named Jane Hanratty, a.k.a. Crazy Jane. Jane had encountered the unsub thirty years ago when her car broke down, but she believed that an alien had abducted her; she survived the abduction. Gideon knew that the unsub allowed Jane to survive because she was n't scared of him. Eventually, Gideon discovered Frank in Fat Sam 's Diner and Deputy Silo told Gideon he had fifteen minutes to negotiate with the unsub. Frank tells them that he had left the schoolchildren in the middle of a desert, and that if he gets Jane, he will tell them where they are. Gideon makes a deal with Frank: he and Jane will come with him if he takes them to where the children are. Frank happily agrees to that. After they pick up Jane and deliver her to Frank, Gideon drives the two to the desert and drops them off, to which Frank tells Gideon where the children are. Frank and Jane then walk off while Gideon runs in the opposite way and finds the children, all unharmed. Gideon and Hotch try to follow Frank 's tracks, but they suddenly disappear in the desert.
In "No Way Out II: The Evilution of Frank '', while Gideon is trying to make up his mind about what flowers to buy his friend, Sarah Jacobs, he sees Jane. When he looks up again, she has disappeared. Gideon then receives a call from Frank, who is in Gideon 's apartment, having murdered Sarah. He demands to have Jane back before hanging up. When the BAU begin to investigate, Gideon contacts Hotch from a payphone and tells him that Frank dumped something in the trash on the street, later revealed to be bloody clothing. During the investigation, it is deduced that Frank is hunting down people Gideon previously rescued. Frank later kills one such person, Rebecca Bryant, who was abducted by Randall Garner and held captive for two years before being rescued by the BAU. Later, Tracy Belle, the sole survivor of Jeffrey Charles, goes missing. Gideon and Garcia are later able to figure out that the only story that moved Frank the first time Gideon met him was the body of a woman who was found in an apartment on the Upper East Side of New York City because he was talking about his mother. Gideon then realizes that Frank was hiding his mother 's existence from everyone. Later, the team manages to find Frank, who is calmly sitting on a bench at the Union Train Station, waiting for them to bring him Jane. The team brings in Jane, who refuses to go with Frank. Gideon shows up and tells Frank about Sarah, Frank 's mother, whom Gideon claims was a whore. As Gideon and Hotch describe Frank 's mother, JJ and Reid locate Tracy, who is bound and gagged but alive and unharmed. Frank convinces Jane to come back to him, and the two commit suicide. Later, Tracy calls Gideon and thanks him for saving her once again.
Gideon began to lose confidence in his profiling skills after Frank Breitkopf murdered his girlfriend, Sarah Jacobs. During his final case in Arizona, he further lost faith in his abilities when his decision to release the unsub resulted in the deaths of both the unsub and a young woman. As a result of his actions, Aaron Hotchner was suspended, which was the final straw for Gideon. He then left his cabin shortly afterwards, leaving his gun and badge behind along with a letter for Reid to find as he sought to regain a belief in happy endings. He then leaves and begins traveling abroad. Gideon is last seen going into a Nevada diner to make an order. When asked by a waitress where he is going, he replies that he does n't know where he was going or how he would know when he got there. He then leaves the diner and subsequently drives off in his vehicle.
In the season ten episode "Nelson 's Sparrow '', Gideon was murdered off - screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer named Donnie Mallick (Arye Gross), which prompts the BAU team to investigate Gideon 's murder. During the flashbacks focusing on a young version of him for the episode which show him working at the BAU in 1978, he is played by Ben Savage.
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who does the voices of mickey mouse clubhouse | Mickey Mouse Clubhouse - Wikipedia
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is an American interactive computer - animated children 's television series which aired from May 5, 2006 to November 6, 2016. The series, Disney Television Animation 's first computer - animated series, is aimed at preschoolers. Bobs Gannaway, the Disney veteran who created it, is also responsible for other preschool shows, such as Jake and the Never Land Pirates and for Disneytoon Studios films including Secret of the Wings, The Pirate Fairy and Planes: Fire & Rescue. The final episode aired on November 6, 2016.
Mickey, Minnie, Donald, Daisy, Goofy, Pluto, and a mechanical assistant "Mouseketool '' called Toodles, interact with the viewer to stimulate problem solving during each episode 's story. Disney says that each episode has the characters help children "solve a specific age - appropriate problem utilizing basic math skills, such as identifying shapes and counting through ten ''. The series uses "Disney Junior 's ' whole child ' curriculum of cognitive, social and creative learning opportunities ''. Once the problem of the episode has been explained, Mickey invites viewers to join him at the Mousekadoer, a giant Mickey - head - shaped computer whose main function is to distribute the day 's Mouseketools, a collection of objects needed to solve the day 's problem, to Mickey, one of them being a "Mystery Mouskatool '' represented by a question mark, which, when the words "Mystery Mouskatool '' are said, and the question mark change into the Mouseketool you get to use, another being a "Mouseka - Think - About - It Tool '' represented by a silhouette of Mickey 's head with gears rotating, and the gang must think of what to use before telling the Tool "Mouseka - Think - About - It - Tool, we pick the (object) ''. Once the tools have been shown to Mickey on the Mousekadoer screen, they are quickly downloaded to Toodles, a small, Mickey - head - shaped flying extension of the Mousekedoer. By calling "Oh, Toodles! '' Mickey summons him to pop up from where he is hiding and fly up to the screen so the viewer can pick which tool Mickey needs for the current situation. The show features two original songs performed by American alternative rock band They Might Be Giants, including the opening theme song, in which a variant of a Mickey Mouse Club chant ("Meeska Mooska Mickey Mouse! '') is used to summon the Clubhouse. They Might Be Giants also perform the song used at the end of the show, "Hot Dog! '', which echoes Mickey 's first spoken words in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid. This is the first time the major Disney characters have regularly appeared on television in computer - animated form. The characters debuted in CG form in 2003 at the Magic Kingdom theme park attraction Mickey 's PhilharMagic, then in the 2004 home video Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas.
Bill Farmer, the voice actor for Goofy and Pluto, stated in February 2014 that the recording of dialogue for new episodes has ceased, but that "it will be quite a while before the show runs out of new episodes for TV. We have been on the air consistently since 2006 and we started recording in 2004. So there is always a long lead - in time between recording and seeing it on TV. So do n't worry more is still to come, we just are not making any more ''.
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse received mixed to positive reviews, Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars, stating: "Parents need to know that Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is a lively series designed to help preschoolers acquire problem - solving and early mathematics skills -- and does so in a fun, exciting way. Although the show is very learning - focused, it 's engaging without being intimidating ''.
Minnie 's Bow - Toons is a spinoff series which premiered in the fall of 2011 on Disney Channel. It usually airs in the daytime Disney Junior programming block for younger audiences. It is based on the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episode "Minnie 's Bow - tique '' and depicts Minnie 's continuing adventures in business as proprietor of her own store which makes and sells bows for apparel and interior decoration. She interacts with many of the characters seen in the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse series.
A second spin - off, Mickey and the Roadster Racers, debuted in January 2017.
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something borrowed something new something old and something blue | Something old - wikipedia
"Something old '' is the first line of a traditional rhyme which details what a bride should wear at her wedding for good luck:
Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue, and a silver sixpence in her shoe.
The old item provided protection for the baby to come. The item borrowed from another happy bride provided good luck. The colour blue was a sign of fidelity. The sixpence -- a silver British coin -- was a symbol of prosperity or acted as a ward against evil done by frustrated suitors. The superstition is known since 1883 when it was attributed to the county of Lancashire. An 1898 compilation of English folklore recounted that:
In this country an old couplet directs that the bride shall wear: -- "Something old, something new, Something borrowed, something blue. '' "The something blue '' takes, I am given to understand, usually the form of a garter, an article of dress which plays an important part in some wedding rites, as, for instance, in the old custom of plucking off the garter of the bride. "The something old '' and "something blue '' are devices to baffle the Evil Eye. The usual effect on the bride of the Evil Eye is to render her barren, and this is obviated by wearing "something borrowed '', which should properly be the undergarment of some woman who has been blessed with children: the clothes communicate fertility to the bride.
Another compilation of the era frames this poem as "a Lancashire version '', as contrast against a Leicestershire recitation that "a bride on her wedding day should wear -- ' Something new, Something blue, Something borrowed '... '', and so omits the "something old ''. The authors note that this counters other regional folklore warning against the wearing of blue on the wedding day, but relates the use of the color to phrases like "true blue '' which make positive associations with the color.
The rhyme can earlier be found in an 1876 edition of Notes and Queries, and is called an "ancient custom '' in another 1876 book, Bye - gones, Relating to Wales and the Border Counties. This version is referenced as well in an 1871 short story, "Marriage Superstitions, and the Miseries of a Bride Elect '', in The St. James 's Magazine.
At the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, the bride had:
In the Friends episode "The One in Vegas '', Monica says to Chandler she needs ' Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue ' so they can get married. They got a new, blue sweater stolen from the shop (borrowed) and Chandler 's old condom. In a later episode when Phoebe gets married in the episode, "The One With Phoebe 's Wedding '', when Phoebe decides not to wear her coat while getting married outside in the snow, she said that "I can be my something blue '', suggesting that she might go blue with coldness.
In the Grey 's Anatomy episode "White Wedding '', Callie Torres asks to borrow something from Sloan Riley, saying that she already has something old, new and blue, in preparation for her wedding.
The final two episodes of Season 2 of How I Met Your Mother are titled "Something Borrowed '' and "Something Blue '' in reference to the wedding occurring between the characters Marshall and Lily on the show. The final two episodes of Season 8 of How I Met Your Mother are titled "Something Old '' and "Something New '' in reference to the wedding occurring between the characters Barney and Robin on the show.
In the 3rd Rock from the Sun episode "A Dick on One Knee '' Harry is tasked with finding something old, something new; something borrowed, and something blue, his second attempt is "Blind Joe '', an old man who plays the blues that he borrowed from the Tip - Top Club. When Sally asks Harry what 's new about him, Harry says Joe is his new friend.
In the Doctor Who episode "The Big Bang '', the Doctor connects the four elements to his TARDIS, which is "borrowed '', and "brand new and ancient, and the bluest blue ever ''. In the same episode at Amy Pond 's wedding, she recites this saying to help remember the Doctor (excluding the line "And a silver sixpence in her shoe ''), who had previously been erased from time. As she finishes her speech, wind begins blowing in the hall and several seconds later the TARDIS starts materializing right in the middle of it, and the Doctor -- not imaginary, but flesh and blood -- steps outside into the hall.
The ninth episode of series two of Torchwood is entitled "Something Borrowed '' in reference to the wedding occurring between the characters Gwen Cooper and Rhys Williams on the show.
In Thomas The Tank Engine, Seasion 5, Episode 19 "Happy Ever After '', Percy is taking some trucks to Brendam Docks, when Terence, working in a field next to the line tells him Mrs. Kyndley 's daughter is getting married. Further up the line, Mrs. Kyndley waves him down when Percy 's driver asks her what 's wrong, Mrs. Kyndley has forgotten the good luck package. The something old was Old Slow Coach, the something new was some shiny new set of buffers, the something borrowed was a flat bed truck the buffers were on, and the something blue was Thomas. The delighted bride thanks the engines and gives Percy a kiss.
In the penultimate episode "We 're Planning a June Wedding '' of the popular series The Vampire Diaries, the lead character Caroline Forbes receives a card reading "Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue '' and during the episode she receives items which signify the phrase for her wedding. Something Old from Stefan, Elena 's necklace (Something Borrowed), Floral - looking headband from Bonnie (Something New) and Katherine 's Necklace (Something Blue).
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one of the four components of the core self-evaluation is | Core self - evaluations - wikipedia
Core self - evaluations (CSE) represent a stable personality trait which encompasses an individual 's subconscious, fundamental evaluations about themselves, their own abilities and their own control. People who have high core self - evaluations will think positively of themselves and be confident in their own abilities. Conversely, people with low core self - evaluations will have a negative appraisal of themselves and will lack confidence. The concept of core self - evaluations was first examined by Judge, Locke, and Durham (1997) and involves four personality dimensions: locus of control, neuroticism, generalized self - efficacy, and self - esteem. The trait developed as a dispositional predictor of job satisfaction, but has expanded to predict a variety of other outcomes. Core self - evaluations are particularly important because they represent a personality trait which will remain consistent over time. Furthermore, the way in which people appraise themselves using core self - evaluations has the ability to predict positive work outcomes, specifically, job satisfaction and job performance. These relationships have inspired increasing amounts of research on core self - evaluations and suggest valuable implications about the importance this trait may have for organizations.
The locus of control construct indicates a tendency for individuals to attribute life 's events to their own doing or to outside forces beyond their control. There are two basic classifications of locus of control: internals and externals. Internals believe they control their own environment whereas externals believe outside forces control their lives. Those with an internal locus of control are more likely to be satisfied with their job and life because they believe in their own control over the situation.
Neuroticism, also a Big Five personality trait, is defined as an enduring tendency to experience unpleasant emotions (e.g., anger, anxiety, depression) easily. Those high in neuroticism react more negatively to stress, are prone to anxiety, and susceptible to feelings of helplessness. Neuroticism, when examined as part of core self - evaluations, is conceptualized as its opposite, emotional stability (i.e., non-neuroticism). In fact, because neuroticism and emotional stability are simply labels for two sides of the same trait, they are often used interchangeably in literature.
Generalized self - efficacy, adapted from Albert Bandura 's original definition of self - efficacy, is defined as an individual 's estimate of his or her own ability to perform well and handle a variety of situations. Although an individual can differ in levels of self - efficacy across different domains, generalized self - efficacy is the global estimate of ability across a wide range of situations, and can be considered a stable trait. Individuals high in generalized self - efficacy are more likely to take on new tasks that allow for growth in their ability and are more persistent than those low in generalized self - efficacy.
Self - esteem reflects a person 's overall appraisal of his or her own worth. Self - esteem may, in fact, be one of the most essential core self - evaluation domains because it is the overall value one places on oneself as a person.
The core self - evaluations trait was developed through the study of job satisfaction. Historically, three models have been used to study job satisfaction.
The situational and interactionist approaches had received a majority of the support in previous literature. Acknowledging this disparity, core self - evaluations were developed in an effort to increase exploration of the dispositional approach to job satisfaction.
While investigating the dispositional model, Judge et al. (1997) reasoned that the traits most likely to predict job satisfaction would maintain three important characteristics: evaluation - focused, fundamental, and large in scope.
Using the above characteristics, four well studied personality traits; locus of control, neuroticism, generalized self - efficacy, and self - esteem, were chosen as possible dispositional predictors of job satisfaction. Each trait had previously presented as a relatively powerful predictor of various job outcomes; however, until this time, these traits ' predictive powers had only been studied in isolation. When studied together, Judge et al. (1997) discovered that these four traits would form a broader personality trait called core self - evaluations, which could predict job satisfaction better than each individual trait could when examined alone. In other words, relative levels of each of these four traits in an individual can be explained by one broad underlying trait; core self - evaluations. Furthermore, combining these traits allowed for better prediction of job satisfaction, and later, a variety of other outcomes.
Locus of control, neuroticism, generalized self - efficacy, and self - esteem have many conceptual similarities, but beyond stating that the similarities exist, these traits were rarely studied together until their integration into the common underlying trait of core self - evaluations. Many researchers of personality psychology argue that specific traits have been proposed and studied without considering that these traits have a broad, common core. Many such traits correlate so highly that they should be considered measures of the same construct, which is the case with the four traits of core self - evaluations. These traits are very closely related, and each one only predicts a small portion of job satisfaction by itself. However, when combined into one core trait (i.e., core - self evaluations), their predictive power increases.
The core self - evaluations trait has proven to be a valuable dispositional predictor of job satisfaction, demonstrating stronger predictive power than the Big Five personality traits or Positive / Negative Affectivity.
Previously, attempts to measure the CSE trait were indirect, requiring the trait to be extracted from the four scales that measured each individual trait. However, a direct core self - evaluation scale, the CSES, has recently been developed and proven both reliable and valid. Although some researchers still favor using the individual trait scales to measure core self - evaluations, the use of the direct measure is growing more popular in recent literature.
There are several reasons the previous indirect measurement of the CSE trait was considered a limitation of CSE research:
The CSES consists of 12 items, and uses a five - point Likert scale (i.e., strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) to score responses. Sample items are below:
One of the more consistent and significant relationships that has been examined in the literature is the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction. In fact, when Judge et al. (1997) developed the construct of core self - evaluations, they did so in an effort to identify a valid dispositional predictor of job satisfaction. Since the creation of this construct in the Judge et al. (1997) study, research has continued to support the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction, which suggests that people who appraise themselves positively (i.e., rate themselves highly on core self - evaluations) are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs. Additional research has also confirmed that CSE traits can predict job satisfaction over time. People who have positive core - self evaluations are likely to be satisfied with their jobs throughout the duration of their lives spent in the work environment.
Job satisfaction is an outcome of core self - evaluations that has become well - established throughout psychological literature. However, Judge et al. (1997) suggest that researchers investigate other variables that may influence this relationship. In response, subsequent literature began to examine the influence of a variety of other constructs on the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction.
Job characteristics are attributes of the job that people traditionally find important, including the extent to which they identify with the tasks they are doing (identity), the extent to which they are assigned diverse tasks (variety), extent to which they feel their work affects others (significance), extent to which they receive productive feedback from their job (feedback), and the extent to which they feel they are allowed to make their own decisions at their job (autonomy). These characteristics play an important role in influencing the relationship between an individual 's core self - evaluations and their satisfaction with their job. Studies have found that perceived job characteristics partially mediate the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction. In other words, a person who appraises themselves positively (i.e., has high core self - evaluations) and has acquired a job which encompasses the aforementioned characteristics of identity, variety, significance, feedback, and autonomy, will be more likely to be satisfied with the job.
There have been various theoretical explanations for this mediation relationship addressed in the literature. Primarily, it is suggested that the relationship between core self - evaluations, job characteristics, and, thus, job satisfaction can be explained by two possible mediation models. The first model, known as the action mediation model, suggests that individuals ' respective levels of core self - evaluations influence the actions they take to obtain work with the proper job characteristics. According to this model, those with high core - self evaluations will be more likely to seek out job environments that allow them to make positive conclusions about their work. In other words, those who have positive appraisals of themselves (i.e. high core self - evaluations) will be more likely to search for and obtain jobs that have the necessary job characteristics and will consequently have high job satisfaction. The action mediation model also explains that an individual high in core self - evaluations may take more action to alter the characteristics of a job he or she has already obtained. For example, high core self - evaluation individuals may be more likely to seek feedback than low core self - evaluation individuals and, thus, will perceive higher levels of feedback at their job and higher job satisfaction.
The second model, the perception mediation model, suggests that individuals with high core self - evaluations will be more likely to perceive higher levels of the appropriate job characteristics than individuals with low core self - evaluations. For example, those low in the CSE trait will likely perceive less job autonomy and thus, have lower job satisfaction because they believe outside forces control their lives. On the other hand, those high in the CSE trait will likely perceive higher job autonomy because they believe they control their own environment and will, consequently, also perceive higher job satisfaction.
Lastly, a 2009 study by Stummp et al. expands on previous research of the core self - evaluation, job characteristic, and job satisfaction mediation relationship by examining which job characteristic is most important for this link. This study found that task significance had the strongest influence on the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction. Using the perception mediation model, this suggests that people high in core self - evaluations will perceive their job as more important to others and, therefore, will be more satisfied. On the other hand, this study acknowledged that another explanation could be that those with high core self - evaluations are confident in their actions and will seek out more ambitious goals, which will lead to higher perceived meaningfulness, and later, higher job satisfaction. This is the explanation the action mediation model would suggest. More than likely, it is a combination of the two models that explains the role of job characteristics in the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction.
The job characteristic studies primarily focus on perceived job characteristics, which are measured subjectively. Nevertheless, it has also been shown that objective measures of job characteristics, such as how challenging a job is (i.e., job complexity) can also influence the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction. Specifically, job complexity partially mediates the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction, such that a high CSE individual with a complex job will be more likely to be satisfied with their job. Similar to job characteristics, there is more than one explanation for this relationship. It could be that people high in core self - evaluation are attracted to more complex jobs because they see an opportunity for greater intrinsic rewards. However, it could also be the case that those with high core self - evaluations simply perceive higher complexity in their jobs. Judge et al. (2000) measured job complexity using job titles and confirmed both of these explanations; finding that individuals with high core self - evaluations not only perceived higher job complexity, but were also more likely to hold complex jobs, which led to higher job satisfaction.
Goal congruence also plays a role in influencing the relationship between one 's core self - evaluations and the satisfaction one has with one 's job. The theory behind goal congruence argues that people who choose self - concordant (i.e., congruent) goals will be happier with the goals they pursue, be more likely to put in effort towards achieving these goals, and, consequently, will be more likely to attain their goals. Self - concordant goals include goals that focus on intrinsic factors. For example, a person pursuing a self - concordant goal will choose a goal that they feel is personally important, and that they will enjoy. On the other hand, goals that are non-self - concordant will focus on more external factors. A person who chooses a non-self - concordant goal will focus on avoiding negative emotions (e.g., anxiety or guilt), satisfying someone else 's wishes, or on external rewards, like money. Judge, Bono, Erez, and Locke (2005) found that goal congruence, or choosing self - concordant goals, partially mediates the relationship between core self - evaluations and job satisfaction. The authors explain that individuals with positive self - regard (i.e. high core self - evaluations) believe themselves to be capable and competent and will be less likely to be affected by external factors; thus, they will be more likely to choose self - concordant goals, which will lead to higher satisfaction. On the other hand, individuals with negative self - regard will be susceptible to external factors like anxiety and guilt. These people will be more likely to pursue non-self - concordant goals and will report lower job satisfaction.
Job performance is another consistent and important outcome of core - self evaluations. Many theories have developed regarding how the CSE trait is related to job performance; the most popular of these theories argues that people with high core self - evaluations will be more motivated to perform well because they are confident they have the ability to do so. Another theory suggests that the link between core self - evaluations and performance can be attributed to supervisors enjoying the positivity of high CSE individuals and, thus, rating them highly on performance measures. Lastly, literature has argued that high CSE could be an ability factor. This last theory stems from intuitions made about core self - evaluations from previous connections found in literature. For example, literature has connected the construct of positive self - concept, an idea similar to core self - evaluations, to the ability to cope well with organizational change. Furthermore, individual core self - evaluation traits like emotional stability have been linked to job performance in team settings (Mount, Barrick, & Stewart, 1995 as cited in). Finally, it is suggested that those with a positive self - concept will be likely to perform well in customer service settings due to their positive emotional displays. These findings support the possibility that high core self - evaluations could indicate a person who has the ability to cope well with organizational change, to work well in groups, and to display positive emotions, all of which contribute to better performance.
Despite the variety of theories, motivation is generally the most accepted mediator of the core self - evaluations and job performance relationship. Previous literature suggests that those with negative self - appraisals (low CSE) will see a difficult task and determine that it is beyond their capabilities or out of their control, thus unmanageable. This will lead to low motivation and, consequently, poor performance. High CSE individuals, on the other hand, will be highly motivated to complete challenging tasks because they believe they have the ability and control to complete the tasks successfully. Consequently, high CSE individuals with high motivation will be more likely to perform better in their jobs than low CSE individuals.
A majority of the literature that examines core self - evaluations and job satisfaction also examines how both of these constructs relate to a person 's overall life satisfaction. Consistently, it has been found that people with high core self - evaluations are more likely to be satisfied with their jobs and with their lives in general than those who have low core - self evaluations.
Individuals who appraise themselves positively (i.e., have high core self - evaluations) are more likely to cope actively with job stress situations. They are more likely to try to alter the situation than to let the stress affect them. In other words, high CSE individuals will perceive less job stress than low core self - evaluation individuals.
Job burnout stems from stress at work. A person suffering from burnout is exhausted, cynical, and lacks motivation. Similar to job stress, job burnout has also been related to the core self - evaluations construct. Individuals with low core self - evaluations will consistently feel that they are unable to handle work tasks because they lack the ability or control. For this reason, those with low core self - evaluations will be more susceptible to job burnout than those with high core self - evaluations, who appraise themselves positively and have confidence in their ability to manage the situation. This is particularly important because of job burnout 's consistent relationship with voluntary turnover behavior (e.g., individuals choosing to leave the job), which is very costly for all organizations.
Judge and Hurst (2007) conducted a longitudinal study that assessed core self - evaluations in relation to income level in individuals as young adults and later as they entered mid-life. The authors found that core self - evaluations have a positive relationship with income level. In other words, individuals with high core self - evaluations will be more likely to obtain higher levels of income. This could be because those high in the CSE trait seek out better jobs, which offer opportunities for upward mobility and thus, higher income. The effect could also occur as a function of the relationship between core self - evaluations, motivation, and performance. High core self - evaluations are indicative of a person who will be highly motivated to perform competently, which will lead to better performance, and later, perhaps, a higher salary.
Furthermore, the authors assessed the role core self - evaluations may play in moderating the established relationship between family socioeconomic status and individual 's academic achievement as predictors of economic success later in life. Previous literature has confirmed that if you grow up in an affluent family and have a higher degree of education, then you will be more economically successful. Judge and Hurst (2007) found that core self - evaluations could strengthen this relationship. In other words, an individual high in core self - evaluations will be more likely to capitalize on the advantages given to them via their families economic success or through their own academic achievements and will consequently be more likely to be financially successful later on in life. The authors explain that individuals high in core self - evaluations cope better with events and situations they encounter in life and are motivated to consistently increase their performance and thus, are more likely to capitalize on the educational and financial advantages they already possess in young adulthood. This will allow them to have greater economic success, as measured by their income, in mid-life.
In the most recent literature, core self - evaluations have been linked to:
Core self - evaluations have primarily been studied with two of the most important work outcomes: job satisfaction and job performance. Due to the consistent relationships between core self - evaluations and these outcomes found in the literature, it is important to examine the implication these findings have on the use of core self - evaluation measures in an applied business setting.
Personnel selection is the process an organization uses to choose the appropriate individual to hire for a job position. Due to its direct relationship to job satisfaction and job performance, it seems logical that core self - evaluations should be included in personnel selection methods. In fact, researchers do support this idea to an extent. Below are advantages and disadvantages of using core self - evaluations in selection as suggested by Judge, Erez, & Bono (1998).
Due to the advantages for employers in employing individuals with high core self - evaluations, more research is necessary to determine the practicality of the core self - evaluation measure as part of a selection method.
Although CSE is generally thought to be a positive trait, hyper - CSE (i.e., very high levels of core self - evaluations) can lead to negative outcomes. Hiller and Hambrick (2005) suggest that hyper - CSE, common in executives, can lead to tainted decision making (e.g., less comprehensive and more centralized strategic decision - making process, greater organizational persistence in pursuing strategies launched by the executive). Additionally, because those with high core self - evaluations are likely to have more confidence in themselves and believe that they control their own environment, hyper - CSE may also result in overconfidence effect and / or illusion of control.
As research increases on the construct of core self - evaluations, two major criticisms of the trait have developed.
The theory behind the core self - evaluations construct is abstract. It posits that a person 's own fundamental evaluations can influence most other appraisals they make about their self and their environment. For this reason, it is difficult to empirically test the CSE trait and its subconscious effect on locus of control, neuroticism, self - esteem, and generalized self - efficacy. Moreover, it is unclear why CSE theory chose the four dimensions that it encompasses.
Previous studies have theorized that CSE is an underlying (i.e., latent) trait that explains the relationship between locus of control, neuroticism, self - efficacy, and self - esteem. However, it has also been suggested that core self - evaluations can be conceptualized as an "aggregate construct, '' which is composed of or predicted by its four dimensions. In other words, an individual 's levels on each of these traits may predict their level of core self - evaluations as opposed to the other way around. This conceptualization difference has important implications for how CSE is measured and, thus, has important implications for the effects found when researching this construct. For this reason, additional research is necessary to examine this conceptualization discrepancy.
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what is the name of currency of bhutan | Bhutanese Ngultrum - wikipedia
The ngultrum (Dzongkha: དངུལ ་ ཀྲམ (ŋul'tram), symbol: Nu., code: BTN) is the currency of the Kingdom of Bhutan. It is subdivided into 100 chhertum (Dzongkha: ཕྱེད ་ ཏམ (tʃet'tam), spelled as chetrums on coins until 1979). The Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan is the minting authority of the Ngultrum banknotes and coins. The Ngultrum is currently pegged to the Indian rupee at parity.
Until 1789, the coins of the Cooch Behar mint circulated in Bhutan. Following this, Bhutan began issuing its own coins known as chetrum, mostly silver 1⁄2 rupees. Hammered silver and copper coins were the only types issued until 1929, when modern style silver 1⁄2 rupee coins were introduced, followed by bronze 1 paisa in 1931 (dated 1928). Nickel 1⁄2 rupee coins were introduced in 1950. While the Cooch Behar mint coins circulated alongside Bhutan 's own coins, decimalization was introduced in 1957, when Bhutan 's first issue of coins denominated in naya paisa. The 1966 issues were 25 naya paisa, 50 naya paisa and 1 rupee coins, struck in cupro - nickel.
While the Bhutanese government developed its economy in the early 1960s, monetization in 1968 led to the establishment of the Bank of Bhutan. As monetary reforms took place in 1974, the Ngultrum was officially introduced as 100 Chhetrum equal to 1 Ngultrum. The Ngultrum retained the peg to the Indian rupee at par, which the Bhutanese coins had maintained.
The Ministry of Finance issued the first banknotes in 1974 denominated Nu. 1, Nu. 5, Nu, 10 and Nu. 100. This followed by the establishment of the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan as the central bank of Bhutan in 1982, which took over the authority to issue banknotes in 1983, replacing the authority of the Ministry of Finance.
In 1974, aluminium Ch. 5 and Ch. 10, aluminium - bronze Ch. 20 and cupro - nickel Ch. 25 and Nu. 1 were introduced. The Ch. 5 was square and the Ch. 10 was scallop - shaped. A new coinage was introduced in 1979, consisting of bronze Ch. 5 and Ch. 10, and cupro - nickel Ch. 25 and Ch. 50 and Nu. 1 and Nu. 3. Aluminium - bronze Ch. 25 were also issued dated 1979. The Ch. 5 and Ch. 10 have largely ceased circulating. Currently coins are available in denominations of Ch. 20, Ch. 25, Ch. 50 and Nu. 1.
On June 2, 1974, Nu. 1, Nu. 5 and Nu. 10 notes were introduced by the Royal Government of Bhutan, followed by Nu. 2, Nu. 20, Nu. 50, and Nu. 100 in 1978. On August 4, 1982, the Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan Act was enacted, although the RMA did n't began actual operations until November 1, 1983, and did not issue its own family of notes until 1986.
In 2006, the Monetary Authority introduced its latest series of notes, with denominations of Nu. 1, Nu. 5, Nu. 10, Nu. 20, Nu. 50, Nu. 100, Nu. 500, and Nu. 1000. These notes use a hybrid substrate.
1 us dollar = 65 Nu.
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american horror story season 3 episode 1 cast | American Horror Story: Coven - wikipedia
American Horror Story: Coven is the third season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It premiered on October 9, 2013, and concluded on January 29, 2014. The season takes place in 2013, in New Orleans, and follows a Coven of Salem witches as they fight for survival. It also features flashbacks to the 1830s, 1910s, 1960s and 1970s.
Returning cast members from the previous season of the series include: Robin Bartlett, Frances Conroy, Jessica Lange, Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, and Lily Rabe. Taissa Farmiga, Jamie Brewer, Denis O'Hare, and Alexandra Breckenridge also make their returns to the series.
Like its predecessors, Coven was met with both mostly positive reviews, and strong ratings, with the premiere episode attracting a series high of 5.54 million viewers. The season garnered seventeen Primetime Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Miniseries and five acting nominations for Jessica Lange, Sarah Paulson, Angela Bassett, Frances Conroy, and Kathy Bates, with Lange and Bates winning their respective acting categories. In addition, Coven was nominated for Best Miniseries or TV Film at the Golden Globe Awards.
In the series ' fifth cycle, Hotel, Gabourey Sidibe reprised her role as Queenie in the eleventh episode of the season.
The third season follows a Coven of Salem descendants who reside within Miss Robichaux 's Academy in New Orleans. Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga) is sent to the Academy after discovering her dark power: she can magically induce brain hemorrhaging in any man by having sex with him. Upon arrival, she meets Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), a telekinetic and a recovering drug abuser who was once a child film star; Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe), a descendant of Tituba with the power to inflict wounds on others by harming herself, without feeling any pain; and Nan (Jamie Brewer), an enigmatic clairvoyant who can hear the thoughts of others.
The Academy is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx (Sarah Paulson), who has always lived in the shadow of her mother, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange). Fiona is the Coven 's "Supreme '', a witch born every generation who embodies specific gifts and magical abilities known as the Seven Wonders of Witchcraft. The Academy is looked after by Spalding (Denis O'Hare), a mute butler who has a mysterious relationship with Fiona. The Coven is assessed by the Council of Witchcraft, which includes Fiona 's old rival and Cordelia 's mother figure, Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy).
At a party, Zoe meets fraternity president Kyle Spencer (Evan Peters), who takes a liking to her. Madison is gang - raped by Kyle 's frat brothers and, as revenge, uses her power to flip their bus, killing Kyle and six others. Two of the boys survive and are placed in critical care. Zoe goes to the hospital and kills the remaining rapist with her power. To repay Zoe, Madison revives a dismembered Kyle by attaching his frat brothers ' severed limbs to his head and casting a resurrection spell, but he returns frightened and simple - minded. It is revealed that Kyle 's mother sexually abused him, making it hard for him to be trusting of physical touch. His revived corpse attracts Misty Day (Lily Rabe), a witch who resurrected herself after being burned at the stake.
Meanwhile, Fiona is cursed with an untreatable cancer due to a new Supreme rising. She tries, in vain, to regain her youth and cure herself. Voodoo priestess and the Salem witches ' rival, Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett), has gained immortality by dealing with a voodoo spirit, Papa Legba (Lance Reddick). Fiona frees Marie 's immortal prisoner, 19th - century slave killer Delphine LaLaurie (Kathy Bates), who becomes the Academy 's maid. She struggles to adjust to the modern world due to her inherent racism. Fiona believes Madison is the next Supreme and slits her throat; Spalding helps cover it up. Zoe discovers Spalding 's secrets and kills him, turning him into a ghost that haunts the Academy. Cordelia is blinded in an acid attack by witch hunters, one of whom is her husband. Myrtle is framed by Fiona, with Queenie 's help, and is burned at the stake.
In 1919, witches of the Academy killed the notorious serial killer the Axeman (Danny Huston), whose spirit has since been confined inside the Academy 's walls. He is freed when Zoe tries to contact the ghost of Madison via ouija board. He then begins a twisted romance with Fiona. Misty revives Myrtle and Madison, both of whom return with vengeful notions; Madison seduces Kyle behind Zoe 's back, and Myrtle slaughters the Council of Witchcraft. Queenie joins the voodoo tribe and gives over Delphine, who is tortured and beheaded but remains alive. Cordelia 's husband, Hank (Josh Hamilton), slaughters the tribe and nearly kills Marie, before Queenie uses her powers on Hank by shooting herself in the head, killing him.
A hopeless Marie joins the Academy, and she and Fiona drown Nan in order to fulfill a deal with Legba and remove a Supreme candidate. Queenie returns with a reattached Delphine. Marie, Fiona, and the Axeman slaughter the witch hunters. Spalding 's ghost helps Delphine dissect Marie. Madison attempts to eliminate Supreme competition by entombing Misty, but she is brought back by Queenie and Cordelia. Queenie kills Delphine after making a deal with Legba to return her mortality. Marie and Delphine are banished to hell for eternity due to their actions in life. Fiona makes the Axeman believe he has murdered her, and the witches kill him in return.
The Coven sets out to find the next Supreme with the test of Seven Wonders. Misty and Zoe die while attempting different tests. Queenie is disqualified when she is unable to revive Zoe. Madison can but refuses, and angrily leaves after she fails a test. Kyle then kills her for not saving Zoe. Cordelia enters the competition and successfully brings Zoe back. She becomes the new Supreme, regains her sight, and reveals the Coven to the world. Myrtle is burned once again for murdering the Council. Zoe and Queenie are appointed seats on the Council, and Kyle becomes the new butler. Fiona returns to the Coven alive but withered from cancer. She makes amends with Cordelia, before dying in her arms. Fiona is then banished to hell with the Axeman. Cordelia, Zoe, Queenie, and Kyle open the doors to the Academy, welcoming the new recruitment of witches.
In January 2013, series co-creator Ryan Murphy hinted that a clue about the third season would be hidden in the tenth episode of the second season. In a later interview discussing that episode, he stated, "I sorta feel like for the third version I want to do something that 's a little bit more ' evil glamour. ' Just something that 's a little bit more... one of the things that I missed this season was I really loved having that Romeo and Juliet youth story with Violet and Tate (from the first season). I want something like that again and we 're doing something like that in the third season. And we 're contemplating shooting the show in a different place. We 're contemplating shooting it in a place in the country where true horror has been. '' In another interview, Murphy added that the season would be set in the modern day.
Executive producer Tim Minear has stated that, while this season 's tone might be lighter with more humor, the global themes of it will be "oppression of minorities of all kinds, and within that idea, minority groups going after each other and doing the work of the larger culture. '' He added, "While there is a strong feminist theme that runs throughout Coven, there are themes of race and themes of oppression, and themes of family -- especially mothers and daughters. ''
In October 2016, Murphy stated that a future season of the show will feature a return / continuation of Coven. However, that season is to be determined. He stated that this is not the theme for season 7, but a later season. He also confirmed that Lady Gaga 's character from Roanoke is the first Supreme. Later that month, Murphy announced that the season would be a Coven and Murder House crossover continuation. Merging stories, themes and characters. He also stated that he had begun reaching out to actors from both seasons to reprise their respective roles.
Series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, "many actors '' would return for the third season in different roles. Jessica Lange, Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson all confirmed their returns. Murphy added that Lange would portray a "real glamour - cat lady '', whose name was later revealed to be Fiona Goode. Paulson said in an interview that her character would "definitely (be) different (to her season two character). '' She added, "Basically, she 's going to look different, and my relationship to Lange is going to be quite different this time. At the beginning of last season, no one knew that Lana would be the hero, so it 's possible I could end up the evil one this year. As of right now, there will be some of Lana Winters ' qualities in my character, but I do n't know for sure. '' Taissa Farmiga, who played a lead role in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character involved in a prominent romance with Peters ' character. Lily Rabe and Frances Conroy portrayed series regulars Misty Day and Myrtle Snow, respectively. Kathy Bates co-starred as Delphine LaLaurie, an evil woman from the past who tortures her slaves. Murphy stated that Bates ' character would be "five times worse than (her) Misery character '' and is also inspired by a "true event ''. It was reported on May 22, 2013 that Emma Roberts would co-star as Madison Montgomery, a difficult Hollywood starlet.
In May 2013, Murphy announced via Twitter that Angela Bassett and Patti LuPone had joined the cast. Bassett later confirmed she would be playing voodoo priestess, Marie Laveau. In an interview, LuPone said that her character, Joan Ramsey, would not be a witch but "the personification of the religious right, ' like Piper Laurie in Carrie. ' '' Gabourey Sidibe appeared in 12 episodes of the season portraying Queenie, a young witch, whose prominent ability allows her to become a human voodoo doll. First season actress Jamie Brewer recurred as Nan, a young witch who is clairvoyant.
In July and August 2013, Murphy announced through Twitter that first season alums Denis O'Hare and Alexandra Breckenridge had joined the cast in unknown roles, later known as Spalding and Kaylee, respectively. Also in August, Murphy announced that Christine Ebersole would be playing a "Glinda the Good Witch - type of gal '', who is Fiona 's predecessor. In an interview, Jessica Lange revealed that Mare Winningham had joined the cast as Peters ' character 's mother, Alicia Spencer. Leslie Jordan announced that he had joined the cast as Quentin Fleming, a high - ranking witch. In September 2013, Alexander Dreymon was cast in the role of Luke Ramsey. Described as "the handsome young man who moves in next door to the Academy ''. Danny Huston, Josh Hamilton, and Lance Reddick all recurred throughout the season as the Axeman, Hank Foxx, and Papa Legba, respectively. Murphy also invited singer Stevie Nicks to be a part of the season. She appeared in two episodes, "The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks '' and "The Seven Wonders ''.
Principal photography for the season began on July 23, 2013, in New Orleans, Louisiana. The casting call reads, "After two seasons shooting in Los Angeles, the series moves to (New Orleans) for its third season. Filming begins July 23, 2013 in New Orleans, Louisiana and (will be) completed on January 17, 2014. '' Despite Ryan Murphy stating that the third season would take place in multiple cities, New Orleans is the primary setting of the third installment.
Witches are humans gifted with the power to affect change by supernatural or paranormal means, a practice known as "witchcraft ''. Witches are generally female, though there are a few male witches, referred to as "warlocks ''. Because of their unnatural abilities and supposed connections with dark forces, witches have historically been feared, persecuted, and hunted. Many escaped the Salem witch trials and sought refuge in New Orleans. Among the population of witches, there is always one witch per generation who possesses a class of seven powers considered to be advanced acts of magic. This witch is known as the "Supreme ''. As the witches settled in their new territory, a rivalry between them and the native Voodoo practitioners arose. The feud is still ongoing in present day New Orleans. A group of witches are the focus of Coven, in which magic is a genetic heredity that connects a person to the elements and forces of nature in order to practice witchcraft.
It has been attested that the witches of Salem received their power from the Voodoo slave girl Tituba, though evidently, their abilities stem from a genetic affliction that is passed down through bloodlines. During the Salem witch trials in 1692, witches faced persecution and decided to flee south in the midst of the hysteria. However, their ailing Supreme, Prudence Mather, was unable to make the journey and decided to take her own life in a ritual known as the Sacred Taking. This selfless act allowed a new Supreme to take power and lead the Coven to safety, where they eventually settled in New Orleans. The generations of witches to follow would become known as the "Salem descendants ''.
The governing body of the witches and warlocks, depicted as elders and known as the "Council of Wichcraft '', are very old fashioned as they still use typewriters in modern times. They are responsible for policing witch crimes, the concealment of witchcraft to the uninitiated, and for the welcoming of potential students to Miss Robichaux 's Academy. The council only visits the Coven on very important cases, such as the death of another witch.
The Supreme Witch, known more colloquially as the Supreme, is a worldwide recognized status among the witches descending from the Salem witch trials. While most witches possess only a handful of gifts, the Supreme is said to embody multiple, if not all, gifts. Historically, there is said to be only one Supreme per generation (approximately 30 -- 50 years). Part of being a Supreme means no ailments or diseases would harm them. The Supreme role comes with the responsibility of the entire Coven as a leader of the new generation. One of the most important tasks of the Supreme is to identify her successor, a task that was n't accomplished by former Supreme Fiona Goode, and, as a consequence, multiple girls were tested and one of them died trying to perform the Seven Wonders.
As a new Supreme flowers, the life force of the current regnant gradually fades, which manifests as multiple organ failures, disease, and cancer due to the crippled immune system. In the cases where a new Supreme must rise before the natural death of the incumbent, a ritual known as "The Sacred Taking '' is employed; it is a stylized suicide blessed by Coven members. It was developed when the ailing Prudence Mather was not able to make the journey to relocate the Coven to New Orleans during the Salem Witch Trials, and allowed a potential to ascend to Supremacy. Fiona inherited her powers earlier than most Supremes (she was in her late teens to early twenties at the time) because she killed her generation 's Supreme and self - ascended. Fiona lived for a while after Cordelia became the Supreme, but had already become very weak and sickly.
According to Ryan Murphy, the original Supreme is Scáthach, from Roanoke. Scáthach is an immortal English woman descending from the Druids and their Roman conqueror, and is a practitioner of prehistoric Celtic religion and a worshipper of the Old Gods. She was a stowaway on a British voyage destined for the colonies, but the ship 's occupants all died. The colonists discovered her upon landfall and blamed her presence for enraging the sea gods. She was subsequently imprisoned and sentenced to be burned at the stake for witchcraft. Using her darker powers, she massacred the soldiers. This was later blamed on Natives, and Scáthach escaped into the wild. Prudence Mather was the Supreme of Salem. Marion Warton, the purchaser of Miss Robichaux 's Academy and the predecessor of Mimi DeLongpre, was followed by Anna - Leigh Leighton, Fiona Goode and the current Supreme, Cordelia Foxx.
A number of magical powers and abilities have been showcased in Coven. Some abilities are inherent or reflexive to certain witches, that is they do not need to focus or concentrate. It is not rare for a witch to manifest more than three powers, though a Supreme is required to have at least seven (the Seven Wonders), though not necessarily all possible powers. It is said that the reason that a Supreme is so powerful is because she is the physical embodiment of many and or all powers. Witches are shown to be able to use their powers collectively. Certain abilities can also be triggered by certain events and substances. Voodoo and witchcraft practitioners share certain powers.
All Supremes are assumed to have demonstrated these abilities during their ascension to Supremacy, despite not necessarily being depicted. The explicit depictions of the seven gifts are:
Similar to the prior seasons, FX published mini teaser trailers for Coven on the show 's Facebook page.
American Horror Story: Coven has received positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 85 % approval rating, with an average rating of 7.2 / 10, based on 32 reviews. The site 's consensus reads, "A noteworthy ensemble cast combined with creepy storytelling and campy, outrageous thrills make American Horror Story: Coven a potently structured fright-fest. '' The season scored 71 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 24 reviews.
In contrast, Coven was also met with negative reviews from some critics. The A.V. Club gave the season a low rating of D+, with critic Todd VanDerWerff remarking, "It lurched drunkenly from idea to idea, never settling on one long enough to build anything of worth. ''
In their post-season reviews, The Michigan Daily gave Coven a B+, saying, "And while its conclusion, appropriately titled "The Seven Wonders '', never quite matched the high standard it set for itself throughout the season, Coven 's reputation will nonetheless remain a solid one. '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly gave the season a B rating and said, "I ca n't deny my experience: Week to week, the excesses of Coven were wickedly amusing. Next year, I hope American Horror Story can be more than that, and with less. ''
In its third season, the series was nominated for 73 awards, 13 of which were won.
Coven 's premiere episode, "Bitchcraft '', was watched by 5.54 million viewers, which, at the time, was the highest total viewers of any American Horror Story episode. It was surpassed by the fourth season 's premiere, "Monsters Among Us '', which received 6.13 million viewers during its broadcast. The ratings slipped for the second episode, delivering 4.51 million viewers and a 2.5 rating among adults 18 - 49 -- down 17 % from the premiere. The rest of the season 's episodes remained relatively steady in ratings; the episode with the lowest viewing numbers was the penultimate episode, "Go to Hell ''.
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which of the following are goals of behavior-driven design (bdd) select all that apply | Behavior - driven development - Wikipedia
In software engineering, behavior - driven development (BDD) is a software development process that emerged from test - driven development (TDD). Behavior - driven development combines the general techniques and principles of TDD with ideas from domain - driven design and object - oriented analysis and design to provide software development and management teams with shared tools and a shared process to collaborate on software development.
Although BDD is principally an idea about how software development should be managed by both business interests and technical insight, the practice of BDD does assume the use of specialized software tools to support the development process. Although these tools are often developed specifically for use in BDD projects, they can be seen as specialized forms of the tooling that supports test - driven development. The tools serve to add automation to the ubiquitous language that is a central theme of BDD.
BDD is largely facilitated through the use of a simple domain - specific language (DSL) using natural language constructs (e.g., English - like sentences) that can express the behavior and the expected outcomes. Test scripts have long been a popular application of DSLs with varying degrees of sophistication. BDD is considered an effective technical practice especially when the "problem space '' of the business problem to solve is complex.
Behavior - driven development is an extension of test - driven development: development that makes use of a simple, domain - specific scripting language. These DSLs convert structured natural language statements into executable tests. The result is a closer relationship to acceptance criteria for a given function and the tests used to validate that functionality. As such it is a natural extension of TDD testing in general.
BDD focuses on:
At the heart of BDD is a rethinking of the approach to the unit testing and acceptance testing that naturally arise with these issues. For example, BDD suggests that unit test names be whole sentences starting with a conditional verb ("should '' in English for example) and should be written in order of business value. Acceptance tests should be written using the standard agile framework of a user story: "As a (role) I want (feature) so that (benefit) ''. Acceptance criteria should be written in terms of scenarios and implemented as classes: Given (initial context), when (event occurs), then (ensure some outcomes).
Starting from this point, many people developed BDD frameworks over a period of years, finally framing it as a communication and collaboration framework for developers, QA and non-technical or business participants in a software project. During the "Agile specifications, BDD and Testing eXchange '' in November 2009 in London, Dan North gave the following description of BDD:
BDD is a second - generation, outside - in, pull - based, multiple - stakeholder, multiple - scale, high - automation, agile methodology. It describes a cycle of interactions with well - defined outputs, resulting in the delivery of working, tested software that matters.
Dan North created a BDD framework, JBehave, followed by a story - level BDD framework for Ruby called RBehave which was later integrated into the RSpec project. He also worked with David Chelimsky, Aslak Hellesøy and others to develop RSpec and also to write "The RSpec Book: Behaviour Driven Development with RSpec, Cucumber, and Friends ''. The first story - based framework in RSpec was later replaced by Cucumber mainly developed by Aslak Hellesøy. Capybara, which is a part of the Cucumber testing framework is one such web - based test automation software.
Test - driven development is a software development methodology which essentially states that for each unit of software, a software developer must:
This definition is rather non-specific in that it allows tests in terms of high - level software requirements, low - level technical details or anything in between. One way of looking at BDD therefore, is that it is a continued development of TDD which makes more specific choices than TDD.
Behavior - driven development specifies that tests of any unit of software should be specified in terms of the desired behavior of the unit. Borrowing from agile software development the "desired behavior '' in this case consists of the requirements set by the business -- that is, the desired behavior that has business value for whatever entity commissioned the software unit under construction. Within BDD practice, this is referred to as BDD being an "outside - in '' activity.
Following this fundamental choice, a second choice made by BDD relates to how the desired behavior should be specified. In this area BDD chooses to use a semi-formal format for behavioral specification which is borrowed from user story specifications from the field of object - oriented analysis and design. The scenario aspect of this format may be regarded as an application of Hoare logic to behavioral specification of software units using the Domain Language of the situation.
BDD specifies that business analysts and developers should collaborate in this area and should specify behavior in terms of user stories, which are each explicitly written down in a dedicated document. Each user story should, in some way, follow the following structure:
BDD does not have any formal requirements for exactly how these user stories must be written down, but it does insist that each team using BDD come up with a simple, standardized format for writing down the user stories which includes the elements listed above. However, in 2007 Dan North suggested a template for a textual format which has found wide following in different BDD software tools. A very brief example of this format might look like this:
The scenarios are ideally phrased declaratively rather than imperatively -- in the business language, with no reference to elements of the UI through which the interactions take place.
This format is referred to as the Gherkin language, which has a syntax similar to the above example. The term Gherkin, however, is specific to the Cucumber, JBehave, behave and Behat software tools.
Behavior - driven development borrows the concept of the ubiquitous language from domain driven design. A ubiquitous language is a (semi -) formal language that is shared by all members of a software development team -- both software developers and non-technical personnel. The language in question is both used and developed by all team members as a common means of discussing the domain of the software in question. In this way BDD becomes a vehicle for communication between all the different roles in a software project.
A common risk with software development includes communication breakdowns between Developers and Business Stakeholders. BDD uses the specification of desired behavior as a ubiquitous language for the project Team members. This is the reason that BDD insists on a semi-formal language for behavioral specification: some formality is a requirement for being a ubiquitous language. In addition, having such a ubiquitous language creates a domain model of specifications, so that specifications may be reasoned about formally. This model is also the basis for the different BDD - supporting software tools that are available.
The example given above establishes a user story for a software system under development. This user story identifies a stakeholder, a business effect and a business value. It also describes several scenarios, each with a precondition, trigger and expected outcome. Each of these parts is exactly identified by the more formal part of the language (the term Given might be considered a keyword, for example) and may therefore be processed in some way by a tool that understands the formal parts of the ubiquitous language.
Most BDD applications use text - based DSLs and specification approaches. However, graphical modeling of integration scenarios has also been applied successfully in practice, e.g., for testing purposes.
Much like test - driven design practice, behavior - driven development assumes the use of specialized support tooling in a project. In as much as BDD is, in many respects, a more specific version of TDD, the tooling for BDD is similar to that for TDD, but makes more demands on the developer than basic TDD tooling.
In principle a BDD support tool is a testing framework for software, much like the tools that support TDD. However, where TDD tools tend to be quite free - format in what is allowed for specifying tests, BDD tools are linked to the definition of the ubiquitous language discussed earlier.
As discussed, the ubiquitous language allows business analysts to write down behavioral requirements in a way that will also be understood by developers. The principle of BDD support tooling is to make these same requirements documents directly executable as a collection of tests. If this can not be achieved because of reasons related to the technical tool that enables the execution of the specifications, then either the style of writing the behavioral requirements must be altered or the tool must be changed. The exact implementation of behavioral requirements varies per tool, but agile practice has come up with the following general process:
Dan North has developed a number of frameworks that support BDD (including JBehave and RBehave), whose operation is based on the template that he suggested for recording user stories. These tools use a textual description for use cases and several other tools (such as CBehave) have followed suit. However, this format is not required and so there are other tools that use other formats as well. For example, Fitnesse (which is built around decision tables), has also been used to roll out BDD.
There are several different examples of BDD software tools in use in projects today, for different platforms and programming languages.
Possibly the most well - known is JBehave, which was developed by Dan North. The following is an example taken from that project:
Consider an implementation of the Game of Life. A domain expert (or business analyst) might want to specify what should happen when someone is setting up a starting configuration of the game grid. To do this, he might want to give an example of a number of steps taken by a person who is toggling cells. Skipping over the narrative part, he might do this by writing up the following scenario into a plain text document (which is the type of input document that JBehave reads):
The bold print is not part of the input; it is included here to show which words are recognized as formal language. JBehave recognizes the terms Given (as a precondition which defines the start of a scenario), When (as an event trigger) and Then (as a postcondition which must be verified as the outcome of the action that follows the trigger). Based on this, JBehave is capable of reading the text file containing the scenario and parsing it into clauses (a set - up clause and then three event triggers with verifiable conditions). JBehave then takes these clauses and passes them on to code that is capable of setting a test, responding to the event triggers and verifying the outcome. This code must be written by the developers in the project team (in Java, because that is the platform JBehave is based on). In this case, the code might look like this:
The code has a method for every type of clause in a scenario. JBehave will identify which method goes with which clause through the use of annotations and will call each method in order while running through the scenario. The text in each clause in the scenario is expected to match the template text given in the code for that clause (for example, a Given in a scenario is expected to be followed by a clause of the form "a X by Y game ''). JBehave supports the matching of clauses to templates and has built - in support for picking terms out of the template and passing them to methods in the test code as parameters. The test code provides an implementation for each clause type in a scenario which interacts with the code that is being tested and performs a test based on the scenario. In this case:
The primary function of this code is to be a bridge between a text file with a story and the code being tested. Note that the test code has access to the code being tested (in this case an instance of Game) and is very simple in nature. The test code has to be simple, otherwise a developer would end up having to write tests for his tests.
Finally, in order to run the tests, JBehave requires some plumbing code that identifies the text files which contain scenarios and which inject dependencies (like instances of Game) into the test code. This plumbing code is not illustrated here, since it is a technical requirement of JBehave and does not relate directly to the principle of BDD - style testing.
A separate subcategory of behavior - driven development is formed by tools that use specifications as an input language rather than user stories. An example of this style is the RSpec tool that was also developed by Dan North. Specification tools do n't use user stories as an input format for test scenarios but rather use functional specifications for units that are being tested. These specifications often have a more technical nature than user stories and are usually less convenient for communication with business personnel than are user stories. An example of a specification for a stack might look like this:
Such a specification may exactly specify the behavior of the component being tested, but is less meaningful to a business user. As a result, specification - based testing is seen in BDD practice as a complement to story - based testing and operates at a lower level. Specification testing is often seen as a replacement for free - format unit testing.
Specification testing tools like RSpec and JDave are somewhat different in nature from tools like JBehave. Since they are seen as alternatives to basic unit testing tools like JUnit, these tools tend to favor forgoing the separation of story and testing code and prefer embedding the specification directly in the test code instead. For example, an RSpec test for a hashtable might look like this:
This example shows a specification in readable language embedded in executable code. In this case a choice of the tool is to formalize the specification language into the language of the test code by adding methods named it and should. Also there is the concept of a specification precondition -- the before section establishes the preconditions that the specification is based on.
The result of test will be:
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who won gold in women's olympic hockey | List of Olympic medalists in Ice Hockey - wikipedia
Ice hockey is a sport that is contested at the Winter Olympic Games. A men 's ice hockey tournament has been held every Winter Olympics (starting in 1924); an ice hockey tournament was also held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. From 1920 to 1968, the Olympics also acted as the Ice Hockey World Championships, and the two events occurred concurrently. From 1920 until 1984, only amateur athletes were allowed to compete in the tournament, and players from the National Hockey League (NHL) were not allowed to compete. The countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state - sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. In 1970, after a disagreement over the definition of amateur players, Canada withdrew from the tournament and did not send a team to the 1972 or 1976 Winter Olympics. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to allow professional athletes to compete in the Olympics, and starting in 1998, the NHL allowed its players to participate. Women 's ice hockey was added in 1992 and the first tournament was held at the 1998 Winter Olympics. Both events have been held at every Olympic Games since.
In women 's hockey, Canadians Jayna Hefford and Hayley Wickenheiser hold the record for total medals (five), having won four gold and one silver. Their team mate Caroline Ouellette also won four gold medals. Four other athletes have won four medals: two Canadians - Becky Kellar and Jennifer Botterill with three gold and a silver - and three Americans - Angela Ruggiero, Jenny Potter (each with one gold, two silver and one bronze) and Julie Chu (three silver and one bronze).
Eight male athletes have won four medals: Vladislav Tretiak (three gold, one silver), Igor Kravchuk (two gold, one silver, one bronze), Jiří Holík (two silver, two bronze) and five players (all from Finland), each with one silver and three bronze: Teemu Selänne, Kimmo Timonen, Saku Koivu, Jere Lehtinen, and Ville Peltonen. Six have won three gold medals: Tretiak, Anatoli Firsov, Viktor Kuzkin, Andrei Khomutov, Alexander Ragulin and Vitali Davydov.
From 1920 to 1952, teams from Canada dominated the men 's tournament, winning six gold and one silver medal. The Soviet Union began competing at the Olympics in 1956 and won nine straight Olympic medals, including seven gold. The Soviet Union broke up in 1991, and in 1992, a Unified Team composed mainly of former Soviet players won gold. Teams from Canada have won the most medals, with fifteen, including nine gold. As of the 2014 Winter Olympics, 81 medals (26 of each color) have been awarded to teams from 13 National Olympic Committees.
Individuals who have been inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame (including announced members awaiting induction) are indicated as follows:
Individuals who have been inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame (including announced members awaiting induction) are indicated as follows:
^ Note 1. The members of the 1920 Czechoslovakia team vary depending on the source. Karel Hartmann, Vilém Loos, Jan Palouš, Jan Peka, Karel Pešek, Josef Šroubek and Otakar Vindyš are all consistently included on team lists. However, there is a discrepancy over Karel Wälzer, Josef Loos, Karel Kotrba and Adolf Dušek. The following are the lineups based on the listings of the Czech Olympic Committee (COC), International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Society of Olympic Historians (ISOH). This table does not list the seven that are included in every source.
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how much does it cost to buy an nrl team | List of NRL club owners - Wikipedia
This is a list of club owners in the National Rugby League (NRL), the top league of professional rugby league clubs in Australasia.
Balmain Leagues Club (25 %)
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ray parker jr. i'm in love with the other woman | The Other Woman (Ray Parker Jr album) - wikipedia
The Other Woman is the debut solo album by guitarist / singer / songwriter Ray Parker Jr. released in 1982 on the Arista label. The album was remastered and expanded by Funky Town Grooves in June 2012 including 3 bonus tracks.
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game of thrones season 1 who saves arya | Baelor - wikipedia
"Baelor '' is the ninth and penultimate episode of the first season of the HBO medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. First aired on June 12, 2011, it was written by the show 's creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor, his directorial debut for the series.
The plot depicts Eddard Stark, imprisoned and accused of high treason, struggling with the decision whether to falsely confess to save his daughters, and he is ultimately beheaded by King Joffrey. His wife Catelyn negotiates with Lord Walder Frey for the use of a strategic river crossing and his son Robb fights his first battle in the war against the Lannisters. Meanwhile, Jon Snow discovers a secret about Maester Aemon, and Daenerys stands up to Qotho and challenges Dothraki traditions to care for Khal Drogo. The title refers to the great Sept (church) in King 's Landing where Ned meets his fate.
The episode received great acclaim among critics, who cited the final scene with Eddard Stark 's beheading as a highlight for the series, calling it a "daring, tragic finish. '' In the United States, the episode achieved a viewership of 2.66 million in its initial broadcast. The episode was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series and Peter Dinklage won the award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his performance.
At dinner, Lord Tywin tells his son Tyrion that Tyrion and his barbarian allies will fight in the vanguard of the army. Tyrion suspects his father is trying to get him killed. Tyrion returns to his camp and finds the prostitute Shae whom Bronn found for him at Tyrion 's request. As the three of them swap stories, Tyrion reveals that, when he was 16, he married a woman named Tysha whom Jaime and he had rescued. When his father Tywin learned of this, he made Jaime confess that Tysha was actually a hired prostitute. Tywin then made Tyrion watch as Lannister guardsmen all had sex with her, each paying her one silver coin provided by Lord Tywin.
Later, Tyrion is awakened by Bronn as a Stark force approaches. Tyrion leaves his tent dressed in armor and orders the hill tribes to combat, but he is trampled as they rush to war. By the time he regains consciousness, the battle has been played out. Lord Tywin reveals that the Stark host was only 2,000 men, leaving them to wonder where the other 18,000 went.
The Stark army arrives at the Twins, a fortified bridge stronghold controlled by the cranky Lord Walder Frey, who is nominally sworn to Catelyn 's father Hoster Tully. However, Lord Frey has sealed off the bridge and refuses to let the army cross, so Catelyn negotiates on her son Robb 's behalf. After some hard bargaining, Frey agrees to allow the Stark army to cross through The Twins and to commit some of his troops to the conflict with the Lannisters, but, in return, he wants Robb and his sister Arya to marry two of his children, to which Robb reluctantly agrees.
After crossing the river, Robb divides his forces, sending the aforementioned 2,000 men to distract Lord Tywin 's army. Due to the false information Robb gave to the captured Lannister scout, Lord Tywin 's force believes it is the whole Stark army. The remainder of Robb 's men sneak up on Jaime Lannister 's army, defeating them and capturing Jaime. When captured, Jaime challenges Robb to a one - on - one duel to settle the matter, which Robb declines.
Lord Commander Mormont gives Jon Snow House Mormont 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword Longclaw, which was originally meant for his son Ser Jorah before Jorah 's exile, as a reward for saving his life from the undead ranger. Jon is upset, however, when Sam tells him about Robb 's war against the Lannisters, feeling that he should be there to help Robb.
Maester Aemon summons Jon and explains to him the reason why members of the Night 's Watch do not marry: it would force them to choose between their duty to the order or loyalty to their loved ones. Aemon knows this very well because he is actually Aemon Targaryen, the Mad King Aerys Targaryen 's uncle and Daenerys 's great - uncle, who dutifully and reluctantly stayed at the Wall while his family members were killed or exiled when the Targaryens were overthrown. Aemon advises Jon that he must choose either his duty to the Night 's Watch or his family, but also warns that the consequences of his choice will haunt him for the rest of his life.
Khal Drogo, delirious from an infection caused by the chest wound inflicted by Mago, falls from his saddle, a sign of weakness among the Dothraki. Daenerys takes Drogo into her tent and sends for Mirri Maz Duur to help him. However, Ser Jorah Mormont advises Daenerys that they should leave now because the Dothraki only respect the physically strong. He explains that, if Drogo dies, Qotho and the other bloodriders will fight amongst themselves to be his successor; whoever wins will kill her and her unborn child to prevent Drogo 's son from growing up to be a rival. Daenerys refuses to abandon her husband, even when Mirri tells Daenerys that she can not save him and instead advises giving Drogo a quick, clean death. In desperation, Daenerys encourages Mirri to use blood magic despite Mirri 's warning about the consequences of such a spell, that only death can pay for life. Mirri brings Drogo 's horse into the tent, slits its throat, orders everyone to leave, and warns that none must enter during the spell. Qotho, shocked at what Daenerys has done, tries to stop the spell, but Mormont kills him to prevent interference. Daenerys then goes into premature labor, but none of the Dothraki midwives help her, owing to their belief that she is cursed. In desperation, Mormont carries Daenerys into Drogo 's tent to seek Mirri 's help.
Varys visits Ned in the dungeons and tells Ned that if he makes a false confession and swears loyalty to King Joffrey, Cersei will spare Ned and let him serve the Night 's Watch as his exile. Ned initially refuses but relents after Varys tells him that his daughter Sansa 's life is also at stake.
Arya, who has been living as a beggar in the streets of King 's Landing since her escape from the Lannisters, learns a crowd is gathering at the Great Sept of Baelor, where her father will be judged before the gods, and in order to see over the crowd, climbs onto the statue of Baelor the Blessed. As he is dragged through the crowd, Ned notices Arya on the statue, and alerts the Night 's Watch recruiter Yoren to her location. With Sansa, Cersei, Joffrey and the Small Council looking over him, Ned confesses to treason and swears fealty to Joffrey in front of the crowd. Satisfied, Sansa and Cersei ask Joffrey to spare Ned as Joffrey promised, but Joffrey breaks his promise and orders Ned to be executed. As Sansa watches in horror, Cersei, Varys and the Small Council attempt to intervene, and Arya tries to rescue Ned, only to be stopped by Yoren, who prevents her from seeing her father 's execution. When he sees that Arya has been rescued, Ned accepts his fate and is beheaded by Ser Ilyn Payne.
The episode was written by the showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss, based on the original book by George R.R. Martin.
The title of the episode refers to the Great Sept of Baelor, the main religious building in King 's Landing, where the episode 's pivotal scene takes place. In the world created by George R.R. Martin, Baelor I Targaryen was a king during a previous century, revered as a patron and supporter of the Faith of the Seven. "Baelor '' includes the content of the book 's chapters Eddard XV, Catelyn IX, Jon VIII, Tyrion VIII, Catelyn X, Daenerys VIII and Arya V (59 -- 61 and 63 -- 66).
The scene with the drinking game between Tyrion, Bronn and Shae was written specifically for the episode, but the story of Tyrion 's ill - fated marriage to Tysha was taken from a previous chapter of the books. Shae 's background was changed from Westerosi to foreign to accommodate Kekilli 's accent. Other notable divergence from the books include the modification of the whole strategy of Robb Stark when dividing his forces, and a change to the Targaryen genealogy as explained by Maester Aemon: in the TV adaptation the Mad King is described as the son, rather than the grandson, of Aegon V (thus eliminating Jaehaerys II from the succession of kings).
"Baelor '' marks the first appearance of the German actress Sibel Kekilli, in the role of the prostitute Shae. Executive producer George R.R. Martin commented that she was extraordinary in her audition, in which she read the scene where Shae meets Tyrion in a tent the night before the battle of the Green Fork. According to Martin, "a lot of beautiful young women read for Shae. (...) But there 's another dimension to Shae as well. She 's not as practiced and hardened at this as a more seasoned pro. There 's still a girl next door quality to her, a sense of vulnerability, playfulness, and, yes, innocence. (...) All of our Shaes were hot as hell. But only a handful of them captured that other quality, maybe three out of twenty, and Sibel was the standout. (...) Watching those auditions, any red - blooded male would want to take every one of our Shae candidates to bed. But Sibel made you fall in love with her as well. ''
Also introduced in this episode was the English actor David Bradley, playing the role of Walder Frey.
The interiors of the episode were filmed at the Paint Hall studios, close to Belfast. The area of the Castle Ward estate, also in Northern Ireland, was used to film on location the Stark and Lannister camps, the Crossing, and the battlefields of the Green Fork and the Whispering Woods.
The climactic scene before the Great Sept of Baelor was shot at Fort Manoel, in the Maltese town of Gżira. The filming took place in the last week of October 2010.
Years later, showrunner D.B. Weiss commented that the explicit style of the execution scene was selected in part to make it clear to the viewers that Eddard Stark, despite being the arguable protagonist of season one, actually was dead: "It 's that rule: ' If you do n't see the body then they 're not really dead. ' Like when we cut Ned 's head off, we did n't want a gory Monty Python geyser of blood, but we needed to see the blade enter his neck and cut out on the frame where the blade was mid-neck. (...) we needed Ned 's death to be totally unambiguous. ''
"Baelor '' gathered 2.7 million viewers in its premiere telecast in the United States, equaling the season high reached with the previous week 's episode. The total for the night, including the repeat, was slightly lower, with 3.4 million viewers. In the United Kingdom, the episode was viewed by 1.043 million viewers, making it the highest - rated broadcast that week.
The episode received great acclaim among the critics. From the reviewers of The A.V. Club, where it was rated with an A, Todd VanDerWerff called it "unquestionably the finest episode of Game Of Thrones yet, '' and David Sims found it "terrific '' and with a conclusion that would be "sure to blow the minds (and break the hearts) '' of the watchers Matt Fowler of IGN TV gave the episode a perfect "10 '' saying that it was a "clean and epic entry with a daring, tragic finish '' that had "an admirable undercurrent of audience contempt. ''
-- Todd VanDerWerff, The A.V. Club
The focus of most reviews was in the climactic final scene, whose directing and acting is universally acclaimed by critics. Writing for Cultural Learnings, Myles McNutt stated: "the final shot, with Arya looking to the sky as everything goes to silence and all she sees is the birds flying was just wonderfully haunting. Alan Taylor 's direction sold both the chaos and the resignation of that moment. '' HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall felt that "that final scene was so gorgeously shot, and the weariness of Bean 's performance and the horror of Maisie Williams ' so perfectly conveyed the emotions of it, even as things seemed so chaotic. ''
The emotional charge of the scene hit home for many reviewers: Scott Meslow of The Atlantic called it "an absolutely nightmarish scene '' and labelled Eddard 's death "horrific in its indignity. '' Jace Lacob from Televisionary and Maureen Ryan from AOL TV admitted having shed tears at the episode 's dramatic conclusion. The latter found the scene "masterful '' and felt that the visual medium and Alan Taylor 's excellent work had made it more powerful than the book 's original version.
Besides the final scene, other aspects were discussed: Garcia noted the acting of Richard Madden and how the Freys had been introduced. Ryan praised the wide range of emotions used by Emilia Clarke while playing Daenerys, and how Peter Dinklage played Tyrion 's frustration and confusion during the episode. Both she and McNutt were glad that Tyrion 's exposition scene in the tent with Bronn and Shae did not use sex to keep viewers, as was done in past episodes.
There was debate about the merits of the producer 's decision to avoid depicting the two battles between the Starks and Lannisters. Ryan criticized it and confessed being "a little disappointed that many of the major characters are caught up in a war and we 're not seeing it. '' Sims regretted not seeing the fight, and although he claimed to understand the budget constrictions, he felt that "all this off - screen fighting is just getting my blood rushing for some on - screen fighting. '' Sepinwall concludes: "Ideally, we 'd get a few epic, Braveheart - level battle scenes at some point, but I also respect the demands of time and budget here. Those kinds of sequences cost a fortune, and they eat up a lot of screen time, and I think ultimately I 'd have rather had the time, say, that we spent in Tyrion 's tent the night before the battle, with the mortifying story of his ex-wife, and then whatever it cost to make the execution sequence look as good as it did, than for the episode to have given us one or two long fight scenes. ''
In 2013, TV Guide ranked the final scene as the second greatest twist of all time.
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what is best friend by 50 cent about | Best Friend (50 Cent song) - Wikipedia
"Best Friend '' by 50 Cent is the third single released from the soundtrack of the film Get Rich or Die Tryin ' (2005) and the remix featuring Olivia is the third single from her album, Behind Closed Doors. It is also featured on the 2006 edition of 50 Cent 's 2005 album, The Massacre.
The song is by 50 Cent and the remix features Olivia. The song is produced by Hi - Tek. The song also samples the song "Silly, Was n't I? '' by Valerie Simpson from her self - titled 1972 album for its beat. It also constantly makes references to Biz Markie 's "Just a Friend '' chorus.
The original version of the song is used throughout the film as a way for Marcus (the character played by 50 Cent during Marcus ' older years) to lyrically tease / flirt Charlene with, when he passes her the tape with the track on it. The beat in the song is actually different from the real version by 50 Cent. In the movie, the "Best Friend '' instrumental is substituted by "The Bridge Is Over '' by KRS - One.
A music video for the song was released in 2006, featuring Olivia. The video also features cameos by G - Unit members Mobb Deep, Spider Loc and Hot Rod.
The video / song has over 39 million views on YouTube.
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what kind of wine do churches use for communion | Sacramental wine - wikipedia
Sacramental wine, Communion wine or altar wine is wine obtained from grapes and intended for use in celebration of the Eucharist (referred to also as the Lord 's Supper or Holy Communion, among other names). The same wine, if intended for use in ceremonies of non-Christian religions or for ordinary use, would not normally be described by these terms.
Wine was used in the earliest celebrations of the Lord 's Supper. Paul the Apostle writes in 1 Corinthians 10: 16:
"The chalice of benediction, which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? And the bread, which we break, is it not the partaking of the body of the Lord? For we, being many, are one bread, one body, all that partake of one bread. ''
In the Early Church both clergy and laity received the consecrated wine by drinking from the chalice, after receiving a portion of the consecrated bread. Due to many factors, including the difficulty of obtaining wine in Northern European countries (where the climate was unsuitable for viniculture), drinking from the chalice became largely restricted in the West to the celebrating priest, while others received communion only in the form of bread. This also reduced the symbolic importance of choosing wine of red colour.
Groups which arose from the Protestant Reformation, such as the Lutheran Church, insisted on use of wine in celebrating the Lord 's Supper. As a reaction to this, even in Western European countries that, while remaining Roman Catholic, had continued to give the chalice to the laity, this practice disappeared in order to emphasise the Catholic belief that Christ is wholly present under either form.
Eastern Churches in full communion with the Holy See continued to give the Eucharist to the faithful under both forms. The twentieth century, especially after the Second Vatican Council, saw a return to more widespread sharing in the Eucharist under the forms of both bread and wine. In the Anglican Communion (of which the Church of England and the Episcopal Church of the United States of America are members), the use of wine is obligatory in the celebration of Holy Communion; however, a person receiving communion makes a valid communion even if they receive only in one kind i.e. either just the bread or just the wine. For example, a sick person who can only take liquids makes a valid communion by receiving the wine.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the clergy continued to receive the consecrated wine by drinking directly from the chalice, but in order to avoid the danger of accidentally spilling some of the Blood of Christ the practice was developed of placing the consecrated Body of Christ in the chalice and administering Holy Communion to the faithful, under both species, with a sacramental spoon.
The Coptic Orthodox Church continues the ancient practice to this day.
The majority of mainstream liturgical churches require that sacramental wine should be pure grape wine. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, for example, sacramental wine used in the Divine Liturgy must usually be fermented pure red grape wine, often sweet, though this is not required. Greek churches favour the use of Mavrodaphne or Nama, while Russian churches favour Kagor. Wines with additives, such as retsina, are not allowed.
However, some Christian churches disapprove of the consumption of alcohol, especially by children, and hold that it is acceptable to substitute grape juice for wine (see Christian views on alcohol). These denominations include Pentecostals, Baptists, Methodists, some Churches of Christ, and other Evangelical groups. In this case generally only pasteurized grape juice is used, though exceptions exist.
In Eastern Christianity sacramental wine is usually red, to better symbolize its change from wine into the blood of Jesus Christ, as is believed to happen at the Eucharist.
In Western Christianity, white wine is also sometimes used for the practical purpose of avoiding stains on the altar cloths.
In most liturgical rites, such as the Roman, Byzantine, Antiochene, and Alexandrian, a small quantity of water is added to the wine when the chalice is prepared, while in the Armenian Rite the wine is consecrated without the previous mingling of water. In the Byzantine Rite some warm water, referred to as the zeon (Greek: "boiling ''), is added to the consecrated wine shortly before the Communion. Originally common practice in the ancient Mediterranean, this ritual has been accorded multiple symbolic meanings, such as the mystery of Christ 's human and divine natures, his unity with the Church, and the flow of blood and water from Christ 's side at his death.
Over the centuries, various criteria were laid down for wine to be appropriate for use in the Eucharist. Editions of the Tridentine Roman Missal had a section De Defectibus on defects which could occur in the celebration of Mass, including defects of the wine. Canon 924 of the present Code of Canon Law (1983) states:
§ 1 The most holy Sacrifice of the Eucharist must be celebrated in bread, and in wine to which a small quantity of water is to be added.
§ 2 The bread must be wheaten only, and recently made, so that there is no danger of corruption.
This means that the wine must be naturally fermented with nothing added to it, and the wine itself can not have soured or become vinegar, nor can it have anything artificial added to it (preservatives, flavours). Wines are made from Vitis vinifera grapes. While the Catholic Church generally adheres to the rule that all wine for sacramental use must be pure grape wine and alcoholic, it is accepted that there are some circumstances, where the priest is an alcoholic for example, where it may be necessary to use a wine that is only minimally fermented, called mustum.
One exception was historically made regarding wine - derived additives to wine. An 1896 directive of the Congregation of the Inquisition stated:
To conserve weak and feeble wines, and in order to keep them from souring or spoiling during transportation, a small quantity of spirits of wine (grape brandy or alcohol) may be added, provided the following conditions are observed:
Some purveyors of sacramental wine for use in the Catholic Church currently use the following private responsum as license to add sulfites to sacramental wine as a preservative:
"Mass Wine: Treated with Sulphurous Anhydride, Etc. (Holy Office) Private.
The Holy Office was asked by the Archbishop of Tarracona: Whether in the Sacrifice of the Mass, wine may be used which is made from the juice of the grape, treated with sulphurous anhydride or with potassium bisulphite.
Reply. In the affirmative.
(Private); Holy Office, 2 Aug., 1922.
Not published in the AAS; cf. Il Monitore, Oct., 1923, p. 289. ''
In the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, Communion is administered under the form of wine either by the communicant drinking directly from the chalice or by intinction. In the latter manner, the priest partially dips the consecrated bread into the consecrated wine and then places it in the mouth of the communicant.
Editions of the Roman Missal issued between 1970 and 2000 envisaged also use of a silver tube (Latin: fistula) with which, as with a "straw '', to drink from the chalice, or of a spoon as in the Byzantine Rite.
In the Byzantine Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church and some Eastern Catholic Churches the normal method is to use a spoon to give the communicant some of the consecrated wine together with a portion of the consecrated bread that has been placed in the chalice.
In the Anglican Church, the wine is normally consumed with each communicant receiving a small sip of it as the chalice is held by another person. This is often referred to as "the common cup ''. Increasingly common is the custom of intinction whereby a communicant receives the consecrated bread in the form of a wafer and then dips this into the consecrated wine.
In some Protestant churches each communicant drinks from a small individual cup.
Throughout the world there are some wineries that exist either solely for the production of sacramental wines, or with sacramental wines as an auxiliary business. The same is true of wine used by other religions, e.g., kosher wine. These wineries are small and often run by religious brothers, priests or dedicated laity.
In Australia, for example, Australian Jesuits founded the oldest existing winery in the Clare Valley in 1851 to make sacramental wines. Producing over 90,000 litres of wine annually, this winery supplies all of the Australian region 's sacramental wine needs. The oldest still - producing vineyard founded for sacramental wine production in the United States is O - Neh - Da Vineyard in the Finger Lakes Wine Region of New York State, founded by Bishop Bernard J. McQuaid in 1872.
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who is the advocate general of uttar pradesh | Category: advocate General uttar pradesh - wikipedia Help
Advocate General for the state of Uttar Pradesh (previously United Province under British rule), India with chambers at Allahabad High Court
The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
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each state's representation in the house of representatives is based upon | United States congressional apportionment - wikipedia
United States congressional apportionment is the process by which seats in the United States House of Representatives are distributed among the 50 states according to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census. Each state is apportioned a number of seats which approximately corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states. However, every state is constitutionally guaranteed at least one seat.
The number of voting seats in the House of Representatives is currently set at 435, and has been since 1913, excluding a temporary increase to 437 after the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii into the Union. The total number of state members is capped by the Reapportionment Act of 1929.
Because the size of a state 's total congressional delegation determines the size of its representation in the U.S. Electoral College, congressional apportionment also affects the U.S. presidential election process as well.
Though the actual reapportionment will normally occur in respect of a decennial census, the law that governs the total number of representatives and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time can be created prior to the census.
The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state 's representation in the U.S. Electoral College. Under Article II, Section 1, Clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, any state 's number of electors equals the size of its total congressional delegation (House and Senate seats).
Federal law requires the Clerk of the House of Representatives to notify each state government of its entitled number of seats no later than January 25 of the year immediately following the census. After seats have been reapportioned, each state determines the boundaries of congressional districts -- geographical areas within the state of approximately equal population -- in a process called redistricting. Any citizen of the State can challenge the constitutionality of the redistricting in their US district court.
Because the deadline for the House Clerk to report the results does not occur until the following January, and the states need sufficient time to perform the redistricting, the decennial census does not affect the elections that are held during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment during 2000 presidential election was still based on the 1990 census results. Likewise, the congressional districts and the electoral college during the 2020 general elections will still be based on the 2010 census.
The subject of Congressional apportionment is addressed twice in the U.S. Constitution. Initially, the apportionment of House seats was guided by two sentences in Article I, Section 2, clause 3:
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.
The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;...
Following the end of the Civil War, the first of those provisions was superseded by Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment:
Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty - one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State.
The size of the U.S. House of Representatives refers to total number of congressional districts (or seats) into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently set at 435. There are an additional five delegates to the House of Representatives. They represent the District of Columbia and the territories of American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, which first elected a representative in 2008, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico also elects a resident commissioner every four years.
Since 1789, when the Federal Government began operating under the Constitution, the number of citizens per congressional district has risen from an average of 33,000 in 1790 to almost 700,000 as of 2008. Prior to the 20th century, the number of representatives increased every decade as more states joined the union, and the population increased. In 1911, Public Law 62 - 5 raised the membership of the U.S. House to 433 with a provision to add one permanent seat each upon the admissions of Arizona and New Mexico as states. As provided, membership increased to 435 in 1912. As of May 2016, there is approximately one representative for every 720,000 people in the state.
In 1921, Congress failed to reapportion the House membership as required by the United States Constitution. This failure to reapportion may have been politically motivated, as the newly elected Republican majority may have feared the effect such a reapportionment would have on their future electoral prospects. Then in 1929 Congress (Republican control of both houses of congress and the presidency) passed the Reapportionment Act of 1929 which capped the size of the House at 435 (the then current number). This cap has remained unchanged for more than eight decades. Three states -- Wyoming, Vermont, and North Dakota -- have populations smaller than the average for a single district.
The ideal number of members has been a contentious issue since the country 's founding. George Washington agreed that the original representation proposed during the Constitutional Convention (one representative for every 40,000) was inadequate and supported an alteration to reduce that number to 30,000. This was the only time that Washington pronounced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the entire convention.
In Federalist No. 55, James Madison argued that the size of the House of Representatives has to balance the ability of the body to legislate with the need for legislators to have a relationship close enough to the people to understand their local circumstances, that such representatives ' social class be low enough to sympathize with the feelings of the mass of the people, and that their power be diluted enough to limit their abuse of the public trust and interests.
"... first, that so small a number of representatives will be an unsafe depositary of the public interests; secondly, that they will not possess a proper knowledge of the local circumstances of their numerous constituents; thirdly, that they will be taken from that class of citizens which will sympathize least with the feelings of the mass of the people, and be most likely to aim at a permanent elevation of the few on the depression of the many;... ''
Madison also addressed Anti-Federalist claims that the representation would be inadequate, arguing that the major inadequacies are of minimal inconvenience since these will be cured rather quickly by virtue of decennial reapportionment. He noted, however,
"I take for granted here what I shall, in answering the fourth objection, hereinafter show, that the number of representatives will be augmented from time to time in the manner provided by the Constitution. On a contrary supposition, I should admit the objection to have very great weight indeed. ''
Madison argued against the assumption that more is better:
"Sixty or seventy men may be more properly trusted with a given degree of power than six or seven. But it does not follow that six or seven hundred would be proportionally a better depositary. And if we carry on the supposition to six or seven thousand, the whole reasoning ought to be reversed... In all very numerous assemblies, of whatever character composed, passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason. ''
A 2009 lawsuit, Clemons v. Department of Commerce, sought a court order for Congress to increase the size of the House 's voting membership and then reapportion the seats in accordance with the population figures of the 2010 Census. The intent of the plaintiff was to rectify the disparity of congressional district population sizes among the states that result from the present method of apportionment. Upon reaching the U.S. Supreme Court in December 2010, the holdings of the lower district and appellate courts were vacated and the case remanded to the U.S. District Court from which the case originated with instructions that the district court dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction.
The first proposed amendment to the Constitution within the Bill of Rights attempted to set a pattern for growth of the House along with the population, but has not been ratified.
Article the first... After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.
The proposed Wyoming Rule calls for expanding the House until the standard Representative - to - population ratio equals that of the smallest entitled unit (currently the state of Wyoming). This proposal is primarily designed to address the fact that some House districts are currently nearly twice the size of others; for instance, there are just over 1 million residents in Montana 's single district, compared to about 570,000 in Wyoming 's. Although a larger House size will generally result in the smallest and largest districts being proportionally closer in size, this is not always the case. Therefore, in some cases, the Wyoming Rule may actually result in an increase in the ratio of the sizes of the largest and smallest districts. For instance, after the 1990 Census and with a House size of 435, the largest district (Montana 's at - large district) had 799,065 residents, 76 % larger than the smallest district (Wyoming 's at - large district with 453,588 residents). The Wyoming Rule would have given a House size of 547 in 1990. Using that size, the largest district (North Dakota 's at - large district) would have had 638,800 residents, 92 % larger than the smallest districts (Delaware 's two districts at approximately 333,084 residents each), which is larger than the 76 % figure mentioned above.
On May 21, 2001, Rep. Alcee Hastings sent a dear colleague letter pointing out that U.S. expansion of its legislature had not kept pace with other countries.
In 2007, during the 110th Congress, Representative Tom Davis introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would add two seats to the House, one for Utah and one for the District of Columbia. It was passed by the House, but was tripped up by procedural hurdles in Senate and withdrawn from consideration. An identical bill was reintroduced during the 111th Congress. In February 2009 the Senate adopted the measure 61 - 37. In April 2010, however, House leaders decided to shelve the proposal.
Apart from the requirement that the number of delegates for each state is at least one, a state 's number of representatives is in principle proportional to population, thus assuring reasonably consistent representation to the people regardless of the state boundaries and populations. No method of calculating a fair distribution of voting power across the various states was known until recently and five distinct apportionment methods have been used since the adoption of the Constitution, none of them producing fully proportional distribution of power among the states.
The current method, known as the method of equal proportions, has been used since the 1940 Census. The Vinton or Hamilton method, used from 1850 to 1900, was susceptible to what is known as the apportionment paradox or Alabama paradox.
The apportionment methodology currently used is the method of equal proportions, so called because it guarantees that no additional transfer of a seat (from one state to another) will reduce the ratio between the numbers of persons per representative in any two states. The method of equal proportions minimizes the percentage differences in the populations of the congressional districts.
In this method, as a first step, each of the 50 states is given its one guaranteed seat in the House of Representatives, leaving 385 seats to assign.
The remaining seats are allocated one at a time, to the state with the highest priority number. Thus, the 51st seat would go to the most populous state (currently California). The priority number is determined by a formula that is mathematically computed to be the ratio of the state population to the geometric mean of the number of seats it currently holds in the assignment process, n (initially 1), and the number of seats it would hold if the seat were assigned to it, n + 1.
The formula for determining the priority of a state to be apportioned the next available seat defined by the method of equal proportions is
where P is the population of the state, and n is the number of seats it currently holds before the possible allocation of the next seat. An equivalent, recursive definition is
where n is still the number of seats the state has before allocation of the next, and for n = 1, the initial A is explicitly defined as
Consider the reapportionment following the 2010 U.S. Census: beginning with all states initially being allocated one seat, the largest value of A corresponds to the largest state, California, which is allocated seat 51. After being allocated its 2nd seat, its priority value decreases to its A value, which is reordered to a position back in line. The 52nd seat goes to Texas, the 2nd largest state, because its A priority value is larger than the A of any other state. However, the 53rd seat goes back to California because its A priority value is larger than the A of any other state. The 54th seat goes to New York because its A priority value is larger than the A of any other state at this point. This process continues until all remaining seats are assigned. Each time a state is assigned a seat, n is incremented by 1, causing its priority value to be reduced and reordered among the states, whereupon another state normally rises to the top of the list.
The Census 2010 Ranking of Priority Values shows the order in which seats 51 -- 435 were apportioned after the 2010 Census, with additional listings for the next five priorities. Minnesota was allocated the final (435th) seat. North Carolina missed its 14th seat by 15,754 residents as the 436th seat to be allocated; ten years earlier it had gained its 13th seat as the 435th seat to be allocated based on the 2000 census.
Note: The first apportionment was established by the Constitution based on population estimates made by the Philadelphia Convention, and was not based on any census or enumeration.
On December 21, 2010 the U.S. Census Bureau released its official apportionment results for congressional representation. The changes were in effect for the U.S. elections in 2012.
The size of the U.S. House has increased and decreased as follows:
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show me a map of the suez canal | Suez canal - wikipedia
The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس qanāt as - suwēs) is an artificial sea - level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez. Constructed by the Suez Canal Company between 1859 and 1869, it was officially opened on 17 November 1869. The canal offers watercraft a shorter journey between the North Atlantic and northern Indian Oceans via the Mediterranean and Red Seas by avoiding the South Atlantic and southern Indian Oceans, reducing the journey by approximately 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). It extends from the northern terminus of Port Said to the southern terminus of Port Tewfik at the city of Suez. Its length is 193.30 km (120.11 mi), including its northern and southern access channels. In 2012, 17,225 vessels traversed the canal (average 47 per day).
The original canal was a single - lane waterway with passing locations in the Ballah Bypass and the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks system, with seawater flowing freely through it. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. South of the lakes, the current changes with the tide at Suez.
The canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) of Egypt. Under the Convention of Constantinople, it may be used "in time of war as in time of peace, by every vessel of commerce or of war, without distinction of flag ''.
In August 2014, construction was launched to expand and widen the Ballah Bypass for 35 km (22 mi) to speed the canal 's transit time. The expansion was planned to double the capacity of the Suez Canal from 49 to 97 ships a day. At a cost of $ 8.4 billion, this project was funded with interest - bearing investment certificates issued exclusively to Egyptian entities and individuals. The "New Suez Canal '', as the expansion was dubbed, was opened with great fanfare in a ceremony on 6 August 2015.
On 24 February 2016, the Suez Canal Authority officially opened the new side channel. This side channel, located at the northern side of the east extension of the Suez Canal, serves the East Terminal for berthing and unberthing vessels from the terminal. As the East Container Terminal is located on the Canal itself, before the construction of the new side channel it was not possible to berth or unberth vessels at the terminal while the convoy was running.
Ancient west -- east canals were built to facilitate travel from the Nile River to the Red Sea. One smaller canal is believed to have been constructed under the auspices of Senusret II or Ramesses II. Another canal, probably incorporating a portion of the first, was constructed under the reign of Necho II, but the only fully functional canal was engineered and completed by Darius I.
The legendary Sesostris (likely either Pharaoh Senusret II or Senusret III of the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt) may have started work on an ancient canal joining the Nile with the Red Sea (1897 BC -- 1839 BC), when an irrigation channel was constructed around 1850 BC that was navigable during the flood season, leading into a dry river valley east of the Nile River Delta named Wadi Tumelat. (It is said that in ancient times the Red Sea reached northward to the Bitter Lakes and Lake Timsah.)
In his Meteorology, Aristotle wrote:
One of their kings tried to make a canal to it (for it would have been of no little advantage to them for the whole region to have become navigable; Sesostris is said to have been the first of the ancient kings to try), but he found that the sea was higher than the land. So he first, and Darius afterwards, stopped making the canal, lest the sea should mix with the river water and spoil it.
Strabo wrote that Sesostris started to build a canal, and Pliny the Elder wrote:
165. Next comes the Tyro tribe and, the harbour of the Daneoi, from which Sesostris, king of Egypt, intended to carry a ship - canal to where the Nile flows into what is known as the Delta; this is a distance of over 60 miles. Later the Persian king Darius had the same idea, and yet again Ptolemy II, who made a trench 100 feet wide, 30 feet deep and about 35 miles long, as far as the Bitter Lakes.
In the second half of the 19th century, French cartographers discovered the remnants of an ancient north -- south canal past the east side of Lake Timsah and ending near the north end of the Great Bitter Lake. This proved to be the celebrated canal made by the Persian king Darius I, as his stele commemorating its construction was found at the site. (This ancient, second canal may have followed a course along the shoreline of the Red Sea when it once extended north to Lake Timsah.) In the 20th century the northward extension of this ancient canal was discovered, extending from Lake Timsah to the Ballah Lakes. This was dated to the Middle Kingdom of Egypt by extrapolating the dates of ancient sites along its course.
The reliefs of the Punt expedition under Hatshepsut, 1470 BC, depict seagoing vessels carrying the expeditionary force returning from Punt. This suggests that a navigable link existed between the Red Sea and the Nile. Recent excavations in Wadi Gawasis may indicate that Egypt 's maritime trade started from the Red Sea and did not require a canal. Evidence seems to indicate its existence by the 13th century BC during the time of Ramesses II.
Remnants of an ancient west -- east canal through the ancient Egyptian cities of Bubastis, Pi - Ramesses, and Pithom were discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte and his engineers and cartographers in 1799.
According to the Histories of the Greek historian Herodotus, about 600 BC, Necho II undertook to dig a west -- east canal through the Wadi Tumilat between Bubastis and Heroopolis, and perhaps continued it to the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea. Regardless, Necho is reported as having never completed his project.
Herodotus was told that 120,000 men perished in this undertaking, but this figure is doubtless exaggerated. According to Pliny the Elder, Necho 's extension to the canal was about 57 English miles, equal to the total distance between Bubastis and the Great Bitter Lake, allowing for winding through valleys. The length that Herodotus tells, of over 1000 stadia (i.e., over 114 miles (183 km)), must be understood to include the entire distance between the Nile and the Red Sea at that time.
With Necho 's death, work was discontinued. Herodotus tells that the reason the project was abandoned was because of a warning received from an oracle that others would benefit from its successful completion. Necho 's war with Nebuchadnezzar II most probably prevented the canal 's continuation.
Necho 's project was completed by Darius I of Persia, who ruled over Ancient Egypt after it had been conquered by his predecessor Cambyses II. It may be that by Darius 's time a natural waterway passage which had existed between the Heroopolite Gulf and the Red Sea in the vicinity of the Egyptian town of Shaluf (alt. Chalouf or Shaloof), located just south of the Great Bitter Lake, had become so blocked with silt that Darius needed to clear it out so as to allow navigation once again. According to Herodotus, Darius 's canal was wide enough that two triremes could pass each other with oars extended, and required four days to traverse. Darius commemorated his achievement with a number of granite stelae that he set up on the Nile bank, including one near Kabret, and a further one a few miles north of Suez. The Darius Inscriptions read:
Saith King Darius: I am a Persian. Setting out from Persia, I conquered Egypt. I ordered this canal dug from the river called the Nile that flows in Egypt, to the sea that begins in Persia. When the canal had been dug as I ordered, ships went from Egypt through this canal to Persia, even as I intended.
The canal left the Nile at Bubastis. An inscription on a pillar at Pithom records that in 270 or 269 BC, it was again reopened, by Ptolemy II Philadelphus. In Arsinoe, Ptolemy constructed a navigable lock, with sluices, at the Heroopolite Gulf of the Red Sea, which allowed the passage of vessels but prevented salt water from the Red Sea from mingling with the fresh water in the canal.
The Red Sea is believed by some historians to have gradually receded over the centuries, its coastline slowly moving southward away from Lake Timsah and the Great Bitter Lake. Coupled with persistent accumulations of Nile silt, maintenance and repair of Ptolemy 's canal became increasingly cumbersome over each passing century.
Two hundred years after the construction of Ptolemy 's canal, Cleopatra seems to have had no west -- east waterway passage, because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which fed Ptolemy 's west -- east canal, had by that time dwindled, being choked with silt.
By the 8th century, a navigable canal existed between Old Cairo and the Red Sea, but accounts vary as to who ordered its construction -- either Trajan or ' Amr ibn al - ' As, or Omar the Great. This canal was reportedly linked to the River Nile at Old Cairo and ended near modern Suez. A geography treatise by Dicuil reports a conversation with an English monk, Fidelis, who had sailed on the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea during a pilgrimage to the Holy Land in the first half of the 8th century
The Abbasid Caliph al - Mansur is said to have ordered this canal closed in 767 to prevent supplies from reaching Arabian detractors.
Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah is claimed to have repaired the Cairo to Red Sea passageway, but only briefly, circa 1000 AD, as it soon "became choked with sand. '' However, we are told that parts of this canal still continued to fill in during the Nile 's annual inundations.
The successful 1488 navigation of southern Africa by Bartolomeu Dias opened a direct maritime trading route to India and the spice islands, and forever changed the balance of Mediterranean trade. One of the most prominent losers in the new order, as former middlemen, was the former spice trading center of Venice.
Venetian leaders, driven to desperation, contemplated digging a waterway between the Red Sea and the Nile -- anticipating the Suez Canal by almost 400 years -- to bring the luxury trade flooding to their doors again. But this remained a dream.
Despite entering negotiations with Egypt 's ruling Mamelukes, the Venetian plan to build the canal was quickly put to rest by the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, led by Sultan Selim I
During the French campaign in Egypt and Syria in late 1798, Napoleon showed an interest in finding the remnants of an ancient waterway passage. This culminated in a cadre of archaeologists, scientists, cartographers and engineers scouring northern Egypt. Their findings, recorded in the Description de l'Égypte, include detailed maps that depict the discovery of an ancient canal extending northward from the Red Sea and then westward toward the Nile.
Later, Napoleon, who would become French Emperor in 1804, contemplated the construction of a north -- south canal to connect the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. But the plan was abandoned because it wrongly concluded that the waterway would require locks to operate. These would be very expensive and take a long time to construct. This decision was based on an erroneous belief that the Red Sea was 10 m (33 ft) higher than the Mediterranean. The error was the result of using fragmentary survey measurements taken in wartime during Napoleon 's Egyptian Expedition. In 1819 the Pacha of Egypt undertook some canal work.
However, as late as 1861, the unnavigable ancient route discovered by Napoleon from Bubastis to the Red Sea still channeled water in spots as far east as Kassassin.
Although the alleged difference in sea levels could be problematic for construction, the idea of finding a shorter route to the east remained alive. In 1830, F.R. Chesney submitted a report to the British government that stated that there was no difference in elevation and that the Suez Canal was feasible, but his report received no further attention. Lieutenant Waghorn established his "Overland Route '', which transported post and passengers to India via Egypt. Linant de Bellefonds, a French explorer of Egypt, became chief engineer of Egypt 's Public Works. In addition to his normal duties, he surveyed the Isthmus of Suez and made plans for the Suez Canal. French Saint - Simonianists showed an interest in the canal and in 1833, Barthélemy Prosper Enfantin tried to draw Muhammad Ali 's attention to the canal but was unsuccessful. Alois Negrelli, the Austrian railroad pioneer, became interested in the idea in 1836. In 1846, Prosper Enfantin 's Société d'Études du Canal de Suez invited a number of experts, among them Robert Stephenson, Negrelli and Paul - Adrien Bourdaloue to study the feasibility of the Suez Canal (with the assistance of Linant de Bellefonds). Bourdaloue 's survey of the isthmus was the first generally accepted evidence that there was no practical difference in altitude between the two seas. Britain, however, feared that a canal open to everyone might interfere with its India trade and therefore preferred a connection by train from Alexandria via Cairo to Suez, which was eventually built by Stephenson.
In 1854 and 1856, Ferdinand de Lesseps obtained a concession from Sa'id Pasha, the Khedive of Egypt and Sudan, to create a company to construct a canal open to ships of all nations. The company was to operate the canal for 99 years from its opening. De Lesseps had used his friendly relationship with Sa'id, which he had developed while he was a French diplomat in the 1830s. As stipulated in the concessions, Ferdinand convened the International Commission for the piercing of the isthmus of Suez (Commission Internationale pour le percement de l'isthme des Suez) consisting of 13 experts from seven countries, among them John Robinson McClean, later President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in London, and again Negrelli, to examine the plans developed by Linant de Bellefonds, and to advise on the feasibility of and the best route for the canal. After surveys and analyses in Egypt and discussions in Paris on various aspects of the canal, where many of Negrelli 's ideas prevailed, the commission produced a unanimous report in December 1856 containing a detailed description of the canal complete with plans and profiles. The Suez Canal Company (Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez) came into being on 15 December 1858 and work started on the shore of the future Port Said on 25 April 1859.
The excavation took some 10 years using forced labour (corvée) of Egyptian workers during the first years. Some sources estimate that over 30,000 people were working on the canal at any given period, that more than 1.5 million people from various countries were employed, and that thousands of labourers died, many of them from cholera and similar epidemics.
The British government had opposed the project from the outset to its completion. As one of the diplomatic moves against the canal, it disapproved of the use of "slave labour '' of forced workers. The British Empire was the major global naval force and officially condemned the forced work and sent armed Bedouins to start a revolt among workers. Involuntary labour on the project ceased, and the viceroy condemned the corvée, halting the project.
Angered by the British opportunism, de Lesseps sent a letter to the British government remarking on the British lack of remorse a few years earlier when forced workers died in similar conditions building the British railway in Egypt.
Initially international opinion was skeptical and Suez Canal Company shares did not sell well overseas. Britain, Austria, and Russia did not buy a significant number of shares. However, with assistance from the Cattaui banking family, and their relationship with James de Rothschild of the French House of Rothschild bonds and shares were successfully promoted in France and other parts of Europe. All French shares were quickly sold in France. A contemporary British skeptic claimed "One thing is sure... our local merchant community does n't pay practical attention at all to this grand work, and it is legitimate to doubt that the canal 's receipts... could ever be sufficient to recover its maintenance fee. It will never become a large ship 's accessible way in any case. ''
The canal opened under French control on 17 November 1869. Although numerous technical, political, and financial problems had been overcome, the final cost was more than double the original estimate. The opening was performed by Khedive Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and Sudan, and at Ismail 's invitation French Empress Eugenie in the Imperial yacht L'Aigle piloted by Napoléon Coste, upon whom the Khedive bestowed the Ottoman Order of the Medjidie. The Khedive, in particular, was able to overcome initial reservations held by both British and French creditors by enlisting the help of the Sursock Family, whose deep connections proved invaluable in securing much international support for the project.
The first ship to follow L'Aigle through the canal was the British P&O liner Delta. Fourth ship through the canal was the Swedish steam frigate Vanadis. Although L'Aigle was officially the first vessel through the canal, HMS Newport, captained by George Nares, passed through it first. On the night before the canal was due to open, Captain Nares navigated his vessel, in total darkness and without lights, through the mass of waiting ships until it was in front of L'Aigle. When dawn broke, the French were horrified to find that the Royal Navy was first in line and that it would be impossible to pass them. Nares received both an official reprimand and an unofficial vote of thanks from the Admiralty for his actions in promoting British interests and for demonstrating such superb seamanship. An Anchor Line ship, the S.S. Dido, became the first to pass through the Canal from South to North.
After the opening, the Suez Canal Company was in financial difficulties. The remaining works were completed only in 1871, and traffic was below expectations in the first two years. De Lesseps therefore tried to increase revenues by interpreting the kind of net ton referred to in the second concession (tonneau de capacité) as meaning a ship 's cargo capacity and not only the theoretical net tonnage of the "Moorsom System '' introduced in Britain by the Merchant Shipping Act in 1854. The ensuing commercial and diplomatic activities resulted in the International Commission of Constantinople establishing a specific kind of net tonnage and settling the question of tariffs in its protocol of 18 December 1873. This was the origin of the Suez Canal Net Tonnage and the Suez Canal Special Tonnage Certificate, both of which are still in use today.
The canal had an immediate and dramatic effect on world trade. Combined with the American transcontinental railroad completed six months earlier, it allowed the world to be circled in record time. It played an important role in increasing European colonization of Africa. The construction of the canal was one of the reasons for the Panic of 1873, because goods from the Far East were carried in sailing vessels around the Cape of Good Hope and were stored in British warehouses. An inability to pay his bank debts led Said Pasha 's successor, Isma'il Pasha, to sell his 44 % share in the canal for £ 4,000,000 (about £ 89.1 million in 2017) to the government of Great Britain in 1875. French shareholders still held the majority. Local unrest caused the British to invade in 1882 and take full control, although nominally Egypt remained part of the Ottoman Empire. The British representative 1883 to 1907 was Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, who reorganized and modernized the government and suppressed rebellions and corruption. thereby facilitating increased traffic on the canal.
The Convention of Constantinople in 1888 declared the canal a neutral zone under the protection of the British, who had occupied Egypt and Sudan at the request of Khedive Tewfiq to suppress the Urabi Revolt against his rule. The revolt went on from 1879 to 1882. As a result of British involvement on the side of Khedive Tewfiq, Britain gained control of the canal in 1882. The British defended the strategically important passage against a major Ottoman attack in 1915, during the First World War. Under the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty of 1936, the UK retained control over the canal. The canal was again strategically important in the 1939 -- 1945 Second World War, and Italo - German attempts to capture it were repulsed during the North Africa Campaign, during which the canal was closed to Axis shipping. In 1951 Egypt repudiated the treaty and in October 1954 the UK agreed to remove its troops. Withdrawal was completed on 18 July 1956.
Because of Egyptian overtures towards the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States withdrew their pledge to support the construction of the Aswan Dam. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser responded by nationalizing the canal on 26 July 1956 and transferring it to the Suez Canal Authority, intending to finance the dam project using revenue from the canal. On the same day that the canal was nationalized Nasser also closed the Straits of Tiran to all Israeli ships. This led to the Suez Crisis in which the UK, France, and Israel invaded Egypt. According to the pre-agreed war plans under the Protocol of Sèvres, the Israelis invaded the Sinai Peninsula on 29 October, forcing Egypt to engage them militarily, and allowing the Anglo - French partnership to declare the resultant fighting a threat to stability in the Middle East and enter the war - officially to separate the two forces but in reality to regain the Canal and bring down the Nasser government.
To save the British from what he thought was a disastrous action and to stop the war from a possible escalation, Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Lester B. Pearson proposed the creation of the first United Nations peacekeeping force to ensure access to the canal for all and an Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. On 4 November 1956, a majority at the United Nations voted for Pearson 's peacekeeping resolution, which mandated the UN peacekeepers to stay in Sinai unless both Egypt and Israel agreed to their withdrawal. The United States backed this proposal by putting pressure on the British government through the selling of sterling, which would cause it to depreciate. Britain then called a ceasefire, and later agreed to withdraw its troops by the end of the year. Pearson was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. As a result of damage and ships sunk under orders from Nasser the canal was closed until April 1957, when it was cleared with UN assistance. A UN force (UNEF) was established to maintain the free navigability of the canal, and peace in the Sinai Peninsula.
According to the historian Abd aI - Azim Ramadan, Nasser 's decision to nationalize the Suez Canal was his alone, made without political or military consultation. The events leading up to the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, as other events during Nasser 's rule, showed Nasser 's inclination to solitary decision making. Ramadan considered Nasser to be far from a rational, responsible leader.
In May 1967, Nasser ordered the UN peacekeeping forces out of Sinai, including the Suez Canal area. Israel objected to the closing of the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. The canal had been closed to Israeli shipping since 1949, except for a short period in 1951 -- 1952.
After the 1967 Six - Day War, Israeli forces occupied the Sinai peninsula, including the entire east bank of the Suez Canal. Unwilling to allow the Israelis to use the canal, Egypt immediately imposed a blockade which closed the canal to all shipping until 5 June 1975. As a result, 15 cargo ships, known as the "Yellow Fleet '', were trapped in the canal for over eight years.
In 1973, during the Yom Kippur War, the canal was the scene of a major crossing by the Egyptian army into Israeli - occupied Sinai and a counter-crossing by the Israeli army to Egypt. Much wreckage from this conflict remains visible along the canal 's edges. After the Yom Kippur War the United States initiated Operation Nimbus Moon. The amphibious assault ship USS Inchon (LPH - 12) was sent to the Canal, carrying 12 RH - 53D minesweeping helicopters of HM - 12. These partly cleared the canal between May and December 1974. She was relieved by the LST USS Barnstable County (LST1197). The British Royal Navy initiated Operation Rheostat and Task Group 65.2 provided for Operation Rheostat One (six months in 1974), the minehunters HMS Maxton, HMS Bossington, and HMS Wilton, the Fleet Clearance Diving Team (FCDT) and HMS Abdiel, a practice minelayer / MCMV support ship; and for Operation Rheostat Two (six months in 1975) the minehunters HMS Hubberston and HMS Sheraton, and HMS Abdiel. When the Canal Clearance Operations were completed, the canal and its lakes were considered 99 % clear of mines. The canal was then reopened by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat aboard an Egyptian destroyer, which led the first convoy northbound to Port Said in 1975. At his side stood the Iranian Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi, delegated to represent his father, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. The cruiser USS Little Rock was the only American naval ship in the convoy.
The UNEF mandate expired in 1979. Despite the efforts of the United States, Israel, Egypt, and others to obtain an extension of the UN role in observing the peace between Israel and Egypt, as called for under the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty of 1979, the mandate could not be extended because of the veto by the Soviet Union in the UN Security Council, at the request of Syria. Accordingly, negotiations for a new observer force in the Sinai produced the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), stationed in Sinai in 1981 in coordination with a phased Israeli withdrawal. It is there under agreements between the United States, Israel, Egypt, and other nations.
In the summer of 2014, months after taking office as President of Egypt, Abdel Fattah el - Sisi ordered the expansion of the Ballah Bypass from 61 metres wide to 312 metres wide for 35 kilometers. The project was called the New Suez Canal, as it would allow ships to transit the canal in both directions simultaneously. The project cost more than $8 billion and was completed within one year. Sisi declared the expanded channel open for business in a ceremony on 6 August 2015.
Presidents of the Suez Canal Company (1858 -- 1956):
Chairmen of the Suez Canal Authority (1956 -- present):
When built, the canal was 164 km (102 mi) long and 8 m (26 ft) deep. After several enlargements, it is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km (14 mi), the canal itself of 162.25 km (100.82 mi) and the southern access channel of 9 km (5.6 mi).
The so - called New Suez Canal, functional since 6 August 2015, currently has a new parallel canal in the middle part, with its length over 35 km (22 mi). The current parameters of the Suez Canal, including both individual canals of the parallel section are: depth 23 to 24 metres (75 to 79 ft) and width at least 205 to 225 metres (673 to 738 ft) (that width measured at 11 metres (36 ft) of depth).
The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 m (66 ft) draft or 240,000 deadweight tons and up to a height of 68 m (223 ft) above water level and a maximum beam of 77.5 m (254 ft) under certain conditions. The canal can handle more traffic and larger ships than the Panama Canal, as Suezmax dimensions are greater than both Panamax and New Panamax. Some supertankers are too large to traverse the canal. Others can offload part of their cargo onto a canal - owned boat to reduce their draft, transit, and reload at the other end of the canal.
The canal has no locks because of the flat terrain, and the minor sea level difference between each end is inconsequential for shipping. As the canal has no sea surge gates, the ports at the ends would be subject to the sudden impact of tsunamis from the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea, according to a 2012 article in the Journal of Coastal Research.
There is one shipping lane with passing areas in Ballah - Bypass near El Qantara and in the Great Bitter Lake. On a typical day, three convoys transit the canal, two southbound and one northbound. The passage takes between 11 and 16 hours at a speed of around 8 knots (15 km / h; 9 mph). The low speed helps prevent erosion of the banks by ships ' wakes.
By 1955, about two - thirds of Europe 's oil passed through the canal. Around 8 % of world sea trade is carried via the canal. In 2008, 21,415 vessels passed through the canal and the receipts totaled $5.381 billion, with an average cost per ship of $251,000.
New Rules of Navigation came into force on 1 January 2008, passed by the board of directors of the Suez Canal Authority (SCA) to organise vessels ' transit. The most important amendments include allowing vessels with 62 - foot (19 m) draught to pass, increasing the allowed breadth from 32 metres (105 ft) to 40 metres (130 ft) (following improvement operations), and imposing a fine on vessels using divers from outside the SCA inside the canal boundaries without permission. The amendments allow vessels loaded with dangerous cargo (such as radioactive or flammable materials) to pass if they conform with the latest amendments provided by international conventions.
The SCA has the right to determine the number of tugs required to assist warships traversing the canal, to achieve the highest degree of safety during transit.
Before August 2015, the canal was too narrow for free two - way traffic, so ships would pass in convoys and use bypasses. The by - passes were 78 km (48 mi) out of 193 km (120 mi) (40 %). From north to south, they are: Port Said by - pass (entrances) 36.5 km (23 mi), Ballah by - pass & anchorage, 9 km (6 mi), Timsah by - pass 5 km (3 mi), and the Deversoir by - pass (northern end of the Great Bitter Lake) 27.5 km (17 mi). The bypasses were completed in 1980.
Typically, it would take a ship 12 to 16 hours to transit the canal. The canal 's 24 - hour capacity was about 76 standard ships.
In August 2014, Egypt chose a consortium that includes the Egyptian army and global engineering firm Dar Al - Handasah to develop an international industrial and logistics hub in the Suez Canal area, and began the construction of a new canal section from km 60 to km 95 combined with expansion and deep digging of the other 37 km of the canal. This will allow navigation in both directions simultaneously in the 72 km long central section of the canal. These extensions were formally opened on 6 August 2015 by President Al - Sisi.
Since the canal does not cater to unregulated two - way traffic, all ships transit in convoys on regular times, scheduled on a 24 - hour basis. Each day, a single northbound convoy starts at 04: 00 from Suez. At dulka lane sections, the convoy uses the eastern route. Synchronised with this convoy 's passage is the southbound convoy. It starts at 03: 30 from Port Said and so passes the Northbound convoy in the two - lane section.
From north to south, the crossings are:
A railway on the west bank runs parallel to the canal for its entire length.
Six new tunnels for cars and trains are also planned across the canal. Currently the Ahmed Hamdi is the only tunnel connecting Suez to the Sinai.
The main alternative is around Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of Africa, commonly referred as the Cape of Good Hope route. This was the only sea route before the canal was constructed, and when the canal was closed. It is still the only route for ships that are too large for the canal. In the early 21st century, the Suez Canal has suffered from diminished traffic due to piracy in Somalia, with many shipping companies choosing to take the long route instead. Between 2008 and 2010, it is estimated that the canal lost 10 % of traffic due to the threat of piracy, and another 10 % due to the financial crisis. An oil tanker going from Saudi Arabia to the United States has 2,700 mi (4,345 km) longer to go when taking the route south of Africa rather than the canal.
Before the canal 's opening in 1869, goods were sometimes offloaded from ships and carried overland between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea.
In recent years, the shrinking Arctic sea ice has made the Northern Sea Route feasible for commercial cargo ships between Europe and East Asia during a six - to - eight - week window in the summer months, shortening the voyage by thousands of miles compared to that through the Suez Canal. According to polar climate researchers, as the extent of the Arctic summer ice pack recedes the route will become passable without the help of icebreakers for a greater period each summer.
The Bremen - based Beluga Group claimed in 2009 to be the first Western company to attempt using the Northern Sea Route without assistance from icebreakers, cutting 4000 nautical miles off the journey between Ulsan, Korea and Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Israel has declared that it will construct a railroad through the Negev desert to compete with the canal, with construction partly financed by China.
The opening of the canal created the first salt - water passage between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. Although the Red Sea is about 1.2 m (4 ft) higher than the eastern Mediterranean, the current between the Mediterranean and the middle of the canal at the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the Bitter Lakes is tidal, varying with the tide at Suez. The Bitter Lakes, which were hypersaline natural lakes, blocked the migration of Red Sea species into the Mediterranean for many decades, but as the salinity of the lakes gradually equalised with that of the Red Sea the barrier to migration was removed, and plants and animals from the Red Sea have begun to colonise the eastern Mediterranean. The Red Sea is generally saltier and more nutrient - poor than the Atlantic, so the Red Sea species have advantages over Atlantic species in the less salty and nutrient - rich eastern Mediterranean. Accordingly, most Red Sea species invade the Mediterranean biota, and only few do the opposite. This migratory phenomenon is called Lessepsian migration (after Ferdinand de Lesseps) or "Erythrean invasion ''. Also impacting the eastern Mediterranean, starting in 1968, was the operation of Aswan High Dam across the Nile. While providing for increased human development, the project reduced the inflow of freshwater and ended all natural nutrient - rich silt entering the eastern Mediterranean at the Nile Delta. This provided less natural dilution of Mediterranean salinity and ended the higher levels of natural turbidity, additionally making conditions more like those in the Red Sea.
Invasive species originating from the Red Sea and introduced into the Mediterranean by the canal have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the ecology, endangering many local and endemic species. About 300 species from the Red Sea have been identified in the Mediterranean, and there are probably others yet unidentified. The Egyptian government 's intent to enlarge the canal has raised concerns from marine biologists, fearing that this will worsen the invasion of Red Sea species.
Construction of the canal was preceded by cutting a small fresh - water canal called Sweet Water Canal from the Nile delta along Wadi Tumilat to the future canal, with a southern branch to Suez and a northern branch to Port Said. Completed in 1863, these brought fresh water to a previously arid area, initially for canal construction, and subsequently facilitating growth of agriculture and settlements along the canal.
The Suez Canal Economic Zone, sometimes shortened to the Suez Canal Zone, describes the set of locations neighbouring the canal where customs rates have been reduced to zero in order to attract investment. The zone comprises over 600km2 within the governorates of Port Said, Ismailia and Suez. Projects in the zone are collectively described as the Suez Canal Area Development Project (SCADP).
The plan focuses on development of East Port Said and the port of Ain Sokhna, and hopes to extend to four more ports at West Port Said, El - Adabiya, Arish and El Tor.
The zone incorporates the three "Qualifying Industrial Zones '' at Port Said, Ismailia and Suez, a 1996 American initiative to encourage economic ties between Israel and its neighbours.
Coordinates: 30 ° 42 ′ 18 '' N 32 ° 20 ′ 39 '' E / 30.70500 ° N 32.34417 ° E / 30.70500; 32.34417
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who won the super bowl in the past | List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia
The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League (NFL). The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year, and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs. The contest is held in an American city, chosen three to four years beforehand, usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums. Since January 1971, the winner of the American Football Conference (AFC) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference (NFC) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs.
Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League (AFL) and the National Football League (NFL), the two leagues met in four such contests. The first two were marketed as the "AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '', but were also casually referred to as "the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast. Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the "Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing; the names "Super Bowl I '' and "Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games. The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27, while the AFC / AFL has won 25. Twenty franchises, including teams that have relocated to another city, have won the Super Bowl.
The Pittsburgh Steelers (6 -- 2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5 -- 5), the Dallas Cowboys (5 -- 3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5 -- 1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten, while the Buffalo Bills (0 -- 4) have the most consecutive appearances with four (all losses) from 1990 to 1993. The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances: 1972 -- 1974. The Denver Broncos (3 -- 5) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls. The Minnesota Vikings (0 -- 4) and the Bills have lost four. The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises: the Green Bay Packers (1966 -- 1967), the Miami Dolphins (1972 -- 1973), the Pittsburgh Steelers (1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979, the only team to accomplish this feat twice), the San Francisco 49ers (1988 -- 1989), the Dallas Cowboys (1992 -- 1993), the Denver Broncos (1997 -- 1998), and the New England Patriots (2003 -- 2004). Among those, Dallas (1992 -- 1993; 1995) and New England (2001; 2003 -- 2004) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls. The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII. The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens, who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position. Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl, including franchise relocations and renaming: the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions, Jacksonville Jaguars, and Houston Texans, though both the Browns (1964) and Lions (1957) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:
Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls, one of which (Pittsburgh) has accomplished it twice:
No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row, although several have come close:
Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls:
In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl. In the "Seasons '' column, bold years indicate winning seasons, and italic years indicate games not yet completed.
Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl. Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season:
In addition, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls, making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl.
Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl, there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL (1995 and 2002, respectively), resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams.
Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970:
However, the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl, both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time.
The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger, but prior to the 1995 regular season:
Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning. In descending order of number of appearances, they are:
The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl:
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who wrote the song don't worry about a thing | Innervisions - wikipedia
Innervisions is the 16th studio album by American musician Stevie Wonder, released August 3, 1973, on the Tamla label for Motown Records, a landmark recording of his "classic period ''. The nine tracks of Innervisions encompass a wide range of themes and issues: from drug abuse in "Too High '', through inequality and systemic racism in "Living for the City '', to love in the ballads "All in Love Is Fair '' and "Golden Lady ''. The album 's closer, "He 's Misstra Know - It - All '', is a scathing attack on then - US President Richard Nixon, similar to Wonder 's song a year later, "You Have n't Done Nothin ' ''.
As with many of Stevie Wonder 's albums, the lyrics, composition and production are almost entirely his own work, with the ARP synthesizer used prominently throughout the album. The instrument was a common motif among musicians of the time because of its ability to construct a complete sound environment. Wonder was the first black artist to experiment with this technology on a mass scale, and Innervisions was hugely influential on the subsequent future of commercial black music. He also played all or virtually all instruments on six of the album 's nine tracks, making most of Innervisions a representative one - man band.
Three days after the commercial release of Innervisions, on August 6, 1973, Wonder played a concert in Greenville, South Carolina. While on the way back, just outside Durham, North Carolina, Wonder was asleep in the front seat of a car being driven by his friend, John Harris, when they were snaking along the road, behind a truck loaded high with logs. Suddenly the trucker jammed on his brakes, and the two vehicles collided. Logs went flying, and one smashed through the wind shield, sailing squarely into Stevie Wonder 's forehead. He was bloody and unconscious when he was pulled from the wrecked car. For four days he lay in a coma caused by severe brain contusion, causing media attention and the preoccupation of relatives, friends and fans.
It was his friend and tour director Ira Tucker who first elicited some response from him:
... I remember when I got to the hospital in Winston - Salem. Man, I could n't even recognize him. His head was swollen up about five times normal size. And nobody could get through to him. I knew that he likes to listen to music really loud and I thought maybe if I shouted in his ear it might reach him. The doctor told me to go ahead and try, it could n't hurt him. The first time I did n't get any response, but the next day I went back and I got right down in his ear and sang Higher Ground. His hand was resting on my arm and after a while his fingers started going in time with the song. I said yeah, yeah!! This dude is going to make it!
Wonder 's climb back to health was still very long and slow. When he regained consciousness, he discovered that he had lost his sense of smell (which he later largely recovered). He was deeply afraid that he might have lost his musical faculty, too.
... We brought one of his instruments -- I think it was the clavinet -- to the hospital. For a while, Stevie just looked at it, or did n't do anything with it. You could see he was afraid to touch it, because he did n't know if he still had it in him -- he did n't know if he could still play. And then, when he finally did touch it... man, you could just see the happiness spreading all over him. I 'll never forget that.
Still, Wonder had to take medication for a year, tired easily, and suffered severe headaches. The August 6 accident particularly changed his way of thinking. His deep faith and spiritual vision made him doubt that it was "an accident ''. He stated, "You can never change anything that has already happened. Everything is the way it 's supposed to be... Everything that ever happened to me is the way it is supposed to have been. '' Wonder also commented when he was interviewed by The New York Times that "the accident opened my ears up to many things around me. Naturally, life is just more important to me now... and what I do with my life ''. Confirming Stevie 's belief in destiny, Michael Sembello, Wonder 's lead guitarist at the time, said
... Well, I think he 'd always had some awareness of the spiritual side of life. But the accident really brought it to the surface. Like now I know he really sees and uses every concert as the spiritual opportunity it is, to reach people... The accident made him recognize God, it changed him a lot. Sometimes he 'd just drift off in conversation, he 'd just... be some place else. He got really intense after the accident, his ESP got really strong.
... I would like to believe in reincarnation. I would like to believe that there is another life. I think that sometimes your consciousness can happen on this earth a second time around. For me, I wrote Higher Ground even before the accident. But something must have been telling me that something was going to happen to make me aware of a lot of things and to get myself together. This is like my second chance for life, to do something or to do more, and to value the fact that I am alive.
Before the accident, Wonder had been scheduled to do a five - week, 20 - city tour between March and April 1974. It was postponed, with the exception of one date in Madison Square Garden in late March. That concert began with Stevie pointing to his scarred forehead, looking up, grinning, and giving "thanks to God that I 'm alive ''. 21,000 people in the crowd roared with applause, and as a Post critic noted, "it was hard not to be thrilled. ''
Although Innervisions was recorded and released before Wonder 's accident, most people associated it with the musician 's fast recovery. As with both Music of My Mind and Talking Book the previous year, Innervisions was received warmly by music critics. Wonder 's versatile musical skills were praised by critics. Billboard published that "the liner credits Stevie with playing all the instruments on seven of the nine tunes. So in essence this is a one - man band situation and it works. His skill on drums, piano, bass, and arp are outstanding, and all the tracks work within the thematic framework. '' The New York Times wrote, "Stevie identifies himself as a gang and a genius, producing, composing, arranging, singing, and, on several tracks, playing all the accompanying instruments. But Stevie Wonder, you see and want to know more. At the center of his music is the sound of what is real. Vocally, he remains inventive and unafraid, he sings all the things he hears: rock, folk, and all forms of Black music. The sum total of these varying components is an awesome knowledge, consumed and then shared by an artist who is free enough to do both. ''
Many others also praised the variety of musical styles and themes present in the album. One reviewer from Playboy wrote, "Stevie Wonder 's Innervisions is a beautiful fusion of the lyric and the didactic, telling us about the blind world that Stevie inhabits with a depth of musical insight that is awesome. It 's a view that 's basically optimistic, a constant search for the ' Higher Ground ', but the path is full of snares: dope (' Too High '), lies (' Jesus Children of America ') and the starkly rendered poison of the city (' Living for the City '). Wonder seems to say that all people delude themselves but have to be well to pay their dues and existentially accept the present. ' Today 's not yesterday, / And all things have an ending ' is the way he puts it in ' Visions, ' the key tune of the album -- pretty yet serious, harmonically vivid. There 's a lot of varied music here -- Latin, reggae, even a nod to Johnny Mathis (' All in Love is Fair ') -- but it 's all Stevie, unmistakably. ''
Some reviewers were less enthusiastic. Jon Tiven from Circus argued that there was a lack of memorable material: "Just when Stevie had some momentum going, he went and put together a concept album of homogeneous music and rather typical lyrics. Unlike his last two albums, there are no real low spots on this album, which I suppose is an improvement, but there are no songs on Innervisions which are truly outstanding either. There 's no ' Superstition, ' no ' I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever). ' By constructing a solid ground from which to work, Stevie has lowered the ceiling, and put a damper on his talents. ''
Musicians also showed consummate respect for the achievements of the album, with Roberta Flack saying to Newsweek that "It 's the most sensitive of our decade... it has tapped the pulse of the people. ''
Innervisions won Grammy Awards for Album of the Year and Best Engineered Non-Classical Recording in 1974, while "Living for the City '' won the Grammy for Best R&B Song.
After Talking Book hit the top 5 of the Billboard albums chart in early 1973 and achieved steady sales during the rest of the year, Innervisions became another considerable hit in the charts. The album debuted on the Billboard albums chart on August 18, 1973 at number 85, then climbed up weekly to number 22, number 14, number nine, number six until reaching its peak position of number four on September 15. The album remained inside the top 20 until the end of the year and remained inside the top 200 during the whole calendar year of 1975. It was also Wonder 's second consecutive soul album to top the Black Albums chart where it remained for two weeks. (In the Cashbox chart, Innervisions reached number one near the end of the year.) In the UK the album also achieved success, and became Stevie Wonder 's first album ever to reach the UK top 10, peaking at number eight.
Three hit singles were issued from the album. "Higher Ground '', released some weeks before Innervisions, reached number four on the singles chart in late October 1973 (it was also a number one on the Cashbox singles chart). "Living for the City '' was released immediately and reached number eight in early January 1974. Both singles reached number one on the R&B chart. Finally, "Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing '' was released in March, reaching number 16 in early June, and also peaked at number two on the R&B charts. In the UK, "Higher Ground '' and "Living for the City '' were released as singles but achieved modest success, reaching only numbers 29 and 15, respectively. Only a third single issued there, "He 's Misstra Know - It - All '', managed to reach the top 10, peaking at number eight on the UK Singles Chart.
"All in Love Is Fair '' was a later a hit for Barbra Streisand, who recorded it and released as a single in 1974.
Innervisions has been considered by many fans, critics, and colleagues to be among Stevie Wonder 's finest work and one of the great albums in popular music history. The album was revisited countless times in different lists of the greatest albums of all time. In his Rock & Roll Review: A Guide to Good Rock (1991), Bill Shapiro wrote "This recording represents the pinnacle of a very important artist 's career, and of his physically blind, but nonetheless extraordinary humane vision. For all intents and purposes, and for all of its richness and variety of texture, it is essentially all Stevie Wonder. He personally created and arranged every sound heard. His canvas stretches from the tough realities of ghetto streets to the transcendent joy of spiritual acceptance, each rendered with an original, unique musical palette. The feel is a little more jazz than funk, the result is simply glorious pop music -- uplifting sound and message. ''
In 2001, VH1 named it the 31st greatest album of all time with the following statement: "The whole message of this album seems to be caution -- Wonder seems to be warning the black community to be aware of their own plight, strive for improvement, and take matters into their own hands. But this is all against the backdrop of the harsh social realities of America circa 1973, and nowhere does this conflict hit home more than in Wonder 's magnum opus, ' Living for the City ', a raw piece of modern blues on which Wonder played every instrument. The message of urban struggle resonates even more strongly now than it did thirty years ago, proving that the ' inner - visions ' of this LP were visionary as well. ''
In 2003, the album was ranked number 23 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and re-ranked number 24 in the 2012 book version. The magazine wrote in that occasion:
... Stevie Wonder may be blind, but he reads the national landscape, particularly regarding black America, with penetrating insight on Innervisions, the peak of his 1972 - 73 run of albums -- including Music of My Mind and Talking Book. Fusing social realism with spiritual idealism, Wonder brings expressive color and irresistible funk to his synth - based keyboards on "Too High '' (a cautionary anti-drug song) and "Higher Ground '' (which echoes Martin Luther King Jr. 's message of transcendence). The album 's centerpiece is "Living for the City '', a cinematic depiction of exploitation and injustice.
As further evidence of the album 's classic status, Innervisions was re-released in the UK on September 15, 2008 to coincide with Wonder 's critically acclaimed autumn 2008 European tour.
All songs written, produced, and arranged by Stevie Wonder.
shipments figures based on certification alone
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when was the last time west indies won a test series | History of the West Indian cricket team - wikipedia
The history of the West Indian cricket team begins in the 1880s when the first combined West Indian team was formed and toured Canada and the United States. In the 1890s, the first representative sides were selected to play visiting English sides. Administered by the West Indies Cricket Board ("WICB ''), and known colloquially as The Windies, the West Indies cricket team represents a sporting confederation of English - speaking Caribbean countries.
The WICB joined the sport 's international ruling body, the Imperial Cricket Council, in 1926, and played their first official international match, which in cricket is called a Test, in 1928. Although blessed with some great players in their early days as a Test nation, their successes remained sporadic until the 1960s, by which time the side had changed from a white - dominated to a black - dominated side. By the late 1970s, the West Indies had a side recognised as unofficial world champions, a title they retained throughout the 1980s. Their team from the 1970s and 1980s is now widely regarded as having been one of the best in test cricket 's history, alongside Don Bradman 's Invincibles. During these glory years, the Windies were noted for their four - man fast bowling attack, backed up by some of the best batsmen in the world. The 1980s saw them set a then - record streak of 11 consecutive Test victories in 1984, which was part of a still - standing record of 27 tests without defeat (the other tests being draws), as well as inflicting two 5 -- 0 "blackwashes '' against the old enemy of England. Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, however, West Indian cricket declined, in part due to the rise in popularity of athletics and football in West Indian countries, and the team today is struggling to regain its past glory.
In their early days in the 1930s, the side represented the British colonies of the West Indies Federation plus British Guyana. The current side represents the now independent states of Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and Trinidad and Tobago, and the British dependencies of Anguilla, Montserrat and the British Virgin Islands along with the U.S. Virgin Islands and St. Maarten. National teams also exist for the various islands, which, as they are all separate countries, very much keep their local identities and support their local favourites. These national teams take part in the West Indian first - class competition, the Stanford 20 / 20, the Carib Beer Cup (earlier known as the Busta Cup, Shell Shield and various other names). It is also common for other international teams to play the island teams for warm - up games before they take on the combined West Indies team.
The first major international cricket played in the West Indies was between local, often predominantly white, sides and English tourists -- the Middlesex player Robert Slade Lucas toured the West Indies with a team in 1894 -- 95, and two years later Arthur Priestley took a team to Barbados, Trinidad, and Jamaica, which included, for the first time, a match against a side styled "All West Indies '', which the West Indians won. Lord Hawke 's English team, including several English Test players, toured around the same time, playing Trinidad, Barbados and British Guiana (now Guyana). Then in 1900 the white Trinidadian Aucher Warner, the brother of future England captain Pelham Warner, led a touring side to England, but none of the matches on this tour were given first - class status. Two winters later, in 1901 -- 02, the Hampshire wicketkeeper Richard Bennett 's XI went to the West Indies, and played three games against teams styled as the "West Indies '', which the hosts won 2 -- 1. In 1904 -- 05, Lord Brackley 's XI toured the Caribbean -- winning both its games against "West Indies ''.
The tours to England continued in 1906 when Harold Austin led a West Indian side to England. His side played a number of county teams, and drew their game against an "England XI ''. However, that England XI only included one contemporary Test player -- wicketkeeper Dick Lilley -- and he had not been on England 's most recent tour, their 1905 -- 6 tour of South Africa. The Marylebone Cricket Club, which had taken over responsibility for arranging all official overseas England tours, visited the West Indies in 1910 -- 11, and 1912 -- 13 but after that there was no international cricket of any note until the West Indian team went to England in 1923. This tour did not include a game against an England team, but there was an end - of - season game against HDG Leveson - Gower 's XI against a virtual England Test side at the Scarborough cricket festival, a traditional end - of - season game against a touring side at the English seaside resort of Scarborough, which Leveson - Gower 's XI won by only four wickets. 1925 -- 26 saw another MCC tour of the West Indies.
The MCC was eager to promote cricket throughout the British Empire, and on 31 May 1926 the West Indian Cricket Board, along with their New Zealand and Indian counterparts, was elected to the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC), which previously consisted of the MCC and representatives of Australia and South Africa. Election to full membership of the ICC meant the West Indies could play official Test matches, which is the designation given to the most important international games, and the Windies became the fourth team actually to play a recognised Test match on 23 June 1928 when they took on England at Lord 's in London. They did not, however, enjoy immediate success -- the West Indies lost all three 3 - day Tests in that 1928 tour by a long way, failing to score 250 runs in any of their six innings in that series. They also failed to dismiss England for under 350 runs in a series completely dominated by England.
The West Indies played 19 Tests in the 1930s in four series against England and one against Australia. The first four of these were played against an England team led by the Honourable Freddie Calthorpe that toured in 1929 -- 30. However, as Harold Gilligan was leading another English team to New Zealand at exactly the same time, this was not a full - strength England side. The series ended one - all, with the West Indies first ever Test victory being recorded on 26 February 1930. West Indians George Headley scored the most runs (703) in the rubber and Learie Constantine took the most wickets (18).
The Windies toured Australia in 1930 -- 31. They lost the Test series 4 -- 1. The fifth and final Test showed some promise -- batting first, the West Indies spent the first three days earning a 250 - run lead with five wickets down in their second innings. A bold declaration was backed up by their bowlers, as Herman Griffith took four wickets and West Indies won by 30 runs to their first overseas Test victory. By the time the team left, they had left a good impression of themselves with the Australian public, although at first the team were faced with several cultural differences -- for example, their hosts did not at first appreciate that the tourists ' Roman Catholic beliefs would mean they would refuse to play golf on Sundays or engage in more ribald behaviour. The West Indian sides of the time were always led by white men, and the touring party to Australia comprised seven whites and eleven "natives '', and the West Indian Board of Control wrote to their Australian counterparts saying "that all should reside at the same hotels ''. Australia at the time had in place its "White Australia '' policy, with the Australian Board having to guarantee to the Government that the non-whites would leave at the end of the tour. When the West Indians arrived in Sydney, the whites were immediately given a different hotel from the blacks. They complained, and thereafter their wishes were met. The tour lost a lot of money, part of which was due to the Great Depression then affecting Australia. The West Indians won four and lost eight of their 14 first - class fixtures.
1933 saw another tour of England. Their hosts had just come back from defeating Australia in the infamous Bodyline series, where England 's aggressive bowling at the body with a legside field attracted much criticism. England won the three - Test series of three - day Tests against the Windies 2 -- 0. The second, drawn, Test at Old Trafford, Manchester, provided an intriguing footnote to the Bodyline controversy when Manny Martindale and Learie Constantine bowled Bodyline -- fast, short - pitched balls aimed at the body -- against the Englishmen, the only time they faced it in international cricket. The tactic did not work, as Douglas Jardine, the English captain who ordered his players to bowl it against the Australians, did not flinch as he scored his only Test century, making 127 out of England 's 374.
Another England tour of the West Indies followed in 1934 -- 35. England won the first Test in Barbados on a poor pitch, affected by rain, and in a match where 309 runs were scored, England took a four - wicket victory. Both sides declared one of their innings closed to have their bowlers take advantage of the poor pitch. The second Test saw the Windies win by 217 runs, and a drawn third Test saw the series go to a decider at Sabina Park in Jamaica. A massive 270 not out from George Headley saw the Windies declare on 535 for 7. Despite a century from Les Ames, England could not avoid going down by an innings and 161 runs -- the West Indies had secured their first Test series victory.
The West Indies toured England in 1939. England won the first Test at Lord 's easily by 8 wickets, then there was a rain - affected draw in Manchester, and finally a high - scoring draw at the Oval in mid-August. The highlight of the series for the West Indies was George Headley scoring hundreds in both innings in the Lord 's Test. With the clouds of World War II seemingly about to envelope Europe, the rest of the tour was cancelled and the Windies returned home. They would play no more Tests until 21 January 1948 saw the start of the first Test the West Indies played since the War, which resulted in a draw against the MCC side from England. The second Test was also drawn, with George Carew and Andy Ganteaume both making centuries. Ganteaume was then dropped, ending with a Test average of 112 -- the highest in Test history. The West Indies won the final two Tests chasing sub-100 totals, and wrapped up the series 2 -- 0, their first away - series victory.
In 1948, West Indies toured newly independent India for the first time for a five Test tour. The tour was preceded by a non-Test tour of Pakistan and followed by a similar short tour of Ceylon. After three high - scoring draws against the Indians, the West Indians wrapped up the fourth by an innings before a thrilling fifth Test, which left the Indians six runs away from victory with two wickets in hand as time ran out, so that the West Indies thus won the rubber 1 -- 0. Carrying on from his hundred in the series against England, Everton Weekes set a record of scoring hundreds in five successive Test innings.
1950 saw another tour of England, the series saw the emergence for the West Indies of their great spinning duo, Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine. England won the first Test by 202 runs, but Valentine and Ramadhin 's bowling would win the series for the visitors. The second Test saw the Windies put on 326 thanks to 106 from Allan Rae before Valentine (4 for 48) and Ramadhin (5 for 66) skittled England in the first innings. A mammoth 168 from Clyde Walcott saw England set a theoretical target of 601. Ramadhin 's 6 for 86 and Valentine 's 3 for 79 dismissed the hosts for 274. The spinning duo took 12 wickets, Frank Worrell made 261 and Everton Weekes 129 as the third Test went the Windies way by 10 wickets, the fourth saw 14 wickets from Valentine and Ramadhin and centuries from Rae and Worrell as England were defeated by an innings. The West Indies won the series 3 -- 1.
In 1951 -- 1952 the Windies visited Australia. The first Test saw a narrow defeat by three wickets, with the two spinners seemingly continuing their form with twelve wickets between them. The second Test was lost by seven wickets, as Australia replied to the Windies 362 and 290 with 567 (which included centuries from Lindsay Hassett and Keith Miller) and 137 for 2. 6 wickets from Worrell in the third Test saw Australia dismissed for only 82, and the Windies eventually won by six wickets to pull back to two - one down in the series. The fourth Test saw the series lost in a narrow defeat. Worrell, batting with an injured hand, scored 108 and helped the Windies to 272 before Australia made 216 in reply. 203 from the Windies left Australia a target of 260. 5 wickets from Valentine helped reduced the Aussies to 222 for 9, 38 short with 1 wicket remaining. It did n't happen, as some brilliant running between the wicket for Australia by Bill Johnston and Doug Ring saw West Indies lose their composure and the match. The fifth Test saw three batting collapses, as Australia (116 and 377) beat Windies (78 and 213) by 202 runs to finish the rubber four - one winners. The West Indies then went on to New Zealand. In the first Test encounter between the two teams, the visitors scored a five wicket victory. In the second and final Test, Allan Rae scored 99, Jeffrey Stollmeyer 152, Frank Worrell 100 and Clyde Walcott 115 as the West Indies put on 546 for 6 declared. There was n't enough time to bowl out the opposition twice though, as the hosts made 160 and were following - on at 17 for 1 when stumps were drawn, leaving the Windies series winners.
The Indians toured at the beginning of 1953. The Windies won the second of the five Tests that were played, with the others all being draws. The highlight of these games we Frank Worrell 's 237 in the fifth Test, where all the three W 's scored hundreds, as the West Indies scored a 1 -- 0 series victory. Len Hutton led an MCC (England) side to the islands in 1953 -- 1954. Sonny Ramadhin again starred for the Windies taking 23 wickets (no other West Indian took more than 8), as Walcott 's 698 runs was more than 200 higher than second - placed West Indian, Everton Weekes. The five match rubber was drawn two - all.
Australia came and conquered in 1954 -- 1955. After the Aussies made 515 in the first innings of the first Test, the Windies went down by 9 wickets. Then the Windies 382 was put in the shade by 600 for 9 declared by the visitors as the second Test was drawn. A low - scoring third Test saw Australia (257 and 133 for 2) beat the hosts (182 and 207) by 8 wickets. After Australia scored 668 in the fourth Test, the series was lost, although a double century from captain Denis Atkinson and a world - record stand for the seventh wicket allowed the Windies to reach 510 and draw the Test. The fifth Test saw the West Indies win the toss and bat. Walcott 's 155 was the highest score of their 357. The Australians then batted and batted, in total for 245.4 overs in the 6 - day Test, as they put on 758 for 8 declared, with five players making centuries. 319 in the West Indies ' second innings left them defeated by an innings and 82 runs in the Test, and by three games to nil in the series. Walcott set records by scoring five hundreds, and hundreds in both innings of a match twice. A four - Test tour of New Zealand followed in February 1956. After two wins by an innings and one by 9 wickets, the Windies were surprised by the Kiwis in the fourth, dismissing them for 145 and 77 as they recorded their first ever Test win in their 45th Test.
John Goddard returned to captain the West Indians for a five - Test tour of England in 1957, which was lost three - nil, with England having the better of the two draws. Then 1957 -- 1958 Gerry Alexander led a team that defeated Pakistan three - one. It was in this series in Jamaica that Garry Sobers scored 365 not out to record what was then the highest score in Test match cricket. Alexander went on to lead the West Indies to a three - nil win over five Tests in India, and a 2 -- 1 defeat by Pakistan in a three match rubber in the following winter. In 1959 -- 1960 he led as West Indies went down one - nil at home in a five - match series with England.
Despite being a region where whites are a minority, until 1960 West Indies were always captained by white cricketers, though this was more social than racial discrimination. Throughout the 1950s, social theorist CLR James, the increasingly political former cricketer Learie Constantine and others called for a black captain. Constantine himself had stood in for Jackie Grant in the field against England on the 1937 -- 38 tour, and George Headley captained the West Indies in the First Test against England in 1947 -- 48 when the appointed, white captain, John Goddard was injured. However, no black was appointed as captain for a whole series until Frank Worrell was chosen to lead West Indies in their tour of Australia in 1960 -- 61. In his three years as captain, Worrell moulded a bunch of talented but raw cricketers into probably the best team in the world.
In 1960, Australia were the best team in the world but on their way down, while West Indies were on their way up. It so happened that when they met, the two teams were of almost equal strength. The result was a series that has been recognised as one of the greatest of all time. The first Test in Brisbane was the first Test ever to end in a tie, which in cricket means the side batting last has been dismissed with scores level. The teams shared the next two Tests. In the fourth, Australia 's last pair of Ken Mackay and Lindsay Kline played out the last 100 minutes of the match to earn a draw, while Australia won the final Test and the series by two wickets. One of the days of play was attended by a world - record crowd of 90,800. Such was the impression created by Worrell 's team that the newly instituted trophy for the series between the two teams was named the Frank Worrell Trophy.
West Indies beat India 5 -- 0 at home next year, and in 1963, they beat a fine English team by three matches to one. The Lord 's Test of this series saw a famous finish. With two balls left, England needed six runs to win, and West Indies one wicket. The non-striker was Colin Cowdrey, who had his left arm in a sling, having fractured it earlier in the day. However, David Allen safely played out the last two balls and the match ended in a draw. Worrell retired at the end of the series. The selectors picked Garry Sobers to succeed him.
Worrell did, however, serve as the team manager when West Indies hosted Australia in 1964 -- 65. The matches against Australia were bitterly fought, with accusations about Charlie Griffith 's action (he was accused of throwing, which is banned in the laws of cricket) and bouncer wars. The West Indies won this series 2 -- 1 to be the unofficial world champions. Sobers was not as good at man - management as Worrell and cracks soon began to appear. Often it was his individual brilliance that made the difference between a win and a loss. Throughout the 1960s, West Indies bowling was led by Wes Hall, Griffith, Lance Gibbs and Sobers himself. Hall and Griffith faded and then retired by the end of the decade, but WI could find no replacement for them till the mid-1970s.
Sobers was at his best in England in 1966, scoring 722 runs and taking 20 wickets in the five Tests. Three times he topped 150, and the 163 * at Lord 's turned a certain defeat into a near victory. West Indies won 3 -- 1. England toured the West Indies in 1967 -- 68 for a series that became noted for England 's deliberate slow play. West Indies were forced to follow on in the first Test but saved it without difficulty. The second Test was played on an underprepared wicket at Kingston. England won an important toss and scored 376. The bounce of the wicket having become very uneven, West Indies collapsed to 143 and followed on. On the fourth day in the second innings, a disputed decision led to a crowd riot, and the match had to be stopped for some time. In a curious decision, the West Indian Cricket Board (WICB) agreed to add a 75 - minute sixth day to compensate for the lost time. Sobers played an outstanding innings of 113 not out, which allowed West Indies to set England a target of 159 in 155 minutes. England just about saved the game, losing eight wickets for 68. In the fourth Test West Indies gained a first innings lead of 122 at Port - of - Spain, but with the second innings score at 92 for 2, Sobers, frustrated by England 's slow over rates and wanting to give himself a chance, albeit a small one, to win, surprisingly declared the innings, a decision for which he was widely criticised at the time. England were set a target of 215 in 165 minutes and they achieved it with 3 minutes to spare. West Indies made one last effort to win the final Test, but England drew it with only wicket left in their second innings. West Indies lost the series 0 -- 1, the first defeat since 1960 -- 61.
Australia and Bill Lawry had their revenge in 1968 -- 69, when West Indies lost the away series 1 -- 3. New Zealand managed to draw the series that followed, and then in 1969 West Indies were defeated 0 -- 2 in England.
West Indies ' woes overflowed into the 1970s. At home in 1970 -- 71, they lost to India for the first time. In the next year, a five Test series against New Zealand cricket team ended with no team coming close to winning one. A major find in the New Zealand series was Lawrence Rowe, who started off with a double century and century on his debut. Under Rohan Kanhai 's captaincy, West Indies showed the first signs of revival. Australia won the closely fought 1972 -- 73 series in the Caribbean by two Tests. With Sobers back -- but Kanhai still the captain -- West Indies defeated England 2 -- 0 in 1973. This included a win by an innings and 226 runs at Lord 's, their biggest win against England. The return series in West Indies ended 1 -- 1, though the home team was the better side. Rowe continued his run scoring three centuries including a 302 at Kingston. The final Test of this 1973 -- 74 series marked the end of an era in West Indies cricket -- it was the last Test of both Garry Sobers and Rohan Kanhai, and marked the emergence of fast bowler Andy Roberts.
The new captain Clive Lloyd had made his first appearance in Test cricket in 1966 and had since become a fixture in the side. His avuncular, bespectacled appearance and a stoop near the shoulders masked the fact that he was a very fine fielder, especially in the covers, and a devastating stroke player. Lloyd 's first assignment was the tour of India in 1974 -- 75. West Indies won the first two Tests comfortably. Gordon Greenidge started his career with 107 and 93 in the first Test. Vivian Richards failed on his debut, but scored 192 * in his second. India fought back to win the next two, but Lloyd hit 242 * in the final Test to win the series.
West Indies won the inaugural World Cup in England in 1975, defeating Australia in the final. Then in 1975 -- 76 they toured Australia, only to lose 1 -- 5 in the six - Test series, and then beat India at home two - one in a four Test series later that same winter. It was in Australia that the quick bowler Michael Holding made his first appearance. Colin Croft and Joel Garner made their debut the next year, and Malcolm Marshall two years after. In the span of about four years, West Indies brought together a bowling line - up of a quality that had rarely been seen before. The tour of India had seen the debut of Vivian Richards, arguably the finest West Indian batsman ever, and Gordon Greenidge, who joined a strong batting line - up that already included Alvin Kallicharran and opener Roy Fredericks in addition to Rowe and Lloyd. These players formed the nucleus of the side that became recognised as world Test match champions until the beginning of the 1990s.
Next came a tour of England in 1976. In a TV interview before the series, English captain Tony Greig commented that the West Indies tend to do badly under pressure and that "we 'll make them grovel ''. This comment, especially as it came from a South African - born player, touched a raw nerve of the West Indians. Throughout the series, the English batsmen were subjected to some very hostile bowling. After the first two Tests ended in draws, West Indies won the next three. Of the many heroes for West Indies, Richards stood out with 829 runs in four Tests. He hit 232 at Trent Bridge and 291 at the Oval. Greenidge scored three hundreds, two of which were on the difficult wicket at Old Trafford. Roberts and Holding shared 55 wickets between them, Holding 's 8 for 92 and 6 for 57 on the unhelpful wicket at the Oval being a superlative effort.
West Indies won a home series against a tough Pakistan side in 1976 -- 77. A few months later, the World Series Cricket (WSC) controversy broke out. Most of the West Indian players signed up with Kerry Packer, an Australian TV magnate who was attempting to set up his own international cricket competition. The Australian team that toured West Indies the next year included no Packer players. West Indies Cricket Board fielded a full - strength team under the argument that none of the West Indies players had refused to play, but disputes arose in the matter of payment and about the selection of certain players. Before the third Test, Lloyd resigned his captaincy. Within two days all the other WSC - contracted players also withdrew. Alvin Kallicharran captained the team for the remaining Tests of the series, which the Windies won three - one.
WICB allowed the WSC players to appear in the 1979 World Cup, and the West Indies retained the title with little difficulty. By the end of 1979, the WSC disputes were resolved. Kallicharran was deposed after losing a six - match series one - nil in India and Lloyd returned as captain for a tour against a full - strength Australia (where the Windies won two - nil, with one draw) and New Zealand. The latter tour was full of controversy. New Zealand won the first Test at Dunedin by one wicket, but West Indies were never happy with the umpiring. West Indian discontent boiled over the next Test at Christchurch. While running into bowl, Colin Croft deliberately shouldered the umpire Fred Goodall. When Goodall went to talk to Lloyd about Croft 's behaviour, he had to walk all the way to meet the West Indian captain, as the latter did not move an inch from his position at the slips. After tea on the third day, West Indies refused to take the field unless Goodall was removed. They were persuaded to continue, and it took intense negotiations between the two boards to keep the tour on track. The Kiwis won the three match series after the second and third Tests ended in draws. Nevertheless, the defeat proved to be the West Indies last Test series loss for the next 15 years.
The 1980s started with a one - nil victory away to England over five Tests, one - nil away to Pakistan over four Tests, two - nil home to England over four Tests and a one - all draw away to Australia. Then in 1982 -- 83, a West Indian rebel team toured apartheid South Africa. It was led by Lawrence Rowe and included prominent players like Alvin Kallicharran, Colin Croft, Collis King and Sylvester Clarke. WICB banned the players for life (which was later revoked), and some were refused entry back home. However, the rebels managed another tour the next year, which included most of the players of the original team. Despite this loss of talent, the official Windies side continued to dominate. During this time, the West Indies established themselves as one of Test cricket 's all - time great sides, peaking perhaps on their tour of England in 1984, where they won the series 5 -- 0, the only time in Test cricket history the touring side has whitewashed a five - test series. This was followed by a second "blackwash '' against England at home in 1985 -- 86. At the same time, the West Indies established the then - record of 11 consecutive Test victories, which was part of a still - standing record of 27 Tests without defeat. In the period from 1980 to 1985 -- 86 they won 10 out of 11 Test series, the 1981 -- 82 series in Australia being drawn 1 -- 1. The West Indies ' only notable defeat in this period was in the one - day arena, when, to general surprise, they lost to India in the final of the 1983 World Cup.
West Indian captain Lloyd retired from Test cricket at the end of the 1984 -- 85 series against Australia. In total Lloyd had captained West Indies in 74 Test matches, winning 36 of them. Vivian Richards was Lloyd 's successor, and continued the run of success. Meanwhile, a change of old guard was also happening. Joel Garner and Michael Holding had retired by 1987. A major find was Curtly Ambrose, who was as tall as Garner and equally effective with the ball. Courtney Walsh, who made his first appearance in 1984, bowled with an action that resembled Holding. Ian Bishop also had a similar action, and was as good a bowler till injuries interrupted his career. Patrick Patterson was faster than all the rest, but had a short career. Marshall still was the finest fast bowler in the world. But the batting was beginning to show signs of weakness, despite the presence of Richards, Greenidge and Desmond Haynes. West Indies failed to qualify for the semifinals of the 1987 World Cup. By the end of the 1980s, while still the best team in the world, they had lost the aura of invincibility that they had till the middle of the decade. Finding good replacements for senior players was again becoming a problem.
During the early 1990s, the West Indies team was dealt a massive blow with the retirement of its star players like Richards, Greenidge, Dujon and Marshall (who all retired after the away series against England in 1991), bringing an end to a glorious era. This left a youthful and inexperienced side. Indeed, after Richards ' retirement the only players with significant experience were Richie Richardson (who was appointed the new captain of the side), Haynes (who was soon dropped), Gus Logie (who was recalled) and Roger Harper (who came and went). However, this did not immediately affect their performance. Richie Richardson proved to be a decent successor to Richards. A new crop of young players emerged such as Brian Lara, Ian Bishop, Jimmy Adams, Carl Hooper, Phil Simmons, Keith Arthurton and Winston Benjamin. It was five more years before the West Indies lost a series, but they had a number of close shaves before then. Making a comeback to international cricket, South Africa played its first Test match in Bridgetown, a match which was attended by fewer than 10,000 people because of a boycott. Needing 201 to win on the last day, South Africa reached 123 for 2 before Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh took the remaining 8 wickets for 25 runs. In 1992 -- 93, the West Indies defeated Australia by one run in Adelaide, where a loss would have cost them the series. In 1994 -- 95, the West Indies salvaged a draw in India when, after losing the first Test and drawing the second, they secured a win in the third. In 1992, the West Indies once again failed to qualify for the World Cup semi-finals.
Australia finally defeated the West Indies 2 -- 1 in 1994 -- 95 to become the unofficial world champions of Test cricket. The 1996 World Cup ended with a defeat in the semi-final, which forced Richie Richardson to end his career. The captaincy passed over to Courtney Walsh and then in 1998 to Brian Lara. The West Indies made their first ever official tour to South Africa in 1998 -- 99. It was a disaster, starting with player revolts and ending with a 5 -- 0 defeat. The 1999 World Cup campaign ended in the group stages. The next year, England won a series against the West Indies for the first time in thirty - one years. The West Indies ended the decade with another 5 -- 0 defeat, this time in Australia.
For most of the 1990s, the West Indian batting lineup was dominated by Brian Lara. Lara became a regular in the side after the retirement of Viv Richards in 1991. In 1993 -- 94, he scored 375 against England in Antigua, breaking Sobers ' world record for the highest individual score in Test cricket. He continued his fine form playing for Warwickshire in the 1994 English County Championship, posting seven first - class hundreds in eight innings (including the Test match 375). The last of these was 501 not out against Durham, which improved upon Hanif Mohammad 's thirty - five - year - old record as the highest score in first - class cricket. The West Indian bowling attack was spearheaded by Curtly Ambrose and Courtney Walsh, the latter setting a then world record of 519 wickets. However, these two had both retired by 2001, and their successors failed to maintain the high standards that Ambrose and Walsh had set. Despite the emergence of some good batsmen like Shivnarine Chanderpaul and Ramnaresh Sarwan, Brian Lara remained the crucial figure of the side.
After a 2 -- 0 defeat by New Zealand in 1999 -- 00, Lara was replaced as captain by Jimmy Adams, who initially enjoyed series wins against Zimbabwe and Pakistan. However, a 3 -- 1 defeat by England and a 5 -- 0 whitewash by Australia saw him replaced by Carl Hooper for the 2000 -- 01 visit by South Africa. By the time Lara was restored to the captaincy in 2002 -- 03, series had been lost to South Africa, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, New Zealand and India. The only series win of note was against India (although Zimbabwe and Bangladesh were also beaten) as the West Indies plummeted to eighth place in the world - rankings, below all the other established Test nations.
After losing the first series of his second captaincy period to world champions Australia, Lara secured success against Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, before another poor run saw 3 -- 0 defeats in 4 - Test series against both South Africa and England. In the drawn fourth Test against England, Lara became the only man to regain the world record for highest individual Test score by scoring 400 not out, once again in Antigua, bettering Matthew Hayden 's 380 against Zimbabwe the previous year. The West Indies were then whitewashed 4 -- 0 in England. Lara 's last act as captain was to win the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy, a one - day competition second only to the Cricket World Cup, at the Oval, London -- a win that was a welcome surprise for the Caribbean which had just been hit by Hurricane Ivan.
This joy was short - lived as a major dispute broke out in 2005 between the West Indian Players Association (WIPA) and the Cricket Board. The point of contention was clause 5 of the tour contract which gave WICB the sole and exclusive right to arrange for sponsorship, advertising, licensing, merchandising and promotional activities relating to WICB or any WICB Team. Digicel were the sponsors of the West Indian Team, while most of the players had contracts with Cable & Wireless. This conflict, coupled with a payment dispute meant that the West Indies initially announced a team absent Lara and a number of other leading West Indians for South Africa 's visit in 2004 -- 05, leading to Shivnarine Chanderpaul becoming captain. Some of these players did, in the end, compete. However, the dispute had not been resolved and rumbled on, leading to a second - string side being named for the tour of Sri Lanka in 2005. A resolution did not arise until October 2005, when a full - strength side was finally named for the 2005 -- 06 tour of Australia. It was on this tour that Brian Lara overtook Australian Allan Border as the highest run - scorer in Test match cricket, despite the West Indies losing the series 3 -- 0.
In 2009, another dispute erupted when many senior players decided not to take part over pay and contract issues. The WICB chose a second - string side to take part in a series against Bangladesh and the Champions Trophy. In 2012, ICC decided to get involved in order to resolve this long standing dispute.
In 2014, another dispute between WICB and West Indian Players Association (WIPA) led to the team 's Indian tour being curtailed. The bone of contention was a protracted payment structure.
In 2015, Players has made themselves unavailable for tests, and with Jason Holder being thrust into the role of captaincy, and was met with much distrust between veteran bowlers and Holder and the administration and selectors. As a result, West Indies lost 21 matches by an innings since 1995 - 2015, when the team never lost more than 4 matches by over an innings combined from 1966 - 1995.
When Twenty20 cricket began to be contested full force beginning with the 2007 World Twenty20 in South Africa, the West Indies began to develop and realize an advantage of possessing and developing Richards - style batsmen who could devastate bowling attacks with power. As well, many West Indian batsmen put an emphasis on power to prepare for Twenty20 play as it offered them their most lucrative contracts. Foremost among the hard hitters was Chris Gayle, who both hit the first T20 international century and became the first to hit two.
At the 2012 World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka, the Windies thrashed Australia in the semifinals and then beat the hosts by 32 runs to win their third ICC world championship and their first since Richards, Holding, Lloyd and Co. had won the 1979 World Cup. In the 2016 World Twenty20, they beat host India in the semifinals after a scintillating successful chase and were still cheered back at their hotel by local and traveling fans as they advanced to face England in the final, which they won by four wickets after Carlos Brathwaite hit four consecutive sixes off Ben Stokes with 19 runs required off the final over. In contrast to being 8th in the ICC Test Rankings and 9th in the ICC ODI Rankings, the Windies entered the match as 2nd in the ICC T20 rankings behind only India.
The West Indies generally play fast bowlers more so than spin bowlers. The West Indian team at any one time will generally consist of four fast bowlers (as opposed to a mixture of fast and spin bowlers). They have on occasion played spin bowlers however, they tend to be batting All - Rounders. Examples include Gus Logie, Carl Hooper, etc. One famous example of their "four - pronged '' pace attack (as it has been dubbed) was during the 1980s when the attack generally included:
Other pacemen surrounding that quartet included * Patrick Patterson (fast), * Colin Croft (fast) & * Sylvester Clarke (fast).
Their current attack includes:
Other pacemen of this era include Andre Russell (fast medium), Miguel Cummins (fast medium), Fidel Edwards (fast), Krishmar Santokie (fast medium), Shannon Gabriel (fast), Lionel Baker (fast medium) and Jerome Taylor (fast).
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which literary genre emerged during the hellenistic period in greek history | Greek literature - wikipedia
Greek literature dates from ancient Greek literature, beginning in 800 BCE, to the modern Greek literature of today.
Ancient Greek literature was written in an Ancient Greek dialect. This literature ranges from the oldest surviving written works until works from approximately the fifth century CE. This time period is divided into the Preclassical, Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Preclassical Greek literature primarily revolved around myths and include the works of Homer; the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Classical period saw the dawn of drama and history. Three philosophers are especially notable: Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. During the Roman era, significant contributions were made in a variety of subjects, including history, philosophy, and the sciences.
Byzantine literature, the literature of the Byzantine Empire, was written in Atticizing, Medieval and early Modern Greek. Chronicles, distinct from historics, arose in this period. Encyclopedias also flourished in this period.
Modern Greek literature is written in common Modern Greek. The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is one of the most significant works from this time period. Adamantios Korais and Rigas Feraios are two of the most notable figures.
Ancient Greek literature refers to literature written in Ancient Greek dialects. These works range from the oldest surviving written works in the Greek language until works from the fifth century CE. The Greek language arose from the proto - Indo - European language; roughly two - thirds of its words can be derived from various reconstructions of the tongue. A number of alphabets and syllabaries had been used to render Greek, but surviving Greek literature was written in a Phoenician - derived alphabet that arose primarily in Greek Ionia and was fully adopted by Athens by the fifth century BCE.
The Greeks created poetry before making use of writing for literary purposes. Poems created in the Preclassical period were meant to be sung or recited (writing was little known before the 7th century BCE). Most poems focused on myths, legends that were part folktale and part religion. Tragedies and comedies emerged around 600 BCE.
At the beginning of Greek literature stand the works of Homer; the Iliad and the Odyssey. Though dates of composition vary, these works were fixed around 800 BCE or after. Another significant figure was the poet Hesiod. His two surviving works are Works and Days and Theogony.
During the classical period, many of the genres of western literature became more prominent. Lyrical poetry, odes, pastorals, elegies, epigrams; dramatic presentations of comedy and tragedy; histories, rhetorical treatises, philosophical dialectics, and philosophical treatises all arose in this period.
The two major lyrical poets were Sappho and Pindar. Of the hundreds of tragedies written and performed during this time period, only a limited number of plays survived. These plays are authored by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
The comedy arose from a ritual in honor of Dionysus. These plays were full of obscenity, abuse, and insult. The surviving plays by Aristophanes are a treasure trove of comic presentation.
Two influential historians of this age are Herodotus and Thucydides. A third historian, Xenophon, wrote "Hellenica, '' which is considered an extension of Thucydides 's work.
The greatest prose achievement of the 4th century BC was in philosophy. Greek philosophy flourished during the classical period. Of the philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the most famous.
Herodotus
Plato
Sophocles
By 338 BCE many of the key Greek cities had been conquered by Philip II of Macedon. Philip II 's son Alexander extended his father 's conquests greatly.
The Hellenistic age is defined as the time between the death of Alexander the Great and the rise of Roman domination. After the 3rd century BCE, the Greek colony of Alexandria in northern Egypt became the center of Greek culture.
Greek poetry flourished with significant contributions from Theocritus, Callimachus, and Apollonius of Rhodes. Theocritus, who lived from about 310 to 250 BCE, was the creator of pastoral poetry, a type that the Roman Virgil mastered in his Eclogues.
Drama was represented by the New Comedy, of which Menander was the principal exponent.
One of the most valuable contributions of the Hellenistic period was the translation of the Old Testament into Greek. This work was done at Alexandria and completed by the end of the 2nd century BCE.
Roman literature was written in Latin and contributed significant works to the subjects of poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. A large proportion of literature from this time period were histories.
Significant historians of the period were Timaeus, Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Appian of Alexandria, Arrian, and Plutarch. The period of time they cover extended from late in the 4th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.
Many contributions were also made in the sciences.
Eratosthenes of Alexandria wrote on astronomy and geography, but his work is known mainly from later summaries. The physician Galen pioneered developments in various scientific disciplines including anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology.
The New Testament, written by various authors in varying qualities of Koine Greek, hails from this period. The Gospels and the Epistles of Saint Paul were written in this time period as well.
Byzantine literature refers to literature of the Byzantine Empire written in Atticizing, Medieval and early Modern Greek.
Byzantine literature combined Greek and Christian civilization on the common foundation of the Roman political system. This type of literature was set in the intellectual and ethnographic atmosphere of the Near East. Byzantine literature possesses four primary cultural elements: Greek, Christian, Roman, and Oriental.
Aside from personal correspondence, literature of this period was primarily written in the Atticizing style. Some early literature of this period was written in Latin; some of the works from the Latin Empire were written in French.
Chronicles, distinct from historic, arose in this period. Encyclopedias also flourished in this period.
Modern Greek literature is written in common Modern Greek. During this period, the modern vernacular form of the Greek language became more commonplace in writing.
This period saw the revival of Greek and Roman studies and the development of Renaissance humanism and science.
The Cretan Renaissance poem Erotokritos is a prominent work of this time period. It is a verse romance written around 1600 by Vitsentzos Kornaros (1553 -- 1613).
Modern Greek literature is significantly influenced by the Diafotismos, a movement that translated the ideas of the European Enlightenment into the Greek world. Adamantios Korais and Rigas Feraios are two prominent figures of this movement.
Today, Modern Greek Literature participates in the global literary community. The Greek authors George Seferis and Odysseas Elytis have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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when did the vice-president gain a seat at cabinet meetings | Vice president of the United States - wikipedia
The Vice President of the United States of America (informally referred to as VPOTUS, or Veep) is the second - highest officer in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, after the President of the United States, and ranks first in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also an officer in the legislative branch, as President of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president presides over Senate deliberations (or delegates this task to a member of the Senate), but may only vote to break a tie. He also presides over joint sessions of Congress.
The vice president is indirectly elected, together with the president, to a four - year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College. Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment, ratified in 1967, created a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession, establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress. Previously, whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office, the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began.
The vice president is also a statutory member of the National Security Council, and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. The Office of the Vice President assists and organizes the vice president 's official functions. The role of the vice presidency has changed dramatically since the office was created during the 1787 constitutional Convention. Especially over the past 100 years, the vice presidency has evolved into a position of domestic and foreign policy political power, and is now widely seen as an integral part of a president 's administration. As the vice president 's role within the executive branch has expanded, their role within the legislative branch has contracted; for example, they preside over the Senate only infrequently.
The Constitution does not expressly assign the vice presidency to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars about which branch of government the office belongs to: 1) the executive branch; 2) the legislative branch; 3) both; or 4) neither. The modern view of the vice president as an officer of the executive branch (isolated almost totally from the legislative branch) is due in large part to the assignment of executive authority to the vice president by either the president or Congress.
Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president. He assumed office on January 20, 2017.
No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11 - member committee on "Leftover Business '' proposed a method of electing the chief executive (president). Delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate 's presiding officer, deciding that, "The Senate shall choose its own President, '' and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive 's immediate successor. They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all changed on September 4, when the committee recommended that the nation 's chief executive be elected by an Electoral College, with each state having a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state 's allocation of representatives and senators.
The proposed presidential election process called for each state to choose members of the electoral college, who would use their discretion to select the candidates they individually viewed as best qualified. Recognizing that loyalty to one 's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation, the Constitution 's framers assumed that individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state (a so - called "favorite son '' candidate) over one from another. So they created the office of vice president and required that electors vote for two candidates, requiring that at least one of their votes must be for a candidate from outside the elector 's state, believing that this second vote could be cast for a candidate of national character. Additionally, to guard against the possibility that some electors might strategically throw away their second vote in order to bolster their favorite son 's chance of winning, it was specified that the first runner - up presidential candidate would become vice president. Creating this new office imposed a political cost on strategically discarded electoral votes, incentivizing electors to make their choices for president without resort to electoral gamesmanship and to cast their second ballot accordingly.
The resultant method of electing the president and vice president, spelled out in Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, allocated to each state a number of electors equal to the combined total of its Senate and House of Representatives membership. Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for president (rather than for both president and vice president), but could not differentiate between their first and second choice for the presidency. The person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that it was an absolute majority of the whole number of electors) would be president, while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president. If there were a tie for first or for second place, or if no one won a majority of votes, the president and vice president would be selected by means of contingent elections protocols stated in the clause.
The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s (which the Constitution 's framers had not contemplated) soon frustrated this original plan. In the election of 1796, Federalist John Adams won the presidency, but his bitter rival, Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson came second and became vice president. Thus, the president and vice president were from opposing parties; and Jefferson used the vice presidency frustrate the president 's policies. Then, four years later, in the election of 1800, Jefferson, and fellow Democratic - Republican Aaron Burr each received 73 electoral votes. In the contingent election that followed, Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot, and Burr became vice president. Afterward, the system was overhauled through the Twelfth Amendment in time to be used in the 1804 election.
Although delegates approved establishing the office, with both its executive and senatorial functions, not many understood the office, and so they gave the vice president few duties and little power. Only a few states had an analogous position. Among those that did, New York 's constitution provided that, "The lieutenant - governor shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the Senate, and, upon an equal division, have a casting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion. '' As a result, the vice presidency originally had authority in only a few areas. The present day power of the office flows primarily from delegations from the President and Congress, as well as through constitutional amendments.
Article I, Section 3, Clause 4 confers upon the vice president the title President of the Senate and authorizes him to preside over Senate meetings. In this capacity, the vice president charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate 's rules, practices, and precedent. The first two vice presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom gained the ofice by virtue of being runners - up in presidential contests, presided regularly over Senate proceedings, and did much to shape the role of Senate president. Several 19th century vice presidents -- such as George Dallas, Levi Morton, and Garret Hobart -- followed their example and lead effectively; others were rarely present however.
With this position comes the authority (ex officio, for vice president is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie - breaking vote. In practice, the number of times vice presidents have exercised this right has varied greatly. John C. Calhoun holds the record at 31 votes, followed closely by John Adams with 29. During his first year in office (through January 24, 2018), Mike Pence cast eight tie breaking votes; his predecessor, Joe Biden, did not cast any during his eight years in office.
As the framers of the Constitution anticipated that the vice president would not always be available to fulfil this responsibility, the Constitution provides that the Senate may appointment of a President pro tempore (or "president for a time '') in order to maintain the proper ordering of the legislative process. In practice, since the early 20th century, the President of the Senate rarely presides, nor does the President pro tempore. He regularly appoints delegates the task to other Senate members. Rule XIX, which governs debate, does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate, and grants only to members of the Senate (and, upon appropriate notice, former presidents of the United States) the privilege of addressing the Senate, without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president. Thus, Time magazine wrote in 1925, during the tenure of Vice President Charles G. Dawes, "once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech, and then he is done. For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent, attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise, of deliberation or humor. ''
As President of the Senate he may also preside over most of the impeachment trials of federal officers. However, whenever the President of the United States is on trial, the Constitution requires that the Chief Justice of the United States must preside. This stipulation was designed to avoid the possible conflict of interest in having the vice president preside over the trial for the removal of the one official standing between him and the presidency. Curiously, the framers made no mention of who would preside in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached; thus leaving a loophole whereby a vice president, as President of the Senate, could presided at their own impeachment trial.
The Twelfth Amendment, like the superseded Article II clause, provides that the vice president, in his capacity as President of the Senate, also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College. This process occurs during a joint session of Congress held, as prescribed by federal statute, on January 6 of the year following the presidential election. It will next take place following the 2020 presidential election, on January 6, 2021 (unless Congress sets a different date by law). In this capacity, four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H.W. Bush. In January 1961, it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process, and to announce the election of his 1960 opponent, John F. Kennedy. John C. Breckinridge, in 1861, and Al Gore, in 2001, have also had to announce their opponant 's election. In 1969, Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have done so as well, following his 1968 loss to Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the Congressional joint session, Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie, the first elected Secretary - General of the United Nations. The president pro tempore presided in his absence.
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 stipulates that the vice president takes over the "powers and duties '' of the presidency in the event of a president 's removal, death, resignation, or inability. Even so, it does not clearly state whether the vice president became President of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession. Debate records from the 1787 Constitutional Convention, along with various participants ' later writings on the subject, show that the framers of the Constitution intended that the vice president would temporarily exercise the powers and duties of the office in the event of a president 's death, disability or removal, but not actually become President of the United States in their own right.
This understanding was first tested in 1841, following the death of President William Henry Harrison, only 31 days into his term. Harrison 's vice president, John Tyler, asserted that he had succeeded to the office of President, not just to its powers and duties. He took the presidential oath of office, and declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as "Acting President. '' Although some in Congress denounced Tyler 's claim as a violation of the Constitution, he adhered to his position. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to acknowledge him as President, setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president 's death, one made explicit by Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment in 1967. In total, nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term. In addition to Tyler they are Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Gerald Ford.
Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession following a president 's death was set, there remained ambiguity in the Article II succession clause regarding a disabled president. What constituted an "inability ''? Who determined the existence of an inability? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability; or was the vice president merely "acting as President ''? During the 19th and first half of the 20th century several presidents experienced periods of severe illness, physical disability or injury, some lasting for weeks or month. During these times, even though the nation needed effective presidential leadership, no vice president wanted to seem like a usurper, and so power was never transferred. After President Dwight D. Eisenhower openly addressed his health issues and made it a point to enter into an agreement with Vice President Richard Nixon that provided for Nixon to act on his behalf in the event that Eisenhower became unable to provide effective presidential leadership (Nixon did informally assumed some of the president 's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill), discussions began in Congress about clearing - up the Constitution 's ambiguity on the subject.
Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment provide for situations where the president is temporarily unable to lead, such as if the president has a surgical procedure, becomes seriously ill or injured, or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers or duties of the presidency. Section 3 deals with self - declared incapacity, and Section 4 addresses incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet. While Section 4 has never been invoked, Section 3 has been invoked on three occasions by two presidents. Ronald Reagan did so once, on July 13, 1985, before undergoing surgery -- Vice President George H.W. Bush was acting president for approximately eight hours. George W. Bush did so twice, on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007, prior to undergoing medical procedures, which were done under sedation -- Vice President Dick Cheney was acting president for approximately two hours on each occasion.
The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration 's policies, adviser to the president, and being a symbol of American concern or support. The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. Dick Cheney, for instance, was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush 's closest confidants. Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment.
Under the American system of government the president is both head of state and head of government, and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president. The vice president will on occasion represent the president and the U.S. government at state funerals abroad, or at various events in the United States. This often is the most visible role of the vice president. The vice president may also meet with other heads of state at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but can not send the president personally.
To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation 's vice president, a person must, according to the Twelfth Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:
A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions:
Though the vice president does not need to have any political experience, most major - party vice presidential nominees are current or former United States Senators or Representatives, with the occasional nominee being a current or former Governor, a high - ranking military officer, or a holder of a major post within the Executive Department. The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party 's quadrennial nominating convention, following the selection of the party 's presidential candidates. The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are chosen, with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination, followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party 's nomination.
In practice, the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision, and in the 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate, who is then nominated and accepted by the convention. In recent years, with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process, the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate, and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself. The first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention was Ronald Reagan who, prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention announced that Richard Schweiker would be his running mate. Reagan 's supporters then sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald R. Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running mate in advance as well. The proposal was defeated, and Reagan did not receive the nomination in 1976. Often, the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency.
The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack, or on the basis of name recognition. To foster party unity, popular runners - up in the presidential nomination process are commonly considered. While this selection process may enhance the chances of success for a national ticket, in the past it often insured that the vice presidential nominee represented regions, constituencies, or ideologies at odds with those of the presidential candidate. As a result, vice presidents were often excluded from the policy - making process of the new administration. Many times their relationships with the president and his staff were aloof, non-existent, or even adversarial.
The ultimate goal of vice presidential candidate selection is to help and not hurt the party 's chances of getting elected, nonetheless several vice presidential selections have been controversial. In 1984, Democratic nominee Walter Mondale 's groundbreaking choice of Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate (the first woman in U.S. history nominated for Vice President by a major political party), became a drag on the ticket due to repeated questions about her husband 's finances. A selection whose positive traits make the presidential candidate look less favorable in comparison or which can cause the presidential candidate 's judgment to be questioned often backfire, such as in 1988 when Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis chose experienced Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen; Bentsen was considered a more seasoned statesman in federal politics and somewhat overshadowed Dukakis. Questions about Dan Quayle 's experience were raised in the 1988 presidential campaign of George H.W. Bush, but the Bush - Quayle ticket still won handily. James Stockdale, the choice of third - party candidate Ross Perot in 1992, was seen as unqualified by many and Stockdale had little preparation for the vice presidential debate, but the Perot - Stockdale ticket still won about 19 % of the vote. In 2008, Republican John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his running mate over his primary rivals and / or campaign surrogates such as Mitt Romney or Tom Ridge. This surprise move would, it was hoped, draw women voters disappointed by Hillary Clinton 's defeat in the Democratic presidential primaries into the McCain camp. Palin 's selection soon came to be seen as a negative for McCain, due to her several controversies during her gubernatorial tenure which were highlighted by the press, and her feuding with McCain campaign chairman Steve Schmidt. This perception continued to grow throughout the campaign, especially after her interviews with Katie Couric led to concerns about her fitness for the presidency.
Historically, vice presidential candidates were chosen to provide geographic and ideological balance to a presidential ticket, widening a presidential candidate 's appeal to voters from outside his regional base or wing of the party. Candidates from electoral - vote rich states were usually preferred. However, in 1992, moderate Democrat Bill Clinton (of Arkansas) chose moderate Democrat Al Gore (of Tennessee) as his running mate. Despite the two candidates ' near - identical ideological and regional backgrounds, Gore 's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton, whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government. In 2000, George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming, a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes, and in 2008, Barack Obama mirrored Bush 's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware, a reliably Democratic state, likewise one with only three electoral votes. Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics (experience lacked by both Bush and Obama) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide.
Prior to the 2000 election, both George W. Bush and Dick Cheney lived in and voted in Texas. While nothing in the Constitution prohibits a presidential candidate and his or her running mate being from the same state, the "inhabitant clause '' of the Twelfth Amendment does mandate that every presidential elector must cast a ballot for at least one candidate who is not from their own state. To avoid creating a potential problem for Texas ' electors, Cheney changed his residency back to Wyoming prior to the campaign.
The first presidential candidate to choose his vice presidential candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940. The last not to name a vice presidential choice, leaving the matter up to the convention, was Democrat Adlai Stevenson in 1956. The convention chose Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver over Massachusetts Senator (and later president) John F. Kennedy. At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention, presidential nominee George McGovern selected Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate, but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting. Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination, though he later resigned from the ticket, resulting in Sargent Shriver becoming McGovern 's final running mate; both lost to the Nixon - Agnew ticket by a wide margin, carrying only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.
In cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches, the campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined. In 1976, Ronald Reagan, who was trailing President Gerald R. Ford in the presidential delegate count, announced prior to the Republican National Convention that, if nominated, he would select Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate. This move backfired to a degree, as Schweiker 's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan 's chances. In the end, Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan 's selection of Schweiker became moot.
In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries which pitted Hillary Clinton against Barack Obama, Clinton suggested a Clinton - Obama ticket with Obama in the vice president slot as it would be "unstoppable '' against the presumptive Republican nominee. Obama rejected the offer outright saying "I want everybody to be absolutely clear. I 'm not running for vice president. I 'm running for president of the United States of America '' while noting "With all due respect. I won twice as many states as Sen. Clinton. I 've won more of the popular vote than Sen. Clinton. I have more delegates than Sen. Clinton. So, I do n't know how somebody who 's in second place is offering vice presidency to the person who 's in first place ''. Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton, saying "I do n't want anybody here thinking that ' Somehow, maybe I can get both ' '', by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate ". Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency. Later, when Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee, former President Jimmy Carter cautioned against Clinton being picked for the vice president slot on the ticket, saying "I think it would be the worst mistake that could be made. That would just accumulate the negative aspects of both candidates '', citing opinion polls showing 50 % of US voters with a negative view of Hillary Clinton.
The vice president is elected indirectly by the voters of each state and the District of Columbia through the Electoral College, a body of electors formed every four years for the sole purpose of electing the president and vice president to concurrent four - year terms. As prescribed by the Twelfth Amendment, each state is entitled to a number of electors equal to the size of its total delegation in both houses of Congress. Additionally, the Twenty - third Amendment provides that the District of Columbia is entitled to the number it would have if it were a state, but in no case more than that of the least populous state. Currently, all states and D.C. select their electors based on a popular election held on Election Day. In all but two states, the party whose presidential - vice presidential ticket receives a plurality of popular votes in the state has its entire slate of elector nominees chosen as the state 's electors. Maine and Nebraska deviate from this winner - take - all practice, awarding two electors to the statewide winner and one to the winner in each congressional district.
On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, the electors convene in their respective state capitals (and in Washington D.C.) to vote for president and, on a separate ballot, for vice president. They typically vote for the candidates of the party that nominated them. While there is no constitutional mandate or federal law requiring them to do so, the District of Columbia and 30 states have laws requiring that their electors vote for the candidates to whom they are pledged. Following the vote, each state then sends a certified record of their electoral votes to Congress. The votes of the electors are opened and counted during a joint session of Congress, held in the first week of January. A candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for vice president (currently 270 of 538) is declared the winner. Otherwise, the Senate must meet to elect a vice president using a contingent election procedure in which senators, casting votes individually, choose between the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. For a candidate to win, he or she must receive votes from an absolute majority of senators (currently 51 of 100).
There has been only one vice presidential contingent election since the Twelfth Amendment was ratified. It occurred on February 8, 1837, after no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes cast for vice president in the 1836 election. By a 33 -- 17 vote, Richard Mentor Johnson (Martin Van Buren 's running mate) was elected the nation 's ninth vice president over Francis Granger.
Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the vice president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20, as does the president 's. The first presidential and vice presidential terms to begin on this date, known as Inauguration Day, were the second terms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Vice President John Nance Garner in 1937. Previously, Inauguration Day was on March 4. As a result of the date change, the first term (1933 -- 37) of both men had been shortened by 43 days.
Also in 1937, the Vice President 's swearing - in ceremony was held on the Inaugural platform on the Capitol 's east front immediately before the president 's swearing in. Up until then, most Vice Presidents took the oath of office in the Senate chamber, prior to the President 's swearing - in ceremony. Although the Constitution contains the specific wording of the presidential oath, it only contains a general requirement, in Article VI, that the vice president and other government officers shall take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution. The current form, which has been used since 1884 reads:
I, (first name last name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.
The term of office for both the vice president and the president is four years. While the Twenty - Second Amendment generally restricts the president to two terms, there is no such limitation on the office of vice president, meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would reelect the person to the office; one could even serve under different presidents. This has happened twice: George Clinton (1805 -- 1812) served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; and John C. Calhoun (1825 -- 1832) served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Additionally, neither the Constitution 's eligibility provisions nor the Twenty - second Amendment 's presidential term limit explicitly disqualify a twice - elected president from serving as vice president. As of the 2016 election cycle however, no former president has tested the amendment 's legal restrictions or meaning by running for the vice presidency.
Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of federal officials, including the president, from office for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. '' Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 authorizes the House of Representatives to serve as a "grand jury '' with the power to impeach said officials by a majority vote. Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 authorizes the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office, by a two - thirds vote to convict. No vice president has ever been impeached.
The vice president 's salary is $230,700. The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate. The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension.
In recent decades, the vice presidency has frequently been used as a platform to launch bids for the presidency. The transition of the office to its modern stature occurred primarily as a result of Franklin Roosevelt 's 1940 nomination, when he captured the ability to nominate his running mate instead of leaving the nomination to the convention. Prior to that, party bosses often used the vice presidential nomination as a consolation prize for the party 's minority faction. A further factor potentially contributing to the rise in prestige of the office was the adoption of presidential preference primaries in the early 20th century. By adopting primary voting, the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries, yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention.
Of the thirteen presidential elections from 1956 to 2004, nine featured the incumbent president; the other four (1960, 1968, 1988, 2000) all featured the incumbent vice president. Former vice presidents also ran in 1984 (Walter Mondale) and in 1968 (Richard Nixon, against the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey). The presidential election of 2008 was the first presidential election since 1928 that saw neither an incumbent president nor an incumbent or former vice president take part in any primary or general election for the presidency on a major party ticket. Nixon is the only vice president to have been elected president while not an incumbent, as well as the only person elected twice to both the presidency and vice presidency.
Prior to ratification of the Twenty - fifth Amendment in 1967, no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Between 1812 and 1967, the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions -- as a result of seven deaths, one resignation, and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency.
Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment established a procedure for filling such a vacancy:
Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
This procedure has been implemented twice since the amendment came into force. The first instance occurred in 1973 following the October 10 resignation of Spiro Agnew, when Gerald Ford was nominated by President Richard Nixon and confirmed by Congress. The second occurred 10 months later following Ford 's August 9, 1974 accession to the presidency upon Nixon 's resignation, when Nelson Rockefeller was nominated by President Ford and confirmed by Congress. Had it not been for this new constitutional mechanism, the vice presidency would have remained vacant after Agnew 's resignation and Speaker of the House Carl Albert would have become Acting President when Nixon resigned, under the terms of the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.
For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many frustrated by the "complete insignificance '' of the office. To his wife Abigail Adams wrote, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man... or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and met the common fate. '' John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency "is n't worth a pitcher of warm piss. '' Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as "useful as a cow 's fifth teat. ''
Thomas R. Marshall, the 28th vice president, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again. '' His successor, Calvin Coolidge, was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name, and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge 's Washington residence was evacuated.
When the Whig Party asked Daniel Webster to run for the vice presidency on Zachary Taylor 's ticket, he replied "I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin. '' This was the second time Webster declined the office, which William Henry Harrison had first offered to him. Ironically, both of the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office, meaning the three - time presidential candidate could have become president if he had accepted either. Since presidents rarely died in office, however, the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the office of Secretary of State, in which Webster served under Harrison, Tyler, and later, Taylor 's successor, Fillmore.
In the first 100 years of the United States no fewer than seven proposals to amend the constitution to abolish the office of Vice President were advanced in the United States Congress. The first such amendment was presented by Samuel W. Dana in 1800 and was defeated by a vote of 27 to 85 in the United States House of Representatives. A second proposed amendment, introduced by United States Senator James Hillhouse in 1808 was also defeated. During the late - 1860s and 1870s, five additional amendments were proposed. One supporter of the proposals, James Mitchell Ashley, opined that the office of Vice President was "superfluous '' and dangerous.
Garret Hobart, the first vice president under William McKinley, was one of the very few vice presidents at this time who played an important role in the administration. A close confidant and adviser of the president, Hobart was called "Assistant President. '' However, until 1919, vice presidents were not included in meetings of the President 's Cabinet. This precedent was broken by President Woodrow Wilson when he asked Thomas R. Marshall to preside over Cabinet meetings while Wilson was in France negotiating the Treaty of Versailles. President Warren G. Harding also invited his vice president, Calvin Coolidge, to meetings. The next vice president, Charles G. Dawes, did not seek to attend Cabinet meetings under President Coolidge, declaring that "the precedent might prove injurious to the country. '' Vice President Charles Curtis was also precluded from attending by President Herbert Hoover.
In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt 's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the "court - packing '' issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt 's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively.
Henry Wallace, Roosevelt 's vice president during his third term (1941 -- 1945), was given major responsibilities during World War II. However, after numerous policy disputes between Wallace and other Roosevelt Administration and Democratic Party officials, he was denied renomination to office at the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Harry Truman was selected instead. During his 82 day vice presidency, Truman was not informed about any war or post-war plans, including the Manhattan Project, leading Truman to remark, wryly, that the job of the Vice President was to "go to weddings and funerals. '' As a result of this experience, Truman, after succeeding to the presidency upon Roosevelt 's death, recognized the need to keep the Vice President informed on national security issues. Congress made the vice president one of four statutory members of the National Security Council in 1949.
The stature of the vice presidency grew again while Richard Nixon was in office (1953 -- 1961). He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican party, when Dwight Eisenhower authorized him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence. Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch, which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24, 1955, ileitis in June 1956, and a stroke in November 1957.
Until 1961, vice presidents had their offices on Capitol Hill, a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the Russell Senate Office Building. Lyndon B. Johnson was the first vice president to be given an office in the White House complex, in the Old Executive Office Building. The former Navy Secretary 's office in the OEOB has since been designated the "Ceremonial Office of the Vice President '' and is today used for formal events and press interviews. President Jimmy Carter was the first president to give his vice president, Walter Mondale, an office in the West Wing of the White House, which all vice presidents have since retained. Because of their function as Presidents of the Senate, vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill.
Though Walter Mondale 's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency, the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president. Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the President. After his tenure, and during the 2008 presidential campaign, both vice presidential candidates, Sarah Palin and Joe Biden, stated the office had expanded too much under Cheney 's tenure and both claimed they would reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president. This rapid growth has led to calls for abolition of the vice presidency from various constitutional scholars and political commentators such as: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Matthew Yglesias, and Bruce Ackerman.
There are currently (since January 20, 2017) six living former vice presidents. In order of office they are:
Walter Mondale (age 90) since 1981
George H.W. Bush (age 94) since 1989
Dan Quayle (age 71) since 1993
Al Gore (age 70) since 2001
Dick Cheney (age 77) since 2009
Joe Biden (age 75) since 2017
Since 1977, former presidents and vice presidents who are elected or re-elected to the Senate are entitled to the largely honorific position of Deputy President pro tempore. To date, the only former vice president to have held this title is Hubert Humphrey following his return to the Senate. Also, under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution, all former vice presidents are entitled to a portrait bust in the Senate wing of the United States Capitol, commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate. Dick Cheney is the most recent former vice president to be so honored.
Unlike former presidents, whose pension is fixed at the same rate, regardless of their time in office, former vice presidents receive their retirement income based on their role as President of the Senate. Additionally, Since 2008, each former vice president and their immediate family is entitled (under the "Former Vice President Protection Act of 2008 '') to Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office, and again temporarily at any time thereafter if warranted.
This is a graphical timeline listing of the Vice Presidents of the United States.
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who did chris paul play for last season | Chris Paul - wikipedia
Christopher Emmanuel Paul (born May 6, 1985) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award, an NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award, two Olympic gold medals, and led the NBA in assists four times and steals six times, being the all - time NBA leader in the latter category. He has also been selected to nine NBA All - Star teams, eight All - NBA teams, and nine NBA All - Defensive teams.
Paul was a McDonald 's All - American in high school. He attended Wake Forest University for two years of college basketball, where he helped the Demon Deacons achieve their first - ever number one ranking. He was selected fourth overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the New Orleans Hornets, where he developed into one of the league 's premier players, finishing second in NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting in 2008. During the 2011 offseason, Paul was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, only for the transaction to be controversially voided by the NBA. Later that summer, he was dealt to the Los Angeles Clippers instead. Behind Paul 's playmaking, the Clippers developed a reputation for their fast - paced offense and spectacular alley - oop dunks, earning them the nickname "Lob City ''. In 2017, he was traded to the Rockets.
Off the court, Paul has served as the National Basketball Players Association president since August 2013. One of the highest - paid athletes in the world, he holds endorsement deals with companies such as Nike and State Farm.
Paul was born on May 6, 1985 in Winston - Salem, North Carolina to Charles Edward Paul and Robin Jones. He has an older brother named Charles "C.J. '' Paul. A former athlete himself, Charles Sr. taught his sons basketball and football and coached them in various youth leagues throughout their childhoods. Growing up, the Paul brothers spent their summers working at a service station owned by their grandfather Nathanial Jones, to whom Paul attributes many life lessons, and describes as his "best friend ''. One of Paul 's uncles is a police officer.
Paul attended West Forsyth High School in Clemmons, North Carolina. During his freshman and sophomore seasons, he played on the junior varsity team. For his junior year, he averaged 25 points, 5.3 assists, and 4.4 steals per game, helping West Forsyth reach the state semifinals. Over the ensuing summer, he led the Winston - Salem - based Kappa Magic to the National U-17 AAU title, earning tournament MVP honors in the process. During his senior season, Paul received national attention for scoring 61 points in a game; his 61 - year - old grandfather was slain earlier in the year and Paul honored him by scoring one point for each year of his life. Paul finished the season with averages of 30.8 points, 5.9 rebounds, 9.5 assists, and 6 steals per game, leading West Forsyth to a 27 -- 3 record and the Class 4A Eastern Regional finals. He was then named a McDonald 's All - American, first - team Parade All - American, and North Carolina 's Mr. Basketball by The Charlotte Observer.
As a freshman at Wake Forest University, Paul averaged 14.8 points, 5.9 assists, and 2.7 steals per game, setting school freshman records for three - point percentage, free throws, free throw percentage, assists, and steals in the process. Behind his play, the Demon Deacons qualified for the NCAA Tournament, losing in the Sweet Sixteen to St. Joseph 's. At the conclusion of the season, Paul was named ACC Rookie of the Year and Third Team All - ACC.
For two weeks early in Paul 's sophomore season, Wake Forest was ranked number one in the nation for the first time in school history. In the final game of the year, Paul punched NC State guard Julius Hodge in the groin and received a one - game suspension for the ACC Tournament, an incident that marred Paul 's image for a short time. The Demon Deacons again qualified for the NCAA Tournament but suffered a second round upset at the hands of West Virginia. With final averages of 15.3 points, 4.5 rebounds, 6.6 assists, and 2.4 steals per game, Paul was eventually named First Team Consensus All - America, and with a 3.21 grade point average (GPA), he was also named to ESPN 's Academic All - America Team. On April 15, 2005, he announced he would be hiring an agent and turning professional. On March 2, 2011, Wake Forest retired his jersey.
Paul was selected fourth overall in the 2005 NBA draft by the New Orleans Hornets. Due to the devastation caused by Hurricane Katrina, the Hornets played most of their games in Oklahoma City that year. Paul finished the season leading all rookies in points, assists, steals, and double - doubles, and became only the second rookie in NBA history to lead the league in total steals. With final averages of 16.1 points, 5.1 rebounds, 7.8 assists, and 2.2 steals per game, he was named NBA Rookie of the Year, falling just one vote shy of winning the award unanimously. The only other rookie to receive a first place vote was Deron Williams, with whom Paul enjoyed a brief rivalry early in their careers.
At the 2007 All - Star Weekend, Paul set new Rookie Challenge records with 17 assists and 9 steals. For his sophomore season, he increased his scoring and passing averages to 17.3 points and 8.9 assists per game, but played in only 64 games due to injury.
Paul was selected to his first NBA All - Star Game in 2007 -- 08, playing in front of his home fans in New Orleans. Behind his leadership, the Hornets were near the top of the Western Conference standings all year, temporarily occupying first place on March 17 following a win against the Chicago Bulls. New Orleans finished the season with a franchise - record 56 wins and the second seed in the West. Paul led the NBA with 11.6 assists and 2.7 steals per game to go along with 21.1 points per game, finishing second in NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting and being named to his first All - NBA and All - Defensive teams. In his playoff debut, he scored 35 points against the Dallas Mavericks. In Game 2, he set a franchise playoff record with 17 assists. The Hornets defeated the Mavericks in five games, with Paul registering 24 points, 11 rebounds, and 15 assists in the final game. New Orleans were eliminated in the next round by the San Antonio Spurs.
Prior to the start of the 2008 -- 09 season, Paul signed a contract extension with the Hornets worth $68 million. On December 17, 2008, he set the NBA record for consecutive games with a steal at 106. On several occasions, he came within a few steals of recording a quadruple - double, including a 27 - point, 10 rebound, 15 assist, and 7 steal game against the Philadelphia 76ers on January 26, 2009. His final averages were 22.8 points, 5.5 rebounds, 11 assists, and 2.8 steals per game. Despite Paul 's individual accomplishments, New Orleans ' record fell from the year before and they were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs by the Denver Nuggets.
After a slow start to the 2009 -- 10 season, the Hornets fired coach Byron Scott. Paul stirred up controversy when he announced his displeasure with the move, commenting that team management should have "consulted with me and asked how I felt before it happened. '' In early February, 2010, Paul tore cartilage in his left knee and was sidelined for over a month by surgery, forcing him to miss the All - Star Game. In total, he played in only 45 games and his averages dropped to 18.7 points, 3.8 rebounds, 10.7 assists, and 2.1 steals per game. Without Paul, the Hornets struggled, missing the playoffs.
In 2010 -- 11, Paul had another injury scare on March 6, 2011, suffering a concussion after colliding with Cavaliers guard Ramon Sessions and being carried off the court in a stretcher. He returned two games later, registering 33 points and 15 assists against the Sacramento Kings. With Paul playing a full season, the Hornets qualified for the playoffs and were matched up with the defending champion Los Angeles Lakers in the first round. Paul had a "historically great '' performance in the series, contributing 33 points, 14 assists, and 4 steals in Game 1 and 27 points, 13 rebounds, and 15 assists in Game 4. His final averages were 22 points, 6.7 rebounds, 11.5 assists, and 1.8 steals per game on 54.5 percent shooting. New Orleans were eliminated in six games, and ownership, fearing that Paul would leave the franchise via free agency, began actively pursuing a trade that would provide the team equitable compensation in return for his services.
On December 8, 2011, the Hornets agreed to a three - team trade sending Paul to the Los Angeles Lakers. The NBA, who owned the team at the time, nullified the deal, with commissioner David Stern claiming New Orleans would be better off keeping Paul. The teams involved in the trade attempted to lobby the league to reverse its ruling and reconstruct the deal to no avail. On December 12, the Hornets agreed to a trade sending Paul to the Los Angeles Clippers, but the deal broke down after the NBA added additional demands to the original terms. Two days later, the teams finally made the trade, sending Paul and two future second round draft picks to the Clippers for future teammate Eric Gordon, Chris Kaman, Al - Farouq Aminu, and the Minnesota Timberwolves ' unprotected first round pick in the 2012 draft. Upon the deal 's completion, Paul announced that he would opt into the final year of his contract and remain in Los Angeles for at least two more seasons.
Paul 's arrival to Los Angeles rejuvenated the Clippers franchise, with teammate Blake Griffin later commenting, "It put us on the map. '' Early in Paul 's debut season, the team developed a reputation for their fast paced offense and spectacular alley - oop dunks, usually from Paul to Griffin or DeAndre Jordan, earning them the nickname "Lob City ''. Paul finished the year averaging 19.8 points, 9.1 assists, and 2.5 steals per game, becoming the first Clipper to be named to the All - NBA First Team since the franchise moved to Los Angeles in the 1980s. Behind his play and the emergence of Griffin as an All - NBA performer, Los Angeles qualified for the playoffs, losing to the San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Semifinals.
At the 2013 All - Star Game, Paul led the West to victory with a 20 - point and 15 assist performance, earning his first NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award. He finished the season averaging 16.9 points, 9.7 assists, and 2.4 steals per game, helping the Clippers to a franchise - record 56 wins. Seeded fourth in the West entering the playoffs, Los Angeles were defeated in the first round by the Memphis Grizzlies. Shortly after their early postseason exit, the Clippers announced they would not renew coach Vinny Del Negro 's contract and rumors arose of Paul forcing Del Negro out. Los Angeles later denied any player involvement in the coaching decision.
Prior to the start of the 2013 -- 14 season, Paul re-signed with the Clippers for five years on a contract worth approximately $107 million. Despite a shoulder injury that sidelined him for over a month, Los Angeles set another new franchise record for wins with 57. His final averages were 19.1 points, 10.7 assists, and 2.5 steals per game. In Game 1 of the second round of the playoffs, he hit a career postseason - high eight three - pointers to help the Clippers take an early series lead over the Oklahoma City Thunder. In Game 5 and with the series tied 2 -- 2, he made a string of late mistakes leading to an eventual Thunder victory, later commenting, "It 's me... Everything that happened at the end is on me. '' Oklahoma City eventually eliminated Los Angeles in six games.
In 2014 -- 15, Paul played in all 82 games for the first time in his career, averaging 19.1 points and a league - high 10.2 assists per game. In Game 7 of the first round of the playoffs, he hit a go - ahead shot with a second left to lift the Clippers over the Spurs despite a hamstring injury. The injury forced him to miss the first two games of the next series versus the Houston Rockets, and Los Angeles eventually lost in seven games despite holding a 3 -- 1 series lead. The defeat marked ten consecutive seasons and seven consecutive playoff appearances without a Conference Finals appearance for Paul.
In January of the 2015 -- 16 season, Paul led the Clippers on a ten - game winning streak despite missing Griffin and Jordan at various points due to injury. For the third straight year, he finished the season with averages of over 19 points, 10 assists, and 2 steals per game. To begin the postseason, the Clippers drew a matchup with the Portland Trail Blazers, taking a 2 -- 1 lead to start the series. In Game 4, Paul broke his hand and was ruled out indefinitely. Without Paul, as well as Griffin, who also injured himself in Game 4, Los Angeles eventually lost the series in six games.
In 2016 -- 17, Paul missed 21 regular season games due to rest or injury, and averaged 18.1 points, 9.2 assists, and 5 rebounds in just over 31 minutes per game. At season 's end, Paul was not rewarded with an All - NBA honor, marking just the second time he failed to make an All - NBA team since 2008 and the first time in his six years as a Clipper. In the playoffs, Los Angeles was eliminated after their first round series against the Utah Jazz, with Paul averaging 25.3 points, 9.9 assists, 5 rebounds per game over seven games.
On June 28, 2017, Paul was traded to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Patrick Beverley, Sam Dekker, Montrezl Harrell, Darrun Hilliard, DeAndre Liggins, Lou Williams, Kyle Wiltjer, a future first round pick, and cash considerations. In his debut for the Rockets in their season opener on October 17, 2017, Paul had four points on 2 - for - 9 shooting in a 122 -- 121 win over the Golden State Warriors. Paul sat on the bench down the stretch while the Rockets made their final push, and it was later revealed he was playing through a knee injury. He subsequently missed the next 14 games before returning to the lineup on November 16. He had 11 points and 10 assists in his first game back, helping the Rockets score 90 points in the first half en route to a 142 -- 116 win over the Phoenix Suns; Paul saw 21 minutes of action and sat out most of the fourth quarter. The Rockets made 61 percent of their first - half shots to get the second-most points in a first half in NBA history. On November 27, he had a season - high 14 assists in a 117 -- 103 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On December 7, he had a near triple - double with 18 points, 13 assists and nine rebounds in a 112 -- 101 win over the Utah Jazz. On December 13, he recorded a season - high 31 points, 11 assists and seven rebounds in a 108 -- 96 win over the Charlotte Hornets. Two days later, he had 28 points, eight assists and seven steals to lead the Rockets to their 12th straight victory, a 124 -- 109 win over the San Antonio Spurs. Paul became the first player in NBA history to post 28 points, eight assists and seven steals in a game against the Spurs. In the previous 10 years, that stat line had been achieved just 10 times -- six of those 10 recorded by Paul. He was subsequently named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played from Monday, December 11 through Sunday, December 17. It was his 13th career Player of the Week honor and his first since January 2016. On December 31, Paul scored 15 of his 28 points in overtime as the Rockets snapped a five - game skid with a 148 -- 142 double - overtime win over the Los Angeles Lakers. On January 10, he took 29 shots and finished with a season - high 37 points in a 121 -- 112 win over the Portland Trail Blazers. On January 18 against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Paul earned his 1,958 th steal, passing Derek Harper to move into 13th place on the NBA 's career steals list. Two days later, he recorded 33 points, 11 rebounds, seven assists and three steals in a 116 -- 108 win over the Golden State Warriors. On January 26, he scored a season - high 38 points in a 115 -- 113 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans. On February 3, he recorded 22 points and 11 assists in a 120 -- 88 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. During the game, Paul passed Andre Miller (8,624) for ninth place on the career assists list.
Paul made his debut for the United States national team at the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan. He finished the competition with a tournament - high 44 assists, helping Team USA win the bronze medal. At the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, he played a key role off the bench, scoring 13 points in a gold medal game victory against Spain. Team USA finished the competition with a perfect 8 -- 0 record. Paul was promoted to the starting point guard position for the 2012 Olympics in London, averaging 8.2 points, 5.1 assists, and 1.6 steals per game en route to another gold medal and undefeated tournament.
Standing 6 feet tall (1.83 m) and weighing 175 pounds (79 kg), Paul plays point guard exclusively. His career averages are 18.7 points, 4.4 rebounds, 9.9 assists, and 2.3 steals per game. He has earned All - NBA honors eight times (2008 -- 09, 2011 -- 16), All - Defensive honors eight times (2008 -- 09, 2011 -- 16), and led the NBA in steals six times (2008 -- 09, 2011 -- 14) and in assists four times (2008 -- 09, 2014 -- 2015). In 2013, he was ranked the third - best player in the league by ESPN and Sports Illustrated. In his 2014 NBA preview, ESPN 's Kevin Pelton called Paul the league 's best point guard, adding, "a title he 's held throughout his career when healthy ''.
Paul prefers playing in the half court versus playing up - tempo. He creates scoring opportunities by constantly changing speeds; upon beating his defender one - on - one or shedding him in the pick - and - roll, he will often slow down and box him out, denying him from regaining front side position and forcing the defense to help at all times. His ability to penetrate deep into the paint leads to easy shots for his teammates, and in 2013 he was second in the league in assisted three pointers. As a playmaker, he is noted for his consistently high assist - to - turnover ratio, averaging just 2.4 turnovers per game over his career. A deft midrange shooter, he is especially proficient from the right elbow, leading the league in shooting percentage from that area in 2015. On defense, he aggravates opponents with active hands and high effort, and has been ranked as one of the best perimeter defenders in the NBA.
Paul married his college sweetheart, Jada Crawley, on September 10, 2011. Together they have two children, Christopher Emmanuel Paul, Jr. (born May 23, 2009) and Camryn Alexis Paul (born August 16, 2012). The family resides in a Mediterranean - style mansion in Bel Air, which Paul bought from Avril Lavigne for $8.5 million in 2012. On November 11, 2011, Paul appeared with his family on Family Feud.
Paul is a Christian and attends church every Sunday whenever possible. In one interview, Paul commented, "I am so thankful that my parents raised me and C.J. to depend on God 's guidance and our faith in Him, and to always be thankful for what we receive. '' He enjoys bowling and owns a franchise in the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) League called L.A.X. He has hosted and participated in numerous celebrity and youth bowling events as the head of the CP3 Foundation, which benefits programs in Louisiana affected by Hurricane Katrina, as well as charities in Winston - Salem.
Paul 's brother, C.J., played college basketball at Hampton University and University of South Carolina Upstate. In 2004, they played against each other when Wake Forest had a preseason exhibition with USC - Upstate. C.J. now works as Chris 's personal manager. Paul is close friends with footballer Reggie Bush; the two lived in the One River Place complex in the New Orleans Central Business District while Bush was playing for the Saints. They also shared a personal chef.
In 2014, Forbes ranked Paul as one of the highest - paid athletes in the world with $24.2 million in earnings including $5.5 million in endorsements. Some of the companies he does business with are Nike and State Farm. He was the cover athlete for the video game NBA 2K8.
Paul was selected president of the National Basketball Players Association on August 21, 2013 after having served on the executive committee for four years. He was a key figure in the banning of Clippers owner Donald Sterling from the NBA following racist remarks Sterling made in 2014. In one interview, Paul mentioned a possible boycott if Sterling continued to own the team. Paul played a significant role in the election of Michele Roberts as the Executive Director of the Players Association, giving a strong recommendation to the executive committee responsible for filling the position.
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who wrote the song all i want for christmas is you | All I Want for Christmas Is You - wikipedia
"All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is a Christmas song performed by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. She wrote and produced the song with Walter Afanasieff. Columbia Records released it on November 1, 1994, as the lead single from her first holiday album and fourth studio album, Merry Christmas. "Christmas '' is an uptempo love song that includes bell chimes and heavy back - up vocals, as well as use of synthesizers.
Two music videos were commissioned for the song: the song 's primary music video features grainy home - movie - style footage of Carey, her dogs and family during the holiday season, as well as Carey dressed in a Santa suit frolicking on a snowy mountainside. Carey 's then - husband Tommy Mottola makes a cameo appearance as Santa Claus, bringing Carey a gift and leaving on a red sleigh. The second video was filmed in black and white format, and features Carey dressed in 1960s style in homage to The Ronettes, alongside back up singers and female dancers. Carey has performed "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' in a slew of live television appearances and tours throughout her career. In 2010, Carey re-recorded the song for her second holiday album, Merry Christmas II You, titled "All I Want for Christmas Is You (Extra Festive) ''. Carey also re-recorded the song as a duet with Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his 2011 album Under the Mistletoe, titled "All I Want for Christmas for You (SuperFestive!) ''. The song has also been covered by many artists over the years.
In the years since its original release, "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' has been critically lauded and has become established as a Christmas standard; it was once called "one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon '' in The New Yorker, and continues to surge in popularity each holiday season. The song was commercially successful, topping the charts in Hungary and the Netherlands while reaching number two in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United Kingdom, and the top 10 in several other countries. The Daily Telegraph hailed "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' as the most popular and most played Christmas song of the decade in the United Kingdom. Rolling Stone ranked it fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a "holiday standard. '' In December 2015, the song peaked at 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it its highest peak since its original release.
With global sales of over 16 million copies, the song remains Carey 's biggest international success and the 11th best selling singles of all time. As of 2013, the song was reported to have earned $50 million in royalties.
Following the success of the singer 's 1993 career best - selling album Music Box, Carey and her management at Columbia Records began devising ideas and strategies for subsequent projects. Carey 's then - husband, Tommy Mottola, head of Columbia 's parent label Sony Music Entertainment, began mapping out possible follow ups for the singer during the pinnacle years of her career. During initial discussions regarding the thought of doing a Christmas - themed album with Carey and her writing partner of over four years, Walter Afanasieff, fear arose that it was not commercially expedient or wise to release holiday music at the peak of one 's career, as it was more often equated with a release towards the end of a musician 's waning career. Afanasieff recalled his sentiments during initial discussions for a holiday record: "Back then, you did n't have a lot of artists with Christmas albums. It was n't a known science at all back then, and there was nobody who did new, big Christmas songs. So we were going to release it as kind of an everyday, ' Hey, you know, we 're putting out a Christmas album. No big deal. ' '' Ultimately, with Mottola 's persistence and Carey 's initiative to be a "risk - taker '' as Afanasieff put it, the song and its parent album, Merry Christmas, began taking form in early - mid 1994. Recording for the album began in June, while the Carey - Afanasieff songwriting duo penned "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' in late August. Often referencing herself a festive person and demonstrating a usual penchant for her love of all things Christmas, Carey began decorating the home she shared with Mottola in upstate New York (which also came equipped with a personal recording studio) with Christmas ornaments and other holiday - inspired trinkets. In doing so, Carey felt she could capture the essence and spirit of what she was singing and make her vocal performance and delivery more emotive and authentic. The songwriting pair carved out the chords, structure and melody for the song in just a quarter of an hour: "It 's definitely not ' Swan Lake, ' ' admits Afanasieff. ' But that 's why it 's so popular -- because it 's so simple and palatable! ''. At first, Afanasieff admitted that he was puzzled and "blanched '' as to where Carey wanted to take the melody and vocal scales, though she was "adamant '' in her direction for the song. In an interview with Billboard, Afanasieff described the type of relationship he and Carey shared in the studio and as songwriters for the song and in general:
It was always the same sort of system with us. We would write the nucleus of the song, the melody primary music, and then some of the words were there as we finished writing it. I started playing some rock ' n ' roll piano and started boogie woogie - ing my left hand, and that inspired Mariah to come up with the melodic (Sings.) ' I do n't want a lot for Christmas. ' And then we started singing and playing around with this rock ' n ' roll boogie song, which immediately came out to be the nucleus of what would end up being ' All I Want For Christmas Is You. ' That one went very quickly: It was an easier song to write than some of the other ones. It was very formulaic, not a lot of chord changes. I tried to make it a little more unique, putting in some special chords that you really do n't hear a lot of, which made it unique and special.
Then for the next week or two Mariah would call me and say, ' What do you think about this bit? ' We would talk a little bit until she got the lyrics all nicely coordinated and done. And then we just waited until the sessions began, which were in the summer of ' 94 where we got together in New York and started recording. And that 's when we first hear her at the microphone singing, and the rest is history.
Afanasieff flew back to California where he finished the song 's programming and production. Originally, he had a live band play the drums and other instruments with the thought of giving it a more raw and affective sound. He was unhappy with the results of the recording and subsequently scrapped the effort and used his original, personal arrangement and programmed all the instruments heard on the song (with the exception of the background vocals) including the piano, effects, drums and triangle. While Carey continued writing material in her rented home in The Hamptons, Afanasieff completed the song 's programming and awaited to rendezvous with her a final time in order to layer and harmonize the background vocals. In touching on several aspects of what excited her to record and release a Christmas album, Carey went into detail on what writing and recording the song and album meant for her: "I 'm a very festive person and I love the holidays. I 've sung Christmas songs since I was a little girl. I used to go Christmas caroling. When it came to the album, we had to have a nice balance between standard Christian hymns and fun songs. It was definitely a priority for me to write at least a few new songs, but for the most part people really want to hear the standards at Christmas time, no matter how good a new song is. ''
"All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is an uptempo song, composed with pop, soul, R&B, gospel, dance - pop and rhythmic adult contemporary influences and stylings. By early August, Carey already had two original songs written alongside Afanasieff; the "sad and balld - y '' "Miss You Most (At Christmas Time) '' and the "Gospel - tinged and religious '' "Jesus Born on This Day ''. The third and final original song the pair planned to write was to be centered and inspired and in the vein of a "Phil Spector, old rock ' n roll, sixties - sounding Christmas song ''. Critics have noted the song 's 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s influences which, in conjunction with Carey 's voice and its simple melody, heralded its recipe for success. In discussing the song 's chord progression and stylistic approaches, Slate 's Adam Ragusea hailed the song as "the only Christmas song written in the last half - century worthy of inclusion in the Great American Songbook. '' The A.V. Club 's Annie Zaleski attributes the song 's enduring appeal to its ambiguity in being able to pin it down as belonging to a specific era. The song begins with a "sparking '' bit of percussion "that resembles an antique music box or a whimsical snow globe. '' After Carey 's a cappella style vocal introduction, the song introduces other seasonal percussive signifiers including; celebratory church - like bells, cheerful sleigh bells, and "an underlying rhythmic beat that sounds like the loping pace of a horse or reindeer. These sounds echo religious and secular musical touchstones, without veering blatantly too much in either direction, and give the song an upbeat, joyous tone. '' In an interview in 1994, Carey described the song as "fun '', and continued: "It 's very traditional, old - fashioned Christmas. It 's very retro, kind of ' 60s. '' Afanasieff went further in breaking down the song 's musical elements: "A lush bed of keyboards, reminiscent of a small - scale Wall of Sound, cushions the song 's cheery rhythms, while a soulful vocal chorus adds robust oohs, tension - creating counter-melodies, and festive harmonies. Most notably, however, the song 's jaunty piano chords and melody keep the song merrily bouncing along. '' Critics noted the song a tad reminiscent of the works of Judy Garland and Nat King Cole, while also describing it as hearkening back to "' 60s and ' 70s Motown covers of prewar Christmas classics, such as The Jackson 5 's (and) Stevie Wonder ''. Slate 's Ragusea conceded that "All I Want For Christmas Is You '' "sounds like it could have been written in the ' 40s and locked in a Brill Building safe. ''
Lyrically, the song focuses on the yearning desire to be with a loved one for Christmas, regardless of whether they have to forgo the usual commercial aspect of the holiday season such as ornamental lights, trees, snow and presents. The song incorporates various instruments, including piano, drums, violin, oboe, flute, bell chimes, bass effect, and cowbells. The song layers background vocals throughout the chorus and sections of the bridge. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing, "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' is set in common time and in the key of G major. Carey 's vocal range in the song spans from the note of G to the high note of G. Carey wrote the song 's lyrics and melody, while Afanasieff arranged and produced the piece with synthetically created computerized equipment. Slate 's Ragusea counts "at least 13 distinct chords at work, resulting in a sumptuously chromatic melody. The song also includes what I consider the most Christmassy chord of all -- a minor subdominant, or ' iv, ' chord with an added 6, under the words ' underneath the Christmas tree, ' among other places. (You might also analyze it as a half - diminished ' ii ' 7th chord, but either interpretation seems accurate). '' According to Roch Parisien from AllMusic, the song contains "The Beach Boys - style harmonies, jangling bells, and a sleigh - ride pace, injecting one of the few bits of exuberant fun in this otherwise vanilla set. '' In a piece on the song in Vogue, a writer felt the song 's lyrics helped solidify its status over two decades later: "those lyrics could have been sung by Frank Sinatra -- well, maybe not Frank, but another singer back then. I think that 's what gives it that timeless, classic quality. ''
"All I Want for Christmas Is You '' was lauded by music critics. Parisien called the song "a year - long banger '', complimenting its instrumentation and melody. Steve Morse, editor of The Boston Globe, wrote that Carey sang with a lot of soul. According to Barry Schwartz from Stylus Magazine, "to say this song is an instant classic somehow does n't capture its amazingicity; it 's a modern standard: joyous, exhilarating, loud, with even a hint of longing. '' Schwartz praised the song 's lyrics as well, describing them as "beautifully phrased, '' and calling Carey 's voice "gorgeous '' and "sincere. '' Kyle Anderson from MTV labeled the track "a majestic anthem full of chimes, sleigh bells, doo - wop flourishes, sweeping strings and one of the most dynamic and clean vocal performances of Carey 's career ''. While reviewing the 2009 remix version, Becky Bain from Idolator called the song a "timeless classic '' and wrote, "We love the original song to pieces -- we blast it while decorating our Christmas tree and lighting our Menorah. '' In his review for Carey 's Merry Christmas II You, Thomas Connor from the Chicago Sun - Times called the song "a simple, well - crafted chestnut and one of the last great additions to the Christmas pop canon ''. Shona Craven of Scotland 's The Herald, said, "(it 's) a song of optimism and joy that maybe, just maybe, hints at the real meaning of Christmas. '' Additionally, she felt the main reason it was so successful is the subject "you '' in the lyrics, explaining, "Perhaps what makes the song such a huge hit is the fact that it 's for absolutely everyone. '' Craven opened her review with a bold statement: "Bing Crosby may well be turning in his grave, but no child of the 1980s will be surprised to see Mariah Carey 's sublime All I Want For Christmas Is You bounding up the charts after being named the nation 's top festive song. '' In a 2006 retrospective look at Carey 's career, Sasha Frere - Jones of The New Yorker said, the "charming '' song was one of Carey 's biggest accomplishments, calling it "one of the few worthy modern additions to the holiday canon ''. Dan Hancox, editor of The National, quoted and agreed with Jones ' statement, calling the song "perfection ''. In 2010, Rolling Stone ranked "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' fourth on its Greatest Rock and Roll Christmas Songs list, calling it a "holiday standard. ''
In the United Kingdom, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at No. 5 during the week of December 10, 1994. The following week, the song peaked at No. 2, staying there for the final three weeks of December (held out of the coveted "Christmas No. 1 '' honor by East 17 's "Stay Another Day ''). As of January 27, 2017, it had spent seventy - eight weeks on the UK Singles Chart.It is also the only song to peak in the top 5 in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s, peaking at number 4 in 2007 and number 5 in 2016. As of December 19, 2013, "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' has sold one million copies in the UK. On December 11, 2015, it was certified double platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipment of 1.2 million units (including streams) and remains Carey 's best - selling single in the UK. In 2010, "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' was named the No. 1 holiday song of the decade in the United Kingdom. The song peaked at No. 2 on the Australian Singles Chart and was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of over 210,000 units. In Denmark, it peaked at No. 4, staying in the chart for sixteen weeks and being certified gold by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI). "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' became Carey 's best - selling single in Japan. It was used as the theme song to the popular drama 29 - sai no Christmas (29 才 の クリスマス, lit. "Christmas in 29 Years, 29th Christmas ''), and was titled Koibito - tachi no Christmas (恋人 たち の クリスマス, lit. "Lovers ' Christmas ''). It sold in excess of 1.1 million units in Japan. Due to strong sales and airplay, the song re-charted in Japan in 2010, peaking at No. 6 on the Japan Hot 100. The single has been certified the Million award by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) on two different formats (compact disc and ringtone), in 1994 and 2008, respectively.
In the United States, in the first week of January 1995, "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary and at No. 12 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song placed on these two charts again in December 1995 and in December 1996. The song was ineligible for inclusion on the Billboard Hot 100 during its original release, because it was not released commercially as a single. This rule lapsed in 1998, however, allowing the song to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 (peaking at No. 83 in January 2000). The song topped the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart in December 2005, but it was unable to attain a new peak on the Billboard Hot 100 chart because it was considered a recurrent single and was thus ineligible for chart re-entry. Every December from 2005 to 2008, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 Re-currents chart. In 2012, after the recurrent rule was revised to allow all songs in the top 50 onto the Billboard Hot 100 chart, the single re-entered the chart at No. 29 and eventually attained a new peak of No. 21 on the week ending January 5, 2013, however dropping out the following week. In December 2013, the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 26. It has become the best - selling holiday ringtone, and it is the first holiday ringtone to be certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Additionally, of songs recorded before the year 2000, it is the nineteenth best - selling digital single and the best - selling digital single by a woman, and is also the overall best - selling holiday digital single. In December 2015, the song peaked at 11 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it its highest peak since its original release. As of November 2016, Nielsen SoundScan estimated total sales of the digital track at 3,200,000 downloads.
When the song was first released as a single in 1994, no remixes were commissioned except for the instrumental version; however, this version was not released on the single that year. Carey re-released the song commercially in Japan in 2000, with a new remix known as the So So Def remix. The remix contains new vocals and is played over a harder, more urban beat that contains a sample of Afrika Bambaataa & the Soulsonic Force 's "Planet Rock; '' it features guest vocals by Jermaine Dupri and Bow Wow. The remix appears on Carey 's compilation album Greatest Hits (2001) as a bonus track. In 2009, a remix produced by Carey and Low Sunday, called "Mariah 's New Dance Mix '', was released. The mix laid the original 1994 vocals over new electronic instrumentation. The remix garnered a positive response. MTV 's Kyle Anderson wrote that "it 's difficult to improve perfection, '' but that the remix "does dress up the song in a disco thump that should make your office Christmas party 28 percent funkier than it was last year. '' Idolator 's Becky Bain praised the song 's catchiness.
In 2010, Carey re-recorded the song for her thirteenth studio and second holiday album, Merry Christmas II You. Titled "All I Want for Christmas Is You (Extra Festive) '', the new version featured re-recorded vocals, softer bell ringing and stronger drumming, and an orchestral introduction that replaced the slow vocal introduction. Steven J. Horowitz from Rap - Up wrote that the new version "sound (ed) just as enjoyable as it did in 1994. '' While the song was praised, it drew criticism for being too similar to the original. Thomas Connor from the Chicago Sun - Times wrote that the new version "just seems to add a few brassy backup singers to the exact same arrangement. '' Caryn Ganz from Rolling Stone agreed, writing that it was "hard to figure out what 's ' extra festive ' '' about the new version. Dan Hancox, editor of The National, also felt the new version was unnecessary. In 2011, Justin Bieber also recorded a version of the song as a duet with Carey on his holiday album, Under the Mistletoe.
Carey has performed the song during concerts as well as live televised performances. It was part of the set - list during the Japanese shows of Carey 's Daydream World Tour (1996), Butterfly World Tour (1998), Charmbracelet World Tour (2002 -- 03), and The Adventures of Mimi Tour (2006). Additionally, Carey performed the song at the 2004 Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade, which aired on ABC. Carey sang the So So Def remix version at the opening night of her Angels Advocate Tour on New Year 's Eve. On November 9, 2010, Carey taped a live Christmas Special featuring the song, which aired on December 13, 2010 on ABC. Additionally, Carey performed the song alongside "Oh Santa! '' airing on ESPN and ABC throughout the day on Christmas Day of 2010. On December 3, she performed both songs at the Walt Disney World Resort theme park, Magic Kingdom, in a performance that was taped and aired part of the Walt Disney World Christmas Day Parade on ABC. She performed them again in a music video promoting the day 's NBA games that aired on both networks. Carey also included the track as the encore to her sold out, first annual Christmas concert series at the Beacon Theater in New York City. The show was entitled All I Want For Christmas Is You, A Night of Joy & Festivity. During The Late Late Show with James Corden on December 15, 2016, Mariah Carey sung this song on the popular feature Carpool Karaoke. Other singers Adele, Lady Gaga, Demi Lovato, Nick Jonas, Elton John, Selena Gomez, Gwen Stefani, Chris Martin, and the Red Hot Chili Peppers were featured in video. It has quickly gone viral, achieving over 2 million views in less than 24 hours, and 25 million views in less than three weeks.
There are three music videos for "All I Want for Christmas Is You ''. The first, primary video was shot in the style of a home movie using Super-8mm film; it was directed and filmed by Carey during the Christmas season of 1993. The video begins with Carey placing holiday ornaments on a Christmas tree and frolicking through the snowy mountainside. Outdoor scenes were shot at the Fairy Tale Forest in New Jersey, where Carey 's then - husband Tommy Mottola made a cameo appearance as Santa Claus. It continues with scenes of Carey getting ready for her album cover photo shoot and spending time with her dog Jack. It concludes with Santa Claus leaving Carey with a bag of presents and waving goodbye. It has more than 291 million views on YouTube as of June 16, 2017. In the song 's alternate video, inspired by The Ronettes, Carey dances in a 1960s - influenced studio surrounded by go -- go dancers. For a 1960s look, the video was filmed in black and white, with Carey in white boots and teased up hair. This video was also directed by Carey. There are two edits to this version of the video.
Another video was created for the So So Def remix, but it does not feature Carey or the hip - hop musicians that perform in the song. Instead, the video is animated and based on a scene in the video from Carey 's "Heartbreaker '' (1999). It features cartoon cameo appearances by Carey, Jermaine Dupri, Bow Wow, Luis Miguel (Carey 's boyfriend at the time), Carey 's dog Jack, and Santa Claus. Kris Kringle is credited with directing the music video. Since 2009, the song has been included in a music video accompanying ESPN 's (and their sister station, ABC) Christmas Day coverage of the NBA. The music video for the duet featuring Bieber was filmed in Macy 's department store in New York City, and features Bieber shopping with his friends whilst Carey is seen singing in the background.
Carey released a children 's book based on "All I Want for Christmas Is You '' on November 10, 2015.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
Works cited
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where does the last name orta come from | Parsi - Wikipedia
Parsi / ˈpɑːrsiː / (or Parsee) is one of two Zoroastrian communities (the other being Iranis) majorly located in India and a few in Pakistan. According to the Qissa - i Sanjan, Parsis migrated from Greater Iran to Gujarat, where they were given refuge, between the 8th and 10th century CE to avoid persecution following the Arab conquest of Persia.
At the time of the Muslim conquest of Persia, the dominant religion of the region (which was ruled by the Sasanian Empire) was Zoroastrianism. Iranians rebelled against Muslim conquerors for almost 200 years. During this time many Iranians who are now called Parsi chose to preserve their religious identity by fleeing from Iran to India.
The word پارسیان, pronounced "Parsian '', i.e., "Parsi '' in the Persian language, literally means Persian. Persian is the official language of modern Iran, which was formerly known as Persia, and the Persian language 's endonym is Farsi, an arabization of the word Parsi.
The long presence of the Parsis in the Indian subcontinent distinguishes them from the smaller Zoroastrian Indian community of Iranis, who are much more recent arrivals, mostly descended from Zoroastrians fleeing the repression of the Qajar dynasty and the general social and political tumult of late 19th - and early 20th - century Iran.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica,
Parsi, also spelled Parsee, member of a group of followers in India of the Persian prophet Zoroaster. The Parsis, whose name means "Persians '', are descended from Persian Zoroastrians who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the Muslims. They live chiefly in Mumbai and in a few towns and villages mostly to the south of Mumbai, but also a few minorities near by in Karachi (Pakistan) and Bangalore (Karnataka, India). There is a sizeable Parsee population in Pune as well in Hyderabad. A few Parsee families also reside in Kolkata and Chennai. Although they are not, strictly speaking, a caste, since they are not Hindus, they form a well - defined community. The exact date of the Parsi migration is unknown. According to tradition, the Parsis initially settled at Hormuz on the Persian Gulf, but finding themselves still persecuted they set sail for India, arriving in the 8th century. The migration may in fact have taken place as late as the 10th century, or in both. They settled first at Diu in Kathiawar but soon moved to south Gujarāt, where they remained for about 800 years as a small agricultural community.
The term Pārsi, which in the Persian language is a demonym meaning "inhabitant of Pārs '' and hence "ethnic Persian '', is not attested in Indian Zoroastrian texts until the 17th century. Until that time, such texts consistently use the Persian - origin terms Zartoshti "Zoroastrian '' or Vehdin "(of) the good religion ''. The 12th - century Sixteen Shlokas, a Sanskrit text in praise of the Parsis, is the earliest attested use of the term as an identifier for Indian Zoroastrians.
The first reference to the Parsis in a European language is from 1322, when a French monk, Jordanus, briefly refers to their presence in Thane and Bharuch. Subsequently, the term appears in the journals of many European travelers, first French and Portuguese, later English, all of whom used a Europeanized version of an apparently local language term. For example, Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta observed in 1563 that "there are merchants... in the kingdom of Cambaia... known as Esparcis. We Portuguese call them Jews, but they are not so. They are Gentios. '' In an early 20th - century legal ruling (see self - perceptions, below), Justices Davar and Beaman asserted (1909: 540) that "Parsi '' was also a term used in Iran to refer to Zoroastrians. (Stausberg 2002, p. I. 373) Boyce (2002, p. 105) notes that in much the same way as the word "Hindu '' was used by Iranians to refer to anyone from the Indian subcontinent, "Parsi '' was used by the Indians to refer to anyone from Greater Iran, irrespective of whether they were actually ethnic Persian people. In any case, the term "Parsi '' itself is "not necessarily an indication of their Iranian or ' Persian ' origin, but rather as indicator -- manifest as several properties -- of ethnic identity '' (Stausberg 2002, p. I. 373). Moreover, if heredity were the only factor in a determination of ethnicity, the Parsis would count as Parthians according to the Qissa - i Sanjan. (Boyce 2002, p. 105)
The term "Parseeism '' or "Parsiism '' is attributed to Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil - Duperron, who in the 1750s, when the word "Zoroastrianism '' had yet to be coined, made the first detailed report of the Parsis and of Zoroastrianism, therein mistakenly assuming that the Parsis were the only remaining followers of the religion.
In addition to above, below are few references that show the Parsi identity was well truly an identity even before they moved to India.
In ancient Persia, Zoroaster taught that good (Ohrmazd) and evil (Angra Mainyu) were opposite forces and the battle between them is more or less evenly matched. A person should always be vigilant to align with forces of light. According to the asha or the righteousness and druj or the wickedness, the person has chosen in his life they will be judged at the Chinvat bridge to grant passage to Paradise, Hammistagan (A limbo area) or Hell by a sword. A personified form of the soul that represents the person 's deeds takes the adjudged to their destination and they will abide there until the final apocalypse. After the final battle between good and evil, every soul 's walk through a river of fire ordeal for burning of their dross and together they receive a post resurrection paradise. The Zoroastrian holy book, called the Avesta, was written in the Avestan language, which is closely related to Vedic Sanskrit.
The Qissa - i Sanjan is a tale of the journey of the Parsis to India from Iran. It says they fled for reasons of religious freedom and they were allowed to settle in India thanks to the goodwill of a local Hindu prince. However, the Parsi community had to abide by three rules: they had to speak the local language, follow local marriage customs, and not carry any weapons. After showing the many similarities between their faith and local beliefs, the early community was granted a plot of land on which to build a fire temple.
Over the centuries since the first Zoroastrians arrived in India, the Parsis have integrated themselves into Indian society while simultaneously maintaining or developing their own distinct customs and traditions (and thus ethnic identity). This in turn has given the Parsi community a rather peculiar standing: they are Indians in terms of national affiliation, language and history, but not typically Indian in terms of consanguinity or ethnicity, cultural, behavioural and religious practices. Genealogical DNA tests to determine purity of lineage have brought mixed results. One study supports the Parsi contention (Nanavutty 1970, p. 13) that they have maintained their Persian roots by avoiding intermarriage with local populations. In that 2002 study of the Y - chromosome (patrilineal) DNA of the Parsis of Pakistan, it was determined that Parsis are genetically closer to Iranians than to their neighbours (Qamar et al. 2002, p. 1119). A 2004 study in which Parsi mitochondrial DNA (matrilineal) was compared with that of the Iranians and Gujaratis determined that Parsis (in Gujarat, but not in other parts of India) are genetically closer to Gujaratis than to Iranians. Taking the 2002 study into account, the authors of the 2004 study suggested "a male - mediated migration of the ancestors of the present - day Parsi population, where they admixed with local females (...) leading ultimately to the loss of mtDNA of Iranian origin '' (Quintana - Murci et al. 2004, p. 840) To put all the doubts to rest a deeper study was conducted in 2017 "Like sugar in milk '': reconstructing the genetic history of the Parsi population which confirms that Parsis are genetically closer to Neolithic Iranians than to modern Iranians, who have witnessed a more recent wave of admixture from the Near East.
The definition of who is, and is not, a Parsi is a matter of great contention within the Zoroastrian community in India. It is generally accepted that a Parsi is a person who:
In this sense, Parsi is an ethno - religious designator, whose definition is of contention among its members, similar to the contention over who is a Jew in the West.
Some members of the community additionally contend that a child must have a Parsi father to be eligible for introduction into the faith, but this assertion is considered by most to be a violation of the Zoroastrian tenets of gender equality and may be a remnant of an old legal definition of the term Parsi.
An oft - quoted legal definition of Parsi is based on a 1909 ruling (since nullified) that not only stipulated that a person could not become a Parsi by converting to the Zoroastrian faith but also noted:
the Parsi community consists of: a) Parsis who are descended from the original Persian emigrants and who are born of both Zoroastrian parents and who profess the Zoroastrian religion; b) Iranis (here meaning Iranians, not the other group of Indian Zoroastrians) professing the Zoroastrian religion; c) the children of Parsi fathers by alien mothers who have been duly and properly admitted into the religion.
This definition was overturned several times. The equality principles of the Indian Constitution void the patrilineal restrictions expressed in the third clause. The second clause was contested and overturned in 1948. (Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar v. Merwan Rashid Yezdiar 1948) On appeal in 1950, the 1948 ruling was upheld and the entire 1909 definition was deemed an obiter dictum -- a collateral opinion and not legally binding (re-affirmed in 1966). (Merwan Rashid Yezdiar v. Sarwar Merwan Yezdiar 1950; Jamshed Irani v. Banu Irani 1966).
Nonetheless, the opinion that the 1909 ruling is legally binding continues to persist, even among the better - read and moderate Parsis. In the February 21, 2006, editorial of the Parsiana, the fortnightly of the Parsi Zoroastrian community, the editor noted that several adult children born of a Parsi mother and non-Parsi father had been inducted into the faith and that their choice "to embrace their mother 's faith speaks volumes for their commitment to the religion. '' In recalling the ruling, the editor noted that although "they are legally and religiously full - fledged Zoroastrians, they are not considered Parsi Zoroastrians in the eyes of the law '' and hence "legally they may not avail of fire temples specified for Parsi Zoroastrians. ''
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 57,264 Parsis in India. According to the National Commission for Minorities, there are a "variety of causes that are responsible for this steady decline in the population of the community '', the most significant of which were childlessness and migration (Roy & Unisa 2004, pp. 8, 21). Demographic trends project that by the year 2020 the Parsis will number only 23,000. The Parsis will then cease to be called a community and will be labeled a ' tribe '. (Taraporevala 2000, p. 9).
One - fifth of the decrease in population is attributed to migration (Roy & Unisa 2004, p. 21). A slower birthrate than deathrate accounts for the rest: as of 2001, Parsis over the age of 60 make up for 31 % of the community. Only 4.7 % of the Parsi community are under 6 years of age, which translates to 7 births per year per 1000 individuals (Roy & Unisa 2004, p. 14). Concerns have been raised in recent years over the rapidly declining population of the Parsi community in India.
The gender ratio among Parsis is unusual: as of 2001, the ratio of males to females was 1000 males to 1050 females (up from 1024 in 1991), due primarily to the high median age of the population (elderly women are more common than elderly men). As of 2001 the national average in India was 1000 males to 933 females.
Parsis have a high literacy rate; as of 2001, the literacy rate is 97.9 %, the highest of any Indian community (the national average was 64.8 %). 96.1 % of Parsis reside in urban areas (the national average is 27.8 %).
In the Greater Mumbai area, where the density of Parsis is highest, about 10 % of Parsi females and about 20 % of Parsi males do not marry. (Roy & Unisa 2004, pp. 18, 19)
According to the Qissa - i Sanjan, the only existing account of the early years of Zoroastrian refugees in India composed at least six centuries after their tentative date of arrival, the first group of immigrants originated from Greater Khorasan. This historical region of Central Asia is in part in northeastern Iran, where it constitutes modern Khorasan Province, part of western / northern Afghanistan, and in part in three Central - Asian republics namely Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
According to the Qissa, the immigrants were granted permission to stay by the local ruler, Jadi Rana, on the condition that they adopt the local language (Gujarati) and that their women adopt local dress (the sari). The refugees accepted the conditions and founded the settlement of Sanjan, which is said to have been named after the city of their origin (Sanjan, near Merv, modern Turkmenistan). This first group was followed by a second group from Greater Khorasan within five years of the first, and this time having religious implements with them (the alat). In addition to these Khorasanis or Kohistanis "mountain folk '', as the two initial groups are said to have been initially called, at least one other group is said to have come overland from Sari, Iran.
Although the Sanjan group are believed to have been the first permanent settlers, the precise date of their arrival is a matter of conjecture. All estimates are based on the Qissa, which is vague or contradictory with respect to some elapsed periods. Consequently, three possible dates -- 716, 765, and 936 -- have been proposed as the year of landing, and the disagreement has been the cause of "many an intense battle... amongst Parsis ''. Since dates are not specifically mentioned in Parsi texts prior to the 18th century, any date of arrival is perforce a matter of speculation. The importance of the Qissa lies in any case not so much in its reconstruction of events than in its depiction of the Parsis -- in the way they have come to view themselves -- and in their relationship to the dominant culture. As such, the text plays a crucial role in shaping Parsi identity. But, "even if one comes to the conclusion that the chronicle based on verbal transmission is not more than a legend, it still remains without doubt an extremely informative document for Parsee historiography. ''
The Sanjan Zoroastrians were certainly not the first Zoroastrians on the subcontinent. Sindh touching Balochistan, the easternmost periphery of the Iranian world, too had once been under coastal administration of the Sasanian Empire (226 - 651), which consequently maintained outposts there. Even following the loss of Sindh, the Iranians continued to play a major role in the trade links between the east and west. The 9th - century Arab historiographer Al - Masudi briefly notes Zoroastrians with fire temples in al - Hind and in al - Sindh. There is evidence of individual Parsis residing in Sindh in the tenth and twelfth centuries, but the current modern community is thought to date from British arrival in Sindh. Moreover, for the Iranians, the harbours of Gujarat lay on the maritime routes that complemented the overland Silk Road and there were extensive trade relations between the two regions. The contact between Iranians and Indians was already well established even prior to the Common Era, and both the Puranas and the Mahabharata use the term Parasikas to refer to the peoples west of the Indus River.
"Parsi legends regarding their ancestors ' migration to India depict a beleaguered band of religious refugees escaping the new rule post the Muslim conquests in order to preserve their ancient faith. '' Nigosian 1993, p. 42) However, while Parsi settlements definitely arose along the western coast of the Indian subcontinent following the Arab conquest of Iran, it is not possible to state with certainty that these migrations occurred as a result of religious persecution against Zoroastrians. If the "traditional '' 8th century date (as deduced from the Qissa) is considered valid, it must be assumed "that the migration began while Zoroastrianism was still the predominant religion in Iran (and) economic factors predominated the initial decision to migrate. '' This would have been particularly the case if -- as the Qissa suggests -- the first Parsis originally came from the north - east (i.e. Central Asia) and had previously been dependent on Silk Road trade (Stausberg 2002, p. I. 373). Even so, in the 17th century, Henry Lord, a chaplain with the British East India Company, noted that the Parsis came to India seeking "liberty of conscience '' but simultaneously arrived as "merchantmen bound for the shores of India, in course of trade and merchandise. '' The fact that Muslims charged non-Muslims higher duties when trading from Muslim - held ports may be interpreted to be a form of religious persecution, but this being the only reason to migrate appears unlikely.
The Qissa has little to say about the events that followed the establishment of Sanjan, and restricts itself to a brief note on the establishment of the "Fire of Victory '' (Middle Persian: Atash Bahram) at Sanjan and its subsequent move to Navsari. According to Dhalla, the next several centuries were "full of hardships '' (sic) before Zoroastrianism "gained a real foothold in India and secured for its adherents some means of livelihood in this new country of their adoption ''. (Dhalla 1938, p. 447)
Two centuries after their landing, the Parsis began to settle in other parts of Gujarat, which led to "difficulties in defining the limits of priestly jurisdiction. '' (Kulke 1978, p. 29) These problems were resolved by 1290 through the division of Gujarat into five panthaks (districts), each under the jurisdiction of one priestly family and their descendants. (Continuing disputes regarding jurisdiction over the Atash Bahram led to the fire being moved to Udvada in 1742, where today jurisdiction is shared in rotation among the five panthak families.)
Inscriptions at the Kanheri Caves near Mumbai suggest that at least until the early 11th century, Middle Persian was still the literary language of the hereditary Zoroastrian priesthood. Nonetheless, aside from the Qissa and the Kanheri inscriptions, there is little evidence of the Parsis until the 12th and 13th century, when "masterly '' (Dhalla 1938, p. 448) Sanskrit translations and transcriptions of the Avesta and its commentaries began to be prepared. From these translations Dhalla infers that "religious studies were prosecuted with great zeal at this period '' and that the command of Middle Persian and Sanskrit among the clerics "was of a superior order ''. (Dhalla 1938, p. 448).
From the 13th century to the late 16th century, the Zoroastrian priests of Gujarat sent (in all) twenty - two requests for religious guidance to their co-religionists in Iran, presumably because they considered the Iranian Zoroastrians "better informed on religious matters than themselves, and must have preserved the old - time tradition more faithfully than they themselves did '' (Dhalla 1938, p. 457). These transmissions and their replies -- assiduously preserved by the community as the rivayats (epistles) -- span the years 1478 -- 1766 and deal with both religious and social subjects. From a superficial 21st century point of view, some of these ithoter ("questions '') are remarkably trivial -- for instance, Rivayat 376: whether ink prepared by a non-Zoroastrian is suitable for copying Avestan language texts -- but they provide a discerning insight into the fears and anxieties of the early modern Zoroastrians. Thus, the question of the ink is symptomatic of the fear of assimilation and the loss of identity, a theme that dominates the questions posed and continues to be an issue into the 21st century. So also the question of conversion of Juddins (non-Zoroastrians) to Zoroastrianism, to which the reply (R237, R238) was: acceptable, even meritorious. (Dhalla 1938, pp. 474 -- 475)
Nonetheless, "the precarious condition in which they lived for a considerable period made it impracticable for them to keep up their former proselytizing zeal. The instinctive fear of disintegration and absorption in the vast multitudes among whom they lived created in them a spirit of exclusiveness and a strong desire to preserve the racial characteristics and distinctive features of their community. Living in an atmosphere surcharged with the Hindu caste system, they felt that their own safety lay in encircling their fold by rigid caste barriers '' (Dhalla 1938, p. 474). Even so, at some point (possibly shortly after their arrival in India), the Zoroastrians -- perhaps determining that the social stratification that they had brought with them was unsustainable in the small community -- did away with all but the hereditary priesthood (called the asronih in Sassanid Iran). The remaining estates -- the (r) atheshtarih (nobility, soldiers, and civil servants), vastaryoshih (farmers and herdsmen), hutokshih (artisans and labourers) -- were folded into an all - comprehensive class today known as the behdini ("followers of daena '', for which "good religion '' is one translation). This change would have far reaching consequences. For one, it opened the gene pool to some extent since until that time inter-class marriages were exceedingly rare (this would continue to be a problem for the priesthood until the 20th century). For another, it did away with the boundaries along occupational lines, a factor that would endear the Parsis to the 18th - and 19th - century British colonial authorities who had little patience for the unpredictable complications of the Hindu caste system (such as when a clerk from one caste would not deal with a clerk from another).
Following the commercial treaty in the early 17th century between Mughal emperor Jahangir and James I of England, the East India Company obtained the exclusive rights to reside and build factories in Surat and other areas. Many Parsis, who until then had been living in farming communities throughout Gujarat, moved to the English - run settlements to take the new jobs offered. In 1668 the English East India Company leased the Seven Islands of Bombay from Charles II of England. The company found the deep harbour on the east coast of the islands to be ideal for setting up their first port in the sub-continent, and in 1687 they transferred their headquarters from Surat to the fledgling settlement. The Parsis followed and soon began to occupy posts of trust in connection with government and public works.
Where literacy had previously been the exclusive domain of the priesthood, in the era of the British Raj the British schools in India provided the new Parsi youth with the means not only to learn to read and write but also to be educated in the greater sense of the term and become familiar with the quirks of the British establishment. These capabilities were enormously useful to Parsis since they allowed them to "represent themselves as being like the British, '' which they did "more diligently and effectively than perhaps any other South Asian community ''. While the British saw the other Indians "as passive, ignorant, irrational, outwardly submissive but inwardly guileful '', the Parsis were seen to have the traits that the colonial authorities tended to ascribe to themselves. Johan Albrecht de Mandelslo (1638) saw them as "diligent '', "conscientious '', and "skillful '' in their mercantile pursuits. Similar observations would be made by James Mackintosh, Recorder of Bombay from 1804 to 1811, who noted that "the Parsees are a small remnant of one of the mightiest nations of the ancient world, who, flying from persecution into India, were for many ages lost in obscurity and poverty, till at length they met a just government under which they speedily rose to be one of the most popular mercantile bodies in Asia ''.
One of these was an enterprising agent named Rustom Maneck. In 1702, Maneck, who had probably already amassed a fortune under the Dutch and Portuguese, was appointed the first broker to the East India Company (acquiring the name "Seth '' in the process), and in the following years "he and his Parsi associates widened the occupational and financial horizons of the larger Parsi community ''. Thus, by the mid-18th century, the brokerage houses of the Bombay Presidency were almost all in Parsi hands. As James Forbes, the Collector of Broach (now Bharuch), would note in his Oriental Memoirs (1770): "many of the principal merchants and owners of ships at Bombay and Surat are Parsees. '' "Active, robust, prudent and persevering, they now form a very valuable part of the Company 's subjects on the western shores of Hindustan where they are highly esteemed ''. In the 18th century, Parsis with their skills in ship building and trade greatly benefited with trade between India and China. The trade was mainly in timber, silk and opium. For example Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy acquired most of his wealth through trade in opium Gradually certain families "acquired wealth and prominence (Sorabji, Modi, Cama, Wadia, Jeejeebhoy, Readymoney, Dadyseth, Petit, Patel, Mehta, Allbless, Tata, etc.), many of which would be noted for their participation in the public life of the city, and for their various educational, industrial, and charitable enterprises. '').
Through his largesse, Maneck helped establish the infrastructure that was necessary for the Parsis to set themselves up in Bombay and in doing so "established Bombay as the primary centre of Parsi habitation and work in the 1720s ''. Following the political and economic isolation of Surat in the 1720s and 1730s that resulted from troubles between the (remnant) Mughal authorities and the increasingly dominant Marathas, a number of Parsi families from Surat migrated to the new city. While in 1700 "fewer than a handful of individuals appear as merchants in any records; by mid-century, Parsis engaged in commerce constituted one of important commercial groups in Bombay ''. Maneck 's generosity is incidentally also the first documented instance of Parsi philanthropy. In 1689, Anglican chaplain John Ovington reported that in Surat the family "assist the poor and are ready to provide for the sustenance and comfort of such as want it. Their universal kindness, either employing such as are ready and able to work, or bestowing a seasonable bounteous charity to such as are infirm and miserable, leave no man destitute of relief, nor suffer a beggar in all their tribe ''.
In 1728 Rustom 's eldest son Naoroz (later Naorojee) founded the Bombay Parsi Panchayat (in the sense of an instrument for self - governance and not in the sense of the trust it is today) to assist newly arriving Parsis in religious, social, legal and financial matters. Using their vast resources, the Maneck Seth family gave their time, energy and not inconsiderable financial resources to the Parsi community, with the result that by the mid-18th century, the Panchayat was the accepted means for Parsis to cope with the exigencies of urban life and the recognized instrument for regulating the affairs of the community. Nonetheless, by 1838 the Panchayat was under attack for impropriety and nepotism. In 1855 the Bombay Times noted that the Panchayat was utterly without the moral or legal authority to enforce its statutes (the Bundobusts or codes of conduct) and the council soon ceased to be considered representative of the community. In the wake of a July 1856 ruling by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council that it had no jurisdiction over the Parsis in matters of marriage and divorce, the Panchayat was reduced to little more than a Government - recognized "Parsi Matrimonial Court ''. Although the Panchayat would eventually be reestablished as the administrator of community property, it ultimately ceased to be an instrument for self - governance.
At about the same time as the role of the Panchayat was declining, a number of other institutions arose that would replace the Panchayat 's role in contributing to the sense of social cohesiveness that the community desperately sought. By the mid-19th century, the Parsis were keenly aware that their numbers were declining and saw education as a possible solution to the problem. In 1842 Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy established the Parsi Benevolent Fund with the aim of improving, through education, the condition of the impoverished Parsis still living in Surat and its environs. In 1849 the Parsis established their first school (co-educational, which was a novelty at the time, but would soon be split into separate schools for boys and girls) and the education movement quickened. The number of Parsi schools multiplied, but other schools and colleges were also freely attended. Accompanied by better education and social cohesiveness, the community 's sense of distinctiveness grew, and in 1854 Dinshaw Maneckji Petit founded the Persian Zoroastrian Amelioration Fund with the aim of improving conditions for his less fortunate co-religionists in Iran. The fund succeeded in convincing a number of Iranian Zoroastrians to emigrate to India (where they are known today as Iranis) and the efforts of its emissary Maneckji Limji Hataria may have been instrumental in obtaining a remission of the jizya for their co-religionists in 1882.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Parsis had emerged as "the foremost people in India in matters educational, industrial, and social. They came in the vanguard of progress, amassed vast fortunes, and munificently gave away large sums in charity ''. By the close of the 19th century, the total number of Parsis in colonial India was 85,397, of which 48,507 lived in Bombay, constituting 6 % of the total population of the city (Census, 1881). This would be the last time that the Parsis would be considered a numerically significant minority in the city.
Nonetheless, the legacy of the 19th century was a sense of self - awareness as a community. The typically Parsi cultural symbols of the 17th and 18th centuries such as language (a Parsi variant of Gujarati), arts, crafts, and sartorial habits developed into Parsi theatre, literature, newspapers, magazines, and schools. The Parsis now ran community medical centres, ambulance corps, Scouting troops, clubs, and Masonic Lodges. They had their own charitable foundations, housing estates, legal institutions, courts, and governance. They were no longer weavers and petty merchants, but now were established and ran banks, mills, heavy industry, shipyards, and shipping companies. Moreover, even while maintaining their own cultural identity they did not fail to recognize themselves as nationally Indian, as Dadabhai Naoroji, the first Asian to occupy a seat in the British Parliament would note: "Whether I am a Hindu, a Mohammedan, a Parsi, a Christian, or of any other creed, I am above all an Indian. Our country is India; our nationality is Indian ''.
Parsis are generally not very concerned with the theological study aspect of Zoroastrianism. Most Parsis are familiar with religious practices tied into their identity and therefore know little about the formal doctrinal teachings. The main components of Zoroastrianism as practiced by the Parsi community are the concepts of purity and pollution (nasu), initiation (navjot), daily prayers, worship at Fire Temples, marriage, funerals, and general worship.
The balance between good and evil is correlated to the idea of purity and pollution. Purity is held to be of the very essence of godliness. Pollution 's very point is to destroy purity through the death of a human. In order to adhere to purity it is the duty of Parsis to continue to preserve purity within their body as God created them. A Zoroastrian priest spends his entire life dedicated to following a holy life.
Zoroastrians are not initiated by infant baptism. Normally, a child is initiated into the faith when he or she is old enough to choose to enter into the faith. The initiation begins with a ritual bath, then a spiritual cleansing prayer; the child changes into white pajama pants, a shawl, and a small cap. Following introductory prayers, the child is given the sacred items that are associated with Zoroastrianism: a sacred shirt and cord, sudre, and kusti. The child then faces the main priest and fire is brought in to represent God. Once the priest finishes with the prayers, the child 's initiation is complete and he or she is now a part of the community and religion.
Marriage is very important to the members of the Parsi community, believing that, in order to continue the expansion of God 's kingdom, they must procreate. Up until the mid-19th century child marriages were common even though the idea of child marriage was not part of the religious doctrine. Consequently, when social reform started happening in India, the Parsi community discontinued the practice. There are, however, rising problems over the availability of brides. More and more women in the Parsi community are becoming well educated and are therefore either delaying marriage or not partaking at all. Women within the Parsi community in India are ninety - seven percent literate; forty - two percent have completed high school or college and twenty - nine percent have an occupation in which they earn a substantial amount of money. The wedding ceremony begins much like the initiation with a cleansing bath. The bride and groom then travel to the wedding in florally decorated cars. The priests from both families facilitate the wedding. The couple begins by facing one another with a sheet to block their view of one another. Wool is passed over the two seven times to bind them together. The two are then supposed to throw rice to their partner symbolizing dominance. The religious element comes in next when the two sit side by side to face the priest.
The pollution that is associated with death has to be handled carefully. A separate part of the home is designated to house the corpse for funeral proceedings before being taken away. The priest comes to say prayers that are for the cleansing of sins and to affirm the faith of the deceased. Fire is brought to the room and prayers are begun. The body is washed and inserted clean within a sudre and kusti. The ceremony then begins, and a circle is drawn around the body into which only the bearers may enter. As they proceed to the cemetery they walk in pairs and are connected by white fabric. A dog is essential in the funeral process because it is able to see death. The body is taken to the tower of death where the vultures feed on it. Once the bones are bleached by the sun they are pushed into the circular opening in the center. The mourning process is four days long, and rather than creating graves for the dead, charities are established in honor of the person.
Zoroastrian festivals were originally held outside in the open air; temples were not common until later. Most of the temples were built by wealthy Parsis who needed centers that housed purity. As stated before, fire is considered to represent the presence of Ahura Mazda, and there are two distinct differences for the types of fire for the different temples. The first type of temple is the Atash Behram, which is the highest level of fire. The fire is prepared for an entire year before it can be installed, and once it is, it is cared for to the highest possible degree. There are only eight such temples located within India. The second type of fire temple is called a Dar - i Mihr, and the preparation process is not as intense. There are about 160 of these located throughout India.
This section contains information specific to the Parsi calendar. For information on the calendar used by the Zoroastrians for religious purposes, including details on its history and its variations, see Zoroastrian calendar.
Until about the 12th century, all Zoroastrians followed the same 365 - day religious calendar, which had remained largely unmodified since the calendar reforms of Ardashir I (r. 226 - 241 AD). Since that calendar did not compensate for the fractional days that go to make up a full solar year, with time it was no longer accordant with the seasons.
At some point between 1125 and 1250 (cf. Boyce 1970, p. 537), the Parsis inserted an embolismic month to level out the accumulating fractional days. However, the Parsis would be the only Zoroastrians to do so (and would do it only once), with the result that -- from then on -- the calendar in use by the Parsis and the calendar in use by Zoroastrians elsewhere diverged by a matter of thirty days. The calendars still had the same name, Shahenshahi (imperial), presumably because none were aware that the calendars were no longer the same.
In 1745 the Parsis in and around Surat switched to the Kadmi or Kadimi calendar on the recommendation of their priests who were convinced that the calendar in use in the ancient ' homeland ' must be correct. Moreover, they denigrated the Shahenshahi calendar as being "royalist ''.
In 1906 attempts to bring the two factions together resulted in the introduction of a third calendar based on an 11th - century Seljuk model: the Fasili, or Fasli, calendar had leap days intercalated every four years and it had a New Year 's day that fell on the day of the vernal equinox. Although it was the only calendar always in harmony with the seasons, most members of the Parsi community rejected it on the grounds that it was not in accord with the injunctions expressed in Zoroastrian tradition (Dēnkard 3.419).
Today the majority of Parsis are adherents of the Parsi version of the Shahenshahi calendar although the Kadmi calendar does have its adherents among the Parsi communities of Surat and Bharuch. The Fasli calendar does not have a significant following among Parsis, but, by virtue of being compatible with the Bastani calendar (an Iranian development with the same salient features as the Fasli calendar), it is predominant among the Zoroastrians of Iran.
Since some of the Avesta prayers contain references to the names of the months, and some other prayers are used only at specific times of the year, the issue of which calendar is "correct '' also has theological ramifications.
To further complicate matters, in the late 18th century (or early 19th century) a highly influential head - priest and staunch proponent of the Kadmi calendar -- Phiroze Kaus Dastur of the Dadyseth Atash - Behram in Bombay -- became convinced that the pronunciation of prayers as recited by visitors from Iran was correct, while the pronunciation as used by the Parsis was not. He accordingly went on to alter some (but not all) of the prayers, which in due course came to be accepted by all adherents of the Kadmi calendar as the more ancient (and thus presumably correct). However, scholars of Avestan language and linguistics attribute the difference in pronunciation to a vowel - shift that occurred only in Iran and that the Iranian pronunciation as adopted by the Kadmis is actually more recent than the pronunciation used by the non-Kadmi Parsis.
The calendar disputes were not always purely academic, either. In the 1780s, emotions over the controversy ran so high that violence would occasionally erupt. In 1783 a Shahenshahi resident of Bharuch named Homaji Jamshedji was sentenced to death for kicking a young Kadmi woman and so causing her to miscarry.
Of the eight Atash - Behrams (the highest grade of fire temple) in India, three follow the Kadmi pronunciation and calendar, the other five are Shahenshahi. The Fassalis do not have their own Atash - Behram.
The Ilm - e-Kshnoom (' science of ecstasy ', or ' science of bliss ') is a school of Parsi - Zoroastrian philosophy based on a mystic and esoteric, rather than literal, interpretation of religious texts. According to adherents of the sect, they are followers of the Zoroastrian faith as preserved by a clan of 2000 individuals called the Saheb - e-Dilan (' Masters of the Heart ') who are said to live in complete isolation in the mountainous recesses of the Caucasus (alternatively, in the Alborz range, around Mount Damavand).
There are few obvious indications that a Parsi might be a follower of the Kshnoom. Although their Kusti prayers are very similar to those used by the Fassalis, like the rest of the Parsi community the followers of Kshnoom are divided with respect to which calendar they observe. There are also other minor differences in their recitation of the liturgy, such as repetition of some sections of the longer prayers. Nonetheless, the Kshnoom are extremely conservative in their ideology and prefer isolation even with respect to other Parsis.
The largest community of followers of the Kshnoom lives in Jogeshwari, a suburb of Bombay, where they have their own fire temple (Behramshah Nowroji Shroff Daremeher), their own housing colony (Behram Baug) and their own newspaper (Parsi Pukar). There is a smaller concentration of adherents in Surat, where the sect was founded in the last decades of the 19th century.
It has been traditional, in Mumbai and Karachi at least, for dead Parsis to be taken to the Towers of Silence where the corpses are quickly eaten by the city 's vultures. The reason given for this practice is that earth, fire, and water are considered sacred elements which should not be defiled by the dead. Therefore, burial and cremation have always been prohibited in Parsi culture. The problem today, though, is that in Mumbai and Karachi the population of vultures has been drastically reduced due to extensive urbanization and the unintended consequence of treating humans and livestock with antibiotics, and the anti-inflammatory diclofenac, both of which harm vultures. As a result, the bodies of the deceased are taking much longer to decompose, and this has upset certain sectors of the community. Solar panels have been installed in the Towers of Silence to speed up the decomposition process, but this has been only partially successful. In Peshawar a Parsi graveyard was established in the late 19th century, which still exists and this cemetery is unique as there is no Tower of Silence and the community preferred to bury their dead. There is a debate raging in the Parsi community as to whether or not the prohibition on burials and cremations should be lifted.
The Tower of Silence in Mumbai is located at Malabar Hill. The residents of Malabar Hill and surrounding areas have also complained against this practice. Parsis are now given an option of burial versus the Tower of Silence death ritual. In Karachi, the Tower of Silence is located in Parsi Colony, near the Chanesar Goth and Mehmoodabad localities.
The genetic studies of Parsis of Pakistan show sharp contrast between genetic data obtained from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y - chromosome DNA (Y - DNA), different from most populations. Historical records suggests that they had moved from Iran to Gujarat, India and then to Mumbai and Karachi, Pakistan. According to Y - DNA, they resemble Iranian population which supports historical records. When mtDNA pool is compared to Iranians and Gujaratis (their putative parental populations), it contrasted Y - DNA data. About 60 % of their maternal gene pool originates from South Asian haplogroups, which is just 7 % in Iranians. Parsis has high frequency of haplogroup M (55 %), similar to Indians, which is just 1.7 % in combined Iranian sample. The studies suggest sharp contrast between the maternal and paternal component of Parsis. Due to high diversity in Y - DNA and mtDNA lineages, the strong drift effect is unlikely even though they had small population. The studies suggest a male - mediated migration of Parsi ancestors from Iran to Gujarat where they admixed with local female population during initial settlements which ultimately resulting in loss of Iranian mtDNA.
A study published in Genome Biology based on high density SNP data has shown that the Parsis are genetically closest to Iranian and the Caucasus populations rather than their South Asian neighbours. They also share the highest number of haplotypes with present - day Iranians and the admixture of the Parsis with Indian populations was estimated to be ~ 1,200 years ago. It is also found that Parsis are genetically closer to Neolithic Iranians than to modern Iranians who had recently received the genes from the Near East.
Parsis have been shown to have unusually high rates of breast - cancer bladder - cancer, Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and Parkinson 's disease.
The Parsis have made considerable contributions to the history and development of India, all the more remarkable considering their small numbers. As the maxim "Parsi, thy name is charity '' reveals, their greatest contribution, literally and figuratively, is their philanthropy. The name Parsi references the Persian name. The term "Parsi '' in Sanskrit means "one who gives alms ''. Mahatma Gandhi would note in a much misquoted statement "I am proud of my country, India, for having produced the splendid Zoroastrian stock, in numbers beneath contempt, but in charity and philanthropy perhaps unequalled and certainly unsurpassed ''. (Rivetna 2002) Several landmarks in Mumbai are named after Parsis, including Nariman Point. Parsis prominent in the Indian independence movement include Pherozeshah Mehta, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Bhikaiji Cama.
Particularly notable Parsis in the fields of science and industry include physicist Homi J. Bhabha, Homi N. Sethna, J.R.D. Tata and Jamsetji Tata, regarded as the "Father of Indian Industry ''. The families Godrej, Tata, Petit, Cowasjee and Wadia are important industrial Parsi families. Other Parsi businessmen are Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata, J.R.D. Tata, Dinshaw Maneckji Petit and Nusli Wadia.
The Parsi community has given India several distinguished military officers. Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, Military Cross, the architect of India 's victory in the 1971 war, was the first officer of the Indian Army to be appointed a Field Marshal. Admiral Jal Cursetji was the first Parsi to be appointed Chief of the Naval Staff of the Indian Navy. Air Marshal Aspy Engineer served as India 's second Chief of Air Staff, post independence, and Air Chief Marshal. Air Marshal Minoo Jehangir Dotiwalla was another notable Parsi who contributed to the Indian Air Force; he was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal. Fali Homi Major served as the 18th Chief of Air Staff (India). Vice Admiral RF Contractor served as the 17th Chief of the Indian Coast Guard. Lieutenant Colonel Ardeshir Burjorji Tarapore was killed in action in the 1965 Indo - Pakistan war and was posthumously awarded the Param Vir Chakra, India 's highest military award for gallantry in action. Lieutenant General FN Bilimoria was a senior officer of the Indian Army and the father of Lord Karan Bilimoria, founder of the Cobra Beer company.
Particularly notable Parsis in other areas of achievement include cricketers Farokh Engineer and Polly Umrigar, rock star Freddie Mercury, composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji and conductor Zubin Mehta; cultural studies theorist Homi K. Bhabha; screenwriter and photographer Sooni Taraporevala; authors Rohinton Mistry, Firdaus Kanga, Bapsi Sidhwa, Ardashir Vakil and Pakistani investigative journalist Ardeshir Cowasjee; actors John Farhan Abraham and Boman Irani; radio jockey Fali R Singara; educator Jamshed Bharucha, India 's first woman photo - journalist Homai Vyarawalla; Actressese Nina Wadia, Sanaya Irani and Persis Khambatta are Parsi who appears in Bollywood films and television serials. Naxalite leader and intellectual Kobad Ghandy is a Parsi. Dorab Patel was Pakistan 's first Parsi Supreme Court Justice. Rattana Pestonji was a Parsi living in Thailand who helped develop Thai cinema.
The husband of Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and son - in - law of Jawaharlal Nehru, Feroze Gandhi, was a Parsi with ancestral roots in Bharuch. Mohammad Ali Jinnah 's daughter Dina was married to Parsi industrialist Neville Wadia, the scion of the Wadia family.
For a list of Parsis with Wikipedia articles, see Category: Parsi people.
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where are the world athletics championships 2017 being held | 2017 World Championships in Athletics - wikipedia
The 2017 IAAF World Championships was the 16th edition of the global athletics competition organised by the International Association of Athletics Federations and was held in London from 4 to 13 August 2017. London was officially awarded the championships on 11 November 2011.
When the seeking deadline passed on 1 September 2011, two candidate cities (London and Doha) had confirmed their candidatures. Barcelona, which investigated a bid, withdrew citing a lack of support from the local population and financial difficulties.
On 5 September 2011, Doha launched its marketing bid for the 2017 World Championships. The slogan of the bid was "The RIGHT PARTNER for a stronger World Championships. '' The bid was led by Abdullah Al Zaini and Aphrodite Moschoudi. Moschoudi successfully led Qatar 's bid for the 2015 Handball World Championships. Doha also brought in Brian Roe, a member of the IAAF Technical Committee. The bid was for the championships to be held in the renovated, climate - controlled Khalifa Stadium. The Corniche promenade was to hold the road races, with the committee proposing to hold the marathon at night after the opening ceremony.
On 6 September 2011, London unveiled its bid for the 2017 championships with the slogan "Ready to break records. '' This was London 's fourth bid in less than 15 years to host the event. The London bid team said that if their bid was successful they would introduce the "Women in World Athletics '' programme.
The IAAF Evaluation Commission visited London on 2 − 4 October and Doha on 4 − 6 October. On 11 November 2011, the winner was officially announced as London.
The championships were held in the London Stadium in Stratford, London, which hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, and has a capacity of 60,000.
Six days before the events were due to begin, it was reported that more than 660,000 tickets had been sold, which was a new record for the World Championships, surpassing the previous record of 417,156 tickets sold for Berlin 2009.
Rights to televise the championships in the United Kingdom were held by the BBC. NBCUniversal was the rights holder in the United States. In Canada, rights to televise the championships belonged to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
The mascots for the IAAF Championships and World ParaAthletics Championships were unveiled in April 2017, and chosen through a children 's design contest organised by the BBC programme Blue Peter. The mascots represent "everyday '' endangered species of the UK; the IAAF Championships mascot is an anthropomorphic hedgehog named Hero the Hedgehog, and for the ParaAthletics, Whizbee the Bee.
The qualification period for the 10,000 metres, marathon, race walks, relays, and combined events runs from 1 January 2016 to 23 July 2017. For all other events, the qualification period runs from 1 October 2016 to 23 July 2017.
The Women 's 50 kilometres walk was held for the first time.
WR world record AR area record CR championship record GR games record NR national record OR Olympic record PB personal best SB season best WL world leading (in a given season)
* Indicates the athlete only competed in the preliminary heats and received medals.
WR world record AR area record CR championship record GR games record NR national record OR Olympic record PB personal best SB season best WL world leading (in a given season)
WR world record AR area record CR championship record GR games record NR national record OR Olympic record PB personal best SB season best WL world leading (in a given season)
WR world record AR area record CR championship record GR games record NR national record OR Olympic record PB personal best SB season best WL world leading (in a given season)
* Indicates the athlete only competed in the preliminary heats and received medals.
WR world record AR area record CR championship record GR games record NR national record OR Olympic record PB personal best SB season best WL world leading (in a given season)
WR world record AR area record CR championship record GR games record NR national record OR Olympic record PB personal best SB season best WL world leading (in a given season)
* Host nation
In the IAAF placing table the total score is obtained from assigning eight points to the first place and so on to one point for the eight placed finalists. Points are shared in situations where a tie occurs.
Below is the list of countries and other neutral groupings who participated in the championships and the requested number of athlete places for each.
Russia is currently indefinitely suspended from international competition due to a doping scandal, and will therefore not be present at the Championships. Nevertheless, 19 Russian athletes have been allowed to participate in international competition included as "authorised neutral athletes '' at London 2017 following a long process to show that they were not directly implicated in Russia 's state doping program. These athletes include Mariya Lasitskene (high jump), Sergey Shubenkov (110 metres hurdles), Ilya Shkurenev (decathlon), Aleksandr Menkov (long jump) and Anzhelika Sidorova (pole vault) plus names from 2016 such as Darya Klishina (long jump)
An outbreak of norovirus occurred at a local hotel affecting 30 athletes and officials.
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based on standard time zones what is the difference in hours between sydney and perth | Time in Australia - wikipedia
Australia uses three main time zones: Australian Western Standard Time (AWST; UTC + 08: 00), Australian Central Standard Time (ACST; UTC + 09: 30), and Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST; UTC + 10: 00). Time is regulated by the individual state governments, some of which observe daylight saving time (DST). Australia 's external territories observe different time zones.
Standard time was introduced in the 1890s when all of the Australian colonies adopted it. Before the switch to standard time zones, each local city or town was free to determine its local time, called local mean time. Now, Western Australia uses Western Standard Time; South Australia and the Northern Territory use Central Standard Time; while New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) use Eastern Standard Time.
Daylight saving time is used in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the ACT. It is not currently used in Western Australia, Queensland or the Northern Territory.
The standardization of time in Australia began in 1892, when surveyors from the six colonies in Australia met in Melbourne for the Intercolonial Conference of Surveyors. The delegates accepted the recommendation of the 1884 International Meridian Conference to adopt Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the basis for standard time.
The colonies enacted time zone legislation, which took effect in February 1895. The clocks were set ahead of GMT by eight hours in Western Australia; by nine hours in South Australia (and the Northern Territory, which it governed); and by 10 hours in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. The three time zones became known as Eastern Standard Time, Central Standard Time, and Western Standard Time. Broken Hill in the far west of New South Wales also adopted Central Standard Time due to it being connected by rail to Adelaide but not Sydney at the time.
In May 1899, South Australia advanced Central Standard Time by thirty minutes (see above), disregarding the common international practice of setting one - hour intervals between adjacent time zones.In doing so, South Australia also adopted a time meridian located outside its boundaries -- another departure from international convention. Attempts to correct these oddities in 1986 and 1994 were rejected.
When the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia and placed under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government, that Territory kept Central Standard Time. Likewise, when the ACT was broken off from New South Wales, it retained Eastern Standard Time.
Since 1899, the only major changes in Australian time zones have been the setting of clocks to one - half hour earlier than Eastern time (GMT plus 10: 30) on the territory of Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island changing from UTC + 11: 30 to UTC + 11: 00 on 4 October 2015.
When abbreviating "Australian Central Time '' and "Australian Eastern Time '', in domestic contexts the leading "Australian '' may be omitted; however, the prefix "A '' is often used to avoid ambiguity with the time zone abbreviations "CST '' and "EST '' referring to the Central and Eastern Time Zones in North America.
Though the governments of the states and territories have the power to legislate variations in time, the standard time within each of these is set related to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) as determined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and set by section 8AA of the National Measurement Act of 1960 of the Commonwealth.
Australia has kept a version of the UTC atomic time scale since the 1990s, but Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) remained the formal basis for the standard times of all of the states through 2005. In November 2004, the state and territory attorneys - general endorsed a proposal from the Australian National Measurement Institute to adopt UTC as the standard of all Australian standard times, thereby eliminating the effects of slight variations in the rate of rotation of the Earth that are inherent in mean solar time. All states have adopted the UTC standard, starting on 1 September 2005.
In Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT, the starting and ending dates of daylight saving times are officially determined by proclamations, declarations, or regulation made by the State Governor or by the responsible minister. Such instruments may be valid for only the current year, and so this section generally only refers to the legislation. In New South Wales and Western Australia, the starting and ending dates, if any, are to be set by legislation.
Western Standard Time (WST) -- UTC + 08: 00
Central Standard Time (ACST) -- UTC + 09: 30
Eastern Standard Time (AEST) -- UTC + 10: 00
The choice of whether to use DST is a matter for the governments of the individual states and territories. However, during World War I and World War II all states and territories used daylight saving time (DST). In 1968 Tasmania became the first state in peacetime to use DST, followed in 1971 by New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory. Western Australia and the Northern Territory did not adopt it. Queensland abandoned DST in 1972. Queensland and Western Australia have occasionally used DST during the past 40 years during trial periods.
The main DST zones are the following:
During the usual periods of DST, the three standard time zones in Australia become five zones. This includes the areas that do not observe DST: Western Australia (UTC plus 8: 00), the Northern Territory (UTC plus 9: 30), and Queensland (UTC plus 10: 00).
The change to and from DST takes place at 2: 00 am local standard time the appropriate Sunday. Until 2008, DST usually began on the last Sunday in October, and ended on the last Sunday in March. However, Tasmania, given its latitude further south, began DST earlier, on the first Sunday in October, and ended it later, on the first Sunday of April.
On 12 April 2007, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and the ACT agreed to common beginning and ending dates for DST from 2008. DST in these states and South Australia began on the first Sunday in October and ended on the first Sunday in April. Western Australia was then the only state to use DST from the last Sunday in October to the last Sunday in March, but it abolished DST in 2009.
The town of Broken Hill (specified as Yancowinna County), is in far western New South Wales. Unlike the rest of New South Wales, Broken Hill (and the surrounding region) observes Australian Central Standard Time (UTC + 9: 30), a time zone it shares with South Australia and the Northern Territory. As mentioned above, at the time standard time was adopted, Broken Hill was linked by rail to Adelaide, not Sydney.
Lord Howe Island, part of the state of New South Wales but 600 kilometres (370 mi) east of the Australian mainland in the Pacific Ocean, uses UTC + 10: 30 during the winter months (30 minutes ahead of the eastern states), but advances to UTC + 11: 00 in summer (the same time as the rest of New South Wales).
A compromise between Western and Central time (UTC + 8: 45, without DST), unofficially known as Central Western Standard Time, is used in one area in the southeastern corner of Western Australia and one roadhouse in South Australia. Towns east of Caiguna on the Eyre Highway (including Eucla, Madura, Mundrabilla and Border Village, just over the border into South Australia), follow "CWST '' instead of Western Australian time. The total population of that area is estimated at 200 people. This area did not change when South Australia introduced DST. During the Western Australian trial of DST from 2006 to 2009, this area also sets its clocks ahead one hour during summer. This time zone is not officially recognised.
The Indian Pacific train has its own time zone -- a so - called "train time '' when travelling between Kalgoorlie, Western Australia and Port Augusta, South Australia -- which was at UTC plus 9: 00 hours during November 2005 when DST was observed in the eastern and southern states.
Australia 's external territories follow different time zones.
In 2000, all of the eastern jurisdictions that normally observe DST -- New South Wales, Victoria, the ACT, and Tasmania -- began DST early because of the Summer Olympic Games held in Sydney. These jurisdictions moved to DST on 27 August 2000. South Australians did not change their clocks until the usual date, which was 29 October 2000.
In 2006, all of the states that followed DST (the above states and South Australia) delayed their return to Standard Times by one week, because of the Commonwealth Games held in Melbourne. DST ended on 2 April 2006.
There are situations in which a nationwide time is in effect. In the case of business activities, a national time can be used. For example, a prospectus for the issue of stock in a company would usually set the closing time for offers at some location (e.g. Sydney) as the time when offers must be received, regardless of the source of the offer. Similarly, tenders for their sale of stock usually set out the time at a given location by which they must be received to be considered. Another example is the Australian Stock Exchange which operates on Eastern Standard Time.
On the other hand, Federal legislation yields to state - regulated standard times in many diverse situations. For example, it yields in setting the normal working times of Federal employees, the recognition of public holidays, etc. The Federal government also relies on local times for Federal elections, so that the polls in Western Australia close two or three hours after those in the eastern states. Also, documents to be filed in a Federal Court may be filed based on the local time. The effect of this is that if there had been a failure to file a legal document on time in an eastern State, that document can sometimes still be filed (within two hours) in Western Australia.
The 13 zones for Australia as given by zone. tab of the IANA time zone database. Columns marked * are from the zone. tab.
Queensland has had a particularly involved debate over daylight saving time, with public opinion geographically divided. A referendum on DST in 1992, following a three - year trial (1989 / 90 -- 1991 / 92), and was defeated with a 54.5 percent negative vote. The referendum result displayed a distinct trend -- that public opinion on DST in Queensland is geographically divided, with the negative vote being strongest in northern and western districts, while the positive vote being strongest in the southeastern region (e.g. in Brisbane).
Since the late 1900s, there have been a number of petitions submitted to Legislative Assembly of Queensland, lobbying for the introduction of daylight saving time or for another referendum to be held. A petition in 2006 was signed by 62,232 people. In response to these petitions, then Queensland Premier Peter Beattie commissioned research to find out if it should be re-introduced into Queensland. Around this time, Premier Peter Beattie predicted that daylight saving in Queensland would increase the rate of skin cancer in the state, an assertion for which there is no evidence, according to the Queensland Cancer Fund.
In October 2007, the government - commissioned research was presented to the new Premier Anna Bligh, who ruled out holding a new referendum, despite the report indicating that 59 percent of the residents of Queensland and 69 percent of those in southeastern Queensland to be in favour of adopting daylight saving.
In December 2008, the Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (DS4SEQ) political Party was officially registered, to advocate for the use of a two - time - zone system for DST in Queensland, with most of the state (in land area) using standard time. This party contested the March 2009 Queensland State election with 32 candidates, and it received about one percent of the statewide primary vote.
In early 2010, the DS4SEQ political party approached the independent member, Peter Wellington, to introduce a private member 's bill for DST. Since Mr. Wellington agreed with the principles of the DS4SEQ proposal, specifically the dual - time - zone system, he drafted the DST for southeastern Queensland Referendum Bill of 2010 and he submitted this bill to Queensland Parliament on 14 April 2010. Wellington has called for a referendum to be held at the next state election on the introduction of DST into southeastern Queensland under the dual - time - zone system.
In response to this bill, the Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, announced a community consultation process, which resulted in over 74,000 respondents participating, 64 percent of whom voted in favour of a trial, and 63 percent of whom were in favour of holding a referendum. The decision announced by the Premier on 7 June 2010 was that her Government would not support the bill because rural Queenslanders were overwhelmingly opposed to DST. The Bill was defeated in Queensland Parliament on 15 June 2011.
Western Australia has also had a particularly involved debate over DST, with the issue being put to a referendum four times: in 1975, 1984, 1992, and 2009. All of these proposals to adopt DST were defeated. Voters registered a negative vote of 54.6 percent in the 2009 referendum, the highest percentage for all four of these referendums. Each referendum followed a trial period during which the state observed DST. The first three followed a one - year trial, while the 2006 Western Australian Daylight Saving Bill (No. 2) 2006 instituted a trial of DST beginning on 3 December 2006, and lasting for three years.
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who won more nba titles bird or magic | Celtics -- Lakers rivalry - wikipedia
The Celtics -- Lakers rivalry is a National Basketball Association (NBA) rivalry between the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers. Both the Celtics and the Lakers are the two most storied franchises in the NBA, and the rivalry has been called the best in the NBA. The Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers have met a record 12 times in the NBA Finals, starting with their first Finals meeting in 1959. They would both go on to dominate the league in the 1960s and 1980s, facing each other six times in the 1960s, three times in the 1980s, and two times in the late 2000s.
The rivalry had been less intense since the retirements of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the early 1990s, but in 2008 it was renewed as the Celtics, led by the big three of Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett, Ray Allen, and the Lakers, led by NBA MVP Kobe Bryant met in the Finals for the first time since 1987, with the Celtics winning the series 4 -- 2. They met again in the 2010 NBA Finals, which the Lakers won in 7 games. The two teams have won the two highest numbers of championships, the Celtics 17, the Lakers 16 (11 as the L.A. Lakers and 5 as the Minneapolis Lakers); together, they account for 33 of the 70 championships in NBA history.
As of 2010, the Lakers and Celtics have met 12 times in the NBA Finals. To date, Boston has won nine series, including all of the first eight, while Los Angeles has won three of the last four.
During the first decade of the NBA in the 1950s, the Minneapolis Lakers had the first NBA dynasty. Minneapolis would win the first ever Championship Series of the newly formed NBA in 1950 (three BAA Finals were played between 1947 -- 1949 and retroactively counted as NBA Championships, one of which was won by the Lakers in 1949). Under Hall of Fame head coach John Kundla, and with the NBA 's first superstar in George Mikan, they would win three more titles in 1952, 1953, and 1954. The Celtics would emerge behind early NBA star Bob Cousy by winning the 1957 NBA Finals and losing in 1958.
The first NBA Finals match - up between the two teams was in 1959 when on April 9, the Boston Celtics swept the Minneapolis Lakers 4 - 0 for the first sweep in the history of the NBA Finals. This would mark the first Finals loss for the previously dominant Lakers, and the first of eight straight titles for Boston.
The Lakers relocated to Los Angeles in 1960. It was after this move, and during this decade, that the rivalry would truly escalate. The two teams emerged as the strongest in the NBA, featuring greats such as Bill Russell, Tom Heinsohn, John Havlicek, Sam Jones and head coach Red Auerbach for Boston and Elgin Baylor, Jerry West, Gail Goodrich, and coach / GM Fred Schaus for Los Angeles. However, it would ultimately prove to be the decade of the Celtics, who won the finals every year in the 1960s except for 1967. The Lakers would be the Celtics opponent in six of those series: 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969. The Celtics won all of those match - ups. Three of those series (1962, 1966, and 1969) went seven games. The Celtics win over the Lakers in 1966 marked an unprecedented eight consecutive championships, the longest streak of any North American professional sports team.
The Lakers acquired Wilt Chamberlain in 1968, which brought the personal rivalry between him and Bill Russell, previously a feature of the Celtics - 76ers rivalry, to Celtics - Lakers. The Lakers posted the best record in the West during the 1968 -- 1969 season. By contrast, the aging Celtics struggled to obtain the fourth seed, with Russell and Jones playing in their final seasons. Despite this, the Celtics upset the Philadelphia 76ers and the New York Knicks and made it to the Finals. The Lakers had home court advantage for the first time and won the first two games, but the Celtics rebounded to force and win a dramatic Game 7 at the Los Angeles Forum, defying Laker 's owner Jack Kent Cooke 's infamous prediction of a Lakers celebration. West was named Finals MVP despite being on the losing team, but it was small consolation in a decade where the Lakers went without a championship, every one of their Finals ' losses in that decade coming at the hands of the Celtics.
The 1969 Finals also caused a deterioration in the relationship between Russell and Chamberlain, who had previously been friends despite their rivalry, into one of intense loathing, when Chamberlain took himself out of the decisive Game 7 with six minutes left, and Russell thereafter accused Chamberlain of being a malingerer and of "copping out '' of the game when it seemed that the Lakers would lose. Chamberlain (whose knee was so bad that he could not play the entire offseason and ruptured it in the next season) was livid at Russell and saw him as a backstabber. The two men did not talk to each other for over 20 years until Russell attempted to patch things up, although he never uttered a genuine apology. When Chamberlain died in 1999, Chamberlain 's nephew stated that Russell was the second person he was ordered to break the news to.
The Lakers and Celtics both found success in the 1970s, but there would be no rematch between the two teams.
The start of the decade saw the Lakers ' woes in the NBA Finals continue, with a loss to the New York Knicks in 1970. However, the Lakers rebounded two years later to win the 1972 NBA Finals and their first championship in Los Angeles, also against the Knicks. This would also prove to be Laker great Jerry West 's only NBA title. The following year, the Lakers again faced the Knicks in the 1973 NBA Finals and lost. They would not make it to the Finals again in this decade, but in 1975 they acquired Kareem Abdul - Jabbar.
The Celtics won the NBA Finals in 1974, and won again in 1976, under the leadership of coach Tom Heinsohn and players Dave Cowens, Paul Silas and Jo Jo White.
Neither team won another championship until the 1980s. However, the foundation for the renewed Celtics -- Lakers rivalry of the 1980s was actually laid down in college basketball of the late 1970s. During the 1978 -- 79 NCAA season, Michigan State was led by Magic Johnson to the championship game of the NCAA Tournament, where they faced Indiana State University, which was led by senior Larry Bird. In what was the most - watched college basketball game ever, Michigan State defeated Indiana State 75 -- 64, and Johnson was voted Most Outstanding Player of the Final Four. Magic Johnson would go on to be drafted by the Lakers, and Larry Bird by the Celtics. The personal rivalry formed by these two basketball greats during college would transfer to their NBA careers, and reignite the rivalry between the two storied franchises that they came to represent.
The Lakers - Celtics rivalry was renewed in the 1980s, in large part due to the personal rivalry between Larry Bird and Magic Johnson. Magic said of the games against the Celtics, "when the new schedule would come out each year, I 'd grab it and circle the Boston games. To me, it was The Two and the other 80. '' Similarly, Bird said that, "the first thing I would do every morning was look at the box scores to see what Magic did. I did n't care about anything else. ''
The Showtime Lakers struck the first blow, winning the 1980 NBA Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers. The following year, behind the "Big Three '' of future Hall of Famers Larry Bird, Kevin McHale, and Robert Parish, the Celtics won the 1981 NBA Finals against the Houston Rockets.
The Celtics lost the 1982 Eastern Conference Finals to the 76ers, and along with it the possibility of a rematch with the Lakers. However, the final game of that series is memorable to the rivalry because Boston fans chanted for the 76ers, who were just about to eliminate their Celtics, to "Beat L.A.! '' Despite the encouragement, the 76ers lost the 1982 NBA Finals to the Lakers, who were led by new head coach Pat Riley. However, the 76ers defeated the Lakers the following year in the 1983 NBA Finals. The 1982 -- 1983 season would also be the rookie year of Laker James Worthy, another Hall of Famer in the storied rivalry.
The Celtics would get a new head coach in K.C. Jones, who was also a former Celtics player, and two teams finally had their long - awaited rematch in the 1984 NBA Finals, a grueling seven game series that had many memorable moments, including a 137 -- 104 blowout in Game 3 that led Larry Bird to call his Celtic teammates "sissies '', the Kevin McHale takedown of Laker forward Kurt Rambis which led to increased physical aggression by both teams, the sweltering heat of the infamously un-airconditioned Boston Garden in Game 5, and Cedric Maxwell 's 24 - point performance in Game 7. The Celtics went on to win in seven games, increasing their record of Finals ' series victories against the Lakers to 8 -- 0.
The following year, the Lakers finally had their revenge, winning the 1985 NBA Finals by taking Game 6 in Boston Garden, becoming the only visiting team to win an NBA championship in that arena. Lakers owner Jerry Buss famously remarked that "this has removed the most odious sentence in the English language. It can never again be said that ' the Lakers have never beaten the Celtics ' ''.
The Celtics rebounded the following year to win the 1986 NBA Finals against the Rockets. In the 1987 NBA Finals, the two teams met for a tie - breaker of their 1980s Finals matches, and the Lakers once again emerged victorious in six games, with the iconic image of Magic Johnson 's junior sky hook. This series marked the end of an era for the Celtics. They did not reach the Finals again until 2008. The Lakers, meanwhile, went on to win the 1988 NBA Finals against the Detroit Pistons, before losing to the Pistons the following year in 1989, and win titles again in 2000, 2001 and 2002, all while the Celtics wallowed in mediocrity.
Several journalists hypothesized that the Johnson -- Bird rivalry was so appealing because it represented many other contrasts, such as the clash between the Lakers and Celtics, between Hollywood flashiness ("Lakers Showtime '') and Boston / Indiana blue collar grit ("Celtic Pride ''), and between blacks and whites. A 1984 Converse commercial for its "Weapon '' line of basketball shoes (endorsed by both Bird and Johnson) reflected the perceived dichotomy between the two players. In the commercial, Bird is practicing alone on a rural basketball court when Johnson pulls up in a sleek limousine and challenges him to a one - on - one match. Despite their on the court rivalry, the two became friends after filming the commercial together.
The rivalry was also significant because it drew national attention to the faltering NBA. Prior to Johnson and Bird 's arrival, the NBA had gone through a decade of declining interest and low TV ratings. With the two future Hall of Famers, the league won a whole generation of new fans. The rivalry between Bird, Johnson, and their teams contributed greatly to the success of the league during the decade; according to Bryant Gumbel, "Magic and Larry saved the NBA. '' Sports journalist Larry Schwartz of ESPN asserted that Johnson and Bird saved the NBA from bankruptcy. In every single NBA Finals series during the 1980s, either the Lakers or the Celtics were present.
The rivalry temporarily died down in the 1990s. Only the Lakers made an appearance in the NBA Finals that decade, losing the 1991 NBA Finals to Michael Jordan and the Chicago Bulls, the first championship in the Bulls ' dynasty. This would prove to be a defining moment of the NBA, a changing of the old guard as the Lakers and Celtics fell into mediocrity, while the Bulls won six titles led by Jordan and coach Phil Jackson, who would cement their respective reputations as the greatest player and coach in NBA history. Both teams also faced set backs in the form of personal misfortune. On November 7, 1991, Magic Johnson announced he had tested positive for HIV and would retire immediately. Celtics star Reggie Lewis died of a heart attack in his prime in 1993, further marring the team in tragedy since second overall pick Len Bias died of a drug overdose two days after he was drafted in 1986. In 1994, neither the Lakers nor the Celtics made the playoffs, marking the first time in the history of the NBA that both teams missed the playoffs in the same season.
However, the Lakers began the rebuilding process in 1996 by trading for Kobe Bryant, who was drafted from high school that year by the Charlotte Hornets. That same year, the Lakers signed Shaquille O'Neal. Meanwhile, in 1998, the Celtics drafted Paul Pierce, a native of Inglewood, California who had grown up as a Lakers fan. The following year, in 1999, Phil Jackson joined the Lakers as head coach.
The Lakers returned to prominence in the early 2000s. Under Jackson 's guidance, and with O'Neal and Bryant leading the way, the Lakers won three straight championships in 2000, 2001, and 2002. The Lakers ' title in 2000 came against the Indiana Pacers who were coached by Celtic legend Larry Bird. Paul Pierce 's nickname, "The Truth '', was accorded to him by Shaquille O'Neal after a 112 - 107 Lakers ' victory over the Celtics on March 13, 2001 in which Pierce scored 42 points on 13 of 19 shooting. O'Neal pulled a Boston reporter over and gestured toward his notepad. "Take this down '', said O'Neal. "My name is Shaquille O'Neal and Paul Pierce is the (expletive) truth. Quote me on that and do n't take nothing out. I knew he could play, but I did n't know he could play like this. Paul Pierce is the truth. '' In 2002, the Celtics, with Pierce and Antoine Walker, made an impressive run for the Finals and the two teams narrowly missed each other. However, the Celtics eventually fell in six games to the New Jersey Nets in that year 's Eastern Conference Finals.
The Lakers returned to the Finals in 2004 but lost at the hands of the Detroit Pistons. Thereafter, O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat. Without O'Neal, the Lakers missed the playoffs the following year and failed to advance to the Finals for the next three years.
The Celtics likewise made little playoff progress after their near Finals run of 2002. In 2004, they hired head coach Doc Rivers. In 2007, they made blockbuster trades for All - Stars Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen, who complemented career - long Celtics star Paul Pierce and emerging star Rajon Rondo.
With the addition of Allen and Garnett alongside Pierce to become the new "Big Three '', the Celtics returned to the top of the NBA in the 2007 -- 2008 season by posting the best record in the league and reaching the Finals. The Lakers also returned to the Finals with the help of the mid-season acquisition of Pau Gasol, and the two teams finally met again in the 2008 NBA Finals. The Celtics won in six games with an impressive come - from - behind victory in Game 4 and a blow - out of the Lakers in Game 6. The next season, the Lakers and Celtics played a regular season game on Christmas Day. The Lakers won that game, making Phil Jackson the fastest coach to win 1,000 games. They went on to win the 2009 NBA Finals that season, but the Celtics were eliminated by eventual Eastern Conference champions Orlando Magic. In 2009, the Lakers signed Ron Artest (now Metta World Peace).
The summer before the 2009 -- 2010 season, Phil Jackson ran into Paul Pierce and told him, "Get it back, we want to meet you in the Finals. '' The Lakers ended the season with the West 's best record, while the Celtics would enter the playoffs as the number four seed. Build up for a rematch began with the Lakers taking a 2 -- 0 lead over the Phoenix Suns in the Western Conference Finals, with chants of "We Want Boston! '' erupting in the Staples Center. Likewise, chants of "Beat L.A.! '' erupted up in TD Garden as the Celtics took a commanding 3 -- 0 lead over the Magic in the Eastern Conference Finals. Both teams fended off late series surges from their opponents, but won their respective series 4 -- 2, setting up a rematch in the 2010 NBA Finals.
The 2010 series had many memorable moments, including impressive performances from Bryant who led in points for six of the seven games, Ray Allen 's Finals ' record eight 3 - pointers in Game 2, Derek Fisher carrying his team to victory and then crying in Game 3, a hard - fought Game 4 where Glen Davis screamed so loud he drooled while Nate Robinson rode on his back, a dominant Lakers performance in Game 6, and a close Game 7 that became the highest rated NBA game since Michael Jordan 's second retirement in Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals. The Lakers won Game 7 against the Celtics for their very first time, bringing their total number of NBA championships to sixteen (they have one NBL championship (1948)), just one fewer than the Celtics ' seventeen.
The Celtics signed Shaquille O'Neal for the 2010 -- 2011 season to replace the injured Kendrick Perkins, adding to the rivalry by bringing the Shaq - Kobe feud to the Celtics - Lakers. During a game against the Lakers on February 11, 2011, Ray Allen became the all - time NBA leader in total 3 - point field goals made. However, both the Lakers and Celtics would be eliminated in the second round of the playoffs that year by the 2011 NBA Finals participants, the Dallas Mavericks and Miami Heat, respectively. The following year they would again both be eliminated by the eventual 2012 NBA Finals participants, the Oklahoma City Thunder and Miami Heat, respectively. With the disbanding of Boston 's Big Three, and anticipated changes to the Lakers ' roster, some believe that the 2011 -- 12 NBA season was the last chapter of the current Celtics -- Lakers rivalry.
On February 20, 2013, the Lakers played their first game since the death of long time owner Jerry Buss who had died two days earlier, paying tribute to him at the Staples Center before facing off against the Celtics. The Lakers won 113 - 99 in a game that saw Steve Nash pass former Lakers star Magic Johnson for fourth on the all - time NBA assist list.
On December 30, 2015, the Boston Celtics honored the Los Angeles Lakers ' star Kobe Bryant in his final game in TD Garden. The Lakers would beat the Celtics 112 - 104.
This was the first NBA Finals series between the Lakers and the Celtics, and the only such meeting to occur while the Lakers were still in Minneapolis. Minneapolis had n't made an appearance in the Finals since winning four of the first five NBA Championships between 1950 -- 1954, while Boston was making its third straight Finals appearance after winning in 1957 and losing in 1958. Minneapolis, led by rookie sensation Elgin Baylor, made the Finals by defeating the defending World Champion St. Louis Hawks. Boston would face a tough seven - game series against the Syracuse Nationals but would eventually emerge victorious, leading Celtic star Bob Cousy to predict that Boston would sweep Minneapolis. Cousy would prove his prediction correct, leading his team with 51 total assists (still a record for a four - game NBA Finals series) to defeat the Minneapolis Lakers in the first 4 -- 0 sweep ever in the NBA Finals. This marked the first of Boston 's record eight straight titles.
This was the first NBA Finals series between the Lakers and Celtics after the Lakers moved to Los Angeles.
Boston would win game one. However, the Lakers would edge out for close victories in Game 2 and Game 3. The Celtics would win Game 4 before the Lakers would come back and win another close victory in Game 5. In the Game 5 victory, Baylor grabbed 22 rebounds and set the still - standing NBA record for points in a finals game with 61, despite fouling out of the game. The Celtics won Game 6 to set up the first Game 7 between the two franchises.
In Game 7, Laker Frank Selvy, after making two jumpers in the final 40 seconds to tie the game, missed a potential game - winning 18 foot jump shot in regulation, a miss which he said in June 2010 still haunted him more than 40 years later. Instead, the game went into overtime and the Celtics won by three points.
The Lakers and Celtics would meet the following year in 1963. The Celtics would again defeat the Lakers.
The Celtics took the first two games, but the Lakers would blow the Celtics out with a 20 - point differential in Game 3. Although the Celtics would take Game 4, the Lakers would win Game 5 and fuel speculation that the young Lakers were about to surge past the older Celtics. A defiant Bill Russell denied that any such thing was going to happen. Sure enough, despite several close games, including the decisive game only having a three - point differential once again, the Celtics would only require six games to close out the Lakers this time.
This series would also be notable for its future implications in NBA telecasts. When angry crowds showed up in Los Angeles to buy playoff tickets that were not available, the Lakers quieted the crowd by offering closed circuit TV viewing for $2.50 a head. "We were aware we were testing the future of pay television '', Lakers general manager Lou Mohs told reporters.
The Celtics would make their ninth straight appearance in the NBA Finals and face the Lakers for the fourth time. Celtics founder Walter A. Brown died during the season, and Red Auerbach led the team back to the Finals with his first Coach of the Year award. The Celtics defeated the Philadelphia 76ers to enter the Finals, marked by Johnny Most 's famous call of "Havlicek stole the ball! ''
Unlike their previous two encounters, the Celtics dominated the Lakers, who were playing without an injured Elgin Baylor, and only Game 2 had a close score. The Celtics would win the series in Game 5 with a 129 -- 96 victory over the Lakers. This was the largest margin of victory in a deciding Finals game, and would not be broken until 2008, when the Celtics defeated the Lakers once again by a score of 131 -- 92.
This was the Boston Celtics ' eighth consecutive NBA Championship, a feat unrivaled in North American professional sports. Despite finishing second in the division standings for the first time in a decade, Boston would return to the Finals for a record tenth straight time.
After the Los Angeles Lakers ' comeback overtime win in Game 1, Red Auerbach, who had challenged the entire league to topple the Celtics from their reign by announcing he would retire after 1965 -- 1966 before the season had started (thus giving his detractors "one last shot '' at him), announced Bill Russell as the Celtics coach for 1966 -- 1967 and beyond, the first African - American coach in the NBA. Laker coach Fred Schaus privately fumed that Red 's hiring had taken away all of the accolades his Lakers should have received following their tremendous Game 1 win.
The Celtics won the next three games and looked ready to close out L.A. in Game 5. However, behind the efforts of Elgin Baylor, Jerry West, and Gail Goodrich, the Lakers won the next two games, setting the stage for another classic Game 7 in the Boston Garden. The Celtics raced out to a huge lead, but down by 16 entering the fourth quarter, and 10 with a minute and a half to go, the Lakers mounted a furious rally in the closing moments which fell just short. The Celtics fended off the late Los Angeles rally to capture the NBA title and send Red Auerbach out a champion.
After they both missed the NBA Finals in 1967, the Lakers and the Celtics would meet again in 1968. Boston 's streak of 10 consecutive Finals appearances had been snapped in 1967 by the 76ers. The 1968 Eastern Division Finals rematch between the Celtics and the 76ers was marred by the recent assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., but the decision was made not to delay the series.
The Lakers, led by new head coach Butch van Breda Kolff, would actually root for the Celtics to win the series, thinking that Bill Russell would be easier to defeat than 76er Wilt Chamberlain (Chamberlain would become a Laker the following season). The Lakers would get what they wished for and face the Celtics, but ultimately to the same result. The Celtics won Game 1, and the two teams would alternate victories through Game 5. Game 5 was notable for an impressive Lakers ' comeback sending it into overtime, but the Celtics would ultimately win that game. In Game 6, the Celtics closed out the Lakers in convincing fashion with a 124 -- 109 victory.
With Bill Russell and Sam Jones in their final season, and plagued with injuries, the Celtics struggled to make the NBA playoffs as the fourth and final seed in the Eastern Conference. They upset the 76ers in the first round and postponed New York 's finals appearance for another year. Awaiting the Celtics were the powerful Los Angeles Lakers who had a nucleus of Jerry West, Elgin Baylor and newly acquired Wilt Chamberlain.
After losing the first two games in the Forum in L.A., no one thought Boston would even pull out a victory. However, they won Game 3 and a buzzer - beater by Sam Jones tied the series up at two games apiece. The home team won Games 5 and 6 which set up a dramatic seventh game. Before the game started, Laker 's owner Jack Kent Cooke placed flyers in every seat stating "When, not if, the Lakers win the title, balloons will be released from the raftors, the USC marching band will play "Happy Days Are Here Again '' and broadcaster Chick Hearn will interview Elgin Baylor, Jerry West and Wilt Chamberlain in that order. '' Before the game, the Celtics circulated in their locker room a memo about the Lakers ' celebration plans. Russell noted the giant net hanging from the ceiling during pregame warmups and said to West, "Those (expletive deleted) balloons are staying up there. '' West was furious at the balloons for providing the Celtics extra motivation.
Boston, who had not won a game in the Forum all season, played tough through the first half and would keep the game close, with a score of 60 -- 60. Remarkably, Boston would pull away and entered the fourth quarter up by 18. It seemed to be over when Lakers center Wilt Chamberlain was injured and replaced by reserve Mel Counts. The Celtics, however, would begin to show their age when they began missing shots and turning the ball over and Laker Jerry West pulled L.A. to within one. Despite having numerous opportunities, the Lakers could n't get over the hump and Don Nelson would make an incredible foul - line jump - shot which bounced off the back iron and fell in. During this, another battle was heating up off the court between Jack Kent Cooke and Lakers coach Butch Van Breda Kolff. Chamberlain was pleading for Breda Kolff to put him back in, but he refused. Cooke then came down to personally order the defiant coach to insert Wilt, but to no avail. This would prove critical as the Celtics held on and triumphed 108 -- 106.
The first ever Finals MVP award was given to Jerry West, despite being on the losing team (thus far the only time this has happened). Despite this, West was inconsolable. In a show of good sportsmanship, Bill Russell held West 's hand and John Havlicek said: "I love you, Jerry! ''
By virtue of a 62 -- 20 record, the Celtics had homecourt advantage over the Lakers who finished the regular season with a 54 -- 28 mark. The Celtics defeated the Lakers four games to three.
The Lakers opened the series with a 115 -- 109 victory at the Boston Garden. In Game 2, the Lakers led 113 -- 111 with 18 seconds left when Gerald Henderson stole a James Worthy pass to score a game tying layup and the Celtics eventually prevailed in overtime 124 -- 121. In Game 3, the Lakers raced to an easy 137 -- 104 victory as Magic Johnson dished out 21 assists. After the game, Larry Bird said his team played like "sissies '' in an attempt to light a fire under his teammates. In Game 4, the Lakers had a five - point game lead with less than a minute to play, but made several execution errors as the Celtics tied the game and then came away with a 129 -- 125 victory in overtime. The game was also marked by Celtic forward Kevin McHale 's takedown of Laker forward Kurt Rambis on a breakaway layup which triggered the physical aspect of the rivalry. Kareem Abdul - Jabbar would go after Larry Bird later on in the third quarter, and 1981 Finals MVP Cedric Maxwell further antagonized the Lakers by following a missed James Worthy free throw by crossing the lane with his hands around his own neck, symbolizing that Worthy was "choking '' under pressure. In Game 5, the Celtics took a 3 -- 2 series lead as Larry Bird scored 34 points. The game was known as the "Heat Game '', as it was played under 97 ° F - heat, and without any air conditioning at the infamous Boston Garden. In Game 6, the Lakers evened the series with a 119 -- 108 victory. In the game, the Lakers answered the Celtics rough tactics when Worthy shoved Cedric Maxwell into a basket support. After the game, a Laker fan threw a beer at Celtics guard M.L. Carr as he left the floor, causing him to label the series "all - out - war. '' In Game 7, the Celtics were led by Cedric Maxwell, who had 24 points, eight rebounds, and eight assists as they came away with a 111 -- 102 victory. In the game the Lakers rallied from a 14 - point deficit to three points down with one minute remaining, when Maxwell knocked the ball away from Magic Johnson. Dennis Johnson responded by sinking two free throws to seal the Celtics ' victory. Larry Bird was named MVP of the series.
The Celtics, looking to repeat as NBA Champions, had homecourt advantage for the second year in a row as they finished the regular season with a 63 -- 19 record while the Lakers compiled a 62 -- 20 record. For the first time, the Finals went to a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format with games one and two in Boston while the next three games were in Los Angeles.
The Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Celtics four games to two. Game 1 became known as the "Memorial Day Massacre '' as the Celtics soundly beat the Lakers 148 -- 114. Celtic reserve forward Scott Wedman made all 11 out of 11 field goal attempts. The Lakers responded in Game 2 with a 109 -- 102 victory as Kareem Abdul - Jabbar had 30 points, 17 rebounds, eight assists, and three blocks. Michael Cooper had 22 points, making 8 out of 9 field goals attempted. In Game 3, the Celtics had a 48 -- 38 lead in the second quarter before the Lakers, led by James Worthy, took a 65 -- 59 lead at halftime and then pulled away in the second half to come away with a 136 -- 111 victory. Worthy had 29 points while Abdul - Jabbar had 26 points and 14 rebounds. The Celtics tied the series in Game 4, 107 -- 105 as Dennis Johnson hit a jumper at the buzzer. In Game 5, the Lakers raced out to a 64 -- 51 lead and stretched it to 89 -- 72 before the Celtics cut the deficit to 101 -- 97 with six minutes remaining. However, Magic Johnson made three shots while Abdul - Jabbar added four more shots, and the Lakers came away with a 120 -- 111 victory to take a 3 -- 2 series lead. Abdul - Jabbar led the Lakers with 36 points. The series shifted to Boston with only one full day off for both teams. In Game 6, the Lakers were led by Abdul - Jabbar who scored 29 points as the Lakers defeated the Celtics 111 -- 100. Magic had a triple - double with 15 points, 14 assists, and 10 rebounds; Worthy had 28 points on 11 for 15 shooting. It was the only time a visiting team claimed an NBA championship in Boston Garden. Kareem Abdul - Jabbar was named MVP of the series, making him the oldest player (38 years, 1 month, 24 days) ever to win the MVP of an NBA Finals series.
After being eliminated in the Western Conference Finals a year earlier, the Lakers returned to the NBA Finals and were awarded homecourt advantage as they accumulated a 65 -- 17 record while the Celtics finished the season with a 59 -- 23 record.
The Los Angeles Lakers defeated the Celtics four games to two. In Game 1, the Los Angeles Lakers came away with a 126 -- 113 victory. Magic Johnson had 29 points, 13 assists, and 8 rebounds, while James Worthy had 33 points, 10 assists, and 9 rebounds. In Game 2, the Lakers took a 2 -- 0 series lead with a 141 -- 122 victory. Magic had 22 points and 20 assists, while Michael Cooper made six three - point shots, then a record for most three - pointers made in a single NBA Finals game. In Game 3, the Celtics posted a 109 -- 103 win, led by Larry Bird, who had 30 points and 12 rebounds. In Game 4, the Celtics had a 16 - point lead in the third quarter before the Lakers stormed back into the game. Bird had hit a three - point bomb with 12 seconds remaining to give the Celtics the lead, however, with two seconds remaining, Magic Johnson sank a "junior sky hook '' to give the Lakers a 107 -- 106 lead, then Bird missed a 20 - foot jumper as time expired, allowing Los Angeles to gain a three games to one lead. In Game 5, the Celtics prevented the Lakers from celebrating in the Boston Garden by coming away with a 123 -- 108 win. Boston guard Danny Ainge made 5 out of 6 three - pointers attempted, including a 45 - footer as the first half expired. In Game 6, the Lakers trailed the Celtics 56 -- 51 at halftime, but thanks to an 18 -- 2 run, they regained control of the game with a 30 -- 12 third quarter to cruise to a 106 -- 93 victory and their fourth championship in the decade. Magic Johnson was named unanimous MVP of the series, averaging 26.2 points, 13.0 assists, 8.0 rebounds, and 2.3 steals, leading the Lakers in all four categories.
This was the first time the Celtics made the Finals since 1987, while the Lakers ' last appearance had been in 2004. Boston was led by their ' Big Three ' of Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett, and Ray Allen. Los Angeles was led by MVP Kobe Bryant and All - Star Pau Gasol.
The Celtics ' 66 -- 16 record gave them home court advantage over Los Angeles (57 -- 25). The Celtics won Game 1 98 - 88, highlighted by a dramatic comeback by Paul Pierce after a third quarter knee injury. In Game 2, the Celtics had a comfortable 24 - point lead in the fourth quarter, before Kobe Bryant led a furious Lakers run that cut the lead to two. However the Celtics would hold on to win 108 - 102, taking the commanding 2 - 0 series lead.
As the series shifted to Los Angeles, the Lakers stifled Pierce and Garnett in Game 3, winning 87 - 81. They also looked to be in control of Game 4, holding their ground for most of the third quarter, leading by as many as 24 points. However, the Celtics went on a 21 -- 3 run to end the third quarter, closing the deficit to only two points (73 -- 71). With 4: 07 remaining in the fourth quarter, the Celtics took their first lead in the game when Celtics ' reserve Eddie House made an 18 - foot (5.5 m) jumper. With House 's shot, the Celtics were in the lead for good, winning 97 - 91. The Celtics ' victory in Game 4 was the largest comeback in the NBA Finals since 1971.
The Lakers would win Game 5 103 - 98, despite blowing another large lead, and the series shifted back to Boston. However, the Celtics would close out the series in Game 6 with a dominant 131 -- 92 win. The 39 - point margin of victory was the largest ever in an NBA championship - clinching game, breaking the old record of 33, also set by the Celtics over the Lakers in Game Five of the 1965 NBA Finals, 129 -- 96. Paul Pierce was named Finals MVP.
This was the Celtics ' 17th championship, their first since 1986, extending their record for most NBA championships won by a single team. Their win in Game 6 was also a sense of relief. Entering the game, they set a record of most playoff games played in one season, with 26, breaking the previous record of 25 set by both the 1994 New York Knicks, whom Celtics Coach Doc Rivers played for, and the 2005 Detroit Pistons, both of whom lost in their respective finals in seven games (Knicks in 1994, Pistons in 2005). However, for the 1994 Knicks, the first round was a best - of - five. They also set an NBA record for most playoff games ever needed to win a championship, with 26, surpassing the previous record of 24 by the Lakers in 1988.
This was the third straight year in which the L.A. Lakers advanced to the NBA Finals. Much of both rosters had been kept intact since the teams last meeting in 2008 and the Celtics ' veterans Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett, Ray Allen, and Rasheed Wallace looked to add to their championship résumés, while Kobe Bryant and the Lakers looked to even the score against the Celtics. The Lakers were the defending champions, having beaten the Orlando Magic 4 -- 1 in the 2009 NBA Finals.
This was the first NBA Finals to go the full seven games since 2005, and only the fourth since the NBA switched the Finals to a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format in 1985.
The Lakers won Game 1 102 -- 89, led by Kobe Bryant 's 30 - point performance. However, Ray Allen would respond in Game 2 by scoring 32 - points and sinking a record eight 3 - pointers, leading the Celtics to a 103 - 94 victory.
Game 3 returned to Boston, where the Lakers took a 2 -- 1 series lead by winning 91 - 84, again led by Bryant but with strong support from Derek Fisher. Game 4 would prove to be a close and hard - fought game, with the Lakers up by two at the end of the third quarter. However, Boston 's bench would prove to be the deciding factor, outscoring the Lakers 13 -- 2 for nearly half the quarter, en route to a 96 - 89 victory. The Celtics won the game and evened the series.
Despite an impressive 38 - point performance from Bryant in Game 5, the Celtics would win 92 -- 86 led by Paul Pierce 's 27 points, and would take a 3 -- 2 lead heading back to L.A. However, the Lakers opened up a massive lead in Game 6, peaking at 27. The Lakers ' bench had outscored Boston 's bench 24 -- 0 entering the fourth quarter. The Lakers would win the game 89 -- 67 and set up an epic Game 7. Both Kendrick Perkins of Boston and Andrew Bynum of Los Angeles were injured in this game. However, while Perkins was ruled out because of his injury, Bynum was cleared to play in Game 7.
This was the fifth Game 7 between the Lakers and Celtics. Boston had won all previous Game 7 match - ups between the two teams. Kobe Bryant exhibited difficulties for much of the game, shooting only 6 - for - 24 from the field. However, he would score 10 of his game - high 24 points in the fourth quarter. After the Celtics had built a 13 - point lead late in the third quarter, the game was tied at 64 with six minutes remaining in the fourth quarter. Ron Artest would sink a key 3 - pointer for the Lakers and make other clutch moves, leading Phil Jackson to call him the MVP of Game 7. However, the Celtics would not give up, and Rajon Rondo would hit a 3 - pointer to make the game 81 -- 79. The Celtics were forced to foul Sasha Vujačić, he went to the line and made both free throws to give the Lakers a definitive 83 -- 79 lead. Rondo would miss his final 3 - pointer and the Lakers won Game 7 against the Celtics for the first time in franchise history, clinching their 16th NBA title.
Game 7 was the second most - watched game in NBA history, with 28.2 million viewers (No. 1 being Game 6 of the 1998 NBA Finals). Game 7 was watched by an average audience of 1.1 million viewers on TSN, making it the largest Canadian audience ever recorded for an NBA game. This was also the first time since 2002 that a team has won back - to - back championships; that team was also the Lakers.
Kobe Bryant was named Finals MVP for the second straight year.
One of the lasting effects on the Lakers -- Celtics rivalry was the usage of the famous "Beat L.A.! '' chant, sung by fans in opposing arenas whenever a Los Angeles - based team plays in their home venue. The chant originated during Game 7 of the 1982 Eastern Conference Championships at Boston Garden when the Boston fans urged the victorious Philadelphia 76ers to "Beat L.A. ''
In January 2011 before an upcoming Celtic - Lakers regular season matchup, Celtic forward Kevin Garnett with shoe company Anta released a "Beat L.A. '' green shoe which featured on the tongue the numbers "152 -- 120 '', which was at the time the Celtics all - time record against the Lakers. The Celtics won the game, 109 -- 96.
The results in brackets concern the playoffs games.
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who let the dogs out frank the pug | Frank the Pug - wikipedia
Frank the Pug is a fictional character from the movie Men in Black, its sequel, its animated series, and the video game MIB: Alien Crisis. Within the films, Frank has the appearance of a normal pug dog, but he is actually an extraterrestrial in disguise (a Remoolian). Frank is played in both movies by a trained pug named Mushu with Tim Blaney providing his voice in the first two movies and the video game. In The Series, the voice is provided by Eddie Barth.
In the first film, Frank the Pug appears at a small kiosk next to a man selling keys. His first line is spoken when J says "Now that 's the worst disguise ever '', referring to the man sitting next to Frank, to which Frank replies "If you do n't like it, you can kiss my furry little butt! '' Agent J is shocked to discover that the alien is Frank. In the film, Frank acts as an informant for MiB, providing Agent K information on the "galaxy '' referred to by the Arquillians. Frank reveals that the galaxy is on Earth. Frank also points out that humans must learn to understand the notion of scope in the universe; i.e. a very important and grand thing can be very small.
In the second film, Frank was given a bigger role as director Barry Sonnenfeld enjoyed the dog 's performance in the first film. In this film, he appears to be an employee at MIB HQ. He first appears while delivering passports to Chief Zed 's office. Zed is speaking with Agent J about a killing that he wants him and Agent T (Patrick Warburton) to investigate, but Agent J informs him that he had neuralyzed Agent T. Frank then volunteers to be J 's new partner. Frank, now known as "Agent F '' and wearing an MIB uniform, soon becomes a nuisance to J as he does n't feel he needs a partner and Frank never stops talking. Frank sings a few lines of "I Will Survive '' by Gloria Gaynor as he rides with J to the scene of the crime (Tim Blaney as Frank sings the song, slightly altered, in its entirety on the film 's soundtrack). When the two agents arrive, he notices the "suit '' that the dead alien was wearing and says "Hey, J, zero percent body fat ''. After J has talked with the witness, he can be seen barking to the song "Who Let the Dogs Out? '' before he is interrupted by J. J and Frank were later dispatched to Central Park to investigate a ship. When one of his fellow agents was laughing about Frank being J 's new partner, Frank attacked the Agent (implied to be at the groin). When Agent K is taken to be deneuralyzed, Frank steps down as Agent J 's partner, but becomes Chief Zed 's personal assistant, partly because the job offers better dental. He communicates with J about the situation within MIB while trapped in the base but is found by Serleena who imitates his voice to try to trap J and K. In his penultimate scene in the movie, he identifies himself as a Remoolian. He at the end of the film says "Woah '' after Agent K showed him and J, that Earth and the Human race are stored in a locker at an Alien Space Station modeled after Grand Central Terminal.
Frank also appears in the film 's promotional music video "Black Suits Comin ' (Nod Ya Head) '' in which he literally pulls the plug on Will Smith 's performance.
Frank appeared in a few episodes of Men in Black: The Series, with virtually the same role as in the previous two films. The man in the kiosk is different from the one in the first movie; the man is revealed to be a robot in which Frank presses a button to make him talk ("Make it snappy, we 're closing! ''), this may also apply to the one from the first movie since he does n't appear to move that much. Humorously, Frank 's true alien form still resembles a pug, albeit with a dark green color, antennae, and a 3 - pointed tail; however, the series is usually not considered canon, due to the release of Men in Black II. Frank is often shown denouncing his suit; Frank eventually replaced it with a similar suit, with minor cosmetic differences. The series also revealed Frank was once cell mates with the mentally - unstable Drekk.
Frank does not appear in person in the third film, but can be seen in a picture in J 's room. Additionally when J is being pulled over by two police officers in 1969, Frank appears on a Coney Island billboard where he is advertised as "The Incredible Speaking Pug ''. Frank was excluded from the film because Mushu the dog had died. Frank the Pug is featured on the cover art for MIB: Alien Crisis as well as the main story, and appears in the Men in Black III App game as Agent F and serves as the player 's partner.
Frank the Pug is featured as a character, and on the cover art for the video game MIB: Alien Crisis. With J and K missing, Frank is working with Agent C, who has recently moved into fieldwork from administration to prove herself, and new MiB deputy Agent P, an art thief who was recruited after he showed exceptional skill in dealing with an alien ambush to prevent Earth from being caught up in a civil war.
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becky g song can't stop dancing download | Ca n't Stop Dancin ' (Becky G song) - wikipedia
"Ca n't Stop Dancin ' '' is a song by American singer Becky G. It was released as the second official single from her upcoming English album. An accompanying music video was released onto Gomez 's official Vevo account on December 3, 2014. A remix featuring Colombian singer J Balvin was released on March 3, 2015.
"Ca n't Stop Dancin ' '' was released for retail via digital distribution, on November 4, 2014. The lyric video for the song was also uploaded to YouTube and VEVO, on the same day of its release, with cameo appearance by American singer Katy Perry.
"Ca n't Stop Dancin ' '' is written in the key of G minor and rides a moderate half - time groove of 100 beats per minute. While the melody follows the sequence Gm - E ♭ - B ♭ as its chord progression, Gomez 's vocals span from the low tone of F3 to the high tone of B ♭ 4.
The video was released on December 2, 2014 via VEVO, being uploaded on YouTube the following day. The video has over 150 million views as of November 2017.
"Ca n't Stop Dancin ' '' debuted at number 98 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 40 on the Billboard Pop Songs on the week dated for January 10, 2015. The song dropped out of the Billboard Hot 100 chart the next week. On the chart week dated for February 7, 2015, the song re-entered at number 95 and then peaked at number 88, becoming its succeeding week.
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i don't wanna go to rehab amy winehouse | Rehab (Amy Winehouse song) - wikipedia
"Rehab '' is a song written and performed by English singer and songwriter Amy Winehouse, from her second and final studio album Back to Black (2006). Produced by Mark Ronson, the lyrics are autobiographical and address Winehouse 's refusal one time to enter a rehabilitation clinic. "Rehab '' was released as the lead single from Back to Black on 23 October 2006, and it peaked at number 7 in the United Kingdom on its Singles Chart and number 9 in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Winehouse 's only top 10 hit in the US.
"Rehab '' has become a critical and commercial success internationally, and has been referred to as Winehouse 's "signature song ''. It won three Grammy Awards at the 50th ceremony, including Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. It also won an Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song. Winehouse 's public battle with drug and alcohol addiction, and subsequent death, have contributed to the song 's continuing popularity and appearance in the media.
The song has been covered by a list of artists, such as Hot Chip, Lea Salonga, Seether, and the Jamaican Mento band The Jolly Boys.
"Rehab '' was produced by Mark Ronson and released as the album 's lead single in October 2006 in the UK and January 2007 elsewhere. The song addresses Winehouse 's refusal to attend an alcohol rehabilitation centre after her management team encouraged her to go. "I asked my dad if he thought I needed to go. He said no, but I should give it a try. So I did, for just 15 minutes. I went in said ' hello ' and explained that I drink because I am in love and have screwed up the relationship. Then I walked out. '' Winehouse later changed her management company.
Ronson expanded on the songwriting process when interviewed by DJ Zane Lowe for the BBC Radio 's Radio 1 's Stories, in an episode broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on Monday 18 July 2011:
Mitch Winehouse, Amy 's father, confirms Ronson 's story about the origins of the song in his biography, Amy, My Daughter (2012). He writes that Ronson and Winehouse inspired each other musically, adding that Amy had written that line in one of her notebooks years before and told him that she was planning to write a song about that day. After Ronson heard the line during his and Amy 's conversation in New York, he suggested they turn it into a song. The book says that was the moment when the song "came to life ''.
"Rehab '' is a soul and R&B song. In the lyrics Winehouse mentions "Ray '' and "Mr. Hathaway '', in reference to Ray Charles and Donny Hathaway.
"Rehab '' received universal acclaim from music critics. Rolling Stone characterised it as a "Motown - style winner with a banging beat and a lovesick bad girl testifying like Etta James. '' People magazine called the track "instantly memorable. '' Billboard remarked that Winehouse 's vocals on the song were "Shirley Bassey - meets - Ella Fitzgerald '' and called the track "a better buzz than a double - gin martini. ''
"Rehab '' ranked number 7 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007 and number 194 on the same magazine 's updated list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. This song also placed at number 92 on MTV Asia 's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007. Time magazine named "Rehab '' at number one on their 10 Best Songs of 2007. Writer Josh Tyrangiel praised Winehouse for her confidence, opining, "What she is is mouthy, funny, sultry, and quite possibly crazy '' and, "It 's impossible not to be seduced by her originality. Combine it with production by Mark Ronson that references four decades worth of soul music without once ripping it off, and you 've got the best song of 2007. '' Entertainment Weekly put it on its end - of - the - decade, "best - of '' list, saying, "Soon she 'd be making headlines for all the wrong reasons. But back in 2007, we were all saying yes, yes, yes to the British belter 's one - of - a-kind voice. '' In 2011, NME placed it at number 8 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years. ''
The song won the Ivor Novello Award for Best Contemporary Song for songwriting on 24 May 2007. In July 2007, the track won the Popjustice £ 20 Music Prize, which recognises the best British pop singles over the past year. In doing so, Winehouse became the third act to win the award, after Girls Aloud and Rachel Stevens. The single was voted as the best song of 2007 at The Village Voice 's annual Pazz & Jop. On 10 February 2008, "Rehab '' won three Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.
On 22 October 2006, based solely on download sales, "Rehab '' entered the UK Singles Chart at number nineteen and when the physical single was released the following week, it climbed to number seven, Winehouse 's highest chart position at the time by more than 50 places. By 25 October the album was approaching five - time platinum in the UK, making it the best - selling record of 2007.
The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 91 on the 31 March 2007 chart without an official single release. Winehouse 's current single at the time, "You Know I 'm No Good '', entered one spot above, at number 90, the same week. After lingering in the bottom portions of the Hot 100 for several months, the song suddenly jumped 38 spots to number ten on the 23 June chart, due to digital sales following Winehouse 's live performance of the song on the MTV Movie Awards on 3 June 2007; sales of the official remix featuring rapper Jay Z also had a small effect, helping it to peak in the 70s on the iTunes Top 100 in the US. After a change of rules in the UK allowing all digital downloads to be counted for the singles chart, "Rehab '' re-entered the chart at number 20 for the week ending 13 January 2007, whilst "You Know I 'm No Good '' occupied the number 40 spot as a new entry on downloads alone.
The Ronson - produced song also topped at the top ten in more than 10 countries including Canada, Spain, Denmark, and Israel, peaking in Norway and Hungary. It reached the top 20 in France, the Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland and Finland, attaining a peak position of number 23 on the European Hot 100 Singles.
As of March 2008, the single had sold 357,943 copies commercially and on downloads in the UK. Between October 2006 and June 2007, the single spent 34 consecutive weeks in the official UK top 75 and has re-entered it again several times since, most recently at number 29 on 31 July 2011 in the wake of the singer 's death, giving it a current total of 59 weeks in the top 75, making it the joint 10th longest runner of all time, and 76 in the top 100.
It also became her first top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number nine. The Recording Industry Association of America certified "Rehab '' platinum on 11 February 2010 for sales of over 1 million copies. The song, despite an October 2006 release date, was an enduring hit throughout 2007; with UK sales of 131,415 in 2007 alone, it finished the year as the UK 's fifth - sixth biggest - selling single. It is Winehouse 's longest - running UK chart hit, but her Ronson collaboration "Valerie '' has proven to be her biggest seller to date. As of 2014, the song has sold 395,000 copies in UK and more than 1 million in the US.
The music video was directed by Phil Griffin and released in September 2006. It features Winehouse 's band playing their instruments while she sings to the camera. The band members are dressed in gowns throughout the video, with one member dressed similarly to Donny Hathaway. It begins with Winehouse rising from bed and then moving to the bathroom. For the second verse, Winehouse is on a chair in a psychiatrist 's office, presumably explaining herself to an unseen therapist. In contrast to the lyrics, the video ends with Winehouse in rehab, sitting on a bed in a white - tiled clinical ward room with her band around her. The video was shot by director of photography Adam Frisch. On 31 May 2007, "Rehab '' debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live and later peaked at number one on 7 June. The music video was also nominated for Video of the Year at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, but lost out to Rihanna 's "Umbrella. ''
On 12 March 2007, Winehouse performed the song live for her US television debut on the Late Show with David Letterman. And for a while, she replaced "Ray '' with "Blake '', referring to her ex-husband, Blake Fielder - Civil, in live performances. She also replaced several times the lyrics, "I 'm gon na lose my baby '', with, "I 'll never lose my baby ''.
Several musicians have released covers and alternate versions of the song.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
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is the os coxae part of the axial skeleton | Hip bone - wikipedia
The hip bone (os coxa, innominate bone, pelvic bone or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
The two hip bones join at the pubic symphysis and together with the sacrum and coccyx (the pelvic part of the spine) comprise the skeletal component of the pelvis -- the pelvic girdle which surrounds the pelvic cavity. They are connected to the sacrum, which is part of the axial skeleton, at the sacroiliac joint. Each hip bone is connected to the corresponding femur (thigh bone) (forming the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton) through the large ball and socket joint of the hip.
The hip bone is formed by three parts: ilium, ischium, and pubis. At birth, these three components are separated by hyaline cartilage. They join each other in a Y - shaped portion of cartilage in the acetabulum. By the end of puberty the three regions will have fused together, and by the age of 25 they will have ossified. The two hip bones join each other at the pubic symphysis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bones form the pelvis.
Ilium (plural ilia) is the uppermost and largest region. It makes up two fifths of the acetabulum. It is divisible into two parts: the body and the ala or wing of ilium; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum. The body of ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. The edge of the wing of ilium forms the S - shaped iliac crest which is easily located through the skin. The iliac crest shows clear marks of the attachment of the three abdominal wall muscles.
The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is located below the ilium and behind the pubis. The ischium is the strongest of the three regions that form the hip bone. It is divisible into three portions: the body, the superior ramus, and the inferior ramus. The body forms approximately one - third of the acetabulum.
The ischium forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium, also referred to colloquially as the "sit bone ''. When sitting, the weight is frequently placed upon the ischial tuberosity. The gluteus maximus covers it in the upright posture, but leaves it free in the seated position.
The pubic region or pubis is the ventral and anterior of the three parts forming the hip bone. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The body forms one - fifth of the acetabulum. The body forms the wide, strong, medial and flat portion of the pubic bone which unites with the other pubic bone in the pubic symphysis. The fibrocartilaginous pad which lies between the symphysial surfaces of the coxal bones, that secures the pubic symphysis, is called the interpubic disc.
The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen. It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the opposite side. It is conveniently described in two portions: a medial flattened part and a narrow lateral prismoid portion.
The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flat. It passes laterally and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus. It becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen.
The hip bone is ossified from eight centers: three primary, one each for the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and five secondary, one each for the iliac crest, the anterior inferior spine (said to occur more frequently in the male than in the female), the tuberosity of the ischium, the pubic symphysis (more frequent in the female than in the male), and one or more for the Y - shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum. The centers appear in the following order: in the lower part of the ilium, immediately above the greater sciatic notch, about the eighth or ninth week of fetal life; in the superior ramus of the ischium, about the third month; in the superior ramus of the pubis, between the fourth and fifth months. At birth, the three primary centers are quite separate, the crest, the bottom of the acetabulum, the ischial tuberosity, and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous. By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium are almost completely united by bone. About the thirteenth or fourteenth year, the three primary centers have extended their growth into the bottom of the acetabulum, and are there separated from each other by a Y - shaped portion of cartilage, which now presents traces of ossification, often by two or more centers. One of these, the os acetabuli, appears about the age of twelve, between the ilium and pubis, and fuses with them about the age of eighteen; it forms the pubic part of the acetabulum. The ilium and ischium then become joined, and lastly the pubis and ischium, through the intervention of this Y - shaped portion. At about the age of puberty, ossification takes place in each of the remaining portions, and they join with the rest of the bone between the twentieth and twenty - fifth years. Separate centers are frequently found for the pubic tubercle and the ischial spine, and for the crest and angle of the pubis.
Several muscles attach to the hip bone including the internal muscles of the pelvic, abdominal muscles, back muscles, all the gluteal muscles, muscles of the lateral rotator group, hamstring muscles, two muscles from the anterior compartment of the thigh and even a single shoulder muscle.
Abdominal muscles
Back muscles
Gluteal muscles
Lateral rotator group
Hamstrings
Anterior compartment of thigh
Shoulder muscles
The proportions of the female hip bone may affect the ease of passage of the baby during childbirth. Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female pelvis in relation to the birth of a baby in order to detect an increased risk for obstructed labor.
Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures, and should not be confused with hip fractures, which are actually femoral fractures that occur in the proximal end of the femur.
The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column.
In the early tetrapods, this early hip bone evolved to become the ischium and pubis, while the ilium formed as a new structure, initially somewhat rod - like in form, but soon adding a larger bony blade. The acetabulum is already present at the point where the three bones meet. In these early forms, the connection with the vertebral column is not complete, with a small pair of ribs connecting the two structures; nonetheless the pelvis already forms the complete ring found in most subsequent forms.
In practice, modern amphibians and reptiles have substantially modified this ancestral structure, based on their varied forms and lifestyles. The obturator foramen is generally very small in such animals, although most reptiles do possess a large gap between the pubis and ischium, referred to as the thyroid fenestra, which presents a similar appearance to the obturator foramen in mammals. In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs.
In therapsids, the hip bone came to rotate counter-clockwise, relatives to its position in reptiles, so that the ilium moved forward, and the pubis and ischium moved to the rear. The same pattern is seen in all modern mammals, and the thyroid fenestra and obturator foramen have merged to form a single space. The ilium is typically narrow and triangular in mammals, but is much larger in ungulates and humans, in which it anchors powerful gluteal muscles. Monotremes and marsupials also possess a fourth pair of bones, the prepubes or "marsupial bones '', which extend forward from the pubes, and help to support the abdominal muscles and, in marsupials, the pouch. In placental mammals, the pelvis as a whole is generally wider in females than in males, to allow for the birth of the young.
The pelvic bones of cetaceans were formerly considered to be vestigial, but they are now known to play a role in sexual selection.
Female pelvis.
Position of the hip bones (shown in red). Animation.
Right hip bone. Animation.
Right hip bone. External surface.
Right hip bone. Internal surface.
Left hip - joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis.
Hip bone. Medial view.
Hip bone. Lateral view.
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 231 of the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy (1918)
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what is boku-maru and what is its purpose | Bokononism - wikipedia
Bokononism (/ ˈboʊkoʊnɒnˌɪzəm /) is a fictitious religion invented by Kurt Vonnegut and practiced by many of the characters in his novel Cat 's Cradle. Many of the sacred texts of Bokononism were written in the form of calypsos.
Bokononism is based on the concept of foma, which are defined as harmless untruths. A foundation of Bokononism is that the religion, including its texts, is formed entirely of lies; however, one who believes and adheres to these lies will have peace of mind, and perhaps live a good life. The primary tenet of Bokononism is to "Live by the foma that make you brave and kind and healthy and happy. ''
Bokonon, a character, is the founder of the religion. He was born Lionel Boyd Johnson in 1891 and attended the London School of Economics to study Political Science, only to have his education cut short by World War I. "Bokonon '' (/ ˈboʊkoʊnɒn /) was the way the natives of San Lorenzo, the fictional Caribbean island - nation where the ship - wrecked Johnson started his religion, pronounced his family name in their unique dialect of English.
Bokonon established Bokononism with Edward McCabe, his partner in ruling the island, when all the duo 's efforts to raise the standard of living on the island failed, as a means to help the poor islanders escape their miserable reality by practicing a simple, useful religion. Arranging with McCabe that Bokononism be outlawed and eternally persecuted by the government, he went to live in the jungle, supposedly hiding, thus trying to lure the population into Bokononism as a kind of forbidden fruit.
Bokononism encompasses a number of unique concepts expressed in the San Lorenzan dialect:
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who sang the song easy come easy go | Easy Come, Easy Go (Bobby Sherman song) - Wikipedia
"Easy Come, Easy Go '' is a song written by Jack Keller and Diane Hildebrand that was a hit single for Bobby Sherman in 1970.
The song was first released by Cass Elliot on July 5, 1969, on her album Bubblegum, Lemonade, and... Something for Mama. Bobby Sherman 's version was released as a single in January 1970, and appeared on the album Here Comes Bobby, which was released in March of the same year.
Sherman 's version spent 14 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 9, while reaching No. 2 on Billboard 's Easy Listening chart. In Canada, the song reached No. 6 on the "RPM 100 '', No. 7 on RPM 's adult contemporary chart, and No. 2 on Toronto 's CHUM 30 chart. The song earned Sherman a gold record.
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most goals scored in a premier league season by one player | Premier League records and Statistics - wikipedia
The top tier of English football was renamed the Premier League for the start of the 1992 -- 93 season. The following page details the football records and statistics of the Premier League.
This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.
The all - time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the start of the 2017 -- 18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.
League or status at 2017 -- 18:
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what is the name of the fifth harry potter movie | Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) - Wikipedia
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is a 2007 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is based on the 2003 novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling. The fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series, it was written by Michael Goldenberg (making this the only film in the series not to be scripted by Steve Kloves) and produced by David Heyman and David Barron. The story follows Harry Potter 's fifth year at Hogwarts as the Ministry of Magic is in denial of Lord Voldemort 's return.
The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, alongside Rupert Grint and Emma Watson as Harry 's best friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger. It is the sequel to Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and is followed by Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince.
Live - action filming took place in England and Scotland for exterior locations and Leavesden Film Studios in Watford for interior locations from February to November 2006, with a one - month break in June. Post-production on the film continued for several months afterwards to add in visual effects. The film 's budget was reportedly between £ 75 and 100 million ($150 -- 200 million). Warner Bros. released the film in the United Kingdom on 12 July 2007 and in North America on 11 July, both in conventional and IMAX theatres; it is the first Potter film to be released in IMAX 3D.
As of July 2018, Order of the Phoenix is the 47th - highest - grossing film of all time, and a critical and commercial success. The film opened to a worldwide 5 - day opening of $333 million, fourteenth all - time, and grossed nearly $940 million total, second to Pirates of the Caribbean: At World 's End for the greatest total of 2007. The film was nominated for two BAFTA Film Awards in 2008.
During another summer with his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon, Harry Potter and Dudley are attacked by Dementors. After using magic to save Dudley and himself, Harry is expelled from Hogwarts, but the decision is later reversed after a hearing at the Ministry of Magic. Harry is whisked off by a group of wizards including Mad - Eye Moody, Remus Lupin, and several new faces, including Nymphadora Tonks and Kingsley Shacklebolt, to Number 12, Grimmauld Place, the childhood home of his godfather, Sirius Black. The building also serves as the headquarters of the Order of the Phoenix, a secret organisation founded by Albus Dumbledore, which informs Harry Potter that the Ministry of Magic is oblivious to Lord Voldemort 's return. At the Order 's headquarters, Sirius Black, mentions that Voldemort is after an object he did not have during his previous attack.
Back at Hogwarts, Harry learns that Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge has appointed a new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor: Dolores Umbridge. She and Harry immediately clash, and she punishes Harry for his "lies '' by forcing him to write a message with a magic quill, scarring his hand. When Ron and Hermione notice Harry 's scars they are outraged, but Harry refuses to go to Dumbledore, who has distanced himself from Harry since the summer. As Umbridge 's control over the school increases, Ron and Hermione aid Harry in forming a secret group to train students in defensive spells, calling themselves "Dumbledore 's Army ''. Umbridge recruits the Slytherin students to expose the group. Meanwhile, Harry and Cho Chang develop romantic feelings for each other.
Harry has a vision involving an attack upon Arthur Weasley, from the point of view of Arthur 's attacker. Concerned that Voldemort will exploit this connection to Harry, Dumbledore instructs Severus Snape to give Harry Occlumency lessons to defend his mind from Voldemort 's influence. The connection between Harry and Voldemort leads Harry to further isolate himself from his friends. Meanwhile, Bellatrix Lestrange, Sirius ' deranged Death Eater cousin, escapes from Azkaban along with nine other Death Eaters. At Hogwarts, Umbridge and her Inquisitorial Squad expose Dumbledore 's Army. Dumbledore escapes as Fudge orders his arrest. Umbridge becomes the new Headmistress. Harry 's relationship with Cho falls apart, as he believes she betrayed Dumbledore 's Army to Umbridge. Harry discovers through Snape 's memories why Snape hated Harry 's father James, who often ridiculed him.
Harry has another vision, this one of Sirius being tortured by Voldemort. Harry, Ron and Hermione rush to Umbridge 's fireplace to alert the Order via the Floo Network, since hers is the only fireplace not being monitored, but Umbridge stops them before they can do so. As Umbridge tortures Harry, Hermione tricks Umbridge into entering the Forbidden Forest in search of Dumbledore 's "secret weapon ''. She and Harry lead her to the hiding place of Hagrid 's giant half - brother, Grawp, only to be confronted by centaurs who kidnap Umbridge after she attacks and insults them. Harry, Hermione, Ron, Luna, Neville and Ginny fly to the Ministry of Magic on Thestrals in an attempt to save Sirius.
The six enter the Department of Mysteries where they uncover a bottled prophecy, the object Voldemort was after. However, they are ambushed by Death Eaters including Lucius Malfoy and Bellatrix Lestrange. Lucius reveals that Harry only saw a dream of Sirius being tortured; it was simply a ruse to lure Harry into the Death Eaters ' grasp. Harry refuses to give Lucius the prophecy, and a fight between Dumbledore 's Army and the Death Eaters ensues. The Death Eaters take everyone except Harry as hostages, threatening to kill them unless he surrenders the prophecy.
Harry obliges just as Sirius and Remus Lupin arrive with Order members Nymphadora Tonks, Kingsley Shacklebolt and Mad - Eye Moody. As they attack the Death Eaters, Lucius drops the prophecy, destroying it. Just as Sirius overpowers Lucius, Bellatrix kills Sirius. Voldemort appears, but Dumbledore arrives through the Floo Network moments before Voldemort can kill Harry.
A duel between Voldemort and Dumbledore ensues, destroying much of the Atrium, while Bellatrix escapes. After the two prove evenly matched, Voldemort possesses Harry to try to get Dumbledore to sacrifice Harry, but the love Harry feels for his friends and Sirius makes it impossible for Voldemort to remain in his body. Ministry officials arrive before Voldemort disapparates; Fudge is forced to admit that Voldemort has returned and is forced out of his position as Minister in disgrace. Umbridge is removed from Hogwarts and Dumbledore returns as headmaster. Dumbledore explains that he distanced himself from Harry throughout the year hoping it would lessen the risk of Voldemort using their connection. Harry comes to terms with the prophecy; "Neither can live while the other survives. ''
Casting began as early as May 2005, when Radcliffe announced he would reprise his role as Harry. Across the media frenzy that took place during the release of Goblet of Fire, most of the main returning actors announced their return to the series, including Grint, Watson, Lewis, Wright, Leung, and Fiennes.
The announcements of the casting of the rest of the new characters to the series was spanned across 2006. Evanna Lynch won the role of Luna Lovegood over 15,000 other girls who attended the open casting call, waiting in a line of hopefuls that stretched a mile long. Saoirse Ronan was considered for the role.
Persistent rumours linked Elizabeth Hurley to the role of Bellatrix Lestrange, although Warner Bros. asserted there was "no truth whatsoever '' to reports that she had been cast. As early as August 2005, rumours began linking Helen McCrory to the role. On 2 February 2006 it was announced that McCrory had indeed been cast as Bellatrix. However, in April 2006 she revealed that she was three months pregnant and withdrew from the film because she would not have been able to perform the intense battle sequences in the Ministry of Magic in September and October 2006. The announcement that Bonham Carter had been recast in the role was made on 25 May 2006. McCrory was subsequently cast as Narcissa Malfoy from Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince onwards.
The inclusion or cutting of some characters sparked speculation from fans as to the importance of the characters in the final book of the series, which was released just ten days after the film. In April 2006, representatives of Jim McManus said he would be playing Aberforth Dumbledore, Albus ' brother and the barman of the Hog 's Head, in which Harry and his friends found Dumbledore 's Army. A week later WB announced that the role was "very minor '', allaying some of the speculation to the significance of the role, which, before the final book, was not even a speaking part. MTV reported in October 2006 that Dobby the house elf, who appeared in the second film, Chamber of Secrets, and in the fifth book, would be cut, opening up "plot questions '' as to how the role of the elf would be filled. MTV also reported about a month before the release of the final book that Kreacher, the Black family 's house - elf, was cut from the film in one draft of the script. However, after Rowling prodded the filmmakers to include him, saying, "You know, I would n't (cut him) if I were you. Or you can, but if you get to make a seventh film, you 'll be tied in knots '', he was added back into the script.
Other minor roles were cut with subsequent drafts of the script. At the US premiere of Goblet of Fire, series producer David Heyman said that former Hogwarts professor Gilderoy Lockhart, played by Kenneth Branagh in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, was in the first draft of the script for Phoenix. However, neither Branagh nor the character of Lockhart appears in the final version. Tiana Benjamin was scheduled to return for the film in the role of Angelina Johnson, the captain of the Gryffindor Quidditch team, but she had to withdraw due to a commitment to playing Chelsea Fox in EastEnders. The character, as well as the entire Quidditch subplot, was ultimately cut from the film. She did, however, record sound clips for the Order of the Phoenix video game.
The family of footballer Theo Walcott made a cameo appearance in the film. They were signed on by director David Yates, who is the partner of Yvonne Walcott, Theo 's aunt. Theo himself was due to appear alongside his family, though his commitments to Arsenal Football Club forced him to pull out.
British television director David Yates was chosen to direct the film after Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire director Mike Newell, as well as Jean - Pierre Jeunet, Guillermo del Toro, Matthew Vaughn and Mira Nair, turned down offers. Yates believed he was approached because the studio saw him fit to handle an "edgy and emotional '' film with a "political backstory '', which some of his previous television projects including State of Play, Sex Traffic and The Girl in the Café demonstrated. Producer David Heyman supported Yates ' comments about the film 's political theme, stating that "(Order of the Phoenix) is a political film, not with a capital P, but it 's about teen rebellion and the abuse of power. David has made films in the UK about politics without being heavy handed. '' On the film 's political and social aspects, Emma Watson stated that "somehow it talks about life after 7 July, the way people behave when they 're scared, the way truth is often denied and all the things our society has to face. Facing the fact that the authority is corrupted means having a non-conformist approach to reality and power. ''
Steve Kloves, the screenwriter of the first four Potter films, had other commitments. Michael Goldenberg, who was considered to pen the first film in the series, filled in and wrote the script.
Rehearsals for Order of the Phoenix began on 27 January 2006, filming began on 7 February 2006 and finished at the start of December 2006. Filming was put on a two - month hiatus starting in May 2006 so Radcliffe could sit his A / S Levels and Watson could sit her GCSE exams. The film 's budget was reportedly between GB £ 75 and 100 million (US $150 -- 200 million). The largest budget of the other films in the series has been the £ 75 million it cost to make Goblet of Fire.
Mark Day was the film editor, Sławomir Idziak was the cinematographer, and Jany Temime was the costume designer. Choreographer Paul Harris, who had previously worked with David Yates several times, created a physical language for wand combat to choreograph the wand fighting scenes.
Stuart Craig returned as set designer, having designed the first four films ' sets. There were a number of notable new sets in this film. The atrium in the Ministry of Magic is over 200 feet in length, making it the largest and most expensive set built for the Potter film series to date. Craig 's design was inspired by early London Underground stations, where, he said, architects "tried to imitate classical architecture but they used ceramic tile '', as well as a Burger King on Tottenham Court Road in London, where "there 's a fantastic Victorian façade which just embodies the age ''. The set of Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place contains the Black family tapestry spread across three walls; when the producers told Rowling they wanted to visualise the details of each name and birth year, she faxed them a complete copy of the entire tree. The set of the Hall of Prophecies was entirely digitally built. During a fight scene which occurs there, prophecies crash to the ground and break; had it been an actual physical set, the reset time would have been weeks.
The set used for Igor Karkaroff 's trial scene in Goblet of Fire was doubled in size for Harry 's trial in this film, while still protecting its symmetry. New professor Dolores Umbridge, though she teaches in a classroom that has appeared in films two through four, inhabits an office vastly different from those of her predecessors. The set was redressed with "fluffy, pink filigree '' and a number of plates upon which moving kittens were animated in post-production. A 24 - hour photo shoot was held to photograph and film the kittens for use on these plates. The quill which Umbridge gives Harry to write lines is designed by the set designers.
Though the producers explored options to film outside of the UK, Leavesden Film Studios in Watford was again the location on which many of the interior scenes, including the Great Hall, Privet Drive and Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place were shot.
Locations in England included the River Thames, for the flight of the Order of the Phoenix to Number Twelve, Grimmauld Place, and the flight of Dumbledore 's Army to the Ministry of Magic. This sequence also includes such landmarks as the London Eye, Canary Wharf, Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and HMS Belfast. Filming at Platform 93⁄4 took place at King 's Cross Station, as it has in the past. A telephone booth near Scotland Yard was used as Harry and Arthur Weasley enter the Ministry, while the crew closed the Westminster tube station on 22 October 2006 to allow for filming of Arthur Weasley accompanying Harry to his trial at the Ministry of Magic. Other scenes were filmed in and around Oxford, specifically at nearby Blenheim Palace in Woodstock.
In Glenfinnan, the Hogwarts Express crosses a viaduct, as it has in the past films. Aerial scenes were shot in Glen Coe, in Clachaig Gully, and Glen Etive, which, at the time of filming, was one of the few places in Scotland without snow, making it ideal for a backdrop.
Director David Yates stated in an interview that he had originally shot a three - hour film of Order of the Phoenix. However, some material had to be cut out in the final edit, as the movie was 45 minutes too long. Therefore, several locations which were used for various scenes do not appear in the final cut of the film. In Virginia Water, scenes were shot where Professor McGonagall recovers from Stunning Spells, and Burnham Beeches was used for filming the scene where Hagrid introduces his fifth - year Care of Magical Creatures class to Thestrals. Harry skips stones in front of the Glenfinnan Monument in Glenfinnan in another cut scene.
The film required over 1,400 visual effects shots, and the London - based company Double Negative created more than 950 of them. Working for six months on previsualisation starting in September 2005, Double Negative was largely responsible for sequences in the Room of Requirement, the Forbidden Forest, the Hall of Prophecies, and the Death Chamber.
A new character in the film, Grawp, Hagrid 's giant half - brother, came to life by a new technology called Soul Capturing, developed by Image Metrics. Instead of building the character from scratch, the movements and facial expressions of actor Tony Maudsley were used to model Grawp 's actions.
Nicholas Hooper was the composer for the soundtrack of the film, following John Williams, who scored the first three films, and Patrick Doyle, who did the fourth. In the new score, Hooper incorporated variations on "Hedwig 's Theme '', the series ' theme originally written by Williams for the first film and heard in all subsequent ones. In March and April 2007, Hooper and the London Chamber Orchestra recorded nearly two hours of music at Abbey Road Studios in London. The score, like the film and book, is darker than previous instalments in the series. To emphasise this, the two new main themes reflect the sinister new character Dolores Umbridge, and Lord Voldemort 's invasion of Harry 's mind. A Japanese Taiko drum was used for a deeper sound in the percussion. The soundtrack was released on 10 July 2007, the eve of the film 's release. For his work on the film, Hooper was nominated for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award. The trailer prominently features the cues "Divine Crusade '' by X-Ray Dog and "DNA Reactor '' by Pfeifer Broz. Music.
The film also featured the song "Boys Will Be Boys '' by The Ordinary Boys.
At 766 pages in the British edition and 870 in the American edition, Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the Harry Potter series. Screenwriter Michael Goldenberg described his task to cut down the novel as searching for "the best equivalent way to tell the story. My job was to stay true to the spirit of the book, rather than to the letter ''. Goldenberg said that Rowling told him, the producers, and Yates that "she just wanted to see a great movie, and gave (them) permission to take whatever liberties (they) felt (they) needed to take to translate the book into a movie she would love ''. Cutting down the book to meet the time frame of the film, Goldenberg explained, became "clearer when (he) figured out that the organising principle of the screenplay was to narrate Harry 's emotional journey ''. He and Yates "looked for every opportunity to get everything (they) could in there. And where (they) could n't, to sort of pay homage to it, to have it somewhere in the background or to feel like it could be taking place off - screen ''.
One cut Goldenberg had to make, which he "hated '' to do, was the absence of Quidditch, the Wizarding sport. "The truth is that any movie made of this book, whoever made it, that had included the Quidditch subplot would have been a lesser film '', he said. In the book, Ron grows as a character by trying out for the Quidditch team. "Ron facing challenges and coming into his own in the same way that Harry is, we tried to get that into the film in other ways, as much as possible. So, you feel like, if not the details of that story, at least the spirit of it is present in the film ''. The change disappointed actor Rupert Grint who had been "quite looking forward to the Quidditch stuff ''.
In a significant scene in the book, Harry sees a memory of his own father humiliating Snape in their school days, and Snape insulting his mother after she stood up for him. In the film, it is abbreviated to an "idea '', in Goldenberg 's words. "It 's an iconic moment when you realise your parents are normal, flawed human beings... Things get trimmed out, but I kept the meat of that in there -- and that was what really gave me the coming - of - age story. '' Young Lily Potter did not appear at all, but promotional screenshots show unknown teenager Susie Shinner in the role.
The scene at St Mungo 's, the hospital where Harry and friends run into classmate Neville Longbottom and learn that his parents were tortured into insanity by Bellatrix Lestrange, was cut because it required the construction of a new set. The main purpose of the action of the scene was relocated to the Room of Requirement after one of Dumbledore 's Army 's lessons. Also, to speed up the film 's climax, several events in the Ministry leading up to Harry 's battle with Voldemort were removed, including the brain room. Mrs. Weasley 's encounter with a boggart at Grimmauld Place, Ron, Hermione and Malfoy becoming prefects, the appearance of Mundungus Fletcher, and Firenze teaching Divination followed suit.
The character of Kreacher the house - elf, who was included in the script only at Rowling 's request, has a larger part in the book than the film. In the novel, he is seen saving some of the Black family 's artefacts which the Order of the Phoenix throw away, one of which is a locket which becomes extremely important in the seventh book. "It was kind of tricky to raise that in our story, because it 's for so much later '', Yates said. "We figured we can probably introduce it later, and that 's the approach we took ''. Whilst Kreacher remained, all scenes involving Dobby were cut, and his important actions given to other characters.
Rita Skeeter, the journalist played by Miranda Richardson in Goblet of Fire, was also removed. In the book, Hermione blackmails her into writing an article that supports Harry as the rest of the Wizarding world denies his claims. Richardson noted that "it 's never gon na be the book on film, exactly... They 'll take certain aspects from the book and make it something that they hope is going to be commercial and that people want to see ''.
The first trailer was released on 17 November 2006, attached to another WB film, Happy Feet. It was made available online on 20 November 2006, on the Happy Feet website. The international trailer debuted online on 22 April 2007 at 14: 00 UTC. On 4 May 2007, the US trailer was shown before Spider - Man 3.
Three posters released on the Internet that showed Harry accompanied by six classmates, including Hermione Granger, generated some controversy by the media. They were essentially the same picture, though one advertised the IMAX release. In one poster, the profile of Hermione, played by Emma Watson, was made curvier as the outline of her breasts was enhanced. Melissa Anelli, webmistress of noted fan site The Leaky Cauldron, wrote:
Emma Watson is playing a 15 - year - old girl, and she herself is under 18. I get the full heebie jeebies thinking about the person who sat there thinking, ' Now, if we cinch her waist a bit, and inflate her bust a bit, and give her some dramatic lighting and more blonde hair, this would be a much better picture. '
Representatives for WB later wrote about the poster under fire, "This is not an official poster. Unfortunately this image was accidentally posted on the IMAX website ''.
The video game version, designed by EA UK, was released 25 June 2007. Lego produced just one set, a model of Hogwarts, the lowest amount of sets for a film so far. NECA produced a series of action figures, while a larger array of smaller figures was also produced by PopCo Entertainment, a Corgi International company.
The film was the third Harry Potter film to be given a simultaneous release in conventional theatres and IMAX. The IMAX release featured the full movie in 2D and the final 20 minutes of the film in 3D. According to estimates in March 2007, by Warner Bros., the film would debut on over 10,000 theatre screens during the summer.
The film was released in most countries in a two - week period starting 11 July 2007. WB has tried to stick with day - and - date releases for most countries, except the Middle East and a few minor markets which were to be in holidays at that point. The set of summer releases, even though the films are typically released in the winter, "really maximises our opportunity '', said a representative for WB.
Previews of the film began in March 2007 in the Chicago area. Under tight security to prevent piracy, WB had security guards patrol the aisles, looking for cell phone cameras or small recording devices, at a preview in Japan. The world premiere took place in Tokyo, Japan on 28 June 2007. MySpace users could bring copies of their online profiles to gain free admission to sneak previews in eight different cities across the country on 28 June 2007. The UK premiere took place on 3 July 2007 in London 's Odeon Leicester Square, during which author J.K. Rowling made a public appearance. The US premiere took place on 8 July in Los Angeles. After the premiere, the three young stars of the film series, Radcliffe, Grint, and Watson, were honoured with a ceremony where their handprints, footprints, and "wandprints '' were placed in the cement in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theatre.
Originally, Warner Bros. set the Australian release date as 6 September 2007, nearly two months after the majority of other release dates. However, after complaints from the Australian community, including a petition garnering 2,000 signatures the date was pulled back to 11 July 2007. The release dates of the film in the UK and US were also moved back, both from 13 July, to 12 and 11 July, respectively.
Even though the book is the longest in the series (over 700 pages), the film is 138 minutes long (2 hours and 18 minutes), the second shortest in the entire film series.
The DVDs included additional scenes, a feature showing a day in the life of Natalia Tena, who played Nymphadora Tonks, an A&E documentary about the films and books, and a featurette on film editing in Phoenix. The DVD - ROM features a timeline and a sneak peek of the next film, Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince (2009). The HD DVD and Blu - ray contain additional features, such as the "in - movie experience '', a video commentary in which members of Dumbledore 's Army share their favourite moments from the production of the film, and "focus points '' featurettes on how certain scenes of the film were made. The HD DVD also includes an exclusive feature called "community screening '', which enables owners of the HD DVD to watch the film together over the Internet. Order of the Phoenix was the seventh best - selling DVD of 2007, with 10.14 million units. The high - definition DVDs had combined sales of 179,500 copies, with more units coming from the Blu - ray version.
There was also a third DVD with extras featuring a behind - the - scenes look at the sets of the movie. This can only be found in those purchased at Target stores (Future Shop in Canada) since it is a Target exclusive. The package included a one - time - only code that activated a digital copy of the film, which may be played on a computer with Windows Media Player. The digital copy, however, is not playable on Macintosh or Apple Inc. iPod devices. This issue was partially addressed, with the film being made available on the iTunes Store in the UK but not the US.
The film opened to a worldwide 5 - day opening of $333 million, the fourteenth - biggest opening of all time. In the United States, tickets for hundreds of midnight showings of the film, bought from online ticket - seller Fandango, were sold out, making up approximately 90 % of the site 's weekly ticket sales. In the US and Canada, midnight screenings (very early morning on 11 July) brought in $12 million from 2,311 midnight exhibitions making the showings "the most successful batch of midnight exhibitions ever ''. In one - night earnings, Phoenix is behind only At World 's End, which had debuted four hours earlier on its date. In studio documents leaked in July 2010, it was revealed the film lost Warner Bros. about $167 million.
In North America, Phoenix earned an additional $32.2 million on Wednesday, post-midnight showings, making it the biggest single - day Wednesday gross in box office history, with a total of $44.2 million from 4,285 theatres. That amount topped Sony Pictures ' Spider - Man 2, which held the record since 2004 with its $40.4 million take on a Wednesday, until this record was broken in 2009 by Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen with $62 million. It was also the fifth - biggest opening day for a movie in history, at the time, surpassing At World 's End 's $42.9 million. It earned $1.9 million from a record - breaking 91 IMAX screens, the highest opening day ever for any IMAX day of the week, beating Spider - Man 3 's $1.8 million. In the UK the result was similar. The film made £ 16.5 million during its opening 4 - day run, breaking the UK box office record for the biggest 4 - day opening weekend ever.
Phoenix 's gross is at $292 million in the US and Canada, making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2007 in these regions, and at £ 49.2 million, or $101.4 million in the UK Overseas, it has grossed $647.8 million, the seventh - highest grosser ever overseas, for a worldwide total of $939.8 million making it the second - highest - grossing film of the year closely behind Pirates of the Caribbean: At World 's End 's $963 million gross. It became the sixth - highest - grossing film in history at the time, the second - highest - grossing Potter film worldwide, and the second Potter film to break the $900 million mark. As of March 2018, it is the 44th - highest - grossing film of all time as well as the fourth - highest - grossing Potter film in the franchise behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 's $1.341 billion, Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 's $974 million, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1 's $960 million and the highest - grossing 2007 film in Australia and the UK. IMAX Corporation and Warner Bros. Pictures announced that the film has made over $35 million on IMAX screens, worldwide, with an impressive per - screen average of $243,000 making it the highest - grossing live - action IMAX release in history. In South Africa the film opened at number 1 with a total of $944,082.00, being screened at 87 theatres.
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 78 % based on 244 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "It 's not easy to take the longest Harry Potter book and streamline it into the shortest HP movie, but director David Yates does a bang up job of it, creating an Order of the Phoenix that 's entertaining and action - packed. '' On Metacritic, the film has a score of 71 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews '' On CinemaScore, audiences gave the film an average grade of "A - '' on an A+ to F scale.
Charles Frederick of The Telegraph headlined his review "Potter film is the best and darkest yet ''. Colin Bertram of the New York Daily News gave the film four out of four stars, calling it the best Potter film yet and wrote that "die - hard Potter addicts will rejoice that Yates has distilled J.K. Rowling 's broad universe with care and reverence ''. Mark Adams of The Sunday Mirror, while giving the film four out of five stars, called it "a dark and delicious delight (and) a must - see movie ''. Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald gave the film three stars out of four and wrote that the film "is the first instalment in the soon - to - be series - of - seven that does n't seem like just another spinoff capitalising on the money - minting Harry Potter brand name. Instead, Phoenix feels like a real ' movie ' ''.
Imelda Staunton 's performance as Dolores Umbridge and Helena Bonham Carter 's as Bellatrix Lestrange were widely acclaimed; Staunton was described as the "perfect choice for the part '' and "one of the film 's greatest pleasures '', "coming close to stealing the show ''. The Daily Mail described Staunton 's portrayal of Umbridge as a "refreshing addition '', with the character herself described as "a cross between Margaret Thatcher and Hyacinth Bucket ''. Bonham Carter was said to be a "shining but underused talent ''. Variety praised Alan Rickman 's portrayal of Severus Snape, writing that he "may have outdone himself; seldom has an actor done more with less than he does here ''. Newcomer Evanna Lynch, playing Luna Lovegood, also received good word from a number of reviewers including the New York Times who declared her "spellbinding ''.
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also lauded the three principal actors ' achievements, especially Radcliffe: "One of the joys of this film is watching Daniel Radcliffe grow so impressively into the role of Harry. He digs deep into the character and into Harry 's nightmares. It 's a sensational performance, touching all the bases from tender to fearful ''. Rolling Stone 's review also classified the film as better than the previous four instalments in the series, by losing the "candy - ass aspect '' of the first two and "raising the bar '' from the "heat and resonance '' of the third and fourth. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film "the best of the series so far, (with) the laughs, the jitters and the juice to make even nonbelievers wild about Harry ''.
Leo Lewis of The Times (London) expressed disappointment that the three main actors were not able to fully advance the emotional sides of their respective characters, weakening the film. The San Francisco Chronicle complained about a "lousy '' storyline, alleging that the first twenty minutes of the film, when Harry is put on trial for performing magic outside of school and threatened with expulsion, but is cleared of all charges, did not advance the plot. Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Phoenix is "quite possibly the least enjoyable of the (series) so far '', and that despite "several eye - catching moments '', "the magic -- movie magic, that is -- is mostly missing ''. The review also criticised the under use of the "cream of British acting '', noting the brief appearances of Helena Bonham Carter, Maggie Smith, Emma Thompson, David Thewlis, Richard Griffiths, and Julie Walters.
Before it was released, Order of the Phoenix was nominated in a new category at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards, Best Summer Movie You Have n't Seen Yet. On 26 August 2007, the film won the award for Choice Summer Movie -- Drama / Action Adventure at the Teen Choice Awards.
The film was also nominated for several awards at the 2007 Scream Awards presented by Spike TV, in the categories of The Ultimate Scream, Best Fantasy Movie, and Best Sequel. Daniel Radcliffe was nominated in the Fantasy Hero categories, respectively. The film won for Best Sequel and Ralph Fiennes won for "Most Vile Villain ''. The film picked up three awards at the inaugural ITV National Movie Awards, taking Best Family Film, Best Actor for Radcliffe and Best Actress for Emma Watson. The film was one of ten nominees for a 2007 Hollywood Movie of the Year. It was also nominated for Best Live Action Family Film at the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards and won the 2007 People 's Choice Award for "Favorite Movie Drama ''. Having been nominated for six awards at the 13th Empire Awards, organised by Empire, including Best Film, David Yates won Best Director. Yates later received the BAFTA Britannia Award for Artistic Excellence in Directing for his four Harry Potter films, which includes Order of the Phoenix.
Nicholas Hooper received a nomination for a World Soundtrack Discovery Award for his score to the film. Imelda Staunton was nominated in the "British Actress in a Supporting Role '' category at the London Film Critics Circle Awards. At the 2008 BAFTA Awards, the film was nominated for "Best Production Design '' and "Best Special Visual Effects ''. Order of the Phoenix was also nominated for the awards from the Art Directors Guild and Costume Designers Guild, and was awarded for "Outstanding Special Effects in a Motion Picture '' by the Visual Effects Society out of six nominations. The British Academy Children 's Awards (BAFTA) nominated Order of the Phoenix for Best Feature Film in 2007 and the Hugo Awards nominated the film for Best Dramatic Presentation (Long Form) in 2008.
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who sings the pokemon indigo league theme song | Jason Paige - wikipedia
Jason Paige (born January 6, 1969) is an American singer, writer, record producer, stage, film, and television actor. Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon television series.
He is an alumnus of Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School and the Experimental Theatre Wing at New York University.
Paige was the very best like no one ever was, as he sung the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon anime. He also sings "Viridian City '' and sings as a background vocalist for the Pokémon 2. B.A. Master soundtrack. In an interview with the New York Post in 2016, Paige did not expect the song to become popular. In fact, he said that he "did n't really know much about Pokémon when I did the demo, other than (that) a scene in the cartoon caused a giant bout of epileptic seizures in Japan '', referring to the infamous episode "Dennō Senshi Porygon. '' As a vocalist Paige toured for a year as the lead singer for the band Blood Sweat & Tears. He has sung and beat - boxed with Aerosmith on tour and on the Howard Stern re-mix of the hit single "Pink ''. Paige sang backgrounds for Michael Jackson and is the rap soloist for the song "Black or White '', which was performed at Michael Jackson 's 30th Anniversary concert at Madison Square Garden. His one - man show is filled with socio - political sexual - logical musical parody, con - fessions, and impersonations.
He can be heard singing backgrounds on The Art of McCartney tribute CD behind Billy Joel, Roger Daltrey, Kiss, Smokey Robinson and others, On the Elite Beat Agents soundtrack, he sings "Canned Heat '' and "Walkie Talkie Man. '' Paige can also be heard on hundreds of various jingles, including Mountain Dew 's "Bohemian Rhapsody '' and Pepto - Bismol 's "Nausea Heartburn Indigestion ''. He has written a number of songs for the TV series Rob & Big. His voice can also be heard in the Disney TV movie, The Color of Friendship, "The Jersey Boys '', "Annie '' with Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy in the last "Muppet Movie '' and a character or two in "Sausage Party ''. He has also performed with famous artists such as Foreigner, The Scorpions, Meat Loaf, Frankie Valli, Liza Minnelli, and Enrique Iglesias, Oleta Adams, among many others. He has written and produced for Shoshana Bean, Becky Baeling, Mike Weaver and Suzie McNeil.
As an actor, he can be seen as Peter in An Argentinian in New York, as a choir singer in A Walk to Remember, as the voice over for Buttmeister in Meet the Spartans, as a medic in Make Yourself at Home, as a student in Election, and as a parent in The Hustler. From 1995 to 2000, he produced and starred in his own musical comedy sketch show, The What 's Up Show, which showed on Manhattan cable TV.
On the stage, he appeared in the 2010 production of Rent at the Hollywood Bowl, as Joe in Frank Zappa 's Joe 's Garage at the Open Fist Theatre Company, and as Travis in Ty Taylor 's The Existents at the Open Fist Theatre Company. He has also done productions of The Who 's Tommy, Godspell, Jesus Christ Superstar, and Hair. He has performed at Scott Nevins and Ryan O'Connor's Musical Mondays in Los Angeles, as well as Rockwell 's For The Record series in the Coen Brothers, Baz Luhrmann, John Hughes, The Marshalls, Quentin Tarantino, Robert Zemeckis, Pau Thomas Anderson and Scorsese shows. He won a Broadwayworld.com award and an Ovation nomination for his portrayal of Frankie in Fortherecordlive 's production of "Scoresese an American Crime Drama '' produced at The Wallis Annenberg in October 2016.
He has co-written two musicals, "BOX '' and "Writing Pictures '' produced at Hartford 's Bushnell Theatre for Black History Month, based on Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin. And "A Tribute To Irwin Price '' Performed at Open Fist Theater.
During the 2012 primary election, Paige himself sang a parody of the Pokémon Theme in support of the Republican candidate Ron Paul. In an interview with Spin Magazine in 2016, Paige said he was inspired by Paul 's message of liberty. Later that year, Paige completed a year - long run as the lead singer for Blood, Sweat & Tears and recorded a rock interpretation of the carol Silent Night for an episode of the YouTube series Hellbenders. He is a long time member of Broadway Inspirational Voices and has appeared at Mandalay Bay 's LIGHT in For The Record Baz named after the director Baz Luhrmann.
In response to the massive popularity of the Pokémon Go mobile game, Paige re-recorded the theme during the height of the game 's popularity in July 2016. Later that month, Paige sang another parody of theme song featuring Dwayne Johnson as a Pokémon. He performed the song in Los Angeles as well. In October 2016 He released his anthem "a tribute to Pokemon Go '' as a sister theme to the original.
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what does it mean when ears are low set | Low - set ears - Wikipedia
Low - set ears are ears with depressed positioning of the pinnae two or more standard deviations below the population average.
It can be associated with conditions such as:
It is usually bilateral, but it can be unilateral in Goldenhar syndrome.
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what do you mean by international business explain its components | International business - wikipedia
International business refers to the trade of goods, services, technology, capital and / or knowledge at a global level.
It involves cross-border transactions of goods and services between two or more countries. Transactions of economic resources include capital, skills, and people for the purpose of the international production of physical goods and services such as finance, banking, insurance, and construction. International business is also known as globalization.
To conduct business overseas, multinational companies need to separate national markets into one global marketplace. There are two macro factors that underline the trend of greater globalization. The first consists of eliminating barriers to make cross-border trade easier (e.g. free flow of goods and services, and capital). The second is technological change, particularly developments in communication, information processing, and transportation technologies.
"International business '' is also defined as the study of the internationalization process of multinational enterprises. A multinational enterprise (MNE) is a company that has a worldwide approach to markets, production and / or operations in several countries. Well - known MNEs include fast - food companies such as: McDonald 's (MCD), YUM (YUM), Starbucks Coffee Company (SBUX), Microsoft (MSFT), etc. Other industrial MNEs leaders include vehicle manufacturers such as: Ford Motor Company, and General Motors (GMC). Some consumer - electronics producers such as Samsung, LG and Sony, and energy companies such as Exxon Mobil, and British Petroleum. Multinational enterprises range from any kind of business activity or market, from consumer goods to machinery manufacture; a company can become an international business. Therefore, to conduct business overseas, companies should be aware of all the factors that might affect any business activities, including, but not limited to: difference in legal systems, political systems, economic policy, language, accounting standards, labor standards, living standards, environmental standards, local cultures, corporate cultures, foreign - exchange markets, tariffs, import and export regulations, trade agreements, climate, education. Each of these factors may require changes in how companies operate from one country to the next. Each factor makes a difference and a connection.
One of the first scholars to engage in developing a theory of multinational companies was Stephen Hymer. Throughout his academic life, he developed theories that sought to explain foreign direct investment and why firms become multinational.
There were three phases according to Hymer 's work. The first phase of Hymer 's work was his dissertation in 1960 called the International Operations of National Firms. In this thesis, the author departs from neoclassical theory and opens up a new area of international production. At first, Hymer started analyzing neoclassical theory and the financial investment, where the main reason for capital movement is the difference in interest rates. Then, he started analyzing the characteristics of foreign investment by large companies for production and direct business purposes, calling this Foreign Direct Investment. By analyzing the two types of investments, Hymer distinguished financial investment from direct investment. The main distinguishing feature was control. Portfolio investment is a more passive approach, and the main purpose is financial gain, whereas foreign direct investment a firm has control over the operations abroad. So, the traditional theory of investment based on differential interest rates does not explain the motivations for foreign direct investment (FDI).
According to hymer, there are two main determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) where an imperfect market structure is the key element. The first is the firm - specific advantages which are developed at the specific companies home country and, profitably, used in the foreign country. The second determinant is the removal of control where Hymer wrote: "When firms are interconnected, they compete in selling in the same market or one of the firms may sell to the other, '' and because of this "it may be profitable to substitute centralized decision - making for decentralized decision - making ''.
The second phase is his neoclassical article in 1968 that includes a theory of internationalization and explains the direction of growth of the international expansion of firms. In a later stage, Hymer went to a more Marxist approach where he explains that MNC as agents of an international capitalist system causing conflict and contradictions, causing among other inequality and poverty in the world. Hymer is the father of the theory of MNE ", and explains the motivations for companies doing direct business abroad.
Among modern economic theories of multinationals and foreign direct investment are internalization theory and John Dunning 's OLI paradigm. Dunning was widely known for his research in economics of international direct investment and the multinational enterprise. His OLI paradigm, in particular, remains as the predominant theoretical contribution to study international business topics. Hymer and Dunning are considered founders of international business as a specialist field of study.
The conduct of international operations depends on a company 's objectives and the means with which they carry them out. The operations affect and are affected by the physical and societal factors and the competitive environment.
All firms that want to go international have one goal in common; the desire to increase their respective economic values when engaging in international trade transactions. To accomplish this goal, each firm must develop its individual strategy and approach to maximize value, lower costs, and increase profits. A firm 's value creation is the difference between V (the value of the product being sold) and C (the cost of production per each product sold).
Value creation can be categorized as: Primary activities (R&D, production, marketing and sales, customer service) and as Support activities (Information systems, logistics, human resources). All of these activities must be managed effectively and be consistent with the firm strategy. However, the success of firms that extend internationally depends on the goods or services sold and on the firm 's core competencies (Skills within the firm that competitors can not easily match or imitate). For a firm to be successful, the firm 's strategy must be consistent with the environment in which the firm operates. Therefore, the firm needs to change its organizational structure to reflect changes in the setting in which they are operating and the strategy they are pursuing.
Once a firm decides to enter a foreign market, it must decide on a mode of entry. There are six different modes to enter a foreign market, and each mode has pros and cons that are associated with it. The firm must decide which mode is most appropriately aligned with the company 's goals and objectives. The six different modes of entry are exporting, turnkey projects, licensing, franchising, establishing joint ventures with a host - country firm, or setting up a new wholly owned subsidiary in the host country.
The first entry mode is exporting. Exporting is manufacturing the product in a centralized location and exporting it to other national markets. In this way, the firm may realize a substantial scale of economies from its global sales revenue. As an example, many Japanese automakers made inroads into the U.S. market through exporting. There are two primary advantages to exporting: Avoidance of the high costs of establishing manufacturing in a host country and gaining an experience curve. Some possible disadvantages to exporting are high transport costs and high tariff barriers.
The second entry mode is a Turnkey project. In a turnkey project, an independent contractor is hired by the company to oversee all of the preparation for entering a foreign market. Once the preparation is complete and the end of the contract is reached, the plant is turned over to the company fully ready for operation.
Licensing and franchising are two additional entry modes that are similar in operation. Licensing allows a licensor to grant the rights to an intangible property to the licensee for a specified period of time for a royalty fee. Franchising, on the other hand, is a specialized form of licensing in which the franchisor sells the intangible property to the franchisee, and also forces the franchisee operate as dictated by the franchisor.
Lastly, a joint venture and wholly owned subsidiary are two more entry modes in international business. A joint venture is when a firm created is jointly owned by two or more companies (Most joint venture are 50 - 50 percent partnership). This is in contrast with a wholly owned subsidiary, when a firm owns 100 percent of the stock of a company in a foreign country because it has either set up a new operation or acquires an established firm in that country.
Exports and imports of merchandise:
Strategic variables affect the choice of entry mode for multinational corporation expansion beyond their domestic markets. These variables are global concentration, global synergies, and global strategic motivations of MNC.
To achieve success in penetrating a foreign market and remaining profitable, efforts must be directed towards the planning and execution of Phase I. The use of conventional SWOT analysis, market research, cultural researches, will give the firm the appropriate tools to reduce risk of failure abroad. Risks that arise from poor planning include: large expenses in marketing, administration and product development (with no sales), disadvantages derived from local or federal laws of a foreign country, lack of popularity because of a saturated market, vandalism of physical property due to instability of country, etc. There are also cultural risks when entering a foreign market, lack of research and understanding of local customs can lead to alienation of locals and brand dissociation. Strategic risks can be defined as the uncertainties and untapped opportunities embedded in your strategic intent and how well they are executed. As such, they are key matters for the board and impinge on the whole business, rather than just an isolated unit.
A company has to be conscious about the production costs to not waste time and money. If the expenditures and costs are controlled, it will create an efficient production and help the internationalization. Operational risk is the prospect of loss resulting from inadequate or failed procedures, systems or policies. Employee errors. Systems failures. Fraud or other criminal activity. Any event that disrupts business processes.
How a government governs a country can affect the operations of a firm. The government might be corrupt, hostile, totalitarian, etc., and has a negative image around the globe. A firm 's reputation can change if it operates in a country controlled by that type of government. Also, an unstable political situation can be a risk for multinational firms. Elections or any political event that is unexpected can change a country 's situation and put a firm in an awkward position. Political risks are the likelihood that politicalforces will cause drastic changes in a country 's business environment that hurt the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. Political risk tends to be greater in countries experiencing social unrest. When political risk is high, there is a high probability that a change will occur in the country 's political environment that will endanger foreign firms there. Corrupt foreign governments may also take over the company without warning as seen in Venezuela.
Technological progress brings many benefits, but some disadvantages, including "lack of security in electronic transactions, the cost of developing new technology... the fact that this new technology may fail, and, when all of these are coupled with the outdated existing technology, (the fact that) the result may create a dangerous effect in doing business in the international arena. ''
Companies that establish a subsidiary or factory abroad need to be conscious about the externalizations they will produce, as some may have negative effects such as noise or pollution. This may cause aggravation to the people living there, which in turn can lead to a conflict. People want to live in a clean and quiet environment, without pollution or unnecessary noise. If a conflict arises, this may lead to a negative change in customer 's perception of the company. Actual or potential threat of adverse effects on living organisms and environment by effluents, emissions, wastes, resource depletion, etc., arising out of an organization 's activities is considered to be risks of the environment. As new business leaders come to fruition in their careers, it will be increasingly important to curb business activities and externalizations that may hurt the environment.
These are the economic risks explained by Professor Okolo: "This comes from the inability of a country to meet its financial obligations. The changing of foreign - investment or / and domestic fiscal or monetary policies. The effect of exchange - rate and interest rate make it difficult to conduct international business. '' Moreover, it can be a risk for a company to operate in a country and they may experience an unexpected economic crisis after establishing the subsidiary. Economic risks is the likelihood that economic management will cause drastic changes in a country 's business environment that hurt the profit and other goals of a business enterprise. In practice, the biggest problem arising from economic mismanagement has been inflation. Historically many governments have expanded their domestic money supplying misguided attempts to stimulate economic activity.
According to Professor Okolo: "This area is affected by the currency exchange rate, government flexibility in allowing the firms to repatriate profits or funds outside the country. The devaluation and inflation will also affect the firm 's ability to operate at an efficient capacity and still be stable. '' Furthermore, the taxes that a company has to pay might be advantageous or not. It might be higher or lower in the host countries. Then "the risk that a government will indiscriminately change the laws, regulations, or contracts governing an investment -- or will fail to enforce them -- in a way that reduces an investor 's financial returns is what we call ' policy risk. ' ''
Terrorism is a voluntary act of violence towards a group (s) of people. In most cases, acts of terrorism is derived from hatred or ignorance of religious, political and cultural beliefs. An example was the infamous 9 / 11 attacks were labeled as terrorism due to the unacceptable of western culture by the radical Islamic groups. Terrorism not only affects civilians, but it also damages corporations and other businesses. These effects may include: physical vandalism or destruction of property, sales declining due to frightened consumers and governments issuing public safety restrictions. Firms engaging in international business will find it difficult to operate in a country that has an uncertain assurance of safety from these attacks.
Bribery is the act of receiving or soliciting of any items or services of value to influence the actions of a party with public or legal obligations. This is considered to an unethical form of practicing business and can have legal repercussions. Firm that want to operate legally should instruct employees to not involve themselves or the company in such activities. Companies should avoid doing business in countries where unstable forms of government exist as it could bring unfair advantages against domestic business and / or harm the social fabric of the citizens.
There has been growth in globalization in recent decades due to (at least) the following eight factors:
Managers in international business must understand social science disciplines and how they affect different functional business fields.
To maintain and achieve successful business operations in foreign nations, you must understand how variations in culture and traditions across nations effect business practices. This idea is known as cultural literacy. Considering strategy when entering foreign markets can become complicated when you only have your own home country 's culture to refer to. This can create a blind spot during the decision making process and result in ethnocentrism. Education on international business introduces the student to new concepts that can be applicable in international dilemmas such as marketing and operations.
A considerable advantage in international business is gained through the knowledge and use of language. Advantages of being an international businessperson who is fluent in the local language include the following:
In many cases, it plays a crucial role it is truly impossible to gain an understanding of a culture 's buying habits without first taking the time to understand the culture. Examples of the benefit of understanding local culture include the following:
The international business standards focus on the following:
By focusing on these, students will gain a better understanding of Political economy. These are tools that would help future business people bridge the economic and political gap between countries.
There is an increasing amount of demand for business people with an education in international business. A survey conducted by Thomas Patrick from University of Notre Dame concluded that bachelor 's degree and master 's degree holders felt that the training received through education were very practical in the working environment. Increasingly, companies are sourcing their human resource requirement globally. Sony Corporation, for example has only fifty percent of its employees who are Japanese. Business people with an education in international business also had a significantly higher chance of being sent abroad to work under the international operations of a firm.
The following table provides descriptions of higher education in international business and its benefits.
- General or operations managers ($95,000) *
- Economists ($91,000) *
- Internship or study abroad program
- Foreign language requirement
- At least 12 more graduate level courses
- Ph. D. qualifier exams
- Dissertation prospectus (proposal)
- Dissertation
- Teaching requirement
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that's why i say hey man nice shot | Hey Man Nice Shot - wikipedia
"Hey Man Nice Shot '' is a song by American rock band Filter, released on July 18, 1995 as the lead single from their debut studio album Short Bus.
The song was written about the public suicide of Pennsylvania state treasurer R. Budd Dwyer on January 22, 1987. Dwyer had been convicted on bribery charges in December 1986, and was expected to receive a long sentence from U.S. District Court Judge Malcolm Muir. Professing his innocence and decrying the legal system, Dwyer shot himself with a. 357 Magnum during a press conference.
Although singer and songwriter Richard Patrick frequently clarified this in interviews, as well as the fact that he had first written the song in 1991 before the band even had a record deal, the song 's popularity was augmented by a widespread perception that it was about the 1994 suicide of Kurt Cobain.
There are at least three versions of the music video for "Hey Man Nice Shot ''. The first version uses the album mix of the song; a second uses the promo - only remix later heard in The Cable Guy; and a third version uses the "Sober Mix ''. All three of these versions feature footage filmed in December 1994, with color effects being added in during the post-production of the video.
Hey Man Nice Shot (U.S. promotional 12 - inch vinyl)
Hey Man Nice Shot (German Maxi - Single)
Hey Man Nice Shot (US Maxi - Single)
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don't want to go to mexico no more more more | Talk: clapping game / examples - wikipedia
This talk page contains examples of clapping game variations. These examples are candidates for Wikisource. Cited examples may anda6 should be placed on talk page.
alternate lyrics:
Shame, shame, shame, I do n't want to go to Hollywood no more, more, more. There 's a fake Michael Jackson at the door, door, door. Grabbed me by the hips, kissed me on the lips, I do n't want to go to Hollywood no more, more, more SHAME! -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.194. 118.238 (talk) 04: 39, 27 July 2014 (UTC)
Uno, dos, siete
"I 'm alive (6, 7, 8, 9, 10) "I am dead again ''
The first part (uno, dos, siete) is done by both people linking their pinkies, but crossed. So, one person 's left pinkie is with the other person 's right, and so on. Each word, you cross the pinkies over and under. The next part (I said an east, a west) is done "individually ''. When "east '' and "west '' and said, each person puts their right hand on their left shoulder and their left hand on their right shoulder, respectively. The rest of the handclap is done by a fast tempo. When time comes for "quick, quick, quick '', the clapping is quick so each word gets a clap, do it with both hands.
Charlie Brown Went Downtown I went downtown to see james Brown, he gave me a nickel, to buy a pickle, but the pickle was sour, so he gave me a flower, the flower was dead so this is what he said "Down down baby, down by the rollercoaster, sweet sweet baby, never going to let you go, Shimmee shimmee cocoa pop, shimmee shimmee pow. he gave me a bowl the bowl was crap so he gave me a smack A Slightly Different Version of Charlie Brown
My mummy is a baker, yummy yummy, big fat tummy My daddy is a trash man, smelly smelly smelly smelly My sister is a show - off, do you like it, do you like it My brother is a thicko, what 's that, what 's that?
~ or ~
My mommy is a baker, yummy yummy, fat tummy My daddy is a dentist, gummy gummy, gummy gummy My sister is a show - off, (blow kisses four times) My brother is a cowboy, BANG BANG, You 're dead Fifty bullets in your head, one here, and one there, and one went down your UNDERWEAR!
Another variant is to use your own family!
Country girls are pretty Lay them in the grass Start at the ankles And work up to the head
She also had a duck Took it behind the kitchen door And taught it how to... Fry eggs for dinner Fry eggs for tea The more you eat The more you drink The more you need to... Pe - ter had a boat The boat began to rock Up came Jaws and bit him on the... Cock - tail, ginger ale Forty cents a glass If you do n't like it Shove it up your... Ask no questions Tell no lies I saw a policeman doing up his... Flies are bad Mosquitos are worse And this is the end of my dirty little verse
I hate u, I hate u U do n't know me I know u
tweet, tweet, tweet to the rhythm of the beat We 're gon na rock in the tree tops all day long - Huffin ' and a'puffin ' and a'singin ' that song! All the little children on Jaybird Street - Love to hear the Robins go, "Tweet, Tweet, Tweet! ''
Rockin ' Robins! "Tweet - tweedleet! '' Rockin ' Robins! "Tweet - tweedleet! '' Oh, Rockin ' Robins ' gon na really really rock, tonight!
Mama 's in the kitchen, cookin ' rice! Papa 's down - staris shotting dice! Sister 's in school, actin ' like a fool! Brother 's in jail, drinkin ' ginger ale!
Rockin ' Robins! "Tweet - tweedleet! '' Rockin ' Robins! "Tweet - tweedleet! '' Oh, Rockin ' Robins ' gon na really really rock, tonight!
mama in the kitchen, burnin that rice papa on the corner, shootin that dice brothers in jail, raisin up hell sisters sellin ' fruit cocktail
Rockin ' Robins! "Tweet - tweedleet! '' Rockin ' Robins! "Tweet - tweedleet! '' Oh, Rockin ' Robins ' gon na really really rock, tonight!
Miss Mary Mack, mack, mack All dressed in black, black, black With silver buttons, buttons, buttons All down her back, back, back She asked her mother, mother, mother for 50 cents, cents, cents To see the elephants, elephants, elephants Jump over the fence, fence, fence She jumped so high, high, high She touched the sky, sky, sky And never came back back back ' till the 4th of July, ly, ly!
You first start out with crossing your right hand on your left shoulder and your left hand your right shoulder, then you slap your thighs and clap your hands, then you clap your partners hands (your right to her right, then her left to your left) 3 times and then you repeat crossing your arms and so on until you have finished the song.
Miss Mary Mack, Mack, Mack, All dressed in black, black, black, she has a knife, knife, knife, stuck in her back, back, back, she can not breathe, breathe, breathe, she can not cry, cry, cry, that 's why she begs, begs, begs, she begs to die, die, die.
Ms. Sue, Ms. Sue Ms. Sue from Alabama Her real name is Suezana she was Sitting in a rocking chair Eating BABY crackers Watching the clock go Tick tock, tick tock, tick tock banana rock Tick tock, tick tock, tick tock banana rock ABCDEFG Wash those cooties off of me banana banana banana split cherry cherry cherry armpit bet u cant bet u cant bet u cant freeze
= = = Ms. Sue = = = (alternate on LI, NY) Ms. Sue (2 claps) Ms Sue (2 claps) Ms. Sue from Alabama, her real name 's Suzy Anna Sitting on a rocker, eating Betty Crocker Watching the clocker going Tick Tock Tick Tock, banana rock Tick Tock Tick Tock, banana rock ABCDEFG, Wash those spots right off of me HIJKLMNOP, I got plastic surgery Moocha Moocha, I know karate (pose) Moocha Moocha, I love my mommy (hug) Moocha Moocha, oops! I 'm sorry! (push opponent as hard as you can) Moocha Moocha freeze! Whoever moves is American cheese! (first to move - even an eye twitch or a blink loses!)
= = = Ms. Sue (PA Version) = = = Ms. Sue from Alabama Alaska Nebraska (regular clapping, clapping each others hands) Sitting in a rocking chair eating baby crackers (put hands to your mouth and pretend to eat the crackers) and watching the clock go (move arms back and forth sorta like windshield washers) tick tock tick tock fanally ally tick tock tick tock fanally ally ABCDEFG Wipe those crumbs right off of me (Clap for each letter, then wipe off your lap to remove the "crumbs '') Mooshga Mooshga Mooshga Freeze (place hands together with interlaced fingers, palms open and faced away from you, clap hands with the other person, then for Freeze, form a fake gun towards the other person)
Now let 's do it in Chinese (normal clapping game style clapping with the other person) I went to a Chinese Bakery to buy a load of bread bread bread (clap both hands together with the other person on each "bread '') He put it in the oven and this is what he said said said (clap both hands together with the other person on each "said '') My name is KI Pickle I Pickle IKI Chinese Chopsticks Walla Walla Whiskey Chow, Pow, Oww (praying hands and bow, right hands fake punch the other persons left eye, left hand to cover left eye, on each word) Milk my purple cow (one person arranges their hands so their fingers are interlaced, palms outwards from them, and their thumbs are down, the other person "milks '' the "udders '' (the thumbs) of the other person 's hands) Meow! (run fingers backwards over cheeks (whiskers) then place fingers as ears for the cat on their head in upside down V 's) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605: A000: 122D: 4069: AC94: 180A: 4298: 9E10 (talk) 14: 39, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
= = = Ms. Sue = = = (Midwestern Version)
Ms. Sue (2 claps) Ms. Sue (2 claps) (Begin clapping hands across body. Person A 's right hand claps with Person 's B 's right hand... etc) Ms. Sue from Alabama, Alaska, Nebraska. Was sitting in a rocking chair Eatin ' Betty Crocker. (Put your hands together like you 're praying and move your wrists like a clock 's arms. Tilt you head as you say and do it.) Watching the clock go tick - tock - tick - tock banana - wana (point at your head, and move your fingers around in circles.) tick tock tick tock (repeat ' clock hands ') banana - wana (repeat ' crazy hands ') A-B-C-D-E-F-G (poke at own chest) Wipe those crumbs right off me me. (wipe off crumbs) I bet you ca n't (waggle finger at opponent) I bet you ca n't (repeat finger waggle) I bet you ca n't (repeat finger waggle) FREEZE! (both freeze. First to move loses) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.51. 94.138 (talk) 18: 52, 8 February 2013 (UTC)
Miss Moo, Miss Moo, Miss Moo from out of space, Rocking in a rocking chair Eating candy floss Watching the clock go tick tock tick tock bananarama Tick tock tick tock bananarama ABCDEFG Watching the stars jump out of me Moonshine moonshine moonshine FREEZE! Vashti (talk) 01: 42, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
Miss Suzy lost her money She called the bank to help, (ring ring) Miss Suzy went to heaven the Teller went to... Hello operator Please give me number nine And if you disconnect me I will chop off your... Behind the ' fridgerator There was a piece of glass Miss Suzy sat upon it Broke her little...
Ask me no more questions Tell me no more lies The boys are in the bathroom Zipping up their... Flies are in the meadow The bees are in the park Miss Suzy and her boyfriend Are kissing in the...
D-A-R-K D-A-R-K dark, dark, dark Darker than the ocean Darker than the sea Darker than the underware my mommie puts on me My mother is Godzilla My father is King Kong My brother is the stupid one Who made me sing this song
-- OR --
Ms. Suzy had a tugboat her tugboat had a bell (ding ding) ms. suzy went to heaven her tugboat went to hello operator give me number nine and if yyou disconnect me ill paddle your behind the fridgerator sat a peice of glass ms. suzy sat upon it and broke her big fat ask me no more questions tell me no more lies the boys are in the bathroom zipping up their flies are in the madow the bees are in the park ms. suzy and her boyfriends are kissing in the D-A-R-K D-A-R-K Dark dark dark The dark is like a movie a movies like a show a show is like t.v. and thats not all i know i know my mom i know i know my dad my sister is the one with a hundered acre bra my mom is godzilla my dad is kingkong my brother is the stupid one who taught me this dumb song!
Different ending: Ms. Suzy and her boyfriend are kissing in the D.A.R.K.D.A.R.K. dark dark dark, i know i know my mother, i know i know my pop, i know i know my sister - with the 14 acre bra bra bra
Different ending: ms. suzy and her boyfriend are kissing in the D-A-R-K Dark is like a movie a movie 's like a show a show is like a commercial and that is all I know. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Sabrinahope (talk contribs) 03: 49, 29 November 2013 (UTC)
= = Another version = = Miss Suzy had a tug boat her tugboat had a bell Miss Suzy went to heaven, her steamboat went to hello operator please give me number 9 and if you disconnect me i 'll kick you from behind the fridgerator there was a piece of glass Miss Suzy slipped upon it and broke her big fat ask me no more questions tell me no more lies the boys are in the bathroom zipping up their flies are in the city bees are in the park ms suzy and her boyfriend are kissing in the dark darker than the ocean darker than the sea darker than the big fat cat chasing after me me me
(Also could be, "darker than the black boy chasing after me me me '' or "darker than the black panties that my mommy gave to me me me '') -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 2605: A000: 122D: 4069: AC94: 180A: 4298: 9E10 (talk) 14: 47, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
My Auntie Anna plays the pia - na 24 hours a day SPLIT!
First you stand opposite your partner then use your right hand to clap against your partner 's right hand then hands together and keep on repeating until you say SPLIT! Then you split your legs. The first person to fall down ' loses. ' It can also be played in a circle by clapping your hands together and against your neighbour 's.
Say Say Oh play mate Come out and play with me. And bring your dollies three, Climb up my apple tree. Slide down my rainbow, Into my cellar door, And we 'll be jolly friends Forever more more more more more!
So sorry playmate, I can not play with you. My dolly has the flu, She 'll cry boo hoo hoo hoo. Ai n't got no rain barrel, Ai n't got no cellar door. But we 'll be jolly friends. Forever more more more more more!
One of your palms face up and the other down (same as your partner) clap together then against each other (push) and then your hands together. Repeat.
Cherry Cherry Ding dong I know Karate (Chop your arm) Cherry Cherry ding dong Oops I 'm sorry (hit each other on forehead) Cherry Cherry Ding dong I 'm telling mommy (turn around cross arms) Cherry Cherry Ding dong I 'm such a hottie (put one hand on hip and fan your face with the othe) Cherry Cherry Ding dong Crisscross apple sauce, if you cross you know you lost (crisscross your legs, by the end if your legs are crossed "you know you lost '')
Mary had a little lamb,
she tied him to the heater,
every time he turned around,
he burned his little...
Peter, peter, pumpkin eater,
had a wife but could n't keep her,
so he put her in a shot gun shell,
and shot her all the way to...
Hello operator, give me number nine,
if you disconnect me,
I 'll kick you in the...
Behind the iron curtain,
there was a piece of glass,
when Mary sat upon it,
she hurt her little...
Ask me no more questions,
I 'll tell you no more lies,
and that 's the end of Mary,
and her little l-l-l - lies. -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.85. 208.217 (talk) 09: 13, 18 July 2016 (UTC)
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is the dark tower movie just the first book | The Dark Tower (2017 film) - wikipedia
The Dark Tower is a 2017 American dark fantasy western film directed and co-written by Nikolaj Arcel. A continuation of Stephen King 's novel series of the same name, the film stars Idris Elba as Roland Deschain, a gunslinger on a quest to protect the Dark Tower -- a mythical structure which supports all realities -- while Matthew McConaughey plays his nemesis, Walter Padick, the Man in Black, and Tom Taylor stars as Jake Chambers, a New York boy who becomes Roland 's apprentice.
Intended to launch a film and television franchise, the first installment combines elements from several novels in the eight - volume series, and takes place in both modern - day New York City and in Mid-World, Roland 's Old West - style parallel universe. The film also serves as a canonical sequel to the novel series, which concludes with the revelation that Roland 's quest is a cyclical time loop; the presence of the Horn of Eld, which Roland carries in the film, indicates that this is the next cycle.
The Dark Tower premiered at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on July 31, 2017, and was theatrically released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on August 4, 2017. It has grossed $113 million worldwide against its production budget of $60 million, and received generally negative reviews, with critics calling it "a dull disappointment without any set audience: incomprehensible to newbies, and wildly unfaithful and simplistic to fans of King 's books, '' though Elba 's performance earned some praise.
Eleven - year - old Jake Chambers experiences visions involving a Man in Black who seeks to destroy a Tower and bring ruin to the Universe, and a Gunslinger who opposes him. Jake 's mother, stepfather, and psychiatrists dismiss these as dreams resulting from the trauma of his father 's death the previous year.
At his apartment home in New York City, a group of workers from an alleged psychiatric facility offer to rehabilitate Jake; recognizing them from his visions as monsters wearing human skin, he flees. Jake tracks down an abandoned house from one of his visions, discovers a high - tech portal, and travels to a post-apocalyptic world called Mid-World.
In Mid-World, Jake encounters the last Gunslinger, Roland Deschain who emerged in his visions. Roland is pursuing Walter Padick, the Man in Black who had also appeared in Jake 's dreams, across a desert, seeking to kill him in revenge for the murder of his father, Steven, and all remaining gunslingers. He explains that Walter, over the decades, has been abducting psychic children, and is attempting to use their "shine '' to bring down the Dark Tower, a fabled structure located at the center of the Universe; this will allow beings from the darkness outside to invade and destroy reality.
Roland takes Jake to a village to have his visions interpreted by a seer. Learning of Jake 's escape and journey to Mid-World, Walter investigates and discovers from his minion Sayre that Jake has "pure Shine '', i.e. enough psychic potential to destroy the Tower single - handedly. He kills Jake 's stepfather, then interrogates his mother about his visions and kills her too. In Mid-World, the seer determines that the machine is six months away on foot and portal access is restricted to Walter 's bases. Jake realizes that Walter has a base in New York that they can use to reach the machine. Walter 's minions, the Taheen, attack the village, but Roland individually kills each of them. Roland and Jake return to Earth where Jake gets Roland 's injuries treated at a hospital and learns the location of Walter 's base from a homeless man that had earlier helped him. When Jake returns home to check in on his mother, he finds her charred remains and breaks down. Roland vows to kill Walter "for both of us '' and comforts Jake by teaching him the Gunslinger 's Creed, which he has n't uttered since his own father 's death, as well as the basics of gun fighting.
As Roland re-arms himself at a gun store, he is attacked by Walter, who captures Jake and takes him through a portal at his base to a machine that will use Jake to destroy the Tower. Jake uses his psychic powers to alert Roland to the portal code he needs, and Roland battles his way through Walter 's henchmen and reopens the portal which Jake forces to stay open. Walter is forced to return to New York to fight Roland and wounds him. After Jake reminds him of the Gunslinger 's Creed, Roland recovers and kills Walter with a trick shot after a brief fight. Roland destroys the machine, saving the Tower, Jake, and the other children.
Afterwards, Roland says that he must return to his own world and offers Jake a place by his side as his companion. Jake accepts the offer as he has nowhere else to go, and the two depart for Mid-World.
Efforts to adapt The Dark Tower series for the screen have been ongoing since 2007, with periodic reports and official announcements. The project was shelved, before the rights were transitioned to a different production company. Development experienced starts and stops with various filmmakers and studios at different times, including Universal Pictures, Paramount, Columbia - Tristar Entertainment, and Lionsgate Entertainment. The adaptation went through three major phases of planning: with J.J. Abrams from 2007 to 2009, Ron Howard from 2010 to 2015, and finally, the current iteration, announced in March 2015, produced by Sony Pictures Entertainment and Media Rights Capital, with Nikolaj Arcel directing and Howard remaining in a producing role.
By early February 2007, a film adaptation of The Dark Tower series was in the works. J.J. Abrams, co-creator of the television series Lost, was said to be attached to produce and direct. Carlton Cuse and Damon Lindelof, who co-created Lost with Abrams, optioned The Dark Tower from King for a reported amount of $19, a number that mysteriously recurs throughout the series. According to issue # 923 of Entertainment Weekly, King "is an ardent supporter of (Lost) and trusts Abrams to translate his vision '' into a film franchise, with Lindelof being "the leading candidate to write the screenplay for the first installment. '' It was around this time that Marvel Comics launched their graphic novel adaptation of The Dark Tower with The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born. Later, in March 2007, Abrams noted in an interview with Wired that the project is "something that we are just now talking about with Stephen, so it 's too early for me to say that we 're even officially doing it yet just because the thing is in the early stages of discussion. ''
A year later, in February 2008, Abrams reiterated that The Dark Tower adaptation was in the early stages of development, when interviewed by Reelz Channel. When interviewed by AMC in September 2008, Abrams admitted that the project needs time he does not have because of Lost, especially since he would like to see a seven - film series (the eighth novel was published in 2012). However, in May 2009, Abrams stated to IGN that he and Lindelof were planning on beginning work on The Dark Tower as soon as Lost finished its run. Speaking to MTV News around the same time, Lindelof revealed some apprehension regarding the project, noting that his "reverence for Stephen King is now getting in the way of what any good writer would do first when they 're adapting a book, which is take creative license. '' In a July 2009 interview with C21 Media, Lindelof revealed that he and Cuse had indeed optioned the rights for The Dark Tower, but said he was wary about committing to such an ambitious project: "The idea of taking on something that massive again after having done six seasons of Lost is intimidating and slightly frightening, to say the least. ''
With these reservations being voiced by the producers, this initial phase of the project came to an end at the end of 2009 after three years, since this was a three - year option. In an interview with USA Today in October 2009, Damon Lindelof stated: "You 'll be hard - pressed to find a huger fan of The Dark Tower than me, but that 's probably the reason that I should n't be the one to adapt it. After working six years on Lost, the last thing I want to do is spend the next seven years adapting one of my favorite books of all time. I 'm such a massive Stephen King fan that I 'm terrified of screwing it up. I 'd do anything to see those movies written by someone else. My guess is they will get made because they 're so incredible. But not by me. '' Finally, in November 2009, Abrams stated that he would not be adapting the series. During an interview with MTV News, Abrams made the following comments: "The Dark Tower thing is tricky. The truth is that Damon and I are not looking at that right now. ''
In April 2010, five months after Abrams revealed he would no longer pursue his adaptation of The Dark Tower, Universal Pictures was set to produce trilogy of feature films, alternating with two seasons of a television series to bridge gaps between the films. The involved parties included Akiva Goldsman writing the script, Ron Howard directing, and also producing with Brian Grazer and Stephen King. The report was made official by NBC Universal five months later via a press release dated September 8, 2010. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly following the announcement, King stated that "I always thought it would take more than a single movie, but I did n't see this solution coming -- i.e., several movies and TV series. It was Ron (Howard) and Akiva (Goldsman) 's idea. Once it was raised, I thought at once it was the solution. '' A month later, the first Dark Tower film was scheduled to open on May 17, 2013. In December 2010, Howard offered the following in regards to the project 's progress: "It is going well, and it has been incredibly stimulating to work on. I really ca n't stop thinking about it. We 've been meeting and talking and I 've been reading and researching and just kind of living with it. I hope it goes great. I hope it goes the way we think it will. It never does, really. But sometimes it goes better. '' Despite Howard 's enthusiasm, Universal had not yet greenlit the project at that point.
By the end of 2010 and the beginning of 2011, New York Post was reporting that Javier Bardem and Viggo Mortensen were in line to play the lead character of Roland Deschain, and Naomie Harris was being considered for the character of Susannah Dean. Speaking on The Howard Stern Show in January 2011 and qualifying his words with the phrase "I do n't know if it 's going to happen or not '', Howard said that after the first film, which would be more action - oriented, a six - episode television miniseries would follow, focusing more on character - driven drama. For his part, Brian Grazer stated around the same time that a casting announcement could be made "within a week. ''
By April 2011, Mark Verheiden was joining the television portion of the project as executive producer and Akiva Goldsman 's co-writer. The same month, Javier Bardem was cast in the role of Roland. However, just a month later, a report in Variety revealed that Universal may seek another studio 's help, as the project 's budget appeared to be more than they were willing to handle. The Hollywood Reporter wrote later that the project was on the verge of turnaround, and Warner Bros. or Columbia Pictures could potentially take the project on, revealing that Universal had paid $5 million for the rights. Shortly after that, Universal committed to a lower budget for the project and Goldsman began rewriting the script to reflect these changes.
Originally, production was slated to begin in September 2011, but in May 2011 it was being pushed back to February 2012 or early spring. The project was still not greenlit by the studio, which had to happen by July 2011. Then on July 18, 2011, Universal decided to cancel development of the entire project due to budgetary concerns. Despite this, Stephen King was confident Howard would see the project through, stating that he was "sorry Universal passed, but not really surprised. I bear them no ill will, and trust Ron Howard to get Roland and his friends before the camera somewhere else. He 's very committed to the project. '' In August 2011, Howard stated that they were "trying to get outside financing to make it, and distribute it through a major (studio) '', including the fact that Netflix might be an outlet. Later, in October 2011, Howard confirmed the adaptation is still on track, noting that HBO would now carry the television portion of the project.
By March 2012, Warner Bros. was expressing interested in taking on the project. Several months later, Goldsman delivered a new script for the first film to Warner Bros., and the studio had to make a decision in August 2012 whether to go ahead with the project. As well, Russell Crowe was being talked about as the lead character. On August 20, 2012, Warner Bros. officially passed. At the same time, Media Rights Capital (MRC) was in talks to take over the project from Warner.
In January 2014, Aaron Paul stated that he had a conversation with Howard and was possibly being considered to play Eddie Dean (earlier, in October 2012, Paul had tweeted that the role of Eddie Dean was a "huge dream '' of his). Following that, a rumor appeared that Liam Neeson was interested in the part of Roland.
On April 10, 2015, it was announced that Sony Pictures Entertainment with MRC were fast - tracking the project, now with a completely reworked script by Goldsman and Jeff Pinkner. King appeared optimistic, saying: "I 'm excited that The Dark Tower is finally going to appear on the screen. '' Howard appeared to be out as director, but would remain in a producing capacity. By June 2, 2015, Sony was looking to Nikolaj Arcel to direct. Arcel officially signed on July 10, 2015, with him and Anders Thomas Jensen rewriting the script. On August 5, 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment set the film for a release of January 13, 2017. By November 2015, Matthew McConaughey had been offered the role of the Man in Black (also known as Randall Flagg from The Stand, another role McConaughey had been offered in an upcoming adaptation). In January 2016, it was officially announced that Idris Elba has been cast to play Roland Deschain.
By February 18, 2016, Abbey Lee had been offered the role of Tirana. On March 1, 2016, Entertainment Weekly confirmed the casting of Idris Elba as Roland and Matthew McConaughey as The Man in Black, with shooting set to begin in South Africa in April. On March 5, Sony announced that the film would move back on the schedule from January 13 to February 17. By March 10, 2016, Tom Taylor had been cast as Jake Chambers. Filming began on April 12, 2016. Abbey Lee, Jackie Earle Haley, and Fran Kranz were added to the cast when filming commenced, while Katheryn Winnick and Michael Barbieri joined the film at the end of April 2016, and Claudia Kim was cast as Arra Champignon in May 2016. After poor initial test screenings, Sony contemplated replacing Arcel with "a more experienced filmmaker, '' but instead producers Ron Howard and Akiva Goldsman advised Arcel on cleaning up the music and narrative of the film.
The Dark Tower began filming in South Africa in April 2016. The film also shot scenes in New York. In October 2016, the film was screened to test audiences with negative results, with many labeling it confusing and messy. In response, Sony and MRC spent $6 million on reshoots to provide Deschain 's backstory.
Originally, the film was scheduled to be released on January 13, 2017 and was pushed back from its original release date of January 13, 2017 to February 17, 2017. In November 2016, the film was pushed back again from February 17, 2017 to July 28, 2017, after the studio 's Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle was moved from that date. In late March 2017, the film was pushed back one week from July 28, 2017 to August 4, 2017, switching places with Sony Pictures Animation 's The Emoji Movie.
An unfinished rough cut of the first trailer leaked online on October 10, 2016, but was later taken down almost all over the internet. On May 3, 2017, a full length trailer was released.
A one - minute television spot titled Connected KINGdom featured Easter eggs of other Stephen King stories through the inter-dimensional setting of the titular location, the Dark Tower. Various references included The Shining (1980), Christine (1983), Cujo (1983), Misery (1990), The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Carrie, and It.
The Dark Tower grossed $50.7 million in the United States and Canada and $62.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $113.2 million, against a production budget of $60 million.
In North America, The Dark Tower was released alongside the opening of Kidnap, as well as the wide expansion of Detroit, and was projected to gross around $20 million from 3,451 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $1.8 million from Thursday previews at 2,770 theaters, with screenings beginning at 7: 19 p.m. as an ode to the 19: 19 of Stephen King lore present in the book series, and $7.7 million on its first day. The film went on to debut to $19.5 million, dethroning two - time defender Dunkirk as the top film at the box office, although it was the second lowest gross for a film to finish number one in all of 2017. In its second weekend the film dropped 58.9 % to $7.9 million, finishing 4th at the box office.
Critics called The Dark Tower "boring and flavorless '' and "incomprehensible to newbies and wildly unfaithful and simplistic to fans of King 's books. '' On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 16 % based on 223 reviews, with an average rating of 4.1 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "Go then, there are other Stephen King adaptations than these. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 34 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B '' on an A+ to F scale, while comScore reported filmgoers gave a 69 % overall positive score and just a 43 % "definite recommend ''.
TheWrap 's Dan Callahan was critical of the film 's sloppiness and poor editing, saying, "The 95 - minute culmination of years - long efforts to bring The Dark Tower to the big screen is a complete disaster, a limp, barely coherent shell of a movie. '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx also criticized the incoherent plot, writing, "I 've been told that The Dark Tower books are jam - packed with dense plot, wonderful characters, and a sprawling mythology -- which is what made the movie so hard to make for all these years. Well, the solution seems to have been to just scrap all that and release a shockingly short 95 - minute movie that just kind of glosses over everything to the point that has any meaning or purpose. '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News praised Elba 's performance, but said the actor was let down by the decision to make Roland a supporting character: "That puts us in a weird position because Elba 's a good Roland in a movie that does n't allow him to actually embody the character in any meaningful way. He 's undercut at every turn. The strongest stuff in the film is when Roland and Jake are bonding, but that relationship is so accelerated that there 's no room for an arc. ''
Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club maintained that the film was "ultimately done in by professionalism; it 's a movie that does n't seem to love itself, sidestepping its innate strangeness. (...) If you 're making a movie about weaponized psychic kids, Luciferian wizards, and gun - nut knight - cowboys from another dimension, and your only goal is to get from act one to act three as efficiently as possible, what 's the point? '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone described the film as a "major misfire '' and an "unholy mess that should n't happen to a King, much less a paying customer ''. Writing for the Chicago Sun - Times, Richard Roeper panned the film with its criticism on the cinematography, special effects and dialogue, referring it as "dull '', "mediocre '', and "stilted '' while calling Matthew McConaughey 's performance as the lead villain "terrible '' and calling it "the film 's unfortunate elements ''.
Vox 's Aja Romano wrote that the film 's disjointed narrative structure, favouring fast - paced action over exposition and backstory, gave it a "basic, wondrous glee '' that made it "feel more like a Stephen King film than any other Stephen King film since Stand By Me '', and applauded its faithfulness to King 's fictional multiverse, an idea usually discarded by adaptations.
In an interview with Vulture, King suggested that the film 's critical and commercial underperformance was due to the length of the source material, and "the decision to do a PG - 13 feature adaptation of books that are extremely violent and deal with violent behavior in a fairly graphic way ''. However, he also defended the film, believing that screenwriter Akiva Goldsman "did a terrific job in taking a central part of the book and turning it into what I thought was a pretty good movie ''.
By September 2016, a television series was scheduled to be released in 2018, with Glen Mazzara as showrunner. Elba and Taylor are set to reprise their roles as Roland and Jake respectively. The series has been confirmed to fill in the backstory to the film, being based on King 's The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass, The Dark Tower: The Wind Through the Keyhole and elements of The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, with a new actor playing young Roland, and Haysbert attached to return as Steven Deschain. Mazzara said that the series will explore "how Walter became the Man in Black, and how their rivalry cost Roland everything and everyone he ever loved '', though McConaughey 's involvement is not locked in. While discussing the development of the series in the light of the film 's critical and commercial underperformance, King expressed "we 'll see what happens with that. It would be like a complete reboot, so we 'll just have to see ''. In February 2018, Amazon bought the rights to a TV series adaptation, though it is not clear whether Elba will be involved.
In an interview with Collider, King expressed hope for a sequel film in addition to the television series, suggesting that it should be R - rated, have Roland wearing a hat, and include the "lobstrosities '' from The Dark Tower II: The Drawing of the Three. In an interview with ComingSoon.net, Arcel confirmed that The Drawing of the Three would form the basis for the sequel, and that Eddie and Susannah would appear alongside Elba, McConaughey, Taylor and Haley reprising their roles as Roland, Walter, Jake and Sayre respectively.
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who played the wicked witch of the west in wizard of oz | Margaret Hamilton (actress) - wikipedia
Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 -- May 16, 1985) was an American film character actress best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's classic film The Wizard of Oz (1939).
A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actress in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. In later years, Hamilton made frequent cameo appearances on television sitcoms and commercials. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals, and retained a lifelong commitment to public education. The Wicked Witch of the West was eventually ranked number four in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 50 Best Movie Villains of All Time, making her the top - ranking female villain.
Hamilton was born to Walter J. Hamilton, and his wife, Mary Jane (née Adams; known by her nickname, Jennie), in Cleveland, Ohio, and was the youngest of four children. She later attended Hathaway Brown School, while the school was located at 1945 East 93rd Street in Cleveland. Drawn to the theater at an early age, Hamilton made her stage debut in 1923. Hamilton also practiced her craft doing children 's theater while she was a Junior League of Cleveland member. She later moved to Painesville, Ohio. Before she turned to acting exclusively, her parents insisted that she attend Wheelock College in Boston, which she did, later becoming a kindergarten teacher.
Hamilton 's career as a film actress was driven by the very qualities that placed her in stark contrast to the stereotypical Hollywood glamour girl. Her image was that of a New England spinster, extremely pragmatic and impatient with all manner of "tomfoolery ''. Hamilton 's looks helped to bring steady work as a character actor. She made her screen debut in 1933 in Another Language. She went on to appear in These Three (1936), Saratoga, You Only Live Once, When 's Your Birthday?, Nothing Sacred (all 1937), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), My Little Chickadee (with W.C. Fields) (1940), and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock (1947 film) with Harold Lloyd. She strove to work as much as possible to support herself and her son; she never put herself under contract to any one studio and priced her services at $1,000 ($17,000 with inflation) a week.
Hamilton costarred opposite Buster Keaton and Richard Cromwell in a 1940s spoof of the long - running local melodrama The Drunkard, titled The Villain Still Pursued Her. Later in the decade, she was in a little - known film noir, titled Bungalow 13 (1948), in which she again costarred opposite Cromwell. Her crisp voice with rapid but clear enunciation was another trademark. She appeared regularly in supporting roles in films until the early 1950s, and sporadically thereafter. Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, she played a heavily made - up witch in Comin ' Round the Mountain, where her character and Costello go toe - to - toe with voodoo dolls made of each other. She appeared, uncredited, in Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's People Will Talk (1951) as Sarah Pickett. In 1960, producer / director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his 13 Ghosts horror film, in which 12 - year - old lead Charles Herbert taunts her about being a witch, including one scene in which she is holding a broom in her hand.
In 1939, Hamilton played the role of the Wicked Witch, opposite Judy Garland 's Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz, creating not only her most famous role, but also one of the screen 's most memorable villains. Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly.
She suffered a second - degree burn on her face and a third - degree burn on her hand during a second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland, in which the trap door 's drop was delayed to eliminate the brief glimpse of it seen in the final edit. Hamilton had to recuperate in a hospital and at home for six weeks after the accident before returning to the set to complete her work on the film, and refused to have anything further to do with fire for the rest of the filming. After she recuperated, she said, "I wo n't sue, because I know how this business works, and I would never work again. I will return to work on one condition -- no more fireworks! '' Garland visited Hamilton while the latter recuperated at home looking after her son. Studio executives cut some of Hamilton 's more frightening scenes, worrying that they would frighten children too much. Later on in life, she would comment on the role of the witch in a light - hearted fashion. For an interview, she joked:
I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time and my agent called. I said, ' Yes? ' and he said ' Maggie, they want you to play a part on the Wizard. ' I said to myself, ' Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz! That has been my favorite book since I was four. ' And I asked him what part, and he said, ' The Witch, ' and I said, ' The Witch?! ' and he said, ' What else? '
Hamilton 's stand - in and stunt double for the Witch, Betty Danko, also suffered an on - set accident on February 11, 1939. Danko made the fiery entrance to Munchkinland, not Hamilton. She was severely burned during the "Surrender Dorothy! '' skywriting sequence at the Emerald City. Danko sat on a smoking pipe configured to look like the Witch 's broomstick. The pipe exploded on the third take of the scene. She spent 11 days in the hospital and her legs were permanently scarred. A new stunt double, Aline Goodwin, was hired to finish the broomstick - riding scene for Danko.
When asked about her experiences on the set of The Wizard of Oz, Hamilton said that her biggest fear was that her monstrous film role would give children the wrong idea of who she really was. In reality, she cared deeply about children, frequently giving to charitable organizations. She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy. She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood in 1975, where she explained to children that she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume "transformed '' her into the witch. She also made personal appearances, and Hamilton described the children 's usual reaction to her portrayal of the Witch:
Almost always they want me to laugh like the Witch. And sometimes when I go to schools, if we 're in an auditorium, I 'll do it. And there 's always a funny reaction, like ' Ye gods, they wish they had n't asked. ' They 're scared. They 're really scared for a second. Even adolescents. I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture. They like to hear it but they ' do n't ' like to hear it. And then they go, ' Ohhhhhhhhhh...! ' The picture made a terrible impression of some kind on them, sometimes a ghastly impression, but most of them got over it, I guess... because when I talk like the Witch, and when I laugh, there is a hesitation and then they clap. They 're clapping at hearing the sound again.
Hamilton played two credited roles in the famous film: Almira Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West. Hamilton also appears as an unidentified flying witch during the tornado scene. Some argue this is actually intended to be the Wicked Witch of the East rather than her sister, and Hamilton 's credited role, the Wicked Witch of the West; if so, this would be a third, uncredited role. Only co-star Frank Morgan played more roles in the film (five roles). Hamilton and Morgan never share any scenes in Oz. However, in By Your Leave (1934), she plays his housekeeper, and in Saratoga (1937), she has a colloquy with Morgan regarding a cosmetic product he invented (with side glances and eye rolls by Morgan as to its effect on her "beauty ''). Hamilton 's line from The Wizard of Oz -- "I 'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog, too! '' -- was ranked 99th in the 2005 American Film Institute survey of the most memorable movie quotes. Her son, interviewed for the 2005 DVD edition of the film, commented that Hamilton enjoyed the line so much, she sometimes used it in her real life. A few months after filming Oz, she appeared in Babes in Arms as Jeff Steele 's mother, Martha, a society do - gooder who made it her goal to send the gang of child actors, led by Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland, to a work farm. In 1945, she played the domineering sister of Oz co-star Jack Haley in George White 's Scandals, comically trying to prevent him from marrying actress Joan Davis, even going so far as to throw a hatchet at her. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer, a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen. A few years later, they were reunited on Broadway for the short - lived musical Come Summer.
In the 1940s and 1950s, Hamilton had a long - running role on the radio series Ethel and Albert (or The Couple Next Door) in which she played the lovable, scattered Aunt Eva (name later changed to Aunt Effie). During the 1960s and 1970s, Hamilton appeared regularly on television. She did a stint as a What 's My Line? mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS - TV program. She played Morticia Addams ' mother, Hester Frump, in three episodes of The Addams Family. (1965 -- 66; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down.)
In 1962, Hamilton played Leora Scofield, a suffragette who arrives in Laramie, Wyoming, to bolster feminist causes in a territory where women had already obtained the right to vote, in the episode "Beyond Justice '' of NBC 's Laramie. In the story line, she is depicted as a long - lost friend of series character Daisy Cooper, played by Spring Byington. Series lead character Slim Sherman (John Smith) is skeptical of the suffragettes, and Sheriff Mort Corey and he concoct a tale that the women should head to Cheyenne, where their services are more needed than in Laramie.
Having started on the stage in the early 1930s, she began to work extensively in the theater after leaving Los Angeles, and appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch, gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat (dancing with David Wayne), and was the tender Aunt Eller in the 1968 Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma!. Hamilton also toured in many plays and musicals, even repeating her role of the Wicked Witch in specially written stage productions of The Wizard of Oz. For her last stage role, she was cast as Madame Armfeldt in the Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music, singing the song "Liaisons '' for the national tour costarring with Jean Simmons as her daughter Desiree.
Even with her extensive film career, Hamilton took roles in whatever medium she could get if she was free, making her soap - opera debut as the nasty Mrs. Sayre on Valiant Lady, who schemed to prevent her daughter from marrying the heroine 's son. In the 1960s, Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera, The Secret Storm, playing the role of Grace Tyrell 's housekeeper, Katie. In the early 1970s, she joined the cast of another CBS soap opera, As the World Turns, on which she played Miss Peterson, Simon Gilbey 's assistant. She had a small role in the made - for - television film The Night Strangler (1973), and appeared as a befuddled neighbor on Sigmund and the Sea Monsters, who is a friend of the very similar Mary Wickes. In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (1976), she portrayed Lynde 's housekeeper, reprising the Wicked Witch role, as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss. She reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in an episode of Sesame Street, but as a result of complaints from parents of terrified children, the episode has not been seen since 1976. She appeared as herself in three episodes of Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood, between 1975 and 1976, because Fred Rogers wanted his viewers to recognize that the Wicked Witch was just a character and not something for them to be afraid of. Hamilton continued acting regularly until 1982, her last roles were two guest appearances as veteran journalist Thea Taft (in 1979 and 1982) on Lou Grant.
Throughout the 1970s, Hamilton lived in New York City 's Gramercy Park neighborhood and appeared on local (and some national) public - service announcements for organizations promoting the welfare of pets. Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner Cora, in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee.
Hamilton produced the stage productions An Evening with the Bourgeoisie, The Three Sisters, and House Party.
Hamilton remained a lifelong friend of The Wizard of Oz castmate Ray Bolger. She married Paul Boynton Meserve on June 13, 1931, and made her debut on the New York City stage the following year. While her acting career developed, her marriage began failing; the couple divorced in 1938. They had one son, Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve (born 1936), whom she raised on her own. She had three grandchildren, Christopher, Scott, and Margaret. Hamilton never remarried.
Hamilton 's early experience as a teacher fueled a lifelong interest in educational issues. Hamilton served on the Beverly Hills Board of Education from 1948 to 1951, and was a Sunday school teacher during the 1950s. She lived in Manhattan for most of her adult life. In 1979, she was a guest speaker at a UCONN Children 's Literature class. She later moved to Millbrook, New York. She subsequently developed Alzheimer 's disease, and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16, 1985, in Salisbury, Connecticut. She was 82 years old. Her body was cremated at Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery, and her ashes were scattered at Amenia, New York.
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who sings loves got a hold on me | Got a Hold on Me - Wikipedia
"Got a Hold on Me '' is a 1984 song from Fleetwood Mac 's keyboardist / vocalist Christine McVie. The song rose to number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and it topped the Billboard Adult Contemporary and Rock Tracks charts for four and two weeks, respectively. This was McVie 's only top 10 solo hit in the United States. Synthesizers on the track were played by Steve Winwood, while the guitars were played by Todd Sharp (the song 's co-writer) and McVie 's Fleetwood Mac bandmate Lindsey Buckingham. The other musicians were bassist George Hawkins and drummer - percussionist Steve Ferrone. Got a Hold on Me was released as the lead single from McVie 's self - titled 1984 solo album.
The video for the song was produced and directed by Jon Roseman and premiered in February 1984. Shot in both black - and - white and color, it is a pseudo-performance video showing Christine McVie in a mansion - like room singing at her piano while a backup band appears in silhouette shadows on the walls around her.
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fear of the walking dead season 3 episodes | Fear the Walking Dead (season 3) - wikipedia
The third season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror - drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017 and consisted of 16 episodes. The season is split into two eight - episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017. The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead.
AMC renewed the series for a 16 - episode third season on April 15, 2016. Production began in January 2017 in Baja, Mexico. This is the final season with co-creator Dave Erickson as showrunner as he will leave the series after the conclusion of the third season. In February 2017, it was announced that Emma Caulfield was cast in the season. In March 2017, it was revealed that Daniel Sharman joined the cast as a series regular. In April 2017, several new actors were announced having joined the series; including Dayton Callie (reprising his guest role from season 2) and Sam Underwood, who, along with Daniel Sharman play members of the Otto family; and Lisandra Tena as Lola Guerrero.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 85 %, based on 77 reviews, whose average rating is 7.52 / 10.
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when does emma tells mads she isn't sutton | The lying game (season 1) - Wikipedia
The first season of The Lying Game, based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, premiered on August 15, 2011 and concluded on March 5, 2012 on ABC Family. It follows long - lost twins Emma and Sutton. Separated under mysterious circumstances, Sutton was adopted by the wealthy Mercer family in Phoenix, while Emma grew up in the foster system. When the twins reunite as teenagers, they keep it a secret. While Sutton goes in search of the truth, Emma takes over her life and discovers more secrets and lies than she could have imagined.
The show premiered to 1.39 million viewers and the summer finale accumulated 1.28 million viewers. The show went on hiatus and returned with its winter premiere on January 5, 2012, and has hit its series high with 1.8 million viewers and has continued for three consecutive weeks.
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who sings c'mon by panic at the disco | C'mon - wikipedia
C'mon is short for "come on ''.
C'mon may also refer to:
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when did the vietnam war start and why | Vietnam War - wikipedia
North Vietnamese victory
South Vietnam United States South Korea Thailand Australia Philippines New Zealand Khmer Republic Laos
Military support: Taiwan
North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao China North Korea Military support: Soviet Union Cuba
≈ 1,420,000 (1968) South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968) 1,500,000 (1974 -- 75)
≈ 1,060,000 (1967)
South Vietnam 195,000 -- 430,000 civilian dead 220,357 -- 313,000 military dead 1,170,000 wounded United States 58,318 dead; 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care) South Korea 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing Australia 521 dead; 3,129 wounded Thailand 351 dead; 1,358 wounded New Zealand 37 dead; 187 wounded Taiwan 25 dead; Philippines 9 dead; 64 wounded
North Vietnam & Viet Cong 65,000 civilian dead 849,018 military dead 600,000 + wounded China ≈ 1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded North Korea 14 dead
Vietnamese civilian dead: 627,000 -- 2,000,000 Vietnamese total dead: 966,000 -- 3,812,000 Cambodian Civil War dead: 240,000 -- 300,000 * Laotian Civil War dead: 20,000 -- 62,000 * Non-Indochinese military dead (sum): 65,425 Total dead (sum): 1,291,425 -- 4,211,451 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War
American intervention
1968
Drawdown 1969 -- 71
Easter Offensive
Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973 -- 1974)
Spring ' 75
Air operations
Naval operations
The Vietnam War (Vietnamese: Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Vietnamese: Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is therefore considered a Cold War - era proxy war.
The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People 's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, at times committing large units to battle. As the war continued, the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes. In the course of the war, the U.S. conducted a large - scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam.
The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam. They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism.
Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina. Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive. The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government 's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam.
Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of "Vietnamization '', which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves. Despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U.S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture. The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North -- South relations.
Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973. The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (see Vietnam War casualties). Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240,000 -- 300,000 Cambodians, 20,000 -- 62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict, and a further 1,626 remain missing in action.
Various names have been applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English. It has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict.
As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this particular conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is generally known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ (Resistance War Against America), but less formally as ' Cuộc chiến tranh Mỹ ' (The American War '). It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam (The Vietnam War).
The primary military organizations involved in the war were, on one side, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the U.S. military, and, on the other side, the People 's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) (more commonly called the North Vietnamese Army, or NVA, in English - language sources), and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, more commonly known as the Viet Cong in English language sources), a South Vietnamese communist guerrilla force.
France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the next seven decades. In spite of military resistance, most notably by the Cần Vương of Phan Đình Phùng, by 1888 the area of the current - day nations of Cambodia and Vietnam was made into the colony of French Indochina (Laos was later added to the colony). Various Vietnamese opposition movements to French rule existed during this period, such as the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng who staged the failed Yên Bái mutiny in 1930, but none were ultimately as successful as the Viet Minh common front, which was founded in 1941, controlled by the Indochinese Communist Party, and funded by the U.S. and the Chinese Nationalist Party in its fight against Imperial Japanese occupation.
In 1940, during World War II, the French were defeated by the Germans. The French State (commonly known as Vichy France) was established as a client state of Nazi Germany. The French colonial authorities, in French Indochina, sided with the Vichy regime. In September 1940, Japan invaded Indochina. Following the cessation of fighting and the beginning of the Imperial Japanese occupation, the French colonial authorities collaborated with the Japanese. The French continued to run affairs in Indochina, but ultimate power resided in the hands of the Imperial Japanese.
The Viet Minh was founded as a league for independence from France, but also opposed Japanese occupation in 1945 for the same reason. The U.S. and Chinese Nationalist Party supported them in the fight against the Imperial Japanese. However, they did not have enough power to fight actual battles at first. Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh was suspected of being a communist and jailed for a year by the Chinese Nationalist Party.
Double occupation by France and Japan continued until the German forces were expelled from France and the French Indochina colonial authorities started holding secret talks with the Free French. Fearing that they could no longer trust the French authorities, the Imperial Japanese military interned the French authorities and troops on 9 March 1945 and created the puppet Empire of Vietnam state, under Bảo Đại instead.
During 1944 -- 1945, a deep famine struck northern Vietnam due to a combination of bad weather and French / Japanese exploitation (French Indochina had to supply grains to Japan). Between 400,000 and 2 million people died of starvation (out of a population of 10 million in the affected area). Exploiting the administrative gap that the internment of the French had created, the Viet Minh in March 1945 urged the population to ransack rice warehouses and refuse to pay their taxes. Between 75 and 100 warehouses were consequently raided. This rebellion against the effects of the famine and the authorities that were partially responsible for it bolstered the Viet Minh 's popularity and they recruited many members during this period.
On 22 August 1945, following the Imperial Japanese surrender, OSS agents Archimedes Patti and Carleton B. Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate allied POWs and were accompanied by Jean Sainteny, a French government official. The Japanese forces informally surrendered (the official surrender took place on 2 September 1945 in Tokyo Bay) but being the only force capable of maintaining law and order the Imperial Japanese military remained in power while keeping French colonial troops and Sainteny detained.
During August the Imperial Japanese forces remained inactive as the Viet Minh and other nationalist groups took over public buildings and weapons, which began the August Revolution. OSS officers met repeatedly with Ho Chi Minh and other Viet Minh officers during this period and on 2 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh declared the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam before a crowd of 500,000 in Hanoi. In an overture to the Americans, he began his speech by paraphrasing the United States Declaration of Independence: "All men are created equal. The Creator has given us certain inviolable Rights: the right to Life, the right to be Free, and the right to achieve Happiness. ''
The Viet Minh took power in Vietnam in the August Revolution. The Viet Minh, downplaying their Communist agenda and stressing nationalism enjoyed large popular support (Vietnamese independence being popular at the time), although Arthur J. Dommen cautions against a "romanticized view '' of their success: "The Viet Minh use of terror was systematic.... the party had drawn up a list of those to be liquidated without delay. '' After their defeat in the war, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) gave weapons to the Vietnamese, and kept Vichy French officials and military officers imprisoned for a month after the surrender. The Viet Minh had recruited more than 600 Imperial Japanese soldiers and given them roles to train or command Vietnamese soldiers.
However, the major allied victors of World War II, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, all agreed the area belonged to the French. As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Vietnam, the major powers came to an agreement that British troops would occupy the south while Nationalist Chinese forces would move in from the north. Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Imperial Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945. When the British landed in the south, they rearmed the interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Imperial Japanese forces to aid them in retaking southern Vietnam, as they did not have enough troops to do this themselves.
On the urging of the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French, who were slowly re-establishing their control across the area. In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam. On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a "free '' republic within the French Union, with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation. The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city. British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the hands of the French. Soon thereafter, the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces, beginning the First Indochina War.
The war spread to Laos and Cambodia, where communists organized the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Serei, both of which were modeled on the Viet Minh. Globally, the Cold War began in earnest, which meant that the rapprochement that existed between the Western powers and the Soviet Union during World War II disintegrated. The Viet Minh fight was hampered by a lack of weapons; this situation changed by 1949 when the Chinese Communists had largely won the Chinese Civil War and were free to provide arms to their Vietnamese allies.
In January 1950, the People 's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam, based in Hanoi, as the legitimate government of Vietnam. The following month the United States and Great Britain recognized the French - backed State of Vietnam in Saigon, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, as the legitimate Vietnamese government. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union.
Military advisors from the People 's Republic of China (PRC) began assisting the Viet Minh in July 1950. PRC weapons, expertise, and laborers transformed the Viet Minh from a guerrilla force into a regular army. In September 1950, the United States created a Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG) to screen French requests for aid, advise on strategy, and train Vietnamese soldiers. By 1954, the United States had supplied 300,000 small arms and spent US $1 billion in support of the French military effort, shouldering 80 percent of the cost of the war.
There were also talks between the French and Americans in which the possible use of three tactical nuclear weapons was considered, though reports of how seriously this was considered and by whom are even now vague and contradictory. One version of the plan for the proposed Operation Vulture envisioned sending 60 B - 29s from U.S. bases in the region, supported by as many as 150 fighters launched from U.S. Seventh Fleet carriers, to bomb Viet Minh commander Võ Nguyên Giáp 's positions. The plan included an option to use up to three atomic weapons on the Viet Minh positions. Admiral Arthur W. Radford, Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, gave this nuclear option his backing. U.S. B - 29s, B - 36s, and B - 47s could have executed a nuclear strike, as could carrier aircraft from the Seventh Fleet.
U.S. carriers sailed to the Gulf of Tonkin, and reconnaissance flights over Điện Biên Phủ were conducted during the negotiations. According to U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon, the plan involved the Joint Chiefs of Staff drawing up plans to use three small tactical nuclear weapons in support of the French. Nixon, a so - called "hawk '' on Vietnam, suggested that the United States might have to "put American boys in ''. U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower made American participation contingent on British support, but they were opposed to such a venture. In the end, convinced that the political risks outweighed the possible benefits, Eisenhower decided against the intervention. Eisenhower was a five - star general. He was wary of getting the United States involved in a land war in Asia.
The Viet Minh received crucial support from the Soviet Union and PRC. PRC support in the Border Campaign of 1950 allowed supplies to come from the PRC into Vietnam. Throughout the conflict, U.S. intelligence estimates remained skeptical of French chances of success.
The Battle of Dien Bien Phu marked the end of French involvement in Indochina. Giap 's Viet Minh forces handed the French a stunning military defeat, and on 7 May 1954, the French Union garrison surrendered. At the Geneva Conference, the French negotiated a ceasefire agreement with the Viet Minh, and independence was granted to Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.
Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the 17th parallel, and under the terms of the Geneva Accords, civilians were to be given the opportunity to move freely between the two provisional states for a 300 - day period. Elections throughout the country were to be held in 1956 to establish a unified government. Around one million northerners, mainly minority Catholics, fled south, fearing persecution by the communists following an American propaganda campaign using slogans such as "The Virgin Mary is heading south '', and aided by a U.S. - funded $93 million relocation program, which included the use of the Seventh Fleet to ferry refugees. As many as two million more would have left had they not been stopped by the Viet Minh. The northern, mainly Catholic refugees were meant to give the later Ngô Đình Diệm regime a strong anti-communist constituency. Diệm later went on to staff his administration 's key posts mostly with northern and central Catholics.
In addition to the Catholics flowing south, up to 130,000 "Revolutionary Regroupees '' went to the north for "regroupment '', expecting to return to the south within two years. The Viet Minh left roughly 5,000 to 10,000 cadres in the south as a "politico - military substructure within the object of its irredentism. '' The last French soldiers were to leave Vietnam in April 1956. The PRC completed its withdrawal from North Vietnam at around the same time. Around 52,000 Vietnamese civilians moved from south to north.
Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction '' and "land reform '', which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time. However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500. In 1956, leaders in Hanoi admitted to "excesses '' in implementing this program and restored a large amount of the land to the original owners.
The south, meanwhile, constituted the State of Vietnam, with Bảo Đại as Emperor and Ngô Đình Diệm (appointed in July 1954) as his prime minister. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng, who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions ''. The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan '', with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom. It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The United States said, "With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Vietnam, the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in any arrangement which would hinder this ''.
U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in 1954, "I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting, possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist Ho Chi Minh as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại. Indeed, the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for. '' According to the Pentagon Papers, however, from 1954 to 1956 "Ngô Đình Diệm really did accomplish miracles '' in South Vietnam: "It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho -- in a free election against Diệm -- would have been much smaller than eighty percent. '' In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the International Control Commission (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, with the ICC reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement
From April to June 1955, Diệm eliminated any political opposition in the south by launching military operations against two religious groups: the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo of Ba Cụt. The campaign also focused on the Bình Xuyên organized crime group which was allied with members of the communist party secret police and had some military elements. As broad - based opposition to his harsh tactics mounted, Diệm increasingly sought to blame the communists.
In a referendum on the future of the State of Vietnam on 23 October 1955, Diệm rigged the poll supervised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu and was credited with 98.2 percent of the vote, including 133 % in Saigon. His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of "60 to 70 percent. '' Diệm, however, viewed the election as a test of authority. Three days later, he declared South Vietnam to be an independent state under the name Republic of Vietnam (ROV), with himself as president. Likewise, Ho Chi Minh and other communist officials always won at least 99 % of the vote in North Vietnamese "elections ''.
The domino theory, which argued that if one country fell to communism, then all of the surrounding countries would follow, was first proposed as policy by the Eisenhower administration. John F. Kennedy, then a U.S. Senator, said in a speech to the American Friends of Vietnam: "Burma, Thailand, India, Japan, the Philippines and obviously Laos and Cambodia are among those whose security would be threatened if the Red Tide of Communism overflowed into Vietnam. ''
A devout Roman Catholic, Diệm was fervently anti-communist, nationalist, and socially conservative. Historian Luu Doan Huynh notes that "Diệm represented narrow and extremist nationalism coupled with autocracy and nepotism. '' The majority of Vietnamese people were Buddhist, and were alarmed by actions such as Diệm 's dedication of the country to the Virgin Mary.
Beginning in the summer of 1955, Diệm launched the "Denounce the Communists '' campaign, during which communists and other anti-government elements were arrested, imprisoned, tortured, or executed. He instituted the death penalty against any activity deemed communist in August 1956. According to Gabriel Kolko about 12,000 suspected opponents of Diệm were killed between 1955 and 1957 and by the end of 1958 an estimated 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed.
In May 1957, Diệm undertook a ten - day state visit to the United States. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diệm 's honor in New York City. Although Diệm was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diệm had been selected because there were no better alternatives.
Former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara wrote in Argument Without End (1999) that the new American patrons of the Republic of Vietnam (ROV) were almost completely ignorant of Vietnamese culture. They knew little of the language or long history of the country. There was a tendency to assign American motives to Vietnamese actions, though Diệm warned that it was an illusion to believe that blindly copying Western methods would solve Vietnamese problems.
Between 1954 and 1957 there was large - scale but disorganized dissidence in the countryside which the Diệm government succeeded in quelling. In early 1957 South Vietnam enjoyed its first peace in over a decade. Incidents of political violence began to occur in mid-1957, but the government "did not construe it as a campaign, considering the disorders too diffuse to warrant committing major GVN (Government of Vietnam) resources. '' By early 1959, however, Diệm had come to regard the (increasingly frequent) disorders as an organized campaign and implemented Law 10 / 59, which made political violence punishable by death and property confiscation. There had been some division among former Viet Minh whose main goal was to hold the elections promised in the Geneva Accords, leading to "wildcat '' activities separate from the other communists and anti-GVN activists.
In December 1960, the National Liberation Front (NLF, a.k.a. the Viet Cong) was formally created with the intent of uniting all anti-GVN activists, including non-communists. According to the Pentagon Papers, the Viet Cong "placed heavy emphasis on the withdrawal of American advisors and influence, on land reform and liberalization of the GVN, on coalition government and the neutralization of Vietnam. '' Often the leaders of the organization were kept secret.
Support for the NLF was driven by peasant resentment of Diem 's reversal of land reforms in the countryside. The vast majority of the population lived in villages in the countryside, where a key demand was for land reform. In areas they controlled, the Viet Minh had confiscated large private landholdings, reduced rents and debts, and leased communal lands, mostly to the poorer peasants. Diem brought the landlords back to the villages. People who were farming land they had held for years now had to return it to landlords and pay years of back rent. This rent collection was enforced by the South Vietnamese army. The divisions within villages reproduced those that had existed against the French: "75 percent support for the NLF, 20 percent trying to remain neutral and 5 percent firmly pro-government, ''
Sources disagree on whether North Vietnam played a direct role in aiding and organizing South Vietnamese rebels prior to 1960. Kahin and Lewis assert:
Contrary to United States policy assumptions, all available evidence shows that the revival of the civil war in the South in 1958 was undertaken by Southerners at their own -- not Hanoi 's -- initiative... Insurgency activity against the Saigon government began in the South under Southern leadership not as a consequence of any dictate from Hanoi, but contrary to Hanoi 's injunctions.
Similarly, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. states that "it was not until September, 1960 that the Communist Party of North Vietnam bestowed its formal blessing and called for the liberation of the south from American imperialism ''.
By contrast, James Olson and Randy Roberts assert that North Vietnam authorized a low - level insurgency in December 1956. To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda.
In March 1956, southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled "The Road to the South '' to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi, but as both China and the Soviets opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn 's plan was rejected. However the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. Communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958. The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people 's war '' on the South at a session in January 1959 and in May, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail, at this time a six - month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the "regroupees '' of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation. The first arms delivery via the trail was completed in August 1959. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated into the south from 1961 -- 63.
In the 1960 U.S. presidential election, Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon. Although Eisenhower warned Kennedy about Laos and Vietnam, Europe and Latin America "loomed larger than Asia on his sights. '' In his inaugural address, Kennedy made the ambitious pledge to "pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty. '' In June 1961, he bitterly disagreed with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev when they met in Vienna to discuss key U.S. -- Soviet issues. Only 16 months later, the Cuban Missile Crisis (16 -- 28 October 1962) played out on television worldwide. It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.
The Kennedy administration remained essentially committed to the Cold War foreign policy inherited from the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. In 1961, the U.S. had 50,000 troops based in Korea, and Kennedy faced a three - part crisis -- the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the construction of the Berlin Wall, and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement. These crises made Kennedy believe that another failure on the part of the United States to gain control and stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies and his own reputation. Kennedy was thus determined to "draw a line in the sand '' and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. He told James Reston of The New York Times immediately after his Vienna meeting with Khrushchev, "Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place. ''
In May 1961, U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the "Winston Churchill of Asia. '' Asked why he had made the comment, Johnson replied, "Diệm 's the only boy we got out there. '' Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists.
Kennedy 's policy toward South Vietnam rested on the assumption that Diệm and his forces had to ultimately defeat the guerrillas on their own. He was against the deployment of American combat troops and observed that "to introduce U.S. forces in large numbers there today, while it might have an initially favorable military impact, would almost certainly lead to adverse political and, in the long run, adverse military consequences. '' The quality of the South Vietnamese military, however, remained poor. Poor leadership, corruption, and political promotions all played a part in weakening the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN). The frequency of guerrilla attacks rose as the insurgency gathered steam. While Hanoi 's support for the Viet Cong played a role, South Vietnamese governmental incompetence was at the core of the crisis.
One major issue Kennedy raised was whether the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the United States. Although Kennedy stressed long - range missile parity with the Soviets, he was also interested in using special forces for counterinsurgency warfare in Third World countries threatened by communist insurgencies. Although they were originally intended for use behind front lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a "brush fire '' war in Vietnam.
Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers. Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again. In April 1962, John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the "danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did. '' By November 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower 's 900 advisors.
The Strategic Hamlet Program was initiated in late 1961. This joint U.S. - South Vietnamese program attempted to resettle the rural population into fortified camps. It was implemented in early 1962 and involved some forced relocation, village internment, and segregation of rural South Vietnamese into new communities where the peasantry would be isolated from Communist insurgents. It was hoped these new communities would provide security for the peasants and strengthen the tie between them and the central government. However, by November 1963 the program had waned, and it officially ended in 1964.
On 23 July 1962, fourteen nations, including China, South Vietnam, the Soviet Union, North Vietnam and the United States, signed an agreement promising to respect the neutrality of Laos.
The inept performance of the South Vietnamese army was exemplified by failed actions such as the Battle of Ap Bac on 2 January 1963, in which a small band of Viet Cong won a battle against a much larger and better - equipped South Vietnamese force, many of whose officers seemed reluctant even to engage in combat.
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam forces were led in that battle by Diệm 's most trusted general, Huỳnh Văn Cao, commander of the IV Corps. Cao was a Catholic who had been promoted due to religion and fidelity rather than skill, and his main job was to preserve his forces to stave off coups; he had earlier vomited during a communist attack. Some policymakers in Washington began to conclude that Diệm was incapable of defeating the communists and might even make a deal with Ho Chi Minh. He seemed concerned only with fending off coups, and had become more paranoid after attempts in 1960 and 1962, which he partly attributed to U.S. encouragement. As Robert F. Kennedy noted, "Diệm would n't make even the slightest concessions. He was difficult to reason with... ''
As historian James Gibson summed up the situation:
Strategic hamlets had failed... The South Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords. Indeed, there was no longer a ' regime ' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy. Instead, civil government and military operations had virtually ceased. The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas.
Discontent with Diệm 's policies exploded following the Huế Phật Đản shootings of nine majority Buddhists who were protesting against the ban on the Buddhist flag on Vesak, the Buddha 's birthday. This resulted in mass protests against discriminatory policies that gave privileges to the Catholic Church and its adherents. Diệm 's elder brother Ngô Đình Thục was the Archbishop of Huế and aggressively blurred the separation between church and state. Thuc 's anniversary celebrations shortly before Vesak had been bankrolled by the government, and Vatican flags were displayed prominently. There had also been reports of Buddhist pagodas being demolished by Catholic paramilitaries throughout Diệm 's rule. Diệm refused to make concessions to the Buddhist majority or take responsibility for the deaths. On 21 August 1963, the ARVN Special Forces of Colonel Lê Quang Tung, loyal to Diệm 's younger brother Ngô Đình Nhu, raided pagodas across Vietnam, causing widespread damage and destruction and leaving a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds.
U.S. officials began discussing the possibility of a regime change during the middle of 1963. The United States Department of State was generally in favor of encouraging a coup, while the Defense Department favored Diệm. Chief among the proposed changes was the removal of Diệm 's younger brother Nhu, who controlled the secret police and special forces and was seen as the man behind the Buddhist repression and more generally the architect of the Ngô family 's rule. This proposal was conveyed to the U.S. embassy in Saigon in Cable 243.
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was in contact with generals planning to remove Diệm. They were told that the United States would not oppose such a move nor punish the generals by cutting off aid. President Diệm was overthrown and executed, along with his brother, on 2 November 1963. When Kennedy was informed, Maxwell Taylor remembered that he "rushed from the room with a look of shock and dismay on his face. '' He had not anticipated Diệm 's murder. The U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam, Henry Cabot Lodge, invited the coup leaders to the embassy and congratulated them. Ambassador Lodge informed Kennedy that "the prospects now are for a shorter war ''. Kennedy wrote Lodge a letter congratulating him for "a fine job ''.
Following the coup, chaos ensued. Hanoi took advantage of the situation and increased its support for the guerrillas. South Vietnam entered a period of extreme political instability, as one military government toppled another in quick succession. Increasingly, each new regime was viewed by the communists as a puppet of the Americans; whatever the failings of Diệm, his credentials as a nationalist (as Robert McNamara later reflected) had been impeccable.
U.S military advisors were embedded at every level of the South Vietnamese armed forces. They were however criticized for ignoring the political nature of the insurgency. The Kennedy administration sought to refocus U.S. efforts on pacification and "winning over the hearts and minds '' of the population. The military leadership in Washington, however, was hostile to any role for U.S. advisors other than conventional troop training. General Paul Harkins, the commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, confidently predicted victory by Christmas 1963. The CIA was less optimistic, however, warning that "the Viet Cong by and large retain de facto control of much of the countryside and have steadily increased the overall intensity of the effort ''.
Paramilitary officers from the CIA 's Special Activities Division trained and led Hmong tribesmen in Laos and into Vietnam. The indigenous forces numbered in the tens of thousands and they conducted direct action missions, led by paramilitary officers, against the Communist Pathet Lao forces and their North Vietnamese supporters. The CIA also ran the Phoenix Program and participated in Military Assistance Command, Vietnam -- Studies and Observations Group (MAC - V SOG), which was originally named the Special Operations Group, but was changed for cover purposes.
At the time Lyndon B. Johnson took over the presidency after the death of Kennedy, he had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam, Presidential aide Jack Valenti recalls, "Vietnam at the time was no bigger than a man 's fist on the horizon. We hardly discussed it because it was not worth discussing. ''
Upon becoming president, however, Johnson immediately had to focus on Vietnam: on 24 November 1963, he said, "the battle against communism... must be joined... with strength and determination. '' The pledge came at a time when the situation in South Vietnam was deteriorating, especially in places like the Mekong Delta, because of the recent coup against Diệm. However, Johnson knew that he had inherited a rapidly deteriorating situation in South Vietnam, believing in the widely accepted arguments that were used for defending the South: Should they retreat or appease, either action would imperil other nations beyond the conflict.
The military revolutionary council, meeting in lieu of a strong South Vietnamese leader, was made up of 12 members headed by General Dương Văn Minh -- whom Stanley Karnow, a journalist on the ground, later recalled as "a model of lethargy ''. Lodge, frustrated by the end of the year, cabled home about Minh: "Will he be strong enough to get on top of things? '' His regime was overthrown in January 1964 by General Nguyễn Khánh. However, there was persistent instability in the military as several coups -- not all successful -- occurred in a short period of time.
On 2 August 1964, the USS Maddox, on an intelligence mission along North Vietnam 's coast, allegedly fired upon and damaged several torpedo boats that had been stalking it in the Gulf of Tonkin. A second attack was reported two days later on the USS Turner Joy and Maddox in the same area. The circumstances of the attack were murky. Lyndon Johnson commented to Undersecretary of State George Ball that "those sailors out there may have been shooting at flying fish. ''
The second attack led to retaliatory air strikes, prompted Congress to approve the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964, signed by Johnson, and gave the president power to conduct military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war. Although Congressmen at the time denied that this was a full - scale war declaration, the Tonkin Resolution allowed the president unilateral power to launch a full - scale war if the president deemed it necessary. In the same month, Johnson pledged that he was not "committing American boys to fighting a war that I think ought to be fought by the boys of Asia to help protect their own land ''.
An undated NSA publication declassified in 2005, however, revealed that there was no attack on 4 August. It had already been called into question long before this. "The Gulf of Tonkin incident '', wrote Louise Gerdes, "is an oft - cited example of the way in which Johnson misled the American people to gain support for his foreign policy in Vietnam. '' George C. Herring argues, however, that McNamara and the Pentagon "did not knowingly lie about the alleged attacks, but they were obviously in a mood to retaliate and they seem to have selected from the evidence available to them those parts that confirmed what they wanted to believe. ''
"From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong 's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army 's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men. '' The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different; 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. By early 1965, 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong.
The National Security Council recommended a three - stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam. On 7 February 1965 following an attack on a U.S. Army base in Pleiku, Operation Flaming Dart (initiated when Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin was on a state visit to North Vietnam), Operation Rolling Thunder and Operation Arc Light commenced. The bombing campaign, which ultimately lasted three years, was intended to force North Vietnam to cease its support for the Viet Cong by threatening to destroy North Vietnam 's air defenses and industrial infrastructure. As well, it was aimed at bolstering the morale of the South Vietnamese. Between March 1965 and November 1968, "Rolling Thunder '' deluged the north with a million tons of missiles, rockets and bombs.
Bombing was not restricted to North Vietnam. Other aerial campaigns, such as Operation Commando Hunt, targeted different parts of the Viet Cong and NVA infrastructure. These included the Ho Chi Minh trail supply route, which ran through Laos and Cambodia. The objective of stopping North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was never reached. As Lieutenant Colonel John Paul Vann noted, "This is a political war and it calls for discriminate killing. The best weapon... would be a knife... The worst is an airplane. '' The Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Curtis LeMay, however, had long advocated saturation bombing in Vietnam and wrote of the communists that "we 're going to bomb them back into the Stone Age ''.
After several attacks upon them, it was decided that U.S. Air Force bases needed more protection as the South Vietnamese military seemed incapable of providing security. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment.
In a statement similar to that made to the French almost two decades earlier, Ho Chi Minh warned that if the Americans "want to make war for twenty years then we shall make war for twenty years. If they want to make peace, we shall make peace and invite them to afternoon tea. '' Some have argued that the policy of North Vietnam was not to topple other non-communist governments in South East Asia.
The Marines ' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. In December 1964, ARVN forces had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bình Giã, in a battle that both sides viewed as a watershed. Previously, communist forces had utilized hit - and - run guerrilla tactics. However, at Binh Gia, they had defeated a strong ARVN force in a conventional battle. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài.
Desertion rates were increasing, and morale plummeted. General William Westmoreland informed Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp Jr., commander of U.S. Pacific forces, that the situation was critical. He said, "I am convinced that U.S. troops with their energy, mobility, and firepower can successfully take the fight to the NLF (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam a.k.a. the Viet Cong) ''. With this recommendation, Westmoreland was advocating an aggressive departure from America 's defensive posture and the sidelining of the South Vietnamese. By ignoring ARVN units, the U.S. commitment became open - ended. Westmoreland outlined a three - point plan to win the war:
The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the previous administration 's insistence that the government of South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas. Westmoreland predicted victory by the end of 1967. Johnson did not, however, communicate this change in strategy to the media. Instead he emphasized continuity. The change in U.S. policy depended on matching the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong in a contest of attrition and morale. The opponents were locked in a cycle of escalation. The idea that the government of South Vietnam could manage its own affairs was shelved.
The one - year tour of duty of American soldiers deprived units of experienced leadership. As one observer noted "we were not in Vietnam for 10 years, but for one year 10 times. '' As a result, training programs were shortened.
South Vietnam was inundated with manufactured goods. As Stanley Karnow writes, "the main PX (Post Exchange), located in the Saigon suburb of Cholon, was only slightly smaller than the New York Bloomingdale 's... '' The American buildup transformed the economy and had a profound effect on South Vietnamese society. A huge surge in corruption was witnessed.
Washington encouraged its SEATO allies to contribute troops. Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines all agreed to send troops. Major allies, however, notably NATO nations Canada and the United Kingdom, declined Washington 's troop requests. The U.S. and its allies mounted complex operations, such as operations Masher, Attleboro, Cedar Falls, and Junction City. However, the communist insurgents remained elusive and demonstrated great tactical flexibility.
Meanwhile, the political situation in South Vietnam began to stabilize with the coming to power of prime minister Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and figurehead Chief of State, General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, in mid-1965 at the head of a military junta. This ended a series of coups that had happened more than once a year. In 1967, Thieu became president with Ky as his deputy, after rigged elections. Although they were nominally a civilian government, Ky was supposed to maintain real power through a behind - the - scenes military body. However, Thieu outmaneuvered and sidelined Ky by filling the ranks with generals from his faction. Thieu was also accused of murdering Ky loyalists through contrived military accidents. Thieu, mistrustful and indecisive, remained president until 1975, having won a one - candidate election in 1971.
The Johnson administration employed a "policy of minimum candor '' in its dealings with the media. Military information officers sought to manage media coverage by emphasizing stories that portrayed progress in the war. Over time, this policy damaged the public trust in official pronouncements. As the media 's coverage of the war and that of the Pentagon diverged, a so - called credibility gap developed.
In late 1967 the Communists lured American forces into the hinterlands at Đắk Tô and at the Marine Khe Sanh combat base in Quảng Trị Province where the United States was more than willing to fight because it could unleash its massive firepower unimpeded by civilians. However, on 30 January 1968, the NVA and the Viet Cong broke the truce that traditionally accompanied the Tết (Lunar New Year) holiday by launching the largest battle of the war, the Tet Offensive, in the hope of sparking a national uprising. Over 100 cities were attacked by over 85,000 enemy troops including assaults on General Westmoreland 's headquarters and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon.
Although the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces were initially shocked by the scale of the urban offensive, they responded quickly and effectively, decimating the ranks of the Viet Cong. In the former capital city of Huế, the combined NVA and Viet Cong troops captured the Imperial Citadel and much of the city and massacred over 3,000 unarmed Huế civilians. In the following Battle of Huế American forces employed massive firepower that left 80 percent of the city in ruins. Further north, at Quảng Trị City, members of the 1st Cavalry Division and 1st ARVN Infantry Division killed more than 900 NVA and Vietcong troops in and around the city. In Saigon, 1,000 NLF (Viet Cong) fighters fought off 11,000 U.S. and ARVN troops for three weeks.
Across South Vietnam, 1,100 Americans and other allied troops, 2,100 ARVN, 14,000 civilians, and 32,000 NVA and Viet Cong lay dead.
But the Tet Offensive had another, unintended consequence. General Westmoreland had become the public face of the war. He had been named Time magazine 's 1965 's Man of the Year and eventually was featured on the magazine 's cover three times. Time described him as "the sinewy personification of the American fighting man... (who) directed the historic buildup, drew up the battle plans, and infused the... men under him with his own idealistic view of U.S. aims and responsibilities. '' Six weeks after the Tet Offensive began, "public approval of his overall performance dropped from 48 percent to 36 percent -- and, more dramatically, endorsement for his handling of the war fell from 40 percent to 26 percent. ''
A few months earlier, in November 1967, Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support. In a speech before the National Press Club he had said a point in the war had been reached "where the end comes into view. '' Thus, the public was shocked and confused when Westmoreland 's predictions were trumped by Tet. The American media, which had until then been largely supportive of U.S. efforts, turned on the Johnson administration for what had become an increasing credibility gap.
Although the Tet Offensive was a significant victory for allied forces, in terms of casualties and control of territory, it was a sound defeat when evaluated from the point of view of strategic consequences: it became a turning point in America 's involvement in the Vietnam War because it had a profound impact on domestic support for the conflict. Despite the military failure for the Communist forces, the Tet Offensive became a political victory for them and ended the career of president Lyndon B. Johnson, who declined to run for re-election as his approval rating slumped from 48 to 36 percent. As James Witz noted, Tet "contradicted the claims of progress... made by the Johnson administration and the military ''. The offensive constituted an intelligence failure on the scale of Pearl Harbor. Journalist Peter Arnett, in a disputed article, quoted an officer he refused to identify, saying of Bến Tre (laid to rubble by U.S. attacks) that "it became necessary to destroy the village in order to save it ''.
Walter Cronkite said in an editorial, "To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. '' Following Cronkite 's editorial report, President Lyndon Johnson is reported to have said, "If I 've lost Cronkite, I 've lost Middle America. '' Whether this statement was actually made by Johnson has been called into doubt.
Westmoreland became Chief of Staff of the Army in March 1968, just as all resistance was finally subdued. The move was technically a promotion. However, his position had become untenable because of the offensive and because his request for 200,000 additional troops had been leaked to the media. Westmoreland was succeeded by his deputy Creighton Abrams, a commander less inclined to public media pronouncements.
On 10 May 1968, despite low expectations, peace talks began between the United States and North Vietnam in Paris. Negotiations stagnated for five months, until Johnson gave orders to halt the bombing of North Vietnam.
As historian Robert Dallek writes, "Lyndon Johnson 's escalation of the war in Vietnam divided Americans into warring camps... cost 30,000 American lives by the time he left office, (and) destroyed Johnson 's presidency... '' His refusal to send more U.S. troops to Vietnam was seen as Johnson 's admission that the war was lost. In effect, Johnson found that the Vietnam War was no easier to prosecute than the Korean war, learning from experience that China was likely to intervene directly if Hanoi 's survival was threatened. Likewise, the Soviet Union would respond by providing more supplies and equipment to raise the cost for U.S. involvement, weakening their defenses in Europe and in the worse case trigger a nuclear confrontation. It can be seen that the refusal was a tacit admission that the war could not be won by escalation, at least not at a cost acceptable to the American people. As Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara noted, "the dangerous illusion of victory by the United States was therefore dead. ''
Vietnam was a major political issue during the United States presidential election in 1968. The election was won by Republican party candidate Richard Nixon.
U.S. President Richard Nixon began troop withdrawals in 1969. His plan, called the Nixon Doctrine, was to build up the ARVN, so that they could take over the defense of South Vietnam. The policy became known as "Vietnamization ''.
Nixon said in 1970 in an announcement, "I am tonight announcing plans for the withdrawal of an additional 150,000 American troops to be completed during the spring of next year. This will bring a total reduction of 265,500 men in our armed forces in Vietnam below the level that existed when we took office 15 months ago. ''
On 10 October 1969, Nixon ordered a squadron of 18 B - 52s loaded with nuclear weapons to race to the border of Soviet airspace to convince the Soviet Union, in accord with the madman theory, that he was capable of anything to end the Vietnam War.
Nixon also pursued negotiations. Theater commander Creighton Abrams shifted to smaller operations, aimed at communist logistics, with better use of firepower and more cooperation with the ARVN. Nixon also began to pursue détente with the Soviet Union and rapprochement with China. This policy helped to decrease global tensions. Détente led to nuclear arms reduction on the part of both superpowers. But Nixon was disappointed that China and the Soviet Union continued to supply the North Vietnamese with aid. In September 1969, Ho Chi Minh died at age seventy - nine.
The anti-war movement was gaining strength in the United States. Nixon appealed to the "silent majority '' of Americans who he said supported the war without showing it in public. But revelations of the My Lai Massacre, in which a U.S. Army platoon raped and killed civilians, and the 1969 "Green Beret Affair '' where eight Special Forces soldiers, including the 5th Special Forces Group Commander, were arrested for the murder of a suspected double agent provoked national and international outrage.
Beginning in 1970, American troops were withdrawn from border areas where most of the fighting took place, and instead redeployed along the coast and interior, which is one reason why casualties in 1970 were less than half of 1969 's totals.
Prince Norodom Sihanouk had proclaimed Cambodia neutral since 1955, but the communists used Cambodian soil as a base and Sihanouk tolerated their presence, because he wished to avoid being drawn into a wider regional conflict. Under pressure from Washington, however, he changed this policy in 1969. The Vietnamese communists were no longer welcome. President Nixon took the opportunity to launch a massive bombing campaign, called Operation Menu, against communist sanctuaries along the Cambodia / Vietnam border. Only five high - ranking Congressional officials were informed of Operation Menu.
In 1970, Prince Sihanouk was deposed by his pro-American prime minister Lon Nol. North Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1970 at the request of Khmer Rouge deputy leader Nuon Chea. U.S. and ARVN forces launched an invasion into Cambodia to attack NVA and Viet Cong bases.
This invasion sparked nationwide U.S. protests as Nixon had promised to deescalate the American involvement. Four students were killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University during a protest in Ohio, which provoked further public outrage in the United States. The reaction to the incident by the Nixon administration was seen as callous and indifferent, providing additional impetus for the anti-war movement. The U.S. Air Force continued to heavily bomb Cambodia in support of the Cambodian government as part of Operation Freedom Deal.
In 1971 the Pentagon Papers were leaked to The New York Times. The top - secret history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, commissioned by the Department of Defense, detailed a long series of public deceptions on the part of the U.S. government. The Supreme Court ruled that its publication was legal.
The ARVN launched Operation Lam Son 719 in February 1971, aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos. The ostensibly neutral Laos had long been the scene of a civil war, pitting the Laotian government backed by the US against the Pathet Lao and its North Vietnamese allies. After meeting resistance, ARVN forces retreated in a confused rout. They fled along roads littered with their own dead. When they exhausted fuel supplies, soldiers abandoned their vehicles and attempted to barge their way on to American helicopters sent to evacuate the wounded. Many ARVN soldiers clung to helicopter skids in a desperate attempt to save themselves. U.S. aircraft had to destroy abandoned equipment, including tanks, to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Half of the ARVN troops involved in the operation were either captured or killed. The operation was a fiasco and represented a clear failure of Vietnamization. As Karnow noted "the blunders were monumental... The (South Vietnamese) government 's top officers had been tutored by the Americans for ten or fifteen years, many at training schools in the United States, yet they had learned little. ''
In 1971 Australia and New Zealand withdrew their soldiers. The U.S. troop count was further reduced to 196,700, with a deadline to remove another 45,000 troops by February 1972. As peace protests spread across the United States, disillusionment and ill - discipline grew in the ranks including increased drug use, "fragging '' (the act of murdering the commander of a fighting unit) and desertions.
Vietnamization was again tested by the Easter Offensive of 1972, a massive conventional NVA invasion of South Vietnam. The NVA and Viet Cong quickly overran the northern provinces and in coordination with other forces attacked from Cambodia, threatening to cut the country in half. U.S. troop withdrawals continued. American airpower responded, beginning Operation Linebacker, and the offensive was halted. However, it became clear that without American airpower South Vietnam could not survive. The last remaining American ground troops were withdrawn by the end of March 1973; U.S. naval and air forces remained in the Gulf of Tonkin, as well as Thailand and Guam.
The war was the central issue of the 1972 U.S. presidential election. Nixon 's opponent, George McGovern, campaigned on a platform of withdrawal from Vietnam. Nixon 's National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger, continued secret negotiations with North Vietnam 's Lê Đức Thọ. In October 1972, they reached an agreement.
However, South Vietnamese president Thieu demanded massive changes to the peace accord. When North Vietnam went public with the agreement 's details, the Nixon administration claimed that the North was attempting to embarrass the president. The negotiations became deadlocked. Hanoi demanded new changes.
To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II, a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18 -- 29 December 1972. The offensive destroyed much of the remaining economic and industrial capacity of North Vietnam. Simultaneously Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement, threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid.
On 15 January 1973, Nixon announced the suspension of offensive action against North Vietnam. The Paris Peace Accords on "Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam '' were signed on 27 January 1973, officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. A cease - fire was declared across North and South Vietnam. U.S. prisoners of war were released. The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and, like the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for national elections in the North and South. The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty - day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces. "This article '', noted Peter Church, "proved... to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out. ''
The United States began drastically reducing their troop support in South Vietnam during the final years of Vietnamization. Many U.S. troops were removed from the region, and on 5 March 1971, the United States returned the 5th Special Forces Group, which was the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam, to its former base in Fort Bragg, North Carolina.
Under the Paris Peace Accords, between North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Lê Đức Thọ and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, and reluctantly signed by South Vietnamese president Thiệu, U.S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam and prisoners were exchanged. North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying communist troops in the South, but only to the extent of replacing expended materiel. Later that year the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Kissinger and Thọ, but the Vietnamese negotiator declined it saying that a true peace did not yet exist.
The communist leaders had expected that the ceasefire terms would favor their side. But Saigon, bolstered by a surge of U.S. aid received just before the ceasefire went into effect, began to roll back the Viet Cong. The communists responded with a new strategy hammered out in a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà.
As the Viet Cong 's top commander, Tra participated in several of these meetings. With U.S. bombings suspended, work on the Ho Chi Minh trail and other logistical structures could proceed unimpeded. Logistics would be upgraded until the North was in a position to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for the 1975 -- 76 dry season. Tra calculated that this date would be Hanoi 's last opportunity to strike before Saigon 's army could be fully trained.
In the November 1972 Election, Democratic nominee George McGovern lost 49 of 50 states to the incumbent President Richard Nixon. On 15 March 1973, President Nixon implied that the United States would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Public and congressional reaction to Nixon 's trial balloon was unfavorable and in April Nixon appointed Graham Martin as U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam. During his confirmation hearings in June 1973, Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger stated that he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam. On 4 June 1973, the U.S. Senate passed the Case -- Church Amendment to prohibit such intervention.
The oil price shock of October 1973 following the Yom Kippur War in Egypt caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. The Viet Cong resumed offensive operations when the dry season began and by January 1974 it had recaptured the territory it lost during the previous dry season. After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thieu announced on 4 January that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There had been over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period.
Gerald Ford took over as U.S. president on 9 August 1974 after President Nixon resigned due to the Watergate scandal. At this time, Congress cut financial aid to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million. The U.S. midterm elections in 1974 brought in a new Congress dominated by Democrats who were even more determined to confront the president on the war. Congress immediately voted in restrictions on funding and military activities to be phased in through 1975 and to culminate in a total cutoff of funding in 1976.
The success of the 1973 -- 74 dry season offensive inspired Trà to return to Hanoi in October 1974 and plead for a larger offensive in the next dry season. This time, Trà could travel on a drivable highway with regular fueling stops, a vast change from the days when the Ho Chi Minh trail was a dangerous mountain trek. Giáp, the North Vietnamese defense minister, was reluctant to approve Trà 's plan. A larger offensive might provoke a U.S. reaction and interfere with the big push planned for 1976. Trà appealed over Giáp 's head to first secretary Lê Duẩn, who approved of the operation.
Trà 's plan called for a limited offensive from Cambodia into Phước Long Province. The strike was designed to solve local logistical problems, gauge the reaction of South Vietnamese forces, and determine whether U.S. would return to the fray.
On 13 December 1974, North Vietnamese forces attacked Route 14 in Phước Long Province. Phuoc Binh, the provincial capital, fell on 6 January 1975. Ford desperately asked Congress for funds to assist and re-supply the South before it was overrun. Congress refused. The fall of Phuoc Binh and the lack of an American response left the South Vietnamese elite demoralized.
The speed of this success led the Politburo to reassess its strategy. It was decided that operations in the Central Highlands would be turned over to General Văn Tiến Dũng and that Pleiku should be seized, if possible. Before he left for the South, Dũng was addressed by Lê Duẩn: "Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage as great as we have now. ''
At the start of 1975, the South Vietnamese had three times as much artillery and twice the number of tanks and armored cars as the opposition. They also had 1,400 aircraft and a two - to - one numerical superiority in combat troops over their Communist enemies. However, the rising oil prices meant that much of this could not be used. They faced a well - organized, highly determined and well - funded North Vietnam. Much of the North 's material and financial support came from the communist bloc. Within South Vietnam, there was increasing chaos. The departure of the American military had compromised an economy dependent on U.S. financial support and the presence of a large number of U.S. troops. South Vietnam suffered from the global recession that followed the Arab oil embargo.
On 10 March 1975, General Dung launched Campaign 275, a limited offensive into the Central Highlands, supported by tanks and heavy artillery. The target was Buôn Ma Thuột, in Đắk Lắk Province. If the town could be taken, the provincial capital of Pleiku and the road to the coast would be exposed for a planned campaign in 1976. The ARVN proved incapable of resisting the onslaught, and its forces collapsed on 11 March. Once again, Hanoi was surprised by the speed of their success. Dung now urged the Politburo to allow him to seize Pleiku immediately and then turn his attention to Kon Tum. He argued that with two months of good weather remaining until the onset of the monsoon, it would be irresponsible to not take advantage of the situation.
President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, a former general, was fearful that his forces would be cut off in the north by the attacking communists; Thieu ordered a retreat. The president declared this to be a "lighten the top and keep the bottom '' strategy. But in what appeared to be a repeat of Operation Lam Son 719, the withdrawal soon turned into a bloody rout. While the bulk of ARVN forces attempted to flee, isolated units fought desperately. ARVN General Phu abandoned Pleiku and Kon Tum and retreated toward the coast, in what became known as the "column of tears ''.
As the ARVN tried to disengage from the enemy, refugees mixed in with the line of retreat. The poor condition of roads and bridges, damaged by years of conflict and neglect, slowed Phu 's column. As the North Vietnamese forces approached, panic set in. Often abandoned by the officers, the soldiers and civilians were shelled incessantly. The retreat degenerated into a desperate scramble for the coast. By 1 April the "column of tears '' was all but annihilated.
On 20 March, Thieu reversed himself and ordered Huế, Vietnam 's third - largest city, be held at all costs, and then changed his policy several times. Thieu 's contradictory orders confused and demoralized his officer corps. As the North Vietnamese launched their attack, panic set in, and ARVN resistance withered. On 22 March, the NVA opened the siege of Huế. Civilians flooded the airport and the docks hoping for any mode of escape. Some even swam out to sea to reach boats and barges anchored offshore. In the confusion, routed ARVN soldiers fired on civilians to make way for their retreat.
On 25 March, after a three - day battle, Huế fell. As resistance in Huế collapsed, North Vietnamese rockets rained down on Da Nang and its airport. By 28 March 35,000 VPA troops were poised to attack the suburbs. By 30 March 100,000 leaderless ARVN troops surrendered as the NVA marched victoriously through Da Nang. With the fall of the city, the defense of the Central Highlands and Northern provinces came to an end.
With the northern half of the country under their control, the Politburo ordered General Dung to launch the final offensive against Saigon. The operational plan for the Ho Chi Minh Campaign called for the capture of Saigon before 1 May. Hanoi wished to avoid the coming monsoon and prevent any redeployment of ARVN forces defending the capital. Northern forces, their morale boosted by their recent victories, rolled on, taking Nha Trang, Cam Ranh, and Da Lat.
On 7 April, three North Vietnamese divisions attacked Xuân Lộc, 40 miles (64 km) east of Saigon. The North Vietnamese met fierce resistance at Xuân Lộc from the ARVN 18th Division, who were outnumbered six to one. For two bloody weeks, severe fighting raged as the ARVN defenders made a last stand to try to block the North Vietnamese advance. By 21 April, however, the exhausted garrison were ordered to withdraw towards Saigon.
An embittered and tearful president Thieu resigned on the same day, declaring that the United States had betrayed South Vietnam. In a scathing attack, he suggested U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had tricked him into signing the Paris peace agreement two years earlier, promising military aid that failed to materialize. Having transferred power to Trần Văn Hương, he left for Taiwan on 25 April. At the same time, North Vietnamese tanks had reached Biên Hòa and turned toward Saigon, brushing aside isolated ARVN units along the way.
By the end of April, the ARVN had collapsed on all fronts except in the Mekong Delta. Thousands of refugees streamed southward, ahead of the main communist onslaught. On 27 April 100,000 North Vietnamese troops encircled Saigon. The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops. To hasten a collapse and foment panic, the NVA shelled the airport and forced its closure. With the air exit closed, large numbers of civilians found that they had no way out.
Chaos, unrest, and panic broke out as hysterical South Vietnamese officials and civilians scrambled to leave Saigon. Martial law was declared. American helicopters began evacuating South Vietnamese, U.S., and foreign nationals from various parts of the city and from the U.S. embassy compound. Operation Frequent Wind had been delayed until the last possible moment, because of U.S. Ambassador Graham Martin 's belief that Saigon could be held and that a political settlement could be reached.
Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the evacuation from Saigon by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic, military, and civilian personnel. Frequent Wind was arguably the largest helicopter evacuation in history. It began on 29 April, in an atmosphere of desperation, as hysterical crowds of Vietnamese vied for limited space. Martin pleaded with Washington to dispatch $700 million in emergency aid to bolster the regime and help it mobilize fresh military reserves. But American public opinion had soured on this conflict.
In the United States, South Vietnam was perceived as doomed. President Gerald Ford had given a televised speech on 23 April, declaring an end to the Vietnam War and all U.S. aid. Frequent Wind continued around the clock, as North Vietnamese tanks breached defenses on the outskirts of Saigon. In the early morning hours of 30 April, the last U.S. Marines evacuated the embassy by helicopter, as civilians swamped the perimeter and poured into the grounds. Many of them had been employed by the Americans and were left to their fate.
On 30 April 1975, NVA troops entered the city of Saigon and quickly overcame all resistance, capturing key buildings and installations. A tank from the 324th Division crashed through the gates of the Independence Palace at 11: 30 am local time and the Viet Cong flag was raised above it. President Dương Văn Minh, who had succeeded Huong two days earlier, surrendered.
The experience of American military personnel of African origin during the Vietnam War had received significant attention. For example, the website "African - American Involvement in the Vietnam War '' compiles examples of such coverage, as does the print and broadcast work of journalist Wallace Terry.
The epigraph of Terry 's book Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans (1984), includes the following quote: "I have an intuitive feeling that the Negro serviceman have a better understanding than whites of what the war is about. '' -- General William C. Westmoreland, U.S. Army, Saigon, 1967. That book 's introduction includes observations about the impact of the war on the black community in general and on black servicemen specifically. Points he makes on the latter topic include: the higher proportion of combat casualties in Vietnam among African American servicemen than among American soldiers of other races, the shift toward and different attitudes of black military careerists versus black draftees, the discrimination encountered by black servicemen "on the battlefield in decorations, promotion and duty assignments '' as well as their having to endure "the racial insults, cross-burnings and Confederate flags of their white comrades '' -- and the experiences faced by black soldiers stateside, during the war and after America 's withdrawal. Upon the war 's completion, black casualties made up 12.5 % of US combat deaths, approximately equal to percentage of draft - eligible black men, though still slightly higher than the 10 % who served in the military.
During the course of the Vietnam War a large segment of the American population came to be opposed to U.S. involvement in South Vietnam. Public opinion steadily turned against the war following 1967 and by 1970 only a third of Americans believed that the U.S. had not made a mistake by sending troops to fight in Vietnam.
Nearly a third of the American population were strongly against the war. It is possible to specify certain groups who led the anti-war movement and the reasons why. Many young people protested because they were the ones being drafted while others were against the war because the anti-war movement grew increasingly popular among the counterculture and drug culture in American society and its music.
Some advocates within the peace movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. One reason given for the withdrawal is that it would contribute to a lessening of tensions in the region and thus less human bloodshed. Early opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam drew its inspiration from the Geneva Conference of 1954. American support of Diệm in refusing elections was seen as thwarting the very democracy that America claimed to be supporting. John F. Kennedy, while Senator, opposed involvement in Vietnam.
Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism and, for those involved with the New Left such as the Catholic Worker Movement. Others, such as Stephen Spiro opposed the war based on the theory of Just War. Some wanted to show solidarity with the people of Vietnam, such as Norman Morrison emulating the actions of Thích Quảng Đức. In a key televised debate from 15 May 1965, Eric Severeid reporting for CBS conducted a debate between McGeorge Bundy and Hans Morgenthau dealing with an acute summary of the main war concerns of the U.S. as seen at that time stating them as: "(1) What are the justifications for the American presence in Vietnam -- why are we there? (2) What is the fundamental nature of this war? Is it aggression from North Vietnam or is it basically, a civil war between the peoples of South Vietnam? (3) What are the implications of this Vietnam struggle in terms of Communist China 's power and aims and future actions? And (4) What are the alternatives to our present policy in Vietnam? ''
High - profile opposition to the Vietnam War turned to street protests in an effort to turn U.S. political opinion. On 15 October 1969, the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans. Riots broke out at the 1968 Democratic National Convention during protests against the war. After news reports of American military abuses such as the 1968 My Lai Massacre, brought new attention and support to the anti-war movement, some veterans joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War. The fatal shooting of four students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests. Anti-war protests ended with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973. South Vietnam was left to defend itself alone when the fighting resumed. Many South Vietnamese subsequently fled to the United States.
2,000 years of Chinese - Vietnamese enmity and hundreds of years of Chinese and Russian mutual suspicions were suspended when they united against us in Vietnam.
In 1950, the People 's Republic of China extended diplomatic recognition to the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam and sent weapons, as well as military advisers led by Luo Guibo to assist the Viet Minh in its war with the French. The first draft of the 1954 Geneva Accords was negotiated by French prime minister Pierre Mendès France and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai who, fearing U.S. intervention, urged the Viet Minh to accept a partition at the 17th parallel.
China 's support for North Vietnam included both financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles. In the summer of 1962, Mao Zedong agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge. Starting in 1965, China sent anti-aircraft units and engineering battalions to North Vietnam to repair the damage caused by American bombing, man anti-aircraft batteries, rebuild roads and railroads, transport supplies, and perform other engineering works. This freed North Vietnamese army units for combat in the South. China sent 320,000 troops and annual arms shipments worth $180 million. The Chinese military claims to have caused 38 % of American air losses in the war. China claimed that its military and economic aid to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong totaled $20 billion (approx. $143 billion adjusted for inflation in 2015) during the Vietnam War. Included in that aid were donations of 5 million tons of food to North Vietnam (equivalent to NV food production in a single year), accounting for 10 - 15 % of the North Vietnamese food supply by the 1970s.
Sino - Soviet relations soured after the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In October, the Chinese demanded North Vietnam cut relations with Moscow, but Hanoi refused. The Chinese began to withdraw in November 1968 in preparation for a clash with the Soviets, which occurred at Zhenbao Island in March 1969. The Chinese also began financing the Khmer Rouge as a counterweight to the Vietnamese communists at this time.
China "armed and trained '' the Khmer Rouge during the civil war and continued to aid them for years afterward. The Khmer Rouge launched ferocious raids into Vietnam in 1975 -- 1978. When Vietnam responded with an invasion that toppled the Khmer Rouge, China launched a brief, punitive invasion of Vietnam in 1979.
Soviet ships in the South China Sea gave vital early warnings to Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam. The Soviet intelligence ships would pick up American B - 52 bombers flying from Okinawa and Guam. Their airspeed and direction would be noted and then relayed to COSVN, North Vietnam 's southern headquarters. Using airspeed and direction, COSVN analysts would calculate the bombing target and tell any assets to move "perpendicularly to the attack trajectory. '' These advance warning gave them time to move out of the way of the bombers, and, while the bombing runs caused extensive damage, because of the early warnings from 1968 to 1970 they did not kill a single military or civilian leader in the headquarters complexes.
The Soviet Union supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies, arms, tanks, planes, helicopters, artillery, anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment. Soviet crews fired Soviet - made surface - to - air missiles at U.S. F - 4 Phantoms, which were shot down over Thanh Hóa in 1965. Over a dozen Soviet citizens lost their lives in this conflict. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian officials acknowledged that the Soviet Union had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war.
Some Russian sources give more specific numbers: Between 1953 and 1991, the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks, 1,700 APCs, 7,000 artillery guns, over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns, 158 surface - to - air missile launchers, 120 helicopters. During the war, the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450 million. From July 1965 to the end of 1974, fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals, as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces. In addition, Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers -- in all more than 10,000 military personnel.
As a result of a decision of the Korean Workers ' Party in October 1966, in early 1967 North Korea sent a fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi. They stayed through 1968, and 200 pilots were reported to have served.
In addition, at least two anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent as well. North Korea also sent weapons, ammunition and two million sets of uniforms to their comrades in North Vietnam. Kim Il - sung is reported to have told his pilots to "fight in the war as if the Vietnamese sky were their own ''.
The contribution to North Vietnam by the Republic of Cuba, under Fidel Castro have been recognized several times by representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Fidel Castro mentioned in his discourses the Batallón Girón (Giron Battalion) as comprising the Cuban contingent that served as military advisors during the war. In this battalion, alongside the Cubans, fought Nguyễn Thị Định, founding member of the Viet Cong, who later became the first female Major General in the North Vietnamese Army. There are numerous allegations by former U.S. prisoners of war that Cuban military personnel were present at North Vietnamese prison facilities during the war and that they participated in torture activities, in what is known as the "Cuba Program ''. Witnesses to this include Senator John McCain, 2008 U.S. Presidential candidate and former Vietnam prisoner of war, according to his 1999 book Faith of My Fathers. Benjamin Gilman, a Vietnam War POW / MIA issue advocate, claim evidence that Cuba 's military and non-military involvement may have run into the "thousands '' of personnel. Fidel Castro visited in person Quảng Trị province, held by North Vietnam after the Easter Offensive to show his support for the Viet Cong.
On the anti-communist side, South Korea (a.k.a. the Republic of Korea, ROK) had the second - largest contingent of foreign troops in South Vietnam after the United States. In November 1961, Park Chung - hee proposed South Korean participation in the war to John F. Kennedy, but Kennedy disagreed. On 1 May 1964 Lyndon Johnson requested South Korean participation. The first South Korean troops began arriving in 1964 and large combat formations began arriving a year later. The ROK Marine Corps dispatched their 2nd Marine Brigade while the ROK Army sent the Capital Division and later the 9th Infantry Division. In August 1966 after the arrival of the 9th Division the Koreans established a corps command, the Republic of Korea Forces Vietnam Field Command, near I Field Force, Vietnam at Nha Trang. The South Koreans soon developed a reputation for effectiveness, reportedly conducting counterinsurgency operations so well that American commanders felt that the South Korean area of responsibility was the safest.
Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers were sent to Vietnam, each serving a one - year tour of duty. Maximum troop levels peaked at 50,000 in 1968, however all were withdrawn by 1973. About 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war. South Korea claimed to have killed 41,000 Viet Cong fighters. The United States paid South Korean soldiers 236 million dollars for their efforts in Vietnam, and South Korean GNP increased five-fold during the war.
Australia and New Zealand, close allies of the United States and members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the ANZUS military co-operation treaty, sent ground troops to Vietnam. Both nations had gained experience in counterinsurgency and jungle warfare during the Malayan Emergency and World War II. Their governments subscribed to the Domino theory. Australia began by sending advisors to Vietnam in 1962, and combat troops were committed in 1965. New Zealand began by sending a detachment of engineers and an artillery battery, and then started sending special forces and regular infantry which were attached to Australian formations. Australia 's peak commitment was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand 's 552. More than 60,000 Australian personnel were involved during the course of the war, of which 521 were killed and more than 3,000 wounded. Approximately 3,500 New Zealanders served in Vietnam, with 37 killed and 187 wounded. Most Australians and New Zealanders served in the 1st Australian Task Force in Phước Tuy Province.
Some 10,450 Filipino troops were dispatched to South Vietnam. They were primarily engaged in medical and other civilian pacification projects. These forces operated under the designation PHLCAG - V or Philippine Civic Action Group - Vietnam. More noteworthy was the fact that the naval base in Subic Bay was used for the U.S. Seventh Fleet from 1964 till the end of the war in 1975. The Navy base in Subic bay and the Air force base at Clark achieved maximum functionality during the war and supported an estimated 80,000 locals in allied tertiary businesses from shoe making to prostitution.
Thai Army formations, including the "Queen 's Cobra '' battalion, saw action in South Vietnam between 1965 and 1971. Thai forces saw much more action in the covert war in Laos between 1964 and 1972, though Thai regular formations there were heavily outnumbered by the irregular "volunteers '' of the CIA - sponsored Police Aerial Reconnaissance Units or PARU, who carried out reconnaissance activities on the western side of the Ho Chi Minh trail.
Since November 1967, the Taiwanese government secretly operated a cargo transport detachment to assist the United States and South Vietnam. Taiwan also provided military training units for the South Vietnamese diving units, later known as the Lien Doi Nguoi Nhai (LDMN) or "Frogman unit '' in English. In addition to the diving trainers there were several hundred military personnel. Military commandos from Taiwan were captured by communist forces three times trying to infiltrate North Vietnam.
The Brazilian government of President Castelo Branco officially supported the United States 's position in South Vietnam and contributed a medical team and supplies to the country -- the only Latin American country to do so (two other Latin American countries -- Nicaragua and Paraguay -- offered to send military forces in support of the United States, but their offers were declined).
Canada, India and Poland constituted the International Control Commission, which was supposed to monitor the 1954 ceasefire agreement. Officially, Canada did not have partisan involvement in the Vietnam War and diplomatically it was "non-belligerent ''. Victor Levant suggested otherwise in his book Quiet Complicity: Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War (1986). The Vietnam War entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia asserts plainly that Canada 's record on the truce commissions was a pro-Saigon partisan one.
The ethnic minority peoples of south Vietnam like the Christian Montagnards (Degar), Hindu and Muslim Cham and the Buddhist Khmer Krom banded together in the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (French: Front Uni de Lutte des Races Opprimées, acronym: FULRO) to fight against the Vietnamese for autonomy or independence. FULRO fought against both the anti-Communist South Vietnamese and the Communist Viet Cong, and then FURLO proceeded to fight against the united Communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam after the fall of South Vietnam. FULRO was supported by China, the United States, Cambodia, and some French citizens.
During the war, the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began a program to settle ethnic Vietnamese Kinh on Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands region. This provoked a backlash from the Montagnards. The Cambodians under both the pro-China King Sihanouk and the pro-American Lon Nol supported their fellow co-ethnic Khmer Krom in south Vietnam, following an anti - ethnic Vietnamese policy.
FULRO was formed from the amalgation of the Cham organization "Champa Liberation Front '' (Front de Liberation du Champa FLC) led by the Cham Muslim officer Les Kosem who served in the Royal Cambodian Army, the Khmer Krom organization "Liberation Front of Kampuchea Krom '' (Front de Liberation du Kampuchea Krom FLKK) led by Chau Dara, a former monk, and the Montagnard organizations "Central Highlands Liberation Front '' (Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux FLHP) led by Y Bham Enuol and BAJARAKA.
The leaders of FULRO were executed by the Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot when he took power in Cambodia but FULRO insurgents proceeded to fight against the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia and it was not until 1992 that they finally surrendered to the United Nations in Cambodia.
A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War. War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism, the widespread use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war. Additional common crimes included theft, arson, and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity.
In 1968, the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group (VWCWG) was established by the Pentagon task force set up in the wake of the My Lai Massacre, to attempt to ascertain the veracity of emerging claims of war crimes by U.S. armed forces in Vietnam, during the Vietnam War period.
The investigation compiled over 9,000 pages of investigative files, sworn statements by witnesses and status reports for top military officers, indicating that 320 incidents had factual basis. The substantiated cases included 7 massacres between 1967 and 1971 in which at least 137 civilians were killed; seventy eight further attacks targeting non-combatants resulting in at least 57 deaths, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted; one hundred and forty - one cases of US soldiers torturing civilian detainees or prisoners of war with fists, sticks, bats, water or electric shock. Over 800 alleged atrocities were investigated, but only 23 soldiers were ever convicted on charges and most served sentences of less than a year. A Los Angeles Times report on the archived files concluded that the war crimes were not confined to a few rogue units, having been uncovered in every army division that was active in Vietnam.
During their visits to transit detention facilities under American administration in 1968 and 1969, the International Red Cross recorded many cases of torture and inhumane treatment before the captives were handed over to South Vietnamese authorities.
In 2003 a series of investigative reports by the Toledo Blade uncovered a large number of unreported American war crimes particularly from the Tiger Force unit.
The war involved the establishment of numerous free - fire zones by U.S. forces as a tactic to prevent Viet Cong fighters from sheltering in South Vietnamese villages. Such practice, which involved the assumption that any individual appearing in the designated zones was an enemy combatant that could be freely targeted by weapons, is regarded by journalist Lewis M. Simons as "a severe violation of the laws of war ''. Cases of indiscriminate attacks against civilians within free - fire zones resulting from unsuccessful forced evacuations were frequent. According to political scientist R.J. Rummel, U.S. troops murdered about 6,000 Vietnamese civilians during the war. Nick Turse, in his 2013 book, Kill Anything that Moves, argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts, a widespread use of free - fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as Viet Cong, and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. troops. One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express, an operation by the 9th Infantry Division, which was described by John Paul Vann as, in effect, "many My Lais ''. A report by Newsweek magazine suggested that an estimated 5,000 civilians may have been killed during six months of the operation.
In terms of atrocities by the South Vietnamese, during the Diem era (1954 -- 1963) R.J. Rummel estimated that 16,000 to 167,000 South Vietnamese civilians were killed in democide; for 1964 to 1975, Rummel estimated a total of 42,000 to 128,000 killed in democide. Thus, the total for 1954 to 1975 is from 57,000 to 284,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam, excluding NLF / North Vietnamese forces killed by the South Vietnamese armed forces. Torture and ill - treatment were frequently applied by the South Vietnamese to POWs as well as civilian prisoners. During their visit to the Con Son Prison in 1970, U.S. Congressmen Augustus F. Hawkins and William R. Anderson witnessed detainees either confined in minute "tiger cages '' or chained to their cells, and provided with poor - quality food. A group of American doctors inspecting the prison in the same year found many inmates suffering symptoms resulting from forced immobility and torture. Red Cross reports after the war showed connections of U.S. advisors with the torture at POW camps.
South Korean forces were also accused of war crimes as well. One documented event was the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre where the 2nd Marine Brigade of the South Korean Army purportedly killed 69 - 79 civilians on 12 February 1968 in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất village, Điện Bàn District of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam. South Korean forces are also accused of perpetrating other massacres, namely: Bình Hòa massacre, Binh Tai Massacre and Hà My massacre.
According to Guenter Lewy, the Viet Cong assassinated about 36,725 South Vietnamese between 1957 and 1972. Statistics for 1968 -- 72 suggest that "about 80 percent of the terrorist victims were ordinary civilians and only about 20 percent were government officials, policemen, members of the self - defence forces or pacification cadres. '' Ami Pedahzur has written that "the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century ''. Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế during the Tet Offensive and the incineration of hundreds of civilians at the Đắk Sơn massacre with flamethrowers. Up to 155,000 refugees fleeing the final North Vietnamese Spring Offensive were killed or abducted on the road to Tuy Hòa in 1975. According to Rummel, North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops murdered between 106,000 and 227,000 civilians in South Vietnam. North Vietnam was also known for its inhumane and abusive treatment of American POWs, most notably in Hỏa Lò Prison (aka the Hanoi Hilton), where severe torture was employed to extract "confessions ''.
According to a U.S. Senate report, squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas. Peer De Silva, former head of the Saigon department of the CIA, wrote that from as early as 1963, Viet Cong units were using disembowelment and other methods of mutilation for the purpose of waging psychological warfare.
In the Cambodian Civil War, Khmer Rouge insurgents reportedly committed atrocities during the war. These include the murder of civilians and POWs by slowly sawing off their heads a little more each day, the destruction of Buddhist wats and the killing of monks, attacks on refugee camps involving the deliberate murder of babies and bomb threats against foreign aid workers, the abduction and assassination of journalists, and the shelling of Phnom Penh for more than a year. Journalist accounts stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling "tortured the capital almost continuously '', inflicting "random death and mutilation '' on 2 million trapped civilians.
The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated the entire city after taking it, in what has been described as a death march: François Ponchaud wrote: "I shall never forget one cripple who had neither hands nor feet, writhing along the ground like a severed worm, or a weeping father carrying his ten - year old daughter wrapped in a sheet tied around his neck like a sling, or the man with his foot dangling at the end of a leg to which it was attached by nothing but skin ''; John Swain recalled that the Khmer Rouge were "tipping out patients from the hospitals like garbage into the streets... In five years of war, this is the greatest caravan of human misery I have seen. ''
During the Vietnam War, American women served on active duty doing a variety of jobs. Early in 1963, the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) launched Operation Nightingale, an intensive effort to recruit nurses to serve in Vietnam. Most nurses who volunteered to serve in Vietnam came from predominantly working or middle - class families with histories of military service. The majority of these women were white Catholics and Protestants. Because the need for medical aid was great, many nurses underwent a concentrated four - month training program before being deployed to Vietnam in the ANC. Due to the shortage of staff, nurses usually worked twelve - hour shifts, six days per week and often suffered from exhaustion. First Lieutenant Sharon Lane was the only female military nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire during the war, on 8 June 1969.
At the start of the Vietnam War, it was commonly thought that American women had no place in the military. Their traditional place had been in the domestic sphere, but with the war came opportunity for the expansion of gender roles. In Vietnam, women held a variety of jobs which included operating complex data processing equipment and serving as stenographers. Although a small number of women were assigned to combat zones, they were never allowed directly in the field of battle. The women who served in the military were solely volunteers. They faced a plethora of challenges, one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers. Living in a male - dominated environment created tensions between the sexes. While this high male to female ratio was often uncomfortable for women, many men reported that having women in the field with them boosted their morale. Although this was not the women 's purpose, it was one positive result of their service. By 1973, approximately 7,500 women had served in Vietnam in the Southeast Asian theater. In that same year, the military lifted the prohibition on women entering the armed forces.
American women serving in Vietnam were subject to societal stereotypes. Many Americans either considered females serving in Vietnam masculine for living under the army discipline, or judged them to be women of questionable moral character who enlisted for the sole purpose of seducing men. To address this problem, the ANC released advertisements portraying women in the ANC as "proper, professional and well protected. '' (26) This effort to highlight the positive aspects of a nursing career reflected the ideas of second - wave feminism that occurred during the 1960s -- 1970s in the United States. Although female military nurses lived in a heavily male environment, very few cases of sexual harassment were ever reported.
Unlike the American women who went to Vietnam, North Vietnamese women were enlisted and fought in the combat zone as well as providing manual labor to keep the Ho Chi Minh trail open and cook for the soldiers. They also worked in the rice fields in North Vietnam and Viet Cong - held farming areas in South Vietnam 's Mekong Delta region to provide food for their families and the war effort. Women were enlisted in both the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the Viet Cong guerrilla insurgent force in South Vietnam. Some women also served for the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong intelligence services.
In South Vietnam, many women voluntarily served in the ARVN 's Women 's Armed Force Corps (WAFC) and various other Women 's corps in the military. Some, like in the WAFC, fought in combat with other soldiers. Others served as nurses and doctors in the battlefield and in military hospitals, or served in South Vietnam or America 's intelligence agencies. During Diệm 's presidency, Madame Nhu was the commander of the WAFC.
The war saw more than one million rural people migrate or flee the fighting in the South Vietnamese countryside to the cities, especially Saigon. Among the internal refugees were many young women who became the ubiquitous "bargirls '' of wartime South Vietnam "hawking her wares -- be that cigarettes, liquor, or herself '' to American and allied soldiers. American bases were ringed by bars and brothels.
8,040 Vietnamese women came to the United States as war brides between 1964 and 1975. Many mixed - blood Amerasian children were left behind when their American fathers returned to the United States after their tour of duty in South Vietnam. 26,000 of them were permitted to immigrate to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s.
The communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the First Indochina war or from ARVN units or bought on the black market. The ubiquitous Soviet AK - 47 assault rifle was often regarded as the best rifle of the war, due to its ability to continue to function even in adverse, muddy conditions. Other weapons used by the Viet Cong included the World War II - era PPSh - 41 submachine gun (both Soviet and Chinese versions), the SKS carbine, the RPD light machine gun, the DShK heavy machine gun and the RPG - 2 / B - 40 grenade launcher.
While the Viet Cong had both amphibious tanks (such as the PT - 76) and light tanks (such as the Type 62), they also used bicycles to transport munitions. The US ' heavily armored, 90 mm M48A3 Patton tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with US Forces. They played an important role in infantry support.
The US service rifle was initially the M14 (though some units were still using the WWII - era M1 Garand for a lack of M14s). Found to be unsuitable for jungle warfare, the M14 was replaced by M16 which was more accurate and lighter than the AK - 47. For a period, the gun suffered from a jamming flaw known as "failure to extract '', which means that a spent cartridge case remained lodged in the action after a round is fired. According to a congressional report, the jamming was caused primarily by a change in gunpowder which was done without adequate testing and reflected a decision for which the safety of soldiers was a secondary consideration. That issue was solved in early 1968 with the issuance of the M16A1 that featured a chrome plated chamber among several other features. End - user satisfaction with the M16 was high except during this episode, but the M16 still has a reputation as a gun that jams easily.
The M60 machine gun GPMG (General Purpose Machine Gun) was the main machine gun of the US army at the time and many of them were put on helicopters, to provide suppressive fire when landing in hostile regions. The MAC - 10 machine pistol was supplied to many special forces troops in the midpoint of the war. It also armed many CIA agents in the field.
Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC - 130 "Spectre '' Gunship and the UH - 1 "Huey '' gunship. The AC - 130 was a heavily armed ground - attack aircraft variant of the C - 130 Hercules transport plane; it was used to provide close air support, air interdiction and force protection. The AC - 130H "Spectre '' was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons, one Bofors 40mm autocannon, and one 105 mm M102 howitzer. The Huey is a military helicopter powered by a single, turboshaft engine, with a two - bladed main rotor and tail rotor. Approximately 7,000 UH - 1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam.
The Claymore M18A1, an anti-personnel mine, was widely used during the war. Unlike a conventional land mine, the Claymore is command - detonated and directional, meaning it is fired by remote - control and shoots a pattern of 700 one - eighth - inch steel balls into the kill zone like a shotgun.
The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision - guided munition, cluster bombs, and napalm, a thickening / gelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device, initially against buildings and later primarily as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone.
The Vietnam War was the first conflict where U.S. forces had secure voice communication equipment available at the tactical level. The National Security Agency ran a crash program to provide U.S. forces with a family of security equipment code named NESTOR, fielding 17,000 units initially. Eventually 30,000 units were produced. However limitations of the units, including poor voice quality, reduced range, annoying time delays and logistical support issues led to only one unit in ten being used. While many in the U.S. military believed that the Viet Cong and NVA would not be able to exploit insecure communications, interrogation of captured communication intelligence units showed they were able to understand the jargon and codes used in realtime and were often able to warn their side of impending U.S. actions.
The U.S. dropped over 7 million tons of bombs on Indochina during the war -- more than triple the 2.1 million tons of bombs the U.S. dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II, and more than ten times the amount dropped by the U.S. during the Korean War. 500 thousand tons were dropped on Cambodia, 1 million tons were dropped on North Vietnam, and 4 million tons were dropped on South Vietnam. On a per capita basis, the 2 million tons dropped on Laos make it the most heavily bombed country in history; The New York Times noted this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos. '' In Laos alone, some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country, rendering vast swathes of land impossible to cultivate and killing or maiming 50 Laotians every year. Former U.S. Air Force official Earl Tilford has recounted "repeated bombing runs of a lake in central Cambodia. The B - 52s literally dropped their payloads in the lake '': The Air Force ran many missions of this kind for the purpose of securing additional funding during budget negotiations, so the amount of tonnage expended does not directly correlate with the resulting damage.
On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Despite speculation that the victorious North Vietnamese would, in President Nixon 's words, "massacre the civilians there (South Vietnam) by the millions, '' there is a widespread consensus that no mass executions in fact took place. However, in the years following the end of the war, up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps (not including "dissidents detained in the many prisons of Vietnam ''), where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labor. In addition, 200,000 to 400,000 Vietnamese boat people died at sea, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, fell to the communist Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975. Under the leadership of Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians out of a population of around 8 million, in one of the bloodiest genocides in history. An estimated 1,386,734 victims of execution have been counted in mass graves, while demographic analysis suggests that the policies of the regime caused between 1.7 and 2.5 million excess deaths altogether (including disease and starvation). After repeated border clashes in 1978, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) and ousted the Khmer Rouge, who were being supported by China, in the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War. In response, China invaded Vietnam in 1979. The two countries fought a brief border war, known as the Sino - Vietnamese War. From 1978 to 1979, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees or were expelled. The devastating impact of Khmer Rouge rule contributed to a 1979 famine in Cambodia, during which an additional 300,000 Cambodians perished.
The Pathet Lao overthrew the monarchy of Laos in December 1975, establishing the Lao People 's Democratic Republic under the leadership of a member of the royal family, Souphanouvong. The change in regime was "quite peaceful, a sort of Asiatic ' velvet revolution ' '' -- although 30,000 former officials were sent to reeducation camps, often enduring harsh conditions for several years. The conflict between Hmong rebels and the Pathet Lao continued in isolated pockets.
Over 3 million people left Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in the Indochina refugee crisis. Most Asian countries were unwilling to accept these refugees, many of whom fled by boat and were known as boat people. Between 1975 and 1998, an estimated 1.2 million refugees from Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries resettled in the United States, while Canada, Australia, and France resettled over 500,000. China accepted 250,000 people. Of all the countries of Indochina, Laos experienced the largest refugee flight in proportional terms, as 300,000 people out of a total population of 3 million crossed the border into Thailand. Included among their ranks were "about 90 percent '' of Laos 's "intellectuals, technicians, and officials. '' In 1988, Vietnam suffered a famine that afflicted millions. Vietnam retained its pro-Soviet orientation after the war and remained an important ally of the USSR in the region.
Agent Orange and similar chemical substances used by the U.S. have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries over the years, including the US Air Force crew that handled them. On 9 August 2012, the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical on part of Danang International Airport, marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam.
In the post-war era, Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention. As General Maxwell Taylor, one of the principal architects of the war, noted, "First, we did n't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean War, but this was a different country. Secondly, we did n't know our South Vietnamese allies... And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who was Ho Chi Minh? Nobody really knew. So, until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves, we 'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business. It 's very dangerous. '' President Ronald Reagan coined the term "Vietnam Syndrome '' to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support further international interventions after Vietnam.
Some have suggested that "the responsibility for the ultimate failure of this policy (America 's withdrawal from Vietnam) lies not with the men who fought, but with those in Congress... '' Alternatively, the official history of the United States Army noted that "tactics have often seemed to exist apart from larger issues, strategies, and objectives. Yet in Vietnam the Army experienced tactical success and strategic failure... The... Vietnam War... legacy may be the lesson that unique historical, political, cultural, and social factors always impinge on the military... Success rests not only on military progress but on correctly analyzing the nature of the particular conflict, understanding the enemy 's strategy, and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of allies. A new humility and a new sophistication may form the best parts of a complex heritage left to the Army by the long, bitter war in Vietnam. ''
U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in a secret memo to President Gerald Ford that "in terms of military tactics, we can not help draw the conclusion that our armed forces are not suited to this kind of war. Even the Special Forces who had been designed for it could not prevail. '' Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that "the achievement of a military victory by U.S. forces in Vietnam was indeed a dangerous illusion. ''
Doubts surfaced as to the effectiveness of large - scale, sustained bombing. As Army Chief of Staff Harold Keith Johnson noted, "if anything came out of Vietnam, it was that air power could n't do the job. '' Even General William Westmoreland admitted that the bombing had been ineffective. As he remarked, "I still doubt that the North Vietnamese would have relented. ''
The inability to bring Hanoi to the bargaining table by bombing also illustrated another U.S. miscalculation. The North 's leadership was composed of hardened communists who had been fighting for thirty years. They had defeated the French, and their tenacity as both nationalists and communists was formidable. Ho Chi Minh is quoted as saying, "You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours... But even at these odds you will lose and I will win. ''
The Vietnam War called into question the U.S. Army doctrine. Marine Corps General Victor H. Krulak heavily criticised Westmoreland 's attrition strategy, calling it "wasteful of American lives... with small likelihood of a successful outcome. '' In addition, doubts surfaced about the ability of the military to train foreign forces.
Between 1953 and 1975, the United States spent $168 billion on the war ($1.02 trillion in FY2015 dollars). This resulted in a large federal budget deficit.
More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam. James E. Westheider wrote that "At the height of American involvement in 1968, for example, there were 543,000 American military personnel in Vietnam, but only 80,000 were considered combat troops. '' Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the president since World War II, but ended in 1973.
By war 's end, 58,220 American soldiers had been killed, more than 150,000 had been wounded, and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled. The average age of the U.S. troops killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years. According to Dale Kueter, "Of those killed in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races. '' Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of posttraumatic stress disorder. An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft, and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted. In 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam - era draft dodgers. The Vietnam War POW / MIA issue, concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action, persisted for many years after the war 's conclusion. The costs of the war loom large in American popular consciousness; a 1990 poll showed that the public incorrectly believed that more Americans lost their lives in Vietnam than in World War II.
As of 2013, the U.S. government is paying Vietnam veterans and their families or survivors more than $22 billion a year in war - related claims.
As the Vietnam War continued inconclusively and became more unpopular with the American public, morale declined and disciplinary problems grew among American enlisted men and junior, non-career officers. Drug use, racial tensions, and the growing incidence of fragging -- attempting to kill unpopular officers and non-commissioned officers with grenades or other weapons -- created severe problems for the U.S. military and impacted its capability of undertaking combat operations. By 1971, a U.S. Army colonel writing in the Armed Forces Journal declared: "By every conceivable indicator, our army that now remains in Vietnam is in a state approaching collapse, with individual units avoiding or having refused combat, murdering their officers and non commissioned officers, drug - ridden, and dispirited where not near mutinous... The morale, discipline, and battleworthiness of the U.S. Armed Forces are, with a few salient exceptions, lower and worse than at any time in this century and possibly in the history of the United States. '' Between 1969 and 1971 the US Army recorded more than 700 attacks by troops on their own officers. Eighty - three officers were killed and almost 650 were injured.
Ron Milam has questioned the severity of the "breakdown '' of the U.S. armed forces, especially among combat troops, as reflecting the opinions of "angry colonels '' who deplored the erosion of traditional military values during the Vietnam War. Although acknowledging serious problems, he questions the alleged "near mutinous '' conduct of junior officers and enlisted men in combat. Investigating one combat refusal incident, a journalist declared, "A certain sense of independence, a reluctance to behave according to the military 's insistence on obedience, like pawns or puppets... The grunts (infantrymen) were determined to survive... they insisted of having something to say about the making of decisions that determined whether they might live or die. ''
The morale and discipline problems and resistance to conscription (the draft) were important factors leading to the creation of an all - volunteer military force by the United States and the termination of conscription. The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973. The all - volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks.
One of the most controversial aspects of the U.S. military effort in Southeast Asia was the widespread use of chemical defoliants between 1961 and 1971. They were used to defoliate large parts of the countryside to prevent the Viet Cong from being able to hide their weapons and encampments under the foliage. These chemicals continue to change the landscape, cause diseases and birth defects, and poison the food chain.
Early in the American military effort, it was decided that since the enemy were hiding their activities under triple - canopy jungle, a useful first step might be to defoliate certain areas. This was especially true of growth surrounding bases (both large and small) in what became known as Operation Ranch Hand. Corporations like Dow Chemical Company and Monsanto were given the task of developing herbicides for this purpose. American officials also pointed out that the British had previously used 2, 4, 5 - T and 2, 4 - D (virtually identical to America 's use in Vietnam) on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s in order to destroy bushes, crops, and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the concealment they needed to ambush passing convoys. Indeed, Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President John F. Kennedy on 24 November 1961, that "(t) he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an accepted tactic of war. Precedent has been established by the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of aircraft for destroying crops by chemical spraying. ''
The defoliants, which were distributed in drums marked with color - coded bands, included the "Rainbow Herbicides '' -- Agent Pink, Agent Green, Agent Purple, Agent Blue, Agent White, and, most famously, Agent Orange, which included dioxin as a by - product of its manufacture. About 11 -- 12 million gallons (41.6 -- 45.4 million L) of Agent Orange were sprayed over southern Vietnam between 1961 and 1971. A prime area of Ranch Hand operations was in the Mekong Delta, where the U.S. Navy patrol boats were vulnerable to attack from the undergrowth at the water 's edge.
In 1961 and 1962, the Kennedy administration authorized the use of chemicals to destroy rice crops. Between 1961 and 1967, the U.S. Air Force sprayed 20 million U.S. gallons (75,700,000 L) of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres (24,000 km) of crops and trees, affecting an estimated 13 % of South Vietnam 's land. In 1965, 42 % of all herbicide was sprayed over food crops. Another purpose of herbicide use was to drive civilian populations into RVN - controlled areas.
Vietnamese victims affected by Agent Orange attempted a class action lawsuit against Dow Chemical and other US chemical manufacturers, but District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein dismissed their case. They appealed, but the dismissal was cemented in February 2008 by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. As of 2006, the Vietnamese government estimates that there are over 4,000,000 victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam, although the United States government denies any conclusive scientific links between Agent Orange and the Vietnamese victims of dioxin poisoning. In some areas of southern Vietnam, dioxin levels remain at over 100 times the accepted international standard.
The U.S. Veterans Administration has listed prostate cancer, respiratory cancers, multiple myeloma, Diabetes mellitus type 2, B - cell lymphomas, soft - tissue sarcoma, chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, peripheral neuropathy, and spina bifida in children of veterans exposed to Agent Orange.
Estimates of the number of casualties vary, with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002. Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report, Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 52,000 to 182,000. The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975. The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. In addition, Guenter Lewy assumes that one - third of the reported "enemy '' killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000. It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part - time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms. A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000 -- 1,141,000 war - related deaths for all of Vietnam. According to figures released by the Vietnamese government in 1995, there were 1,100,000 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military personnel deaths during the Vietnam War (including the missing). The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975. According to the Vietnamese, Communist battle deaths totaled 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese totaled 2.0 million. These estimates probably include battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia, but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead.
Between 240,000 and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war. 20,000 - 62,000 Laotians also died, and 58,300 U.S. military personnel were killed, of which 1,596 are still listed as missing as of 2015.
Unexploded ordnance, mostly from U.S. bombing, continue to detonate and kill people today. According to the Vietnamese government, ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended. According to the government of Laos, unexploded ordnance has killed or injured over 20,000 Laotians since the end of the war.
The Vietnam War has been featured extensively in television, film, video games, and literature in the participant countries. In American popular culture, the "Crazy Vietnam Veteran '', who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, became a common stock character after the war.
One of the first major films based on the Vietnam War was John Wayne 's pro-war film, The Green Berets (1968). Further cinematic representations were released during the 1970s and 1980s, including Michael Cimino 's The Deer Hunter (1978), Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now (1979), Oliver Stone 's Platoon (1986) -- based on his service in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War, Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket (1987), Hamburger Hill (1987), and Casualties of War (1989). Later films would include We Were Soldiers (2002) and Rescue Dawn (2007).
The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States, both anti-war and pro / anti-communist. The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded "I - Feel - Like - I 'm - Fixin ' - To - Die Rag '' / The "Fish '' Cheer in 1965, and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems. Many songwriters and musicians supported the anti-war movement, including Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, Peggy Seeger, Ewan MacColl, Barbara Dane, The Critics Group, Phil Ochs, John Lennon, Nina Simone, Neil Young, Tom Paxton, Jimmy Cliff and Arlo Guthrie.
On May 25, 2012, President Barack Obama issued a proclamation of the commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War. On November 10, 2017, President Donald Trump issued a proclamantion commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War.
General:
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the vibrations of brass instruments come from a column of air in a | Wind instrument - wikipedia
A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube), in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at or near the end of the resonator. The pitch of the vibration is determined by the length of the tube and by manual modifications of the effective length of the vibrating column of air. In the case of some wind instruments, sound is produced by blowing through a reed; others require buzzing into a metal mouthpiece.
Almost all wind instruments use the last method, often in combination with one of the others, to extend their register.
Wind instruments are typically grouped into two families:
Although brass instruments were originally made of brass and woodwind instruments have traditionally been made of wood, the material used to make the body of the instrument is not always a reliable guide to its family type. A more accurate way to determine whether an instrument is brass or woodwind is to examine how the player produces sound.
For example, the saxophone is typically made of brass, but is classified as a woodwind instrument because it produces sound with a vibrating reed.
On the other hand, the didgeridoo, the wooden cornett (not to be confused with the cornet, which is made of brass) and the serpent are all made of wood (or plastic tubing, in the case of modern serpents), and the olifant made from ivory, but all of them belong to the family of brass instruments because the vibrating is done by the player 's lips.
In the Hornbostel - Sachs scheme of musical instrument classification, wind instruments are classed as aerophones.
Sound production in all wind instruments depends on the entry of air into a flow - control valve attached to a resonant chamber (resonator). The resonator is typically a long cylindrical or conical tube, open at the far end. A pulse of high pressure from the valve will travel down the tube at the speed of sound. It will be reflected from the open end as a return pulse of low pressure. Under suitable conditions, the valve will reflect the pulse back, with increased energy, until a standing wave forms in the tube.
Reed instruments such as the clarinet or oboe have a flexible reed or reeds at the mouthpiece, forming a pressure - controlled valve. An increase in pressure inside the chamber will decrease the pressure differential across the reed; the reed will open more, increasing the flow of air. The increased flow of air will increase the internal pressure further, so a pulse of high pressure arriving at the mouthpiece will reflect as a higher - pressure pulse back down the tube. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter - wavelength, with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end. The reed vibrates at a rate determined by the resonator.
For Lip Reed (brass) instruments, the player controls the tension in their lips so that they vibrate under the influence of the air flow through them. They adjust the vibration so that the lips are most closed, and the air flow is lowest, when a low - pressure pulse arrives at the mouthpiece, to reflect a low - pressure pulse back down the tube. Standing waves inside the tube will be odd multiples of a quarter - wavelength, with a pressure anti-node at the mouthpiece, and a pressure node at the open end.
For Air Reed (flute and fipple - flute) instruments, the thin grazing air sheet (planar jet) flowing across an opening (mouth) in the pipe interacts with a sharp edge (labium) to generate sound. The jet is generated by the player, when blowing through a thin slit (flue). For recorders and flue organ pipes this slit is manufactured by the instrument maker and has a fixed geometry. In a transverse flute or a pan flute the slit is formed by the musician between his lips.
Due to acoustic oscillation of the pipe the air in the pipe is alternatively compressed and expanded. This results in an alternating flow of air into and out of the pipe through the pipe mouth. The interaction of this transversal acoustic flow with the planar air jet induces at the flue exit (origin of the jet) a localised perturbation of the velocity profile of the jet. This perturbation is strongly amplified by the intrinsic instability of the jet as the fluid travels towards the labium. This results into a global transversal motion of the jet at the labium.
The amplification of perturbations of a jet by its intrinsic instability can be observed when looking at a plume of cigaret smoke. Any small amplitude motion of the hand holding the cigaret results into an oscillation of the plume increasing with distance upwards and eventually a chaotic motion (turbulence). The same jet oscillation can be triggered by gentle air flow in the room, which can be verified by waving with the other hand.
The oscillation of the jet around the labium results into a fluctuating force of the airflow on the labium. Following the third law of Newton the labium exerts an opposite reaction force on the flow. One can demonstrate that this reaction force is the source of sound that drives the acoustic oscillation of the pipe.
A quantitative demonstration of the nature of this type of sound source has been provided by Alan Powell when studying a planar jet interacting with a sharp edge in the absence of pipe (so called edgetone). The sound radiated from the edgetone can be predicted from a measurement of the unsteady force induced by the jet flow on the sharp edge (labium). The sound production by the reaction of the wall to an unsteady force of the flow around an object is also producing the aeolian sound of a cylinder placed normal to an air - flow (singing wire phenomenon). In all these cases (flute, edgetone, aeolian tone...) the sound production does not involve a vibration of the wall. Hence the material in which the flute is made is not relevant for the principle of the sound production. There is no essential difference between a golden or a silver flute.
The sound production in a flute can be described by a lumped element model in which the pipe acts as an acoustic swing (mass - spring system, resonator) that preferentially oscillates at a so - called natural frequency. The instability of the jet acts as an amplifier transferring energy from the steady jet flow at the flue exit to the oscillating flow around the labium. The pipe forms with the jet a feedback loop. These two elements are coupled at the flue exit and at the labium. At the flue exit the transversal acoustic flow of the pipe perturbs the jet. At the labium the jet oscillation results in a generation of acoustic waves, which maintain the pipe oscillation.
The acoustic flow in the pipe can for a steady oscillation be described in terms of standing waves. These waves have a pressure node at the mouth opening and another pressure node at the opposite open pipe termination. Standing waves inside such an open - open tube will be multiples of a half - wavelength.
To a rough approximation, a tube of about 40 cm. will exhibit resonances near the following points:
In practice, however, obtaining a range of musically useful tones from a wind instrument depends to a great extent on careful instrument design, and playing technique.
The frequency of the vibrational modes depends on the speed of sound in air, which varies with air density. A change in temperature, and only to a much smaller degree also a change in humidity, influences the air density and thus the speed of sound, and therefore affects the tuning of wind instruments. The effect of thermal expansion of a wind instrument, even of a brass instrument, is negligible compared to the thermal effect on the air.
The bell of a wind instrument is the round, flared opening opposite the mouthpiece. It is found on horns, trumpets and many other kinds of instruments. On brass instruments, the acoustical coupling from the bore to the outside air occurs at the bell for all notes, and the shape of the bell optimizes this coupling. On woodwinds, most notes vent at the uppermost open tone holes; only the lowest notes of each register vent fully or partly at the bell, and the bell 's function in this case is to improve the consistency in tone between these notes and the others.
Playing some wind instruments, in particular those involving high breath pressure resistance, produce increases in intraocular pressure, which has been linked to glaucoma as a potential health risk. One 2011 study focused on brass and woodwind instruments observed "temporary and sometimes dramatic elevations and fluctuations in IOP ''. Another study found that the magnitude of increase in intraocular pressure correlates with the intraoral resistance associated with the instrument, and linked intermittent elevation of intraocular pressure from playing high - resistance wind instruments to incidence of visual field loss. The range of intraoral pressure involved in various classes of ethnic wind instruments, such as Native American flutes, has been shown to be generally lower than Western classical wind instruments.
Wind Instrument Summary CDs are: "Microsoft Musical Instruments '' (now out of production but sometimes available on Amazon), and "Tuneful Tubes? '' (http://sites.google.com/site/tunefultubes)
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where's your papa gone chirpy chirpy cheep cheep | Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep - wikipedia
"Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep '' is a song recorded in 1970 by its composer Lally Stott, and made popular later that year by Scottish band Middle of the Road for whom it was a UK number one chart hit. That version is one of the fewer than fifty all - time singles to have sold in excess of 10 million physical copies worldwide.
The original recording of the song by its composer, Lally Stott, was a Top 15 hit in France and a minor hit in Italy, Australia and in the United States. Stott 's record company, Philips, was reluctant to release the song overseas, and apparently offered it to two other groups: Scottish folk - pop group Middle of the Road, who were working in Italy at the time, and the Trinidadian brother - and - sister duo Mac and Katie Kissoon. While it is unclear which group Stott offered his song to first, Mac and Katie Kissoon produced their cover version first. Middle of the Road 's version then initially became a hit in continental Europe only, but later grew in popularity in the United Kingdom. In the UK, it reportedly got a boost from DJ Tony Blackburn, who favored this version over the previously produced version by Mac and Katie Kissoon. However, Middle of the Road 's version never charted on the US Billboard Hot 100, and it nearly flopped in the UK because it so quickly followed the Kissoons ' version. Middle of the Road 's recording eventually reached # 1 in the UK and stayed there for five weeks in June 1971 (the Kissoons ' version only reached # 41). In the United States, the Kissoons ' recording became a greater success, reaching # 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 (Lally Stott 's original version had previously reached only # 92).
The song was dismissed by critics as bubblegum at the time, a view initially held by band leader Ken Andrews: "We were as disgusted with the thought of recording it as most people were at the thought of buying it. But at the end of the day, we liked it. ''
The song was featured on the Top of the Pops, Volume 18 album.
The song appears as a cover on a 1971 television show with Paula Koivuniemi and as a cover on a 1973 live record by the Little Angels Children 's Folk Ballet of Korea.
Also in 1971, Irish singer Jackie Lee covered the song on her second album Jackie 's Junior Choice.
It was later referenced in the Denim song "Middle of the Road '' in 1992, and more recently covered by the novelty act Cartoons.
The song was also covered by the British band Lush in 1990, and released on the compilation album, Alvin Lives (In Leeds).
The song was also covered by music group 4 Ties in 1995 and released on the compilation album of the same title.
A re-worked version of this song (with modified lyrics) titled "Get the Party On '' was included on The Cheeky Girls album PartyTime in 2004.
The song was covered by Kylie Minogue in 2017 to the soundtrack for the movie Swinging Safari.
The song has been covered in many languages, including Catalan, Vietnamese, Khmer, Korean, Spanish and German. A Spanish language version was done by Middle of the Road followed by another version by Dolores Vargas. German versions were by Hajo and Mickie Krause who performed a dance song to the same tune, "Reiss die Hütte ab '' (Tear The Hut Down) (Apres Ski Hits 2003). Koivistolaiset sang Finnish language version with lyrics from Vexi Salmi.
Lally Stott version
Middle of the Road version
Mac and Katie Kissoon version
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what are the prostitution laws in las vegas | Prostitution in Nevada - wikipedia
The state of Nevada is the only jurisdiction in the United States where prostitution is permitted. Strictly regulated brothels operate legally in isolated rural areas, away from the majority of Nevada 's population. Prostitution is illegal in the following counties: Clark (which contains Las Vegas), Washoe (which contains Reno), Douglas, and Lincoln. Prostitution is also illegal in Nevada 's capital, Carson City, an independent city. The rest of Nevada 's counties are permitted by state law to license brothels, but only eight counties have done so. As of August 2013, there are 19 brothels in Nevada.
Despite there being a legal option, the vast majority of prostitution in Nevada takes place illegally in Reno and Las Vegas. About 66 times more money is spent by customers on illegal prostitution in Nevada than in the regulated brothels.
Brothels have been allowed in Nevada since the middle of the 19th century. One brothel in Elko has been in business since 1902. In 1937, a law was enacted to require weekly health checks of all prostitutes. In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an order to suppress prostitution near military bases -- affecting the red - light districts of Reno and Las Vegas. When this order was lifted in 1948, Reno officials tried to shut down a brothel as a public nuisance; this action was upheld by the Nevada Supreme Court in 1949. In 1951, both Reno and Las Vegas had closed their red - light districts as public nuisances, but brothels continued to exist throughout the state.
In 1971, Joe Conforte, owner of a brothel called Mustang Ranch, near Reno, managed to convince county officials to pass an ordinance which would provide for the licensing of brothels and prostitutes, thus avoiding the threat of being closed down as a public nuisance.
Officials in Las Vegas, afraid that Conforte would use the same technique to open a brothel nearby, convinced the legislature, in 1971, to pass a law prohibiting the legalization of prostitution in counties with a population above a certain threshold, tailored to apply only to Clark County.
In 1977, county officials in Nye County tried to shut down Walter Plankinton 's Chicken Ranch as a public nuisance; brothels did not have to be licensed in that county at the time, and several others were operating. Plankinton filed suit, claiming that the 1971 state law had implicitly removed the assumption that brothels are public nuisances per se. The Nevada Supreme Court agreed with this interpretation in 1978, and so the Chicken Ranch was allowed to operate. In another case, brothel owners in Lincoln County protested when the county outlawed prostitution in 1978, having issued licenses for seven years. The Nevada Supreme Court ruled, however, that the county had the right to do so.
A state law prohibiting the advertising of brothels in counties which have outlawed prostitution was enacted in 1979. It was promptly challenged on First Amendment grounds, but in 1981, the Nevada Supreme Court declared it to be constitutional. (Princess Sea Industries, one of the parties involved in the case, was Plankinton 's company that owned the Chicken Ranch.) In July 2007, the law was overturned by a U.S. District judge as "overly broad '', and advertising in Las Vegas started soon after. In March 2010, the district judge 's decision was reversed back by a three - judge panel of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The ACLU has appealed to the full Ninth Circuit Court.
While brothels and prostitutes are subject to federal income tax and also pay local fees, Nevada has no state income tax, and brothels are exempt from the state entertainment tax and do not pay any other state taxes. In 2005, brothel owners lobbied to be taxed in order to increase the legitimacy of the business, but the legislature declined. Brothels pay taxes to their respective counties. Lyon County receives approximately $400,000 to $500,000 per year from these taxes.
In November 2005, former prostitute and madam Heidi Fleiss said that she would partner with brothel owner Joe Richards to turn Richards ' existing Cherry Patch Ranch brothel in Crystal, Nye County, Nevada into an establishment that would employ male prostitutes and cater exclusively to female customers, a first in Nevada. In 2009, however, she said that she had abandoned her plans to open such a brothel due to wishing to avoid having to "deal with all the nonsense in the sex business '' and preferring to focus on renewable energy which would be "perfect for Nevada... that 's the wave of the future. ''
On December 11, 2009, the Nevada State Board of Health unanimously agreed to add urethral examinations to the guidelines, thus allowing male sex workers to be tested for sexually transmitted diseases.
Under Nevada state law, any county with a population under 700,000, as of the last decennial census, is allowed to license brothels if it so chooses. Incorporated towns and cities in counties that allow prostitution may regulate the trade further or prohibit it altogether.
Currently eight out of Nevada 's 16 counties have active brothels (these are all rural counties). As of August 2013 there are 19 legal brothels.
Prostitution is illegal under state law in Clark County (which contains Las Vegas), and under county or municipal law in Washoe County (which contains Reno), Carson City (an independent city), Douglas County, and Lincoln County. The other 12 Nevada counties permit licensed brothels in certain specified areas or cities, with the exception of Eureka County, which has no law on the books either permitting or prohibiting licensed brothels. All 12 of these rural counties have had at least one legal brothel in operation subsequent to 1971, but many of these brothels were financially unsuccessful or ran afoul of State health regulations. As of 2012, only eight of these counties have active brothels, while the other four (Churchill County, Esmeralda County, Eureka County, and Pershing County) no longer do.
The precise licensing requirements vary by county. License fees for brothels range from an annual $100,000 in Storey County to an annual $200,000 in Lander County. Licensed prostitutes must be at least 21 years old, except in Storey County and Lyon County (where the minimum age is 18).
The brothels and their employees must register with the county sheriff and receive regular medical checkups. Brothels have existed in Nevada since the old mining days of the 1800s and were first licensed in 1971. The legendary Mustang Ranch operated from 1971 through 1999, when it was forfeited to the federal government following a series of convictions for tax fraud, racketeering, and other crimes.
Nevada law requires that registered brothel prostitutes be tested weekly (by a cervical specimen) for gonorrhea and Chlamydia trachomatis, and monthly for HIV and syphilis; furthermore, condoms are mandatory for all oral sex and sexual intercourse. Brothel owners may be held liable if customers become infected with HIV after a prostitute has tested positive for the virus. Women work a legally mandated minimum of nine days for each work period.
Nevada has laws against engaging in prostitution outside of licensed brothels, against encouraging others to become prostitutes, and against living off the proceeds of a prostitute.
Nevada brothels are restricted from advertising their services in counties where brothel prostitution is illegal, despite the fact that this state law was ruled unconstitutional in 2007. U.S. District Judge James Mahan voided the state ban on advertising by legal brothels on grounds the state did not offer any compelling interest in support of the policy, but the U.S Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the state law in March 2010. FN # 13. This law is presently under appeal by the ACLU. FN # 14
In June 2009, then - Nevada Governor Jim Gibbons signed the most stringent punishments nationwide for child prostitution and pandering. The Assembly Bill 380, which allows for fines of $500,000 for those convicted of trafficking prostitutes younger than 14 and $100,000 for trafficking prostitutes ages 14 to 17. Both the House and the Senate unanimously approved the bill, that went into effect October 1, 2009.
Nineteen legal brothels exist in the state as of August 2013, employing about 200 women at any given time. In some locales, there exist multi-unit complexes of several separate brothels run by the same owner. Examples of this include "The Line '' in Winnemucca, Mustang Ranch, in Storey County.
All but the smallest brothels operate as follows: as the customer is buzzed in and sits down in the parlor, the available women appear in a line - up and introduce themselves. If the customer chooses a woman, the price negotiations take place in the woman 's room, which are often overheard by management. Typical prices start in the hundreds. Some may charge up to $10,000 an hour for "Specialty parties '' with well - known or novelty women, or more for parties with multiple women.
Brothels do not have preset prices, the only known exception being the Shady Lady Ranch on Route 95, approximately 30 miles (48 km) north of Beatty. Generally, the closer a brothel is to Las Vegas, the higher the prices. Thus Sheri 's Ranch and Chicken Ranch, both located in Pahrump, are on the whole more expensive than other brothels. Sheri 's Ranch is the larger of the two, and may have upwards of 20 prostitutes on its premises at any given time. It is also the more high end of the two, and generally the most expensive legal brothel in Nevada.
Brothel prostitutes, also known as Courtesans, work as independent contractors and thus do not receive any unemployment, retirement or health benefits from the house they work for. They are responsible for paying Federal income tax and their earnings are reported to the IRS via form 1099 - MISC. Nevada does not have a state income tax. The women typically work for a period of several weeks, during which time they live in the brothel and hardly ever leave it. They then take some time off.
Mandatory HIV testing began in 1986 and a mandatory condom law was passed in 1988. A study conducted in 1995 in two brothels found that condom use in the brothels was consistent and sexually transmitted diseases were accordingly absent. The study also found that few of the prostitutes used condoms in their private lives.
Illegal prostitution is the most common form of prostitution in Nevada; the crime is a misdemeanor. The cities of Las Vegas and Reno have worked to expand their tourism base by attracting families to the hotels and casinos. Accordingly, the state legislature has made prostitution illegal in Clark County, and law enforcement agencies have tried to eliminate the once - rampant street prostitution, enacting legislation against it in 1971. Nevertheless, prostitutes continue to work in casinos, where they wait in bars and attempt to make contact with potential clients. Of all the prostitution business in Nevada, only about 10 % is legal, and 90 % occurs in Las Vegas. Legal prostitution in Nevada grosses about $75 million per year while illegal prostitution in the Las Vegas area grosses about $5 billion per year. Some 300 -- 400 prostitutes are arrested each month by the Las Vegas police.
Escort services offering sexual services euphemistically as ' entertainment ' or ' companionship ' are ubiquitous, with a reported 104 pages of a Las Vegas yellow pages directory devoted to "entertainers ''. Flyers are dispensed to tourists and others along the Las Vegas Strip by freelance workers. These flyers also graphically depict female ' personal ' entertainers or escort services. Despite the attempt to make the Las Vegas Strip more family - friendly, such advertising for these services continues.
In 2009 Las Vegas was identified by the FBI as one of 14 cities in the U.S. with high rates of child prostitution. Las Vegas police claimed that "roughly 400 children are picked off the streets from prostitution each year. ''
The U.S. Justice Department has also named Las Vegas among the 17 most likely destinations for human trafficking.
The brothels in Nevada 's rural counties have been criticized by journalists, sex worker activists, feminists, social and religious conservatives and politicians.
Columnist Bob Herbert wrote "A grotesque exercise in the dehumanization of women is carried out routinely at Sheri 's Ranch, a legal brothel about an hour 's ride outside of Vegas. There the women have to respond like Pavlov 's dog to an electronic bell that might ring at any hour of the day or night. At the sound of the bell, the prostitutes have five minutes to get to an assembly area where they line up, virtually naked, and submit to a humiliating inspection by any prospective customer who has happened to drop by ''.
The working conditions from these brothels have also been criticized by many. During the 1970s and early 1980s, several towns had enacted rules prohibiting local brothel prostitutes from frequenting local bars or casinos or associating with local men outside of work. After a lawsuit was filed in 1984, these regulations had to be abandoned, but as a result of collaboration between sheriffs and brothel owners, they remain in effect unofficially. For instance, most brothels do not allow the prostitutes to leave the premises during their work shifts of several days to several weeks.
In 2009, an article in the Guardian stated that some brothels "impose some extraordinary restrictions on commercial sex workers '' in order to "separate sex workers from the local community '': some places forbid prostitutes to leave the brothels for extended periods of time, while other jurisdictions require the prostitutes to leave the county when they are not working; some places do not allow the children of the women who work in the brothels to live in the same area; some brothel workers who have cars must register the vehicle with the local police, and workers are not permitted to leave the brothel after 5pm; in some counties registered sex workers are not allowed to have cars at all.
The Nevada brothel system has also been criticized by activists in the sex worker rights movement, who are otherwise supporters of full decriminalization of prostitution. Organizations and individuals supporting the rights of prostitutes typically favor deregulation and oppose Nevada - style regulation, mainly for three reasons:
Teri, a prostitute who has worked in a Nevada brothel (and who would like prostitution to be decriminalized), stated that "The brothel owners are worse than any pimp. They abuse and imprison women and are fully protected by the state ''.
Another former prostitute who worked in four Nevada brothels attacked the system, saying, "Under this system, prostitutes give up too much autonomy, control and choice over their work and lives '' and "While the brothel owners love this profitable solution, it can be exploitative and is unnecessary ''. She described how the women were subject to various exaggerated restrictions, including making it very difficult for them to refuse clients, not being allowed to read books while waiting for customers, and having to deal with doctors who had a "patronizing or sexist attitude '' (the brothels discouraged and in many cases forbade prostitutes to see doctors of their own choosing).
In an article published in the Guardian in 2007, Julie Bindel wrote: "If you believe their PR, Nevada 's legal brothels are safe, healthy -- even fun -- places in which to work. So why do so many prostitutes tell such horrific tales of abuse? ''
In her 2007 report, Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: making the connections, Melissa Farley presents the results of numerous interviews with brothel owners and prostitutes, she says that most brothel prostitutes are controlled by outside pimps and that they suffer widespread abuse by brothel owners and customers. Farley said that "What happens in legal brothels is sexual harassment, sexual exploitation and sometimes rape ''; she also said more than 80 % of the women she had interviewed told her they wanted to leave prostitution.
Alexa Albert, a Harvard medical student who has conducted a public - health study inside one of Nevada 's brothels, and authored Brothel: Mustang Ranch and Its Women, wrote in her book that the brothel owners used to require the prostitutes to have outside pimps, because the pimps were thought to make the women work harder: "The involvement of pimps enabled brothel owners to leave discipline to men who would n't hesitate to keep their women in line. ''
Bob Herbert also stated that many brothel prostitutes are controlled by outside pimps: "Despite the fiction that they are "independent contractors, '' most so - called legal prostitutes have pimps -- the state - sanctioned pimps who run the brothels and, in many cases, a second pimp who controls all other aspects of their lives (and takes the bulk of their legal earnings). ''
In 1998, some pimps from Oregon managed to place at least four underage girls in Nevada 's legal brothels; they were arrested and convicted.
Detective Greg Harvey, from Eugene, Oregon, said such cases were in reality very common; he said, "It 's happening right now, it 's amazing how many girls are shipped from here to different brothels in northern and southern Nevada. Many are underage. '' Another detective, Sgt. Pete Kerns, supported Harvey 's claims: "Never buy the line that nobody under 18 works in (Nevada brothels), '' he said. "It 's happening. ''
Former Nye County Commissioner Candice Trummell, director of the Nevada Coalition Against Sex Trafficking, said "It is way past time for Nevada to be the last state in the United States of America to finally stand against all forms of slavery. ''
Assemblyman Bob L. Beers said that "A brothel owner is somebody who, when it gets down to the very essence, is nothing more than a slave - owner. ''
Some brothel owners have been involved in criminal activities: in March 2009, a Nye County brothel owner pleaded guilty to fraud charges for paying bribes to a former Nye County Commissioner; in 2008, a former brothel owner was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison on two child pornography charges; in 1991 Joe Conforte fled to Brazil in order to avoid a conviction on tax fraud charges.
Occasionally, lawmakers attempt to introduce legislation outlawing all prostitution in Nevada. These efforts are typically supported by owners of casinos and other large businesses, claiming that legalized prostitution harms the state 's image. The Nevada Brothel Owners ' Association, led by George Flint, from Reno, lobbies against these laws. Rural lawmakers normally oppose these laws as well, despite the fact that legal brothel prostitution does not provide a significant amount of income for counties.
One particularly colorful opponent of legalized prostitution in Nevada was John Reese. Initially arguing on moral and religious grounds, he switched to health hazard tactics, but had to back down in the face of a threatened libel suit. In 1994, he tried to get a license for a gay brothel in a thinly veiled attempt to galvanize opposition against all brothels. Then in 1999 he staged his own kidnapping near the Mustang Ranch. His efforts to collect enough signatures to repeal the prostitution laws have so far failed.
Nevada politicians can (and generally do) play both sides of the prostitution dispute by declaring that they are personally opposed to prostitution but feel it should be up to the counties to decide. As almost three - quarters of the population of Nevada lives in a single county (Clark County, where prostitution is illegal), county control over local matters is a hot - button issue. Legislators from the northern counties will often reflexively oppose what is seen as "meddling '' from the majority in the south, and the legislators from the south have been too divided on the issue to push through a state - wide ban.
Since 2003, Las Vegas mayor Oscar Goodman has repeatedly stated that he favors legalization of prostitution in the city, perhaps turning East Fremont Street into a little Amsterdam. Goodman said there are pragmatic reasons to back legalized prostitution. Those include the acknowledgement that illegal prostitution is occurring and that brothels could provide safer, regulated and revenue - generating sex, he said.
The brothel owners ' organization, supported by Democratic State Senator Bob Coffin, has been pushing for taxation of the brothels, to increase the industry 's legitimacy. The proposal, which would have instituted a $5 tax per act of prostitution, with the proceeds partly being used for a sex worker counseling agency, was voted down in the Taxation Committee in April 2009.
In February 2011, U.S. Senator Harry Reid suggested that brothels be made illegal in Nevada.
The opinions of Nevada residents vary, but the majority appears to support the status quo of prostitution: they support laws allowing licensed brothels in the rural areas but oppose the legalization of prostitution in Las Vegas. A poll conducted in Nevada in 2002 found that 52 % of the 600 respondents favored the existing legal and regulated brothels, while 31 % were against laws that allow prostitution and the remainder were undecided, preferred fewer legal constraints on prostitution, or did not offer an opinion. The trend seems to be that new arrivals to Nevada tend to oppose legal prostitution while long - time Nevadans tend to support it. However, nearly 60 % of Nevada residents oppose the legalization of brothels and prostitution in Las Vegas (59 % oppose this idea, 35 % support it and 6 % do n't know or did n't answer). Again, support is stronger in the rural areas (where most people were born in Nevada) and weaker in Clark County and Washoe County; women are more opposed to the idea than men.
In 2004, after the closure of the last brothel in Churchill County, a county ballot initiative to permanently ban prostitution in that county was defeated by a 2 -- 1 vote.
A July 2011 Public Policy Polling survey found that 56 % of Nevada voters thought that prostitution should be legal, while only 32 % thought it should be illegal and 12 % were not sure.
A June 2012 Public Policy Polling survey found that 64 % of Nevada voters thought that brothels should be legal in the state, while only 23 % thought they should be illegal, and 13 % were not sure.
Crystal, Nye County, Nevada has a brothel art museum associated with two local brothels.
Media related to Brothels in Nevada at Wikimedia Commons
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when was the first stone pyramid built in egypt | Egyptian pyramids - wikipedia
The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid - shaped masonry structures located in Egypt.
As of November 2008, sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids. Most were built as tombs for the country 's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.
The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser (constructed 2630 BC -- 2611 BC) which was built during the third dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world 's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.
The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built. The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid. It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence.
By the time of the Early Dynastic Period, those with sufficient means were buried in bench - like structures known as mastabas.
The second historically - documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep, who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser. Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other, creating an edifice composed of a number of "steps '' that decreased in size towards its apex. The result was the Pyramid of Djoser, which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens. Such was the importance of Imhotep 's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians.
The most prolific pyramid - building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist rule. It was during this time that the most famous pyramids, the Giza pyramid complex, were built. Over time, as authority became less centralized, the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased, and later pyramids were smaller, less well - built and often hastily constructed.
Long after the end of Egypt 's own pyramid - building period, a burst of pyramid - building occurred in what is present - day Sudan, after much of Egypt came under the rule of the kings of Napata. While Napatan rule was brief, ending in 661 BC, Egyptian culture made an indelible impression, and during the later Kingdom of Meroë (approximately in the period between 300 BCE -- 300 CE), this flowered into a full - blown pyramid - building revival, which saw more than two hundred Egyptian - inspired indigenous royal pyramid - tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom 's capital cities.
Al - Aziz Uthman (1171 -- 1198) tried to destroy the Giza pyramid complex. He gave up after damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure because the task proved too huge.
The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created. The shape of a pyramid is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun, and most pyramids were faced with polished, highly reflective white limestone, in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance. Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence. For example, the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid, and that of Senwosret at el - Lahun was Senwosret is Shining.
While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments, there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them. One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of "resurrection machine. ''
The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens. One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky. This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh 's soul directly into the abode of the gods.
All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile, which, as the site of the setting sun, was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology.
In 1842, Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids -- see Lepsius list of pyramids -- in which he counted 67. A great many more have since been discovered. As of November 2008, 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified.
The location of Pyramid 29, which Lepsius called the "Headless Pyramid '', was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands subsequent to Lepsius ' survey. It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008.
Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands. If visible at all, they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble. As a consequence, archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures.
The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara, mother of the Sixth Dynasty pharaoh Teti. The discovery was announced by Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities, on 11 November 2008.
All of Egypt 's pyramids, except the small Third Dynasty pyramid of Zawyet el - Amwat (or Zawyet el - Mayitin), are sited on the west bank of the Nile, and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields. The most important of these are listed geographically, from north to south, below.
Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt 's most northerly pyramid (other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one) -- the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre, son and successor of Khufu. Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed, but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed, but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure, which would have placed it among the half - dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt.
Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone. Quarrying -- which began in Roman times -- has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid 's core. A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation.
Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the "Great Pyramid '' and the "Pyramid of Cheops ''); the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre (or Kephren); the relatively modest - sized Pyramid of Menkaure (or Mykerinus), along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as "Queen 's pyramids ''; and the Great Sphinx of Giza.
Of the three, only Khafre 's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing, near its apex. This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location, and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction -- it is, in fact, smaller in both height and volume.
The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity, and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence.
This site, halfway between Giza and Abu Sir, is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids. The northern structure 's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka, while the southern structure, known as the Layer Pyramid, may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba, a close successor of Sekhemkhet. If this attribution is correct, Khaba 's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid. Today it stands around 17 m (56 ft) high; had it been completed, it is likely to have exceeded 40 m (130 ft).
There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site, which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty. The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty -- perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy. They are smaller than their predecessors, and are built of low - quality local limestone.
The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre, which is also the best preserved, Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure. The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre. Most of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built similar construction techniques, comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mud bricks with a limestone outer casing. The largest of these 5th - Dynasty pyramids, the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai, is believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some 70 m (230 ft) high and then later transformed into a "true '' pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry.
Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser -- generally identified as the world 's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone -- the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best - preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II. Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser 's successor Sekhemkhet known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser 's.
South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later, smaller pyramids, including those of Pepi I, Isesi, Merenre, Pepi II and Ibi. Most of these are in a poor state of preservation.
The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in, or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors. His tomb, which is also sited at south Saqqara, was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex. It is commonly known as the Mastabat al - Fir'aun.
A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008. Believed to be the tomb of Teti 's mother, it currently stands approximately 5 m (16 ft) high, although the original height was closer to 14 m (46 ft).
This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara, although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base, and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles.
The southern Pyramid of Sneferu, commonly known as the Bent Pyramid, is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a "true '' smooth - sided pyramid from the outset; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state -- but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid, before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone.
As a true smooth - sided structure, the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success -- albeit a unique, visually imposing one; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact. As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look.
Several kilometeres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last -- and most successful -- of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu; the Red Pyramid is the world 's first successfully completed smooth - sided pyramid. The structure is also the third largest pyramid in Egypt -- after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza.
Also at Dahshur is the pyramid known as the Pyramid of Amenemhat III, as well as a number of small, mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids.
Located to the south of Dahshur, several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom, perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu.
Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht -- those of Amenemhat I and his son, Senusret I. The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids. One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat 's cousin, Khaba II. The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of the Faiyum, midway between Dahshur and Meidum, and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo, is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy (the precise location of which remains unknown), which served as the capital of Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty.
The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu, and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh 's father and predecessor, Huni. However, that attribution is uncertain, as no record of Huni 's name has been found at the site.
It was constructed as a step pyramid, and then later converted into the first "true '' smooth - sided pyramid when the steps were filled in, and an outer casing added.
The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times; medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps -- although today only the three uppermost of these remain, giving the structure its odd, tower - like appearance. The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature -- it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way.
Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawarra, near the Faiyum, is believed to post-date the so - called "Black Pyramid '' built by the same ruler at Dahshur. It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet 's final resting place.
The pyramid of Senusret II at el - Lahun is the southernmost royal - tomb pyramid structure in Egypt. Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12 - meter - high natural limestone hill.
Piye, the first ruler of the Egyptian 25th dynasty, built a pyramid at El - Kurru. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries.
Taharqa, a legitimate ruler and Pharaoh of Egypt, built his pyramid at Nuri. It was the largest in the area (North Sudan).
The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here. Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built, his approximate reign, and its location.
Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone. The quarried blocks were likely transported to the construction site by wooden sleds, with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction. Droplets of water created bridges between the grains of sand, helping them stick together.
List
Coordinates: 29 ° 58 ′ 34 '' N 31 ° 07 ′ 52 '' E / 29.97611 ° N 31.13111 ° E / 29.97611; 31.13111
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who did stephen king play in the shining | The Shining (film) - wikipedia
The Shining is a 1980 horror film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick and co-written with novelist Diane Johnson. The film is based on Stephen King 's 1977 novel The Shining.
The Shining is about Jack Torrance (Jack Nicholson), an aspiring writer and recovering alcoholic, who accepts a position as the off - season caretaker of the isolated historic Overlook Hotel in the Colorado Rockies. Wintering over with Jack are his wife Wendy Torrance (Shelley Duvall) and young son Danny Torrance (Danny Lloyd). Danny possesses "the shining '', psychic abilities that include him seeing the hotel 's horrific past. The hotel 's cook, Dick Hallorann (Scatman Crothers), also has this and is able to telepathically communicate with Danny. The hotel had a previous winter caretaker who went crazy and killed his family and himself. After a winter storm leaves the Torrances snowbound, Jack 's sanity deteriorates due to the influence of the supernatural forces that inhabit the hotel, placing his wife and son in danger.
Production took place almost exclusively at EMI Elstree Studios with sets strongly based on real locations. Kubrick often worked with a small crew which allowed him to do many takes, sometimes to the exhaustion of the actors and staff. The new Steadicam was used in several scenes giving it an innovative and immersive look and feel. Because of inconsistencies, ambiguities, symbolism, and differences from the book, there has been much speculation into the meanings and actions in the movie.
There were several versions for theatrical releases, each being shorter than the prior, with about 27 minutes cut. Although contemporary responses from critics were mixed, assessment became more favorable in following decades, and it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest horror films ever made. The Shining is widely acclaimed by today 's critics, and has become a staple of pop culture. In 2001, the film was ranked 29th on AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Thrills list and Jack Torrance was named the 25th greatest villain on the AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains list in 2003. In 2005, the quote "Here 's Johnny! '' was ranked 68 on AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes list. It was named the all - time scariest film by Channel 4, Total Film labeled it the 5th greatest horror film, and Bravo TV named one of the film 's scenes 6th on their list of the 100 Scariest Movie Moments. In addition, film critics Kim Newman and Jonathan Romney both placed it in their top ten lists for the 2002 Sight & Sound poll. Director Martin Scorsese placed The Shining on his list of the 11 scariest horror films of all time. Mathematicians at London 's King 's College used statistical modeling in a study commissioned by Sky Movies to conclude that The Shining was the "perfect scary movie '' due to a proper balance of various ingredients including shock value, suspense, gore and size of the cast. It was voted the 62nd greatest American film ever made in a 2015 poll conducted by BBC. Critics, scholars, and crew members (such as Kubrick 's producer Jan Harlan) have discussed the film 's enormous influence on popular culture.
Jack Torrance arrives at the mountain - isolated Overlook Hotel, which is twenty - five miles from the closest town, to be interviewed for the position of winter caretaker. Once hired, Jack plans to use the hotel 's solitude to write. The hotel, built on the site of a Native American burial ground, becomes snowed - in during the winter; it is closed from October to May. Manager Stuart Ullman warns Jack that a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, developed cabin fever and killed his family and himself. In Boulder, Jack 's son, Danny Torrance, has a terrifying premonition about the hotel, viewing a cascade of blood emerging from an elevator door, and then falls into a trance. Jack 's wife, Wendy, tells a doctor that Danny has an imaginary friend named Tony, and that Jack has given up drinking because he dislocated Danny 's shoulder following a binge.
The family arrives at the hotel on closing day and is given a tour. The chef, Dick Hallorann, surprises Danny by telepathically offering him ice cream. Dick explains to Danny that he and his grandmother shared this telepathic ability, which he calls "shining ''. Danny asks if there is anything to be afraid of in the hotel, particularly room 237. Hallorann tells Danny that the hotel has a "shine '' to it along with many memories, not all of which are good. He also tells Danny to stay away from room 237.
A month passes; while Jack 's writing goes nowhere, Danny and Wendy explore the hotel 's hedge maze, and Hallorann goes to Florida. Wendy learns that the phone lines are out due to the heavy snowfall, and Danny has frightening visions. Jack, increasingly frustrated, starts behaving strangely and becomes prone to violent outbursts. Danny 's curiosity about room 237 overcomes him when he sees the room 's door open. Later, Wendy finds Jack screaming during a nightmare while asleep at his typewriter. After she awakens him, Jack says he dreamed that he killed her and Danny. Danny arrives and is visibly traumatized with a bruise on his neck, causing Wendy to accuse Jack of abusing him.
Jack wanders into the hotel 's Gold Room and meets a ghostly bartender named Lloyd. Lloyd serves him bourbon whiskey while Jack complains about his marriage. Wendy later tells Jack that Danny told her a "crazy woman in one of the rooms '' attempted to strangle him. Jack investigates room 237, and stumbles upon the ghost of a dead naked woman. At first, he is overjoyed with the sight and engages in a kiss with her. But when he looks in a mirror behind her, he sees her become more of a rotting, old woman zombie, who then chases Jack out of the room. Despite the horrific sight he just witnessed, Jack tells Wendy that he saw nothing. Wendy and Jack argue over whether Danny should be removed from the hotel and a furious Jack returns to the Gold Room, now filled with ghosts attending a ball. While attending the ball, a waiter spills a tray of drinks on him and offers to take him to the wash room to clean off his jacket as it will stain. While in the bathroom, the waiter reveals himself to be the ghost of Grady. After an awkward post-introductory argument about whether Grady was or was not the caretaker of the hotel, Grady tells Jack that he must "correct '' his wife and child and that Danny has reached out to Hallorann using his "talent ''.
Meanwhile, Hallorann grows concerned about what 's going on at the hotel and flies back to Colorado. Danny starts calling out "redrum '' and goes into a trance, referring to himself as "Tony ''.
While searching for Jack, Wendy discovers he has been typing pages of a repetitive manuscript: "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy ''. She begs Jack to leave the hotel with Danny, but he threatens her before she knocks him unconscious with a baseball bat. She drags him into the kitchen and locks him in the pantry, but she and Danny are both trapped at the hotel: Jack has disabled the hotel 's two - way radio and snowcat. Later, Jack converses through the pantry door with Grady, who unlocks the door.
Danny writes "REDRUM '' on the outside of the bathroom door in the family 's living quarters. When Wendy sees the word reversed in the bedroom mirror, the word is revealed to be "MURDER ''. Jack begins hacking through the quarters ' main door with a firefighter 's axe. Wendy sends Danny through the bathroom window, but it will not open sufficiently for her to pass. Jack breaks through the bathroom door, shouting "Here 's Johnny! '', but retreats after Wendy slashes his hand with a butcher 's knife. Hearing Hallorann arriving in a snowcat, Jack leaves the room. He murders Hallorann with the axe in the lobby and pursues Danny into the hedge maze. Wendy runs through the hotel looking for Danny, encountering ghosts and the cascade of blood Danny envisioned in Boulder. She also finds Hallorann 's corpse in the lobby.
Danny lays a false trail to mislead Jack, who is following his footprints, before hiding behind a snowdrift. Danny escapes from the maze and reunites with Wendy; they escape in Hallorann 's snowcat, while Jack freezes to death in the snow. In an old photograph in the hotel hallway dated July 4, 1921, Jack Torrance smiles front and center amid a crowd of party revelers at the Overlook.
In the shorter European cut, all of the scenes involving Jackson and Burton are cut (although their names still appear in the credits). Dennen is on - screen in both versions of the film, albeit to a limited degree (and with no dialogue) in the shorter cut.
The actresses who played the ghosts of the murdered Grady daughters, Lisa and Louise Burns, are identical twins; however, the characters in the book and film script are merely sisters, not twins. In the film 's dialogue, Mr. Ullman says he thinks they were "about eight and ten ''. Nonetheless, they are frequently referred to in discussions about the film as "the Grady twins ''.
The resemblance in the staging of the Grady girls and the "Twins '' photograph by Diane Arbus has been noted both by Arbus ' biographer, Patricia Bosworth, the Kubrick assistant who cast and coached them, Leon Vitali, and by numerous Kubrick critics. Although Kubrick both met Arbus personally and studied photography under her during his youthful days as photographer for Look magazine, Kubrick 's widow says he did not deliberately model the Grady girls on Arbus ' photograph, in spite of widespread attention to the resemblance.
Before making The Shining, Stanley Kubrick had directed the 1975 film Barry Lyndon, a highly visual period film about an Irish man who attempts to make his way into the British aristocracy. Despite its technical achievements, the film was not a box office success in the United States and was derided by critics for being too long and too slow. Kubrick, disappointed with Barry Lyndon 's lack of success, realized he needed to make a film that would be commercially viable as well as artistically fulfilling. Stephen King was told that Kubrick had his staff bring him stacks of horror books as he planted himself in his office to read them all: "Kubrick 's secretary heard the sound of each book hitting the wall as the director flung it into a reject pile after reading the first few pages. Finally one day the secretary noticed it had been a while since she had heard the thud of another writer 's work biting the dust. She walked in to check on her boss and found Kubrick deeply engrossed in reading The Shining. ''
Speaking about the theme of the film, Kubrick stated that "there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality. There 's an evil side to it. One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly ''.
Nicholson was Kubrick 's first choice for the role of Jack Torrance; other actors considered included Robert De Niro (who claims the film gave him nightmares for a month), Robin Williams, and Harrison Ford, all of whom met with Stephen King 's disapproval. In his search to find the right actor to play Danny, Kubrick sent a husband and wife team, Leon and Kersti Vitali, to Chicago, Denver, and Cincinnati to create an interview pool of 5,000 boys over a six - month period. These cities were chosen since Kubrick was looking for a boy with an accent which fell in between Jack Nicholson 's and Shelley Duvall 's speech patterns.
Having chosen King 's novel as a basis for his next project, and after a pre-production phase, Kubrick had sets constructed on soundstages at EMI Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, Britain. Some of the interior designs of the Overlook Hotel set were based on those of the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. To enable him to shoot the scenes in chronological order, he used several stages at EMI Elstree Studios in order to make all sets available during the complete duration of production. The set for the Overlook Hotel was at the time the largest ever built at Elstree, including a life - size re-creation of the exterior of the hotel. In February 1979, the set at Elstree was badly damaged in a fire, causing a delay in the production.
While most of the interior shots, and even some of the Overlook exterior shots, were shot on studio sets, a few exterior shots were shot on location by a second - unit crew headed by Jan Harlan. Saint Mary Lake and Wild Goose Island in Glacier National Park, Montana was the filming location for the aerial shots of the opening scenes, with the Volkswagen Beetle driving along Going - to - the - Sun Road. The Timberline Lodge on Mount Hood in Oregon was filmed for a few of the establishing shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel; notably absent in these shots is the hedge maze, something the Timberline Lodge does not have.
Outtakes of the opening panorama shots were later used by Ridley Scott for the closing moments of the original cut of the film Blade Runner (1982).
The Shining had a prolonged and arduous production period, often with very long workdays. Principal photography took over a year to complete, due to Kubrick 's highly methodical nature. Actress Shelley Duvall did not get along with Kubrick, frequently arguing with him on set about lines in the script, her acting techniques and numerous other things. Duvall eventually became so overwhelmed by the stress of her role that she became physically ill for months. At one point, she was under so much stress that her hair began to fall out. The shooting script was being changed constantly, sometimes several times a day, adding more stress. Jack Nicholson eventually became so frustrated with the ever - changing script that he would throw away the copies that the production team would give to him to memorize, knowing that it was just going to change anyway. He learned most of his lines just minutes before filming them. Nicholson was living in London with his then - girlfriend Anjelica Huston and her younger sister, Allegra, who testified to his long shooting days. Joe Turkel stated in a 2014 interview that they rehearsed the "bar scene '' for six weeks, and that the shoot day lasted from 9 a.m. to 10: 30 p.m., with Turkel recollecting that his clothes were soaked in his own sweat by the end of the day 's shoot. He also added that it was his favorite scene in the film.
For the final Gold Room sequence, Kubrick instructed the extras (via megaphone) not to talk, "but to mime conversation to each other. Kubrick knew from years of scrutinizing thousands of films that extras could often mime their business by nodding and using large gestures that look fake. He told them to act naturally to give the scene a chilling sense of time - tripping realism as Jack walks from the seventies into the roaring twenties ''.
For the international versions of the film, Kubrick shot different takes of Wendy reading the typewriter pages in different languages. For each language, a suitable idiom was used: German (Was du heute kannst besorgen, das verschiebe nicht auf morgen -- "Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today ''), Italian (Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca -- "The morning has gold in its mouth ''), French (Un "Tiens '' vaut mieux que deux "Tu l'auras '' -- "One ' here you go ' is worth more than two ' you 'll have it ' '', the equivalent of "A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush ''), Spanish (No por mucho madrugar amanece más temprano -- "No matter how early you get up, you ca n't make the sun rise any sooner. '') These alternate shots were not included with the DVD release, where only the English phrase "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was used.
The door that Jack chops through with the axe near the end of the film was a real door. Kubrick had originally shot this scene with a fake door, but Nicholson, who had worked as a volunteer fire marshal, tore it down too quickly. Jack 's line, "Heeeere 's Johnny! '', is taken from Ed McMahon 's famous introduction to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and was improvised by Nicholson. Kubrick, who had lived in England for some time, was unaware of the significance of the line, and nearly used a different take. Carson later used the Nicholson clip to open his 1980 anniversary show on NBC.
During production, Kubrick screened David Lynch 's Eraserhead (1977) to the cast and crew, to convey the mood he wanted to achieve for the film.
The Shining was among the first half - dozen films (after the 1976 films Bound for Glory, Marathon Man, and Rocky), to use the newly developed Steadicam, a stabilizing mount for a motion picture camera, which mechanically separates the operator 's movement from the camera 's, allowing smooth tracking shots while the operator is moving over an uneven surface. It essentially combines the stabilized steady footage of a regular mount with the fluidity and flexibility of a handheld camera. The inventor of the Steadicam, Garrett Brown, was heavily involved with the production of The Shining. Brown has described his excitement taking his first tour of the sets which offered "further possibilities for the Steadicam ''. This tour convinced Brown to become personally involved with the production. Kubrick was not "just talking of stunt shots and staircases ''. Rather he would use the Steadicam "as it was intended to be used -- as a tool which can help get the lens where it 's wanted in space and time without the classic limitations of the dolly and crane ''. Brown used an 18 mm Cooke lens that allowed the Steadicam to pass within an inch of walls and door frames. Brown published an article in American Cinematographer about his experience, and contributed to the audio commentary on the 2007 DVD release.
Kubrick personally aided in modifying the Steadicam 's video transmission technology. Brown states his own abilities to operate the Steadicam were refined by working on Kubrick 's film. For this film, Brown developed a two - handed technique, which enabled him to maintain the camera at one height while panning and tilting the camera. In addition to tracking shots from behind, the Steadicam enabled shooting in constricted rooms without flying out walls, or backing the camera into doors. Brown notes that:
One of the most talked - about shots in the picture is the eerie tracking sequence which follows Danny as he pedals at high speed through corridor after corridor on his plastic Big Wheel tricycle. The soundtrack explodes with noise when the wheel is on wooden flooring and is abruptly silent as it crosses over carpet. We needed to have the lens just a few inches from the floor and to travel rapidly just behind or ahead of the bike.
This required the Steadicam to be on a special mount modeled on a wheelchair in which the operator sat while pulling a platform with the sound man. The weight of the rig and its occupants proved to be too much for the original tires however, resulting in a blowout one day that almost caused a serious crash. Solid tires were then mounted on the rig. Kubrick also had a highly accurate speedometer mounted on the rig so as to duplicate the exact tempo of a given shot so that Brown could perform take after identical take. Brown also discusses how the scenes in the hedge maze were shot with a Steadicam.
The stylistically modernist art - music chosen by Kubrick is similar to the repertoire he first explored in 2001: A Space Odyssey. Although the repertoire was selected by Kubrick, the process of matching passages of music to motion picture was left almost entirely at the discretion of music editor Gordon Stainforth, whose work on this film is known for the attention to fine details and remarkably precise synchronization without excessive splicing.
The soundtrack album on LP was withdrawn due to problems with licensing of the music. It remains only available on vinyl (there has never been a CD release) and is difficult to find. The LP soundtrack omits some pieces heard in the film, and also includes complete versions of pieces of which only fragments are heard in the film.
The non-original music on the soundtrack is as follows:
Upon their arrival at Elstree Studios, Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind were shown the first version of the film by Kubrick: "The film was a little on the long side. There were great gobs of scenes that never made it to the film. There was a whole strange and mystical scene in which Jack Nicholson discovers objects that have been arranged in his working space in the ballroom with arrows and things. He walks down and thinks he hears a voice and a ghost throws a ball back to him. None of that made it to the final film. We scored a lot of those. We did n't know what was going to be used for sure ''. Carlos has said that she was so disillusioned by Kubrick 's actions that she vowed never to work with him again. Her own music was released in its near entirety in 2005 as part of her Rediscovering Lost Scores compilation.
Unlike Kubrick 's previous works, which developed audiences gradually through word - of - mouth, The Shining was released as a mass - market film, initially opening in two U.S. cities on Memorial Day, then nationwide within a month. The European release of The Shining a few months later was 25 minutes shorter due to Kubrick 's removal of most of the scenes taking place outside the environs of the hotel.
After its premiere and a week into the general run (with a running time of 146 minutes), Kubrick cut a scene at the end that took place in a hospital. The scene shows Wendy in a bed talking with Mr. Ullman who explains that Jack 's body could not be found; he then gives Danny a yellow tennis ball, presumably the same one that Jack was throwing around the hotel. This scene was subsequently physically cut out of prints by projectionists and sent back to the studio by order of Warner Bros., the film 's distributor. This cut the film 's running time to 144 minutes. As noted by Roger Ebert:
If Jack did indeed freeze to death in the labyrinth, of course his body was found -- and sooner rather than later, since Dick Hallorann alerted the forest rangers to serious trouble at the hotel. If Jack 's body was not found, what happened to it? Was it never there? Was it absorbed into the past and does that explain Jack 's presence in that final photograph of a group of hotel party - goers in 1921? Did Jack 's violent pursuit of his wife and child exist entirely in Wendy 's imagination, or Danny 's, or theirs?... Kubrick was wise to remove that epilogue. It pulled one rug too many out from under the story. At some level, it is necessary for us to believe the three members of the Torrance family are actually residents in the hotel during that winter, whatever happens or whatever they think happens.
For its release in Europe, Kubrick cut about 25 minutes from the film. The excised scenes included a longer meeting between Jack and Watson at the hotel, Danny being attended by a doctor (Anne Jackson) including references to Tony and how Danny was once injured by Jack in a drunken rage, more footage of Hallorann 's attempts to get to the hotel during the snowstorm including a sequence with a garage attendant (Tony Burton), extended dialogue scenes at the hotel, and a scene where Wendy discovers a group of skeletons in the hotel lobby during the climax. Jackson and Burton are credited in the European print, despite their scenes being excised from the movie. According to Harlan, Kubrick decided to cut some sequences because the film was "not very well received '', and after Warner Bros. complained about its ambiguity and length.
The scene where Jack writes obsessively on the typewriter "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' was shot changing the language of the typescript in Italian, French, Spanish, and German, because the film would be dubbed in these languages in their respective countries. In the Italian version, Nicholson was dubbed by Giancarlo Giannini; Kubrick sent him a congratulations letter for his excellent work as voice actor.
Two alternative takes were used in a British television commercial.
The U.S. premiere by ABC on May 6, 1983 started with a placard saying, "TONIGHT 'S FILM DEALS WITH THE SUPERNATURAL, AS A POSSESSED MAN ATTEMPTS TO DESTROY HIS FAMILY. '' With the movie 's ambiguities, it is not known how Kubrick felt about or if he agreed with this proclamation. The placard also said that the film was edited for television and warned about the content.
The U.S. region 1 DVD of the film is the longer (144 minute) edit of the film. The European (including UK) region 2 DVD is the shorter (119 minute) version. On British television, the short version played on Channel 4 once and on Sky Movies numerous times in the mid-nineties. All other screenings, before and since these, have been on either ITV or ITV4 and have been the longer U.S. edit. The German DVD shows the short version, as seen in German television screenings.
In accordance with stipulations contained in Kubrick 's will, DVD releases show the film in open matte (i.e., with more picture content visible than in movie theaters). The scene in which Wendy discovers her husband 's work (consisting only of a simple proverb: "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' repeatedly typed on numerous pages) was shot with different proverbs in at least five languages (English, French, Spanish, Italian and German). Nevertheless, most DVD releases show the English version, disregarding the dub language.
DVDs in both regions contain a candid fly - on - the - wall 33 - minute documentary made by Kubrick 's daughter Vivian (who was 17 when she filmed it) entitled Making The Shining, originally shown on British television in 1980. She also provided an audio commentary track about her documentary for its DVD release. It appears even on pre-2007 editions of The Shining on DVD, although most DVDs of Kubrick films before then were devoid of documentaries or audio commentaries. It has some candid interviews and very private moments caught on set, such as arguments with cast and director, moments of a no - nonsense Kubrick directing his actors, Scatman Crothers being overwhelmed with emotion during his interview, Shelley Duvall collapsing from exhaustion on the set, and Jack Nicholson enjoying playing up to the behind - the - scenes camera.
The Shining had a slow start at the box office, but gained momentum, eventually doing well commercially during the summer of 1980 and making Warner Bros. a profit. It opened at first to mixed reviews. Janet Maslin of The New York Times lauded Nicholson 's performance and praised the Overlook Hotel as an effective setting for horror, but wrote that "the supernatural story knows frustratingly little rhyme or reason (...) Even the film 's most startling horrific images seem overbearing and perhaps even irrelevant. '' Variety was critical, saying, "With everything to work with,... Kubrick has teamed with jumpy Jack Nicholson to destroy all that was so terrifying about Stephen King 's bestseller. '' A common initial criticism was the slow pacing, which was highly atypical of horror films of the time. Roger Ebert did not review the film on his television show when first released, and in print complained that it was hard to connect with any of the characters. It was the only one of Kubrick 's last nine films to receive no nominations at all from either the Oscars or Golden Globes, but was nominated for a pair of Razzie Awards, including Worst Director and Worst Actress (Duvall), in the first year that award was given.
Tim Cahill of Rolling Stone noted in an interview with Kubrick that by 1987 there was already a "critical reevaluation of (The Shining) in process ''. As with most Kubrick films, more recent analyses have treated the film more favorably. Viewers subsequently decided the slow pacing actually contributes to the film 's hypnotic quality.
In 2006, Roger Ebert, who was initially critical of the work, inducted The Shining into his Great Movies series, saying, "Stanley Kubrick 's cold and frightening The Shining challenges us to decide: Who is the reliable observer? Whose idea of events can we trust? (...) It is this elusive open - endedness that makes Kubrick 's film so strangely disturbing. ''
Horror film critic Peter Bracke reviewing the Blu - ray release in Hi - Def Digest writes:
Just as the ghostly apparitions of the film 's fictional Overlook Hotel would play tricks on the mind of poor Jack Torrance, so too has the passage of time changed the perception of The Shining itself. Many of the same reviewers who lambasted the film for "not being scary '' enough back in 1980 now rank it among the most effective horror films ever made, while audiences who hated the film back then now vividly recall being "terrified '' by the experience. The Shining has somehow risen from the ashes of its own bad press to redefine itself not only as a seminal work of the genre, but perhaps the most stately, artful horror ever made.
In 1999, Jonathan Romney discussed Kubrick 's perfectionism and dispelled others ' initial arguments that the film lacked complexity: "The final scene alone demonstrates what a rich source of perplexity The Shining offers (...) look beyond the simplicity and the Overlook reveals itself as a palace of paradox ''. Romney further explains:
The dominating presence of the Overlook Hotel -- designed by Roy Walker as a composite of American hotels visited in the course of research -- is an extraordinary vindication of the value of mise en scène. It 's a real, complex space that we do n't just see but come to virtually inhabit. The confinement is palpable: horror cinema is an art of claustrophobia, making us loath to stay in the cinema but unable to leave. Yet it 's combined with a sort of agoraphobia -- we are as frightened of the hotel 's cavernous vastness as of its corridors ' enclosure... The film sets up a complex dynamic between simple domesticity and magnificent grandeur, between the supernatural and the mundane in which the viewer is disoriented by the combination of spaciousness and confinement, and an uncertainty as to just what is real or not.
Speaking about the theme of the film, Kubrick stated that "there 's something inherently wrong with the human personality. There 's an evil side to it. One of the things that horror stories can do is to show us the archetypes of the unconscious; we can see the dark side without having to confront it directly ''. Stephen King has been quoted as saying that although Kubrick made a film with memorable imagery, it was poor as an adaptation and that it is the only adaptation of his novels that he could "remember hating ''. However, in King 's 1981 nonfiction book Danse Macabre, he listed Kubrick 's film among those he considered to have "contributed something of value to the (horror) genre '' and mentioned it as one of his "personal favorites ''. Before the 1980 movie King often said he gave little attention to the film adaptations of his work.
King himself was suffering from alcoholism at the time he wrote the novel, therefore giving a strong autobiographical element to the story. He has expressed disappointment that his novel 's important themes, such as the disintegration of family and the dangers of alcoholism, are less prevalent in the film. King also viewed the casting of Nicholson as a mistake, arguing it would result in a rapid realization among audiences that Jack would ultimately go mad, due to Nicholson 's famous identification with the character of McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest (1975). King had suggested that a more "everyman '' - like actor such as Jon Voight, Christopher Reeve, or Michael Moriarty play the role, so that Jack 's subsequent descent into madness would be more unnerving.
In an interview with the BBC, King also criticized Shelley Duvall 's performance in the film, stating "(S) he 's basically just there to scream and be stupid, and that 's not the woman that I wrote about. ''
Over the years, contradictions have arisen in the discussion of King 's criticisms. The author once suggested that he disliked the film 's downplaying of the supernatural; King had envisioned Jack as a victim of the genuinely external forces haunting the hotel, whereas King felt Kubrick had viewed the haunting and its resulting malignancy as coming from within Jack himself. In October 2013, however, journalist Laura Miller wrote that the discrepancy between the two was almost the complete opposite: the Jack Torrance of the novel was corrupted by his own choices -- particularly alcoholism -- whereas in Kubrick 's adaptation the causes are actually more surreal and ambiguous:
King is, essentially, a novelist of morality. The decisions his characters make -- whether it 's to confront a pack of vampires or to break 10 years of sobriety -- are what matter to him. But in Kubrick 's The Shining, the characters are largely in the grip of forces beyond their control. It 's a film in which domestic violence occurs, while King 's novel is about domestic violence as a choice certain men make when they refuse to abandon a delusional, defensive entitlement. As King sees it, Kubrick treats his characters like "insects '' because the director does n't really consider them capable of shaping their own fates. Everything they do is subordinate to an overweening, irresistible force, which is Kubrick 's highly developed aesthetic; they are its slaves. In King 's "The Shining '', the monster is Jack. In Kubrick 's, the monster is Kubrick.
King 's oft - cited remark about Kubrick being a man who "thinks too much and feels too little '' is often misconstrued as a remark on Kubrick 's obsessive and detached approach to directing actors, but it is actually a less disparaging reference to Kubrick 's skepticism regarding the verisimilitude of the supernatural, which emerged in pre-production conversations between King and Kubrick. The full context of King 's well - known quote is:
Parts of the film are chilling, charged with a relentlessly claustrophobic terror, but others fall flat. Not that religion has to be involved in horror, but a visceral skeptic such as Kubrick just could n't grasp the sheer inhuman evil of The Overlook Hotel. So he looked, instead, for evil in the characters and made the film into a domestic tragedy with only vaguely supernatural overtones. That was the basic flaw: because he could n't believe, he could n't make the film believable to others. What 's basically wrong with Kubrick 's version of The Shining is that it 's a film by a man who thinks too much and feels too little; and that 's why, for all its virtuoso effects, it never gets you by the throat and hangs on the way real horror should.
Mark Browning, a critic of King 's work, observed that King 's novels frequently contain a narrative closure that completes the story, which Kubrick 's film lacks. Browning has in fact argued that King has exactly the opposite problem of which he accused Kubrick. King, he believes, "feels too much and thinks too little ''.
King was also disappointed by Kubrick 's decision not to film at The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado, which inspired the story (a decision Kubrick made since the hotel lacked sufficient snow and electricity). However, King finally supervised the 1997 television adaptation also titled The Shining, filmed at The Stanley Hotel.
The animosity of King toward Kubrick 's adaptation has dulled over time. During an interview segment on the Bravo channel, King stated that the first time he watched Kubrick 's adaptation, he found it to be "dreadfully unsettling ''.
Nonetheless, writing in the afterword of Doctor Sleep, King professed continued dissatisfaction with the Kubrick film. He said of it "... of course there was Stanley Kubrick 's movie which many seem to remember -- for reasons I have never quite understood -- as one of the scariest films they have ever seen. If you have seen the movie but not read the novel, you should note that Doctor Sleep follows the latter which is, in my opinion, the True History of the Torrance Family. ''
Film critic Jonathan Romney writes that the film has been interpreted in many different ways; as being about the crisis in masculinity, sexism, corporate America, and racism: "It 's tempting to read The Shining as an Oedipal struggle not just between generations but between Jack 's culture of the written word and Danny 's culture of images... '' Romney writes, "Jack also uses the written word to more mundane purpose -- to sign his ' contract ' with the Overlook. ' I gave my word, ' (...) which we take to mean ' gave his soul ' in the (...) Faustian sense. But maybe he means it more literally -- by the end (...) he has renounced language entirely, pursuing Danny through the maze with an inarticulate animal roar. What he has entered into is a conventional business deal that places commercial obligation (...) over the unspoken contract of compassion and empathy that he seems to have neglected to sign with his family. '' These varied interpretations spawned the 2012 documentary Room 237, directed by Rodney Ascher, which provides an in - depth exploration of various interpretations of, and myths surrounding, the film.
Among interpreters who see the film reflecting more subtly the social concerns that animate other Kubrick films, one of the earliest and most well - known viewpoints was discussed in an essay by ABC reporter Bill Blakemore entitled "Kubrick 's ' Shining ' Secret: Film 's Hidden Horror Is The Murder Of The Indian '', first published in The Washington Post on July 12, 1987. He believes that indirect references to American killings of Native Americans pervade the film, as exemplified by the Amerindian logos on the baking powder in the kitchen, and the Amerindian artwork that appears throughout the hotel, though no Native Americans are ever seen. Stuart Ullman tells Wendy that when building the hotel, a few Indian attacks had to be fended off since it was constructed on an Indian burial ground.
Blakemore 's general argument is that the film as a whole is a metaphor for the genocide of Native Americans. He notes that when Jack kills Hallorann, the dead body is seen lying on a rug with an Indian motif. The blood in the elevator shafts is, for Blakemore, the blood of the Indians in the burial ground on which the hotel was built. As such, the fact that the date of the final photograph is July 4 is meant to be deeply ironic. Blakemore writes:
As with some of his other movies, Kubrick ends The Shining with a powerful visual puzzle that forces the audience to leave the theater asking, "What was that all about? '' The Shining ends with an extremely long camera shot moving down a hallway in the Overlook, reaching eventually the central photo among 21 photos on the wall. The caption reads: "Overlook Hotel -- July 4th Ball -- 1921. '' The answer to this puzzle, is that most Americans overlook the fact that July Fourth was no ball, nor any kind of Independence day, for native Americans; that the weak American villain of the film is the re-embodiment of the American men who massacred the Indians in earlier years; that Kubrick is examining and reflecting on a problem that cuts through the decades and centuries.
Also likely significant is that before Jack 's behavior starts becoming aberrant, he is seen throwing a tennis ball hard against Amerindian artwork on the walls and floor, and just a few feet over a mounted buffalo head (which was an animal key to the Plains Indians ' economy and culture before it was hunted and slaughtered nearly to extinction in the 19th century, mostly by Euro - Americans). Later, Jack murders Hallorann, and tries to murder his family, using an axe, which resembles the tomahawk, a frequently depicted weapon of the Amerindians.
Film writer John Capo sees the film as an allegory of American imperialism. This is exemplified by many clues, such as the closing photo of Jack in the past at a 4th of July party, or Jack 's earlier citation of the Rudyard Kipling poem "The White Man 's Burden ''. The poem has been interpreted as rationalizing the European colonization of non-white people, while Jack 's line has been interpreted as referring to alcoholism, from which he suffers.
Film historian Geoffrey Cocks has extended Blakemore 's idea that the film has a subtext about Native Americans to arguing that the film indirectly reflects Stanley Kubrick 's concerns about the Holocaust (Both Cocks ' book and Michael Herr 's memoir of Kubrick discuss how he wanted his entire life to make a film dealing directly with the Holocaust, but could never quite get the handle on it that satisfied him). Cocks is a cultural historian best known for describing the impact of the Holocaust on subsequent Western culture. Cocks, writing in his book The Wolf at the Door: Stanley Kubrick, History and the Holocaust, proposed a controversial theory that all of Kubrick 's work is informed by the Holocaust; there is, he says, a strong (though hidden) holocaust subtext in The Shining. This, Cocks believes, is why Kubrick 's screenplay goes to emotional extremes, omitting much of the novel 's supernaturalism and making the character of Wendy much more hysteria - prone. Cocks places Kubrick 's vision of a haunted hotel in line with a long literary tradition of hotels in which sinister events occur, from Stephen Crane 's short story "The Blue Hotel '' (which Kubrick admired) to the Swiss Berghof in Thomas Mann 's novel The Magic Mountain, about a snowbound sanatorium high in the Swiss Alps in which the protagonist witnesses a series of events which are a microcosm of the decline of Western culture. In keeping with this tradition, Kubrick 's film focuses on domesticity and the Torrances ' attempt to use this imposing building as a home which Jack Torrance describes as "homey ''.
Cocks claims that Kubrick has elaborately coded many of his historical concerns into the film with manipulations of numbers and colors and his choice of musical numbers, many of which are post-war compositions influenced by the horrors of World War II. Of particular note is Kubrick 's use of Penderecki 's The Awakening of Jacob to accompany Jack Torrance 's dream of killing his family and Danny 's vision of past carnage in the hotel, a piece of music originally associated with the horrors of the Holocaust. As such, Kubrick 's pessimistic ending in contrast to Stephen King 's optimistic one is in keeping with the motifs that Kubrick wove into the story.
Cocks ' work has been anthologized and discussed in other works on Stanley Kubrick films, but sometimes with skepticism. In particular, Julian Rice writing in the opening chapter of his book Kubrick 's Hope believes Cocks ' views are excessively speculative and contain too many strained "critical leaps '' of faith. Rice holds that what went on in Kubrick 's mind can not be replicated or corroborated beyond a broad vision of the nature of good and evil (which included concern about the Holocaust), but Kubrick 's art is not governed by this one single obsession. Diane Johnson, co-screenwriter for The Shining, commented on Cocks ' observations and holds that preoccupation with the Jewish Holocaust on Kubrick 's part could very likely have motivated his decision to place the hotel on a Native American burial ground, although Kubrick never directly mentioned it to her.
Geoffrey Cocks notes that the film contains many allusions to fairy tales, both Hansel and Gretel and the Three Little Pigs, with Jack Torrance identified as the Big Bad Wolf, which Bruno Bettelheim interprets as standing for "all the asocial unconscious devouring powers '' that must be overcome by a child 's ego.
The saying "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' appeared first in James Howell 's Proverbs in English, Italian, French and Spanish (1659).
Roger Ebert notes that the film does not really have a "reliable observer '', with the possible exception of Dick Hallorann. Ebert believes various events call into question the reliability of Jack, Wendy, and Danny at various points. This leads Ebert to conclude that:
Kubrick is telling a story with ghosts (the two girls, the former caretaker and a bartender), but it is n't a "ghost story '', because the ghosts may not be present in any sense at all except as visions experienced by Jack or Danny.
Ebert ultimately concludes that "The movie is not about ghosts but about madness and the energies ''. Likewise, film critic James Berardinelli (who is generally much less impressed with the film than Ebert), notes that "King would have us believe that the hotel is haunted. Kubrick is less definitive in the interpretations he offers. '' He dubs the film a failure as a ghost story, but brilliant as a study of "madness and the unreliable narrator. ''
In some sequences, there is a question of whether or not there are ghosts present. In the scenes where Jack sees ghosts he is always facing a mirror, or in the case of his storeroom conversation with Grady, a reflective, highly polished door. Film reviewer James Berardinelli notes "It has been pointed out that there 's a mirror in every scene in which Jack sees a ghost, causing us to wonder whether the spirits are reflections of a tortured psyche. '' In Hollywood 's Stephen King, Tony Magistrale writes:
Kubrick 's reliance on mirrors as visual aids for underscoring the thematic meaning of this film portrays visually the internal transformations and oppositions that are occurring to Jack Torrance psychologically. Through... these devices, Kubrick dramatizes the hotel 's methodical assault on Torrance 's identity, its ability to stimulate the myriad of self - doubts and anxieties by creating opportunities to warp Torrance 's perspective on himself and (his family). Furthermore the fact that Jack looks into a mirror whenever he "speaks '' to the hotel means, to some extent, that Kubrick implicates him directly into the hotel 's "consciousness '', because Jack is, in effect, talking to himself.
Early in the film, Stuart Ullman tells Jack of a previous caretaker, Charles Grady, who, in 1970, succumbed to cabin fever, murdered his family and then killed himself. Later, Jack meets a ghostly butler named Grady. Jack says he knows about the murders, claiming to recognize Grady from pictures; however, the butler introduces himself as Delbert Grady.
Gordon Dahlquist of The Kubrick FAQ argues that the name change "deliberately mirrors Jack Torrance being both the husband of Wendy / father of Danny and the mysterious man in the 1920s July Fourth photo. It is to say he is two people: the man with choice in a perilous situation and the man who has ' always ' been at the Overlook. It 's a mistake to see the final photo as evidence that the events of the film are predetermined: Jack has any number of moments where he can act other than the way he does, and that his (poor) choices are fueled by weakness and fear perhaps merely speaks all the more to the questions about the personal and the political that The Shining brings up. In the same way Charles had a chance -- once more, perhaps -- to not take on Delbert 's legacy, so Jack may have had a chance to escape his role as ' caretaker ' to the interests of the powerful. It 's the tragic course of this story that he chooses not to. '' Dahlquist 's argument is that Delbert Grady, the 1920s butler, and Charles Grady, the 1970s caretaker, rather than being either two different people or the same are two ' manifestations ' of a similar entity; a part permanently at the hotel (Delbert) and the part which is given the choice of whether to join the legacy of the hotel 's murderous past (Charles), just as the man in the photo is not exactly Jack Torrance, but nor is he someone entirely different. Jack in the photo has ' always ' been at the Overlook; Jack the caretaker chooses to become part of the hotel. The film 's assistant editor Gordon Stainforth has commented on this issue, attempting to steer a course between the continuity - error explanation on one side and the hidden - meaning explanation on the other; "I do n't think we 'll ever quite unravel this. Was his full name Charles Delbert Grady? Perhaps Charles was a sort of nickname? Perhaps Ullman got the name wrong? But I also think that Stanley did NOT want the whole story to fit together too neatly, so (it is) absolutely correct, I think, to say that ' the sum of what we learn refuses to add up neatly '. ''
Among Kubrick 's other doubling / mirroring effects in the film:
At the end of the film, the camera moves slowly towards a wall in the Overlook and a 1921 photograph, revealed to include Jack Torrance seen at the middle of a 1921 party. In an interview with Michel Ciment, Kubrick overtly declared that the photograph suggests that Jack was a reincarnation of an earlier official at the hotel. Still, this has not stopped interpreters from developing alternative readings, such as that Jack has been "absorbed '' into the Overlook Hotel. Film critic Jonathan Romney, while acknowledging the absorption theory, wrote
As the ghostly butler Grady (Philip Stone) tells him during their chilling confrontation in the men 's toilet, ' You 're the caretaker, sir. You 've always been the caretaker. ' Perhaps in some earlier incarnation Jack really was around in 1921, and it 's his present - day self that is the shadow, the phantom photographic copy. But if his picture has been there all along, why has no one noticed it? After all, it 's right at the center of the central picture on the wall, and the Torrances have had a painfully drawn - out winter of mind - numbing leisure in which to inspect every corner of the place. Is it just that, like Poe 's purloined letter, the thing in plain sight is the last thing you see? When you do see it, the effect is so unsettling because you realise the unthinkable was there under your nose -- overlooked -- the whole time.
Screenwriter Todd Alcott has noted:
Much has been written, some of it quite intelligent, about the spatial anomalies and inconsistencies in The Shining: there are rooms with windows that should not be there and doors that could n't possibly lead to anywhere, rooms appear to be in one place in one scene and another place in another, wall fixtures and furniture pieces appear and disappear from scene to scene, props move from one room to another, and the layout of the Overlook makes no physical sense.
Artist Juli Kearns first identified and created maps of spatial discrepancies in the overall layout of the Overlook Hotel location, the interiors of which were constructed in studios in England. These spatial discrepancies included windows appearing in impossible places, such as in Stuart Ullman 's office which is surrounded by interior hallways, and apartment doorways positioned in places where they can not possibly lead to apartments. Rob Ager is another proponent of this theory. Jan Harlan, an Executive Producer on The Shining, was asked about the discontinuity of sets by Xan Brooks of The Guardian and confirmed the discontinuity was intentional, "The set was very deliberately built to be offbeat and off the track, so that the huge ballroom would never actually fit inside. The audience is deliberately made not to know where they 're going. People say The Shining does n't make sense. Well spotted! It 's a ghost movie. It 's not supposed to make sense. '' Harlan further elaborated to Kate Abbot for the same newspaper, "Stephen King gave him the go - ahead to change his book, so Stanley agreed -- and wrote a much more ambiguous script. It 's clear instantly there 's something foul going on. At the little hotel, everything is like Disney, all kitsch wood on the outside -- but the interiors do n't make sense. Those huge corridors and ballrooms could n't fit inside. In fact, nothing makes sense. ''
The film differs from the novel significantly with regard to characterization and motivation of action. The most obvious differences are those regarding the personality of Jack Torrance (the source of much of author Stephen King 's dissatisfaction with the film).
In the film, the motive of the ghosts is apparently to "reclaim '' Jack (even though Grady expresses an interest in Danny 's "shining '' ability), who seems to be a reincarnation of a previous caretaker of the hotel, as suggested by the 1920s photograph of Jack at the end of the film and Jack 's repeated claims to have "not just a deja vu ''. The film is even more focused on Jack (as opposed to Danny) than the novel.
The room number 217 has been changed to 237. Timberline Lodge, located on Mt. Hood in Oregon, was used for the exterior shots of the fictional Overlook Hotel. The Lodge requested that Kubrick not depict Room 217 (featured in the book) in The Shining, because future guests at the Lodge might be afraid to stay there, and a nonexistent room, 237, was substituted in the film. Contrary to the hotel 's expectations, Room 217 is requested more often than any other room at Timberline.
There are fringe analyses relating this number change to rumors that Kubrick faked the first moon landing, as there are approximately 237,000 miles between Earth and Moon (average is 238,855 miles) and the movie is a subtle confession of his involvement. Another theory is an obsession with the number 42 and its forms in the movie and the product of the digits in 237 is 42.
The novel presents Jack as initially likable and well - intentioned but haunted by the demons of alcohol and authority issues. Nonetheless, he becomes gradually overwhelmed by the evil forces in the hotel. At the novel 's conclusion, the hotel forces have possessed Jack 's body and proceed to destroy all that is left of his mind during a final showdown with Danny, leaving a monstrous entity that Danny is able to divert while he, Wendy and Dick Hallorann escape. The film 's Jack is established as somewhat sinister much earlier in the story and dies in a different manner. Jack actually kills Dick Hallorann in the film, but only wounds him in the novel. King attempted to talk Stanley Kubrick out of casting Jack Nicholson even before filming began, on the grounds that he seemed vaguely sinister from the very beginning of the film, and had suggested Jon Voight among others for the role.
Only in the novel does Jack hear the haunting, heavy - handed voice of his father, with whom he had a troubled relationship. In both the novel and film, Jack 's encounter with the ghostly bartender is pivotal to Jack 's deterioration. However, the novel gives much more detail about Jack 's problems with drinking and alcohol.
The film prolongs Jack 's struggle with writer 's block. Kubrick 's co-screenwriter Diane Johnson believes that in King 's novel, Jack 's discovery of the scrapbook of clippings in the boiler room of the hotel, which gives him new ideas for a novel, catalyzes his possession by the ghosts of the hotel, while at the same time unblocking his writing. Jack is no longer a blocked writer, but now filled with energy. In her contribution to the screenplay, Johnson wrote an adaptation of this scene, which to her regret Kubrick later excised, as she felt this left the father 's change less motivated. Kubrick showed Jack 's continued blockage quite late in the film with the "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' scene, which does not appear in the novel.
Stephen King has openly stated on the DVD commentary of the 1997 mini-series of The Shining that the character of Jack Torrance was partially autobiographical, as he was struggling with both alcoholism and unprovoked rage toward his family at the time of writing. Tony Magistrale wrote about Kubrick 's version of Jack Torrance in Hollywood 's Stephen King:
Kubrick 's version of Torrance is much closer to the tyrannical Hal (from Kubrick 's 2001: A Space Odyssey) and Alex (from Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange) than he is to King 's more conflicted, more sympathetically human characterization.
From Thomas Allen Nelson 's Kubrick: Inside a Film Artist 's Maze: "When Jack moves through the reception area on his way to a ' shining ' over the model maze, he throws a yellow tennis ball past a stuffed bear and Danny 's Big Wheel, which rests on the very spot (a Navajo circle design) where Hallorann will be murdered. '' Jack 's tennis ball mysteriously rolls into Danny 's circle of toy cars just before the boy walks through the open door of Room 237.
"In the film 's opening, the camera from above moves over water and through mountains with the ease of a bird in flight. Below, on a winding mountain road, Jack 's diminutive yellow Volkswagen journeys through a tree - lined maze, resembling one of Danny 's toy cars or the yellow tennis ball seen later outside of Room 237. ''
Danny Torrance is considerably more open about his supernatural abilities in the novel, discussing them with strangers such as his doctor. In the film, he is quite secretive about them even with his prime mentor Dick Hallorann, who also has these abilities. The same is true of Dick Hallorann, who in his journey back to the Overlook in the book, talks with others with the "shining '' ability, while in the film he lies about his reason for returning to the Overlook. Danny in the novel is generally portrayed as unusually intelligent across the board. In the film, he is more ordinary, though with a preternatural gift. In the novel, Danny is much more bonded to his father than in the film.
Although Danny has supernatural powers in both versions, the novel makes it clear that his apparent imaginary friend "Tony '' really is a projection of hidden parts of his own psyche, though heavily amplified by Danny 's psychic "shining '' abilities. At the end it is revealed that Danny Torrance 's middle name is "Anthony ''.
Wendy Torrance in the film is relatively meek, submissive, passive, gentle, and mousy; this is shown by the way she defends Jack even in his absence to the doctor examining Danny. It is implied she has perhaps been abused by him as well. In the novel, she is a far more self - reliant and independent personality who is tied to Jack in part by her poor relationship with her parents. In the novel, she never displays hysteria or collapses the way she does in the film, but remains cool and self - reliant. Writing in Hollywood 's Stephen King, author Tony Magistrale writes about the mini-series remake:
De Mornay restores much of the steely resilience found in the protagonist of King 's novel and this is particularly noteworthy when compared to Shelley Duvall 's exaggerated portrayal of Wendy as Olive Oyl revisited: A simpering fatality of forces beyond her capacity to understand, much less surmount.
Co-screenwriter Diane Johnson stated that in her contributions to the script, Wendy had more dialogue, and that Kubrick cut many of her lines, possibly due to his dissatisfaction with actress Shelley Duvall 's delivery. Johnson believes the earlier draft of the script portrayed Wendy as a more - rounded character.
In the novel, Jack 's authority issues are triggered by the fact that his interviewer, Ullman, is highly authoritarian, a kind of snobbish martinet. The film 's Ullman is far more humane and concerned about Jack 's well - being, as well as smooth and self - assured. Only in the novel does Ullman state that he disapproves of hiring Jack but higher authorities have asked that Jack be hired. Ullman 's bossy nature in the novel is one of the first steps in Jack 's deterioration, whereas in the film, Ullman serves largely as an expositor.
In Stanley Kubrick and the Art of Adaptation, author Greg Jenkins writes "A toadish figure in the book, Ullman has been utterly reinvented for the film; he now radiates charm, grace and gentility. ''
From Kubrick: Inside a Film Artist 's Maze: Ullman tells Jack that the hotel 's season runs from May 15 to October 30, meaning the Torrances moved in on Halloween. On Ullmann 's desk next to a small American flag sits a metal cup containing pencils and a pen -- and a miniature replica of an ax.
"When Ullman, himself all smiles, relates as a footnote the story about the former caretaker who ' seemed perfectly normal ' but nevertheless cut up his family with an ax, Jack 's obvious interest (as if he 's recalling one of his own nightmares) and his insincere congeniality (early signs of a personality malfunction) lead the viewer to believe that the film 's definition of his madness will be far more complex. ''
Stephen King provides the reader with a great deal of information about the stress in the Torrance family early in the story, including revelations of Jack 's physical abuse of Danny and Wendy 's fear of Danny 's mysterious spells. Kubrick tones down the early family tension and reveals family disharmony much more gradually than does King. In the film, Danny has a stronger emotional bond with Wendy than with Jack, which fuels Jack 's rather paranoid notion that the two are conspiring against him.
In the novel Jack recovers his sanity and goodwill through the intervention of Danny while this does not occur in the film. Writing in Cinefantastique magazine, Frederick Clarke suggests "Instead of playing a normal man who becomes insane, Nicholson portrays a crazy man attempting to remain sane. '' In the novel, Jack 's final act is to enable Wendy and Danny to escape the hotel before it explodes due to a defective boiler, killing him. The film ends with the hotel still standing. More broadly, the defective boiler is a major element of the novel 's plot, entirely missing from the film version.
Because of the limitations of special effects at the time, the living topiary animals of the novel were omitted and a hedge maze was added, acting as a final trap for Jack Torrance as well as a refuge for Danny.
In the film, the hotel possibly derives its malevolent energy from being built on an Indian burial ground. In the novel, the reason for the hotel 's manifestation of evil is possibly explained by a theme present in King 's previous novel Salem 's Lot as well as Shirley Jackson 's The Haunting of Hill House: a physical place may absorb the evils that transpire there and manifest them as a vaguely sentient malevolence. The film 's Hallorann speaks to Danny about that phenomenon occurring at the Overlook. In the novel, Jack does a great deal of investigation of the hotel 's past through a scrapbook, a subplot almost omitted from the film aside from two touches: a brief appearance of the scrapbook beside the typewriter, and Jack 's statement to the ghost of Grady that he knows his face from an old newspaper article describing the latter 's horrific acts. Kubrick in fact shot a scene where Jack discovers the scrapbook but removed it during post-production, a decision which co-screenwriter Diane Johnson lamented.
Some of the film 's most famous iconic scenes, such as the ghost girls in the hallway and the torrent of blood from the elevators, are unique to the film. The most notable of these would be the typewritten pages Wendy discovers on Jack 's desk. Similarly, many of the most memorable lines of dialogue ("Words of wisdom '' and "Here 's Johnny! '') are heard exclusively in the film.
Although Stephen King fans were critical of the novel 's adaptation on the grounds that Kubrick altered and reduced the novel 's themes, a defense of Kubrick 's approach was made in Steve Biodrowski 's review of the film. He argues that as in earlier films, Kubrick stripped out the back story of the film, reducing it down to a "basic narrative line '', making the characters more like archetypes. His review of the film is one of the few to go into detailed comparison with the novel. He writes, "The result... (is) a brilliant, ambitious attempt to shoot a horror film without the Gothic trappings of shadows and cobwebs so often associated with the genre. ''
Both parodies and homages to The Shining are prominent in UK and U.S. popular culture, particularly in films, TV shows, video games and music. Images and scenes frequently referenced are: the Grady girls in the hallway, the word "Redrum '', the blood spilling out of the elevator doors and Jack sticking his head through the hole in the bathroom door, saying, "Here 's Johnny. '' The tricycle scene in which Danny sees the Grady girls and the "here 's Johnny '' scene are seen on a drive - in theatre screen in the movie Twister just before a tornado rips the screen down.
Director Tim Burton (who credits Kubrick as an influence) modeled the characters of Tweedledum and Tweedledee on the Grady girls in his version of Alice in Wonderland (like so many viewers of the film, Burton identifies the girls as twins in spite of Ullman 's dialogue to the contrary).
The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror V '' includes a parody titled "The Shinning ''. In addition, Sherri and Terri, the twins in Bart 's 4th grade class, are visually similar to the Grady girls.
American heavy metal band Slipknot pay homage to the film in their first music video for their song "Spit It Out '', directed by Thomas Mignone. The video consists of conceptual imagery of the bandmembers each portraying characters enacting iconic scenes from the film, with Joey Jordison as Danny Torrance; Shawn Crahan and Chris Fehn as the Grady sisters; Corey Taylor as Jack Torrance; Mick Thomson as Lloyd the Bartender; Craig Jones as Dick Hallorann; James Root as Wendy Torrance; Paul Gray as Harry Derwent; and Sid Wilson as the corpse in the bathtub. The video was banned from MTV for overtly graphic and violent depictions, including Corey Taylor 's smashing through a door with an axe and the scene wherein James Root viciously assaults Corey Taylor with a baseball bat. Mignone and the band eventually re-edited a less violent version, which was subsequently aired on MTV.
"Here 's Johnny! '' was parodied by British comedian Lenny Henry in a controversial advertisement for Premier Inn.
In the Scream Queens episode "Pumpkin Patch '', Chanel demands that her pumpkin patch party have an exact replica of the hedge maze which plays a central part of the episode. Also in the episode, Chanel # 5 has two twin boyfriends, Rodger and Dodger.
The song "Enjoy Your Slay '' by American metalcore band Ice Nine Kills is inspired primarily by the novel as well as the film adaption. The song also features Stanley Kubrick 's grandson Sam Kubrick as guest vocalist.
The TV series Psych has an episode titled "Heeeeere 's Lassie '' in which the plot and characters are based on film.
Showrunner Vince Gilligan, being a fan of Kubrick and his "non-submersible moments '', has included references to Kubrick movies in many of his works. "I 'm happy to see that his inspiration has shown in noticeable ways in our work in Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul, '' says Gilligan. Breaking Bad 's episode "Sunset '' has a cop radioing for assistance and begins, "KDK - 12 '' -- the radio address at the Overlook, before being axed. The axe - murdered Grady twins in The Shining are turned into the axe - murdering Salamanca twins in Breaking Bad. The descent of the main character, school teacher Walt, into the dark killer has some similarities to Jack 's arc. Reflections are used in both to show the characters change. Better Call Saul has a "Here 's Johnny '' scare in a flashback. Gilligan has also likened his early writing situation, getting snowed in and not writing, to feeling like Jack while going insane.
"Gone '' a Season 6 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, alludes to Jack 's infamous typewriter scene when the invisible Buffy types "All work and no play makes Doris a dull girl '' on an antagonistic social worker 's word processor.
In the 2005 film Hostel, the main characters stay in room 237 of the hostel in Slovakia.
Steven Spielberg, a close friend of Kubrick, included a sequence dedicated to the film in Ready Player One when they could not get rights to use Blade Runner for a similar sequence. The Overlook Hotel is recreated, including the Grady Sisters, The Elevator, Room 237, The Lady in the Bath Tub, the Ballroom and the 1921 photo, in addition to using the score. Spielberg considered this inclusion a tribute to Kubrick.
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who was the us fighting in the cold war | Cold War - wikipedia
The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term "cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars.
The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party, which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time, and a small committee called the Politburo. The Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and many organizations. It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc, and funded Communist parties around the world, sometimes in competition with Communist China, particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s. In opposition stood the capitalist West, led by the United States, a federal republic with a two - party presidential system. The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations, but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World, most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies. Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947.
A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, which sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat, but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war. Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side, on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD). Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals, and their deployment of conventional military forces, the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe, psychological warfare, massive propaganda campaigns and espionage, far - reaching embargos, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race.
The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945. The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc, while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power, extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe (for example, supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War) and creating the NATO alliance. The Berlin Blockade (1948 -- 49) was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War (1950 -- 53), the conflict expanded. The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets. The expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. Meanwhile, an international peace movement took root and grew among citizens around the world, first in Japan from 1954, when people became concerned about nuclear weapons testing, but soon also in Europe and the US. The peace movement, and in particular the anti-nuclear movement, gained pace and popularity from the late 1950s and early 1960s, and continued to grow through the 70s and 80s with large protest marches, demonstrations and various non-parliamentary activism opposing war and calling for global nuclear disarmament. Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere, while US allies, particularly France, demonstrated greater independence of action. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, and the Vietnam War (1955 -- 75) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam, prompting further adjustments.
By the 1970s, both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system, ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union. Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 (1983), and the "Able Archer '' NATO military exercises (1983). The United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. On 12 June 1982, a million protesters gathered in Central Park, New York to call for an end to the Cold War arms race and nuclear weapons in particular. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ("reorganization '', 1987) and glasnost ("openness '', c. 1985) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland. Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully (with the exception of the Romanian Revolution) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia, Cambodia and South Yemen. The United States remained as the world 's only superpower.
The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy. It is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage (notably the internationally successful James Bond book and film franchise) and the threat of nuclear warfare. Meanwhile, a renewed state of tension between the Soviet Union 's successor state, Russia, and the United States in the 2010s (including its Western allies) has been referred to as the Second Cold War.
Part of a series on the History of the Cold War
At the end of World War II, English writer George Orwell used cold war, as a general term, in his essay "You and the Atomic Bomb '', published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare, Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world, writing:
In The Observer of 10 March 1946, Orwell wrote, "after the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire. ''
The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch, an influential advisor to Democratic presidents, on 16 April 1947. The speech, written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope, proclaimed, "Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war. '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term, Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s, la guerre froide.
While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II, others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power. In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a "hostile capitalist encirclement '', and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided, beginning with the establishment of the Communist International, which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad. Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw "no prospect of permanent peace '', with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming:
Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics, the states of the world have divided into two camps: the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism. There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality, colonial slavery, and chauvinism, national oppression and pogroms, imperialist brutalities and wars. Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace, national freedom and equality, a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples.
According to British historian Christopher Sutton:
In what some have called the First Cold War, from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941, British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic, foreign, and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism. This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields, new weapons, new players, and a greater intensity, but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism (real and imagined).
The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged. Frank Ninkovich writes:
As for the two cold wars thesis, the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable. To be sure, they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility, but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace. After World War II, in contrast, the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War. Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s, it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same.
After signing the Molotov - Ribbentrop pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty, the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of "mutual assistance ''. Finland rejected territorial demands, prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939. The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions. Britain and France, treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans, responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations.
In June 1940, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Hertza. But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience. Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement. In wartime, the United States supplied Britain, the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program. However, Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany. According to this view, the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement. Thus, Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers.
The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look, and how borders would be drawn, following the war. Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security. Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible, permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations. Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world. Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia, the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire, and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's, which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean, ensuring the survival of the British Empire, and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom.
The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it. During the war, Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control. Soviet agents took control of the media, especially radio; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions, from youth groups to schools, churches and rival political parties. Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States, hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth.
In the American view, Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals, whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda. With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe, Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors.
The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets. In October 1944, Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the "percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence, including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece. At the Yalta Conference of February 1945, Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations. Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement, but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe.
At the Second Quebec Conference, a high - level military conference held in Quebec City, 12 -- 16 September 1944, Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters, including a plan for Germany, based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal. The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for "eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character. '' However, it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states. On 10 May 1945, President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067. The directive, which was in effect for over two years, and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin, directed the U.S. forces of occupation to "... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany ''.
Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy. The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin. General Wolff, a war criminal, appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services (OSS) commander (and later CIA director) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945. Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable, a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period.
In April 1945, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman, who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals. Both Churchill and Truman opposed, among other things, the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government, the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London, whose relations with the Soviets had been severed.
Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory, the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe, while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe. In Germany and Austria, France, Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control.
The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations (UN) for the maintenance of world peace, but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power. Accordingly, the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric, and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune.
At the Potsdam Conference, which started in late July after Germany 's surrender, serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe. Moreover, the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions. At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon.
Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and, given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place, he reacted to the news calmly. The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan. One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference, the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Shortly after the attacks, Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan.
During the opening stages of World War II, the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics, by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact. These included eastern Poland (incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR), Latvia (which became the Latvian SSR), Estonia (which became the Estonian SSR), Lithuania (which became the Lithuanian SSR), part of eastern Finland (which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR) and eastern Romania (which became the Moldavian SSR).
The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states, such as:
The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies, but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition. In Asia, the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war, and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel.
As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc, the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), led by Lavrentiy Beriya, supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance. When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc, Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals: they were removed from power, put on trial, imprisoned, and in several instances, executed.
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that, given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war, and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable, there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe. After World War II, US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc, which evolved into Operation Gladio.
In February 1946, George F. Kennan 's "Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets, and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War. That September, the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram, sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and "co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability "to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war ''.
On 6 September 1946, James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan (a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely. As Byrnes admitted a month later, "The nub of our program was to win the German people... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds... ''
A few weeks after the release of this "Long Telegram '', former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous "Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton, Missouri. The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets, whom he accused of establishing an "iron curtain '' from "Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic ''. Only a week later, on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech, saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination, and that such a declaration was "a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere. He argued that there was nothing surprising in "the fact that the Soviet Union, anxious for its future safety, (was) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries ''. 1
By 1947, US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran, Turkey and Greece, as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons. In February 1947, the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents.
The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment, the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism. Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine, which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes. American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government. (The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes.)
Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War, but ultimately persisted thereafter. Moderate and conservative parties in Europe, as well as social democrats, gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance, while European and American Communists, financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations, adhered to Moscow 's line, although dissent began to appear after 1956. Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement.
In early 1947, France, Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany, including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants, goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets. In June 1947, in accordance with the Truman Doctrine, the United States enacted the Marshall Plan, a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate, including the Soviet Union. Under the plan, which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948, the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion (equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016) to rebuild the economy of Europe. Later, the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation.
The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power, such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections. The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery. One month later, Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947, creating a unified Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and the National Security Council (NSC). These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War.
Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control, and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe. Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid. The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan, which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe, became known as the Molotov Plan (later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance). Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union.
In early 1948, following reports of strengthening "reactionary elements '', Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia, the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures. The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point, set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress.
The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe, Greece, and Turkey. With the US assistance, the Greek military won its civil war. Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948. At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity, Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions.
In September 1947, the Soviets created Cominform, the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc. Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June, when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia, which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position.
The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into "Bizonia '' (1 January 1947, later "Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone, April 1949). As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany, in early 1948, representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system. In addition, in accordance with the Marshall Plan, they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy, including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased.
Shortly thereafter, Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949), one of the first major crises of the Cold War, preventing food, materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin. The United States, Britain, France, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several other countries began the massive "Berlin airlift '', supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions.
The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change. Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections (as they had done in the 1946 elections), which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties. The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self. 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue, and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created "Operation Vittles '', which supplied candy to German children. In May 1949, Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade.
In 1952, Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances, but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers. Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal.
Britain, France, the United States, Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949, establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). That August, the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR. Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948, the US, Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949. The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October.
Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state, completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party, with radio and television organizations being state - owned, while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party. Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism, claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system.
Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe, a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty, dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc. Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station, an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press. Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy, especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means, such as George F. Kennan.
American policymakers, including Kennan and John Foster Dulles, acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas. The United States, acting through the CIA, funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world. The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom.
In the early 1950s, the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and, in 1955, secured its full membership of NATO. In May 1953, Beria, by then in a government post, had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO.
In 1949, Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang (KMT) Nationalist Government in China, and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China. According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad, the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made, and because in his search for a powerful centralized government, Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China. Moreover, his party was weakened during the war against Japan. Meanwhile, the communists told different groups, such as the peasants, exactly what they wanted to hear, and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism.
Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan. Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949, the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy. In NSC 68, a secret 1950 document, the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense.
United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia, Africa, and Latin America, in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements, often led by communist parties financed by the USSR, fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere. In the early 1950s (a period sometimes known as the "Pactomania ''), the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand and the Philippines (notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954), thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases.
One of the more significant impacts of containment was the outbreak of the Korean War. In June 1950, Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea. Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion. To Stalin 's surprise, the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea, though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council. A UN force of personnel from South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, Turkey, Canada, Colombia, Australia, France, South Africa, the Philippines, the Netherlands, Belgium, New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion.
Among other effects, the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure. Public opinion in countries involved, such as Great Britain, was divided for and against the war. Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China, and even nuclear war. The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations. For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict, hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces.
Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952, Stalin insisted that they continue fighting, and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953, after Stalin 's death. North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized, totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality. In the South, the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime. After Rhee was overthrown in 1960, South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s.
In 1953, changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War. Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January. During the last 18 months of the Truman administration, the American defense budget had quadrupled, and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively.
After the death of Joseph Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov. On 25 February 1956, Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes. As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization, he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past.
On 18 November 1956, while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow, Khrushchev used his famous "Whether you like it or not, history is on our side. We will bury you '' expression, shocking everyone present. He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war, but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism. In 1961, Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West, within a decade its housing shortage would disappear, consumer goods would be abundant, and within two decades, the "construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed "in the main ''.
Eisenhower 's secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, initiated a "New Look '' for the containment strategy, calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime. Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of "massive retaliation '', threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression. Possessing nuclear superiority, for example, allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis. US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the "systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China, including Moscow, East Berlin and Beijing, with their civilian populations among the primary targets.
While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions, the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce. The Soviets, who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949, established a formal alliance therein, the Warsaw Pact, in 1955.
The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi. In response to a popular uprising, the new regime formally disbanded the secret police, declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections. The Soviet Army invaded. Thousands of Hungarians were arrested, imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union, and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos. Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials. From 1957 through 1961, Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation. He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States, capable of wiping out any American or European city. However, Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war, and declared his new goal was to be "peaceful coexistence ''. This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance, where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war; now, peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own, as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities, which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later "new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle.
The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world, particularly in Western Europe, with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response. The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership, a fact that was immediately recognized by some, such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that "The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed ''.
America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism. However, by the late 1960s, the "battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over, with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology.
During November 1958, Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent, demilitarized "free city '', giving the United States, Great Britain, and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin, or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans. Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that "Berlin is the testicles of the West. Every time I want to make the West scream, I squeeze on Berlin. '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question.
More broadly, one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically, economically, and militarily, but which later administrations viewed ambivalently, fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union, which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity.
Nationalist movements in some countries and regions, notably Guatemala, Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups, or perceived in the West to be allied with communists. In this context, the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s; additionally, the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology. Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence.
The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones. In 1953, President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax, a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddegh. The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951. Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was "increasingly turning towards communism. '' The pro-Western shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, assumed control as an autocratic monarch. The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK, the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency.
In Guatemala, a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954. The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law, returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company, set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism, and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States.
The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956, when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta. After mediation failed, Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders. In February 1958, dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera (Colonel Ahmad Hussein) and North Sulawesi (Colonel Ventje Sumual) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime. They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party, such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party. Due to their anti-communist rhetoric, the rebels received arms, funding, and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope, an American pilot, was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958. The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado. By the end of 1958, the rebels were militarily defeated, and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961.
In the Republic of the Congo, newly independent from Belgium since June 1960, the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead. In the ensuing Congo Crisis, the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état.
In British Guiana, the leftist People 's Progressive Party (PPP) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953, but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution. Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party, the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955, engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues. Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time, the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified, supported, and brought into office.
Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam. In the Geneva Conference, peace accords were signed, leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north. Between 1954 and 1961, Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it.
Many emerging nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition. In 1955, at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia, dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War. The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961. Meanwhile, Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states. Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America.
The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union, most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance, beginning the Sino - Soviet split. Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956, and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart, accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge. For his part, Khrushchev, disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war, referred to the Chinese leader as a "lunatic on a throne ''.
After this, Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance, but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal. The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war. Further on, the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement.
Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues:
On the nuclear weapons front, the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other. In August 1957, the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) and in October, launched the first Earth satellite, Sputnik 1. The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race. This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings, which astronaut Frank Borman later described as "just a battle in the Cold War. ''
In Cuba, the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959, toppling President Fulgencio Batista, whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration.
Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall, but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington in April, leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place. Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960.
In January 1961, just prior to leaving office, Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government. In April 1961, the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States. Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism, and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support.
The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany. By the early 1950s, the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. However, hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a "loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin, where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement.
The emigration resulted in a massive "brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals, such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961. That June, the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin. The request was rebuffed, and on 13 August, East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall, effectively closing the loophole.
Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion, Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government. Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project, devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961.
In February 1962, Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba: a "Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October, possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro. Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response.
Alarmed, Kennedy considered various reactions, and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets. Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation, and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again. Castro later admitted that "I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway, and that we were going to disappear. ''
The Cuban Missile Crisis (October -- November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before. The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations, although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement, the Antarctic Treaty, had come into force in 1961.
In 1964, Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him, but allowed him a peaceful retirement. Accused of rudeness and incompetence, he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war. Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall, a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism.
In the course of the 1960s and 1970s, Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new, more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs. From the beginning of the post-war period, Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s, with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States, while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated.
As a result of the 1973 oil crisis, combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and the Non-Aligned Movement, less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower. Meanwhile, Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems. During this period, Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente.
The unity of NATO was breached early in its history, with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards. De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom. In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom, and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France, most notably French Algeria, where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance.
Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil.
In 1968, a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included "Action Program '' of liberalizations, which described increasing freedom of the press, freedom of speech and freedom of movement, along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods, the possibility of a multiparty government, limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact.
In answer to the Prague Spring, on 20 August 1968, the Soviet Army, together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies, invaded Czechoslovakia. The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration, including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing, with the total eventually reaching 300,000. The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia, Romania, China, and from Western European communist parties.
In September 1968, during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine, in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism. During the speech, Brezhnev stated:
When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries.
The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland, Hungary and East Germany, which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe.
Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration, which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the "Mann Doctrine ''. In 1964, the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing. In late April 1965, the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack, citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America. Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president, until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch. Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces.
In Indonesia, the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a "New Order ''. From 1965 to 1966, with the aid of the United States and other Western governments, the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations, and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions. A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres "rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century, along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s, the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War, and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s. '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia.
Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) insurgents opposing it, Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War, but his costly policy weakened the US economy and, by 1975, it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations.
In Chile, the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970, becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas. The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically, which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973. Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator, Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back, and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA). The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor, an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government.
The Middle East remained a source of contention. Egypt, which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR, was a troublesome client, with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War (with advisers and technicians) and the War of Attrition (with pilots and aircraft) against pro-Western Israel. Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 (under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat), rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente. Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East, the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen, as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq. Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972. According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp, the treaty upset "the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East. It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States. '' In response, the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War; the Kurds were defeated in 1975, leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians. Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
In Africa, Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969, creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic. The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia. Four years later, the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg, a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam, who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets. When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War, Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons. The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments.
The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor. In Africa, where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961, a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), backed by the Cubans and the Soviets, and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA), backed by the United States, the People 's Republic of China, and Mobutu 's government in Zaire. The United States, the apartheid government of South Africa, and several other African governments also supported a third faction, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance, the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA. Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA, but the MPLA, bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance, eventually gained the upper hand.
During the Vietnam War, North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases, which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents. Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea. US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion, the effects of which are disputed by historians. Under the leadership of Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields, out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million. Martin Shaw described these atrocities as "the purest genocide of the Cold War era. '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation, an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin, Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978. The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot, but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations, and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand. Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction, Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack.
As a result of the Sino - Soviet split, tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969, and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War. The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well.
In February 1972, Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. At this time, the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States; meanwhile, the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe. Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s, tensions were beginning to ease.
Following his visit to China, Nixon met with Soviet leaders, including Brezhnev in Moscow. These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles.
Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of "peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente (or cooperation) between the two superpowers. Meanwhile, Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy, which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures. Between 1972 and 1974, the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties, including agreements for increased trade. As a result of their meetings, détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually.
Meanwhile, these developments coincided with the "Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt. Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe, culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975.
In the 1970s, the KGB, led by Yuri Andropov, continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov, who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms. Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World, particularly during political crises in the Middle East, Chile, Ethiopia, and Angola.
Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979, his efforts were undermined by the other events that year, including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution, which both ousted pro-US regimes, and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December.
The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic. Diggins says, "Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war, by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world. '' Cox says, "The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short. ''
In April 1978, the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution. Within months, opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide. The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China, while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government. Meanwhile, increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup. By mid-1979, the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen.
In September 1979, Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin, who assumed the presidency. Distrusted by the Soviets, Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979. A Soviet - organized government, led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions, filled the vacuum. Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers, although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan. As a result, however, the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan.
Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate, imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR, and demanding a significant increase in military spending, and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. He described the Soviet incursion as "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War ''.
In January 1977, four years prior to becoming president, Ronald Reagan bluntly stated, in a conversation with Richard V. Allen, his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War. "My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple, and some would say simplistic, '' he said. "It is this: We win and they lose. What do you think of that? '' In 1980, Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election, vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere. Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology. Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an "evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the "ash heap of history, '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as "bent on world dominance. '' In 1982 Reagan tried to cut off Moscow 's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe. It hurt the Soviet economy, but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue. Reagan retreated on this issue.
By early 1985, Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which, in addition to containment, formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments. Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan, the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union. Additionally, the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union.
Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later. In December 1981, Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law. Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response. Mikhail Suslov, the Kremlin 's top ideologist, advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity, for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions, representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy.
Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors. Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system, which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years.
Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity, but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges. The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed, in the number of troops in their ranks, and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base. However, the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West. For example, the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor, fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank, the T - 72, were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams, yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's.
By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, president Carter began massively building up the United States military. This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration, which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986, the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history.
Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration, produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers, installed US cruise missiles in Europe, and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative, dubbed "Star Wars '' by the media, a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight.
With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States, and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe, NATO decided, under the impetus of the Carter presidency, to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe, primarily West Germany. This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow.
After Reagan 's military buildup, the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses, along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture, were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy. At the same time, Saudi Arabia increased oil production, even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production. These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut, which affected the Soviet Union, as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues. Issues with command economics, oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation.
On 1 September 1983, the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007, a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard, including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald, when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a "massacre ''. This act increased support for military deployment, overseen by Reagan, which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983, a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release, was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis, as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent.
American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War. The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick, low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts. In 1983, the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War, invaded Grenada, bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras, anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua. While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States, his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy. The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War, in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt, was also controversial.
Meanwhile, the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions. Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief, Muslim guerrillas, aided by the US, China, Britain, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, waged a fierce resistance against the invasion. The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan, leading many outside observers to dub the war "the Soviets ' Vietnam ''. However, Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system.
A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980, positing that the invasion resulted in part from a "domestic crisis within the Soviet system... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has... caught up with the Soviet system, which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself. We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay ''.
By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985, the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s. These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state.
An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika, or restructuring. Perestroika relaxed the production quota system, allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment. These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector.
Despite initial skepticism in the West, the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West. Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms, Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost, or openness, which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions. Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee. Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world, particularly with the United States, contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations.
In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions, Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race. The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva, Switzerland. At one stage the two men, accompanied only by an interpreter, agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent. A second summit, was held in October 1986, Reykjavík, Iceland. Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative, which Gorbachev wanted eliminated. Reagan refused. The negotiations failed, but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF). The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed, ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers (300 to 3,400 miles) and their infrastructure.
East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s, culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989, when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty. During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies, along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels, represented a substantial economic drain. In addition, the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe.
In 1989, Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification, the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario. When the Berlin Wall came down, Gorbachev 's "Common European Home '' concept began to take shape.
On 3 December 1989, Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor, George H.W. Bush, declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit; a year later, the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq (August 1990 -- February 1991).
By 1989, the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse, and, deprived of Soviet military support, the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power. Grassroots organizations, such as Poland 's Solidarity movement, rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases. In 1989, the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections. In Czechoslovakia and East Germany, mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders. The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled, in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising. Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania, on behalf of the opposition, to prevent bloodshed. The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989, which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe. The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states: East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state.
In the USSR itself, glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990, with the dissolution of the USSR looming, the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power. At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering "nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow, with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely.
Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory; even Bush, who strove to maintain friendly relations, condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania, privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued. The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics, particularly Russia, who threatened to secede from the USSR. The Commonwealth of Independent States, created on 21 December 1991, is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but, according to Russia 's leaders, its purpose was to "allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation. The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991.
US President at that time, George H.W. Bush, expressed his emotions: "The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life, in our lives, is this: By the grace of God, America won the Cold War. ''
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia drastically cut military spending, and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed. The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany.
The Cold War continues to influence world affairs. The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar, with the United States the sole remaining superpower. The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries, with 526,000 troops stationed abroad, with 326,000 in Europe (two - thirds of which in west Germany) and 130,000 in Asia (mainly Japan and South Korea). The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes, especially in the United States, and large - scale military funding of science. These complexes, though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century, snowballed considerably during the Cold War.
Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion. Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars. Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate, as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States.
In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers, millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe, most notably in Southeast Asia. Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War; interstate wars, ethnic wars, revolutionary wars, as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years. Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations, which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages, some of which can still be heard today.
However, the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased, as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute. The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts, particularly in the former Yugoslavia. In Central and Eastern Europe, the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies, while in other parts of the world, such as Afghanistan, independence was accompanied by state failure.
During the Cold War itself, with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world, especially using motion pictures.
The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media, and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films, novels, television, and other media. In 2013, a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series, The Americans, set in the early 1980s, was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list; its six - season run concluded in May of 2018. At the same time, movies like Crimson Tide (1995) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War.
As soon as the term "Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists, and journalists. In particular, historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable, or could have been avoided. Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was, what the sources of the conflict were, and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides.
Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War: "orthodox '' accounts, "revisionism '', and "post-revisionism ''.
"Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe. "Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States, citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II. "Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced, and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War. Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories.
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who played the hudson twins on i love lucy | The Borden twins - wikipedia
The Borden Twins (born May 29, 1932), Rosalyn Borden and Marilyn Borden, were twin sisters who acted together in numerous television programs from the 1950s until the 1980s. They were best remembered as "Teensy '' and "Weensy '' in an episode of I Love Lucy entitled "Tennessee Bound ''. They never rose above supporting players, but the duo performed in many venues, including gigs on the nightclub circuit, as well as larger events including the Rose Bowl. The twins also performed at numerous USO shows at home and overseas. The sisters worked with notable performers such as Lucille Ball, Dean Martin, and Jerry Lewis, Andy Williams, Sammy Davis, Jr., Jimmy Durante, Bea Arthur, Bob Newhart and The Ritz Brothers.
Rosalyn "Roz '' Borden died January 23, 2003 of liver disease in Modesto, California. Marilyn Borden died March 25, 2009 of complications of congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also in Modesto.
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where did virtually all deep focus earthquakes (in the whole world) occur in last 15 years | 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami - Wikipedia
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00: 58: 53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1 -- 9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000 -- 280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest - hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
It is the third - largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph and had the longest duration of faulting ever observed, between 8.3 and 10 minutes. It caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as 1 centimetre (0.4 inches) and triggered other earthquakes as far away as Alaska. Its epicentre was between Simeulue and mainland Indonesia. The plight of the affected people and countries prompted a worldwide humanitarian response. In all, the worldwide community donated more than US $14 billion (2004) in humanitarian aid. The event is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra -- Andaman earthquake. The resulting tsunami was given various names, including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, South Asian tsunami, Indonesian tsunami, the Christmas tsunami, and the Boxing Day tsunami.
The earthquake was initially documented as moment magnitude 8.8. In February 2005 scientists revised the estimate of the magnitude to 9.0. Although the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has accepted these new numbers, the United States Geological Survey has so far not changed its estimate of 9.1. The most recent studies in 2006 have obtained a magnitude of M 9.1 -- 9.3. Hiroo Kanamori of the California Institute of Technology believes that M 9.2 is a good representative value for the size of this great earthquake.
The hypocentre of the main earthquake was approximately 160 km (100 mi) off the western coast of northern Sumatra, in the Indian Ocean just north of Simeulue island at a depth of 30 km (19 mi) below mean sea level (initially reported as 10 km (6.2 mi)). The northern section of the Sunda megathrust ruptured over a length of 1,300 km (810 mi). The earthquake (followed by the tsunami) was felt in Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Splay faults, or secondary "pop up faults '', caused long, narrow parts of the sea floor to pop up in seconds. This quickly elevated the height and increased the speed of waves, completely destroying the nearby Indonesian town of Lhoknga.
Indonesia lies between the Pacific Ring of Fire along the north - eastern islands adjacent to New Guinea, and the Alpide belt that runs along the south and west from Sumatra, Java, Bali, Flores to Timor.
Great earthquakes such as the Sumatra - Andaman event, which are invariably associated with megathrust events in subduction zones, have seismic moments that can account for a significant fraction of the global earthquake moment across century - scale time periods. Of all the seismic moment released by earthquakes in the 100 years from 1906 through 2005, roughly one - eighth was due to the Sumatra - Andaman event. This quake, together with the Good Friday earthquake (Alaska, 1964) and the Great Chilean earthquake (1960), account for almost half of the total moment.
Since 1900 the only earthquakes recorded with a greater magnitude were the 1960 Great Chilean earthquake (magnitude 9.5) and the 1964 Good Friday earthquake in Prince William Sound (9.2). The only other recorded earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater were off Kamchatka, Russia, on 4 November 1952 (magnitude 9.0) and Tōhoku, Japan (magnitude 9.1) in March 2011. Each of these megathrust earthquakes also spawned tsunamis in the Pacific Ocean. However, the death toll from these was significantly lower, primarily because of the lower population density along the coasts near affected areas and the much greater distances to more populated coasts and also due to the superior infrastructure and warning systems in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) such as Japan.
Other very large megathrust earthquakes occurred in 1868 (Peru, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1827 (Colombia, Nazca Plate and South American Plate); 1812 (Venezuela, Caribbean Plate and South American Plate) and 1700 (western North America, Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate). All of them are believed to be greater than magnitude 9, but no accurate measurements were available at the time.
The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock, predating the main event by over two years.
The megathrust earthquake was unusually large in geographical and geological extent. An estimated 1,600 kilometres (1,000 mi) of fault surface slipped (or ruptured) about 15 metres (50 ft) along the subduction zone where the Indian Plate slides (or subducts) under the overriding Burma Plate. The slip did not happen instantaneously but took place in two phases over a period of several minutes:
The Indian Plate is part of the great Indo - Australian Plate, which underlies the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal, and is drifting north - east at an average of 6 centimetres per year (2.4 inches per year). The India Plate meets the Burma Plate (which is considered a portion of the great Eurasian Plate) at the Sunda Trench. At this point the India Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate, which carries the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands, and northern Sumatra. The India Plate sinks deeper and deeper beneath the Burma Plate until the increasing temperature and pressure drive volatiles out of the subducting plate. These volatiles rise into the overlying plate causing partial melting and the formation of magma. The rising magma intrudes into the crust above and exits the Earth 's crust through volcanoes in the form of a volcanic arc. The volcanic activity that results as the Indo - Australian Plate subducts the Eurasian Plate has created the Sunda Arc.
As well as the sideways movement between the plates, the sea floor is estimated to have risen by several metres, displacing an estimated 30 cubic kilometres (7.2 cu mi) of water and triggering devastating tsunami waves. The waves did not originate from a point source, as was inaccurately depicted in some illustrations of their paths of travel, but rather radiated outwards along the entire 1,600 - kilometre (1,000 mi) length of the rupture (acting as a line source). This greatly increased the geographical area over which the waves were observed, reaching as far as Mexico, Chile, and the Arctic. The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimetres (0.004 in).
Numerous aftershocks were reported off the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands and the region of the original epicentre in the hours and days that followed. The magnitude 8.7 2005 Nias -- Simeulue earthquake, which originated off the coast of the Sumatran island of Nias, is not considered an aftershock, despite its proximity to the epicenter, and was most likely triggered by stress changes associated with the 2004 event. The earthquake produced its own aftershocks (some registering a magnitude of as great as 6.1) and presently ranks as the third largest earthquake ever recorded on the moment magnitude or Richter magnitude scale.
Other aftershocks of up to magnitude 6.6 continued to shake the region daily for up to three or four months. As well as continuing aftershocks, the energy released by the original earthquake continued to make its presence felt well after the event. A week after the earthquake, its reverberations could still be measured, providing valuable scientific data about the Earth 's interior.
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake came just three days after a magnitude 8.1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of New Zealand 's subantarctic Auckland Islands, and north of Australia 's Macquarie Island. This is unusual, since earthquakes of magnitude 8 or more occur only about once per year on average. However, the U.S. Geological Survey sees no evidence of a causal relationship between these events.
The December earthquake is thought to have triggered activity in both Leuser Mountain and Mount Talang, volcanoes in Aceh province along the same range of peaks, while the 2005 Nias -- Simeulue earthquake had sparked activity in Lake Toba, an ancient crater in Sumatra.
The energy released on the Earth 's surface only (M, which is the seismic potential for damage) by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami was estimated at 1.1 × 10 joules, or 26 megatons of TNT. This energy is equivalent to over 1,500 times that of the Hiroshima atomic bomb, but less than that of Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated; however, the total work done M (and thus energy) by the quake was 4.0 × 10 joules (4.0 × 10 ergs), the vast majority underground, which is over 360,000 times more than its M, equivalent to 9,600 gigatons of TNT equivalent (550 million times that of Hiroshima) or about 370 years of energy use in the United States at 2005 levels of 1.08 × 10 J.
The only recorded earthquakes with a larger M were the 1960 Chilean and 1964 Alaskan quakes, with 2.5 × 10 joules (250 ZJ) and 7.5 × 10 joules (75 ZJ) respectively.
The earthquake generated a seismic oscillation of the Earth 's surface of up to 20 -- 30 cm (8 -- 12 in), equivalent to the effect of the tidal forces caused by the Sun and Moon. The seismic waves of the earthquake were felt across the planet; as far away as the U.S. state of Oklahoma, where vertical movements of 3 mm (0.12 in) were recorded. By February 2005, the earthquake 's effects were still detectable as a 20 μm (0.02 mm; 0.0008 in) complex harmonic oscillation of the Earth 's surface, which gradually diminished and merged with the incessant free oscillation of the Earth more than 4 months after the earthquake.
Because of its enormous energy release and shallow rupture depth, the earthquake generated remarkable seismic ground motions around the globe, particularly due to huge Rayleigh (surface) elastic waves that exceeded 1 cm (0.4 in) in vertical amplitude everywhere on Earth. The record section plot displays vertical displacements of the Earth 's surface recorded by seismometers from the IRIS / USGS Global Seismographic Network plotted with respect to time (since the earthquake initiation) on the horizontal axis, and vertical displacements of the Earth on the vertical axis (note the 1 cm scale bar at the bottom for scale). The seismograms are arranged vertically by distance from the epicenter in degrees. The earliest, lower amplitude, signal is that of the compressional (P) wave, which takes about 22 minutes to reach the other side of the planet (the antipode; in this case near Ecuador). The largest amplitude signals are seismic surface waves that reach the antipode after about 100 minutes. The surface waves can be clearly seen to reinforce near the antipode (with the closest seismic stations in Ecuador), and to subsequently encircle the planet to return to the epicentral region after about 200 minutes. A major aftershock (magnitude 7.1) can be seen at the closest stations starting just after the 200 minute mark. The aftershock would be considered a major earthquake under ordinary circumstances, but is dwarfed by the mainshock.
The shift of mass and the massive release of energy very slightly altered the Earth 's rotation. The exact amount is not yet known, but theoretical models suggest the earthquake shortened the length of a day by 2.68 microseconds, due to a decrease in the oblateness of the Earth. It also caused the Earth to minutely "wobble '' on its axis by up to 2.5 cm (1 in) in the direction of 145 ° east longitude, or perhaps by up to 5 or 6 cm (2.0 or 2.4 in). However, because of tidal effects of the Moon, the length of a day increases at an average of 15 μs per year, so any rotational change due to the earthquake will be lost quickly. Similarly, the natural Chandler wobble of the Earth, which in some cases can be up to 15 m (50 ft), will eventually offset the minor wobble produced by the earthquake.
There was 10 m (33 ft) movement laterally and 4 -- 5 m (13 -- 16 ft) vertically along the fault line. Early speculation was that some of the smaller islands south - west of Sumatra, which is on the Burma Plate (the southern regions are on the Sunda Plate), might have moved south - west by up to 36 m (120 ft), but more accurate data released more than a month after the earthquake found the movement to be about 20 cm (8 in). Since movement was vertical as well as lateral, some coastal areas may have been moved to below sea level. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands appear to have shifted south - west by around 1.25 m (4 ft 1 in) and to have sunk by 1 m (3 ft 3 in).
In February 2005, the Royal Navy vessel HMS Scott surveyed the seabed around the earthquake zone, which varies in depth between 1,000 and 5,000 m (550 and 2,730 fathoms; 3,300 and 16,400 ft). The survey, conducted using a high - resolution, multi-beam sonar system, revealed that the earthquake had made a huge impact on the topography of the seabed. 1,500 - metre - high (5,000 ft) thrust ridges created by previous geologic activity along the fault had collapsed, generating landslides several kilometres wide. One such landslide consisted of a single block of rock some 100 m high and 2 km long (300 ft by 1.25 mi). The momentum of the water displaced by tectonic uplift had also dragged massive slabs of rock, each weighing millions of tons, as far as 10 km (6 mi) across the seabed. An oceanic trench several kilometres wide was exposed in the earthquake zone.
The TOPEX / Poseidon and Jason - 1 satellites happened to pass over the tsunami as it was crossing the ocean. These satellites carry radars that measure precisely the height of the water surface; anomalies of the order of 50 cm (20 in) were measured. Measurements from these satellites may prove invaluable for the understanding of the earthquake and tsunami. Unlike data from tide gauges installed on shores, measurements obtained in the middle of the ocean can be used for computing the parameters of the source earthquake without having to compensate for the complex ways in which close proximity to the coast changes the size and shape of a wave.
The sudden vertical rise of the seabed by several metres during the earthquake displaced massive volumes of water, resulting in a tsunami that struck the coasts of the Indian Ocean. A tsunami that causes damage far away from its source is sometimes called a teletsunami and is much more likely to be produced by vertical motion of the seabed than by horizontal motion.
The tsunami, like all others, behaved very differently in deep water than in shallow water. In deep ocean water, tsunami waves form only a low, very broad hump, barely noticeable and harmless, which generally travels at a very high speed of 500 to 1,000 km / h (310 to 620 mph); in shallow water near coastlines, a tsunami slows down to only tens of kilometres per hour but, in doing so, forms large destructive waves. Scientists investigating the damage in Aceh found evidence that the wave reached a height of 24 metres (80 ft) when coming ashore along large stretches of the coastline, rising to 30 metres (100 ft) in some areas when traveling inland.
Radar satellites recorded the heights of tsunami waves in deep water: at two hours after the earthquake, the maximum height was 60 centimetres (2 ft). These are the first such observations ever made. These observations could not be used to provide a warning, since the satellites were not built for that purpose and the data took hours to analyze.
According to Tad Murty, vice-president of the Tsunami Society, the total energy of the tsunami waves was equivalent to about five megatons of TNT (20 petajoules), which is more than twice the total explosive energy used during all of World War II (including the two atomic bombs) but still a couple of orders of magnitude less than the energy released in the earthquake itself. In many places the waves reached as far as 2 km (1.2 mi) inland.
Because the 1,600 km (1,000 mi) fault affected by the earthquake was in a nearly north - south orientation, the greatest strength of the tsunami waves was in an east - west direction. Bangladesh, which lies at the northern end of the Bay of Bengal, had very few casualties despite being a low - lying country relatively near the epicenter. It also benefited from the fact that the earthquake proceeded more slowly in the northern rupture zone, greatly reducing the energy of the water displacements in that region.
Coasts that have a landmass between them and the tsunami 's location of origin are usually safe; however, tsunami waves can sometimes diffract around such landmasses. Thus, the state of Kerala was hit by the tsunami despite being on the western coast of India, and the western coast of Sri Lanka suffered substantial impacts. Distance alone was no guarantee of safety, as Somalia was hit harder than Bangladesh despite being much farther away.
Because of the distances involved, the tsunami took anywhere from fifteen minutes to seven hours to reach the coastlines. The northern regions of the Indonesian island of Sumatra were hit very quickly, while Sri Lanka and the east coast of India were hit roughly 90 minutes to two hours later. Thailand was struck about two hours later despite being closer to the epicentre, because the tsunami traveled more slowly in the shallow Andaman Sea off its western coast.
The tsunami was noticed as far as Struisbaai in South Africa, some 8,500 km (5,300 mi) away, where a 1.5 m (5 ft) high tide surged on shore about 16 hours after the earthquake. It took a relatively long time to reach Struisbaai at the southernmost point of Africa, probably because of the broad continental shelf off South Africa and because the tsunami would have followed the South African coast from east to west. The tsunami also reached Antarctica, where tidal gauges at Japan 's Showa Base recorded oscillations of up to a metre (3 ft 3 in), with disturbances lasting a couple of days.
Some of the tsunami 's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small but measurable tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America, typically around 20 to 40 cm (7.9 to 15.7 in). At Manzanillo, Mexico, a 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) crest - to - trough tsunami was measured. As well, the tsunami was large enough to be detected in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which puzzled many scientists, as the tsunamis measured in some parts of South America were larger than those measured in some parts of the Indian Ocean. It has been theorized that the tsunamis were focused and directed at long ranges by the mid-ocean ridges which run along the margins of the continental plates.
Despite a lag of up to several hours between the earthquake and the impact of the tsunami, nearly all of the victims were taken completely by surprise. There were no tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean to detect tsunamis or to warn the general population living around the ocean. Tsunami detection is not easy because while a tsunami is in deep water it has little height and a network of sensors is needed to detect it. Setting up the communications infrastructure to issue timely warnings is an even bigger problem, particularly in a relatively poor part of the world.
Tsunamis are much more frequent in the Pacific Ocean because of earthquakes in the "Ring of Fire '', and an effective tsunami warning system has long been in place there. Although the extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the Indian Ocean (the point where the earthquake struck), no warning system exists in that ocean. Tsunamis there are relatively rare despite earthquakes being relatively frequent in Indonesia. The last major tsunami was caused by the Krakatoa eruption of 1883. It should be noted that not every earthquake produces large tsunamis; on 28 March 2005, a magnitude 8.7 earthquake hit roughly the same area of the Indian Ocean but did not result in a major tsunami.
The first warning sign of a possible tsunami is the earthquake itself. However, tsunamis can strike thousands of kilometres away where the earthquake is only felt weakly or not at all. Also, in the minutes preceding a tsunami strike, the sea often recedes temporarily from the coast, which was observed on the eastern side of the rupture zone of the earthquake such as around the coastlines of Aceh province, Phuket island and Khao Lak area in Thailand, Penang island of Malaysia and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. Around the Indian Ocean, this rare sight reportedly induced people, especially children, to visit the coast to investigate and collect stranded fish on as much as 2.5 km (1.6 mi) of exposed beach, with fatal results. However, not all tsunamis cause this "disappearing sea '' effect. In some cases, there are no warning signs at all: the sea will suddenly swell without retreating, surprising many people and giving them little time to flee.
Reportedly, scuba divers near the abundant coral reefs in Thailand and the Maldives were caught off guard by violent, swirling underwater currents. The divers described the experience like being in a ' washing machine '. Coral reef animals such as fish were also absent as the tsunami passed by.
One of the few coastal areas to evacuate ahead of the tsunami was on the Indonesian island of Simeulue, very close to the epicentre. Island folklore recounted an earthquake and tsunami in 1907, and the islanders fled to inland hills after the initial shaking and before the tsunami struck. These tales and oral folklore from previous generations may have helped the survival of the inhabitants. On Maikhao beach in northern Phuket, Thailand, a 10 - year - old British tourist named Tilly Smith had studied tsunami in geography at school and recognised the warning signs of the receding ocean and frothing bubbles. She and her parents warned others on the beach, which was evacuated safely. John Chroston, a biology teacher from Scotland, also recognised the signs at Kamala Bay north of Phuket, taking a busload of vacationers and locals to safety on higher ground.
Anthropologists had initially expected the aboriginal population of the Andaman Islands to be badly affected by the tsunami and even feared the already depopulated Onge tribe could have been wiped out. Many of the aboriginal tribes evacuated and suffered fewer casualties. Oral traditions developed from previous earthquakes helped the aboriginal tribes escape the tsunami. For example, the folklore of the Onges talks of "huge shaking of ground followed by high wall of water ''. Almost all of the Onge people seemed to have survived the tsunami.
The tsunami first struck the west and north coasts of northern Sumatra, Indonesia particularly in Aceh province in the fresh morning. At Ulee Lheue in Banda Aceh, a survivor described three waves, with the first wave rising only to the foundation of the buildings. This was followed by a large withdrawal of the sea before the second and third waves hit. The tsunami reached shore 15 -- 20 minutes after the earthquake, and the second was bigger than the first. This is the same as that in Khao Lak and Phuket Island in southern Thailand. A local resident living at Banda Aceh states that the giant wave was ' higher than my house '. Another resident living 2 km (1.2 mi) near the coast on the outskirt of the city informed that the tsunami was ' like a wall, very black ' in colour and had a ' distinct sound ' getting louder as it nears the coast.
The maximum runup height of the tsunami was measured at a hill between Lhoknga and Leupung, located on the west coast of the northern tip of Sumatra, near Banda Aceh, and reached more than 30 m (100 ft).
The tsunami heights in Sumatra:
15 -- 30 m (49 ft - 98 ft) on the west coast of Aceh.
6 -- 12 m (19.7 ft - 39.4 ft) on the Banda Aceh coast.
6 m (19.7 ft) on the Krueng Raya coast (3 oil tanks floated out)
5 m (16.4 ft) on the Sigli coast.
3 -- 6 m (9.8 ft - 19.7 ft) on the north coast of Weh Island directly facing the tsunami source.
3 m (9.8 ft) on the opposite side of the coast of Weh Island facing the tsunami.
The tsunami height on the Banda Aceh coast is lower than half of that on the west coast. Even within the Banda Aceh coast, the tsunami height was reduced by half from 12 m (39.4 ft) at Ulee Lheue to 6 m (19.7 ft) a further 8 km (4.97 miles) to the northeast. The inundation was observed to lie 3 -- 4 km (1.86 -- 2.49 miles) inland throughout the city. Flow depths over the ground were observed to be over 9 m (29.5 ft) in the seaside section of Ulee Lheue and tapered landward. The level of destruction was more extreme on the northwestern flank of the city in the areas immediately inland of the aquaculture ponds. The area toward the sea was wiped clean of nearly every structure, while closer to the river -- dense construction in a commercial district showed the effects of severe flooding. The flow depth was just at the level of the second floor, and there were large amounts of debris piled along the streets and in the ground - floor storefronts. One of the reasons seems to be that there is an archipelago between Lhoknga and Banda Aceh. Within 2 -- 3 km (1.24 -- 1.86 miles) from the shoreline, houses, except for strongly - built reinforced concrete ones with brick walls, which seemed to have been partially damaged by the earthquake before the tsunami attack, were completely swept away or destroyed by the tsunami.
Three small islands: Weh, Breuh, and Deudap, lie just north of the capital city. The tsunami effects on two of the islands Breuh and Deudap were extreme, with a runup of 10 -- 20 m (33 -- 66 ft) on the west - facing shores. Coastal villages were completely destroyed by the tsunami waves. On Pulau Weh, however, the island experienced strong surges in the port of Sabang, yet there was little damage with a reported runup values of 3 -- 5 m (9.8 -- 16.4 ft), which was most likely shadowed from the direct tsunami attack by the islands to the southwest.
In Lhoknga, a town in Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Special Region, Indonesia, located on the western side of the island of Sumatra, 13 km (8.08 miles) southwest of Banda Aceh was completely flattened and destroyed by the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, where its population dwindled from 7,500 to 400. The tsunami waves were almost 30 m (98.4 ft) high. Eyewitnesses reported 10 to 12 waves, the second and third ones being the highest. The sea receded (drawback) 10 minutes after the earthquake and the first wave came rapidly landward as a turbulent flow (flood) with depths ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m (1.64 ft - 8.20 ft) high. The second and third waves was 15 -- 30 m (49.2 ft - 98.4 ft) high at the coast, described having an appearance to a surf wave (cobra - shaped) but ' taller than the coconut trees ' and was ' like a mountain '. Consequently, the tsunami also stranded cargo ships and barges and destroyed a cement factory near the Lampuuk coast. Moreover, surveyed areas by scientists show runup heights over 20 m (65.6 ft) on the northwest coast of Sumatra in the Aceh province with a maximum runup of 51 m (167.3 ft).
In Meulaboh based on survivor testimonies, tsunami arrived after the sea receded about 500 m (0.31 miles), followed by an advancing small tsunami. The second and third destructive waves arrived later, which exceeded the height of the coconut trees. The inundation distance is about 5 km (3.1 miles).
Such high and fast waves arising from the epicentre by a megathrust earthquake were later found to be due to splay faults, secondary faults arising due to cracking of the sea floor to jut upwards in seconds, causing waves ' speed and height to increase. A large slip of 30 m (98.4 ft) was estimated on the subfault located off the west coast of Aceh province. Another factor is subsidence at Banda Aceh (20 -- 60 cm), Peukan Bada (> 20 cm), Lhok Nga and Leupung (> 1.5 m).
Other towns on Aceh 's west coast hit by the disaster included Leupung, Lhokruet, Lamno, Patek, Calang, Teunom, and the island of Simeulue. Affected or destroyed towns on the region 's north and east coast were Pidie Regency, Samalanga, Panteraja and Lhokseumawe.
The very high fatality in the area is mainly due to the unpreparedness of the population from such an event. Helicopter survey showed entire settlements virtually destroyed with destruction miles inland with only some mosques left standing, which provided refuge for the people from the tsunami.
The major islands affected by the tsunami were in the South, Middle, and North Andaman Islands. The tsunami arrived in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands minutes after the earthquake, and it caused extensive devastation to the islands ' environment. Specifically, the Andaman Islands were moderately affected while the island of Little Andaman and the Nicobar Islands were severely affected by the tsunami. Waves nearly 3 - storeys high, devastated the Indian Air Force base near Malacca. The worst affected island in the Andaman & Nicobar chain is Katchall Island with 303 people confirmed dead and 4,354 missing out of a total population of 5,312.
Eyewitnesses at Port Blair recall that the water receded before the first wave, and the third wave was the tallest and caused the most damage. However, at Hut Bay, Malacca and Campbell Bay -- locations far south of Port Blair -- it was reported that the water level rose by about 1 -- 2 m (3.3 ft - 6.6 ft) from the normal sea level and remained there before the first wave crashed ashore.
Reports of tsunami wave height:
1.5 m (4.9 ft) at Diglipur and Rangat at North Andaman Island.
8 m (26.2 ft) high at Campbell Bay (in Great Nicobar Island),
10 -- 12 m (32.8 ft - 39.4 ft) high at Malacca (in Car Nicobar Island) and at Hut Bay (in Little Andaman Island).
3 m (9.8 ft) high at Port Blair (in South Andaman Island).
The significant shielding of Port Blair and Campbell Bay by steep mountainous outcrops may have contributed to the relatively low wave heights at these locations, whereas the open terrain along the eastern coast at Malacca and Hut Bay likely contributed to the great height of the tsunami waves
Indeed, many infrastructures near the coasts and buildings were harshly damaged by the waves.
The tsunami first arrived on the eastern coast and subsequently refracted around the southern point of Sri Lanka (Dondra Head). The refracted tsunami waves inundated the southwestern part of Sri Lanka after some of its energy had been reflected from impact with the Maldives. Sri Lanka is located 1,700 km (1056.33 miles) far from the epicenter and the tsunami source, so no one felt the ground shake and the tsunami hit the entire coastline of Sri Lanka around 2 hours after the earthquake. It seems that the tsunami flooding consisted of three main waves, with the second being the largest and most destructive. The first tsunami waves had initially caused a small flood (positive wave) as it struck the Sri Lankan coastline. Moments later, the ocean floor was exposed to as much as 1 km (0.62 miles) in places due to drawback (negative wave), which was followed by a massive second tsunami wave, which is in the form of a flood. Certain locations managed to reduce the power of the waves through construction of seawalls and breakwaters.
The largest run - up measured was at 12.5 m (41 ft) with inundation distance of 390 m to 1.5 km (0.242 miles - 0.932 miles) in Yala. In Hambantota, tsunami run - ups are measured at 11 m (36.1 ft) with the greatest inundation distance of 2 km (1.24 miles), and tsunami run - up measurements along the Sri Lankan coasts are at 2.4 -- 11 m (7.87 ft - 36.1 ft). Tsunami waves measured on the east coast ranged from 4.5 m - 9 m (14.8 ft - 29.5 ft) at Pottuvill to around Batticaloa, 2.6 m - 5 m (8.53 ft - 16.4 ft) in the northeast around Trincomalee and 4 m - 5 m (13.1 ft - 16.4 ft) in the west coast from Moratuwa to Ambalangoda.
Sri Lanka tsunami height survey:
9 m (29.5 Ft) at Koggala.
6 m (19.7 ft) at Galle port.
4.8 m (15.7 ft) around the Galle coast.
8.71 m (28.6 ft) at Nonagama.
4.9 m (16.1 ft) at Weligama.
4 m (13.1 ft) at Dodundawa.
4.7 m (15.4 ft) at Ambalangoda.
4.7 m (15.4 ft) at Hikkaduwa Fishery Harbour.
10 m (33 ft) at Kahawa.
4.8 m (15.7 ft) at North Beach of Beruwala.
6 m (19.7 ft) at Paiyagala.
The Sumudra Devi, a passenger train out of Colombo, was derailed and overturned by the tsunami. The tsunami caused the 2004 Sri Lanka tsunami - rail disaster which took at least 1,700 lives, making it the largest single rail disaster in world history by death toll. Estimates based on the state of the shoreline and a high - water mark on a nearby building place the tsunami 7.5 -- 9 m (24.6 ft to 29.5 ft) above sea level and 2 -- 3 m (6.6 ft to 9.8 ft) higher than the top of the train.
In Sri Lanka, the civilian casualties were second only to those in Indonesia. Reports vary on the number of deaths since many people are still missing and the country lacks adequate communications. The eastern shores of Sri Lanka faced the hardest impact since they were facing the epicenter of the earthquake. The southwestern shores were hit later, but the death toll was just as severe. The southwestern shores are a hotspot for tourists as well as the fishing economy. Tourism and fishing industries created high population densities along the coast.
The coastal lifestyle of people and degradation of the natural environment in Sri Lanka contributed to the high death tolls. In addition to the high number of fatalities, approximately 90,000 buildings were destroyed. Houses were easily destroyed since they were built mostly from wood.
The tsunami hit the southwest coast of southern Thailand, which was about 500 km (310.69 miles) from the epicenter. The region is prominent with tourists internationally. Since the tsunami hit during high tide, its damage was severe. Approximately 5,400 people were killed and 3,100 people were reported missing in Thailand. The places where the tsunami struck were Khao Lak, Phuket Island, the Phi Phi Islands, Koh Racha Yai, Koh Lanta Yai and Ao Nang of Krabi province, offshore archipelagos like the Surin Islands, the Similan Islands, and coastal areas of Satun, Ranong, Phang Nga, Trang and Krabi provinces.
The country experienced the largest tsunami runup height of any location outside of Sumatra, which occurred at Khao Lak and the areas of Takua Pa district that are facing the Andaman Sea. The tsunami heights recorded:
6 -- 10 m (19.7 ft - 32.8 ft) in Khao Lak.
3 -- 6 m (9.84 ft - 19.7 ft) along the west coast of Phuket island.
3 m (9.84 ft) along the south coast of Phuket island.
2 m (6.56 ft) along the east coast of Phuket island.
4 -- 6 m (13.12 ft - 19.7 ft) on the Phi Phi Islands.
19.6 m (64.3 ft) at Ban Thung Dap.
5 m (16.4 ft) at Ramson.
6.8 m (22.3 ft) at Ban Thale Nok.
5 m (16.4 ft) at Hat Praphat (Ranong Coastal Resources Research Station).
6.3 m (20.7 ft) at Thai Muang district.
6.8 m (22.3 ft) at Rai Dan.
The province of Phang - Nga was the most heavily affected area in Thailand by the gigantic tsunami. The northern part of Phang - Nga Province is a rural area with fishery and agricultural villages while the central part has several resort hotels. Khao Lak is located in the south of Phang - Nga Province with many luxurious hotels, popular to foreign tourists, especially from Europe. Khao Lak was hit by the gigantic tsunami after 10: 00 a.m. and the death toll in the area was the largest in Thailand. Many local villagers and tourists lost their lives during the event. A maximum inundation of approximately 2 km (1.2 miles) and the inundated depths were 4 -- 7 m (13.12 ft - 23 ft) in Khao Lak. Surveys conducted show that the tsunami inundated the third floor of a resort hotel. The tsunami heights in Khao Lak were much higher than Phuket Island. The reason for the difference seems to have been caused by the local bathymetry off Khao Lak. According to some interviews with local residents and affected tourists, the leading wave produced an initial depression, called a tsunami drawback or ' disappearing sea ' effect and the second wave was largest. The highest recorded tsunami runup measured was at 19.6 m (64.3 ft) at Ban Thung Dap, located on the southwest tip of Ko Phra Thong Island and the second highest at 15.8 m (51.8 ft) at Ban Nam Kim.
At Phuket island, many of its west coast beaches were affected. At Patong Beach -- a tourist mecca -- the tsunami heights were 5 -- 6 m (16.4 ft - 19.7 ft) and the inundated depth was about 2 m (6.6 ft). The tsunami heights became lower from the west coast, the south coast to the east coast of the island. On Karon beach on the west coast, the coastal road was built higher than the shore and it acted as a seawall, protecting a hotel which was behind it. On the east coast of Phuket Island, which was not facing the tsunami source, the tsunami height was about 2 m (6.6 ft). In one river mouth, many boats were damaged. The tsunami propagated anticlockwise around Phuket Island, as was the case at Okushiri Island in the 1993 Hokkaido earthquake. According to some interviews with the people, the leading wave produced an initial depression and the second wave was the largest.
The Phi Phi Islands are a group of small islands that were affected by the tsunami. The north bay of Phi Phi Don Island opens to the northwest, thus it faced in the direction that the tsunami came from. The measured tsunami height on this beach was 5.8 m (19.02 ft). According to some eyewitnesses accounts, the tsunami came from the north and south, and totally washed the central area away. The ground level here was about 2 m (6.6 ft) above sea level, but there were many cottages and hotels. Therefore, the tsunami waves from the north and south destroyed the area, the south bay opens to the southeast. It faces in the opposite direction to which the tsunami was propagated. Further, Phi Phi Le Island shields the port of Phi Phi Don Island. The measured tsunami height, however, was 4.6 m (15.1 ft) in the port. It indicated that the tsunami propagated around the islands.
Many amateur videos recorded by tourists and locals of the tsunami at Thailand were televised popularly in the media.
The tsunami arrived in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along the southeast coast of the Indian mainland shortly after 9: 00 a.m. At least two hours later, it arrived in the state of Kerala along the southwest coast. Tamil Nadu, the union territory of Pondicherry and Kerala were extensively damaged, while Andhra Pradesh sustained moderate damage. There were two to five waves of varying height that coincided with the local high tide in some areas.
The tsunami run - up was only 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in areas in the state of Tamil Nadu that were shielded by the island of Sri Lanka, but was 4 -- 5 m (13.1 ft - 16.4 ft) in coastal districts such as Nagapattinam in Tamil Nadu that were directly across from Sumatra, which happen to be the highest on the Indian mainland. On the western coast, the runup elevations were 4.5 m (14.8 ft) at Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu, and 3.4 m (11.2 ft) each at Kollam and Ernakulam Districts in Kerala. The duration between the waves also varied from about 15 minutes to about 90 minutes. Additionally, the tsunami varies in height when it struck the Indian coast, ranging from 2 -- 10 m (6.6 ft - 33 ft) on average based on survivor 's accounts.
The tsunami runup height measured in mainland India by Ministry of Home Affairs:
3.4 m (11.2 ft) at Kerala, inundation distance of 0.5 -- 1.5 km (0.31 -- 0.62 miles) with 250 km (155.3 miles) of coastline affected.
4.5 m (14.8 ft) at southern coastline of Tamil Nadu, inundation distance of 0.2 -- 2.0 km (0.12 -- 1.24 miles) with 100 km (62.1 miles) of coast affected.
5 m (16.4 ft) at eastern coastline of Tamil Nadu facing tsunami source, inundation distance of 0.4 -- 1.5 km (0.25 -- 0.93 miles) with 800 km (497 miles) of coastline affected.
4 m (13.1 ft) at Pondicherry, inundation distance of 0.2 -- 2.0 km (0.12 -- 1.24 miles) with 25 km (15.5 miles) of coast affected.
2.2 m (7.22 ft) at Andhra Pradesh, inundation distance of 0.2 -- 1.0 km (0.12 -- 0.62 miles) with 985 km (612 miles) of coast.
The tsunami traveled 2.5 km (1.55 miles) at its maximum inland at Karaikal city. The inundation distance varied between 100 -- 500 m (0.062 miles - 0.311 miles) in most areas, except at river mouths, where it was more than 1 km (0.62 miles). The inundation distance varied with topology and vegetation. Areas with dense coconut groves or mangroves had much smaller inundation distances, and those with river mouths or backwaters saw much larger inundation distances. Presence of seawalls at the Kerala coast and some of Tamil Nadu coast helped to reduce the impact of the waves. However, when the seawalls were made of loose stones, the stones were displaced and carried a few metres inland.
The state of Kerala experienced tsunami - related damage in three southern districts, Ernakulam, Alappuzha, and Kollam, which are densely populated with villagers, due to diffraction of the waves around Sri Lanka. The southernmost district of Thiruvananthpuram, however, escaped damage, possibly due to the wide turn of the diffracted waves at the peninsular tip. Major damage occurred in two narrow strips of land bound on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by a network of backwaters -- Kerala backwaters. The waves receded before the first tsunami with the highest fatality reported from the densely populated Alappad panchayat (including the villages of Cheriya Azhikkal and Azhikkal) at Kollam district, caused by a 4 m (13.1 ft) tsunami.
The worst affected area in Tamil Nadu was Nagapattinam district, with a reported 6,051 fatalities caused by a 5 m (16.4 ft) tsunami, followed by Cuddalore district, with many villages destroyed. The 13 km (8.1 miles) Marina Beach in Chennai was battered by the tsunami which swept across the beach taking morning walkers unaware. Besides that, a 10 m (33 ft) black muddy tsunami reportedly ravaged the city of Karaikal, where 492 lives were lost. The city of Pondicherry, protected by seawalls relatively escaped unscathed in comparison to other areas in the state.
At the same time, many villages from many districts at the state of Andhra Pradesh were destroyed. In the Krishna district, the tsunami created havoc in Manginapudi and on Machalipattanam Beach, which came like a running wall at the latter. The most affected was Prakasham District, recording 35 deaths, with maximum damage at Singraikonda, a beautiful beach hamlet.
Given the enormous power of the tsunami, the fishing industry suffered the greatest. Moreover, the cost of damage in the transport sector was reported in the tens of thousands. Many buildings and infrastructures near the coast were obliterated.
Conclusively, the tsunami effects varied greatly across different parts of the coast according to the number of waves experienced, the inundation distance and height of waves, and the population density of the area, as well as topological and geographical features that made some areas more vulnerable than others. Besides these factors, the number of lives lost was influenced by exposure to previous disasters and the local disaster management capability. Most of the people killed were members of the fishing community and, in some cases such as Marina Beach at Chennai and Velankanni in Nagapattinam, they were visitors on the beach.
The tsunami of 26 December 2004 severely affected the Maldives at a distance of 2,500 km (1553.4 miles) from the epicenter of the magnitude 9.0 earthquake. Identically to Sri Lanka, survivors reported three waves with the second wave being the most powerful. Being rich in coral reefs, the Maldives provides an opportunity for scientists to assess the impact of a tsunami on coral atolls. The significantly lower tsunami impact on the Maldives compared to Sri Lanka is largely due to the topography and bathymetry of the atoll chain with offshore coral reefs, deep channels separating individual atolls and its arrival within low tide which decreased the power of the tsunami. After the tsunami, there were some concern that the country might be totally submerged and become uninhabitable. However, this was proven untrue.
The largest tsunami wave measured was 4 m (13.1 ft) at Vilufushi Island (Thaa Atoll). The tsunami arrived approximately 2 hours after the earthquake. The greatest tsunami inundation occurred at North Male Atoll, Male island at 250 m (0.155 miles) along the streets.
The Maldives tsunami wave analysis:
1.3 m - 2.4 m (4.27 ft - 7.87 ft) at North Male Atoll, Male Island.
2 m (6.56 ft) at North Male Atoll, Huhule Island.
1.7 m - 2.8 m (5.58 ft - 9.2 ft) at South Male Atoll, Embudhu Finothu.
2.5 m - 3.3 m (8.2 ft - 10.8 ft) at Laamu Atoll, Fonadhoo Island.
2.2 m - 2.9 m (7.2 ft - 9.51 ft) at Laamu Atoll, Gan Island.
2.3 m - 3 m (7.5 ft - 9.8 ft) at North Male Atoll, Dhiffushi Island.
2.2 m - 2.4 m (7.2 ft - 7.87 ft) at North Male Atoll, Huraa Island.
more than 1.5 m (4.92 ft) at North Male Atoll, Kuda Huraa Island.
In Myanmar, the tsunami caused only moderate damage, which arrived between 2 and 5.5 hours after the earthquake. Although the country 's western Andaman Sea coastline lies at the proximity of the rupture zone, there were smaller tsunamis than the neighboring Thai coast, probably because the main tsunami source did not extend to the Andaman Islands. Another factor is that some coasts of Taninthayi Division was protected by offshore islands of the Myeik Archipelago. Based on scientific surveys from Ayeyarwaddy Delta through Taninthayi Division, it is revealed that tsunami heights along the Myanmar coast were between 0.4 -- 2.9 m (1.3 -- 9.5 ft). Eyewitnesses often compared the December tsunami heights with the "rainy season high tide ''; although at most locations, the tsunami height was similar or smaller than the "rainy season high tide '' level.
Tsunami survey heights:
0.6 m - 2.3 m (1.97 ft - 7.54 ft) around the Ayeyarwady delta.
0.9 m - 2.9 m (2.95 ft - 9.5 ft) at Dawei area.
0.7 m - 2.2 m (2.3 ft - 7.2 ft) around Myeik.
0.4 m - 2.6 m (1.3 ft - 8.5 ft) around Kawthaung.
Interviews with local people indicate that they did not feel the earthquake in Taninthayi Division or in Ayeyarwaddy Delta. The 71 casualties can be attributed to poor housing infrastructure and additionally, the fact that the coastal residents in the surveyed areas live on flat land along the coast, especially in the Ayeyarwaddy Delta, and that there is no higher ground to evacuate. The tsunami heights from the 2004 December earthquake were not more than 3 m (9.8 ft) along the Myanmar coast, the amplitudes are slightly large off the Ayeyarwaddy Delta, probably because the shallow delta cause a concentration in tsunami energy.
The tsunami spawned from the megathrust earthquake near Sumatra travelled 5000 km (3106.86 miles) west across the open ocean and ravaged the East African country of Somalia. Around 289 fatalities were reported in the Horn of Africa, drowned by four tsunami waves. The hardest hit was a 650 km (403.9 miles) stretch of the Somalia coastline between Garacad (Mudug region) and Xaafuun (Bari region), which forms part of the Puntland Province. Most of the victims were reported along the low - lying Xaafuun Peninsula. The Puntland coast in northern Somalia was by far the area hardest hit by the waves to the west of the Indian subcontinent. The waves arrived around noon local time.
Consequently, tsunami runup heights vary from 5 m (16.4 ft) to 9 m (29.5 ft) with inundation distances varying from 44 m (0.027 miles) to 704 m (0.44 miles). The maximum runup height of almost 9 m (29.5 ft) was recorded in Bandarbeyla. An even higher runup point was measured on a cliff near the town of Eyl, solely on an eyewitness account.
The highest death toll was in Xaafuun, also known as Hafun, with 19 bodies and 160 people presumed missing out of its 5000 inhabitants, which amounts to the highest number of casualties in a single African town and the largest tsunami death toll in a single town to the west of the Indian subcontinent. In Xaafuun, small drawbacks were observed before the third and most powerful tsunami flood the town.
Numerous fishing boats and buildings were also devastated.
The tsunami also reached Malaysia, mainly on the northern states such as Kedah, Perak and Penang and on offshore islands such as Langkawi island. Peninsular Malaysia was shielded by the full force of the tsunami due to the protection offered by the island of Sumatra, which lies just off the western coast.
In Bangladesh, located on the northern Bay of Bengal escaped major damage and deaths because the water displaced by the strike - slip fault was relatively little on the northern section of the rupture zone, which ruptured slowly. In Yemen, the tsunami killed 2 people with a maximum runup of 2 m (6.6 ft).
The tsunami 's immense power was even detected as far away as Africa, where rough seas were reported, specifically on the eastern and southern coasts that faces the Indian Ocean. Countries apart from Somalia that were majorly affected with deaths include South Africa (the furthest) - 2, Kenya - 1, The Seychelles - 3 and Tanzania - 10.
According to the U.S. Geological Survey a total of 227,898 people died (see table below for details). Measured in lives lost, this is one of the ten worst earthquakes in recorded history, as well as the single worst tsunami in history. Indonesia was the worst affected area, with most death toll estimates at around 170,000. However, another report by Siti Fadilah Supari, the Indonesian Minister of Health at the time, estimated the death total to be as high as 220,000 in Indonesia alone, giving a total of 280,000 fatalities.
The tsunami caused serious damage and deaths as far as the east coast of Africa, with the farthest recorded death due to the tsunami occurring at Rooi Els in South Africa, 8,000 km (5,000 mi) away from the epicentre. In total, eight people in South Africa died due to abnormally high sea levels and waves.
Relief agencies reported that one - third of the dead appeared to be children. This was a result of the high proportion of children in the populations of many of the affected regions and because children were the least able to resist being overcome by the surging waters. Oxfam went on to report that as many as four times more women than men were killed in some regions because they were waiting on the beach for the fishermen to return and looking after their children in the houses.
In addition to the large number of local residents, up to 9,000 foreign tourists (mostly Europeans) enjoying the peak holiday travel season were among the dead or missing, especially people from the Nordic countries. The European nation hardest hit may have been Sweden, whose death toll was 543. Germany was close behind with 539 identified victims.
States of emergency were declared in Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and the Maldives. The United Nations estimated at the outset that the relief operation would be the costliest in human history. Then - UN Secretary - General Kofi Annan stated that reconstruction would probably take between five and ten years. Governments and non-governmental organisations feared that the final death toll might double as a result of diseases, prompting a massive humanitarian response. In the end, this fear did not materialise.
For purposes of establishing timelines of local events, the time zones of affected areas are: UTC + 3: (Kenya, Madagascar, Somalia, Tanzania); UTC + 4: (Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles); UTC + 5: (Maldives); UTC + 5: 30: (India, Sri Lanka); UTC + 6: (Bangladesh); UTC + 6: 30: (Cocos Islands, Myanmar); UTC + 7: (Indonesia (western), Thailand); UTC + 8: (Malaysia, Singapore). Since the earthquake occurred at 00: 58: 53 UTC, add the above offsets to find the local time of the earthquake.
Includes those reported under ' Confirmed '. If no separate estimates are available, the number in this column is the same as reported under ' Confirmed '. Does not include approximately 19,000 missing people initially declared by Tamil Tiger authorities from regions under their control. Data includes at least 2,464 foreigners. Does not include South African citizens who died outside of South Africa (e.g., tourists in Thailand). For more information on those deaths, see Countries affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake # S - Z
The earthquake and resulting tsunami affected many countries in Southeast Asia and beyond, including Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, the Maldives, Somalia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Seychelles and others. Many other countries, especially in Europe, had large numbers of citizens traveling in the region on holiday. Sweden lost 543 citizens in the disaster, while Germany had 539 identified victims.
The last major tsunami in the Indian Ocean was about A.D. 1400. In 2008, a team of scientists working on Phra Thong, a barrier island along the hard - hit west coast of Thailand, reported evidence of at least three previous major tsunamis in the preceding 2,800 years, the most recent from about 700 years ago. A second team found similar evidence of previous tsunamis in Aceh, a province at the northern tip of Sumatra; radiocarbon dating of bark fragments in soil below the second sand layer led the scientists to estimate that the most recent predecessor to the 2004 tsunami probably occurred between A.D. 1300 and 1450.
The 2004 earthquake and tsunami combined are the world 's deadliest natural disaster since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. The earthquake was the third most powerful earthquake recorded since 1900. The deadliest known earthquake in history occurred in 1556 in Shaanxi, China, with an estimated death toll of 830,000, though figures from this period may not be as reliable.
The 2004 tsunami is the deadliest in recorded history. Before 2004, the tsunami created in both Indian and Pacific Ocean waters by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, thought to have resulted in anywhere from 36,000 to 120,000 deaths, had probably been the deadliest in the region. In 1782 about 40,000 people are thought to have been killed by a tsunami (or a cyclone) in the South China Sea. The most deadly tsunami before 2004 was Italy 's 1908 Messina earthquake on the Mediterranean Sea where the earthquake and tsunami killed about 123,000.
A great deal of humanitarian aid was needed because of widespread damage of the infrastructure, shortages of food and water, and economic damage. Epidemics were of special concern due to the high population density and tropical climate of the affected areas. The main concern of humanitarian and government agencies was to provide sanitation facilities and fresh drinking water to contain the spread of diseases such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A and B.
There was also a great concern that the death toll could increase as disease and hunger spread. However, because of the initial quick response, this was minimized.
In the days following the tsunami, significant effort was spent in burying bodies hurriedly due to fear of disease spreading. However, the public health risks may have been exaggerated, and therefore this may not have been the best way to allocate resources. The World Food Programme provided food aid to more than 1.3 million people affected by the tsunami.
Nations all over the world provided over US $14 billion in aid for damaged regions, with the governments of Australia pledging US $819.9 million (including a US $760.6 - million aid package for Indonesia), Germany offering US $660 million, Japan offering US $500 million, Canada offering US $343 million, Norway and the Netherlands offering both US $183 million, the United States offering US $35 million initially (increased to US $350 million), and the World Bank offering US $250 million. Also Italy offered US $95 million, increased later to US $113 million of which US $42 million was donated by the population using the SMS system According to USAID, the US has pledged additional funds in long - term U.S. support to help the tsunami victims rebuild their lives. On 9 February 2005, President Bush asked Congress to increase the U.S. commitment to a total of US $950 million. Officials estimated that billions of dollars would be needed. Bush also asked his father, former President George H.W. Bush, and former President Bill Clinton to lead a U.S. effort to provide private aid to the tsunami victims.
In mid-March the Asian Development Bank reported that over US $4 billion in aid promised by governments was behind schedule. Sri Lanka reported that it had received no foreign government aid, while foreign individuals had been generous. Many charities were given considerable donations from the public. For example, in the United Kingdom the public donated roughly £ 330,000,000 sterling (nearly US $600,000,000). This considerably outweighed the donation by the government and came to an average of about £ 5.50 (US $10) donated by every citizen.
In August 2006, fifteen local aid staff working on post-tsunami rebuilding were found executed in northeast Sri Lanka after heavy fighting, the main umbrella body for aid agencies in the country said. There had been reports and rumors that the local aid workers had been killed.
The level of damage to the economy resulting from the tsunami depends on the scale examined. While local economies were devastated, the overall impact to the national economies was minor. The two main occupations affected by the tsunami were fishing and tourism. The impact on coastal fishing communities and the people living there, some of the poorest in the region, has been devastating with high losses of income earners as well as boats and fishing gear. In Sri Lanka artisanal fishery, where the use of fish baskets, fishing traps, and spears are commonly used, is an important source of fish for local markets; industrial fishery is the major economic activity, providing direct employment to about 250,000 people. In recent years the fishery industry has emerged as a dynamic export - oriented sector, generating substantial foreign exchange earnings. Preliminary estimates indicate that 66 % of the fishing fleet and industrial infrastructure in coastal regions have been destroyed by the wave surges, which will have adverse economic effects both at local and national levels.
While the tsunami destroyed many of the boats vital to Sri Lanka 's fishing industry, it also created demand for fiberglass reinforced plastic catamarans in boatyards of Tamil Nadu. Since over 51,000 vessels were lost to the tsunami, the industry boomed. However, the huge demand has led to lower quality in the process, and some important materials were sacrificed to cut prices for those who were impoverished by the tsunami.
But some economists believe that damage to the affected national economies will be minor because losses in the tourism and fishing industries are a relatively small percentage of the GDP. However, others caution that damage to infrastructure is an overriding factor. In some areas drinking water supplies and farm fields may have been contaminated for years by salt water from the ocean. Even though only coastal regions were directly affected by the waters of the tsunami, the indirect effects have spread to inland provinces as well. Since the media coverage of the event was so extensive, many tourists cancelled vacations and trips to that part of the world, even though their travel destinations may not have been affected. This ripple effect could especially be felt in the inland provinces of Thailand, such as Krabi, which acted like a starting point for many other tourist destinations in Thailand.
Both the earthquake and the tsunami may have affected shipping in the Malacca Straits, which separate Malaysia and the Indonesian island of Sumatra, by changing the depth of the seabed and by disturbing navigational buoys and old shipwrecks. In one area of the Strait, water depths were previously up to 4,000 feet (1,200 m), and are now only 100 feet (30 m) in some areas, making shipping impossible and dangerous. These problems also made the delivery of relief aid more challenging. Compiling new navigational charts may take months or years. However, officials hope that piracy in the region will drop off as a result of the tsunami.
Countries in the region appealed to tourists to return, pointing out that most tourist infrastructure is undamaged. However, tourists were reluctant to do so for psychological reasons. Even beach resorts in parts of Thailand which were completely untouched by the tsunami were hit by cancellations.
Beyond the heavy toll on human lives, the Indian Ocean earthquake has caused an enormous environmental impact that will affect the region for many years to come. It has been reported that severe damage has been inflicted on ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, sand dunes and rock formations, animal and plant biodiversity and groundwater. In addition, the spread of solid and liquid waste and industrial chemicals, water pollution and the destruction of sewage collectors and treatment plants threaten the environment even further, in untold ways. The environmental impact will take a long time and significant resources to assess.
According to specialists, the main effect is being caused by poisoning of the freshwater supplies and of the soil by saltwater infiltration and a deposit of a salt layer over arable land. It has been reported that in the Maldives, 16 to 17 coral reef atolls that were overcome by sea waves are completely without fresh water and could be rendered uninhabitable for decades. Uncountable wells that served communities were invaded by sea, sand, and earth; and aquifers were invaded through porous rock. Salted - over soil becomes sterile, and it is difficult and costly to restore for agriculture. It also causes the death of plants and important soil micro-organisms. Thousands of rice, mango, and banana plantations in Sri Lanka were destroyed almost entirely and will take years to recover. On the island 's east coast, the tsunami contaminated wells on which many villagers relied for drinking water. The Colombo - based International Water Management Institute monitored the effects of saltwater and concluded that the wells recovered to pre-tsunami drinking water quality one and a half years after the event. IWMI developed protocols for cleaning wells contaminated by saltwater; these were subsequently officially endorsed by the World Health Organization as part of its series of Emergency Guidelines.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is working with governments of the region in order to determine the severity of the ecological impact and how to address it. UNEP has decided to earmark a US $1,000,000 emergency fund and to establish a Task Force to respond to requests for technical assistance from countries affected by the tsunami. In response to a request from the Maldivian Government, the Australian Government sent ecological experts to help restore marine environments and coral reefs -- the lifeblood of Maldivian tourism. Much of the ecological expertise has been rendered from work with the Great Barrier Reef, in Australia 's northeastern waters.
Many health professionals and aid workers have reported widespread psychological trauma associated with the tsunami. Traditional beliefs in many of the affected regions state that a relative of the family must bury the body of the dead, and in many cases, no body remained to be buried. Women in Aceh required a special approach from foreign aid agencies, and continue to have unique needs.
The hardest hit area, Aceh, is considered to be a religiously conservative Islamic society and has had no tourism nor any Western presence in recent years due to armed conflict between the Indonesian military and Acehnese separatists. Some believe that the tsunami was divine punishment for lay Muslims shirking their daily prayers and / or following a materialistic lifestyle. Others have said that Allah was angry that there were Muslims killing other Muslims in an ongoing conflict. Saudi cleric Muhammad Al - Munajjid attributed it to divine retribution against non-Muslim vacationers "who used to sprawl all over the beaches and in pubs overflowing with wine '' during Christmas break.
The widespread devastation caused by the tsunami led the main rebel group GAM to declare a cease - fire on 28 December 2004 followed by the Indonesian government, and the two groups resumed long - stalled peace talks, which resulted in a peace agreement signed 15 August 2005. The agreement explicitly cites the tsunami as a justification.
In a poll conducted in 27 countries by GlobeScan for BBC World Service, 15 percent of respondents named the tsunami the most significant event of the year. Only the Iraq War was named by as many respondents. The extensive international media coverage of the tsunami, and the role of mass media and journalists in reconstruction, were discussed by editors of newspapers and broadcast media in tsunami - affected areas, in special video - conferences set up by the Asia Pacific Journalism Centre.
The 26 December 2004 Asian tsunami left both the people and government of India in a state of heightened alert. On 30 December 2004, four days after the tsunami, the Portland, Oregon - based company Terra Research notified the India government that its sensors indicated there was a possibility of 7.9 to 8.1 magnitude tectonic shift in the next 12 hours between Sumatra and New Zealand. In response, the India Home Affairs minister announced that a fresh onslaught of deadly tsunami were likely along the India southern coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, even as there was no sign of turbulence in the region. The announcement generated panic in the Indian Ocean region and caused thousands to flee their homes, which resulted in jammed roads. The announcement was a false alarm and the Home Affairs minister withdrew their announcement. On further investigation, the India government learned that the consulting company Terra Research was run from the home of a self - described earthquake forecaster who had no telephone listing and maintained a website where he sold copies of his detection system. Three days after the announcement, Indian National Congress president Sonia Gandhi called Science & Technology minister Kapil Sibal to express her concern about Sibal 's 30 December public warning being "hogwash ''.
The tsunami had a severe humanitarian and political impact in Sweden. The hardest hit country outside Asia, 543 Swedish tourists, mainly in Thailand, died. With no single incident having killed more Swedish people since the battle of Poltava in 1709, the cabinet of Göran Persson was heavily criticized for lack of action.
Smith Dharmasaroja, a meteorologist who predicted the tsunami before it hit, was assigned the development of the Thai tsunami warning system. The Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system was formed in early 2005 immediately after the tragedy of 26 December 2004 to provide an early warning of tsunamis for inhabitants around the Indian Ocean coasts.
The changes in the distribution of masses inside the Earth due to the earthquake had several consequences. It displaced the North Pole by 2.5 cm. It also changed slightly the shape of the Earth, more specifically it decreased Earth 's oblateness by about one part in 10 billion, consequentially increasing Earth 's rotation a little and thus shortening the length of the day by 2.68 microseconds.
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who drafted the constitution for india in 1928 | Nehru Report - wikipedia
The Nehru Report of 28 - 30 August, 1928 was a memorandum outlining a proposed new dominion status constitution for India. It was prepared by a committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting as secretary. There were nine other members in this committee. The final report was signed by Motilal Nehru, Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Madhav Shrihari Aney, Mangal Singh, Shuaib Qureshi, Subhas Chandra Bose, and G.R. Pradhan. Qureshi disagreed with some of the recommendations. Nehru Lal report 1928.
British policy, until almost the end of the Raj, was that the timing and nature of Indian constitutional development was to be decided exclusively by the British Parliament, but it was assumed that Indians would be consulted as appropriate. This was formally stated in the Government of India Act 1919. Britain did not acknowledge the right of Indians to frame their own constitution unil the 1942 Cripps Declaration ((1)).
Indian unhappiness with this paternal approach was described by im monaam Mehrota (pp. 219 -- 221):
This was the first attempt by Indians to draft a new constitution -
In November 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission to review the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and propose constitutional reforms for India. The Commission did not have a single Indian member which irked leaders of the nationalist movement. While the British acknowledged the discontent, it did not consider making changes to the composition of the Commission; it instead asked Indians to prove that they could draw up a constitution themselves. A similar challenge was made in 1925 by Lord Birkenhead, Secretary of State for India, in the House of Lords: '... let them (Indians) produce a constitution which carries behind it a fair measure of general agreement among the great peoples of India... '. Leaders of the nationalist movement responded to the challenge by drafting the Nehru Report.
In December 1927, at its Madras session, the Indian National Congress, took two major decisions in response to the setting up the Simon Commission: first, it decided to not cooperate with the Commission; second, it set up an All Parties Conference to draft a Constitution for India.
The constitution outlined by the Nehru Report was for Indian enjoying dominion status within the British Commonwealth. Some of the important elements of the report: Element of Nehru report...
The Nehru Report, along with that of the Simon Commission was available to participants in the three Indian Round Table Conferences (1930 -- 1932). However, the Government of India Act 1935 owes much to the Simon Commission report and little, if anything to the Nehru Report.
With few exceptions League leaders rejected the Nehru proposals. In reaction Mohammad Ali Jinnah drafted his Fourteen Points in 1929 which became the core demands the Muslim community put forward as the price of their participating in an independent united India. Their main objections were:
According to Mohammad Ali Jinnah, "The Committee has adopted a narrow minded policy to ruin the political future of the Muslims. I regret to declare that the report is extremely ambiguous and does not deserve to be implemented. '' The inability of Congress to concede these points must be considered a major factor in the eventual partition of India.
R. Coupland in The Constitutional Problem in India sees the Report as the ' frankest attempt yet made by Indians to face squarely the difficulties of communalism... ' and finds its objective of claiming dominion status as ' remarkable '. However, he argues that the Report'had little practical result '. Granville Austin in India 's Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation, highlights that the fundamental rights section of the Nehru Report was ' a close precursor of the Fundamental Rights of the Constitution (of India, 1950)... 10 of the 19 subclauses re-appear, materially unchanged, and three of the Nehru rights are included in the Directive Principles '. Neera Chandhoke 's in her chapter in The Indian Constituent Assembly (edited) argues that ' the inclusion of social and cultural rights in a predominantly liberal constitution appears extraordinary '. Niraja Jayal in Citizenship and Its Discontents suggests that the Nehru Report, in the context of the international discourse of rights around the late 1920s, was a ' rather exceptional document in its early envisioning of social and economic rights '.
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name of dog in smokey and the bandit | Smokey and the Bandit - wikipedia
Smokey and the Bandit is a 1977 American action comedy film starring Burt Reynolds, Sally Field, Jackie Gleason, Jerry Reed, Pat McCormick, Paul Williams and Mike Henry. The film was the directorial debut of stuntman Hal Needham. It inspired several other trucking films, including two sequels, Smokey and the Bandit II and Smokey and the Bandit Part 3.
There was also a series of 1994 television films (Bandit Goes Country, Bandit Bandit, Beauty and the Bandit, and Bandit 's Silver Angel) from original director / writer Hal Needham that were loosely based on the earlier version, with actor Brian Bloom playing Bandit. The three original films introduced two generations of the Pontiac Trans Am, and the Dodge Stealth in the television movie. Smokey and the Bandit was the second - highest - grossing film of 1977, second only to Star Wars.
Wealthy Texan Big Enos Burdette (Pat McCormick) and his son Little Enos (Paul Williams) seek a truck driver willing to bootleg Coors beer to Georgia for their refreshment. At the time, Coors was regarded as one of the finest beers in the United States, but it could not be legally sold east of the Mississippi River. Truck drivers who had taken the bet previously had been caught and arrested by "Smokey '' (CB slang for highway patrol officers, referring to the Smokey Bear -- type hats worn in some states).
The Burdettes find legendary trucker Bo "Bandit '' Darville (Burt Reynolds) competing in a truck rodeo at Lakewood Fairgrounds in Atlanta; they offer him $80,000 to haul 400 cases of Coors beer from Texarkana, Texas back to Atlanta in 28 hours; Big Enos has sponsored a driver running in the Southern Classic stockcar race and "when he wins I want to celebrate in style. '' Bandit accepts the bet and recruits his partner Cledus "Snowman '' Snow (Jerry Reed) to drive the truck, while Bandit drives the "blocker '', a black Pontiac Trans Am bought on an advance from the Burdettes, to divert attention away from the truck and its illegal cargo.
The trip to Texas is mostly uneventful except for at least one pursuing Arkansas State Trooper whom Bandit evades with ease. They reach Texarkana an hour ahead of schedule, load their truck with the beer and head back toward Atlanta. Immediately upon starting the second leg of the run, Bandit picks up runaway bride Carrie (Sally Field), whom he eventually nicknames "Frog '' because she is "kinda cute like a frog '' and "always hoppin ' around ''. But in so doing, Bandit makes himself a target of Texas Sheriff Buford T. Justice (Jackie Gleason), a career lawman whose handsome but slow - witted son Junior (Mike Henry) was to have been Carrie 's bridegroom. Ignoring his own jurisdiction, Sheriff Justice, with Junior in tow, chases Bandit all the way to Georgia, even as various mishaps cause his cruiser to disintegrate around them.
The remainder of the film is one lengthy high - speed chase, as Bandit 's antics attract more and more attention from local and state police across Dixie while Snowman barrels on toward Atlanta with the contraband beer. Bandit and Snowman are helped along the way via CB radio by many colorful characters, including an undertaker with his hearse driver and their funeral procession, an elderly lady, a drive - in waitress and all her customers, a convoy of trucks, and even a madam who runs a brothel out of her RV. Neither Sheriff Justice nor any other police officers have any knowledge of Snowman 's illegal manifest.
The chase intensifies as Bandit and Snowman get closer to Atlanta; moments after crossing back into Georgia, Bandit comes to the rescue when Snowman is pulled over by a Georgia State Patrol motorcycle patrolman, and state and local police step up their pursuit with more cruisers, larger roadblocks, and even a police helicopter to track Bandit 's movements. Discouraged by the unexpected mounting attention, and with just four miles left to go, Bandit is about to give up, but Snowman refuses to listen and takes the lead, smashing through the police roadblock at the entrance to the fairgrounds. They arrive back at Lakewood Speedway (while the Southern Classic race is being run) with only 10 minutes to spare, but instead of taking the payoff, Frog and Bandit accept a double - or - nothing offer from Little Enos -- a challenge to run up to Boston and bring back clam chowder in 18 hours. They quickly escape in one of Big Enos ' Cadillac convertibles, passing Sheriff Justice 's badly damaged police car by the side of the road. Bandit first directs Sheriff Justice to Big and Little Enos, but then in a gesture of respect, reveals his true location and invites Justice to give chase, leaving Junior behind.
Director Hal Needham originally planned the film as a low - budget B movie with a production cost of $1 million, with Jerry Reed as the Bandit. It was not until Needham 's friend Burt Reynolds read the script, and said he would star, that the film was aimed at a more mainstream release; Reed would now portray Bandit 's friend Snowman (Reed would eventually play the Bandit in Smokey and the Bandit Part 3). At that time Reynolds was the top box office star in the world. In the original script Carrie was called Kate while Big Enos and Little Enos were called Kyle and Dickey. Bandit 's car was a second generation Ford Mustang and the prize for completing the run was a new truck rather than $80,000.
Burt Reynolds revealed in his autobiography that Needham had written the first draft script on legal pads. Upon showing it to his friend, Reynolds told Needham that it was the worst script he had ever read but that he would still make the movie. Most of the dialogue was improvised on set.
Universal Studios bankrolled Smokey and the Bandit for $5.3 million, figuring it was a good risk. Just two days before production was to begin, Universal sent a "hatchet man '' to Atlanta to inform Needham that the budget was being trimmed by $1 million. With Reynolds ' salary at $1 million, Needham was left with only $3.3 million to make the film. Needham and assistant director David Hamburger spent 30 hours revising the shooting schedule.
"Buford T. Justice '' was the name of a real Florida Highway Patrolman known to Reynolds ' father, who was once Police Chief of Riviera Beach, Florida. His father was also the inspiration for the word "sumbitch '' used in the film, a variation of the phrase "son - of - a-bitch '' that, according to Reynolds, he uttered quite often.
Jackie Gleason was given free rein to ad - lib dialogue and make suggestions. It was his idea to have Junior alongside him throughout. In particular, the scene where Sheriff Justice unknowingly encounters the Bandit in the "choke and puke '' (a roadside diner) was n't in the original story, but rather was Gleason 's idea.
Before Gleason was cast in the film, Richard Boone was originally considered for the role of Buford T. Justice.
Sally Field only accepted the part after her agent advised her that she needed a big movie role on her resume. Reynolds actively pushed for her casting after Universal initially resisted, claiming Field was not attractive enough. Field enjoyed making the film, but remembers that virtually the entire project was improvised.
Reportedly, Needham had great difficulty getting any studios or producers to take his project seriously, as in the film industry, he was better known as a stuntman. He managed to obtain studio attention after his friend Reynolds agreed to portray the Bandit in the film.
The movie was primarily filmed in Georgia in the cities of McDonough, Jonesboro and Lithonia. The scenes set in Texarkana were filmed in Jonesboro and the surrounding area, and many of the chase scenes were filmed in the surrounding areas on Highway 54 between Fayetteville and Jonesboro for a majority of the driving scenes, Mundy 's Mill Road, Main Street in Jonesboro, Georgia State Route 400, I - 85 (Pleasant Hill exit), and in McDonough. However, the scene where they drive through the Shell gas station was filmed in Ojai, California on the corner of Ojai and El Paseo. Much of the surrounding scene comes from that immediate vicinity. The scene featuring the racetrack was filmed at Lakewood Speedway at the old Lakewood Fairgrounds on the south side of Atlanta. The roller coaster seen in the movie was the Greyhound. It had not been used for some time and was repainted for the film. It was destroyed in Smokey and the Bandit II and a flashback scene in Part 3.
The film 's theme song, "East Bound and Down '', was written virtually overnight by Jerry Reed. He gave Needham a preview of the song, and when initially he got no reaction from the director, offered to rewrite the song. Needham, however, liked the song so much he assured Jerry not to change a word. It became one of Reed 's biggest hits and his signature number.
The area around Helen, Georgia was also used for some locations. The scene where Buford T. Justice 's car has the door knocked off by a passing semi truck was shot on Georgia State Route 75, 3 miles (4.8 km) north of Helen. The tow truck driver was a local garage owner, Berlin Wike.
The film features the custom clothing and costuming of Niver Western Wear of Fort Worth, Texas. Niver provided much of the western attire worn in the film, as well as the custom - made sheriff 's uniforms (waist size 64 inches) that Jackie Gleason wore throughout the film.
Reynolds and Sally Field began dating during the filming of Smokey and the Bandit.
While made to take advantage of the ongoing 1970s CB radio fad, the film added to the craze.
Though the film Moonrunners (1975) is the precursor to the television series The Dukes of Hazzard (1979 - 1985), from the same creator and with many identical settings and concepts, the popularity of Smokey and the Bandit and similar films helped get the Dukes series on air. Three actors from the main cast of The Dukes of Hazzard appear in small uncredited roles in Smokey and the Bandit: Ben Jones, John Schneider and Sonny Shroyer (who played a police officer in both). In return, Reynolds portrayed the Dukes character Boss Hogg (originally portrayed by Sorrell Booke) in the film adaptation The Dukes of Hazzard (2005). Reynolds is also referenced by name in several early episodes of the series.
Needham saw an advertisement for the soon - to - be-released 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and knew right away that would be the Bandit 's car, or, as Needham referred to it, a character in the movie. He contacted Pontiac and an agreement was made that four 1977 Trans Ams and two Pontiac LeMans 4 - door sedans would be provided for the movie. The Trans Ams were actually 1976 - model cars with 1977 front ends. (From 1970 to 1976, both the Firebird / Trans Am and Chevrolet Camaro had two round headlights, and in 1977, the Firebird / Trans Am was changed to four square headlights, while the Camaro remained unchanged.) The decals were also changed to 1977 - style units, as evidenced by the engine size callouts on the hood scoop being in liters rather than cubic inches, as had been the case in 1976. The hood scoop on these cars says "6.6 LITRE '', which in 1977 would have denoted an Oldsmobile 403 - equipped car or a non W - 72, 180 hp version of the 400 Pontiac engine. All four of the cars were badly damaged during production, one of which was all but destroyed during the jump over the dismantled bridge. The Trans Am used for the dismantled bridge jump was equipped with a booster rocket, the same type that was used by Evel Knievel during his failed Snake River Canyon jump. Needham served as the driver for the stunt (standing in for Reynolds) while Lada St. Edmund was in the same car (standing in for Sally Field during the jump). By the movie 's ending, the final surviving Trans Am and LeMans were both barely running and the other cars had become parts donors to keep them running. The Burdettes ' car is a 1974 Cadillac Eldorado convertible painted in a "Candy Red '' color scheme, and is seen briefly at the beginning of the movie and as Bandit, Snowman, Fred, and Frog make their escape in the final scene.
The film also made use of three Kenworth W900A short - frame semi trucks, which Jerry Reed can be seen driving, each equipped with 38 - inch sleepers. Two units were 1974 models as evidenced by standard silver Kenworth emblems on the truck grille, and one unit was a 1973 model as evidenced by the gold - painted Kenworth emblem on the truck 's grille signifying Kenworth 's 50 years in business. The paint code for each truck was coffee brown with gold trims, and the 48 - foot (15 m) mural trailer used was manufactured by Hobbs Trailers in Texas with a non-operational Thermo King Refrigeration unit. This is obvious, because there is no fuel tank on the underside of the trailer to power the refrigeration unit, and the unit is never heard running.
In 1977, Coors was unavailable for sale east of Oklahoma. A 1974 Time magazine article explains why Coors was so coveted that one would be willing to pay the Bandit such a high price to transport it. Coors Banquet Beer had a brief renaissance as certain people sought it out for its lack of stabilizers and preservatives. The article says that future Vice President Gerald Ford hid it in his luggage after a trip to Colorado in order to take it back to Washington. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had a steady supply airlifted to Washington by the Air Force. The article also mentions Frederick Amon, who smuggled it from Colorado to North Carolina and sold it for four times the retail price. The lack of additives and preservatives meant that Coors had the potential for spoiling in a week if it were not kept cold throughout its transportation and in storage at its destination. This explains the 28 - hour deadline.
The theme music, "East Bound and Down '', was sung and co-written by Reed (credited under his birth name, Jerry Hubbard) and Dick Feller. It became Reed 's signature song and is found on multiple albums, including Country Legends and his live album Jerry Reed: Live Still. In 1991 it was arranged for orchestra by Crafton Beck and recorded by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for their album Down on the Farm. Several other groups, such as US rock band Tonic, have also covered it. Reed also penned and performed the song for the opening credits, entitled "The Legend '', which tells of some of The Bandit 's escapades prior to the events of the film, and the ballad "The Bandit '', which features in several versions in the movie and on the soundtrack. Reed 's hit not withstanding, Bill Justis is the first name on the credits for the soundtrack as he composed and arranged original music throughout the film. Musicians such as Beegie Adair and George Tidwell played on the soundtrack as part of long careers in music. Legendary five - string banjo player Bobby Thompson is also heard prominently towards the end of "East Bound and Down. '' The soundtrack album was released in 1977 on vinyl, cassette and 8 - track through MCA Records.
Smokey and the Bandit was a smash hit at the box office. With an original budget of $5.3 million (cut to $4.3 million two days before initial production), the film grossed $126,737,428 in North America, making it the second - highest - grossing movie of 1977. The worldwide gross is estimated at over $300 million.
Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film a good rating (3 stars out of a possible 4) and characterized it as "About as subtle as The Three Stooges, but a classic compared to the sequels and countless rip - offs which followed. ''
Gene Siskel, in his review in the Chicago Tribune, gave the film two stars and complained that the film failed to tell the audience when the clock started on the beer run, thus removing suspense throughout the film concerning how long remained to them. He also claimed that Bandit is never made aware of Frog 's leaving Junior at the altar, which is why the Bandit continually asks why a Texas sheriff is chasing him. However, this is inaccurate: within seconds of Bandit picking her up, Frog tells him "there is a wedding in search of a bride '', and goes on to explain her ill - advised romance with Junior, as Bandit holds up the CB mic for Snowman to hear.
The film 's editors, Walter Hannemann and Angelo Ross, were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. It currently holds an 81 % "Fresh '' rating on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 27 reviews.
Burt Reynolds rated the film as the one he most enjoyed and had the most fun making in his career.
Legendary film maker Alfred Hitchcock stated that the movie was one of his favorites.
Upon meeting Burt Reynolds, Billy Bob Thornton told him that the picture was not considered as such in the south, and was considered more of a documentary.
Smokey and the Bandit was released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 1977 and was a sizeable success there, garnering positive reviews.
American Film Institute Lists
After the debut of the film the Trans Am became wildly popular with sales almost doubling in two years of the film 's release, to the delight of General Motors; in fact, it outsold its Camaro counterpart for the first time ever. Reynolds was given the 1977 vehicle used during promotion of the film as a gift, though the car itself never actually appeared in the film. Because of the popularity of the movie and the sales success of the Trans Am, then President of Pontiac Alex Mair promised to supply Reynolds with a Trans Am each year. Owing to his financial difficulties, in 2014 Reynolds put his vast collection of artwork and memorabilia up for auction, including the Trans Am. High estimates for the car were up to $80,000, but that was dwarfed by the actual sale price of $450,000. Also up for auction was a go - kart replica of the car, which sold for nearly $14,000. In 2016, Trans Am Depot, a Florida - based automobile customization company, announced that it would build 77 Trans Ams that would be modeled after the car that Reynolds drove in the 1977 original, despite Pontiac having been discontinued by GM in 2009. These new models were built off the Camaro platform (the very same one that the real Firebird and Trans Am used), came with Pontiac arrowhead, flaming bird and Bandit logos, as well as instrument panels, center consoles and hood scoops emulating their 1977 counterparts, and were signed by Reynolds. Some differences included the use of a supercharged 454 - cid (7.4 - liter) Chevrolet - sourced engine that put out 840 HP, and four round headlights, which appeared on the 1967 - 69 Firebirds / Trans Ams only; the actual 1977 - 81 models had square headlights.
The diablo sandwich ordered by Sheriff Justice in the Arkansas barbecue restaurant scene has entered popular culture as a minor reference to the film. While no authoritative source identifies the composition of the sandwich, there are several possibilities. A segment of the CMT program Reel Eats used a sloppy joe - style recipe consisting of seasoned ground beef, corn and sour cream. Another proposal, based more closely on images from the film and the shooting location of the scene (at an Old Hickory House restaurant in Georgia), is pulled pork and hot sauce on a hamburger bun.
First run in 2007 to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the movie, The Bandit Run was the brainchild of Dave Hall, owner of Restore A Muscle Car. A group of Trans Am owners and fans of the movie take part in an annual road trip from Texarkana to Jonesboro, Georgia, recreating the route taken by the characters in the film.
The Bandit Run quickly caught on and has become a fixture, most recently celebrating the 40th anniversary of the movie with a special screening of the film attended by Burt Reynolds and a recreation of the jump undertaken by Bandit and Frog across a river.
In 2014, petroleum company Mobil 1 produced television commercials, featuring NASCAR star Tony Stewart, closely based on the film. Called Smoke is the Bandit playing on Stewart 's nickname, the commercials featured him as the Bandit opposite Darrell Waltrip who played Snowman and Jeff Hammond as Buford T. Justice. The story replaced the Coors beer with Mobil 1 products. The adverts poked fun at the film and even featured a Pontiac Trans Am and a cover version of the song East Bound and Down. The commercials were produced after Stewart mentioned that the movie was one of his favorites.
When Smokey and the Bandit first aired on American network television in the early 1980s, censors were faced with the challenge of toning down the raw language of the original film. For this purpose, they overdubbed dialogue deemed offensive, which was (and remains, to an extent) common practice. The most noted change made for network broadcast was the replacing of Buford 's often - spoken phrase "sumbitch '' (a contraction of "son of a bitch ''; usually in reference to the Bandit) with the phrase "scum bum ''. This phrase achieved a level of popularity with children, and the 2007 Hot Wheels release of the 1970s Firebird Trans Am has "scum bum '' emblazoned on its tail. The TV prints of the first two Bandit films are still shown regularly on television, although a few TV stations aired the unedited version in recent years as some of the phraseology (i.e. "(son of a) bitch '', "ass '', etc.) became more acceptable on TV.
The original actors mostly redubbed their own lines for the television version, except for Gleason. Actor Henry Corden, who voiced Fred Flintstone after original performer Alan Reed died, was used to replace a considerable amount of Sheriff Justice 's dialogue. This is fitting, as Fred Flintstone was a parody of / homage to Gleason 's character Ralph Kramden and The Flintstones was a parody of / homage to The Honeymooners.
In the UK, the heavily dubbed version was shown for a number of years, particularly by the BBC. However, in more recent years, the original version has been shown (on ITV, a commercial channel), usually with the stronger language edited out, often quite awkwardly and noticeably.
The theatrical release itself had a few lines deleted, including a creative edit in which Sheriff Justice tells a state trooper to "fuck off. '' His expletive is obscured when a passing big rig sounds its horn. At the time, using the ' F ' word would immediately require an R rating which the producers were looking to avoid. This clever self - censorship allowed the film to avoid this rating and reach a much larger audience.
In 2006, a DVD re-release was issued of Smokey and the Bandit featuring a digitally - remastered audio track with 5.1 Dolby - compatible surround sound. It should be noted however that many of the film 's original sounds were replaced. For instance, the diesel engine start and run up sequence in the opening sequence of the film was completely dubbed over with a totally new sound. A few other examples of "sound effect replacement '' occur when Bandit takes off after managing to get a reluctant Cledus involved in the bet, and after he comes to a screeching halt on a roadway moments before picking up Carrie. Some of the original sound effects (such as Cledus ' dog Fred 's barking) and music (such as the final chase to the Southern Classic) were removed and not replaced. (Note: earlier DVD releases and the 40th Anniversary Blu - ray of the film have the original soundtrack intact.)
Major portions of the audio ' background ' have been modified with different engine sounds or tire squeals from the original film. The updated version of the film features sounds inaccurate for what would be produced by the Trans Am or the numerous other Pontiac vehicles in the film. The original film had correct sounds that were usually recorded live as the action took place.
Some TV versions also feature a longer version of the scene where Cledus wades into the pond after Fred.
A series of television movies aired in 1994. The car featured was a Dodge Stealth.
In late 2017, Universal Pictures acquired Edgar Wright to direct a reimagining / reboot of the first film, due to the summer of 2019 release.
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who plays the girl in the elevator in 13 going on 30 | Renee Olstead - wikipedia
Renee Olstead is an American actress and singer. Active since childhood as an actress, she is best known for her roles on the CBS sitcom Still Standing and on the drama The Secret Life of the American Teenager as Madison Cooperstein. In addition, she has recorded four studio albums, primarily of jazz music.
Olstead was born in Kingwood, Texas, to Christopher Eric Olstead and Rebecca Lynn Jeffries. Olstead is of Norwegian ancestry. As a child actress, she made films and commercials from age eight onwards. She also attended Centre Stage theatrical school and is mentioned on their website 's list of alumni.
From 2002 to 2006, she appeared in the TV sitcom Still Standing as middle sister Lauren Miller. Olstead was presented with the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy) - Supporting Young Actress for Still Standing in 2002. She also had a small part in the 2004 film 13 Going on 30. She co-starred in the ABC Family series The Secret Life of the American Teenager, about fifteen - year - old Amy Juergens 's struggle through her unexpected pregnancy and how it affected her peers. Olstead played the character Madison Cooperstein, one of Amy 's best friends.
In 2004, Olstead released a self - titled album of jazz songs and pop standards for Warner Bros. Records to good reviews. Since her previous releases had limited distribution, this album was considered her official debut. She subsequently performed in Berlin during the Live 8 concert on July 2, 2005.
Olstead also recorded with trumpeter Chris Botti on his 2005 album To Love Again: The Duets and appeared on the 2006 DVD Chris Botti Live with Orchestra and Special Guests. Her singing style is influenced by such great jazz vocalists as Ella Fitzgerald and Sarah Vaughan. Reportedly, her musical talent was discovered by composer David Foster, who produced her 2004 album. She later performed with him on The Oprah Winfrey Show.
A follow - up album entitled Skylark, also produced by Foster, was originally announced for release in 2005, but it was subsequently pushed back several times, with release dates in the summer of 2006 and early 2007 being mentioned on online retailers such as Amazon.com. It was then scheduled for a June 2008 release, but was delayed once again. It was finally released on January 27, 2009, nearly four years after it was originally announced.
On September 14, 2011, as the result of a criminal complaint initially made by actress Scarlett Johansson, the FBI announced it was investigating the alleged hacking of celebrity cellphone and email accounts and the dissemination of explicit nude photographs of Johansson and approximately 50 other celebrities, including Olstead. As a result of the investigation, 35 - year - old Christopher Chaney of Jacksonville, Florida, was arrested in October 2011. During the trial, Olstead testified that she attempted suicide after the nude photographs were leaked, adding that she had never before considered suicide before the hacking. Chaney was sentenced to 10 years in prison in December 2012.
Olstead most recently starred as Kaitlan in the 2013 supernatural thriller The Midnight Game and as Jess Felton in the 2014 technology - themed thriller film Unfriended.
Renee is married to pianist Tommy King, and legally took his last name.
Olstead is a vegan. She appeared in a PETA ad, Fish Are Friends Not Food, urging her fans to become vegan themselves. In 2012, Olstead joined PETA 's campaign to free the elephant Mali from captivity at the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden, where she has been alone for the last three decades.
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where would cast iron be used on a car | Cast iron - wikipedia
Cast iron is a group of iron - carbon alloys with a carbon content greater than 2 %. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through, grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and ductile cast iron has spherical graphite "nodules '' which stop the crack from further progressing.
Carbon (C) ranging from 1.8 -- 4 wt %, and silicon (Si) 1 -- 3 wt % are the main alloying elements of cast iron. Iron alloys with lower carbon content (~ 0.8 %) are known as steel. While this technically makes the Fe -- C -- Si system ternary, the principle of cast iron solidification can be understood from the simpler binary iron -- carbon phase diagram. Since the compositions of most cast irons are around the eutectic point (lowest liquid point) of the iron -- carbon system, the melting temperatures usually range from 1,150 to 1,200 ° C (2,100 to 2,190 ° F), which is about 300 ° C (540 ° F) lower than the melting point of pure iron of 1,535 ° C (2,795 ° F).
Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications and are used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads (declining usage), cylinder blocks and gearbox cases (declining usage). It is resistant to destruction and weakening by oxidation.
The earliest cast - iron artifacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now Jiangsu in China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture. During the 15th century, cast iron became utilized for cannon in Burgundy, France, and in England during the Reformation. The amounts of cast iron used for cannon required large scale production. The first cast - iron bridge was built during the 1770s by Abraham Darby III, and is known as The Iron Bridge. Cast iron was also used in the construction of buildings.
Cast iron is made from pig iron, which is the product of smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Cast iron can be made directly from the molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron, often along with substantial quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon (coke) and taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants. Phosphorus and sulfur may be burnt out of the molten iron, but this also burns out the carbon, which must be replaced. Depending on the application, carbon and silicon content are adjusted to the desired levels, which may be anywhere from 2 -- 3.5 % and 1 -- 3 %, respectively. If desired, other elements are then added to the melt before the final form is produced by casting.
Cast iron is sometimes melted in a special type of blast furnace known as a cupola, but in modern applications, it is more often melted in electric induction furnaces or electric arc furnaces. After melting is complete, the molten cast iron is poured into a holding furnace or ladle.
Cast iron 's properties are changed by adding various alloying elements, or alloyants. Next to carbon, silicon is the most important alloyant because it forces carbon out of solution. A low percentage of silicon allows carbon to remain in solution forming iron carbide and the production of white cast iron. A high percentage of silicon forces carbon out of solution forming graphite and the production of grey cast iron. Other alloying agents, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, titanium and vanadium counteracts silicon, promotes the retention of carbon, and the formation of those carbides. Nickel and copper increase strength, and machinability, but do not change the amount of graphite formed. The carbon in the form of graphite results in a softer iron, reduces shrinkage, lowers strength, and decreases density. Sulfur, largely a contaminant when present, forms iron sulfide, which prevents the formation of graphite and increases hardness. The problem with sulfur is that it makes molten cast iron viscous, which causes defects. To counter the effects of sulfur, manganese is added because the two form into manganese sulfide instead of iron sulfide. The manganese sulfide is lighter than the melt, so it tends to float out of the melt and into the slag. The amount of manganese required to neutralize sulfur is 1.7 × sulfur content + 0.3 %. If more than this amount of manganese is added, then manganese carbide forms, which increases hardness and chilling, except in grey iron, where up to 1 % of manganese increases strength and density.
Nickel is one of the most common alloying elements because it refines the pearlite and graphite structure, improves toughness, and evens out hardness differences between section thicknesses. Chromium is added in small amounts to reduce free graphite, produce chill, and because it is a powerful carbide stabilizer; nickel is often added in conjunction. A small amount of tin can be added as a substitute for 0.5 % chromium. Copper is added in the ladle or in the furnace, on the order of 0.5 -- 2.5 %, to decrease chill, refine graphite, and increase fluidity. Molybdenum is added on the order of 0.3 -- 1 % to increase chill and refine the graphite and pearlite structure; it is often added in conjunction with nickel, copper, and chromium to form high strength irons. Titanium is added as a degasser and deoxidizer, but it also increases fluidity. 0.15 -- 0.5 % vanadium is added to cast iron to stabilize cementite, increase hardness, and increase resistance to wear and heat. 0.1 -- 0.3 % zirconium helps to form graphite, deoxidize, and increase fluidity.
In malleable iron melts, bismuth is added, on the scale of 0.002 -- 0.01 %, to increase how much silicon can be added. In white iron, boron is added to aid in the production of malleable iron; it also reduces the coarsening effect of bismuth.
Grey cast iron is characterised by its graphitic microstructure, which causes fractures of the material to have a grey appearance. It is the most commonly used cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight. Most cast irons have a chemical composition of 2.5 -- 4.0 % carbon, 1 -- 3 % silicon, and the remainder iron. Grey cast iron has less tensile strength and shock resistance than steel, but its compressive strength is comparable to low - and medium - carbon steel. These mechanical properties are controlled by the size and shape of the graphite flakes present in the microstructure and can be characterised according to the guidelines given by the ASTM.
White cast iron displays white fractured surfaces due to the presence of an iron carbide precipitate called cementite. With a lower silicon content (graphitizing agent) and faster cooling rate, the carbon in white cast iron precipitates out of the melt as the metastable phase cementite, Fe C, rather than graphite. The cementite which precipitates from the melt forms as relatively large particles. As the iron carbide precipitates out, it withdraws carbon from the original melt, moving the mixture toward one that is closer to eutectic, and the remaining phase is the lower iron - carbon austenite (which on cooling might transform to martensite). These eutectic carbides are much too large to provide the benefit of what is called precipitation hardening (as in some steels, where much smaller cementite precipitates might inhibit plastic deformation by impeding the movement of dislocations through the pure iron ferrite matrix). Rather, they increase the bulk hardness of the cast iron simply by virtue of their own very high hardness and their substantial volume fraction, such that the bulk hardness can be approximated by a rule of mixtures. In any case, they offer hardness at the expense of toughness. Since carbide makes up a large fraction of the material, white cast iron could reasonably be classified as a cermet. White iron is too brittle for use in many structural components, but with good hardness and abrasion resistance and relatively low cost, it finds use in such applications as the wear surfaces (impeller and volute) of slurry pumps, shell liners and lifter bars in ball mills and autogenous grinding mills, balls and rings in coal pulverisers, and the teeth of a backhoe 's digging bucket (although cast medium - carbon martensitic steel is more common for this application).
It is difficult to cool thick castings fast enough to solidify the melt as white cast iron all the way through. However, rapid cooling can be used to solidify a shell of white cast iron, after which the remainder cools more slowly to form a core of grey cast iron. The resulting casting, called a chilled casting, has the benefits of a hard surface with a somewhat tougher interior.
High - chromium white iron alloys allow massive castings (for example, a 10 - tonne impeller) to be sand cast, as the chromium reduces cooling rate required to produce carbides through the greater thicknesses of material. Chromium also produces carbides with impressive abrasion resistance. These high - chromium alloys attribute their superior hardness to the presence of chromium carbides. The main form of these carbides are the eutectic or primary M C carbides, where "M '' represents iron or chromium and can vary depending on the alloy 's composition. The eutectic carbides form as bundles of hollow hexagonal rods and grow perpendicular to the hexagonal basal plane. The hardness of these carbides are within the range of 1500 - 1800HV
Malleable iron starts as a white iron casting that is then heat treated for a day or two at about 950 ° C (1,740 ° F) and then cooled over a day or two. As a result, the carbon in iron carbide transforms into graphite and ferrite plus carbon (austenite). The slow process allows the surface tension to form the graphite into spheroidal particles rather than flakes. Due to their lower aspect ratio, the spheroids are relatively short and far from one another, and have a lower cross section vis - a-vis a propagating crack or phonon. They also have blunt boundaries, as opposed to flakes, which alleviates the stress concentration problems found in grey cast iron. In general, the properties of malleable cast iron are more like those of mild steel. There is a limit to how large a part can be cast in malleable iron, as it is made from white cast iron.
Developed in 1948, nodular or ductile cast iron has its graphite in the form of very tiny nodules with the graphite in the form of concentric layers forming the nodules. As a result, the properties of ductile cast iron are that of a spongy steel without the stress concentration effects that flakes of graphite would produce. Tiny amounts of 0.02 to 0.1 % magnesium, and only 0.02 to 0.04 % cerium added to these alloys slow the growth of graphite precipitates by bonding to the edges of the graphite planes. Along with careful control of other elements and timing, this allows the carbon to separate as spheroidal particles as the material solidifies. The properties are similar to malleable iron, but parts can be cast with larger sections.
Cast iron and wrought iron can be produced unintentionally when smelting copper using iron ore as a flux.
The earliest cast - iron artifacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by archaeologists in what is now modern Luhe County, Jiangsu in China. This is based on an analysis of the artifact 's microstructures. Because cast iron is comparatively brittle, it is not suitable for purposes where a sharp edge or flexibility is required. It is strong under compression, but not under tension. Cast iron was invented in China in the 5th century BC and poured into moulds to make ploughshares and pots as well as weapons and pagodas. Although steel was more desirable, cast iron was cheaper and thus was more commonly used for implements in ancient China, while wrought iron or steel was used for weapons.
In the west, where it did not become available until the 15th century, its earliest uses included cannon and shot. Henry VIII initiated the casting of cannon in England. Soon, English iron workers using blast furnaces developed the technique of producing cast - iron cannons, which, while heavier than the prevailing bronze cannons, were much cheaper and enabled England to arm her navy better. The technology of cast iron was transferred from China. Al - Qazvini in the 13th century and other travellers subsequently noted an iron industry in the Alburz Mountains to the south of the Caspian Sea. This is close to the silk route, so that the use of technology derived from China is conceivable. The ironmasters of the Weald continued producing cast irons until the 1760s, and armament was one of the main uses of irons after the Restoration.
Cast - iron pots were made at many English blast furnaces at the time. In 1707, Abraham Darby patented a method of making pots (and kettles) thinner and hence cheaper than his rivals could. This meant that his Coalbrookdale furnaces became dominant as suppliers of pots, an activity in which they were joined in the 1720s and 1730s by a small number of other coke - fired blast furnaces.
The development of the steam engine by Thomas Newcomen provided further market for cast iron, since cast iron was considerably cheaper than the brass of which the engine cylinders were originally made. John Wilkinson was a great proponent of cast iron, who, amongst other things, cast the cylinders for many of Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt 's improved steam engines until the establishment of the Soho Foundry in 1795.
The use of cast iron for structural purposes began in the late 1770s, when Abraham Darby III built the Iron Bridge, although short beams had already been used, such as in the blast furnaces at Coalbrookdale. Other inventions followed, including one patented by Thomas Paine. Cast - iron bridges became commonplace as the Industrial Revolution gathered pace. Thomas Telford adopted the material for his bridge upstream at Buildwas, and then for Longdon - on - Tern Aqueduct, a canal trough aqueduct at Longdon - on - Tern on the Shrewsbury Canal.
It was followed by the Chirk Aqueduct and the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, both of which remain in use following the recent restorations. Cast - iron beam bridges were used widely by the early railways, such as the Water Street Bridge at the Manchester terminus of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Problems arose when a new bridge carrying the Chester and Holyhead Railway across the River Dee in Chester collapsed in May 1847, less than a year after it was opened. The Dee bridge disaster was caused by excessive loading at the centre of the beam by a passing train, and many similar bridges had to be demolished and rebuilt, often in wrought iron. The bridge had been badly designed, being trussed with wrought iron straps, which were wrongly thought to reinforce the structure. The centres of the beams were put into bending, with the lower edge in tension, where cast iron, like masonry, is very weak.
The best way of using cast iron for bridge construction was by using arches, so that all the material is in compression. Cast iron, again like masonry, is very strong in compression. Wrought iron, like most other kinds of iron and indeed like most metals in general, is strong in tension, and also tough -- resistant to fracturing. The relationship between wrought iron and cast iron, for structural purposes, may be thought of as analogous to the relationship between wood and stone.
Nevertheless, cast iron continued to be used in inappropriate structural ways, until the Tay Rail Bridge disaster of 1879 cast serious doubt on the use of the material. Crucial lugs for holding tie bars and struts in the Tay Bridge had been cast integral with the columns, and they failed in the early stages of the accident. In addition, the bolt holes were also cast and not drilled, so that all the tension from the tie bars was placed on a corner, rather than being spread over the length of the hole. The replacement bridge was built in wrought iron and steel.
Further bridge collapses occurred, however, culminating in the Norwood Junction rail accident of 1891. Thousands of cast - iron rail underbridges were eventually replaced by steel equivalents.
The Iron Bridge over the River Severn at Coalbrookdale, England (finished 1779)
The Eglinton Tournament Bridge (completed c1845), North Ayrshire, Scotland, built from cast iron
Original Tay Bridge from the north (finished 1878)
Fallen Tay Bridge from the north
Cast - iron columns enabled architects to build tall buildings without the enormously thick walls required to construct masonry buildings of any height. Such flexibility allowed tall buildings to have large windows. In urban centres like SoHo - Cast Iron Historic District in New York City, manufacturing buildings and early department stores were built with cast - iron columns to allow daylight to enter. Slender cast - iron columns could also support the weight that would otherwise require thick masonry columns or piers, opening up floor spaces in factories, and sight lines in churches and auditoriums. The historic Iron Building in Watervliet, New York, is a cast - iron building.
Another important use was in textile mills. The air in the mills contained flammable fibres from the cotton, hemp, or wool being spun. As a result, textile mills had an alarming propensity to burn down. The solution was to build them completely of non-combustible materials, and it was found convenient to provide the building with an iron frame, largely of cast iron, replacing flammable wood. The first such building was at Ditherington in Shrewsbury, Shropshire. Many other warehouses were built using cast - iron columns and beams, although faulty designs, flawed beams or overloading sometimes caused building collapses and structural failures.
During the Industrial Revolution, cast iron was also widely used for frame and other fixed parts of machinery, including spinning and later weaving machines in textile mills. Cast iron became widely used, and many towns had foundries producing industrial and agricultural machinery.
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when is the last time the united states had a budget | United States budget process - wikipedia
The United States budget process is the framework used by Congress and the President of the United States to formulate and create the United States federal budget. The process was established by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, and additional budget legislation.
Prior to 1974, Congress had no formal process for establishing a federal budget. When President Richard Nixon began to refuse to spend funds that Congress had allocated, they adopted a more formal means by which to challenge him. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 created the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), which gained more control of the budget, limiting the power of the President 's Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The Act passed easily while the administration was embroiled in the Watergate scandal and was unwilling to provoke Congress.
The United States budget process begins when the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress. The President 's budget is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the largest office within the Executive Office of the President. The budget request includes funding requests for all federal executive departments and independent agencies. Budget documents include supporting documents and historical budget data and contains detailed information on spending and revenue proposals, along with policy proposals and initiatives with significant budgetary implications. The President 's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration 's intended revenue and spending plans for the following fiscal year. The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions. In addition, each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation on its own funding requests. The documents are also posted on the OMB website.
The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to submit the budget to Congress for each fiscal year, which is the 12 - month period beginning on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the next calendar year. The current federal budget law (31 U.S.C. § 1105 (a)) requires that the President submit the budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February. In recent times, the President 's budget submission has been issued in the first week of February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents ' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. The 2014 United States federal budget was not submitted by the President until April 10, 2013 due to negotiations over the United States fiscal cliff and implementation of the sequester cuts mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011. (The House had already prepared its budget proposal on March 21, and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23.)
President Warren G. Harding brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which, for the first time, required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget, the forerunner of the Office of Management and Budget, to assist in the formulation of the budget. Initially the Bureau was within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, but in 1939 it was moved to the Executive Office of the President.
The President 's budget submission is referred to the House and Senate Budget Committees and to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Other committees with budgetary responsibilities submit requests and estimates to the budget committees during this time.
In March, the CBO publishes an analysis of the President 's budget proposals. The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the CBO website. CBO computes a current - law baseline budget projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years. However, the CBO also computes a current - policy baseline, which makes assumptions about, for instance, votes on tax cut sunset provisions. The current CBO 10 - year budget baseline projection grows from $3.7 trillion in 2011 to $5.7 trillion in 2021.
In March, the budget committees consider the President 's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report, and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1. The House and Senate each consider these budget resolutions, and are expected to pass them, possibly with amendments, by April 15. A budget resolution is a kind of concurrent resolution; it is not a law, and therefore does not require the President 's signature.
There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution. There may not be a resolution every year; if none is established, the previous year 's resolution remains in force. For example, the Senate has not passed a budget resolution for FY2011, FY2012, or FY2013, and passed the FY2014 budget resolution on March 23, 2013, 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013. This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29, 2009. The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President 's budget. For example, for the 2014 budget process, the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21 and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23, while the President 's budget was not submitted until April 10.
After both houses pass a budget resolution, selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a conference report to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions. The conference report, in order to become binding, must be approved by both the House and Senate.
The budget resolution is not legally binding but serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriation process. All new discretionary spending requires authority through enactment of appropriation bills or continuing resolutions.
In general, funds for federal government programs must be authorized by an "authorizing committee '' through enactment of legislation. Then, through subsequent acts by Congress, budget authority is then appropriated by the Appropriations Committee of the House. In principle, committees with jurisdiction to authorize programs make policy decisions, while the Appropriations Committees decide on funding levels, limited to a program 's authorized funding level, though the amount may be any amount less than the limit.
The budget resolutions specify funding levels for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their 12 subcommittees, establishing various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include reconciliation instructions to designated House or Senate committees. The appropriations committees start with allocations in the budget resolution and draft appropriations bills, which may be considered in the House after May 15. Once appropriations committees pass their bills, they are considered by the House and Senate. When there is a final budget, the spending available to each appropriations committee for the coming fiscal year is usually provided in the joint explanatory statement included in the conference report. The appropriations committees then allocate that amount among their respective subcommittees, each to allocate the funds they control among the programs within their jurisdiction.
A conference committee is typically required to resolve differences between House and Senate appropriation bills. Once a conference bill has passed both chambers of Congress, it is sent to the President, who may sign the bill or veto it. If he signs, the bill becomes law. Otherwise, Congress must pass another bill to avoid a shutdown of at least part of the federal government.
In recent years, Congress has not passed all of the appropriations bills before the start of the fiscal year. Congress may then enact continuing resolutions that provide for the temporary funding of government operations. Failure to appropriate funds results in a partial government shutdown, such the federal government shutdown in October 2013.
In practice, the separation between policy making and funding and the division between appropriations and authorization activities are imperfect. Authorizations for many programs have long lapsed, yet still receive appropriated amounts, while other programs that are authorized receive no funds at all. In addition, policy language, which is legislative text changing permanent law, is included in appropriation measures.
Each function within the budget may include "budget authority '' and "outlays '' that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending.
Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill, which is a piece of legislation. Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees. Since the spending is typically for a fixed period (usually a year), it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress. Some appropriations last for more than one year (see Appropriation bill for details). In particular, multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs.
There are currently 12 appropriation bills that must be passed each fiscal year in order for continued discretionary spending to occur. The subject of each appropriations bill corresponds to the jurisdiction of the respective House and Senate appropriation subcommittees:
As of 2012, there are 12 appropriations bills which need to be passed each year:
Multiple bills are sometimes combined into one piece of legislation, such as the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009. A continuing resolution is often passed if an appropriations bill has not been signed into law by the end of the fiscal year.
Direct spending, also known as mandatory spending, refers to spending enacted by law, but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill. Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and welfare benefits such as Social Security benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other expenses, such as salaries of federal judges, are mandatory, but account for a relatively small share of federal spending. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates costs of mandatory spending programs on a regular basis.
Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs. Certain programs, because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills, are termed "appropriated entitlements. '' This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction, since the programs, such as Food Stamps, would continue to be funded even were the appropriation bill to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted.
The federal budget is divided into categories known as budget functions. These functions include all spending for a given topic, regardless of the federal agency that oversees the individual federal program. Both the President 's budget, and Congress ' budget resolution provide summaries by function.
List of budget functions:
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when did the price is right first air | The Price Is Right (1956 U.S. game show) - wikipedia
The Price Is Right is an American game show where contestants made successive bids on merchandise prizes with the goal of bidding closest to the actual retail price of the prize without going over. The show was a precursor to the current and best - known version of the show, which premiered in 1972 on CBS ' daytime schedule. This makes The Price Is Right one of only a few game shows that have aired in some form across all three of what were then the Big Three television networks.
The series premiered on NBC 's daytime schedule on November 26, 1956, and quickly spawned a primetime series that aired once a week. The Price Is Right became one of the few game shows to survive the rigging scandal of the late 1950s, and gained even more popularity after other game shows exposed for being rigged had been cancelled.
In 1963, The Price Is Right switched networks and both the daytime and primetime series moved to ABC. On September 3, 1965, the show aired its final episode after nearly nine years on the air.
On the original version of The Price Is Right, four contestants -- one a returning champion, the other three chosen from the studio audience -- bid on items or ensembles of items in an auction - style format.
A prize was presented for the contestants to bid on. A minimum bid was specified. After the opening bid, contestants bid on the item in turn with each successive bid a certain amount higher than the previous bid. A contestant could freeze his / her current bid instead of increasing it if he / she believed his / her bid was close enough to win. A later rule allowed contestants, on their opening bid only, to "underbid '' the other bids, but this automatically froze their bid and prevented them from later increasing the original bid. Some rounds were designated as one - bid rounds, where only one round of bidding was held (this is the format used on the current version of The Price is Right); sometimes the minimum - bid and higher - bid threshold rules also were waived.
The bidding continued until a buzzer sounded, at which point each contestant who had not yet "frozen '' was given one final bid. Bidding also ended when three of the contestants had frozen, at which point the fourth contestant was allowed one final bid, unless he / she already had the high bid. Cullen then read the actual retail price of the prize. The contestant whose bid was closest without going over the actual price won the item. If everyone overbid, the prize was not won; however, Cullen sometimes had the overbids erased and instructed players to give lower bids prior to reading the actual price (similar to what is done on the current CBS version and its syndicated spinoffs).
Frequently, a bell rang after the winner was revealed, indicating a bonus prize accompanied the item up for bids. While this was typically an additional prize, a bonus game often accompanied the prize (e.g. a tune - matching game, where a clip of a well - known song was played and the contestant matched it with a face for a cash bonus).
After a set number of rounds (four on the nighttime version, six on the daytime), the contestant who accumulated the highest value in cash and prizes became the champion and returned on the next show.
The Price Is Right frequently featured a home viewer "Showcase '', a multi-prize package for which home viewers were invited to submit their bids via postcard. The viewer who was closest to the actual retail price without going over won everything in the Showcase, but one item was sometimes handmade so the viewer could not check the price of all the items. The term "showcase '' was later replaced by "sweepstakes ''.
Very often, home viewers were stunningly accurate with their bids, including several viewers who guessed the price correct down to the penny. In such a case, the tied contestants were informed and asked to give the price of a specific item; this continued until one of the contestants broke the tie (re-ties and all - overbids were thrown out.)
The Home Viewer Showcase was reformatted as the final round of the current CBS version. The two Showcase Showdown (since 1975; before then, and on the 1970s and 1980s syndicated shows, the top two overall winners automatically advanced to the Showcase round) winners on the current version 's show compete to bid on separate showcases of prizes, with the contestant who bids closer (without going over) to the actual retail price of his / her own showcase winning the prizes contained within.
Home Viewer Showcases have also been featured on the CBS version, in 1972, 1978, annually from 1980 -- 1987, 1990, and in 2011. Its format was unchanged through 1990, but the 2011 version, because of the advance in technology, changed to a ten - prizes - in - a-week format, with two prizes appearing per episode during the week. Each day the price of one of the prizes was revealed to the home audience, and the price of the second prize (which was in either of the two Showcases) was not provided. Instead of postcards, the bids had to be submitted through the show 's website.
While many of the prizes on the original Price Is Right were normal, standard game show fare (e.g., furniture, appliances, home electronics, furs, trips, and cars), there were many instances of outlandish prizes being offered. This was particularly true of the nighttime version, which had a larger prize budget.
Some examples:
Sometimes, large amounts of food -- such as a mile of hot dogs along with buns and enough condiments (perhaps to go with a barbecue pit) -- were offered as the bonus.
Some other examples of outlandish or "exceptionally unique '' bonus prizes:
In the early 1960s, the dynamic of the national economy was such that the nighttime show could offer homes in new subdivisions (sometimes fully furnished) as prizes, often with suspenseful bidding among the contestants.
In the last two seasons of the nighttime run, the series gave away small business franchises.
In some events, the outlandish prizes were merely for show; for instance, in one episode contestants would bid on the original retail price for a 1920s car, but would instead win a more contemporary model.
The Price Is Right was created and produced by Bob Stewart for Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Productions. Stewart already had created one hit series for Goodson - Todman, To Tell the Truth and he would later create the enormously successful Password. In 1964, Stewart left Goodson - Todman to strike out on his own as a producer. (Frank Wayne, who later produced the Barker version of The Price Is Right, took over Stewart 's Password spot.)
Bob Stewart attributes the creation of The Price Is Right to watching an auctioneer from his office window in New York City, auctioning off various merchandise items.
In 1959, shortly after the quiz show scandal broke, most game and quiz shows lost their popularity rapidly and were cancelled. The Price Is Right was an exception; Goodson and Todman had built a squeaky - clean reputation upon relatively low - stakes games. Thus, as the more popular competition was eliminated, The Price Is Right became the most - watched game show in the country, and remained so for two years.
When the series moved to ABC in 1963, three studio contestants -- including the returning champion -- played. The fourth chair was filled by a celebrity who played for either a studio audience member or a home viewer. If the celebrity was the big winner of the show, the civilian contestant who had the most winnings was considered the champion; it is unknown what would have happened in the event of a shut - out with the celebrity winning.
As Don Pardo was still under contract at NBC, he was replaced by Johnny Gilbert, who currently serves as the announcer for Jeopardy!. Coincidently, Pardo would announce on the original Jeopardy! for 11 years.
When the show moved to ABC, several CBS affiliates took up ABC secondary affiliation to show The Price Is Right (especially if its market lacked full ABC affiliation), in part because of the still - high ratings the show enjoyed in daytime.
Goodson - Todman wanted The Price Is Right to be ABC 's first non-cartoon color show, but the network could not afford to convert to color. This meant that the nighttime version reverted to black - and - white.
After the success of The Price Is Right, To Tell the Truth, and Password, producer Stewart left Goodson - Todman in 1964. Stewart 's follow - up to The Price Is Right, his first independent production, was Eye Guess, a sight - and - memory game with Bill Cullen as host. Later, Stewart created other successful shows such as Jackpot! and The $10,000 Pyramid.
In the early 1970s, Mark Goodson was preparing a revised version of The Price Is Right for syndication and CBS daytime dubbed The New Price Is Right, which incorporated elements of the Cullen version with new mini-games influenced by Let 's Make a Deal (known as pricing games, since these games required pricing various products). Dennis James, who was a regular substitute for Monty Hall on Deal, was selected to host both versions of the reincarnated show; however, he hosted only the syndicated version as CBS insisted that Bob Barker, then still hosting Truth or Consequences, host the daytime show. While the syndicated version lasted only until 1980 (Barker replaced James on the syndicated version in 1977), the daytime version has been on the air five days per week since 1972, with Drew Carey replacing Barker in 2007. Two more syndicated versions would air during the 1985 - 86 and 1994 - 95 seasons (with the latter show being known as The New Price is Right), hosted by Tom Kennedy and Doug Davidson, respectively.
Paul Alter, who directed the original version of the show, became the director of the current version in 1986, replacing Marc Breslow, who had been in that role since its start in 1972, and would continue to hold the position until 2000.
The show originated from the Hudson Theatre in New York City, converted for television. A year later it used NBC 's Colonial Theater at 66th and Broadway as its main origination. The Ziegfeld Theater was used for a few shows as well. When the show moved to ABC, the Ritz Theater became the show 's broadcast origination.
In addition to his hosting duties on The Price Is Right and his weekly appearances as a panelist on I 've Got a Secret, Cullen also hosted a popular weekday morning radio show for WNBC in New York.
Over the nine - year run, various people sat in Cullen 's place while he was on vacation.
Throughout the nine - year run of The Price Is Right, the show also employed models, whose duties were similar to those of the models in the current version.
June Ferguson and Toni Wallace were the regular models, while Gail Sheldon also made frequent appearances. Ferguson, Wallace and Sheldon were featured during the show 's entire nine - year run. Other models appearing included Beverly Bentley and Carolyn Stroupe; various other models either assisted Ferguson and Wallace, or appeared during their absences.
During the NBC run, Don Pardo was the main announcer. Whenever he was off, or filling in for Cullen as host, substitute announcers included Dick Dudley, Vic Roby, and Roger Tuttle.
Following the move to ABC (due to Don Pardo was under contract to NBC), Johnny Gilbert became the announcer; one fill - in was ABC staff announcer Ed Jordan.
The first theme song (used from 1956 -- 1961) was an arrangement of Charles Strouse 's "Sixth Finger Tune '', originally written for Milton Scott Michel 's 1956 play Sixth Finger in a Five Finger Glove.
The second theme song (used from 1961 -- 1965) was called "Window Shopping '' and was composed by Bob Cobert. This theme was later used on another Goodson - Todman game, Snap Judgment, and later found its way back to Bob Stewart 's stable with the short - lived game You 're Putting Me On.
Although The Price Is Right became Goodson - Todman 's first regularly aired game show to be broadcast in color on September 23, 1957, no color kinescopes or videotapes are known to exist from the nighttime run. Many monochrome NBC nighttime episodes (plus at least one ABC episode) aired on Game Show Network from 1996 -- 2000, at which time the network 's contract to air the show ended; it has not been renewed since.
Most of the daytime run is believed to be wiped; the UCLA Film and Television Archive lists the first and third episodes from 1956 among its holdings. A few NBC daytime episodes with commercials intact, originally broadcast in the late spring / early summer of 1957, have been around the "collector 's circuit. '' They are now available for viewing on YouTube.
Four episodes, including the 1964 nighttime finale, were released on "The Best of The Price is Right '' DVD set (March 25, 2008). Despite pre-release assumptions that each of the four unique runs would be represented, as it was announced that there would be four Cullen episodes, none were of the ABC daytime run despite the existence of episodes from that era; a second NBC prime time episode instead filled that slot.
Many noticed that the four Cullen episodes lacked commercials, as well as the fact that all three NBC episodes had already been spotted prior to the DVD release. Both NBC prime time episodes (January 13 and 27, 1960) had aired on GSN before, while the daytime episode (February 21, 1957) had been available in the public domain for several years; the daytime episode is notable for not only missing its opening, but for Cullen promoting Charles Van Doren 's match against Vivienne Nearing on Twenty One -- which eventually led to Van Doren 's defeat.
The Fremantle logo animation was added after each episode, as the production company currently owns all Mark Goodson properties.
The episode listing included with the DVD set states the daytime episode aired March 10, 1957 and the ABC episode aired September 4, 1964 (with guest Jose Ferrer); however, the former actually aired on February 21, 1957 and the latter is not actually present on the DVD set but had been aired by GSN. The 1964 finale featured Pat Carroll as the celebrity player, and the night 's champion was invited back to appear on the following Monday 's daytime episode.
In The Flintstones season 2 episode "Divided We Sail '', Barney is invited to be a contestant on "The Prize is Priced '', a parody of The Price is Right.
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when do you say aye aye sir and yes sir | Aye aye, sir - Wikipedia
"Aye aye, sir '' is a phrase commonly heard in present - day naval language. It is derived from a duplicate of the word "aye '' which came into the English language in the late 16th century and early 17th century, meaning "Yes; even so. ''.
"Aye '' was common in dialect and is the formal word for voting "yes '' in the United Kingdom House of Commons.
The most common use of "Aye aye, sir '' is as a naval response indicating that an order has been received, is understood, and will be carried out immediately. It differs from "yes '', which, in standard usage, could mean simple agreement without any intention to act. In naval custom, a reply of "yes sir '' would indicate agreement to a statement that was not understood as an order or a requirement to do anything. The alternatives of "aye aye sir '' and "yes sir '' would allow any misunderstanding to be corrected at once. This might be a matter of life and death for a ship at sea.
Basically, it means that the speaker understands and will obey a direct order.
Aye = Yes, that is correct.
Aye Aye = I understand, and will comply.
Controversy surrounds "Aye Aye '' for its repetition. While the "Customs and Courtesies '' of the Marine Corps (USMC) defines "Aye Aye '' as mentioned above, US naval officers disagree. US Seaman (and Seaman Recruits) are trained to simply say "Aye sir '' regardless of context, (i.e.):
1) HR: ' Make your depth 50 meters. '
LR: ' Aye aye, sir '
2) HR: ' Have you field - stripped your rifle today? '
LR: ' Aye, sir '
Per the examples above, "Yes sir '' would be correct. Repetition of the acknowledgement would translate to "Yes, Yes sir ''
In other words, this may be the naval equivalent to the aeronautical difference between "Roger '' and "Wilco '', but Merriam - Webster (US) and the Oxford English Dictionary (UK) are not in agreement.
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when was the last time a tsunami hit oregon | 1700 Cascadia earthquake - wikipedia
The 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7 -- 9.2. The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate that underlies the Pacific Ocean, from mid-Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada, south along the Pacific Northwest coast as far as northern California. The length of the fault rupture was about 1,000 kilometers (620 miles) with an average slip of 20 meters (66 ft).
The earthquake caused a tsunami that struck the coast of Japan, and may also be linked to the Bonneville Slide and the Tseax Cone eruption in British Columbia.
The 1700 earthquake took place at about 21: 00 on January 26, 1700 (NS). Although there are no written records for the region from the time, the timing of earthquake has been inferred from Japanese records of a tsunami that does not correlate with any other Pacific Rim earthquake. The Japanese records exist primarily in the prefecture of Iwate, in communities such as Tsugaruishi, Kuwagasaki and Ōtsuchi.
The most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings (dendrochronology), which show that several "ghost forests '' of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington, killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake, have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699, the last growing season before the tsunami. This includes both inland stands of trees, such as one on the Copalis River in Washington, and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide.
Sediment layers in these locations demonstrate a pattern consistent with seismic and tsunami events occurring around this time. Core samples from the ocean floor, as well as debris samples from some earthquake - induced landslides in the Pacific Northwest, also support this timing of the event. Archaeological research in the region has uncovered evidence of several coastal villages having been flooded and abandoned around 1700.
Local Native American and First Nations groups residing in Cascadia did not have a written tradition of record - keeping, so the event was not documented locally like the Japanese tsunami. However, numerous oral traditions describing a great earthquake and tsunami - like flooding exist among indigenous coastal peoples from British Columbia to Northern California. These do not specify an exact date, and not all earthquake stories in the region can be definitively isolated as referring to the 1700 quake in particular; however, virtually all of the native peoples in the region have at least one traditional story of an event much stronger and more destructive than any other that their community had ever experienced.
Some of the stories contain temporal clues -- such as an estimate of how many generations had passed since the event -- which can be traced back to a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s, or which concur with the event 's timing in other ways. The Huu - ay - aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their settlements at Pachina Bay, for instance, speaks of the event occurring on a winter evening shortly after the village 's residents had gone to sleep. Masit was the only community on Pachina Bay not to have been wiped out, as it sat on a mountainside approximately 75 feet above sea level. Nobody else from Pachina Bay survived the event -- Anacla aq sop, a young woman who happened to be staying at Kiix? in on the more tsunami - sheltered Barkley Sound at the time of the event, came to be known as the last living member of her community.
Kwakwaka'wakw (Kwakiutl) stories from the north end of Vancouver Island report a night - time earthquake that caused virtually all houses in their community to collapse; Cowichan stories from Vancouver Island 's inner coast speak of a nighttime earthquake, causing a landslide that buried an entire village. Makah stories from Washington speak of a great night - time earthquake, of which the only survivors were those who fled inland before the tsunami hit. The Quileute people in Washington have a story about a flood so powerful that villagers in their canoes were swept inland all the way to Hood Canal.
Ethnographic research has focused on a common regional pattern of art and mythology depicting a great battle between a thunderbird and a whale, as well as cultural signifiers such as earthquake - inspired ritual masks and dances.
The geological record reveals that "great earthquakes '' (those with moment magnitude 8 or higher) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average, often accompanied by tsunamis. There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570 -- 590 years. Previous earthquakes are estimated to have occurred in 1310 AD, 810 AD, 400 AD, 170 BC and 600 BC.
As seen in the 1700 quake, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis, and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake. However, the major nearby cities, notably Seattle, Portland, Vancouver, Victoria, and Tacoma, which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast, would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami. These cities do have many vulnerable structures, especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings; consequently, most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself. One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, let alone the much more powerful one that may well occur.
Recent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed. In 2010 geologists predicted a 37 percent chance of an M8. 2 + event within 50 years, and a 10 to 15 percent chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame. Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake. The tsunami produced could reach heights of 80 to 100 feet (24 to 30 m).
A 2004 study revealed the potential for relative mean sea level rise (cause by subsidence) along the Cascadia subduction zone. It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island, such as Tofino and Ucluelet, are at risk for a 1 -- 2 m subsidence, relative to mean sea level.
The confirmation of their oral traditions about a great earthquake has led many aboriginal groups in the area to initiate projects to relocate their coastal communities to higher and safer ground in preparation for the predicted next earthquake. The Huu - ay - aht people have rebuilt their administration building on a high point of land in their territory; coastal residents are immediately evacuated to this building whenever a tsunami warning is issued, as an interim measure toward eventually relocating all residents to higher ground. The Quileute people secured a land grant from the federal government of the United States in 2012 to move their settlement inland, both as protection from a future tsunami threat and because of more frequent flooding on the Quillayute River.
Some other subduction zones have such earthquakes every 100 to 200 years; the longer interval results from slower plate motions. The rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) per year.
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when does the movie fate of the furious come out | The Fate of the Furious - wikipedia
The Fate of the Furious (alternatively known as Fast & Furious 8 and Fast 8, and often stylized as F8) is a 2017 American action film directed by F. Gary Gray and written by Chris Morgan. It is the eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise. The film stars Vin Diesel, Dwayne Johnson, Jason Statham, Michelle Rodriguez, Tyrese Gibson, Chris "Ludacris '' Bridges, Scott Eastwood, Nathalie Emmanuel, Elsa Pataky, Kurt Russell and Charlize Theron. The Fate of the Furious follows Dominic Toretto (Diesel), who has settled down with his wife Letty (Rodriguez), until cyberterrorist Cipher (Theron) coerces him into working for her and turns him against his team, forcing them to find Dom and take down Cipher.
The Fate of the Furious marks the first installment in the franchise since The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) not to star both Paul Walker, who died in a single - vehicle crash on November 30, 2013 while filming Furious 7 (2015), and Jordana Brewster. Script rewrites to the seventh installment after Walker 's death completed the story arcs for both of their characters (Brian O'Conner and Mia Toretto, respectively).
Plans for an eighth installment were first announced in March 2015 when Diesel appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! and announced that the film would be set in New York City. Preparations for the film began immediately after the release of Furious 7, with Diesel, Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz re-signing. After setting an initial release date in the same month, casting took place between April and June 2015. In October 2015, Gray was announced to direct the film in the place of James Wan, who had directed the previous installment. Principal photography began in March 2016 in locations such as Mývatn, Havana, Atlanta, Cleveland and New York City, continuing the franchise 's tradition of filming in exotic locations around the world.
The Fate of the Furious premiered on April 4, 2017 in Berlin, and was theatrically released in the United States on April 14, 2017, playing in 3D, IMAX 3D and 4DX internationally. The film received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the action sequences and performances, while criticizing the storyline. The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide, making it the thirtieth film (and the second in the franchise, after Furious 7) to gross over $1 billion, the second highest - grossing film of 2017 and the eleventh highest - grossing film of all time. The film grossed $532 million worldwide during its opening weekend, setting the record for the highest - grossing opening of all time, ahead of Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($529 million). A sequel is scheduled to be released on April 19, 2019.
Dominic "Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom is challenged to a street race at an auto show by local racer Raldo. Dom races for Raldo 's car, intending to give it to his cousin Fernando, while wagering his own show car. After narrowly winning the race, Dom allows Raldo to keep his car, earning his respect, and instead leaves his cousin with his show car. The next day, Dom is approached by elusive cyberterrorist Cipher, who coerces him into working for her.
Shortly after the encounter, Dom and his team, comprising Letty, Roman Pearce, Tej Parker, and Ramsey, are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service (DSS) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin. During the getaway, Dom goes rogue, forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher. Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in. After escaping, both are recruited by intelligence operative Frank Petty / Mr. Nobody and his protégé, Eric Reisner / Little Nobody, to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher.
Deckard reveals that Cipher was the mastermind of previous encounters with the team, such as employing his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and orchestrating the attempted theft of God 's Eye, Ramsey 's software program. The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as they attack the base and steal God 's Eye. When Dom begins to question Cipher 's motives, she reveals that she has held Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son, whose existence Dom was previously unaware of -- hostage in order to keep Dom loyal to her. Elena tells Dom that the child was born as a result of an unintended pregnancy, and that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name, having already given him the middle name Marcos.
Cipher then sends Dom to New York City to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence. Dom manages to evade her for a short time through a diversion created by Raldo, allowing him to meet with and persuade Deckard and Owen 's mother, Magdalene Shaw, to help. The team intercepts Dom after he steals the nuclear football, but Dom escapes, shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process. Cipher facilitates Dom 's escape by hacking into all of the autonomous cars in the city and reprogramming them to auto - drive, wreaking havoc throughout the city. Letty catches up to Dom, but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer, Connor Rhodes, before Dom rescues her. In retaliation, Cipher has Rhodes kill Elena in front of Dom.
Dom is then sent to Russia to use the EMP device to disable a nuclear submarine, enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war. They are once again intercepted by the team, provided with modified vehicles by Petty. Meanwhile, Deckard, who had faked his death and been extracted by Tego Leo and Rico Santos, former members of Dom 's team, infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son at Magdalene 's behest, with the help of Owen. Once Deckard reports that the child is safe, Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes, avenging Elena 's death, before rejoining his team. Outraged, Cipher launches an infrared homing missile at Dom, but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it, causing the missile to hit the submarine instead. The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom, shielding him from the ensuing explosion. When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts Cipher, she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane.
Petty and Reisner visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large. Hobbs is offered his DSS job back, but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter. Deckard then arrives to return Dom 's son, putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs in the process, and is accepted into their family. Dom decides to name his son Brian, after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner, and they celebrate.
Tego Calderón and Don Omar reprise their roles from previous films as Tego Leo and Rico Santos, former members of Dom 's team from the Dominican Republic and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. Luke Evans reprises his role from Fast & Furious 6 (2013) as Owen Shaw, Deckard 's younger brother and a former Special Air Service (SAS) soldier who formerly opposed Dom 's team in Europe, and who helps his brother in rescuing Dom 's son. Kristofer Hivju appears as Connor Rhodes, Cipher 's enforcer and right - hand man. Helen Mirren makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Magdalene Shaw, the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw.
Following the release of Furious 7 (2015), Vin Diesel said regarding a possible sequel:
I was trying to keep it close to the vest throughout the release. Paul Walker used to say that (an eighth film) was guaranteed. And in some ways, when your brother guarantees something, you sometimes feel like you have to make sure it comes to pass... so if fate has it, then you 'll get this when you hear about it. (Furious 7) was for Paul, (the eighth film) is from Paul.
Diesel further hinted at an eighth film on Jimmy Kimmel Live! when he stated that Kurt Russell 's character would span multiple films. He also stated that the next film would take place in New York City. Chris Morgan wrote his sixth script in the franchise, while Neal H. Moritz returned to produce. Moritz later stated, "(The story) is going to have to be something enticing for all of us. It has to be as good as or better (than Furious 7) ''.
At the 2015 CinemaCon in Las Vegas, Diesel announced the film for an April 14, 2017 release date. On August 16, 2015, at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards (where Furious 7 received the award for Choice Movie -- Action and Walker received the award for Choice Movie Actor -- Action), Diesel gave the film the initial title Fast 8. In September 2015, Diesel stated that the script had almost been completed, and expressed interest in Rob Cohen, who directed the first film, to direct the eighth installment. On October 14, 2015, Diesel announced on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that Straight Outta Compton director F. Gary Gray would direct the film.
In July 2015, Moritz said that Walker 's character, Brian O'Conner, would not appear in the film, following the use of CGI in the previous film after Walker died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30, 2013, with Moritz stating that his character had "moved on ''. It had previously been reported that Paul 's younger brother, Cody Walker, would either join the cast in a new role, or replace his older brother in the role of O'Conner; however, it was later announced that the character will not return to the franchise. Moritz also said that the film would shift the focus of the franchise from a series of heist films to a spy caper, following a similar change in focus from street racing in Fast Five (2011). In December 2016, the film was retitled The Fate of the Furious.
Diesel, Russell and Michelle Rodriguez were the first to confirm their involvement in the film, and Tyrese Gibson and Chris Bridges both confirmed their return soon after. Lucas Black had signed on to reprise his role from The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift as Sean Boswell for Furious 7, and two more installments in September 2013, though he did not appear in Fate. In May 2015, Dwayne Johnson confirmed his involvement in the film, additionally hinting at a possible spin - off film involving his character, Luke Hobbs. Jason Statham also confirmed his return. In April 2016, Charlize Theron and Kristofer Hivju were confirmed as additions to the cast, in villainous roles, while Scott Eastwood also joined the film as a law enforcement agent. On May 17, 2016, Diesel posted a photo on his Instagram page of himself and Elsa Pataky on set, indicating that she had also returned for the film, and was followed two days later by a video on set with Nathalie Emmanuel, who also starred in the previous film. In June 2016, Helen Mirren announced in an interview with Elle that she would appear in the film. In July 2016, Don Omar tweeted that he and Tego Calderon would return to the franchise for the eighth picture. During an interview with Chris Mannix on July 21, 2016, Lucas Black confirmed he would not appear in the eighth installment, due to scheduling conflicts.
In keeping with the franchise 's penchant for filming in "exotic '' locations, such as Dubai and Rio de Janeiro, in January 2016 it was announced that Universal was seeking approval from the United States and Cuban governments to shoot part of the film in Cuba. Principal photography began on March 14, 2016, in Mývatn, Iceland, where strong winds sent a plastic iceberg prop flying into a paddock. The prop struck two horses: one was wounded and the other mortally injured; it was later euthanized. In late April, filming began in Cuba 's capital city, Havana. In May, filming also took place in Cleveland, Ohio. Franchise cinematographer Stephen F. Windon returned for the eighth installment. Filming also took place in Atlanta and New York City.
Brian Tyler, who scored the third, fourth, fifth, and seventh installments, was tapped to compose the film score for the eighth picture. A soundtrack album by Atlantic Records was released on April 14, 2017, coinciding with the film 's US theatrical release. The film 's score album was released on April 27, by Back Lot Music.
The Fate of the Furious had its world premiere in Berlin on April 4, 2017. The film was theatrically released in the United States on April 14, 2017, playing in 3D, IMAX 3D, and 4DX internationally, and received a day - and - date release across major markets such as Australia, the United Kingdom, China, and India, beginning on April 12, 2017. The film was released day - and - date in 1,074 IMAX screens around the world, making it the widest day - and - date opening in IMAX history.
The Fate of the Furious was released on 4K, Blu - ray, DVD and Digital HD on July 11, 2017.
The Fate of the Furious grossed $225.8 million in the United States and Canada and $1.013 billion in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.239 billion, against a production budget of $250 million ($350 million including marketing costs). It is Universal Pictures ' most ambitious worldwide distribution release in the studio 's history. The film was released day - and - date in 64 territories worldwide, including almost all major markets (minus Japan), starting from April 12, 2017, and was projected to earn anywhere between $375 -- 440 million in its five - day opening weekend. By the end of the weekend, it ended up earning $539.9 million from nearly 23,000 screens, way above initial projections, to score the biggest global opening in cinematic history. It also marked the third time that a film earned over $500 million in a single weekend, after Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($529 million) and Jurassic World ($525.5 million). In IMAX, the film made $31.1 million from 1,079 screens to record the biggest IMAX April debut and the fourth biggest overall.
On April 30, it crossed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the second release of 2017 (following Beauty and the Beast), the fifth film released by Universal Pictures (after Jurassic Park, Furious 7, Jurassic World, and Minions) and the thirtieth film overall in cinematic history to gross over $1 billion. It is currently the second highest - grossing film of the year, behind only Beauty and the Beast, the second - biggest action film that is not a fantasy or superhero movie, behind Furious 7, and is Universal 's highest - grossing live - action release since Jurassic World back in June 2015.
Like many of its predecessors, The Fate of the Furious was released in the United States and Canada in the month of April, and like its immediate predecessor, occupied the lucrative Easter week holiday period slot, where it was expected to open with $100 -- 125 million. It received the widest pre-summer release ever, at an estimated 4,304 venues, besting the 4,242 opening theater count of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice the previous March. The film made $10.4 million from Thursday night previews from 3,310 theaters, the second - highest of the franchise behind Furious 7 's $15.8 million. On its opening day it grossed $45.6 million, with Thursday previews making up 22.8 % of the amount, slightly better than the 23 % for Furious 7. Earning a total of $98.8 million on its opening weekend, the film scored the second biggest opening in the franchise (the third biggest adjusted for inflation) and the third biggest April debut, behind Furious 7 and The Jungle Book. It posted an almost identical weekend multiplier like its immediate predecessor (2.166 x vs 2.18 x). However, this is not surprising considering how both films opened over Good Friday / Easter Sunday stretch. Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine compared the opening to how Spectre (2015) opening fell from Skyfall (2012). One notable record the film set was the best opening for a film with an African American director, with Gray besting his own record set with Straight Outta Compton in 2015.
Sticking to the franchise 's famous and lauded habit of including a multi-ethnic cast of characters, the film played to audiences of all ethnicities. Domestically, Caucasians made up 41 percent of the audience, followed by Hispanics (26 percent), African - Americans (21) percent, Asians (11 percent), and Native American / Other (3 percent), according to comScore 's exit polling service PostTrack. The pic skewed male at 58 percent, far more than the last film at 51 percent. 2D ticketbuyers repped 57 % of the film 's opening compared to its predecessor 's 71 %. This means more die - hard moviegoers came out to watch the eighth instalment rather than people who do not typically go to the movies.
While The Fate of the Furious 's debut is 34 % less than its predecessor 's opening, critics have noted that the debut is still considered a massive success and not a big let down given how it is the eighth installment in an action franchise. Universal Pictures was well aware that the robust debut of Furious 7 could not be duplicated due to the wave of good reviews and publicity over the death of star Paul Walker, as well as the notion that the instalment was both a farewell to said actor and a kind of coronation for the franchise as a whole. Nevertheless, the film benefited from Easter holiday business with 74 % of all K - 12 schools off on Good Friday as well as a third of the nation 's colleges. The film comes out in the wake of its parent franchise celebrating 16 years of availability in cinemas. To wit, few film franchises which are close to 20 years old have demonstrated a box office ability to increase their openings with each installment over time or maintain them in close proximity in terms of debut numbers; James Bond film series, Batman film series, Jurassic Park franchise, and Star Wars franchise.
Its hefty opening was followed by the second - biggest April Monday gross ever with $8.5 million, behind the seventh instalment. Its Sunday to Monday drop was 60 % compared to its prequel 's 57 % drop which is far better than the Monday dropped witnessed by other April releases; The Jungle Book (- 76 %) and Captain America: The Winter Soldier (- 73 %), albeit without the advantage of a school holiday. Despite the entry of four new wide releases, critics and box office prognosticators kept a close watch on how much the film would drop in its second weekend. The film fell precipitously on its second Friday earning $11.17 million for a 76 % drop which is the biggest in the franchise 's history, besting the 72 % drops for both its two immediate predecessors. The steep decline maybe attributed not because of the onslaught of competitions, but rather due to the polarised reception received by the film and due to just 12 % K - 12 schools beings off compared to 74 % on Good Friday. It kept its hold at No. 1, albeit dropping about 61 % in its sophomore frame for an estimated $38.4 million. That domestic drop is right in line with the 59 - 63 % drops of the six previous instalment in the franchise 's on their second weekend out. It topped the box office for three straight weekends, witnessing similar weekend - to - weekend percentage drops like its prequel, albeit earning lesser in terms of numbers.
Internationally, The Fate of the Furious secured a release in 69 countries. The film was projected to post an opening between $275 -- 330 million from over 20,000 screens, with some analysts believing it could go as high as $350 -- 400 million. It opened Wednesday, April 12, 2017, in 8 countries, earning $17.9 million (including previews from 12 countries). It opened in 33 more countries on Thursday, April 2, for a total of 41 countries, earning $58.4 million, marking Universal Pictures overseas ' highest - grossing Thursday ever, and for a two - day total of $82.2 million. It added 22 more countries on Friday, April 3, earning $112.1 million to score Universal International 's highest grossing Friday of all time, for a three - day total of $194.8 million. The robust Friday take helped Universal push past $1 billion internationally in 2017 which is the second quickest ever and the studio 's eleventh consecutive year overall the pass the mark. Morever, on the same day, the franchise crossed the $4 billion milestone. In total, through Sunday, the film registered an opening of $441.1 million from 64 markets, setting new records for the biggest April international debut, Universal 's biggest, and the biggest of all time overall (ahead of Jurassic World) -- It is the first such film to open past $400 million in a single weekend with a bulk of it coming from China. Around $22.6 million came from (681) IMAX screens which is Universal 's second biggest behind only Jurassic World. It topped the international charts for a second consecutive term, adding another $158.1 million after which it was surpassed by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, another film starring Diesel and Russel, in its third weekend. In IMAX, the film has grossed north of $58 million. On May 28, the film officially passed the $1 billion threshold to become the second film in the franchise, following Furious 7, and the sixth film to pass the said mark.
It set the record for the biggest opening day of 2017 in every territory it has been released at, the biggest opening day of all time in 16 markets, Universal 's biggest opening day ever in 22 territories and the biggest opening in the franchise in 38 markets. Moreover, it recorded the biggest paid previews of all time in Malaysia, Singapore, Venezuela, and Vietnam. In terms of opening weekend, the film debuted at No. 1 in all markets where it set the biggest opening weekend of all time in 20 markets; Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 28 markets; and the biggest opening in the franchise in 40 markets. The top openings were recorded in China ($192 million), Mexico ($17.7 million), the UK and Ireland ($17.5 million), Russia ($14.2 million), Germany ($13.6 million), Brazil ($12.8 million), India ($10.7 million), Korea ($10.6 million), Middle East combined ($9.9 million), Taiwan ($9.3 million), France ($9.2 million), Australia ($9.5 million), Argentina ($9 million), Indonesia ($8.5 million), Italy ($6.7 million), Malaysia ($6.3 million), Spain ($6.1 million), Colombia ($4.9 million), Thailand ($4.9 million), Panama ($4.8 million), and Romania ($1.7 million). Comparing market - to - market performance, Furious 7 had an opening worth $250 million without China and Russia while The Fate of the Furious delivered $228.2 million debut, sans the two aforementioned markets. In Japan, the film debuted with $7.5 million. Although that 's a new record for the franchise, the film debuted at number three behind Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and local film Detective Conan: Crimson Love Letter -- their robust second weekend earnings blocked the former from taking the top spot, making Japan one of the few markets where the film did n't open at No. 1.
Expectations were high for the film 's performance in China, as its predecessor set notable records and went on to become the biggest film release there (now the biggest Hollywood release). The film was rebranded in Chinese as The Fast and the Furious 8 to make clear its connection to Furious 7. After ticket sales began on April 2, the film pre-sold more than RMB 125 million ($18.1 million) worth of tickets before its release, breaking the previous record held by local film Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons three months prior. Moreover, it also set a record for the fastest IMAX advance sales, with RMB 16.5 million ($2.4 million), breaking the previous record held by Captain America: Civil War, according to leading local movie site Mtime. In total, it pre-sold around $43.5 million tickets two hours before previews began, the biggest ever in the country. It earned a record - breaking RMB 59.8 million ($8.7 million) from Thursday paid previews ($8 million excluding online ticketing surcharges which now count as grosses), breaking its predecessor 's former record of RMB 52.5 million ($8.5 million in 2015; $7.6 million in 2017 exchange rates). On Friday, the film was screened in approximately 158,000 screens, a new record for any film, breaking Warcraft 's former 122,000 screen counts, and almost double the estimated 80,700 screen count of its predecessor. By Friday noon, it had already grossed $30 million. Buoyed by positive word - of - mouth -- 9.4 / 10 user rating on mobile ticketing platform Maoyan, and 7.4 / 10 from reviews aggregator Douban -- and effective marketing campaign, it set a new record for the biggest single - day ever at the Chinese box office, including previews. This was achieved at 7 p.m. local time. In total, the film grossed an estimated RMB 452.8 million ($65.8 million) on its opening day, inclusive of previews and online ticketing surcharges, compared to the RMB 398 million ($57.8 million) posted by its predecessor. It is the first film in Chinese history to register above RMB 400 million ($58 million) in a single day. Earning a total of RMB 1.323 billion ($192.2 million), according to Chinese sources and 190 million, according to Universal, in its debut weekend, it set a new milestone for three day opening weekend and overall the second best debut ever behind only local pic The Mermaid, which had the benefit of four days of previews over the New Year period in February 2016. An estimated $14 million came from 395 IMAX screens, the second biggest ever in the country, behind Warcraft. Its three - day debut alone made it the biggest Hollywood release of 2017 and the third biggest overall. Factoring out online ticketing surcharges, the total comes to a slightly less - hefty RMB 1.245 billion ($182.2 million). In just nine days, the film passed the historic RMB 2 billion ($300 million) and thereby became the biggest release of the year. The film fell precipitously by 71.4 % in its second weekend (from its $190 million debut), earning RMB 374 million ($54.3 million) for a massive 10 - day total of RMB 2.19 billion ($318 million). On April 30, it became the biggest Hollywood / foreign release of all - time with RMB 2.44 billion, surpassing its prequels former record of 2.41 billion. However, in terms of US currency, The Fate of the Furious ($381 million) is still behind Furious 7 ($391 million). After three consecutive weeks of topping the charts, it slipped to fourth place after being dethroned by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 from the top spot. It has so far grossed a total of RMB 2.648 billion ($383.9 million) and is the country 's second - biggest grosser ever, behind only The Mermaid.
In India, the film secured a release across approximately 1,600 -- 1,800 screens (1,000 -- 1,200 screens less than its predecessor). Like other Hollywood releases, it was released in both 2K projections and normal projections, and dubbed in local languages such as Hindi, Tamil and Telugu. It is the first international film to be dubbed into the Kannada language. Despite clashing with local pic Begum Jaan, analysts believe the two films will not affect each other 's performance, as they appeal to distinct moviegoers. Universal had high hopes in the territory, after Furious 7 grossed an unprecedented $24.9 million in 2015, and became the biggest foreign release ever in the country at the time of its release (now the second biggest). The Central Board of Film Certification gave the film a UA rating (parental guidance suggested for children under 12), rather than an A for adults, after the studio agreed to cut several profanities (CBFC was willing to pass the film with an A certificate with no cuts but Universal wanted a UA certificate leading to the board censoring all profanities with few cuts). It earned around ₹ 8.50 crore (US $1.3 million) net from Wednesday paid previews. The following day it grossed ₹ 22.50 crore (US $3.5 million), including previews. On its official opening day, it grossed ₹ 16.10 crore (US $2.5 million) for a three - day total of ₹ 38.60 crore (US $6.0 million). Earning a total of $10.7 million, it set a new record for the biggest ever foreign opening in the country, toppling its prequel 's former record. As such, it is the first foreign film to open north of $10 million. Following its record breaking opening, it fell about 58 % on its second weekend excluding previews, earning another $4 million for a two weekend total of over $17.4 million, With over $19.2 million it is currently the biggest foreign release of the year. However, in terms of net earnings -- which is the base for box office calculations in India -- the film was unable to break past the ₹ 100 crore (US $16 million) mark, stalling at around ₹ 85.59 crore (US $13 million). Despite a record breaking opening, it lost significant amount of screen counts and audiences thereafter, partly due to the release of Baahubali: The Conclusion.
The biggest earning markets are China ($390.2 million), followed by Brazil ($41.6 million), the UK and Ireland ($37.4 million), Mexico ($36.8 million) and Germany ($32.1 million). In Peru, it has become Universal 's highest - grossing film ever. With over $1 billion in international receipts and representing a boffo 82 % of the film 's total worldwide gross, it is currently the seventh - biggest overseas earner behind Avatar, Titanic, Furious 7, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, and Jurassic World.
The Fate of the Furious received mixed to positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 241 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "The Fate of the Furious opens a new chapter in the franchise, fueled by the same infectious cast chemistry and over-the - top action fans have come to expect. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 56 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A '' on an A+ to F scale.
Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review, writing: "This is n't my favorite of the series -- that 's still Furious 7 (it 's hard to top those jumps from skyscraper to skyscraper, but this is a worthy entry). These movies know what they are. These movies know they are fun. These are fun movies! '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety, in his positive review of the film, wrote: "Most franchises, after eight films, are feeling a twinge of exhaustion, but this one has achieved a level of success -- and perpetual kinetic creative energy -- that 's a testament to its commercial / cultural / demographic resonance. '' He also wrote "If this series, over the last 16 years, has taught us anything, it 's that just when you think it 's about to run out of gas, it gets outfitted with an even more elaborate fuel - injection system. ''
Conversely, David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C − and called it the worst entry of the franchise, saying: "As much a mess of conflicting tones and styles as it is of locations, this setpiece -- like the rest of Gray 's movie -- feels like a heap of random parts that were thrown together in the hopes that fate might somehow weld them into a roadworthy vehicle. It 's exhausting. '' J.R. Kinnard of PopMatters magazine gave a lukewarm review, writing: "It 's unlikely that devotees will consider The Fate of the Furious one of the stronger entries in the series. Still, the filmmakers and actors are clearly dedicated to making a quality product, avoiding the complacency that often plagues action sequels. '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying: "Moments after Dom has gone rogue and apparently wants to kill them, they 're making jokes. As they 're racing through the streets of New York City or skidding along the ice in Russia, killing bad guys and narrowly avoiding getting killed themselves, they 're crackin ' wise. Even within this ludicrous universe, it 's jarring to hear these supposedly smart folks, who refer to themselves as ' family, ' acting like idiots who do n't seem to care if they live or die, or if their friends survive. ''
Professor of international political economy Richard E Feinberg has commented on the political significance of the film 's opening setting of Havana in the context of shifting US - Cuban relations, calling the eighth installment, "Hollywood 's love letter to Havana ''. He writes, "In the Cuban sequence 's dramatic climax, Dom wins his hard - fought one - mile race ('' a Cuban mile ") against a tough local competitor, by a nose. The loser is gracious: ' You won my car and you earned my respect, ' he admits to the FF hero. Dom 's response is equally magnanimous: ' Keep your car, your respect is good enough for me. ' In this instance, FF8 captures the essence of the relations between the United States and Cuba: it 's all about mutual respect. ''
On February 3, 2016, Universal Pictures set initial release dates for the two remaining films in the franchise. The first, tentatively titled Fast & Furious 9, is scheduled to be released on April 19, 2019.
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where does the country turkey get its name | Name of Turkey - wikipedia
The English name Turkey, now applied to the modern Republic of Turkey, is historically derived (via Old French Turquie) from the Medieval Latin Turchia, Turquia; and Greek Τουρκία. It is first recorded in Middle English (as Turkye, Torke, later Turkie, Turky), attested in Chaucer, ca. 1369. The Ottoman Empire was commonly referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.
The name of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye) means "land of the Turks ''. Middle English usage of Turkye is attested to in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of the Duchess (c. 1369). The phrase land of Torke is used in the 15th - century Digby Mysteries. Later usages can be found in the Dunbar poems, the 16th century Manipulus Vocabulorum ("Turkie, Tartaria '') and Francis Bacon 's Sylva Sylvarum (Turky). The modern spelling "Turkey '' dates back to at least 1719.
On 29 October 1923, upon the country declaring a Republic, Turkey adopted its official name, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, known in English as the Republic of Turkey.
The first recorded use of the term "Türk '' or "Türük '' as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks (Celestial Turks) of Central Asia (c. AD 735). The Turkic self - designation Türk is attested to reference to the Göktürks in the 6th century AD. A letter by Ishbara Qaghan to Emperor Wen of Sui in 585 described him as "the Great Turk Khan. ''
An early form of the same name may be reflected in the form of "tie - le '' (鐵 勒) or "tu - jue '' (突厥), name given by the Chinese to the people living south of the Altay Mountains of Central Asia as early as 177 BC.
The Greek name, Tourkia (Greek: Τουρκία) was used by the Byzantine emperor and scholar Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his book De Administrando Imperio, though in his use, "Turks '' always referred to Magyars. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the Black and Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia (Land of the Turks) in Byzantine sources. However, the Byzantines later began using this name to define the Seljuk - controlled parts of Anatolia in the centuries that followed the Battle of Manzikert in 1071. The medieval Greek and Latin terms did not designate the same geographic area now known as Turkey. Instead, they were mostly synonymous with Tartary, a term including Khazaria and the other khaganates of the Central Asian steppe, until the appearance of the Seljuks and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century, reflecting the progress of the Turkic expansion.
By contrast, the Persian derivation Turkestan remains mostly applied to Central Asia. The name is derived from the ethnic self - designation Türk, as Turkestan is a Persian or Persianate term meaning "abode of the Turks ''. The Modern Persian word ترکیه is a derivation with the Arabic nisba suffix. The name for Turkey in the Turkish language, Türkiye, also contains the nisba suffix -- iye.
The Arabic cognate Turkiyya (Arabic: تركيا) in the form Dawla al - Turkiyya (State of the Turks) was historically used as an official name for the medieval Mamluk Sultanate which covered Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Hejaz and Cyrenaica.
The Icelandic word Tyrkland, and the Hungarian word Törökország, i.e. "Turk - land '', use native forms of derivation.
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what is the song when you say nothing at all about | When You Say Nothing at All - wikipedia
"When You Say Nothing at All '' is a country song written by Paul Overstreet and Don Schlitz. It is among the best - known hit songs for three different performers: Keith Whitley, who took it to the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart on December 24, 1988; Alison Krauss, whose version was her first solo top - 10 country hit in 1995; and Irish pop singer Ronan Keating, whose version was his first solo single and a chart - topper in the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1999.
Overstreet and Schlitz came up with "When You Say Nothing at All '' at the end of an otherwise unproductive day. Strumming a guitar, trying to write their next song, they were coming up empty. "As we tried to find another way to say nothing, we came up with the song, '' Overstreet later told author Ace Collins. They thought the song was OK, but nothing special. When Keith Whitley heard it, he loved it, and was not going to let it get away. Earlier, he had recorded another Overstreet - Schlitz composition that became a No. 1 hit for another artist - Randy Travis ' "On the Other Hand. '' Whitley did not plan to let "When You Say Nothing at All '' meet the same fate.
RCA released "When You Say Nothing at All '' as the follow - up single to the title song of Whitley 's Do n't Close Your Eyes album. The former song already had hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, his first chart - topper after three prior singles made the top 10. "When You Say Nothing at All '' entered the Hot Country Singles chart on September 17, 1988, at No. 61, and gradually rose to the top, where it stayed for two weeks at the end of the year. It was the second of five consecutive chart - topping singles for Whitley, who did not live to see the last two, as he died on May 9, 1989 of alcohol poisoning. "Keith did a great job singin ' that song, '' co-composer Schlitz told author Tom Roland. "He truly sang it from the heart. '' In 2004, Whitley 's original was ranked 12th among CMT 's 100 Greatest Love Songs. It was sung by Sara Evans on the show. As of February 2015, the song has sold 599,000 digital copies in the US after it became available for download.
In 1995, Alison Krauss covered the song with the group Union Station for a tribute album to Whitley titled Keith Whitley: A Tribute Album. The single release featured "Charlotte 's in North Carolina, '' one of several previously - unreleased tracks sung by Whitley on the album, as the B - side. After Krauss 's cover began to receive unsolicited airplay, BNA Records, the label that had released the album, issued Krauss ' version to radio in January 1995. That version, also featured on Krauss ' compilation Now That I 've Found You: A Collection, peaked at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, and a commercial single reached No. 2 on the same magazine 's Hot Country Singles Sales chart. The single 's B - side was a previously unreleased Whitley song titled "Charlotte 's in North Carolina '', which also appeared on the tribute album.
Its success, as well as that of the album, caught Krauss by surprise. "It 's a freak thing, '' she told a Los Angeles Times reporter in March 1995. "It 's kinda ticklin ' us all. We have n't had anything really chart before. At all. Is n't it funny though? We do n't know what 's goin ' on... The office said, ' Hey, it 's charting, ' and we 're like, ' Huh? ' ''
While Krauss ' version was on the charts, Mike Cromwell, then the production director at WMIL - FM in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, concocted a duet merging elements of Krauss ' version with Whitley 's original hit version. The "duet '' garnered national attention, and it spread from at least Philadelphia to Albuquerque, and has been heard on radio stations in California as well. This "duet '' was however never officially serviced to radio and has never been available commercially.
Krauss ' recording won the 1995 CMA award for "Single of the Year ''. The song has been featured a couple of times in the soap opera The Young and the Restless. Krauss ' version was also used in the 1999 motion picture "The Other Sister ''. The song has sold 468,000 digital downloads as of May 2017.
"When You Say Nothing at All '' was released as the debut solo single by Irish singer - songwriter Ronan Keating. The song was recorded in 1999 for the soundtrack to the film Notting Hill and also appeared on Keating 's debut solo album, Ronan. The song was released on July 26, 1999, in the United Kingdom. It peaked at number one in the UK, Ireland, and New Zealand. In the UK, the single was certified gold. In 2003, Keating re-recorded the song as a duet with Mexican singer Paulina Rubio, which was released in Mexico and Latin America (excluding Brazil) to promote Keating 's second studio album, Destination. In Brazil, Ronan chose the Brazilian singer Deborah Blando to re-record the song for the 10 Years Of Hits album exclusive for that country (an exclusive music video was recorded for this version with Deborah).
The Italian - Ukrainian - Brazilian singer Deborah Blando recorded "When You Say Nothing at All '' in English and Portuguese for the Brazilian version of the song, which featured on the Brazilian version of Destination. The single reached the top 10 in the Latin charts. Burmese singer Zaw Paing also made a Burmese version cover.
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when is season 3 of rick and morty coming out | Rick and Morty (season 3) - wikipedia
The third season of Rick and Morty, an American animated television series created by Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland, originally aired on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with "The Rickshank Rickdemption '', which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017 as part of Adult Swim 's annual April Fools ' prank. As a result of delays during the writing process, the remaining episodes began airing weekly on July 30, 2017, almost two years since the premiere of the previous season. The third season comprised ten episodes, and its initial airing concluded on October 1, 2017.
The premiere picks up where the second - season finale left off, as the show continues to follow the adventures of the members of the Smith household. When Jerry asks Beth to choose between him and Rick, the strength of their marriage is tested. Jerry is confronted with the loss of his family, while Beth begins to discover her independence again. Morty and Summer deal with their parents ' separation by seeking more control over their lives. Rick 's nihilistic way of life continues to prevent him from bonding with his family, as he remains unable to change his self - destructive behavior.
The season received generally positive reviews, and many critics have highlighted its focus on character development. Furthermore, Rick and Morty delivered the highest ratings in Adult Swim 's history and was the top - rated comedy among millennials on television. The season has also received a number of awards and nominations, including a Critics ' Choice Award for Best Animated Series.
Rick is interrogated via a mind - computer link, inside a galactic federal prison. Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks, who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick. Back at the prison, Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them. He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison, prompting a massive battle. Amid the confusion, Rick rescues Morty and Summer, and uses the Galactic Federation 's mainframe to make its currency worthless. The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result, with the aliens leaving Earth. Rick, Morty, and Summer return home where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick. Beth chooses Rick and they decide to get a divorce. After the new status quo is established, Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence. This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant, centered around Rick 's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald 's Szechuan sauce, a promotional product for the 1998 film Mulan.
Rick takes Morty and Summer to a post-apocalyptic version of Earth, where they are chased by a group of scavengers, known as Death Stalkers. Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322, so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it. Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers ' leader, while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm, which takes him in search of its previous owner 's killer. Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth. When he returns, he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization. Summer does not like how the change softens the Death Stalkers, and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home. Before leaving, Rick steals the isotope. The experience helps the kids overcome their parents ' divorce. Summer reconciles with Jerry, and Morty realizes he must live his own life.
Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending a school - sanctioned family therapy, but Beth takes Rick 's serum which would revert the transformation. Left alone, Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain, where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton, with added weapons such as razors and drills. He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency. The guards try to kill Rick, under orders from the agency director, but Rick kills them all. In the process, Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar. Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session, arriving towards the end. Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis, observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability. On their way home, Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again. Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong, but Rick and Beth ignore them.
At Morty 's insistence, Rick agrees to join the Vindicators, a group of intergalactic superheroes, to fight their archnemesis, Worldender. Rick can not hide his disdain for the superheroes, while Morty is thrilled. The next morning, the Vindicators enter Worldender 's base, only to find that, the previous night, Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive while he was blackout drunk. They start arguing and kill one another, while Morty solves all the puzzles, as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up. After all puzzles are solved, the only ones left alive are Rick, Morty, and Supernova, who is a member of the Vindicators. Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty, but before she can do so, the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk, where she gets away.
To bolster Jerry 's self - esteem, Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty 's request. They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry wo n't be harmed while away. Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon, an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped. Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick, but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage. Meanwhile, Summer deals with self - esteem issues as well. Her boyfriend, Ethan, leaves her for a larger - breasted girlfriend, and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick 's devices. Her aim is off, and she grows to bizarre proportions. Morty wants to call Rick for assistance, but Beth refuses. Arrogantly trying to prove her own self - worth, Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine. Once Morty figures out how the machine works, he restores Summer 's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance.
After a six - day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse, Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa, where they use a machine that extracts a person 's negative personality traits. However, without Rick and Morty knowing, those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts, characterized by Rick 's arrogance and Morty 's self - loathing. On the other hand, the true Rick becomes more considerate, and Morty 's confidence soars, which allows him to start dating girls. Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image, but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him. Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stockbroker in New York City. Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica, Morty 's classmate, and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him.
As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis, the episode shifts focus towards the Citadel, a secret society populated by numerous versions of Ricks and Mortys. There, a group of Mortys journey to a portal to have their wishes granted; a novice police officer Rick starts working with a veteran police Morty to take down drug dealers, and a worker Rick revolts at a wafer factory, where the key ingredient is extracted from a Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories. Meanwhile, an election is held for the new president of the Citadel. Despite being the underdog, the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency. When his campaign manager receives information that the new president is in fact Evil Morty from the first - season episode "Close Rick - counters of the Rick Kind '', he attempts to assassinate him but he fails. Evil Morty orders the execution of a shadow council of Ricks and anybody else he considers a potential threat to his rule.
After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted, Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty 's mind. However, as it turns out, besides the memories that Morty did not want to keep from their adventures, the room also contains memories in which Rick was made to look foolish, so he had them forcibly removed from Morty. This revelation prompts a fight, during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased. Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost, but he is displeased with the truth he finds, and convinces Rick that they should kill themselves. Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide. At this point, it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen. Following written instructions, Summer tranquilizes Rick and Morty, restores their memories, and drags them to the living room. Rick and Morty wake up on the couch, believing that they slept through an entire "Interdimensional Cable '' episode.
Rick and Beth enter Froopyland, a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth. Their goal is to recover Tommy, Beth 's childhood friend who has been trapped in Froopyland, and prevent the execution of his father, who is being falsely accused of eating him. Tommy, who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality, incest and cannibalism, refuses to return to the real world. Rick and Beth manage to save his father 's life by creating a clone of Tommy. Back at home, Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created, so that she will be free to travel the world. Meanwhile, Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara, to Morty and Summer 's dismay. When he decides to get out of the relationship, Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids, whom she holds responsible. The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend, much like Jerry was doing with her.
The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House, which they do with little effort. Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude, they go back home, with the President quickly finding out. The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President 's security. Meanwhile, fearing she might be a clone made by Rick, Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth. Shortly after, the entire family gets together to hide from Rick, but he tracks them down. Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family member. Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick, a Rick from a different reality, and calling a truce. The episode ends with the family happy to be together again, except for Rick who is disappointed about losing his dominant position.
The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters.
Other cast members of the season, who each have voiced one or more characters, include: Dan Harmon, Brandon Johnson, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Nolan North, Cassie Steele, Kari Wahlgren, Laura Bailey, John DiMaggio, Ryan Ridley, Scott Chernoff, Dan Benson, Clancy Brown, Echo Kellum, Melique Berger, William Holmes, Tara Strong, Jeff B. Davis, Jonas Briedis, Phil Hendrie, Rob Paulsen, Alex Jayne Go, Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise.
On August 12, 2015, shortly after a successful second - season premiere, Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season. Talking about the show 's renewal, co-creator Dan Harmon said that it is "an honor to see Rick and Morty join the exclusive club of shows with over nineteen episodes. ''
Female writers were added to the staff for the first time, and -- counting out the co-creators of the show, Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon -- the writing room was gender - balanced. Sarah Carbiener, one of the new female writers, said that she managed to learn many things from her experience as a member of the writing team. She explained that a story that for other shows would have been an entire episode, for Rick and Morty it will be only its first few minutes. Therefore, the team had to write a large amount of story in a short time. Dan Harmon, talking about the writing process, said that the episodes were written collectively by the staff, and that the name of the writer that appears in the credits of an episode is usually that of the person who has been assigned to prepare the episode 's outline. Writing began on November 2, 2015, and the first episode was recorded on February 18, 2016.
In July 2016, already behind on schedule, the production team admitted that the success of the series had increased pressure to meet the expectations of the viewers. The creative freedom provided by Adult Swim entailed taking responsibility for product quality, and as the bar had risen higher, work had become harder, improvements were constantly being sought, and this often resulted in delays. Writing was finally completed in November 2016. In February 2017, Dan Harmon, answering questions regarding the delayed release, announced on his podcast, Harmontown, that the season was in the animation process, after a long period of writing. When production of the season had been completed, Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter, explaining that the writing process took that long to complete, because of his perfectionism. As a result, the third season of Rick and Morty consisted of only ten episodes instead of fourteen, as was initially intended.
Following the conclusion of the show 's third season, Adult Swim made a livestream marathon of Rick and Morty available to watch on its official website in select regions, hoping to dissuade viewers from watching other illegal livestreams. The season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on May 15, 2018, with special features including exclusive commentary and animatics for every episode, "inside the episode '', the origins of Rick and Morty, and an exclusive "inside the recording booth '' session. Uncensored versions of the season are available to purchase on various digital platforms, including iTunes, Amazon and Microsoft Store. The digital release also includes commentaries on every episode, as well as seven more short videos featuring co-creators Dan Harmon and Justin Roiland. The season is available to watch on Netflix in a number of countries outside the United States, including the United Kingdom.
The season currently holds a 97 % approval rating from the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 16 reviews, and a rating average of 8.76 out of 10. Jesse Schedeen of IGN described the third season of the show as darker and more unpredictable than the first two, and praised its high - concept storytelling and character development. Schedeen gave the season an 8.8 out of 10 rating, saying that it "did n't quite reach the heights of Season 2, but it is the series ' most consistently entertaining and ambitious season yet ''. Holding a different view, Mike Cosimano of Comics Gaming Magazine disagreed with other critics about the third season being dark; he said that it used "cheap gut punches to elicit that very reaction ''. Cosimano also said that too many episodes of the season were weak and the character development is "front - loaded to the first half of the show, '' resulting in an uneven season. He considered the season to be "a disappointment, '' rating it 6.5 out of 10.
On a thematic level, Kayla Cobb of Decider focused on the dynamism displayed by Beth and Summer, as the characters broke the stereotypical conventions of the first two seasons. Cobb stated that "Season 3 is the first time Rick and Morty really handed over the reigns (sic) to its leading ladies, and it was a horrifying delight. '' Julia Alexander of Polygon highlighted the philosophical conflict between nihilist realism and life in ignorant bliss as the season 's main theme, and noted that "after an introspective season built on the importance of self - realization and reflection, Rick and Morty 's third year ended on a total reset, '' with Beth and the kids reuniting with Jerry in the season - finale, as they seek comfort through escapism and ignore the realities of their lives. Once again, Rick becomes the outsider figure in the Smith household, with Beth noting that from this point "things will be like season one '' again. Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club, however, appeared skeptical about the character 's statement, noting that "the problem with going as far as season three went is that bridges stay burned ''. Handlen considered Jerry 's return to be an anticlimax from a character standpoint and "a necessary corrective to an arc that was in danger of going off the rails completely ''.
Rick and Morty completed its third season with overall viewership numbers increased by 81 % over the previous season, and delivered the highest ratings in Adult Swim 's history. Rick and Morty was the most popular television comedy within the 18 -- 24 and 18 -- 34 age ranges in the United States, based on "Live + 7 '' ratings data spanning from December 2016 to September 2017. This rating system tracks live viewership plus streaming and on - demand viewing over an initial week - long period, and provides a more accurate picture of delayed viewing as compared to "Live + Same Day '' ratings. Considering that episodes of the third season originally aired at 11: 30 p.m. on Sundays, it is very likely that people would have watched them on - demand the next day or several days later.
Christina Miller, the president of Adult Swim, told Fortune that Rick and Morty "goes beyond just appealing to millennials, '' as numbers suggest that people of all ages are watching the show. The second episode of the season, which aired nearly four months after the unannounced premiere, was the season 's most - watched episode with 2.86 million viewers, and the second - best on cable for the day it aired in adults 18 -- 49, behind the weekly episode of Game of Thrones. The season finale was watched by 2.6 million live plus same day viewers and it was the most - watched telecast across all age groups.
The Szechuan sauce reference in the season premiere brought huge online attention for McDonald 's discontinued promotional product. Internet memes spread rapidly on Reddit and Twitter, more than 40,000 people signed a petition at Change.org, asking for the return of the sauce, while an eBay auction resulted in a 20 - year - old packet of this teriyaki sauce being sold for $14,700. On October 7, 2017, McDonald 's served limited quantities of Szechuan sauce, with the company calling it "the year 's most talked - about dipping sauce. ''
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who does the chief risk officer report to | Chief risk officer - Wikipedia
The chief risk officer (CRO) or chief risk management officer (CRMO) of a firm or corporation is the executive accountable for enabling the efficient and effective governance of significant risks, and related opportunities, to a business and its various segments. Risks are commonly categorized as strategic, reputational, operational, financial, or compliance - related. CROs are accountable to the Executive Committee and The Board for enabling the business to balance risk and reward. In more complex organizations, they are generally responsible for coordinating the organization 's Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) approach. The CRO is responsible for assessing and mitigating significant competitive, regulatory, and technological threats to a firm 's capital and earnings. The CRO roles and responsibilities vary depending on the size of the organization and industry. The CRO works to ensure that the firm is compliant with government regulations, such as Sarbanes - Oxley, and reviews factors that could negatively affect investments. Typically, the CRO is responsible for the firm 's risk management operations, including managing, identifying, evaluating, reporting and overseeing the firm 's risks externally and internally to the organization and works diligently with senior management such as Chief Executive officer and Chief Financial Officer.
The role of the Chief Risk Officer (CRO) is becoming increasing important in financial, investment, and insurance sectors. According to Watson, the majority of CROs agreed that having only exceptional analytical skill is not sufficient. The most successful CROs are able to combine these skills with highly developed commercial, strategic, leadership and communication skill to be able to drive change and make a difference in an organization. CROs typically have post graduate education with over 20 years of experience in accounting, economics, legal or actuarial backgrounds. A business may find a risk acceptable; however, the company as a whole may not. CROs need to balance risks with financial, investment, insurance, personnel and inventory decisions to obtain an optimum level for stakeholders. According to a study by Morgan McKinley, a successful CRO must be able to deal with complexity and ambiguity, and understand the bigger picture.
James Lam, a noted risk professional, is credited as the first person to coin the term. Lam is the first person to hold that position at GE Capital in 1993. The position became more common after the Basel Accord, the Sarbanes - Oxley Act, the Turnbull Report.
A main priority for the CRO is to ensure that the organization is in full compliance with applicable regulations and to analyze all risk related issues. They may also be required to work alongside other senior executives such as with a chief compliance officer. They may deal with topics regarding insurance, internal auditing, corporate investigations, fraud, and information security. The responsibilities and requirements to become a chief risk officer vary depending on the size of the organization and the industry, however most CRO 's typically have a masters - degree level of education and 10 to 20 years of business - related experience, with actuarial, accounting, economics, and legal backgrounds common. There are many different pathways to become a CRO but most organizations prefer to promote their own employees to the position internally.
A chief risk officer (CRO) is relatively considered a newer position in the board of directors. When comparing the function of a CRO to the rest of the officers, we find that there is a relationship with every other role. In other words, for a process in any department in a firm to be completed it has to be discussed with a CRO to clear it of potential risks. In general, the CRO has many crucial tasks to look for in any organization to better serve its needs and mitigate its risk. According to the Enterprise Risk Management Initiative, CROs need to find a way to balance risks and inventory decisions to obtain an optimum level for stakeholders and maintain a positive reputation regarding the firm. However, the job description of CRO there is more in depth, there are some general tasks which every CRO has to be familiar with, such as, understanding the concept of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM).
A Chief risk officer must identify, assess, measure, manage, monitor and report every aspect of the risk function of new implementations of the firm. This Task is important when translating business requirements of the firm into business / reporting and system specifications. Also, the CRO 's assistance is necessary when it comes to new developments. Risk Chiefs must be leaders in developing and improving management reporting as well as providing user training for in - house developed systems. In addition to developing policies and frameworks, the CRO is responsible for training and supervision of employees. Another important task is managing the development of new risk policies and procedures and participating in local and global discussions to enhance security processes and standards.
The role of the CRO is still evolving as the scope of task is constantly changing. The increasing regulatory and legislative requirements of organizational compliance makes the CRO to one of the most important member of the management team. To be able to view risk in the context of the whole company and to organize different risk functions and task through the different entities of the organization, is inevitable to the success of any structural planning.
The title of a CRO is a fairly new position in a company that is continually evolving. The responsibility of a CRO can be supported by the CEO or CFO. However, having an independent position to mitigate risks close to the executive board is a real asset for the company. Although the title of CRO is fairly new, job titles such as CFOs and CEOs also have functions of a CRO. Related positions of a CRO include CEO, CFO, Chief Risk Management Officer, Risk Manager and Capital Manager. Although these related positions do n't necessarily replace a CRO, they do hold job functions that are similar to those of a CRO.
Some names can be cited as examples of Chief Risk Officer. This new position is found in many different industries. The major one is in the financial sector. For instance, Craig Broderick is the CRO of Goldman Sachs in the United States with nine years of experience, Joachim Oechslin works for Credit Suisse in Switzerland as CRO and Thomas Wilson ensures to mitigate risk at Allianz in Germany. Companies in other industries have hired CROs in order to become more competitive. For example, Stefano Rettore is the CRO of Archer Daniels Midland while being a member of the executive board. Vijay Patil has more than ten years of experience in this function and is the CRO of Yamaha.
On August 1993, James Lam became the first worldwide CRO at GE Capital. He is called the inventor of the ERM model. As a CRO, Lam 's responsibilities were to mitigate the risks of the company. He managed the credit risks, market risk, risk transfer and hedge risk. In 1995, a few company executives started to hire CROs in their organizations. But the demand was still low in the CRO position. In 2002, the US government released a new law which influenced the CRO industry significantly. The Sarbanes Oxley Act which gets popular with 2004 says that directors or executive are more severe against counterfeit of financial corporate information. By hiring CROs, companies have started to protect the executives more. Ten years later, 2005, almost all big companies that were making sales over a billion dollar hired a CRO in their enterprise. These companies were almost in a difficult environment and that 's why they began to recognize the importance of a CRO. Another boost for the CRO role was the financial crisis in 2008. Many companies became bankruptcy and many jobs were destroyed. After these events, more and more CROs were hired. With the increase in regulation in the economy, the position of the CRO is gaining more importance. The worldwide globalization is also increasing the importance of CROs. As of 2017, there are more than 1000 CROs worldwide. Most of them come from the financial service, energy or commodity industry. In the future, the importance of the CRO will be measured by the complexity of the compliance risk.
The characteristics and / or qualifications of a Chief Risk Officer is dependent on the industry and the type of the business they are working in. For example, if the CRO were involved in the finance industry, a postgraduate education along with 10 + years of experience in accounting, economics, internal audit, risk management, strategic planning, or actuarial backgrounds would typically be a common characteristic along with many years in the banking sector.
Along with their extensive knowledge of the rules and regulations in finance, they usually would have held a position in the first / mid-level management up to senior executive for their past qualification in the industry. Having to understand the compliance with government regulations such as Sarbanes Oxley of 2002, it is common for CRO 's to have also held a Chief Financial Officer position prior to becoming a Chief Risk Officer. With their quantitative background in math, finance, and accounting - making the change to risk management would be a familiar experience. Whether in the technology, retail, healthcare, or finance industry - the qualities of a typical Chief Risk Officer are very similar throughout the industries. Their financial expertise will aid in creating reporting procedures that will monitoring any critical risks an organization may encounter.
Firstly, the salary range for a Chief Risk Officer has a wide variety, it is also dependent of the company and status the specific CRO achieved.
The average pay for a Chief Risk Officer (CRO) with Regulatory Compliance skills is about $162,274 per year. Those Risk Officers who work for banks earn slightly more at $180,970. Nevertheless, those managing risks for private corporations produce a higher average salary of $216,000 annually. (2)
Chief Risk Officers have the opportunity of landing in the bottom tenth percentile with a decent salary of $72,750. However, CROs with years of effectiveness and successful developments often pass the quarter million mark annually, so there is no earnings limit. (2) (3)
In the following some examples are given:
Enterprise Risk Management, ERM, is a fairly new process of managing risk within a company. Although ERM has yet to be widely accepted as an industry standard since there are various definitions as to what ERM exactly is, more recognition and acceptance of ERM has been shown. There are seminars dedicated to ERM explaining the process and providing examples of applications while also discussing advances in the field. Papers on ERM are also beginning to appear in journals and books which are starting to be published. Some universities are even starting to offer courses regarding ERM and the process.
A definition provided by the committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in 2004 defines ERM as a process, effected by an entity 's board of directors, management, and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be with its appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives.
Another definition provided by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO 3100) defines ERM as coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to risk.
According to James Lam, the definition of ERM is a value added function can be described as the inclusive and cohesive framework for managing key risks in order to achieve business goals, mitigate unexpected earnings unpredictability, and increase firm value to reduce risk which is a variable that can cause deviation from an expected outcome.
According to James Lam, author of the book "Enterprise Risk Management, '' there are several primary benefits of using ERM; 1) enhanced organizational effectiveness, 2) increased efficiency in terms of risk reporting, 3) improved business performance.
Organizational effectiveness helps address special and specific risks by creating the top - down coordination needed to form an integrated team suited to handle both independent risks and interdependencies between risks. More - over, ERM has been said to increased risk management awareness allowing for more efficient operational and strategic decision making. This is done through the appointment of a chief risk officer and the establishment of an enterprise risk function.
Risk reporting assists both the chief risk officer of an organization and the board of governors in identifying key risk factors that may prove detrimental to the company in both the present and the future. Thus, ERM enables senior management to identify, measure, and limit to acceptable levels the net exposures faced by the firm. Being able to create risk transparency allows a firm to better hedge against those particular risks or avoid them all together.
Better business performance is yet another benefit of using ERM. Companies that adopt an ERM approach have seen improvements in areas requiring key management decisions from capitol allocations to product development and pricing to mergers and acquisitions. As a result, this leads to the benefits and improvements gained from utilizing an ERM approach can be seen in the form of loss reduction, improved shareholder value, decreased earning volatility, and an increase in the firms ' earnings.
The ERM model implies the leadership by an individual who is responsible for the development and implication of an ERM strategy and assists the senior management in terms of risk management. In order to this a CRO sets up a risk management framework and policies based on the ERM strategy. Furthermore, he implements reports and risk indicators to communicate the risk culture throughout the firm. These reports assist the CRO in creating a risk profile. He is communicating the firms risk profile to the key stakeholders such as the CEO, the board of directors and business partners. The optimizing of the risk portfolio is another assigned task by the ERM. He advises for firm projects from a risk management point of view and uses regulations and risk transfer strategies in order to mitigate the risk.
ERM vs Silo
ERM: An ERM requires an integrated risk organization what normally means, that a centralized risk management unit has to report to the CEO and the board of directors. The Chief risk officer in an ERM is responsible for knowing and gathering information over all the different aspects within an organization. He takes a portfolio view of all types of risks within the company. In an ERM approach the use of insurance and alternative risk transfer products is only considered if the risk seemed undesirable or unwanted to the management. Integration of risk management in the whole company 's business process becomes necessary. The ERM optimizes business performance by influencing different aspects like pricing and resource allocation. There are three major benefits connected to the use of the ERM approach and the CRO as liaison: Due to the fact that a CRO and an integrated team can better manage individual risks and interdependencies between these risks, the use of an ERM leads to an increased organizational effectiveness. Apart from this fact, a better risk reporting can be reached by prioritizing the content of risk reporting that should go to the different instances like the senior management or the board of directors. A side effect of this information prioritizing is a much better transparency throughout the whole organization. Last but not least you can also reach a better overall business performance in the company. This is only possible if the risk management team uses an ERM approach and supports key management decisions like pricing, product development or Mergers and Acquisition. Given the support, there will be several benefits like increased earnings and improved shareholder value. An ERM can combine and integrate several risk silos into a firm - wide risk portfolio and can consider aspects as volatility and correlation of all risk exposures. This can lead to a maximization of the diversification 's benefits.
SILO: Under a Silo approach, risk transfer strategies are executed under a transactional or individual risk level. As an example insurance can be mentioned, which transfers out operational risk. Risk assessment and quantification processes are not integrated. Value - at - risk models are used to quantify the market risk and credit default models are used to estimate credit risk. Both specific models could be used independently, still: that it is not the case in the Silo approach. There are different effects that can be caused by this less integrative model: Over-hedging and far too much insurance cover can be a result of not incorporating all the different kinds of risk and their wide diversification. Another characteristic of the Silo approach is the continuous fighting of one crisis after another without having an integrative concept or a specific individual that can be held responsible. No one specifically takes responsibility for aspects like the overall risk reporting or other risk - related unit supplies. Further more there is another aspect that shows a weakness of this model: Having different organizational units to address every specific risk that then first has to be segmented in the company definitely speaks for a less effective technique. In the Silo approach the different business units use various methodologies to track counterparty risks. This can become a problem, if you look at the total counterparty exposure: it can get too great to be managed by all the different business units.
Risk Champion:
After a near miss or an actual crisis managers are often alarmed and focus more on all aspect of risk during the ongoing inspection. They are looking at aspects like the compliance risk and they are reinforcing important roles for the board. All these actions often lead to the naming of a risk champion who is then responsible for developing and establishing an ERM approach. In many companies the risk champion is becoming more and more a formal senior management position: the CRO. One of the important function of a risk champion that should be mentioned is his / her support to legitimize the implementation of the risk management itself. Apart from this fact he also helps the institution follow its objectives and better site it for the future. Further more he is also responsible for communicating its benefits. Normally a risk champion should have the different characteristics like skills, knowledge and leadership qualities, necessary to handle all the different specific aspects that can occur in the process of risk management. Other aspects that should be mentioned considering the responsibilities of a risk champion is his duty to intervene in instances where risk management efforts are actually disabled. This can be caused by the management itself or a lack of institutional skills. Additional he also provides support to the whole risk management process if a problematic, complicated risk occurs. In this case he can use the multiple participant approach. Assisting the risk owner, but not assuming his or her role to help find a solution for his / her problem is also one of the many duties a risk champion has to face. In some studies the risk champion is described as some kind of troubleshooter who alleviates risk related problems. After all you can summarize that the risk champion hast to be integrated into the company 's ERM approach and by this contribute to the institution 's goals and objectives.
The Sarbanes - Oxley Act
The Sarbanes - Oxley Act is an act of 2002. In response to various financial scandals, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes - Oxley Act. This act also can be called Sarbox or Sox. First of all, Sarbanes - Oxley sought to enhance the integrity of corporate financial reporting and better regulate the accounting profession. The Sarbanes - Oxley Act applies for every company which is registered by SEC; therefore, international companies are included as well.
Furthermore, it regulates and set standards for companies to protect shareholders and the public from accounting errors as well as generates more transparency between reporting and the markets.
Thus, the Sarbanes - Oxley Act enhanced corporate financial reports and made several reforms in the accounting profession. Enhancements occurred in the financial statements; therefore, the Sarbanes - Oxley Act requires a company 's executive chief officer and chief financial officer to clarify the precision of its financial reports. Moreover, to ensure the mentioned accuracy of financial reports, internal controls are required. Accordingly, each financial report required an internal control report to prevent fraud. Furthermore, the CRO has to be aware of everything occurring in his company on a daily basis, but he must also be current on all of the requirements from the SEC. In addition, the CRO restrains corporate risk by managing compliance.
Why is a CRO so important in financial institutions?
There is a report of having a CRO from 93 % of all financial institutions that have more complex operations. A few institutions also established a chief compliance officer position. Integrating risk and finance can lead to getting more successful results and achieving strategic goals. Due to the fact that by using both: CRO and CFO, both skill sets are brought together. This can lead to the fact that the CFO 's pressure is relieved and he can focus more on helping organizations direct their activities and find new opportunities to growth. The CEO of Zions Bancorporation, Harris Simmons once wrote that there would be an "uncontested need for an independent risk management in large banking organizations ". But in his opinion "covered companies should be allowed a measure of flexibility in determining how such an organization should be structured ''. According to Thomas Stanton, author of "Why Some Firms Thrive and Others Fail ", one of the differences between a company that was successful and another one that was not successful during the financial crisis, was their "application of a constructive dialogue ". On the one hand there were the employees who were responsible for making money by selling products and financial services and on the other hand there were the ones responsible for limiting risks. Due to the fact that bank regulators have actually encouraged banks now for a longer time to adopt an enterprise risk management approach, the need of a CRO to manage risk across the whole organization has increased. You can see a close coordination between Finance and Risk Management if you take a look at how a risk model is developed. Data of the risk model are often "created by finance '' and their outcomes exert influence on the financial reporting. Here you can clearly see the interdependencies. Its no longer the case that risk and finance can be seen independent. The integration between finance and risk platforms may also relax different aspects like calculation or the integration of Data. After all it can be said, that the banking industry would rarely need this systematic approach today if it would have employed more chief risk officers before the financial crisis began.
COSO, a Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, uses the concept of Enterprise Risk Management for the first time. In this context, they published in 2004 the Enterprise Risk Management -- Integrated Framework. In the past years the complexity of risk has changed, and new risks have emerged why COSO published in 2017 the updated framework of ERM. This framework includes five interrelated components which are found in the most ERM frameworks.
Governance and Culture establishes organizational processes and defines desired cultures to measure and manage risk across the company. The result is a top - down risk management.
Strategy and Objective - Setting formulates business objectives which put strategy into practice. The business objectives are a basis for identifying, assessing, and responding to risk. Also, Strategy and Objective - Setting analyzes business context, defines risk appetite and evaluates alternative strategies.
Performance identifies, assesses severity, and prioritizes risks which may impact the achievement of strategy and business objectives. Later, the company selects risk responses and develops a portfolio view. In the last step, the results are reported to key risk stakeholders.
Review and Revision consider how well the enterprise risk management components are functioning over time. Also, it reviews risk and performance, and, if necessary, improves the company and their risk management.
Information, Communication, and Reporting. To communicate risk information and create reports on risk, culture, and performance to the company 's key stakeholders.
Corporate governance
The Sarbanes Oxley Act, which was created in 2002 to prevent corporate fraud, was the reason for the rise of the importance of corporate governance. Hence the ERM requires that the following management responsibilities be assigned: to define a firm 's "risk profile ''; this means it is required to evaluate the firm 's willingness to take risks and threats and the possible outcomes. This is important to determine proper investment asset allocation. Also, to ensure firm has necessary risk management skills. Risk management skills involves the risk management process which consists of 5 steps: risk assessment, risk analysis, risk treatment, risk acceptance, and risk communication. Thirdly, to establish the organization 's structure with all roles and responsibilities. This involves assigning different enterprise risk management roles throughout the organization, and establishing a clear hierarchy structure.
Risk management integration also plays an important role in corporate governance. This means identifying the degree of harm derived from a certain threat or risk and balancing the costs and benefits of the possible methods to eliminate or reduce the risk. It is crucial to establish risk assessment and audit processes to avoid corruption within a corporation 's risk management process. There must be auditor 's who authorize the decisions of the risk managers before they are implemented.
Setting the risk culture of the firm starting at the top: The CEO is an important step in corporate governance. Establishing a hierarchy chart for the company 's risk management roles is a critical step to ensure clear communication of the tasks and duties in the ERM process. It is also important to create an ongoing employee training program; a strong employee training program means there is less employee mistakes therefore less money wasted within the corporation, and this could also avoid big issues such as bankruptcy or bad company reputation.
Management
Using the concept of Line vs Staff Positions in the Firm ERM means that in certain situations the line managers should seek advice from the staff beneath them. Using the Line Vs Staff concept does the following: aligns the production process with the corporate risk policy, incorporates expected losses and cost of risk capital into production pricing and the hurdle rate, and creates an efficient and transparent risk review process to give production managers better understanding of acceptable risks.
This should help reduce the volatility of the company 's earnings, thus enhancing shareholder value. With an organized approach to risk, a firm can better manage its risks and returns to make more informed decisions about capital and investments.
Portfolio management
ERM requires that management act as a portfolio fund manager who identifies the firm 's risk profile which is essentially a representation at a given point of time of an organization 's overall exposure to risks. ERM also requires that management set risk limits within a range of risks. When risk taking is authorized, risk limits are bounds placed on that risk - taking decision.
ERM produces diversification benefits for the company. Diversification benefit arises when two processes are not completely dependent on each other, and a bad (good) outcome for one process does not necessarily mean a bad (good) outcome for the other. Dependency and diversification are opposite sides of the same coin; when the strength of a dependency is increased, the level of diversification benefit is reduced.
One part of the ERM Model is Risk Transfer. Per the terms and conditions the CRO must decide to spread the risk to an external party or to retain the risks. If he spreads the risk then it moves to an external party, but it can also go to a subsidiary. In general, the companies transfer risk by purchasing different kinds of insurance. The three favorite types of insurance are workers ' compensation, general liability, and property / casualty insurance.
Stakeholders are all individuals or groups of people who are in contact with the company. As the need for information grows in importance, management must respond to better risk visibility for the stakeholder groups. These include employees, customers, supporters, offerers, business partners, creditors and other stakeholders. Stakeholder managers provide useful information about the risk situation and financial position to stakeholders so that they can make the right investment decisions.
The chief risk officer (CRO) is a senior executive officer that reports to the CEO and / or the board of directors. The CRO manages the risk management department and provides information to help mitigate internal and external risk factors of the company and ensures that the company is in compliance with government regulations. Even though the CRO is a senior executive officer in the company, there are several limitation in what the CRO is able to control. While heading the risk management department the CRO is allowed freedom to control and mitigate risk when it does not require a large demand. When the potential for risk is large, the CRO must report to the CEO and / or the board of directors for future action. Although the CRO 's job is to minimize the potential risk in the company, risk as a factor can not not be eliminated fully from a company.
The introduction of the Sarbanes - Oxley act (SOX) has promoted the need and adaptation of the CRO role. A main priority of the CRO is to ensure that the company complies with SOX to ensure they are following government regulations. SOX introduced new legal regulations that becomes legal and compliance risk (s) for companies. With the introduction of SOX, the corporate officers could be held liable for failure to produce accurate financial reports and standings in the company. The CRO 's job is to help the company become compliant with government regulations, transparent, and help mitigate risk for the company.
The Rise of the CRO in Executive Middle East Magazine, https://web.archive.org/web/20111114213418/http://www.executive-magazine.com/getarticle.php?article=14802
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who is known as mother of the iditarod and why | Dorothy G. Page - wikipedia
Dorothy G. Page (January 23, 1921 -- November 16, 1989) was best known as "Mother of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race '', the 1,049 - mile (about 1,600 km) dog sled race across the U.S. state of Alaska.
Page moved from New Mexico to Alaska in 1960. She then became the president of the Wasilla - Knik Centennial Committee in 1966, and was in charge of coming up with an event to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the purchase of Alaska from Russia. In her own words, the self - described "history buff '' wanted "a spectacular dog race to wake Alaskans up to what mushers and their dogs had done for Alaska. ''
Page saw her first dog sled race in 1960. At the time, nearly every household in the rural Alaska Bush and Interior had a team of sled dogs for transportation. During the 1960s snowmachines started to replace the dogs, which all but vanished. The historic Iditarod Trail that passed through both Wasilla and Knik was an ideal stage. Dog mushing had been the primary means of communication and transportation in the Bush and Interior by Alaska Natives for centuries; remained so for the Russian, American, and French Canadian fur trappers in the 19th century; and reached its peak during the gold rushes of the late 19th to early 20th centuries.
Page was unable to get the support of a single dog musher until she met Joe Redington, Senior (the "Father of the Iditarod '') at the Willow Winter Carnival. Redington used dog teams to perform search and rescue for the U.S. Air Force, and owned a large kennel. He also had been lobbying to make the Iditarod Trail a National Historic Trail since the 1950s. Redington agreed to lend his support to the event, on the condition that a purse of USD $25,000 be divided among the winners.
The money was raised. In February 1967, 58 dog mushers competed in two heats along a 25 - mile (40 km) stretch of the old Iditarod Trail between Wasilla and Knik. The race was modeled after the first large dog sled race in the state, the 1908 to 1918 All - Alaska Sweepstakes (AAS) of Nome. The official name of the event was the Iditarod Trail Seppala Memorial Race, after the three - time Sweepstakes champion Leonhard Seppala. While Seppala was most famous for participating in the 1925 serum run which saved the city of Nome from a diphtheria epidemic, according to Page "Seppala was picked to represent all mushers... but it could just as easily have been named after Scotty Allan '' (the founder of the AAS).
In 1968 the race was canceled due to lack of snow, and the 1969 race was the last: With a purse of only $1,000, only 12 mushers participated. The Iditarod was held in 1973, largely due to Redington 's efforts. The route of the race was extended more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to Nome, and a purse of $51,000 was raised. The Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race has since grown into the premiere sporting event in the state, and the largest dog sled race in the world. The popularity also caused dog mushing to revive in the 1970s as a recreational sport.
Page also helped form the Iditarod Trail Committee, which organizes the race, and the Musher 's Hall of Fame in Knik. She served four terms on the Wasilla City Council, and was Mayor from 1986 to 1987. She volunteered as the President of the Wasilla - Knik - Willow Creek Historical Society, and was the curator of the Wasilla and Knik museums.
Page died on November 16, 1989. Despite her contributions to the sport, she was never a musher. After her death, the Wasilla Museum was renamed the Dorothy G. Page Museum in her honor. She is also commemorated by the Dorothy G. Page Halfway Award, given to the first musher to reach the midpoint of the race, in Cripple on even - numbered years, and the trail 's namesake of Iditarod on odd - numbered years. She was named the honorary musher during the 1997 Iditarod.
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what is the name of the groundhog in groundhog day | Punxsutawney Phil - wikipedia
Punxsutawney Phil is the name of a groundhog in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. On February 2 (Groundhog Day) each year, the town of Punxsutawney celebrates the legendary groundhog with a festive atmosphere of music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler 's Knob, located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) south - east of town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks of winter - like weather. If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an "early spring. '' The date of Phil 's prognostication is known as Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada, and has been celebrated since 1887. Punxsutawney Phil became a national celebrity thanks to the 1993 movie Groundhog Day.
A select group, called the Inner Circle, takes care of Phil year - round and also plans the annual ceremony. Members of the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club 's Inner Circle are recognizable by their top hats and tuxedos. The Vice President of the Inner Circle prepares two scrolls in advance of the actual ceremony, one proclaiming six more weeks of winter and one proclaiming an early spring. At day break, on February 2, Punxsutawney Phil awakens from his burrow on Gobbler 's Knob, is helped to the top of the stump by his handlers, and explains to the President of the Inner Circle, in a language known as "Groundhogese '', whether or not he has seen his shadow. The president then interprets Phil 's message and directs the Vice President to read the proper scroll.
The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil 's predictions are predicated on a light - hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors. It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of "groundhog punch '' or "elixir of life '' administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall. In reality, the lifespan of a groundhog is roughly six years and it is unknown how many groundhogs have actually played Phil.
According to the Groundhog Club, Phil, after the prediction, speaks to the club president in "Groundhogese '', which only the current president can understand, and then his prediction is translated for the entire world.
The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted in a Celtic and Germanic tradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Pagan holiday of Imbolc (known among Christians as Candlemas), winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, a hedgehog would cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May. When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs.
Each year two scrolls are prepared by the vice president of the Inner Circle: one says early spring and one says six more weeks of winter. These scrolls are placed during the ceremony on the stump and after Phil is awoken by the crowd, Phil communicates in Groundhogese to the President who is then directed by Phil to the proper scroll and forecast.
Past predictions (130 total)
As of 2017, Punxsutawney Phil has made 130 predictions, with an early spring (no shadow) predicted 18 times (13.85 %). According to Stormfax, as of 2016 the predictions have proven correct 39 % of the time.
Coordinates: 40 ° 56 ′ 10 '' N 78 ° 57 ′ 14 '' W / 40.93611 ° N 78.95389 ° W / 40.93611; - 78.95389
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why are the toledo rockets called the rockets | Toledo Rockets - wikipedia
The Toledo Rockets are the athletic teams that represent the University of Toledo. The Rockets are a Division I Football Bowl Subdivision team in the National Collegiate Athletic Association and play in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The school 's colors are midnight blue and gold.
Toledo 's principal rivals are the Falcons of Bowling Green State University. The two teams play for a trophy each year known as the Peace Pipe, a prize that originated in basketball but progressed to football in 1980. This rivalry is sometimes known as "The Battle for I - 75 '' because the cities of Toledo and Bowling Green are located just off Interstate 75 and only 20 miles separate the two campuses.
A member of the West Division of the Mid-American Conference, Toledo sponsors teams in six men 's and ten women 's NCAA sanctioned sports.
When The University of Toledo played the then - powerful Carnegie Institute of Technology in football on September 29, 1923, Pittsburgh sports writers were surprised to learn that UT did not have a nickname. Though an underdog, Toledo fought formidably, recovering a series of embarrassing fumbles by favored Tech. Pittsburgh writers pressed James E. Neal (1904 -- 1983), a UT junior pharmacy student and writer for The Campus Collegian who was working in the press box, to come up with a nickname for his school 's team. Despite UT 's 32 - 12 loss, the student labeled the team "Skyrockets, '' obviously impressed by his alma mater 's flashy performance against a superior team. William B. Hook, who started as an unknown substitute guard and ended a hero, grabbed a Carnegie fumble out of the air and raced 99 yards for a touchdown. A sportswriters remarked that Hook looked more like a rocket than a skyrocket as Carnegie Tech players failed to overtake him. Other writers began using the name "Rockets '' with quotation marks in their stories, but after one week the quotation marks were dropped and The University of Toledo 's nickname remained the Rockets.
The Bowling Green State University Falcons have been the Rocket 's biggest rival, dating back to 1919. In 1935, UT beat the Falcons in a 63 - 0 blowout, and the Toledo fans went crazy causing an outbreak of riots and damage. As a result, Bowling Green removed Toledo from their athletic play list until 1947.
When the Rockets resumed play against Bowling Green, the Peace Pipe was instituted as a basketball award. There allegedly used to be a ceremony involving journalistic organizations from Toledo and Bowling Green at halftime of one of the UT - BG basketball games every year. Representatives from each school 's newspaper smoked a six - foot peace pipe, carved from wood, with the winning school keeping the pipe until the next season. Unfortunately in 1969, the tradition came to an abrupt end when the pipe was stolen from its resting - place in the Collegian office. The thief was never caught, nor was the pipe ever recovered. The tradition was reinstated in 1980 for football with a miniature peace pipe replica resting atop a trophy created by Frank Kralik, former UT football player, as an award for the winner of the annual football game between Toledo and Bowling Green.
Rocky the Rocket, The University of Toledo 's mascot, was created in the 1966 -- 67 academic year by the Spirits and Traditions committee, an appendage of student government, with various students being chosen to dress up as the mascot for different games. In the fall of 1968, Rocky was taken under the wing of Dan Seemann, Director of Student Activities at the time, and the First Official Rocky the Rocket, Bill Navarre, emerged. Navarre assumed the role at both home and away football and basketball games, wearing the Rocky the Rocket costume, which was made by the theatre department seamstress: a wastepaper basket with a pointed rocket top made of papier - mâché. In the past, Rocky was run by the Student Activities office, but is now supported by the Athletics Department. Any student can try out in the spring semester to be Rocky for the following year.
The mascot can be viewed at various university sponsored events including pep rallies, home and away football games, men and women 's basketball games and the homecoming parade.
Over the years, Rocky 's costume has changed many times:
Football at The University of Toledo started in 1917 with a 145 to 0 loss to The University of Detroit. They finished off that season 0 - 3, being out scored by their opponents 262 - 0. For twenty years, UT football teams were moved from one stadium to another including Armory Park, Waite Bowl, the Nebraska Avenue grounds, St. John 's field, Swayne Field and Libbey Stadium.
Finally in 1937, The University of Toledo 's football team resided in its permanent home on the University 's Bancroft Campus. Construction of the field, which is set in a natural bowl, began in February 1936 as a project of the Works Progress Administration during the Great Depression. The only means of construction were picks, shovels, and wheelbarrows. The original design of the stadium had a seating capacity of 11,000 fans. It now has the capacity to hold 26,248 fans!
The first game in the Rockets ' stadium was on September 25, 1937. Grass had not yet been planted around the stadium and there were no walkways to the entrance. Thus, when heavy rainfall deluged the area, mud blocked the gates and the game had to be postponed until the following Monday. The Rockets went on to beat Bluffton College, 26 - 0. The Rockets ' stadium is known as the "Glass Bowl '' in recognition of Toledo 's distinction of being the glass capital of the world. The stadium was not named the "Glass Bowl '' until renovations in 1946. The origin of the name dates back to 1946 and a man named Wayne Kohn, an employee of the structural engineering department of the Libbey - Owens Ford Glass Co., who suggested an annual Glass Bowl football game to be played in the Rockets ' stadium. Three Toledo glass manufacturing companies developed the idea further and with the University sponsored a "Glass Bowl '' stadium, which was a renovation of the then current stadium. The stone structures at the northeast and northwest corners of the Glass Bowl are called Blockhouses. In the past, the Blockhouses were used as a residence for the football players. The Rockets would stay in the west Blockhouse and the visitors would stay in the east Blockhouse. The Glass Bowl is the second oldest stadium in the Mid-American Conference, behind Ohio University 's Peden Stadium. Over the years there have been many renovations made to the Glass Bowl, such as switching from grass to Astroturf in October 1974; building an electronic scoreboard in 1975; adding seats in 1972; again adding seats, a press tower, luxury boxes, and Larimer Athletic Complex in 1990, and switching to NeXturf, an artificial surface carefully modeled after natural grass, in July 2001. The outer wall and Blockhouses are all that remain of the original Glass Bowl Stadium.
Formerly known as Savage Hall, John F. Savage Hall is much more than just UT 's 9,000 - seat basketball arena. Savage Hall is a multi-purpose building that is used for recreation, concerts and other special events, such as graduation. The arena built in 1976 was originally named Centennial Hall. The hall was renamed John F. Savage Hall on July 13, 1988, in honor of the 1952 UT graduate and strong university booster, John Savage, who was instrumental in the campaign to raise funds for the arena. Prior to the construction of Savage Hall, basketball games were played at the Field House, the second oldest building on campus. The inaugural men 's basketball game played in Centennial Hall was against the Indiana Hoosiers, who were the national champions the year before, ranked # 1 nationally, and on a 33 - game winning streak. The hall was packed with over 10,000 fans who came to see the Rockets end the Hoosiers winning streak by a very close score of 59 - 57. The hall has also hosted many musical acts over the years including Stevie Wonder, James Taylor, Metallica, Pearl Jam, Cher, Bush, Matchbox 20, Elton John, Goo Goo Dolls, Sheryl Crow, Boyz II Men, Destiny 's Child, Dave Matthew 's Band, Barenaked Ladies, and Elvis. Recently the hall was renovated and renamed John F. Savage Arena. On the inaugural game the Rockets beat University of Massachusetts in a game - winning buzzer - beater to put Toledo in the lead with a final score of 57 - 56.
Toledo 's baseball facility has stadium lighting and a capacity of 1,000 spectators. Its dimensions, from left field to right field are 330 feet, 400 feet, and 330 feet.
The University of Toledo Rocket Marching Band (RMB) is one of the largest, oldest, and most visible student groups on campus. With approximately 240 members (majoring in Anthropology to Zoology) including musicians, color guard, Dancing Rockettes, and feature twirlers, the marching band is a positive source of pride and school spirit for the campus, as well as the city of Toledo.
The RMB marches in a roll step style popular among various marching units (including Drum Corps. International). While the band operates at all home football games, it is separate from the Athletic Department and is under the College of Arts and Science 's Music Department.
The RMB is serviced by The Beta Rho Chapter of Kappa Kappa Psi - National Honorary (Service) Band Fraternity.
The Band is currently under the direction of Andrew Rhodes.
The University of Toledo Dancing Rockettes were the first recognized collegiate dance team in the nation. The team debuted on March 16, 1961 at halftime of the Kent State - Toledo basketball game. The Dancing Rockettes officially merged with The University of Toledo Rocket Marching Band on March 12, 1978.
Dave Connelly, UT athletic director and baseball coach through the 1930s and 1940s, wrote "U of Toledo '' in 1932. Connelly also coached football, track, and boxing. He joined the UT faculty as a professor in 1926, where he remained until his death in 1955. Connelly loved to sing, but had never studied music. Apparently, previous fight songs were no longer in use, so he wrote the words for "U of Toledo '' and sang the melody to a family friend, Bernie Jones. Jones played it on the piano and put it to music. The tune remained largely unchanged until 1975, when UT associate professor of music David Jex arranged a version removing the verse. The current version is arranged by Collins.
"Fair Toledo '' was selected from eight entries, which were submitted in the UT Alma Mater Song Contest, sponsored jointly by the Student Senate and the Alumni Association in 1959. The competition was held to replace "Golden and the Blue, '' set to "Annie Lisle, '' a tune used by various universities. While driving to work, Gilbert Mohr, an amateur songwriter, heard the contest announced on the radio. Mohr began humming different tunes, and later with his wife, Jean Strout, wrote the lyrics we know today as "Fair Toledo ''. The alma mater debuted at halftime of the Marshall - Toledo basketball game on March 2, 1959. Recently it has become a tradition for students and alumni alike to stay after the game is over and sing the Alma Mater as the Rocket Marching Band plays it. While singing it is encouraged to put your arms around your fellow Rocket 's shoulders and sway from side to side.
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hindu temples in uttar pradesh mentioned on wikipedia | Category: Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh - wikipedia Help
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one major characteristics of the renaissance was that the | Renaissance - wikipedia
The Renaissance (UK: / rɪˈneɪsəns /, US: / rɛnəˈsɑːns /) is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries. It is an extension of the Middle Ages, and is bridged by the Age of Enlightenment to modern history. It grew in fragments, with the very first traces found seemingly in Italy, coming to cover much of Europe, for some scholars marking the beginning of the modern age.
The intellectual basis of the Renaissance was its own invented version of humanism, derived from the concept of Roman Humanitas and the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said that "Man is the measure of all things. '' This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe: the very first traces appear in Italy as early as the late 13th century, in particular with the writings of Dante and the paintings of Giotto.
As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th - century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man ''.
The Renaissance began in Florence, Italy, in the 14th century. Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time: its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici; and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks. Other major centres were northern Italian city - states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, Bologna, and finally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.
The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th - century glorification of the "Renaissance '' and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men '', questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation. The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance '':
It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization -- historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science -- but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.
Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance '' from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for classical antiquity, while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras, which are linked, as Panofsky observed, "by a thousand ties ''.
The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth '' in French, first appeared in English in the 1830s. The word also occurs in Jules Michelet 's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.
The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.
Renaissance humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini sought out in Europe 's monastic libraries the Latin literary, historical, and oratorical texts of Antiquity, while the Fall of Constantinople (1453) generated a wave of émigré Greek scholars bringing precious manuscripts in ancient Greek, many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West. It is in their new focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the Renaissance of the 12th century, who had focused on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural sciences, philosophy and mathematics, rather than on such cultural texts.
In the revival of neo-Platonism Renaissance humanists did not reject Christianity; quite the contrary, many of the Renaissance 's greatest works were devoted to it, and the Church patronized many works of Renaissance art. However, a subtle shift took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was reflected in many other areas of cultural life. In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New Testament, were brought back from Byzantium to Western Europe and engaged Western scholars for the first time since late antiquity. This new engagement with Greek Christian works, and particularly the return to the original Greek of the New Testament promoted by humanists Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus, would help pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.
Well after the first artistic return to classicism had been exemplified in the sculpture of Nicola Pisano, Florentine painters led by Masaccio strove to portray the human form realistically, developing techniques to render perspective and light more naturally. Political philosophers, most famously Niccolò Machiavelli, sought to describe political life as it really was, that is to understand it rationally. A critical contribution to Italian Renaissance humanism Giovanni Pico della Mirandola wrote the famous text "De hominis dignitate '' (Oration on the Dignity of Man, 1486), which consists of a series of theses on philosophy, natural thought, faith and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of reason. In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek, Renaissance authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages; combined with the introduction of printing, this would allow many more people access to books, especially the Bible.
In all, the Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ideas from antiquity, and through novel approaches to thought. Some scholars, such as Rodney Stark, play down the Renaissance in favor of the earlier innovations of the Italian city - states in the High Middle Ages, which married responsive government, Christianity and the birth of capitalism. This analysis argues that, whereas the great European states (France and Spain) were absolutist monarchies, and others were under direct Church control, the independent city republics of Italy took over the principles of capitalism invented on monastic estates and set off a vast unprecedented commercial revolution that preceded and financed the Renaissance.
Many argue that the ideas characterizing the Renaissance had their origin in late 13th - century Florence, in particular with the writings of Dante Alighieri (1265 -- 1321) and Petrarch (1304 -- 1374), as well as the paintings of Giotto di Bondone (1267 -- 1337). Some writers date the Renaissance quite precisely; one proposed starting point is 1401, when the rival geniuses Lorenzo Ghiberti and Filippo Brunelleschi competed for the contract to build the bronze doors for the Baptistery of the Florence Cathedral (Ghiberti won). Others see more general competition between artists and polymaths such as Brunelleschi, Ghiberti, Donatello, and Masaccio for artistic commissions as sparking the creativity of the Renaissance. Yet it remains much debated why the Renaissance began in Italy, and why it began when it did. Accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins.
During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand. Artists depended entirely on patrons while the patrons needed money to foster artistic talent. Wealth was brought to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries by expanding trade into Asia and Europe. Silver mining in Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought home during the Crusades, increased the prosperity of Genoa and Venice.
Jules Michelet defined the 16th - century Renaissance in France as a period in Europe 's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world.
In stark contrast to the High Middle Ages, when Latin scholars focused almost entirely on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural science, philosophy and mathematics, Renaissance scholars were most interested in recovering and studying Latin and Greek literary, historical, and oratorical texts. Broadly speaking, this began in the 14th century with a Latin phase, when Renaissance scholars such as Petrarch, Coluccio Salutati (1331 -- 1406), Niccolò de ' Niccoli (1364 -- 1437) and Poggio Bracciolini (1380 -- 1459) scoured the libraries of Europe in search of works by such Latin authors as Cicero, Lucretius, Livy and Seneca. By the early 15th century, the bulk of such Latin literature had been recovered; the Greek phase of Renaissance humanism was under way, as Western European scholars turned to recovering ancient Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts.
Unlike with Latin texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Western Europe. Ancient Greek works on science, maths and philosophy had been studied since the High Middle Ages in Western Europe and in the medieval Islamic world (normally in translation), but Greek literary, oratorical and historical works (such as Homer, the Greek dramatists, Demosthenes and Thucydides) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval Islamic worlds; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars. One of the greatest achievements of Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity. Arab logicians had inherited Greek ideas after they had invaded and conquered Egypt and the Levant. Their translations and commentaries on these ideas worked their way through the Arab West into Iberia and Sicily, which became important centers for this transmission of ideas. From the 11th to the 13th century, many schools dedicated to the translation of philosophical and scientific works from Classical Arabic to Medieval Latin were established in Iberia. Most notably the Toledo School of Translators. This work of translation from Islamic culture, though largely unplanned and disorganized, constituted one of the greatest transmissions of ideas in history. This movement to reintegrate the regular study of Greek literary, historical, oratorical and theological texts back into the Western European curriculum is usually dated to the 1396 invitation from Coluccio Salutati to the Byzantine diplomat and scholar Manuel Chrysoloras (c. 1355 -- 1415) to teach Greek in Florence. This legacy was continued by a number of expatriate Greek scholars, from Basilios Bessarion to Leo Allatius.
The unique political structures of late Middle Ages Italy have led some to theorize that its unusual social climate allowed the emergence of a rare cultural efflorescence. Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern period. Instead, it was divided into smaller city states and territories: the Kingdom of Naples controlled the south, the Republic of Florence and the Papal States at the center, the Milanese and the Genoese to the north and west respectively, and the Venetians to the east. Fifteenth - century Italy was one of the most urbanised areas in Europe. Many of its cities stood among the ruins of ancient Roman buildings; it seems likely that the classical nature of the Renaissance was linked to its origin in the Roman Empire 's heartland.
Historian and political philosopher Quentin Skinner points out that Otto of Freising (c. 1114 -- 1158), a German bishop visiting north Italy during the 12th century, noticed a widespread new form of political and social organization, observing that Italy appeared to have exited from Feudalism so that its society was based on merchants and commerce. Linked to this was anti-monarchical thinking, represented in the famous early Renaissance fresco cycle Allegory of Good and Bad Government in Siena by Ambrogio Lorenzetti (painted 1338 -- 1340), whose strong message is about the virtues of fairness, justice, republicanism and good administration. Holding both Church and Empire at bay, these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty. Skinner reports that there were many defences of liberty such as the Matteo Palmieri (1406 -- 1475) celebration of Florentine genius not only in art, sculpture and architecture, but "the remarkable efflorescence of moral, social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time ''.
Even cities and states beyond central Italy, such as the Republic of Florence at this time, were also notable for their merchant Republics, especially the Republic of Venice. Although in practice these were oligarchical, and bore little resemblance to a modern democracy, they did have democratic features and were responsive states, with forms of participation in governance and belief in liberty. The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement. Likewise, the position of Italian cities such as Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads. Merchants brought with them ideas from far corners of the globe, particularly the Levant. Venice was Europe 's gateway to trade with the East, and a producer of fine glass, while Florence was a capital of textiles. The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study.
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation in Florence caused by the Black Death, which hit Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th - century Italy. Italy was particularly badly hit by the plague, and it has been speculated that the resulting familiarity with death caused thinkers to dwell more on their lives on Earth, rather than on spirituality and the afterlife. It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the sponsorship of religious works of art. However, this does not fully explain why the Renaissance occurred specifically in Italy in the 14th century. The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy. The Renaissance 's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors.
The plague was carried by fleas on sailing vessels returning from the ports of Asia, spreading quickly due to lack of proper sanitation: the population of England, then about 4.2 million, lost 1.4 million people to the bubonic plague. Florence 's population was nearly halved in the year 1347. As a result of the decimation in the populace the value of the working class increased, and commoners came to enjoy more freedom. To answer the increased need for labor, workers traveled in search of the most favorable position economically.
The demographic decline due to the plague had economic consequences: the prices of food dropped and land values declined by 30 to 40 % in most parts of Europe between 1350 and 1400. Landholders faced a great loss, but for ordinary men and women it was a windfall. The survivors of the plague found not only that the prices of food were cheaper but also that lands were more abundant, and many of them inherited property from their dead relatives.
The spread of disease was significantly more rampant in areas of poverty. Epidemics ravaged cities, particularly children. Plagues were easily spread by lice, unsanitary drinking water, armies, or by poor sanitation. Children were hit the hardest because many diseases, such as typhus and syphilis, target the immune system, leaving young children without a fighting chance. Children in city dwellings were more affected by the spread of disease than the children of the wealthy.
The Black Death caused greater upheaval to Florence 's social and political structure than later epidemics. Despite a significant number of deaths among members of the ruling classes, the government of Florence continued to function during this period. Formal meetings of elected representatives were suspended during the height of the epidemic due to the chaotic conditions in the city, but a small group of officials was appointed to conduct the affairs of the city, which ensured continuity of government.
It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in Florence, and not elsewhere in Italy. Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life that may have caused such a cultural movement. Many have emphasized the role played by the Medici, a banking family and later ducal ruling house, in patronizing and stimulating the arts. Lorenzo de ' Medici (1449 -- 1492) was the catalyst for an enormous amount of arts patronage, encouraging his countrymen to commission works from the leading artists of Florence, including Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti. Works by Neri di Bicci, Botticelli, da Vinci and Filippino Lippi had been commissioned additionally by the convent di San Donato agli Scopeti of the Augustinians order in Florence.
The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo de ' Medici came to power -- indeed, before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine society. Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck, i.e. because "Great Men '' were born there by chance: Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli and Michelangelo were all born in Tuscany. Arguing that such chance seems improbable, other historians have contended that these "Great Men '' were only able to rise to prominence because of the prevailing cultural conditions at the time.
In some ways humanism was not a philosophy but a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval scholastic mode, which focused on resolving contradictions between authors, humanists would study ancient texts in the original and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence. Humanist education was based on the programme of ' Studia Humanitatis ', the study of five humanities: poetry, grammar, history, moral philosophy and rhetoric. Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely, most have settled on "a middle of the road definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome ''. Above all, humanists asserted "the genius of man... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind ''.
Humanist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period. Political philosophers such as Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas More revived the ideas of Greek and Roman thinkers and applied them in critiques of contemporary government. Pico della Mirandola wrote the "manifesto '' of the Renaissance, the Oration on the Dignity of Man, a vibrant defence of thinking. Matteo Palmieri (1406 -- 1475), another humanist, is most known for his work Della vita civile ("On Civic Life ''; printed 1528), which advocated civic humanism, and for his influence in refining the Tuscan vernacular to the same level as Latin. Palmieri drew on Roman philosophers and theorists, especially Cicero, who, like Palmieri, lived an active public life as a citizen and official, as well as a theorist and philosopher and also Quintilian. Perhaps the most succinct expression of his perspective on humanism is in a 1465 poetic work La città di vita, but an earlier work, Della vita civile (On Civic Life), is more wide - ranging. Composed as a series of dialogues set in a country house in the Mugello countryside outside Florence during the plague of 1430, Palmieri expounds on the qualities of the ideal citizen. The dialogues include ideas about how children develop mentally and physically, how citizens can conduct themselves morally, how citizens and states can ensure probity in public life, and an important debate on the difference between that which is pragmatically useful and that which is honest.
The humanists believed that it is important to transcend to the afterlife with a perfect mind and body, which could be attained with education. The purpose of humanism was to create a universal man whose person combined intellectual and physical excellence and who was capable of functioning honorably in virtually any situation. This ideology was referred to as the uomo universale, an ancient Greco - Roman ideal. Education during the Renaissance was mainly composed of ancient literature and history as it was thought that the classics provided moral instruction and an intensive understanding of human behavior.
A unique characteristic of some Renaissance libraries is that they were open to the public. These libraries were places where ideas were exchanged and where scholarship and reading were considered both pleasurable and beneficial to the mind and soul. As freethinking was a hallmark of the age, many libraries contained a wide range of writers. Classical texts could be found alongside humanist writings. These informal associations of intellectuals profoundly influenced Renaissance culture. Some of the richest "bibliophiles '' built libraries as temples to books and knowledge. A number of libraries appeared as manifestations of immense wealth joined with a love of books. In some cases, cultivated library builders were also committed to offering others the opportunity to use their collections. Prominent aristocrats and princes of the Church created great libraries for the use of their courts, called "court libraries '', and were housed in lavishly designed monumental buildings decorated with ornate woodwork, and the walls adorned with frescoes (Murray, Stuart A.P.)
Renaissance art marks a cultural rebirth at the close of the Middle Ages and rise of the Modern world. One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective. Giotto di Bondone (1267 -- 1337) is credited with first treating a painting as a window into space, but it was not until the demonstrations of architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 -- 1446) and the subsequent writings of Leon Battista Alberti (1404 -- 1472) that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique.
The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts. Painters developed other techniques, studying light, shadow, and, famously in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, human anatomy. Underlying these changes in artistic method was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature and to unravel the axioms of aesthetics, with the works of Leonardo, Michelangelo and Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were much imitated by other artists. Other notable artists include Sandro Botticelli, working for the Medici in Florence, Donatello, another Florentine, and Titian in Venice, among others.
In the Netherlands, a particularly vibrant artistic culture developed. The work of Hugo van der Goes and Jan van Eyck was particularly influential on the development of painting in Italy, both technically with the introduction of oil paint and canvas, and stylistically in terms of naturalism in representation (see Renaissance in the Netherlands). Later, the work of Pieter Brueghel the Elder would inspire artists to depict themes of everyday life.
In architecture, Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings. With rediscovered knowledge from the 1st - century writer Vitruvius and the flourishing discipline of mathematics, Brunelleschi formulated the Renaissance style that emulated and improved on classical forms. His major feat of engineering was building the dome of the Florence Cathedral. Another building demonstrating this style is the church of St. Andrew in Mantua, built by Alberti. The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of St. Peter 's Basilica, combining the skills of Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Sangallo and Maderno.
During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and entablatures as an integrated system. The Roman orders types of columns are used: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. These can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of pilasters. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421 -- 1440) by Brunelleschi. Arches, semi-circular or (in the Mannerist style) segmental, are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental. Renaissance vaults do not have ribs; they are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the Gothic vault, which is frequently rectangular.
Renaissance artists were not pagans, although they admired antiquity and kept some ideas and symbols of the medieval past. Nicola Pisano (c. 1220 -- c. 1278) imitated classical forms by portraying scenes from the Bible. His Annunciation, from the Baptistry at Pisa, demonstrates that classical models influenced Italian art before the Renaissance took root as a literary movement
The rediscovery of ancient texts and the invention of printing democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of more widely distributed ideas. In the first period of the Italian Renaissance, humanists favoured the study of humanities over natural philosophy or applied mathematics, and their reverence for classical sources further enshrined the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic views of the universe. Writing around 1450, Nicholas Cusanus anticipated the heliocentric worldview of Copernicus, but in a philosophical fashion.
Science and art were intermingled in the early Renaissance, with polymath artists such as Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of anatomy and nature. Da Vinci set up controlled experiments in water flow, medical dissection, and systematic study of movement and aerodynamics, and he devised principles of research method that led Fritjof Capra to classify him as the "father of modern science ''. Other examples of Da Vinci 's contribution during this period include machines designed to saw marbles and lift monoliths and new discoveries in acoustics, botany, geology, anatomy and mechanics.
A suitable environment had developed to question scientific doctrine. The discovery in 1492 of the New World by Christopher Columbus challenged the classical worldview. The works of Ptolemy (in geography) and Galen (in medicine) were found to not always match everyday observations. As the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation clashed, the Northern Renaissance showed a decisive shift in focus from Aristotelean natural philosophy to chemistry and the biological sciences (botany, anatomy, and medicine). The willingness to question previously held truths and search for new answers resulted in a period of major scientific advancements.
Some view this as a "scientific revolution '', heralding the beginning of the modern age, others as an acceleration of a continuous process stretching from the ancient world to the present day. Significant scientific advances were made during this time by Galileo Galilei, Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler. Copernicus, in De Revolutionibus, posited that the Earth moved around the Sun. De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body), by Andreas Vesalius, gave a new confidence to the role of dissection, observation, and the mechanistic view of anatomy.
Another important development was in the process for discovery, the scientific method, focusing on empirical evidence and the importance of mathematics, while discarding Aristotelian science. Early and influential proponents of these ideas included Copernicus, Galileo, and Francis Bacon. The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy.
Applied innovation extended to commerce. At the end of the 15th century Luca Pacioli published the first work on bookkeeping, making him the founder of accounting.
From this changing society emerged a common, unifying musical language, in particular the polyphonic style of the Franco - Flemish school. The development of printing made distribution of music possible on a wide scale. Demand for music as entertainment and as an activity for educated amateurs increased with the emergence of a bourgeois class. Dissemination of chansons, motets, and masses throughout Europe coincided with the unification of polyphonic practice into the fluid style that culminated in the second half of the sixteenth century in the work of composers such as Palestrina, Lassus, Victoria and William Byrd.
The new ideals of humanism, although more secular in some aspects, developed against a Christian backdrop, especially in the Northern Renaissance. Much, if not most, of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the Church. However, the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary theology, particularly in the way people perceived the relationship between man and God. Many of the period 's foremost theologians were followers of the humanist method, including Erasmus, Zwingli, Thomas More, Martin Luther, and John Calvin.
The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil. The late Middle Ages was a period of political intrigue surrounding the Papacy, culminating in the Western Schism, in which three men simultaneously claimed to be true Bishop of Rome. While the schism was resolved by the Council of Constance (1414), a resulting reform movement known as Conciliarism sought to limit the power of the pope. Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the Fifth Council of the Lateran (1511), it was dogged by continued accusations of corruption, most famously in the person of Pope Alexander VI, who was accused variously of simony, nepotism and fathering four children (most of whom were married off, presumably for the consolidation of power) while a cardinal.
Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church, often based on humanist textual criticism of the New Testament. In October 1517 Luther published the 95 Theses, challenging papal authority and criticizing its perceived corruption, particularly with regard to instances of sold indulgences. The 95 Theses led to the Reformation, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in Western Europe. Humanism and the Renaissance therefore played a direct role in sparking the Reformation, as well as in many other contemporaneous religious debates and conflicts.
Pope Paul III came to the papal throne (1534 -- 1549) after the sack of Rome in 1527, with uncertainties prevalent in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation. Nicolaus Copernicus dedicated De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) to Paul III, who became the grandfather of Alessandro Farnese (cardinal), who had paintings by Titian, Michelangelo, and Raphael, as well as an important collection of drawings, and who commissioned the masterpiece of Giulio Clovio, arguably the last major illuminated manuscript, the Farnese Hours.
By the 15th century, writers, artists, and architects in Italy were well aware of the transformations that were taking place and were using phrases such as modi antichi (in the antique manner) or alle romana et alla antica (in the manner of the Romans and the ancients) to describe their work. In the 1330s Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (ancient) and to the Christian period as nova (new). From Petrarch 's Italian perspective, this new period (which included his own time) was an age of national eclipse. Leonardo Bruni was the first to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Bruni 's first two periods were based on those of Petrarch, but he added a third period because he believed that Italy was no longer in a state of decline. Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439 -- 1453).
Humanist historians argued that contemporary scholarship restored direct links to the classical period, thus bypassing the Medieval period, which they then named for the first time the "Middle Ages ''. The term first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas (middle times). The term la rinascita (rebirth) first appeared, however, in its broad sense in Giorgio Vasari 's Lives of the Artists, 1550, revised 1568. Vasari divides the age into three phases: the first phase contains Cimabue, Giotto, and Arnolfo di Cambio; the second phase contains Masaccio, Brunelleschi, and Donatello; the third centers on Leonardo da Vinci and culminates with Michelangelo. It was not just the growing awareness of classical antiquity that drove this development, according to Vasari, but also the growing desire to study and imitate nature.
In the 15th century, the Renaissance spread rapidly from its birthplace in Florence to the rest of Italy and soon to the rest of Europe. The invention of the printing press by German printer Johannes Gutenberg allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.
The Renaissance in Northern Europe has been termed the "Northern Renaissance ''. While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy, there was a simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation, particularly in music. The music of the 15th century Burgundian School defined the beginning of the Renaissance in music, and the polyphony of the Netherlanders, as it moved with the musicians themselves into Italy, formed the core of the first true international style in music since the standardization of Gregorian Chant in the 9th century. The culmination of the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian composer Palestrina. At the end of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation, with the development of the polychoral style of the Venetian School, which spread northward into Germany around 1600.
The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the Northern Renaissance. Italian Renaissance artists were among the first to paint secular scenes, breaking away from the purely religious art of medieval painters. Northern Renaissance artists initially remained focused on religious subjects, such as the contemporary religious upheaval portrayed by Albrecht Dürer. Later, the works of Pieter Bruegel influenced artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes. It was also during the Northern Renaissance that Flemish brothers Hubert and Jan van Eyck perfected the oil painting technique, which enabled artists to produce strong colors on a hard surface that could survive for centuries. A feature of the Northern Renaissance was its use of the vernacular in place of Latin or Greek, which allowed greater freedom of expression. This movement had started in Italy with the decisive influence of Dante Alighieri on the development of vernacular languages; in fact the focus on writing in Italian has neglected a major source of Florentine ideas expressed in Latin. The spread of the printing press technology boosted the Renaissance in Northern Europe as elsewhere, with Venice becoming a world center of printing.
In England, the sixteenth century marked the beginning of the English Renaissance with the work of writers William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser, Sir Thomas More, Francis Bacon, Sir Philip Sidney, as well as great artists, architects (such as Inigo Jones who introduced Italianate architecture to England), and composers such as Thomas Tallis, John Taverner, and William Byrd.
The word "Renaissance '' is borrowed from the French language, where it means "re-birth ''. It was first used in the eighteenth century and was later popularized by French historian Jules Michelet (1798 -- 1874) in his 1855 work, Histoire de France (History of France).
In 1495 the Italian Renaissance arrived in France, imported by King Charles VIII after his invasion of Italy. A factor that promoted the spread of secularism was the inability of the Church to offer assistance against the Black Death. Francis I imported Italian art and artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, and built ornate palaces at great expense. Writers such as François Rabelais, Pierre de Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay and Michel de Montaigne, painters such as Jean Clouet, and musicians such as Jean Mouton also borrowed from the spirit of the Renaissance.
In 1533, a fourteen - year - old Caterina de ' Medici (1519 -- 1589), born in Florence to Lorenzo II de ' Medici and Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, married Henry II of France, second son of King Francis I and Queen Claude. Though she became famous and infamous for her role in France 's religious wars, she made a direct contribution in bringing arts, sciences and music (including the origins of ballet) to the French court from her native Florence.
In the second half of the 15th century, the Renaissance spirit spread to Germany and the Low Countries, where the development of the printing press (ca. 1450) and early Renaissance artists such as the painters Jan van Eyck (1395 -- 1441) and Hieronymus Bosch (1450 -- 1516) and the composers Johannes Ockeghem (1410 -- 1497), Jacob Obrecht (1457 -- 1505) and Josquin des Prez (1455 -- 1521) predated the influence from Italy. In the early Protestant areas of the country humanism became closely linked to the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation, and the art and writing of the German Renaissance frequently reflected this dispute. However, the gothic style and medieval scholastic philosophy remained exclusively until the turn of the 16th century. Emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg (ruling 1493 -- 1519) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the Holy Roman Empire.
Culture in the Netherlands at the end of the 15th century was influenced by the Italian Renaissance through trade via Bruges, which made Flanders wealthy. Its nobles commissioned artists who became known across Europe. In science, the anatomist Andreas Vesalius led the way; in cartography, Gerardus Mercator 's map assisted explorers and navigators. In art, Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting ranged from the strange work of Hieronymus Bosch to the everyday life depictions of Pieter Brueghel the Elder.
The Renaissance arrived in the Iberian peninsula through the Mediterranean possessions of the Aragonese Crown and the city of Valencia. Many early Spanish Renaissance writers come from the Kingdom of Aragon, including Ausiàs March and Joanot Martorell. In the Kingdom of Castile, the early Renaissance was heavily influenced by the Italian humanism, starting with writers and poets such as the Marquis of Santillana, who introduced the new Italian poetry to Spain in the early 15th century. Other writers, such as Jorge Manrique, Fernando de Rojas, Juan del Encina, Juan Boscán Almogáver and Garcilaso de la Vega, kept a close resemblance to the Italian canon. Miguel de Cervantes 's masterpiece Don Quixote is credited as the first Western novel. Renaissance humanism flourished in the early 16th century, with influential writers such as philosopher Juan Luis Vives, grammarian Antonio de Nebrija and natural historian Pedro de Mexía.
Later Spanish Renaissance tended towards religious themes and mysticism, with poets such as fray Luis de León, Teresa of Ávila and John of the Cross, and treated issues related to the exploration of the New World, with chroniclers and writers such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Bartolomé de las Casas, giving rise to a body of work, now known as Spanish Renaissance literature. The late Renaissance in Spain produced artists such as El Greco and composers such as Tomás Luis de Victoria and Antonio de Cabezón.
Although Italian Renaissance had a modest impact in Portuguese arts, Portugal was influential in broadening the European worldview, stimulating humanist inquiry. Renaissance arrived through the influence of wealthy Italian and Flemish merchants who invested in the profitable commerce overseas. As the pioneer headquarters of European exploration, Lisbon flourished in the late 15th century, attracting experts who made several breakthroughs in mathematics, astronomy and naval technology, including Pedro Nunes, João de Castro, Abraham Zacuto and Martin Behaim. Cartographers Pedro Reinel, Lopo Homem, Estêvão Gomes and Diogo Ribeiro made crucial advances in mapping the world. Apothecary Tomé Pires and physicians Garcia de Orta and Cristóvão da Costa collected and published works on plants and medicines, soon translated by Flemish pioneer botanist Carolus Clusius.
In architecture, the huge profits of the spice trade financed a sumptuous composite style in the first decades of the 16th century, the Manueline, incorporating maritime elements. The primary painters were Nuno Gonçalves, Gregório Lopes and Vasco Fernandes. In music, Pedro de Escobar and Duarte Lobo produced four songbooks, including the Cancioneiro de Elvas. In literature, Sá de Miranda introduced Italian forms of verse. Bernardim Ribeiro developed pastoral romance, plays by Gil Vicente fused it with popular culture, reporting the changing times, and Luís de Camões inscribed the Portuguese feats overseas in the epic poem Os Lusíadas. Travel literature especially flourished: João de Barros, Castanheda, António Galvão, Gaspar Correia, Duarte Barbosa, and Fernão Mendes Pinto, among others, described new lands and were translated and spread with the new printing press. After joining the Portuguese exploration of Brazil in 1500, Amerigo Vespucci coined the term New World, in his letters to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de ' Medici.
The intense international exchange produced several cosmopolitan humanist scholars, including Francisco de Holanda, André de Resende and Damião de Góis, a friend of Erasmus who wrote with rare independence on the reign of King Manuel I. Diogo and André de Gouveia made relevant teaching reforms via France. Foreign news and products in the Portuguese factory in Antwerp attracted the interest of Thomas More and Dürer to the wider world. There, profits and know - how helped nurture the Dutch Renaissance and Golden Age, especially after the arrival of the wealthy cultured Jewish community expelled from Portugal.
After Italy, Hungary was the first European country where the renaissance appeared. The Renaissance style came directly from Italy during the Quattrocento to Hungary first in the Central European region, thanks to the development of early Hungarian - Italian relationships -- not only in dynastic connections, but also in cultural, humanistic and commercial relations -- growing in strength from the 14th century. The relationship between Hungarian and Italian Gothic styles was a second reason -- exaggerated breakthrough of walls is avoided, preferring clean and light structures. Large - scale building schemes provided ample and long term work for the artists, for example, the building of the Friss (New) Castle in Buda, the castles of Visegrád, Tata and Várpalota. In Sigismund 's court there were patrons such as Pipo Spano, a descendant of the Scolari family of Florence, who invited Manetto Ammanatini and Masolino da Pannicale to Hungary.
The new Italian trend combined with existing national traditions to create a particular local Renaissance art. Acceptance of Renaissance art was furthered by the continuous arrival of humanist thought in the country. Many young Hungarians studying at Italian universities came closer to the Florentine humanist center, so a direct connection with Florence evolved. The growing number of Italian traders moving to Hungary, specially to Buda, helped this process. New thoughts were carried by the humanist prelates, among them Vitéz János, archbishop of Esztergom, one of the founders of Hungarian humanism. During the long reign of emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg the Royal Castle of Buda became probably the largest Gothic palace of the late Middle Ages. King Matthias Corvinus (r. 1458 -- 1490) rebuilt the palace in early Renaissance style and further expanded it.
After the marriage in 1476 of King Matthias to Beatrice of Naples, Buda became one of the most important artistic centres of the Renaissance north of the Alps. The most important humanists living in Matthias ' court were Antonio Bonfini and the famous Hungarian poet Janus Pannonius. András Hess set up a printing press in Buda in 1472. Matthias Corvinus 's library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana, was Europe 's greatest collections of secular books: historical chronicles, philosophic and scientific works in the 15th century. His library was second only in size to the Vatican Library. (However, the Vatican Library mainly contained Bibles and religious materials.)
In 1489, Bartolomeo della Fonte of Florence wrote that Lorenzo de ' Medici founded his own Greek - Latin library encouraged by the example of the Hungarian king. Corvinus 's library is part of UNESCO World Heritage. Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance include Bálint Balassi (poet), Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos (poet), Bálint Bakfark (composer and lutenist), and Master MS (fresco painter).
An early Italian humanist who came to Poland in the mid-15th century was Filippo Buonaccorsi. Many Italian artists came to Poland with Bona Sforza of Milan, when she married King Sigismund I the Old in 1518. This was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas, as well as by newly established universities. The Polish Renaissance lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and was the Golden Age of Polish culture. Ruled by the Jagiellon dynasty, the Kingdom of Poland (from 1569 known as the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance. The multi-national Polish state experienced a substantial period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars -- aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated eastern and southern borderlands. The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country (giving rise to the Polish Brethren), while living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (szlachta) who gained dominance in the new political system of Golden Liberty. The Polish Renaissance architecture has three periods of development.
The greatest monument of this style in the territory of the former Duchy of Pomerania is the Ducal Castle in Szczecin.
Renaissance trends from Italy and Central Europe influenced Russia in many ways. Their influence was rather limited, however, due to the large distances between Russia and the main European cultural centers and the strong adherence of Russians to their Orthodox traditions and Byzantine legacy.
Prince Ivan III introduced Renaissance architecture to Russia by inviting a number of architects from Italy, who brought new construction techniques and some Renaissance style elements with them, while in general following the traditional designs of Russian architecture. In 1475 the Bolognese architect Aristotele Fioravanti came to rebuild the Cathedral of the Dormition in the Moscow Kremlin, which had been damaged in an earthquake. Fioravanti was given the 12th - century Vladimir Cathedral as a model, and he produced a design combining traditional Russian style with a Renaissance sense of spaciousness, proportion and symmetry.
In 1485 Ivan III commissioned the building of the royal residence, Terem Palace, within the Kremlin, with Aloisio da Milano as the architect of the first three floors. He and other Italian architects also contributed to the construction of the Kremlin walls and towers. The small banquet hall of the Russian Tsars, called the Palace of Facets because of its facetted upper story, is the work of two Italians, Marco Ruffo and Pietro Solario, and shows a more Italian style. In 1505, an Italian known in Russia as Aleviz Novyi or Aleviz Fryazin arrived in Moscow. He may have been the Venetian sculptor, Alevisio Lamberti da Montagne. He built 12 churches for Ivan III, including the Cathedral of the Archangel, a building remarkable for the successful blending of Russian tradition, Orthodox requirements and Renaissance style. It is believed that the Cathedral of the Metropolitan Peter in Vysokopetrovsky Monastery, another work of Aleviz Novyi, later served as an inspiration for the so - called octagon - on - tetragon architectural form in the Moscow Baroque of the late 17th century.
Between the early 16th and the late 17th centuries, an original tradition of stone tented roof architecture developed in Russia. It was quite unique and different from the contemporary Renaissance architecture elsewhere in Europe, though some research terms the style ' Russian Gothic ' and compares it with the European Gothic architecture of the earlier period. The Italians, with their advanced technology, may have influenced the invention of the stone tented roof (the wooden tents were known in Russia and Europe long before). According to one hypothesis, an Italian architect called Petrok Maly may have been an author of the Ascension Church in Kolomenskoye, one of the earliest and most prominent tented roof churches.
By the 17th century the influence of Renaissance painting resulted in Russian icons becoming slightly more realistic, while still following most of the old icon painting canons, as seen in the works of Bogdan Saltanov, Simon Ushakov, Gury Nikitin, Karp Zolotaryov and other Russian artists of the era. Gradually the new type of secular portrait painting appeared, called parsúna (from "persona '' -- person), which was transitional style between abstract iconographics and real paintings.
In the mid 16th - century Russians adopted printing from Central Europe, with Ivan Fyodorov being the first known Russian printer. In the 17th century printing became widespread, and woodcuts became especially popular. That led to the development of a special form of folk art known as lubok printing, which persisted in Russia well into the 19th century.
A number of technologies from the European Renaissance period were adopted by Russia rather early and subsequently perfected to become a part of a strong domestic tradition. Mostly these were military technologies, such as cannon casting adopted by at least the 15th century. The Tsar Cannon, which is the world 's largest bombard by caliber, is a masterpiece of Russian cannon making. It was cast in 1586 by Andrey Chokhov and is notable for its rich, decorative relief. Another technology, that according to one hypothesis originally was brought from Europe by the Italians, resulted in the development of vodka, the national beverage of Russia. As early as 1386 Genoese ambassadors brought the first aqua vitae ("water of life '') to Moscow and presented it to Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy. The Genoese likely developed this beverage with the help of the alchemists of Provence, who used an Arab - invented distillation apparatus to convert grape must into alcohol. A Moscovite monk called Isidore used this technology to produce the first original Russian vodka c. 1430.
The Italian artist and critic Giorgio Vasari (1511 -- 1574) first used the term rinascita retrospectively in his book The Lives of the Artists (published 1550). In the book Vasari attempted to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of gothic art: the arts (he held) had fallen into decay with the collapse of the Roman Empire and only the Tuscan artists, beginning with Cimabue (1240 -- 1301) and Giotto (1267 -- 1337) began to reverse this decline in the arts. Vasari saw antique art as central to the rebirth of Italian art.
However, only in the 19th century did the French word Renaissance achieve popularity in describing the self - conscious cultural movement based on revival of Roman models that began in the late - 13th century. French historian Jules Michelet (1798 -- 1874) defined "The Renaissance '' in his 1855 work Histoire de France as an entire historical period, whereas previously it had been used in a more limited sense. For Michelet, the Renaissance was more a development in science than in art and culture. He asserted that it spanned the period from Columbus to Copernicus to Galileo; that is, from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century. Moreover, Michelet distinguished between what he called, "the bizarre and monstrous '' quality of the Middle Ages and the democratic values that he, as a vocal Republican, chose to see in its character. A French nationalist, Michelet also sought to claim the Renaissance as a French movement.
The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt (1818 -- 1897) in his The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), by contrast, defined the Renaissance as the period between Giotto and Michelangelo in Italy, that is, the 14th to mid-16th centuries. He saw in the Renaissance the emergence of the modern spirit of individuality, which the Middle Ages had stifled. His book was widely read and became influential in the development of the modern interpretation of the Italian Renaissance. However, Buckhardt has been accused of setting forth a linear Whiggish view of history in seeing the Renaissance as the origin of the modern world.
More recently, some historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age, or even as a coherent cultural movement. The historian Randolph Starn, of the University of California Berkeley, stated in 1998:
"Rather than a period with definitive beginnings and endings and consistent content in between, the Renaissance can be (and occasionally has been) seen as a movement of practices and ideas to which specific groups and identifiable persons variously responded in different times and places. It would be in this sense a network of diverse, sometimes converging, sometimes conflicting cultures, not a single, time - bound culture ''.
There is debate about the extent to which the Renaissance improved on the culture of the Middle Ages. Both Michelet and Burckhardt were keen to describe the progress made in the Renaissance towards the modern age. Burckhardt likened the change to a veil being removed from man 's eyes, allowing him to see clearly.
In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness -- that which was turned within as that which was turned without -- lay dreaming or half awake beneath a common veil. The veil was woven of faith, illusion, and childish prepossession, through which the world and history were seen clad in strange hues.
On the other hand, many historians now point out that most of the negative social factors popularly associated with the medieval period -- poverty, warfare, religious and political persecution, for example -- seem to have worsened in this era, which saw the rise of Machiavellian politics, the Wars of Religion, the corrupt Borgia Popes, and the intensified witch - hunts of the 16th century. Many people who lived during the Renaissance did not view it as the "golden age '' imagined by certain 19th - century authors, but were concerned by these social maladies. Significantly, though, the artists, writers, and patrons involved in the cultural movements in question believed they were living in a new era that was a clean break from the Middle Ages. Some Marxist historians prefer to describe the Renaissance in material terms, holding the view that the changes in art, literature, and philosophy were part of a general economic trend from feudalism towards capitalism, resulting in a bourgeois class with leisure time to devote to the arts.
Johan Huizinga (1872 -- 1945) acknowledged the existence of the Renaissance but questioned whether it was a positive change. In his book The Waning of the Middle Ages, he argued that the Renaissance was a period of decline from the High Middle Ages, destroying much that was important. The Latin language, for instance, had evolved greatly from the classical period and was still a living language used in the church and elsewhere. The Renaissance obsession with classical purity halted its further evolution and saw Latin revert to its classical form. Robert S. Lopez has contended that it was a period of deep economic recession. Meanwhile, George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike have both argued that scientific progress was perhaps less original than has traditionally been supposed. Finally, Joan Kelly argued that the Renaissance led to greater gender dichotomy, lessening the agency women had had during the Middle Ages.
Some historians have begun to consider the word Renaissance to be unnecessarily loaded, implying an unambiguously positive rebirth from the supposedly more primitive "Dark Ages '', the Middle Ages. Most historians now prefer to use the term "early modern '' for this period, a more neutral designation that highlights the period as a transitional one between the Middle Ages and the modern era. Others such as Roger Osborne have come to consider the Italian Renaissance as a repository of the myths and ideals of western history in general, and instead of rebirth of ancient ideas as a period of great innovation.
The term Renaissance has also been used to define periods outside of the 15th and 16th centuries. Charles H. Haskins (1870 -- 1937), for example, made a case for a Renaissance of the 12th century. Other historians have argued for a Carolingian Renaissance in the 8th and 9th centuries, and still later for an Ottonian Renaissance in the 10th century. Other periods of cultural rebirth have also been termed "renaissances '', such as the Bengal Renaissance, Tamil Renaissance, Nepal Bhasa renaissance, al - Nahda or the Harlem Renaissance.
Rapid accumulation of knowledge, which has characterized the development of science since the 17th century, had never occurred before that time. The new kind of scientific activity emerged only in a few countries of Western Europe, and it was restricted to that small area for about two hundred years. (Since the 19th century, scientific knowledge has been assimilated by the rest of the world).
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who played javert in les miserables on broadway | Les Misérables: the Dream cast in concert - wikipedia
Les Misérables: The Dream Cast in Concert (1995), also titled Les Misérables in Concert, is a concert version of the musical Les Misérables, produced to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the West End production. It was filmed in October 1995 at the Royal Albert Hall and released on DVD, VHS and LD in 1998 and re-released on DVD in North America in 2008. The latest DVD presents the concert in its original 16x9 ratio. Although filmed with HD cameras, a Blu - ray edition has not been released yet. The 10th Anniversary cast stars Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean, Philip Quast as Inspector Javert, Michael Ball as Marius Pontmercy, Lea Salonga as Éponine, Judy Kuhn as Cosette, Ruthie Henshall as Fantine, Michael Maguire as Enjolras, Alun Armstrong as Thénardier, Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier, Adam Searles as Gavroche, Hannah Chick as Young Cosette, and several others, and was directed by John Caird. The performers were chosen from the London, Broadway and Australian productions of the show and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra was conducted by David Charles Abell. It also aired on PBS part of the Great Performances series.
The 10th anniversary concert of Les Miserables is known as the ' Dream Cast in Concert ' because of the hand selected cast. Colm Wilkinson reprised his role as Valjean after starring in the original West End and Broadway productions. Philip Quast was cast as Inspector Javert after the producers of the show witnessed his performance in a musical production in his hometown of Australia. Wilkinson and Quast are widely recognized as the ' Dream Casting ' of the idolized roles of Valjean and Javert.
This presentation uses a "modernised '' and more heavily orchestrated score than that of the original musical. It follows the traditional "musicals - in - concert '' format with the cast lined up against a set of microphones with the orchestra and chorus behind them. The entire company wear costumes and use only necessary props (such as Javert 's baton, Thénardier 's notebook, etc.). Apart from minor movement on the concert stage, the performers do not participate in major action scenes. Where necessary, the video switches to action from the stage production.
A few action - based scenes from the musical are not included in the concert, such as the street brawl broken up by Javert, Gavroche 's death, and the confrontation between Marius and Thénardier at the wedding feast, to name a few. Some musical numbers, such as ' At the End of the Day ', ' The Runaway Cart ' and ' Turning ', were also shortened.
During the performance, while Hannah Chick was singing the line "Crying at all is not allowed '' from the song ' Castle on a Cloud ', a balloon stored in the ceiling that was to be released at the end of the show, accidentally popped. It visibly startled her, as seen by her sudden flinch, but she recovered immediately and continued on with the song.
The five international English - speaking Valjeans featured in the encore song played the convicts in the opening number ' Look Down '.
The programme ends with an encore in which seventeen actors who portray Jean Valjean in seventeen different nations join Wilkinson on stage to each sing a few bars of "Do You Hear the People Sing? '' in their native languages. They are then joined by the entire cast and choir to sing the last verse of "One Day More! '', receiving applause and a standing ovation. Red, white, and blue balloons and confetti fall from the ceiling and sparklers erupt on stage as the show finishes.
The following are the seventeen Valjeans who participated in the second encore (in order):
Burgess, Schulman, Guest, Cavill, and Leyton also appeared as the five principal convicts in ' Look Down ' at the beginning of Act 1.
The DVD was released by Sony Pictures on 17 November 1998. This Region 1 fullscreen DVD is now out of print. It has a run time of 159 minutes.
A two - disc widescreen collector 's edition was released by BBC Video in Region 1 territories on 19 February 2008. Viewers have reported that a segment of "Little People, '' is inexplicably removed. This release also does not contain the speeches. The second disc contains Les Misérables: Stage by Stage, a documentary from 1989.
Recent versions of the DVD include the missing segment of Little People.
A remastered special edition DVD of the concert was released on November 20, 2012.
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