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cafgxb | why do rockets need to take off vertically? | If you take off horizontally, you have to go through a lot more air on your way up. It isn't impossible, but you want a different design than a rocket for that sort of launch - a space plane like the X-37 or like the Ranger ship in Interstellar.
The launch pad is there to A] hold the ship up while the engines get going and to B] protect the ground/launch crew from the rocket engines. The Moon has no atmosphere and less gravity, so meaning that the ship could be held up using its own landing legs and launch itself into space using a smaller, less-dangerous rocket that didn't need a launch pad. | 1eccecbc-bdf1-418d-93cd-70638afc7ebe |
cafl8b | What is the relevance of the “Gold Cup” to the US Men’s soccer team? | The Gold Cup tournament is for teams from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. In its current state, that basically means the US and Mexico are overwhelmingly the dominant teams in the tournament, and its no surprise those two are in the finals.
South America has its own tournament going on right now called Copa America.
It sorta matters for world cup, much like all international competition matters, but its still pretty early for the 2022 World Cup, and real qualifying won't get started until later, but it still matters a little bit. This tournament will occur again in ~2 years, which will have a more significant impact on who qualifies for the world cup as its much closer to the actual world cup. | 8e5c397f-a2de-47c2-90fb-93bc1cc5f712 |
cafmhf | What actually happens when you crack your knuckles? | Carbon dioxide bubbles are popping inside the joints, I believe those bubbles naturally build up over time | 8b03e5f7-4cc3-4775-ac76-f01be3d03979 |
cafnd3 | Why does laying on your side help when you have a stomach ache? | Your stomach's openings are on the side, so if you lay in such a way that the stomach openings face up, the acid in your stomach can't leak out, but the gas in your stomach can. Gas buildup and acid backwash are the two big causes of stomach pain, and laying on your side prevents both. | f9d5e8c4-894d-42ba-9d18-b09fc3b82e92 |
cafsxp | Since whispering doesn't require using your vocal cords, why does a persons whispering voice sound similar to when they're talking regularly? | Because the air they exhale still goes through the same mouth, teeth and the person pronounces their words the same way. The vocal chords stimulate the low and mid frequencies of the voice which resonate in the chest, neck, and head. The mouth and teeth form most of the higher frequency sounds you hear. | 79eddea6-1393-4d44-8153-d99829068469 |
caftrg | What exactly is “duty free” and why are we allowed to make duty free purchases when traveling internationally? | Duty free is essentially allowing a traveler to purchase certain goods tax free, because they are leaving the country (where the goods are purchased), so they goods won't be "used" there. So since its not used there, and its immediately leaving the country, the govt allows leniency to not pay certain taxes on it.
The primary goods sold like this are generally "sin goods" that have "sin taxes". That means stuff like alcohol and tobacco (and occasionally luxury goods) which often have large taxes put on them to discourage their purchase in the country.
Buying duty free goods is popular for people from countries which heavily tax certain goods, like alcohol, to purchase at duty free without tax, so the price is much lower. People from countries that heavily tax these goods (such as say Singapore) often go wild at duty free as the price there is very affordable compared to their prices at home.
For people from and/or traveling to countries with fairly low taxes on such goods (such as the US), the prices generally are not particularly competitive, as compared to just purchasing the goods locally, so many people from these countries aren't very familiar with duty free goods. | df5e0424-a3b4-4e26-a506-ee7f4ee83dfa |
cagfl0 | Why do single person restrooms often have a male and female one? | Both men and women are gross when it comes to public restrooms. That's not something associated to one gender.
I would say the actual answer is that people expect public toilets to have a mens and a womens, societal standards calls for it. If they didn't put labels people would probably complain about men going in after a woman and vice versa. Or they might be confused and constantly ask staff which is which.
Putting labels on it prevents confusion and prevents complaints.
Short answer, they put labels on them because people expect it.
If anybody were to go to the single person toilet and find no gender label on it, and there was a second toilet, I'd bet there's a significant probability the person checks the second door for a sign to make sure they're not using the wrong one, even though it ultimately doesn't matter. | e69cc5b0-6092-4c82-9f4e-df60f0e9a160 |
cagh6j | why do companies care more about caxh flow than actual capital? | Cash flow allows you to stay in business into next week. It means you can cover this week's payroll, so your employees will come back next week to work for you.
If cash flow dries up, then your doors close.
Capital is also important, as those assets will be used to create cash flow and profits in the future. But you need cash flow to purchase assets, to build capital. | 65f946f9-25d3-48ca-962f-bad55f305836 |
cagidc | why are there certain areas on the legs that are more likely to get cut when shaving than others? (e.g. under the knee, ankle, behind the knee, etc.) | Those are all areas meant to bend and stretch, and have more skin/more elastic skin there.
If it is supposed to move to help your leg extend and contract, there's more loose skin there to get caught on the razor! | 5bf533ac-bbf8-4c81-900b-218d9d392f51 |
cagneo | What is the point of blisters, and how do they form? | The friction from loose or tight shoes causes build up of fluid between the epidermis and dermis. The blister helps cushion the tissue underneath, protecting it from further damage and allowing it to heal. | 9e658d7e-acfd-4447-8b0f-e436b6c17426 |
cagrvn | How do animals/insects know they are the same and don’t attack each other | I don't know the answer to this. I just wanted to second the question. I wondered the same thing mostly about dogs. Dogs come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes but somehow they recognise their own species, even at distance (i.e not using scent). Is there something that instinctively tells them "that's a dog too? | 4adac6cd-d7b8-4143-8943-fd7e094007d4 |
cagyk6 | Why are kids so much better at learning and absorbing information than adults are? | Neuroplasticity and neurogenesis.
Younger mammalian brains are more readily able to create new neural pathways, and they also create new brain cells at a greater rate than older brains.
Contrary to previously held conventional wisdom, adult brains DO produce new brain cells (limitations do apply) and are quite capable of creating new neural pathways. Just far less easily than young brains. | 77536280-0125-4a1f-827f-883ecb3de108 |
cah8co | Where does all the water go when the tide goes out, and how does it come back in? | The tide is a bulge in water facing the moon, and in the exact opposite side facing the moon.
The side facing the moon is getting pulled the most by the moon's gravity so it gets closer, the side opposite is getting pulled the least by the moon's gravity so it gets further.
So if the low tide is at 0 degrees, there is another low tide at 180 degrees.
All the water is going at 90 and 270 degrees, following the moon.
So not the opposite side, but halfway to the opposite side.
Note the sun's gravity also plays a noticeable but much less prominent effect. So at midnight and noon the tide is slightly higher than it would be.
Sometimes the moon and the sun line up, leading to the highest and lowest tides, call Spring tides. | 71814b43-f349-460c-b58f-6730e0d9b0d1 |
cahife | Where in your body is your DNA? | A complete copy of you DNA is in the nucleus of each of you cells.
There is a few exception like red blod cell that lack a nucleus and sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes. | cb11e4e0-8d00-4b2f-bb6f-705738ef671c |
cahjot | Why do North American nations display prices in stores without tax? | Taxes vary from state to state.
If shops should display incl. taxes, then things would look like they cost more in one store in a chain than another.
Shops argue that it's inordinately cumbersome to display them with taxes.
Most parts of EU have the same tax across the whole country, making it easier to display prices incl. tax.
Hope this helps. | ea7db1fa-41e5-4c77-973b-3b11eb0ce7c2 |
cahl27 | Handbrake and brake pedal, how are they different? | The foot brake activates the brakes of all wheels, is usually operated by hydraulic pressure, and is used for typical braking scenarios. The hand brake, or parking brake, is usually cable operated, activates the rear wheels, and as the name implies, is used while the car is parked instead of relying solely on the transmission to keep the car in place(this is very important when parked on an incline). It can also be used for emergencies if the hydraulic brakes fail. | 8aec2670-d939-4f4b-9477-66efeb5ea2bc |
cai9sk | What are instruction sets, are there more popular types of them than X86 and ARM? | I'm going to assume you have at least *some* experience with programming (let me know if that isn't the case) and I'll start explaining from there.
When you write your program, you're using a programming language that is understandable to a human. The only special thing about it is that it's easily understandable by another program called a compiler, which runs your code through a process called compiling. The result of this process, often called the "compiled binary" or something along those lines, is the actual executable of the program. It is not related to the original language you programmed it in, but is "written" in Machine Code (actual 1's and 0's) that represent individual instructions for a computer to run. The machine code can then be translated directly into Assembly, a human readable representation of Machine Code. Machine Code has no abstraction whatsoever, no data types, no nothing. Just 1's and 0's and (usually) 16 places to store them (yes, the average CPU can handle only 16 values at a time).
Where your programming code might say:
`void main(){`
` int b = 1; /* Assign the value of 1 to the integer B */`
` int a = b; /* Assign the value of b to the integer A */`
`}`
Assembly might say:
`START:`
`LEA B,A0 *Load the memory address of B to address register 0`
`MOVEI #1,A0 *Move the immediate decimal value 1 to the location in address register 0`
`LEA A,A1 *Load the memory address of A to address register 1`
`MOVE.w (A0),A1 *Move the word (16-bit) value at the address stored in address register 0 to the address stored in register 1`
`BREAK *Stop execution of program`
`A: DS.b 2 *Allocate 2 bytes (16 bits) of memory with the label A`
`B: DS.b 2 *Allocate 2 bytes of memory with the label B`
`END *End of program`
As you can see, Assembly is way more complicated and intense than normal programming languages (as is the corresponding machine code), but it represents each individual step (or instruction) that the CPU needs to take in order to execute the program.
As such, the instruction set is the list of instructions available to a programmer to program with. If the instruction set provides no instruction to multiple, then you will need to implement multiplication yourself by adding multiple times. One major distinction in instruction sets is CISC vs RISC. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) contains many more instructions that are usually more specialized (think different multiplications instructions for different contexts) while RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) have far fewer instructions that are more generalized.
X86 is the name of a family of reverse compatible CISC instruction set architectures named for the Intel 80386 and 80486 (also known just as the 386 and 486) that were very popular as workstation processors in the mid/late 80's. It is a 32-bit architecture (meaning that the maximum width of number it can handle is 32 bits wide) that has dominated the workstation market ever since in part due to certain operating systems and programs only supporting that architecture. X86-64 is actually a different architecture, based on x86, that extends it to a width of 64 bits and has a compatibility mode to support 32-bit applications. If you're a windows user, you may have seem the directories "Program Files" and "Program Files (x86)". The one that marks "x86" generally contains 32-bit applications that are run in this compatibility mode.
ARM is a family of RISC architectures developed by ARM Holdings, who license out their architecture rather than building it themselves. Because RISC architectures have fewer instructions, they also require fewer transistors to build, improving cost, power consumption, and heat generation, making them more desirable for mobile systems like phones and tablets.
As for CPU/chip/processor/architecture:
- CPU: Central Processing Unit. A specific type of circuit with a specific usage
- Chip: Another name for an [integrated circuit](_URL_0_) with includes any prefabricated circuit that can be placed into another circuit
- Processor: In most contexts, usually refers to the CPU, though it means any circuit that performs operations and calculations. Other examples include Graphics Processing Units (Video cards), Digital Signal processors (DSPs), and FPGAs.
- Architecture: Generally refers to the Instruction Set Architecure of a CPU, which is an abstraction of what instructions need to be available, how they need to operate, how the cpu handles memory, etc. Just like how C is the abstracted definition of a programming language that is implemented by a compiler, x86-64 is an abstracted architecture that is implemented by a specific CPU.
If you have any other questions, or if I made a mistake somewhere, just let me know. | cfcdc108-8ac6-40ce-ad20-881cd4d964a3 |
caid2t | How does an air-conditioner work? | The same way as a fridge or freezer.
Firstly you need to understand some Physics. When a gas reduces in pressure it cools down. This is part of the reason that blowing air through your pursed lips is cooler than blowing in a "haaaa" motion through your open mouth.
With this principle in mind, basically what we do is to pressurise a coolant through a small nozzle, so as it comes out the other side and reduces dramatically in pressure it cools down. We pump this cooled coolant through a radiator and blow the air from the room through the fins of that, cooling the air down.
To ensure that it actually has an overall cooling effect on the room, proper air conditioners then partially cool the coolant by passing it through another radiator and blowing the excess heat off *outside* of the area to be cooled. If you don't do this then although you'll feel a cool breeze out if the air conditioning unit, the overall effect on the room is actually to heat it up more. | 5eeb7cf4-70a3-43d7-af35-f7d12c080fdf |
caij2e | How did an orbit form in the first place? What gave the planets enough speed so that it did'nt crash to the sun? | The entire solar system (the sun, all the planets, all the asteroids, moons, etc.) formed from one enormous cloud of gas and dust. Over eons, the cloud began to collapse in on itself due to gravitational attraction. Collapsing gaseous bodies tend to rotate as they collapse, and like a skater who pulls her arms in while spinning, the more the cloud collapses, the faster it spins (called conservation of angular momentum). In addition to speeding up the rotation of the entire cloud, the spin tends to flatten it into a disc. The cloud doesn't collapse evenly - different parts clump at different rates, and these different parts formed the sun (the largest part), countless rocky bodies closer in, and larger gaseous bodies further out. The energy from the collapse (due to gravitational attraction) provides the initial energy to start the various rocky and gaseous bodies spinning around the center. As these various rocky and gaseous bodies grew larger by attracting nearby rocks, dust and gas, they grew lager and larger, eventually forming the planets. But since they were formed from all these already revolving objects, they just continued to revolve around the newly formed sun as they grew larger and larger. For the most part, these bodies settled into generally stable orbits and are still in them today.
tl;dr - the planets' orbits "existed" even before the planets did - the dust and gas that eventually formed the planets was already orbiting the center mass (which became the sun) of a proto-planetary disc before the planets themselves were formed. These orbits were preserved as the planets grew larger and larger. | ff2634bf-6d25-46d9-bb0b-6f61d062db2b |
cailie | Why does lard work better for seasoning pans than oils or butter? | Can you go into more detail about how it was better?
Did you try beef tallow, palm oil, or coconut oil?
The performance probably has a lot to do with how much non-fat stuff there is in the oil that you're using and how much of of the oil is saturated.
So, Butter, for example contains a lot of water and milk solids, and neither of those are going to help provide an oil coating. Rendering the butter into ghee separates the oil from the water and milk solids, so the ghee is going to perform better as an oil.
Saturated fats tend to be more durable and stable than unsaturated fats. That's one of the reasons that they're so popular in packaged foods. That probably also contributes to the durability of the coating. | cc68125d-d7f8-43a3-b85c-1aee285e3756 |
caj559 | How do you lose memories when you get older? | The basic ELI5 for this is simple
That every time you remember something, you´re not remembering the original memory, but the last time you remembered the memory, so the memory deforms with time.
This allows memories to change with time, be forgotten and even distorted with external feedback (see the Mandela effect) | 1a537466-81aa-4f0f-a4d6-0f95c309797b |
cajouu | Why are inside flies so much slower than outside flies? | Cause the AC is on and the colder it is the more lethargic insects become (due to cold blooded creatures need to be warm or they start to hiberate). Google it. | addb7d70-507a-4381-9f6d-40fba5ead2fb |
cajwci | What makes roaches so hard to kill? Could the same concepts be used for human benefit? | Well, yes and no. Some of the important traits for cockroaches survival are shared with humans, while others aren't.
One thing that isn't directly about being hard to kill, but important in regards to survival is their diet. They will basically eat anything, unlike most animals that really only eat one specific thing. We humans also eat just about anything. All kinds of plants, meat, whatever we can make ourself - if it doesn't poison us, we eat it. Furthermore, they can go over a month with no food or water, which helps them survive. This especially means they can just wait for days until it is safe to go out for food.
As to more specifically hard to kill traits, they are not immune to radiation, contrary to popular belief. They are, however, able to survive much higher amounts than humans. Now, we don't really need to use their concept, as we already have suits that can protect us.
They are also small and have an exoskeleton. These two things make them quite hard to squish, and it isn't really something we can directly do with humans. However, exoskeleton is a concept we use in form of armor.
Another really strong trait is how their body works quite different from most animals. Humans, for example, relies a lot on very specific parts, such as our head (due to the brain, mouth, nose etc.), lungs and our heart. Now, cockroaches breath through holes all over the body. They don't die from losing their head, their body simply function without it. They will loose their mouth and die from not being able to eat or drink, but it shows how their body is made in a way so that losing a part isn't as devastating as for humans or most animals.
Then they also have a ton of other survival traits that doesn't directly make the individual hard to kill, but rather just the specie as a whole - which contribute to the general idea of how hard it is to kill them. This include things like females being able to reproduce with males, They have extremely fast reflexes to dodge danger, they only come out at night, reproduce fast, they run fast, have little predators, and some species are immune to the pesticides used for other species, meaning humans might simply use the wrong thing and not kill them.
So we actually do use several of the most important survival traits they have, only we can't directly change our bodies to it but use technology to make things that effectively gives us those traits. Other things we simply can't replicate. | 33fc1cb3-3447-4fdc-a437-396d6da94e72 |
cajwra | Dizziness after long hot bath. | Your body regulates blood pressure when you go from lying down or sitting to standing by telling your blood vessels to squeeze and contract, which ups your blood pressure and keeps blood moving up to your brain properly. But heat causes your blood vessels to dilate and expand more than usual, so when you’ve been in a bathtub or hot tip or out in hot hot weather for a good while and aren’t super duper hydrated, it’s very common for your blood vessels to not squeeze quite enough when you stand up all of a sudden and you get pre-fainting symptoms, like a head rush, weakness, loss of balance, loss of vision, whooshing in your ears, etc. That’s one of the biggest reasons they put time limits on hot tubs and stuff!
The slower you get up and the more you pay attention to how hot you are and how you’re feeling, the less likely it is to happen. Good job staying on the floor till you felt sure you could get up safely again! That was the right call. | 759219f6-bb2b-432c-93dd-8d21148efe3d |
cak78a | How do companies deliver packages overnight from one part of the country to another? | UPS and Fedex have their own fleet of planes. You can fly anywhere in the continental US in around 6 hours. | d5db7420-9101-4c8c-a38c-df3c17ae322f |
cak7li | Why do UK shares seem to trade in pennies but other seem to trade in the full value of the currency? (I.e dollars/euros). | IBM is at 140.57. GE is at 10.21. Where are you seeing whole dollar prices? | 5227afbf-c1ca-4f88-aa3c-aac3c1b82121 |
cakbib | Why do lithium batteries malfunction when its cold/freezing? | Batteries rely on chemical reactions and when it's too cold, those reactions won't take place because the temperature affects how fast molecules move and if the molecules do no move fast enough because it's too cold, then they won't collide with each other often enough. | 3610c38f-899d-4272-a087-66b95aae3068 |
cakohg | Did dinosaurs roar? | We don’t really know but dinosaurs were a super large and diverse group of animals so some of them probably did roar but most of them wouldn’t have.
It’s like asking “do mammals roar?” Well tigers do but mice don’t.
Since the dinosaurs are all dead (except for the birds) we can’t really know what sounds any of them made. Some fossils are speculated to indicate that some dinosaurs had resonance chambers. Also since the birds are descended from dinosaurs it’s speculated some sounded like birds (again that’s a broad range of sounds, including some that resemble a roar). Also there were a hell of a lot of different dinosaurs so yeah *probably* some did roar, although *probably* not for hunting purposes. That’s just Hollywood. | 78ab6f8b-f9b0-42ed-9559-d02c783162e9 |
cakpeb | What's the difference between rechargeable and non-rechargeable batteries? | Rechargeable batteries are like hydrogen and oxygen. Burn them and they go boom and leave water behind. Pass electricity through the remaining water and you get hydrogen and oxygen again. You can do this as many times as you want.
Non-rechargeable batteries are like propane and oxygen. Burn then and they go boom as well. They leave behind carbon dioxide and water. But no matter how much electricity you put into water and carbon dioxide you aren't getting propane back, ever. | ac299423-0525-4519-bd37-a9dfc6cbcb79 |
cam1ay | Why do you feel sore the day after your workout instead of immediately after? | Because the humans with immediate sore muscles while overexerting themselves tended to not run as fast when a large predator chased them, making them less likely to pass on their traits.
Our brains help release natural painkillers during heavy exertions so we don't feel the immediate muscle damage. This helps us to get out of physically dangerous situations so we survive to heal later. | 880d8f15-357a-4caa-8a78-4cffa34cd396 |
camady | Let’s say you’re flipping a coin an infinite amount of times. Can we prove that eventually, we would have come across all possible patterns? Can it be that we won’t see a specific pattern in the infinite times of flipping, or is every outcome just ought to happen? | Infinity is big. Every pattern will happen.
Chances of finding it might be vanishingly small however. Some patterns are so rare that if you flipped 1000 coins a second since the big bang, they may still have never shown up. But with infinite time, it will eventually | 6834ec9e-1e12-4fad-8b12-6defbb678715 |
camuuk | How does potassium help in delivering oxygen to the brain and other parts of the body? | I’m not sure how potassium regulates BBB but in general it’s an ion responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient of cell membranes. Oxygen is delivered by ph, when pH gets low hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen drops and this happens at places of high concentration of CO2.
Side note: bananas are not special when it comes to potassium levels. They are pretty normal in regards to amount of potassium when compared to other foods. If you have a potassium deficiency, eat fruit, nuts, meats/fish, or leafy greens like spinach. | 189561da-c010-4483-bb1e-b03b58911b54 |
camuzb | Why is exercising good for your blood pressure if it raises it? | * There are some studies that show that long term exercise slowly builds up the muscle of the heart.
* Stronger heart muscles means more blood gets circulated per pump.
* This means your heart doesn't have to pump *as hard* each time, resulting in lower blood pressure.
* Also studies indicate that long term exercise causes the inside of your arteries to become smoother causing less friction when blood is pumped, again lowering blood pressure.
& #x200B;
The big thing here is very short term increase in blood pressure (during exercise) can lead to lower blood pressure the rest of the time which can likely lead you to live a longer and happier life. | d21d05d3-acb8-488c-ab64-45004fc1312c |
can451 | (US Politics) Could a militia physically storm DC and overthrow the government? | > and I'm pretty sure our actual constitution says that we are able to.
That's...not at all what it says.
The 2nd Amendment grants two rights. First, the right of the states (and not the Feds) to form militia, which was done as an agreement between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists in exchange for the US government being allowed to have an army. Second, an individual right to ownership.
The Constitution doesn't formally give the people any actual ability to change the government by force, it's just done as a check with the strong implication being that the people would have the ability to check tyrannical overreach. | f062f7a2-0d36-4283-95e1-0ad5e46c474a |
can7oi | Why does rain have a calming effect on people? | Predators avoid hunting in the rain so as not to risk injury. Rain is time out from the life humans lived as prey animals during our evolutionary past. | b47f63a3-f86f-4bad-b138-3586bd7ed047 |
canjpg | If trillions of neutrinos are flying through us each second, why does the Super Kamiokande only detect 30 a day? | Because neutrinos are not charged and therefore will only interact with atoms if it hits them squarely in their nucleus. Normally things interact based on electromagnetic charge and this means they have an area of effect where opposite charges attract and the same charge repels.
The nucleus of atoms is tiny compared to the area of their charge. Instead of a solid mass of Earth the neutrinos see a very sparse cloud of miniscule dense nuclei, so they only very rarely interact in a way we can detect. | 7979ed7d-2823-4344-9187-9962b670de5f |
canu6h | Why can we tell when someone is speaking and when someone is reading out loud? | The cadence is different between reading aloud and speaking. When someone is speaking, they say what comes to their head and it sounds more natural. When someone is reading, they say things more monotoned because they don't know where in the sentence to put the most emphasis. | b21cdc92-4e13-42fd-a01f-32e08a7a96ab |
cao9a6 | How does radiation cause genetic mutation and illness? | Radiation doesn't. Ionizing radiation (radiation with enough energy to ionize the nucleoacids in your DNA, approx) can.
Radiation, or rather electromagnetic radiation, is everything from radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet, xrays, and gamma rays... Xrays and gamma rays (and some UV rays) have enough energy that they can tear electrons off (ionize) the nucleoacids of your DNA... When they ionize the nucleoacids (which are the base pairs like ATCG) they can change orientation... Certain frequencies of xrays and gamma rays can even have enough energy to break DNA strands... All of this will require the DNA repair mechanisms to come and attempt to repair your DNA but they aren't perfect and sometimes mutations slip through.
Radioactive particles (neutrons, beta particles, alpha particles, proton emission, etc) can all work slightly differently depending on exactly what it is... For instance if a nuclei went under alpha decay it would emit an alpha particle (which is a positive helium 4 nucleus... Aka 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound) which can rip electrons off of other atoms, which is how it ionized... Beta particles are high energy electrons produced from beta decay (when a neutron spontaneously converts to an electron, proton, and neutrino)... With high speeds it can effectively knock electrons off of other atoms. Neutron emission tends to not be talked about as much as its not really as common but it's when the nucleus emits a neutron with high speeds (certain plutonium isotopes passively goes through neutron decay). Proton emission is even more rare and is when the nucleus shoots out a high speed proton which can rip electrons off of stuff.
There are more (like positron emission) but I think you get the point. | 52025f34-1f29-46ec-8e60-0e2c618cb3c6 |
caobuz | How is space debris tracked? | The [US Space Surveillance Network](_URL_0_) includes both ground-based sensors and satellites that do the tracking. | 1dbaa82a-963a-488b-9c38-676e51d06581 |
caodbg | Why do flies always fly around in little circles in the center of a room? | Actually, if you watch closely, it’s not circles. It’s a semi-random pattern called “drunkard’s walk”.
Basically, it covers the most territory for the least effort, with the highest chance of reward ( food). Note, it doesn’t actually have to include food in the area, it’s just gotta *Lead* to food .
( there was an article in Scientific American some 40-50 years ago. ) | 7448d459-bd63-43b6-9eb3-141e0409f7fa |
caodt2 | Why some wild animals need to dance in order to mate? | Many mating displays are a way of showing off how much extra energy you have to spend. Generally, having good genes means you hunt better and get sick less often; only creatures with strong genes can spend the time and energy doing a mating dance. Thus, by watching to see who does the best mating dance, potential mates can choose the most genetically-strong partner. | 87807832-17cc-4cab-a70f-636491d5eb39 |
caojmr | Is there a limit to how fast a mobile phone can move before it can’t keep a signal? | Yes, there is a limit. For a cellphone to operate, it must be in communication with one or more cellular signal towers, each of which covers a certain area. If the phone is traveling too fast, it will not have time to send data to/from the cell tower before it is already out of range. Granted, this would have to be at a very fast speed: something like a jet. | 110c27f2-0fed-4457-a63a-138f85d7764c |
caokvq | Why is file copying/moving so much slower with a bunch of small files | When you write a big file, the system can allocate the entire file "block" at once. It then copies over the individual pieces of information as part of that big file.
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When you write a lot of small files, the system has to allocate tons of "blocks" at once and then copy each over.
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It's sort of like if you have a stack of folders and need to put them in a drawer with other folders. 1 big folder can easily be shoved into the right spot. But if you have 10-20 smaller folders, you need to look up where each one goes before putting it in the drawer. | 6dd6362b-de8e-4468-b0bb-67227bc52e3d |
caopsk | why are credit card terminals not accessible to customers in restaurants? | Man you Americans and your retro credit card Tech. Wireless terminals, chip and pin and contactlees has been standard in Europe for a good few years now.
Feels wrong to let someone take your card away now. | 8e60e29d-f908-4534-8ac8-bc9e92f41e66 |
cap10n | How does Disney's domination of the box affect the consumer? | Let's imagine a world in which 95% of movies released in theaters are produced by Disney. Yes, other people can and will always produce movies, but Disney owns all the popular franchises, has the capital to produce big-budget films, has the connections to ensure they're given wide distribution, etc.
Now let's imagine that a top-level Disney executive decides that they want to influence American politics.
They don't need to do something explicit like making a certain political party the heroes, nor do they need to do something from a spy movie like inserting subliminal messages. They just need to frame some cogent political questions in such a way so as to make the movie persuade viewers one way or the other.
With 95% of the movie world under their control, they can achieve this easily. Children will want to see their favorite franchise, Marvel movies and Pixar movies, and will be exposed to the same message, from a young age, over and over again for years.
This is just one (rather dramatic) example of why media monopolies are bad. There are many others; what if all of Disney's executives and producers are white men? What if they all live in California? What if they are all rich? What if they are all racist?
One media company controlling all movie releases is not super realistic, but these issues are exactly why people talk about the importance of representation in media, and talk about what demographics control the media. If only a narrow demographic controls the majority of media, then that demographic's viewpoint is going to become the "default" one - and other viewpoints will be viewed as strange, annoying, or wrong. | 82e77504-ca03-425e-bd3a-206b4a36d846 |
cap3pd | How does febreeze trap odor molecules supposedly? | Odor molecules are gases which float in the air -- and sometimes into your nose. One way of reducing odor is to bind the odor molecule to a heavier liquid. When the odor is trapped inside the liquid it falls out of the air and onto the ground and then it can't float around and make it into your nose. An 'aerosol' spray is used to create a fine liquid mist which allows the liquid to trap the odor molecules. Febreze puts [cyclodextrin](_URL_0_) into their aerosol mist to trap the odor molecules. | eaa220b8-94e2-44d2-829e-834601e62ec7 |
capeil | music memory | This is a fantastic question and part of neurological research.
Simple version: human brain tend to be very good at remembering sequences. Think of your ABCs. You can probably pick up the tune from any point in the sequence, but will struggle to go in reverse or random order.
This is true for so many things, such as dance and using tools for many tasks. | e18d4b46-a612-4346-8a12-b5d022f6132f |
caq4b0 | Why can a thermal flask keep items cold for 24 hours, but only hot for 12 hours. | The rate of temperature exchange is proportionate to the gradient. A "Cold" drink on a hot summer day is going to be around 5° when ambient temperatures are 25-30°. A "Hot" drink could be as hot as 100° if it's freshly brewed tea. So there's a bigger temperature gradient and thus faster temperature exchange.
Edit: before you whine about "my five year old doesn't know those words," save your time and mine and just read one of the 50 such replies already posted | d49b134f-48b2-4cff-99c3-b05ebcb8d54e |
caq8ue | Why do car headlights appear to be flashing they’re being recorded on a cellphone camera? | Some LED lights flicker really quickly (but faster than we can usually see) and that's usually to regulate how bright they are. It's often about 50 times a second
A phone camera also captures images at a really similar rate, so sometimes you can see the flicker as they both interfere with each other. | 4cd69610-2aec-4a31-a2bd-2a685c2a632a |
caqjty | Why is it colder in the shade in places with low humidity, but not in humid places? | Humidity is essentially water vapour, when there is no water vapour in the air, shady places will cool you off as you are avoiding direct heat (sunlight)
When it’s humid, the water is already hot from the ground and it will rise into the air, it won’t go away even in the shade, as it is not blocked by the tree. It will of course, warm you up, even when you are in the shade or away from sunlight. | ab9e2fe4-ad02-4661-a383-8c654a36c4af |
caqlyk | What causes carsickness? 🤢 | It seems to be your inner ear and eyes not making sense of not moving AND moving, which causes the nausea. Similar to how people experience motion sickness using VR. | e88c127b-6d52-4b50-a426-f438c2bd4a6d |
caqtej | Why did underwear become a huge standard in society? How did the notion of wearing clothes under our clothes become a huge success? | I seem to remember reading that it was down to having a layer in between clothes you would wear for multiple days and those you could wash/change on a regular basis so the outer clothes stayed fresher for longer. | 308e6d77-b58d-4922-bda6-2071430a261f |
car8qk | why people perpetuate cycles of trauma that happened to them as children (TW) | For what you are talking about specifically, i think it comes down to that fact that that is the only way they learned how to channel these emotions from their parents. Especially when you are young and you don't know any other coping mechanisms, you can inadvertently learn to use violence as a vice, where others might turn to music or video games or drugs and alcohol. Once you have your personality set and established, it is difficult to change once you are an adult. | 21390f1b-4e2e-4b45-8129-636a23cb83ef |
caryvi | why some food gets hard when it goes stale, like bread. While others get soft, like Oreos. | 1. The high amount of starch in the bread crystallizes over time causing the bread to harden
2. Humidity and moisture gets into things like cookies that are originally hard, this causes them to get sort of soggy or soft | 557f1d61-d27a-444e-8139-5f3c447a5b02 |
carzua | why can a 500 pound man walk but if you put 400 pounds on an average 100 pound man they wouldn’t be able to walk? Is it because the 500 pound man has muscle? And if he got surgery to remove all skin and fat and became the same body fat % as the 100 pound person, would he have more muscle? | Yes, people who weigh that much usually have tremendous core strength and leg strength. Not for their *weight*, but in absolute terms. That's why if fat people start working out hard core while they lose weight, they can often get (stay) really strong. | d64e79d9-472f-45fc-a7d7-ce5a08cb531c |
cas1qd | Why do the police put up signs saying “police ahead”? | They are required to. When there's a DUI checkpoint, the police are required to give advance notice (in my area, they put it in the newspaper) and to put a sign out on the road at a point where people are able to go around. | 7d1e50aa-866e-4050-a981-3fe88dcd72ee |
cas2gf | Why do American electric plugs have a "fatter" side? What is the danger of plugging in opposite? | For electrical appliances to be safe it is important that the power comes through a fuse or circuit breaker, into the wall outlet, then the plug must take that same wire to the on/off switch of the appliance. This way, when the appliance is turned off, there is no power coming to the appliance. Put the plug into the wall backwards, and the appliance switch stops the electricity after it has gone through the whole appliance. If any wire is shorted out to the casing of the appliance, it will always be hot, even if the switch is off. That accounts for that fuzzy feeling in some lamps for example. If you touch this "hot" appliance and a sink faucet, even with the switch off, you could still get a shock. That is one of the basic reasons we have polarized plugs -- one fat and one thin. When you change a plug on the end of the cord, you have to make sure that the thin prong takes electricity directly to the on/off switch of the appliance -- and when wiring outlets you always have to make sure that the "hot" wire from the fuse goes to the "gold" screw on the thin side. The wide prong on the plug goes to the silver screws, and the white return wire. | 4f8d3d2a-b090-41b5-b332-29745601bd78 |
cas3gg | What is an RSS feed? | Imagine all of the content you read on the internet was presented like a single subreddit or your facebook news feed (but it's just for you) in chronological order. first up, post from buzzfeed, then another site, then another. As long as you tag them in a RSS feed, you'll get all your content on one page. | 1f92ccc7-42ea-4eba-9eb2-7a1835eb1da8 |
cas4m4 | Why do people get irritated when they are hungry? | Low blood sugar. your brain runs on glucose, and nothing else (unless you're fully keto) and low blood sugar makes it harder for your brain to do anything. | c6eb9a26-077a-47be-be2d-ff61620a9efd |
cas5s7 | Fourier and Harmonic series | These are mostly different things. A harmonic series is merely a kind of infinite series. It is the sum of x (some variable) +x/2+x/4+x/8 etc... This series sums up to infinity, and can be useful with some calculations. Now; a fourier series is another infinite series. A fourier series can represent pretty much any function that you might care about, as it is calculated based on the function. A fourier series adds a whole bunch of sinusoidal functions together in order to approximate any function. The youtube channel 3blue1brown has several good videos on fourier-related math if you are interested. | b534bf87-c097-4940-ba9c-39bf142dbf6f |
casdcr | What goes into Google's formula that "autofills" suggestions for search queries? | Google suggest serves a few purposes:
1. it's based on the most common searches made by people "Like you" (your search patterns, geography, etc.) based on what you've typed so far.
2. it serves to \_increase ad revenue\_ because it forces people to all search for similar ideas using the same phrase. That makes the phrase more "sellable" and "matchable" to their adwords advertising system. E.G. if 90% of people would phrase a thing one way, but 10 percent in some other less obvious way then there may be no ads aligned with the 10% phrasing. The "suggestion" put people back on the rails, so to speak. | c9ec3a28-6225-4bd5-aa9b-f833cdef762f |
casgu6 | Ancient alien enthusiasts and opposite alike... In ancient alien videos on gaia, youtube (ancient origins, for example), etc, where do the speakers get their research from? | Most of them, when they bother citing any sources, just cite other alien/conspiracy authors. If they're trying especially hard they cite legitimate research papers and just take individual findings out of context or make wild assumptions based on very limited data. | f892c0e5-74f2-41c6-b939-883f1082421a |
casjq6 | What does your phone do with all of the excess energy it gets after charging to 100%? | Modern phones don't overcharge, by design. Its not safe to do so and could cause damage to the battery or other safety issues.
Generally when they reach 100% they stop charging and actually slowly discharge their power down to about 95%, then charge back up and repeat. | b6083308-cc32-4a8e-a00c-950331c4e0e7 |
castyx | How can a tiny $399 Go Pro with small battery shoot in 4K 60fps where as the large and bulky $2000 prosumer camcorders that also eat up power bricks of energy from companies like Sony only do 4K 30fps? | 4k describes the number of pixels the camera is capturing but there are other factors like color depth that describe how many shades of color the camera is capturing.
The Hero 7 can record a bitrate of up to 78 Mb/s. Prosumer cameras can record up to 400 Mb/s.
So the GoPro is sacrificing color and quality of the image to get a higher frame rate.
I'll also add that Prosumer cameras can do 4k at 60fps these days, at a higher bitrate than the GoPro. | 24d6c05c-ccf3-4674-afe1-e0d6a53213af |
caszjw | How does aerobic exercise help a person maintain a healthy heart, as opposed to it deteriorating from high usage? | Your heart is a muscle. Exercise improves the capabilities and efficiency of muscle. Anaerobic exercise increases strength, Aerobic increases endurance. You can’t exercise your heart *directly*, though anaerobic exercise will raise your heart rate and work it differently than aerobic exercise. Aerobics will increase your endurance and capacity, anaerobic exercise will help you pump more efficiently under high stress.
Edit: I didn’t answer entirely. Your heart won’t *deteriorate* from being used. Like I said, it’s a muscle. It’ll get stronger and more efficient from use, and will require less effort to pump the same amount of blood, which will reduce strain on it in the long run. But your heart, like any other muscle, doesn’t deteriorate unless you don’t use it. | 0dc35a4c-80af-4fda-b8b8-922f2cfb332f |
cat883 | Why does the air in a stuffy room literally feel thicker? | Stuffiness is usually associated with elevated humidity levels. In these cases, the air is actually heavier as humid air contains more water vapor. It is worth noting that as air temperature increases, it can hold more water vapor, which increases the stuffiness effect.
For additional information on the properties of air, try googling info on the psychrometric chart. The topics can get advanced in a hurry, but could be informative. | 00682a7a-778b-49c0-b331-006b8f44b3ce |
catb9m | the reflection on highways we see from a distance that disappears as we approach that point? | Mirage explains part of it. The other is the angle of your vision to the highway.
If your gaze is nearly parallel to a surface, even a non-reflective surface, that surface will begin to reflect light.
You can test this by having just a regular metal ruler. It doesn't reflect light very well. Line the ruler up parallel to your gaze and you'll see that it starts to reflect like a mirror.
When you are seeing part of the high way in front of you that's very far away, it is normally going to be near parallel to your gaze. As you drive closer to it, it will be lower and lower to your vision until it is perpendicular to your gaze, right below you. | e98d241d-13f4-4992-8c1f-fb02be7c0cf0 |
catjne | what is enriching uranium? How does it work? | Natural uranium that we mine from the ground is mostly composed of uranium 238, with less than 1% uranium 235. Uranium 235 is the useful isotope for nuclear applications like reactors and weapons, and uranium 238 by itself isn't very useful, so we enrich it by increasing the percentage of u-235. This can be anywhere from a few percent u-235 to over 80% u-235 for nuclear weapons.
There are several method for enriching uranium, but the most common one is using centrifuges. The natural uranium is turned into a gas called uranium hexafluoride, and then fed into a series of centrifuges. Uranium 238 is slightly heavier than uranium 235, so the u-238 hexafluoride gets pulled more strongly to the outside of the centrifuge and the u-235 tends to stay closer to the middle. It goes through a series of many centrifuges as necessary to achieve the desired level of enrichment. | aed0469e-cc3b-4c51-b831-8e2a18878767 |
cats55 | What causes someone to think something and a second later when they are about to share it, the thought is gone? | The things that you're currently thinking of are stored in working memory and aren't immediately turned into long term memories.
When you forget what you were just thinking of a minute ago, it's because your brain didn't store that information as a memory. | 9985ac57-9a9d-4bb5-932d-69a66daa4a1a |
catx9e | how does traveling super fast sow down your aging rate? | It doesn't. It effects your relative perception of time. If you travel super fast for a few years, then return home, you may find that many decades have past. You didn't experience many decades though, only a few years. Time is relative depending on your reference frame. | 41a05a47-4185-4f2d-9530-86a17a310972 |
cau7y4 | The method and health-related significance of this statement on my peanut butter food label: "Partially produced with genetic engineering." | It means some of the product was helped along through genetic engineering. Could be sugar, peanuts, or another ingredient. Basically means science has been used to make it better/cheaper.
It has no health significance. | 205f849d-83b8-45c9-837f-866fc8a8f862 |
cauhuh | How can someone tell what caused a fire if all that’s left is ashes? | If you want to get technical...IF there truly is nothing but pure ash left, you can't tell. But that's never the case. | 1d44565e-f6a5-49c3-826e-1b23df269a20 |
cauqw8 | Entropy | Ever built legos? Takes like an hour to make something cool.
Even *break* legos? 5 seconds of rage and it's gone.
It's way easier to break things (make it less complex) than it is to build them (make it more complex). This goes for legos, chairs, skyscrapers, and the universe.
If left alone, a wooden chair won't build itself. It'll rot and break down into planks and nails.
If left alone, the universe will break down too. | 59d02896-b855-4623-968c-6ad6fcc1b073 |
cauvty | What makes people "light" vs "heavy" sleepers? | Genetics, age, lifestyle (caffeine, alcohol, etc), sleep disorders can all affect how light or heavy of a sleeper someone is. Younger people generally sleep heavier. Some people are just naturally heavier or lighter sleepers. | f00a7b22-14ae-4d44-9600-02a2c0b8ff6c |
cavdl8 | 5 : The American Political System/Structure | ELIF5 - the short take:
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The executive branch (President=Federal, Governor=State) enforces the laws.
The Legislative branch (Congress=Federal, State Legislature=State) makes the laws (bills the executive has to sign)
The Judicial Branch (the courts, Federal and State) interpret the laws via court cases.
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It's designed so that no one person or party can concentrate power. The executive appoints judges and military leaders with legislative approval (e.g. when a person is "confirmed" by the Senate for a federal position or military rank).
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Judges decide if a law is or isn't in compliance with the constitution.
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The legislature makes the laws AND drafts the budget for the executive to sign. If the executive vetoes the bill or the budget - the legislature can override the veto by a vote. | 7397e7f3-d195-4c6c-9ac6-ada308df864e |
cavv85 | Why do people vomit if they work out too hard? | It's an ancient reflex, part of the fight or flight response. Voiding the bowels/stomach makes you a less attractive prey, makes you lighter on your feet, and facilitates the diversion of blood away from your GI system towards the skeletal muscles. | 7a94a987-0701-490c-b86b-055842877710 |
cavyhw | How do you prove that a 1200 calorie meal actually has said calories? | Well, you don't really. You just add up the calorie count of the ingredients.
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I mean, it is possible to do it, but it is not realistic.
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It should be noted that the system we use today is an estimation, exact measurements of calories are rarely used. 1g of protein = 4 Cal, 1g carb = 4 Cal,1g fat = 9 Cal.
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The actual measurement can be obtained by burning a measured volume of the food in question in a calorimeter and then measuring the water's rise in temperature. For, a Calorie is the energy required to raise 1kg of water 1-degree Celsius. But, some foods are impossible to burn like this, such as milk and cereal. | 64033e78-6dbc-4cec-b2cb-429f270e176b |
cawbc6 | How does childhood trauma affect the development of the brain? | ELI5: Think of developing a photo on film, the film is your brain, the photo is the stimulus. In order for the film to display the image, it has to undergo a change. Childhood trauma (stimulus) causes the brain to optimize things that can cause negative impacts on future every day life, but are survival reactions for trauma. (i.e. fight or flight, emotional shutdown, ptsd...)
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My response might be different depending on what kind of developmental change, or trauma you mean, but neuroplasticity probably answers what you're seeking.
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Your brain structure is in large part a product of it's environment. It optimizes for the stimulus presented to it. The silver lining is that the brain can still change even in adulthood and things like therapy can lead to overcoming trauma. Childhood trauma has a huge impact though because of course the early the trauma the more of a challenge it will be for an individual to overcome given the early years shape a lot of our life choices or opportunities. | 8b318fbe-a3af-47ad-bba3-b4c9de64eb85 |
cawff6 | How does diplomatic immunity actually work? | Immunity is as much as your home country will allow. If your home country revokes your status, you're up shit creek in the country you just committed murder in. Revoking immunity is a phone call away and doesn't require you to be in a safe location before being revoked.
The point of immunity is to prevent the diplomat from being held on alleged crimes for sake of holding up diplomatic proceedings. You mess it up and get two countries to be on bad diplomatic terms, you lose your job and your status. | 618bbaef-ab24-4e7a-96c1-eb77eae199ac |
cawgii | What is RGB? | Basically every pixel on those devices is not whatever color you see. It’s some combination of red green and blue. For instance, when you see purple, you really see high amounts of red and blue with no green in each pixel. This is done to make every color we see in pictures on those devices. | 27844d5c-48d1-4204-889a-caf82ee06995 |
cawtu7 | If dentists make money from bad teeth, why should I buy a toothpaste that 4/5 dentists recommend? | Demand for their work will always exceed supply. They don't *want* to deal with your rotten mouth, but they'll take the money if it's there. | 43310c78-fee6-4277-88be-d0b61f564502 |
cawuij | how do self driving cars handle snow/icy/slick roads? | Self driving cars have a large number of sensors, and can detect when the car is sliding.
In the same way you "feel the road" the software detects the slightest slide or slip and reacts accordingly | 30d1ca08-1507-40ed-844c-b84728e820f2 |
cawvk5 | there are tigers in the Russian Far East, so why aren't there tigers in North America? | Because they weren't present during the period where an ice-land bridge connected NA and Asia, so they never had the opportunity to cross over. The ancestor to the tigers in East Asia are from less than 10,000 years ago. The last ice age was about 11,700 years ago. | 3a4405fb-6699-4659-aecb-659e32bbc2b7 |
caxg5z | Why does chronic kidney failure present with albumin loss but a build-up of serum creatinine | Well I‘m no expert but I think I can explain. The problem with creatinine is, that it‘s secernation into urine isn‘t really efficient, but when you have cdk you loose lot‘s of water, so you basically involuntarily shift the ratio towards creatinin. The opposite for albumin, it‘s really well soluble and also binds to other proteins/substances to make them soluble, so it‘s pretty easy for it to get into urine. Also with cdk the reabsorbtion is disturbed, so it can‘t get back in. All in all the serum is more and more mixed up from it‘s natural state. | e2abf7a1-94ed-4af1-807f-226b52e35655 |
caxjgl | Why is the equation for Kinetic Energy 1/2mv^2 when the equation for Momentum is mv? | They are completely different measurements that describe different physical properties.
The momentum describes how much force wee need to apply and for how long we need to apply it in order to change the objects velocity a certain amount (F•t) . Just like forces, the momentum has a direction vector.
The kinetic energy describes how much work (energy) is needed to stop the object's movement. The kinetic energy has no direction. | fcb97e4d-3961-44d2-8c7e-85eb41672d6b |
caxkio | Why do people talk so weirdly to babies/toddlers? | Not that I’ve thought about it much before now, but from my perspective with my 9 month old, adding “ies” and speaking in “baby talk” seems to be an attempt to make things seem more fun for our kids. When they’re having fun there’s less whining and yapping and that in turn makes for a more peaceful day for us.
It may also be our attempt at connecting with them to make them feel safe, and when a human feels safe they learn better, as per Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
I think I remember reading in Brain Rules for Baby by John Medina that baby talk doesn’t actually hinder learning. | d699d6ef-4771-46ac-8df0-eb1b920527e0 |
caxlrc | How is it that electrocution can kill you, but it can also be used to revive you from death? | Not a very reliable source, but from prior research it doesn’t kickstart your heart. Defibrillators only put your heart back into a standard rythem if it’s not beating properly. Essentially it doesn’t make your heart start again only become normal | 2c7ac3a3-3dc0-40c8-ab15-7fe757e3db43 |
caxw7d | What is the concept behind the placebo and nocebo effect and how does a human struggle to differentiate between imagination and reality? | The simple version: Our conscious perception of the world around us comes from both (a) the stimuli in the world and (b) our expectations. Overall, people grossly underestimate the size of the effect that our expectations have on our perceptions. The placebo and nocebo effect are both examples of our expectations being prioritized over the actual stimuli that we’re experiencing. | 6043c7f6-f6ed-4402-8075-6b058c7531fc |
cay1tq | why do cars take longer to start when in cold weather vs warm weather? | Gasoline burns when it's a mixture of gasoline vapor and air. When it's cold it is harder to evaporate it | c904f5b1-b707-412c-b473-2e4a663cc383 |
cay85o | What causes someone to talk in their sleep on occasion? | **What causes sleep talking?**
You might think that sleep talking occurs during [dreaming](_URL_8_). But scientists still are not sure if such chatter is linked to nighttime reveries. The talking can occur in any stage of sleep.
Sleep talking usually occurs by itself and is most often harmless. However, in some cases, it might be a sign of a more serious sleep disorder or health condition.
[REM sleep](_URL_11_) behavior disorder (RBD) and sleep terrors are two [types of sleep disorders](_URL_1_) that cause some people to shout during sleep. Sleep terrors, also called [night terrors](_URL_7_), usually involve frightening screams, thrashing, and kicking. It's hard to wake someone having a sleep terror. Children with sleep terrors usually sleep talk and sleepwalk.
People with RBD yell, shout, grunt, and act out their [dreams](_URL_0_), often violently.
Sleep talking can also occur with [sleepwalking](_URL_9_) and *nocturnal sleep-related* [*eating disorder*](_URL_10_)([NS](_URL_4_)\-RED), a condition in which a person eats while asleep.
Other things that can cause sleep talking include:
* Certain [medications](_URL_3_)
* Emotional stress
* Fever
* [Mental health](_URL_5_) disorder
* [Substance abuse](_URL_6_)
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source: [_URL_2_](_URL_2_) | 9f5c76df-3164-43e9-a8f3-a5c1752115d5 |
caylha | How does the centre console affect the transmission | It doesn’t. The transmission sits in its own casing and even your friends fat dad coils air on it and not damage it. The central tunnel is just a bump in the floor allowing the transmission and drive shaft to fit inside so that the floor of the car can be lower. That too can take a pretty good amount of weight. In some cars, such as the old Beetle, that tunnel helped to give structural strength to the car. Unless your friend jumped on the gear selector ana damages that or there was a structural problem (rusted out).....it wasn’t your friend. | 3499d9dd-c30c-4887-a351-c4ab2b7947db |
caylhe | How does music invoke such an emotional reaction from us? (e.g. making us want to dance, cry or sing) | I heard a story that Charles Darwin always believed that humans invented music (probably rhythm and humming) 10,000's of years before a spoken language developed to explain why music moves us more than the spoken word. He had no evidence to back his theory so he never published it. | 7ff7f64c-8a1d-4780-99ad-6be6ffc3283e |
cayre3 | How does music streaming work? When downloaded and when not downloaded? | Have you watched streamed video such as on YouTube? Do you see the 'buffered' video indicator grow on the timeline bar? Streamed music is ran the same exact way. In other words, yes, it is downloaded, but it's only saved as a temporary file. This is always a proprietary file format, so you can't just hunt it down and save it somewhere to play later; It will only work in the streaming software that created it. | e3e0845d-ea2f-421f-b78c-3777c51bf1ba |
cazajh | What causes time to fly by one day, and then go very slow the next? | My only answer to this is the "Time flies while you're having fun" line. Take a time of 40 minutes and play your favorite sport or video game using that time. Then take the same time studying your least favorite subject or doing a boring chore. Usually the 40 minutes you spent doing something you enjoyed will go "faster" than the tedious one. I don't know the true reasoning behind this but this is my take on it | a30f42cc-992e-4ef5-932b-489ba17605fe |
cazdmv | How do 'double extend' tables work? | Imagine two toothed rods on either side of a single gear. As one rod is pulled it forces the gear to turn which extends the other rod.
Simple mechanisms like this are behind many common products. | c67dc04e-d6cb-439b-903b-1d739ede4850 |
cazkwp | how do closely related species have different numbers of chromosomes? What causes a species to gain and lose chromosomes and how could it mate with related species? | Neanderthals actually also had 23 pairs of chromosomes, so this in and of itself wouldn't have been a problem. You're probably thinking of our closest *living* relatives, chimpanzees, which do have 24 pairs along with other apes. The reason for this is that our chromosome 2 is actually the result of a fusion between two smaller chromosomes; this can be easily seen by [comparing banding patterns](_URL_2_), among other lines of evidence. (More specifically but beyond ELI5 territory, this particular case is a [Robertsonian translocation of two acrocentric chromosomes](_URL_1_)). This fusion event occurred at some point after our lineage split from chimpanzees, but evidently before the separation of *Homo sapiens*, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. Changes to chromosome number typically occur through fusion or splitting apart of chromosomes, and duplication events can also increase chromosome number (by up to double in the case of [whole genome duplications](_URL_3_), though these are mostly seen in plants).
Differences in chromosome count can certainly provide a major barrier to successful reproduction, since the offspring of such hybrid crosses may have an odd number of chromosomes (e.g., [mules](_URL_0_)). However, this doesn't make reproduction impossible either, especially if the change in chromosome number has been recent. For example, in a situation like the human/chimpanzee one shortly after the chromosome 2 fusion event occurred, individuals with and without the fusion still have all of the same genes but just in a slightly different arrangement. It still would have been possible for a hybrid individual with one fused and one unfused chromosome 2 to produce viable gametes (e.g., see "alternate segregation" in [this diagram](_URL_4_)), but as other differences start to accumulate reproduction will become more difficult. | 61de1174-1e2a-408c-9ee8-f2cee3be5338 |
cazm2h | How do you justify space programs? A lot of times I hear people argue that "space mission A coasts X amount of money, while people here on earth are poor and starving". I'm all for space exploration, I just don't know how to argue my point. | We would have gotten nowhere as a species if that’s how we approached these problems. If you look at the enormous size of the global GDP, a space program is *cheap*. Solving all of humanities problems would bankrupt all of us almost immediately. The Earth, as a whole, is almost insolvent (per head). A $trillion for a space program? That’s nothing in the scheme of things. It will cost many, many, many times that to end poverty and starvation. Eventually, we end up with poverty again, but at a higher population level that is ever-more-difficult to feed. Ending starvation and poverty is about using condoms, not mothballing space programs.
People that argue differently should quietly do some research into the matter with what I assume is abundant idle time.
Edit: And also there are the scientific advances that came from the space programs. | 9f33fd08-1478-4c7d-9994-df26ef93722d |
caztf7 | how do animals that are born with 2 heads live? Does each head have a consciousness of its own? | If there are 2 heads then yes...each has it’s own brain. These animals don’t tend to live long for a variety of reasons. Also should note that most animals aren’t conscious like humans are. They operate on instinct and external stimuli, not thoughts or emotions. | 0b3e2682-1bd0-42b9-9cd2-cceb91505a07 |
cazuzs | Why is re-entry into the earths atmosphere more dangerous than exiting and leaving the Earth's atmosphere? | You're going faster on re-entry. Much much faster. In order to get into orbit, you have to go really really fast so the arc of your fall goes beyond the Earth's curve. When getting into orbit, the majority of this acceleration happens once you're outside the atmosphere.
When re-entering the atmosphere, there is no way to decelerate first. Carrying extra fuel to do so would be too cost prohibitive. It's much better to just use the drag from atmosphere to slow down instead, and using heat shielding to protect the vehicle. | 5bb9afe9-e783-4108-a303-6912c7b3e058 |
cazyfj | Besides WiFi how does internet connect or use the same servers on opposite sides of the world, Are there like thousands of kilometers of internet lines that run through the ocean connecting different continents? | Actually, yes, there are. Going back to the early days of the telephone/telegraph, undersea cables have been laid across the Atlantic and Pacific to carry data between continents. You can find more about them here: [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) | b125e2bc-3298-4124-882f-5cdd10b273a4 |
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