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This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 2c37d934-7b5e-4e0d-9b34-55ae75466301 | [{'content': 'Which of the following structure is not removed in radical neck dissection- \nSelect and explain. \nA. Spinal accessory nerve, B. Submandibular, C. Tail of parotid, D. Level 2 b lymph nodes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- CStructures removed during radical neck dissection-The classic operation involves resection of the cervical lymphatics and lymph nodes and those structures closely associated:the internal jugular vein,the accessory nerve,the submandibular gland, andthe sternocleidomastoid muscle.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 7a1a39e0-3648-41cf-bf9f-2e5ea0c41ccf | [{'content': 'In fracture of atrophic mandible with bone loss, what is the best treatment modality? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bone grafting and load bearing, B. Bone grafting and load sharing, C. Semi-rigid fixation, D. IMF with open reduction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 0dd771c5-9284-4e46-abf0-da8618b12985 | [{'content': 'Which of the following hormones has a permissive action at the onset of pubey? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Insulin, B. Leptin, C. GnRH, D. Growth hormone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. LeptinRef: Ganong 25/e p397, 24/e p399; Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction 2014/p1607; Novaks 13/e p410).Leptin has a permissive action at the onset of pubey.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ce496f69-f41a-4589-9da2-c8bdb4a87226 | [{'content': 'Contraindication of band and Loop space maintainer are all except \nSelect and explain. \nA. High caries susceptibility, B. Single tooth missing in posterior region, C. Moderate to severe space loss, D. Lower anterior crowding', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | e4ae05a7-2f9c-470b-bd09-226e43e0c31a | [{'content': 'A tooth can be made to appear shorter by positioning? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gingival Height of contour more incisally, B. Gingival Height of contour more gingivally, C. Developmental depression more far., D. Mesial and distal ling angle closure', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 49639deb-9611-4911-8145-d2b493a0a485 | [{'content': 'In 7-year-old patient; 74 and 85 are indicated for extraction; which of the following will be appropriate space maintainer for the child? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bilateral band and loop, B. Lingual arch, C. Nance space maintainer, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Band and loop space maintainer\xa0\nAdvantages\n\nEffective space maintainer for unilateral loss of single tooth in buccal segments.\nEconomical to make and construct.\nLittle chairside time, if preformed bands are used.\nAdjusts easily to accommodate the changing dentition.\n\nReference: Pediatric Dentistry Principles and Practice SECOND EDITION, MS Muthu; pdf no 1012', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 27c7d7fa-8a10-4b19-9c70-36002caff287 | [{'content': 'Following are true about bronchial cyst except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Mostly mediastinal, B. 50–70% occur in lungs, C. Usually multiloculated, D. Are infected quite often', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Only 15% of bronchogenic cysts occur in lungs (pulmonary parenchyma).\nBronchogenic cysts \nBronchogenic cyst is a congenital lung defect, which develops from abnormal lung budding of primitive foregut.\nMost of the bronchogenic cyst arise in the mediastinum, where they are usually located in the mid mediastinum\xa0 near carina. \nAbout 15% of Bronchogenic cyst also occurs in pulmonary parenchyma.\nWhen located in the lung they are more common in right lung and lower lobe.\nThey are lined by cuboidal or ciliated columnar epithelial cells and are usually filled with mucoid material. Complications of Bronchogenic cyst :-\nInfection of the cyst leading to lung abscess (illediastinal bronchogenic cysts do not communicate with the bronchi but those situated within the lung may communicate with the airways leading to abscess formation).\nCompression can produce either hyperinflation of the lung or atelactasis due to obstruction.\nTension pneumothorax (d/t rupture of cyst that communicates with bronchus).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Radiology | fad11cf2-c2ab-487b-b8bf-ad6d3b2b1713 | [{'content': 'To localize a supernumerary or an impacted tooth and\ndetermine its exact relationship to the other teeth, which of the following radiographs would be most effective? \nSelect and explain. \nA. A periapical and an occlusal view, B. An occlusal view using a high angle, C. A panoramic radiograph, D. Two or more periapical views at different angles and an occlusal view', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 3aff7082-0082-4114-a47b-d68bf127c263 | [{'content': 'Cells most commonly affected in glaucomatous optic atrophy? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Amacrine cells, B. Bipolar cells, C. Ganglion cells, D. Rods and cones', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer-C. Ganglion cellsGlaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness, is characterized by changes in the optic disc and visual field defects'.The elevated intraocular pressure was considered the prime factor responsible for the glaucomatous optic neuropathy involving death of retinal ganglion cells and their axons.Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible visual loss, is characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and their axons over a period of many years.Mainly the ganglions cells are affected in glaucoma patients, which may lead to glaucomatus optic atrophy'", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 5986807f-c9d7-43ca-951a-2c4be8c0d62e | [{'content': 'All of the following muscles have parallel oriented fibers except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Saorius, B. Rectus abdominis, C. Sternohyoid, D. Tibialis anterior', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Tibialis anterior(Ref Gray's. 41/e p112, 40/e p104-105).Individual fibers of muscle are arranged either parallel or oblique to long axis of the muscle.Saorius, rectus abdominis & sternohyoid - Parallel oriented fibers.Tibialis anterior muscle - Multipennate muscle with oblique fibers. Muscles with Parallel FasciculiMuscles with Oblique FasciculiMuscles in which fasciculi are parallel to the line of pull & have greater degree of movement.Types:Quadrilateral: ThyrohyoidStrap-like: Sternohyoid & saorius Strap-like with tendinous intersections:Rectus AbdominisFusiform: Biceps brachii, digastricMuscles in which fasciculi are oblique to the line ofpull, muscle may be triangular, or pennate (feather? like) in the constructionArrangement makes muscle more powerful.Reduces range of movement.Types:Triangular: Temporalis, adductor longusdegUnipennate: Flexor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum longusdegBipennate: Rectus femoris, flexor hallucis longusdegMultipennate: Tibialis anterior, submscapularis, deltoid (acromial fibers).", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | a7f65c0f-ed0f-47f3-96d1-f4f85ff5c3a0 | [{'content': 'Amount of energy actually producing cutting is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cutting efficiency., B. Cutting effectiveness., C. Cutting fraction., D. None.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 793b6b6a-6020-4a0b-a760-8fb2d12aaafe | [{'content': 'Supragingival plaque undergoes which of the following changes with time? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Plaque mass decreases, B. Plaque microflora becomes more gram positive, C. Plaque microflora becomes gram negative, D. Plaque microflora becomes predominantly spirochetal', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 889e5d5b-9749-443d-ab83-56e72449125c | [{'content': 'James classified habits as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Useful and Harmful., B. Intentional and Unintentional., C. Compulsive and Non-compulsive., D. None of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 9c2050d1-8db5-4ef7-835c-d7cb5bb52198 | [{'content': 'Transmission of herpes is maximum in- \nSelect and explain. \nA. IInd trimester, B. IIIrd trimester, C. During parturition, D. 1st trimester', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: In case of herpes infection transplacental infection is not common, instead the fetus becomes affected by virus shed from the cervix or lower genital tract during vaginal delivery.\nBaby may sometimes be affected in utero from contaminated liquor following rupture of membranes.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2bd4a99b-c158-4dac-8632-ae800f490a9e | [{'content': 'An investigator wants to study the association between maternal intake of iron supplements (Yes or No) and birth weights (in gm) of new born babies. He collects relevant data from 100 pregnant women and their newborns. What statistical test of hypothesis would you advise for the investigator in this situation? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Chi-square test, B. Unpaired or independent t - test, C. Analysis of variance, D. Student t — test', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 25631d44-63b1-495a-88df-4f4a58858d7b | [{'content': 'Which is the most numerous component of plaque? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Minerals, B. Food debris, C. Microorganisms, D. Leucocytes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Pharmacology | b1cb5022-7ebd-41b5-808c-c969958bfb62 | [{'content': 'Which of the following drug must be sold by retail only on production of a prescription by a registered medical practitioner? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Schedule H, B. Schedule G, C. Schedule X, D. Schedule M', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Schedule H: Drugs which can be sold only with prescription. On the strip of drug a long red line is present. Rx is written on the top right corner. NRx- is written on Narcotic (habit forming) drugs. XRx- not available for general market, only given under special conditions where health care provider can give the drug. OTC- Over The Counter drugs can be given without prescription.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: ENT | 04f192d7-760b-468b-a895-658b0efeb566 | [{'content': 'Arrange the sequence of auditory pathway from peripheral to central: Inferior colliculus Cochlear nucleus Auditory coex Medial geniculate body \nSelect and explain. \nA. B>A>D>C, B. B>D>C>A, C. A>D>B>C, D. C>A>B>D', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Auditory neural pathway. From below upwards are ( Mnemonic - E. COLI-MA) E - Eighth nerve (vestibulocochlear nerve) C - Cochlear nucleus (spiral ganglion) O - Superior Olivary complex (opposite) L - Lateral lemniscus (largest) I - Inferior colliculus M - Medial geniculate body A - Auditory coex E - 8th nerve COLI - Brainstem MA - Cerebrum Crossing over phenomenon takes places at Superior Olivary complex', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 7d744717-de6b-47ec-9b08-2e351e13a7dd | [{'content': 'According to WHO 1986, a molar filled with temporary restoration is classified as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Sound tooth, B. Filled but decay, C. Filled with no decay, D. Decayed tooth', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | 79e1618e-0e20-40ba-b104-8397f32985cc | [{'content': 'A Middle aged woman presents with fissures in mouth, tingling sensation and peripheral neuropathy. Investigations showed reduced glutathione reductase activity. which vitamin deficiency is the likely cause of this? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Vitamin B1, B. Vitamin 82, C. Vitamin 86, D. Vitamin B l2', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Vitamin 82Ref: Harper's illustrated biochemistry, 3Oh ed., pg. 556Deficiency of riboflavin (vitamin B2) is characterized by cheilosis, desquamation and inflammation of the tongue, and a seborrheic dermatitis.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 205ff8a9-b2b7-4193-9408-5e980857fff8 | [{'content': 'Creation of an apical stop to prevent extrusion of matrix beyond apex is called: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Resistance form, B. Retention form, C. Conenience form, D. None of the above.', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 22e9f959-2d98-46de-b35c-601974f8d014 | [{'content': 'A Jawan posted in Siachen was brought to the emergency depament with hypothermia. Which is the ideal site to measure his temperature? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oral, B. Rectal, C. Tympanic membrane, D. Armpit', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Answer- B. Rectal* Normal body core temperature ranges from about 98 F to 100 F (36.6 C to 37.7 C); core temperature is best measured by a rectal thermometer.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | d95f1158-fa4b-4229-98c5-40f4dc2bacec | [{'content': 'A 3.5 kg male infant born at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery develops respiratory distress sholy after bih and requires mechanical ventilation. The chest radiograph reveals a normal cardiothymic silhouette but a diffuse ground glass appearance to the lung fields. Surfactant replacement fails to improve gas exchange. Over the first week life, the hypoxemia worsens. Results of routing culture and echocardiographic findings are negative. A term female sibling died at 1 month of age with respiratory distress. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Neonatal pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, B. Meconium aspiration, C. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return, D. Disseminated herpes simplex infection', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Neonatal pulmonary alveolar proteinosis(Ref. Nelson 20/e p852, 2119)Suggestive of neonatal pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis:Disorder characterized by intra-alveolar accumulation of pulmonary surfactant.Two clinically distinct forms of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis are seen:Fatal form: Presenting sholy after bih (congenital PAP)Gradually progressive form: Presenting in older infants & children.Clinical manifestation:Immediately apparent in the newborn period & rapidly leads to respiratory failure.Clinically and radiographically indistinguishable from more common disorders of the newborn that lead to respiratory failure including pneumonia, generalized bacterial infection, respiratory distress syndrome and total anomalous pulmonary venous return with obstruction.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | f87f2d68-4192-4a90-9df8-16057f7edbf3 | [{'content': 'A 26-year-old primigravida with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy comes to you at 4 months with concern regarding continuing sodium-valproate treatment. Your advice is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Add lamotrigine to sodium valproate, B. Taper sodium valproate and add lamotrigine, C. Switch on to carbamazepine, D. Continue sodium valproate with regular monitoring of serum levels', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: As per ACOG and RCOG guidelines, there is no particular drug of choice for epilepsy in pregnancy\nValproate increases chances of birth defects much more than phenytoin, carbamazepine or phenobarbitone and hence if valproate is being used, it should be substituted by a lesser teratogenic drug.\nNow in this question:\nA 26-year-old primigravida with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy who has been using valproic acid comes to you at fourth month of pregnancy for advice.\nLogically speaking if patient has myoclonic epilepsy in non pregnant states-DOC is valproic acid —Harrsion 18/e, p 3266 or lamotrigine, so her physician must have prescribed valproic acid to her. Ideally valproic acid should not be used during pregnancy as it is associated with a high risk of congenital malformations in the fetus. So if this patient would have come in the first trimester, I would have substituted it with some other antiepileptic drug like lamotrigine.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 747359d5-2ce7-439e-b229-d04381853421 | [{'content': 'On laboratory investigations in a patient. pH = 7.3, pCO2 = 35 mm Hg. What is the likely acid base imbalance? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Respiratory acidosis, B. Metabolic acidosis, C. Metabolic alkalosis, D. Respiratory alkalosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Metabolic acidosis(Ref: Harrison 19/e p317, 18Ie p365)In the question, pH is decreased (acidosis) & pCO, is decreased (Normal= 40-45 mm Hg).A decreased pCO2 will try to increase pH, hence it must be secondary compensating mechanism.So, the primary mechanism causing the acid base imbalance must be a decrease in serum bicarbonate concentration i.e. metabolic acidosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2dd32cdf-f8c0-43d1-9d73-0b6e0d6a5216 | [{'content': 'Lingually placed mandibular posteriors will cause all, except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gagging, B. Speech difficulties, C. Excessive pressure on ridge, D. Tongue interference', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 0aa00d57-86a2-4699-ab06-82f22ecf5438 | [{'content': '__________ is helpful in making radicular access after entry: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gates glidden drill, B. K-File, C. K-reamer, D. Round bur', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | c36f9d0a-bcf4-44c2-93ef-0f83d3387664 | [{'content': 'Functions of apoproteins are/is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Structural component of lipoprotein, B. Enzyme cofactors, C. Enzyme inhibitors, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Apolipoproteins carry out several roles:\n(1) they can form\xa0part of the structure of the lipoprotein, for example, apo B;\n\n(2) they are enzyme cofactors, for example, C-II for lipoprotein\xa0lipase,\xa0 A-I\xa0 for\xa0 lecithin:cholesterol\xa0 acyltransferase,\xa0 or\xa0 enzyme inhibitors, for example, apo A-II and apo C-III for lipoprotein\xa0lipase, apo C-I for cholesteryl ester transfer protein; and \n(3) they Apolipoproteins carry out several roles:\n(1) they can form\xa0part of the structure of the lipoprotein, for example, apo B;\n(2) they are enzyme cofactors, for example, C-II for lipoprotein\xa0lipase,\xa0 A-I\xa0 for\xa0 lecithin:cholesterol', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c836b9a4-0181-424c-a961-88278c54eceb | [{'content': 'Cleaning of base metal alloy is done by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Warm HCl, B. Cold HF, C. Cold H2SO4, D. Sandblasting with aluminium oxide', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: SANDBLASTING\nSandblasting is the process by which particles of an abrasive (usually aluminum oxide) is projected at high velocity using compressed air in a continuous stream. The casting is held in a sandblasting machine to clean the remaining investment from the surface of alloy.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Anatomy | 33f854bc-b6ff-43b7-98f2-77128c47ed87 | [{'content': 'Shape of trapezium muscle is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Triangular, B. Quadrilateral, C. Trapezium, D. Quadrangular', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: *Trapezius is triangular muscle present in upper back region. *Attachments & Origin: Origin: Superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7-T12 Inseion: Lateral 1/3rd of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula. Innervation: Motor - Accessory nerve (CN-11) Proprioception - C3, C4. FUNCTION: Assists in laterally rotating scapula during abduction of humerus above horizontal *Upper fibers - Elevation of scapula *Middle fibers - Adduct scapula *Lower fibers - Depress scapula All fibers together rotates scapula laterally so glenoid cavity projects upwards taking humerus upwards. (Overhead Abduction)', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | df2ef092-eea9-4d62-8fec-e708d7b1dcf1 | [{'content': 'In medically intractable seizures, which of the following modalities of treatment has shown the best seizure-free period? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epileptic surgery, B. Deep brain stimulation, C. Vagal stimulation, D. Ketogenic diet', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. a. Epileptic surgery (Ref Harrison l9/e p2556. I8/e p3267; Ketogenic diet for epilepsy by R Levy, P Cooper - Cochrune Database Syst Rev, 2003 - Wiley Online Library)Epileptic surgery:Surgery can be extremely effective in substantially reducing seizure frequency and even providing complete seizure control.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Pediatrics | 87e68531-25dc-4647-a84c-28b40279d8fe | [{'content': 'An affected male does not have affected children but an affected female always has affected children. Type of inheritance? \nSelect and explain. \nA. X linked recessive, B. Autosomal recessive, C. X linked dominant, D. Mitochondrial', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Mitochondrial inheritance- an affected female passes disease to all her offspring but the affected male can not. Because mitochondrial dna is present in cytoplasm, the child receives cytoplasm and mitochondria of the mother's ovum. Diseases of mitochondrial inheritance- Kearn sayre syndrome Leber hereditary optic neuropathy MELAS (Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, stroke like syndrome) MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibres) NARP ( neuropathy ataxia retinitis pigmentosa) CPEO (Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia) Pearson syndrome.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Psychiatry | 97648c60-2ed9-4c8e-9142-48806639731a | [{'content': 'Most common complication of ECT is - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Antegrade amnesia, B. Retrograde amnesia, C. Psychosis, D. Depression', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Amnesia is the most common side effect of ECT. Both retrograde and anterograde amnesia are seen, however retrograde amnesia is much more common.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 1609ebf3-8709-4e7f-abac-53de9b01a173 | [{'content': 'What is seen in severe AS – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Pulsus bisferiens, B. Late ejection systolic click, C. Heaving shifted apex, D. Loud S2', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Signs of severe aortic stenosis \n\nNarrow pulse pressure —> Narrower the pulse pressure, more severe the AS.\nSystolic thrill in the second left intercostal space.\nLater the peak of ejection systolic murmur, severe the AS.\nParodoxically split S.\nPresence of S3 or S4.\nST and T changes on ECG.\nCardiomegaly on x-ray.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Medicine | d6a26b98-72cd-4b9a-9f77-6bf6941d07ec | [{'content': 'Beta 1,3 Glucan test is positive in all except? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Aspergillus, B. Candida, C. Mucormycosis, D. Pneumocystis Jirovecii', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Beta glucan test is PAN investigation for invasive fungal infection with febrile neutropenia. It helps pick up aspergillus, candida, jirovecii infection but poor in mucormycosis identification. Beta 1,3 glucan test used in :MNEMONIC - CAP C- Candida A- Aspergillus P- P.jirovecii', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | d9a72083-4c81-425f-b551-6ecc6a63d5b5 | [{'content': "If a patient with Raynaud's disease puts his hand in cold water, the hand appears: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Red, B. Yellow, C. White, D. Blue", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Raynaud's phenomenon is due to intense vasospasm of peripheral arteries that results in change in\xa0colour of fingertips as a response to cold or emotion. It is seen in scleroderma and L.E.\nOne variant of systemic sclerosis is the CREST syndrome, an acronym of the five major findings:\xa0calcinosis\xa0cutis, Raynaud's phenomenon, oesophageal dysfunction, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia. This form of the disease is sometimes not as severe as the usual systemic type.\xa0\nRaynaud\xa0syndrome.\xa0A\xa0vascular\xa0spasm\xa0in\xa0response to\xa0cooling,\xa0seen\xa0in\xa0the\xa0digits\xa0in\xa0connective\xa0tissue\xa0disorders.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 3e2eed94-4bdb-4c13-9cfa-f267716b34d4 | [{'content': 'A 2-year-old child with fever and barking cough for last 2 days presented to the pediatric emergency at 2.30 am. On examination, respiratory rate is 36/ min, temperature of 39 degC and stridor heard only on crying. No other abnormality is found. What is the next best step in management? \nSelect and explain. \nA. High-dose dexamethasone, B. Racemic epinephrine nebulization, C. Reassurance, D. Intravenous antibiotics', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. High-dose dexamethasone(Ref Ghai 8/e p376, 398: Nelson 20/e p2032-2034)Diagnostic of laryngotracheobronchitis or croup of mild severity.Hence, high-dose dexamethasone will be the treatment of choice.Treatment:Cornerstone of Treatment: Glucocoicoids & nebulized epinephrinedegGlucocoicoids:Useful in mild, moderate & severe croup.Dexamethasone is most effective coicosteroid. Nebulized epinephrine:Useful in moderate to severe distress.By adrenergic stimulation causes,Constriction of precapillary aerioles.Decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure leading to fluid resorption from interstitium.Improvement in laryngeal mucosal edema.Antibiotics are not indicatedHeliox (mixture of oxygen & helium) has low viscosity & low specific gravity.Allows for greater laminar airflow through respiratory tract.Considered in treatment of children with severe croup.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | de58aa91-9cd1-419b-b56b-978ced5335f9 | [{'content': "A patient presents with Von-Gierk's disease and ketosis was detected on investigation. All of the following would he associated findings except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. There is hypoglycemia, B. Have low blood sugar levels, C. Oxaloacetate is required for gluconeogenesis, D. Low fat mobilization", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans. d. Low fat mobilization (Ref Harper 's 27/e p/66)Excessive fatty acid mobilization (not the Low fat mobilization) from adipose tissues leads to ketosis in Von-Gierke's disease. Von Gierke's Disease:Type I glycogen storage disorder, inherited as autosomal recessiveQ, due to the deficiency of glucose-6 phosphataseDeficiency of glucose-6 phosphatase leads to low blood sugar and hypoglycemic attacks.Gluconeogenesis is enhanced, that's why Oxaloacetate is required for gluconeogenesis Excessive fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissues leads to ketosis", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | d944e920-790f-44c4-9201-c7525f358088 | [{'content': 'Chylomicron are formed in \nSelect and explain. \nA. GIT, B. Liver, C. Liver and GIT, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: formed\nCM – in GIT\nVLDL – in liver\nHDL – liver & GIT\nLDL – not formed\nIt is converted from VLDL', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | aafbe728-ff78-47ec-8edc-e47e320fc1ba | [{'content': 'Potential generated due to movement of freely diffusible ions across a semi-permeable membrane is calculated using: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nemst equation, B. Gibbs equation, C. Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation, D. Fick principle', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Nemst equation(Ref Ganong 25/e9, p24/e Guyton 13ze p61).Nernst equation:Calculates potential generated due to movement of freely diffusible ions across a semi-permeable membrane.Describes "relation of diffusion potential to ion concentration difference across a membrane".', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 66f9e092-4410-42f2-841c-588c65c9384c | [{'content': 'Mean and standard deviation can be worked out only if data is on \nSelect and explain. \nA. Nominal scale, B. Dichotomous scale, C. Interval/Ratio scale, D. Ordinal scale', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Most satisfying scale for measurement of quantities: Metric scale\n\n– Mean and SD can only be worked out on: Interval/Ratio scale\n\nMeasurements are east to handle in: Ratio scale.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | c7379110-ec12-48d1-91c4-79ade84a2b7c | [{'content': 'Infection from maxillary first molar drains into \nSelect and explain. \nA. Submandibular space, B. Infratemporal space, C. Buccal space, D. Infraorbital space', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | 91f22318-7737-491a-8096-d504ac9c8aae | [{'content': 'Mean and standard deviation can be worked out only if data is on - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Interval/Ratio scale, B. Dichotomous scale, C. Nominal scale, D. Ordinal scale', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Most satisfying scale for measurement of quantities: Metric scale\n\n– Mean and SD can only be worked out on: Interval/Ratio scale\n\nMeasurements are east to handle in: Ratio scale.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | d54441de-71d8-45b6-9a0a-b394581af745 | [{'content': "Coarctation of aorta is associated with all, except – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Turner's syndrome, B. Bicuspid aortic valve, C. Pulmonary stenosis, D. Atresia of aortic arch", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Coarctation of Aorta is a quite common structural abnoimality.\nMales are affected twice often as females although females with Turner syndrome frequently have a coarctation.\nTwo classic forms of coarctation ofAorta have been described.\n\n1) An infantile form with tubular hypoplasia of the Aortic arch proximal to a P A that is often asymptomatic in childhod. (This is known as coarctation syndrome).\n2)An "adult" form in which there is discrete ridge like infolding of the Aorta just opposite to closed ductus arteriosus.\nAlthough coarctation of Aorta may occur as a solitary defect it is accompanied by -\n\nBicuspid aortic valve in 50% cases and may be associated with -:\n\nCongenital Aortic stenosis, ASD, VSD, mitral regurgitation and Berry aneurysm of the circle of willis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 7aa1a7ca-15d6-42da-88b7-cbd1eefb503c | [{'content': 'The cause of death in congenital diaphragmatic hernia is – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Septicaemia, B. Hemorrhage, C. Pulmonary hypoplasia, D. Intestinal obstruction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Most common cause of death in congenital diaphragmatic hernia is\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0\xa0 Pulmonary complications\n2"d most common cause of death in congenital diephragmatic hernia in\xa0 ---> Intestinal obstruction\n\nCongenital diaphrogmatic hernia\n\nAlso known as ochalek hernia.\nThere is herniation of abdominal contents, i.e. stomach (most of the time), intestine, liver; into thorax through a defect in the diaphragm.\nFemales are affected more than males\nMore common on left side and is posterolateral.\nComponents of CDH are\n\n\nHerniation of abdominal contents into thorax\nPulmonary hypoplasia\nMalrotation of intestine\n\n\nAssociated anomalies may be seen 30% of cases -> CNS lesions, esophageal atresia, omphalocele and CVS lesions.\nMost cases are sporadic.\nCDH is a reconized part of several chromosomal syndromes ---> Trisomy 21, 18, 13, turner syndrome, Pallister-Killian, Fryn.\n\nClinical features\n\nCDH may present as\n\n\nSoon (within 6 hrs) after birth (most of the cases)\n\tor\nAfter neonatal period (small group)\n\n1)\xa0\xa0 Soon after birth\n\nRespiratory distress is a cardinal sign --> presents as tachypnea, grunting, chest retraction, cyanosis.\nScaphoid abdomen\nIncreased chest wall diameter\nBowel sounds may be heard in the chest with decreased breath sound.\n\n\nCardiac impulse is displaced away from the side of hernia.\n\n2)\xa0\xa0 After neonatal period\n\nVomiting as a result of intestinal obstruction\nMild respiratory symptoms\n\n\nOccasionally, incarceration of the intestine will proceed to ischemia with sepsis and shock.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nPrenatal ultrasound can diagnose CDH between 16 and 14 wk.\nAfter delivery chest X-ray and nasal gastric tube is all that is usually required to confirm the diagnosis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 10baae45-ecc0-4efa-bbb9-cd5b33b79770 | [{'content': 'Sudden hyperflexion of thigh over abdomen (Mc Roberts manoeuvre) with of the following nerve is commonly involved? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Common peroneal nerve, B. Obturator nerve, C. Lumbosacral trunk, D. Lateral cutaneous Nerve of thigh', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: McRoberts’ manoeuvre consists of forcible abduction of patients legs by sharply flexing them on the abdomen.\nIt is the single most effective manoeuvre and should be the first manoeuvre to be performed in case of shoulder dystocia.\nMcRobert’s manoeuvre results in straightening of the sacrum relative to the lumbar vertebra along with rotation of symphysis pubis towards the maternal head and it decreases the angle of pelvic inclination.\nSometimes, over zealous use of McRobert’s manoeuvre may result in separation of the maternal pubic symphysis and injury to lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 788eb150-1cd1-4895-b929-56ffa68eae61 | [{'content': "In which of the following conditions would maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein values be the highest: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Down's syndrome, B. Omphalocele, C. Gastroschisis, D. Spina bifida occulta", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Friends, many questions are asked on serum alpha fetoprotein, therefore basic knowledge of this protein is quite vital.\nAlpha Fetoprotein:\n\nIt is a glycoprotein\xa0synthesized by the fetal yolk sac\xa0in the early weeks of gestation and by the gastrointestinal tract\xa0and liver\xa0later.\nIt is the most abundant protein in the fetal serum.\nIt circulates in fetal serum and passes into fetal urine and amniotic fluid.\nConcentration of AFP increases steadily in fetal serum till 13 weeks, (3 mg/ml) after which the level rapidly decreases throughout the rest of pregnancy.\nAFP level in fetal serum declines following birth and by one year of age, its concentration is 1 ng/ml which persists throughout life.\nAFP passes from the fetus to amniotic fluid when fetus passes urine.\nIt passes into the maternal serum by diffusion across the placental membranes and via placental circulation and is found in steadily increasing quantities in maternal serum after 12 weeks.\n\nThese are the usual ways of entry of serum alfa fetoprotein in maternal serum but serum alfa fetoprotein can find its way in maternal serum in other ways too.\n\nOpen fetal body wall defects uncoverd by integument permit allows additional AFP to leak into the amniotic fluid and thus maternal serum AFP are increased. This is the reason for increase in serum alpha fetoprotein in neural tube defects and ventral wall defects.\nMaternal screening is done between 15-20 weeks (according to Williams 23/e, p 289, Fernando Arias 3/e, p 58).\nIt is measured in nanograms per ml and reported as a multiple of the median (MOM).\nMSAFP of 2.5 MOM is considered as the upper limit of normal (for twin pregnancy it is 3.5 MOM).\n\nNow after having this basic knowledge lets have a look at the question.\nIn the question alpha fetoprotein will be increased in the following conditions.\n\nGastroschisis – Ventral wall defect\nOmphalocele – Ventral wall defect\nSpina bifida occulta – Neural tube defect\n\nIn Down’s syndrome - AFP levels are decreased.\nSpina bifida occulta:\nSpina bifida occulta is usually a small, clinically asymptomatic defect, covered by skin, so there are less chances of mixing of fetal serum and maternal serum. Therefore the maternal serum alphafetoprotein level usually does not increase in spina bifida occulta.\n“In the fetus with a defect such as anencephaly or spina bifida, AFP enters the amniotic fluid in increased amounts, leading to higher levels in the maternal serum as well. Levels of AFP are elevated in amniotic fluid and maternal serum only when such lesions are “open,” i.e., when the neural tissue is exposed or covered by only a thin membrane. When NTDs are skin-covered, AFP does not escape from the fetal circulation, and such defects are generally not detected by maternal serum AFP (MSAFP) screening”.\nUSG in Obs. and Gyane by Callen 4/e, p 25\nOmphalocele:\xa0\nFernando Arias 3/e, p 84\nIt is a midline defect of the anterior abdominal wall characterized by herniation of the abdominal viscera into the base of the umbilical cord.\nThe protruding organs are typically covered by a thin aminoperitoneal membrane. Omphalocele has a strong association with high levels of maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein because the ventral wall defect allows mixing of fetal and maternal circulation.\nGastroschisis:\nFernando Arias 2/e, p 83\nGastroschisis is a paraumbilical defect of the anterior abdominal wall, through which abdominal viscera herniates. The defect is usually located on the right side of the cord insertion and compromises the full thickness of the abdominal wall. There is no sac or membrane covering the herniated organs. This defect is associated with high alpha feto protein titre.\nBoth gastroschisis and omphalocele are ventral wall defects containing abdominal organs and both are associated with high alphafetoprotein level in maternal serum.\nBut it is likely that alphafetoprotein level will be higher in patients with gastroschisis as there is no sac or membrane which covers the herniated organs in this defect. So there is more possibility of fetoprotein leak into the maternal serum or amniotic fluid in Gastroschisis. The answer is further supported by the following graph from\nUSG in Obs. and Gynae by Callen 4/e, p 28', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 2f6ec08d-d0b9-4e81-afa4-4a40493dc24f | [{'content': 'Increased size of filler particle in composite: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increases strength, B. Decreases surface roughness, C. Increases exposure time, D. decreases viscosity', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 2e13cc41-3244-4a86-a776-cb24e05b8a91 | [{'content': 'In iron poisoning drug Desferoxamine is given.what is its mechanism of action - \nSelect and explain. \nA. By binding with trivalent Fe3+, B. -by inhibiting Hepcidin, C. -by inhibiting DMT1, D. -by inhibiting ferropoin', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans. A. By binding with trivalent Fe3+Deferoxamine works in treating iron toxicity by binding trivalent (ferric) iron (for which it has a strong affinity), forming ferrioxamine, a stable complex which is eliminated the kidneys.100 mg of deferoxamine is capable of binding approximately 8.5 mg of trivalent (ferric) iron.Deferoxamine works in treating aluminum toxicity by binding to tissue-bound aluminum to form aluminoxamine, a stable, water-soluble complex.The formation of aluminoxamine increases blood concentrations of aluminum, resulting in an increased concentration gradient between the blood and dialysate, boosting the removal of aluminum during dialysis.100 mg of deferoxamine is capable of binding approximately 4.1 mg of aluminum.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 53208a86-eac2-46ae-8ae3-703e1afda738 | [{'content': 'First local anaesthesia to be used clinically was \nSelect and explain. \nA. Cocaine, B. Bupivacaine, C. Procane, D. Lignocaine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 9ba1d3cf-434c-4f68-ab5f-0ccbe263e3a5 | [{'content': 'In universal pro-taper retreatment file end cutting tip is seen in? \nSelect and explain. \nA. D-1, B. D-2, C. D-3, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | a02c8fe4-9c6b-4d40-8e5d-9870b83a73cb | [{'content': 'The drug which is used to treat laryngospasm is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Atropine, B. Diazepam, C. Neostigmine, D. Succinylcholine', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 10105277-cd6c-4309-82b7-3f1866a336e0 | [{'content': 'The best stimulator of respiratory centre is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Decrease in arterial carbon dioxide level, B. Increase in arterial carbon dioxide level, C. Increase in arterial oxygen level, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 0778d314-486a-4af0-b2bd-cab83e7e2166 | [{'content': 'A 10 year old girl presented with fever convulsions, neck rigidity. CSF findings are protein 150 mg, sugar 40 mg, chloride 2500 mg with lymphadenopathy – \nSelect and explain. \nA. Viral meningitis, B. Pyogenic meningitis, C. Cryptococcal meningitis, D. Tuberculous meningitis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Typical signs of meningitis (Fever, convulsion and neck rigidity) with increased CSF protein and decreased sugar level and decreased chloride level associated with lymphadenopathy suggest the diagnosis of tubercular meningitis.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | c5ca31d6-b2b8-4ff5-b2ee-637e216bbec0 | [{'content': 'A 7-year-old child having yellowish discoloured spot of maxillary central incisor. His mother presents a history of injury to deciduous tooth 3 years back with recurrent infections & swelling. The diagnosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Turners hypoplasia, B. Generalised dental fluorosis, C. Syphilitic hypoplasia, D. Rickets hypomineralisation', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | aa1f0b19-488f-475f-b792-397b41536ca7 | [{'content': 'Which of the following structures is not found in a living pulp? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Collagen fibres, B. Haversian fibres, C. Non-myelinated nerve fibres, D. Reticulum', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 4f5ca2d2-0f0b-4304-87ef-fbdc6d883659 | [{'content': 'When a person lies down : \nSelect and explain. \nA. There is immediate increase in venous return, B. Heart rate becomes stable at slightly more than normal, C. Cerebral blood flow increases & becomes stable at more than normal, D. Blood flow to the Apex of lung decreases', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 8fbfceaf-3af9-4b79-944f-643613173ac0 | [{'content': 'Long term complication of infants born to I.D.D.M mother AJE – \nSelect and explain. \nA. DM, B. Ketotic hypoglycemia, C. Obesity, D. Blindness', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: There is nonketotic hypoglycemia.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | c259b95d-ccce-4c4b-9514-76a225cf4bf2 | [{'content': 'Dark points on teeth along with tooth destruction of 4 years old patient \nSelect and explain. \nA. ECC, B. Staining, C. Fluorosis, D. Deep caries', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 6cf6b5c6-09ae-42cd-8638-c6a77ced0338 | [{'content': 'The incision used for treatment of traumatic telecanthus is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Bicoronal incision, B. Upper blepharoplasty, C. Infraorbital incision, D. Preauricular incision', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | 4f3977a7-1243-421b-a401-63aa119c0e66 | [{'content': 'Which of the following drugs is not used in detoxifica-tion of chronic alcoholics? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Flumazenil, B. Disulfiram, C. Acamprosate, D. Naltrexone', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Ans: A. Flumazenil(Ref: Goodman Gilman 12/e p468; Kaaung 13/e p3 7 7, 394, 12/e p381, 399; KDT 6/e p385; Harrison 19/e p2727, 8/c 1)2727)Flumazenil:GABAa receptor antagonist.Used intravenously to treat benzodiazepine overdoses.Help reverse anesthesia.Not used in alcohol detoxification.Rest given drugs have a role in alcohol detoxification.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Ophthalmology | 794c0e78-516c-44ae-8eba-768371a3ca6c | [{'content': "What is the angle subtended by the largest letter in the Snellen cha on a person's eye who is reading it from a distance of 6 meters? \nSelect and explain. \nA. 1 minute, B. 10 minutes, C. 50 minutes, D. 60 minutes", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. 50 minutes(Ref: Yanoff & Duker 4/e p42; Parson 22/e p98, 21/e p98-100)The angular spacing between the bars of the C or E in Snellen's cha is 1 minute for the 6/6 letter (smallest letter).The largest letter on the Snellen's cha is the 6/60 letter.When viewed from a distance of 6 meter, this letter subtends an angle of 50 minutes in the eye and the bars of the letter subtend an angle of 10 minutes.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 97ad9005-24a1-4eb2-b57a-64e7060897c0 | [{'content': 'Which of the following enzyme is required to induce the formation of a plasma clot pathogenic staphylococci \nSelect and explain. \nA. Lysozyme, B. Fibrinolysin, C. Coagulase, D. S protein', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 6c43d736-f9eb-46c9-93e7-5a12cc6f0e0e | [{'content': 'Patient giving history of thrombocytopenic purpura reports for extraction. What could be the most common postoperative complication? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Oedema, B. Haemorrhage, C. Infection spreading through tissue spaces, D. Dry socket', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 2b3b8bbc-f04f-408d-8be8-41b13fe26adc | [{'content': 'All are seen with scar dehiscence, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Maternal bradycardia, B. Fetal bradycardia, C. Vaginal bleeding, D. Hematuria', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Uterine rupture typically is classified as either complete (all layers of the uterine wall separated) or incomplete (uterine muscle separated but visceral peritoneum is intact). Incomplete rupture is commonly referred to as scar dehiscence.\nScar dehiscence is an intraoperative finding always. The greatest risk factor for either complete or incomplete uterine rupture is prior cesarean delivery.\nFollowing uterine rupture the most common electronic fetal monitoring finding is sudden, severe heart rate decelerations that may evolve into late decelerations, bradycardia, and undetectable fetal heart action.\nIn some cases in which the fetal presenting part has entered the pelvis with labor, loss of station may be detected by pelvic examination. If the fetus is partly or totally extruded from the site of uterine rupture, abdominal palpitation or vaginal examination may be helpful to identify the presenting part, which will have moved away from the pelvic inlet.\nA firm contracted uterus may at times be felt alongside the fetus. With rupture and expulsion of the fetus into the peritoneal cavity, the chances for intact fetal survival are dismal, and reported morality rates range from 50% to 75%.\nClinical features of Ruptured Uterus:', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | db415125-a13c-4e21-80fe-b3034ad74f44 | [{'content': 'An average diameter of apical foramen in patients of age above 55 years is \nSelect and explain. \nA. 400 micrometer, B. 502 micrometer, C. 681 micrometer, D. 602 micrometer', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | aa99f50c-5cb0-4d52-afcb-8d5b6b7dd2ee | [{'content': 'Mesial contact area of the permanent canine is at the: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Middle third, B. Junction of the incisal and middle thirds, C. Junction of the middle and cervical thirds, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 7bc79566-0465-4612-a072-878afe214190 | [{'content': 'The pathway of pain from teeth and temperature is carried by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Corlicospinal tract, B. Corticocerebral tract, C. Lateral spinothalamic tract, D. Ventral spinothalamic tract', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 4ccccd54-b0bd-42ad-ad20-0885e2df15a8 | [{'content': "Which of these is a qualitative test for bacteria: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Snyder test, B. Allen's test, C. Dentocult test, D. Salivary reductase test", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 53c95690-d391-4bda-b3b6-57447e7d8b28 | [{'content': 'The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fluid Levels, B. Erosion of bone, C. Clouding of antra, D. Clouding and fluid level', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 8a65ba68-f96b-4a62-956f-331b8cb60807 | [{'content': 'Acquired cause of pure red cell aplasia are all except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. ABO incompatibility in bone marrow transplantation, B. Lymphoma, C. Drug induced-NSAIDs, D. Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome (5q monosomy)', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Answer- C. Drug induced-NSAIDsNSAIDs are not the cause of Acquired pure red cell aplasia.Acquired pure red cell aplasia:Cancer: Thymoma, Lymphoid malignancies, Paraneoplastic to solid tumors.Drugs: Phenytoin, azathioprine, Chloramphenicol, Procainamide, isoniazid', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Anatomy | 94d8d441-a73e-413e-af3c-6e27c6989aeb | [{'content': 'All of the following cells are of endodermal origin except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Epithelial cells of intestine, B. Odontoblasts, C. Goblet cells, D. Hepatocytes', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Endodermal derivatives: Epithelial lining of respiratory tract, lungs, gut, bladder,part of urethra; parenchymal cells of tonsils,thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, liver, pancreas; epithelial lining of tympanic cavity and auditory tube. Odontoblasts are derived from neural crest derived ectomesenchyme.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | f6bef1ad-b160-46c2-a5c0-a943ec232347 | [{'content': "A middle-aged female presented with recurrent bloody diarrhea. Colonoscopy reveals multiple geographic ulcers and histopathological examination is shown below. What is the likely diagnosis? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Crohn's disease, B. Adenocarcinoma colon, C. Pseudomembranous colitis, D. Ulcerative colitis", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A. Crohn's diseaseThe microscopic features of active Crohn disease include abundant neutrophils that infiltrate and damage crypt epithelium. Clusters of neutraphils within a crypt are referred to as crypt abscesses and are often associated with crypt destruction Ulceration is common in Crohn disease.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: ENT | ccb55b07-8a29-4e45-a38c-8f0db374c703 | [{'content': 'CA maxillary sinus stage III (T3 No Mo), treatment of choice is / Ca maxillary sinus is treated by - \nSelect and explain. \nA. Radiotherapy, B. Surgery + Radiotherapy, C. Chemotherapy, D. Chemotherapy + Surgery', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 015438df-2f7d-4298-9da3-f15b1fcef278 | [{'content': 'About polymerization shrinkage of composite all are true, except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Polymerization shrinkage is greater if bonded surface area is lesser than unbounded surface area, B. Polymerization shrinkage is high if within the enamel margins, C. Acid etching and priming will decrease polymerization shrinkage, D. Microleakage can occur because of polymerization shrinkage', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Physiology | 01de6945-cd63-4096-9fda-e70148ee977d | [{'content': 'Within which parts of a gastric gland are chief cells located \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fundus, B. Isthmus, C. Neck, D. Gastric pit', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Fundic glands (chief cells, parietal & mucous neck cells) are located in body and fundus of stomach.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Physiology | 4eb2c660-2893-450f-957c-536b6a6f9b3d | [{'content': 'Feed forward mechanism.. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Feeling thirsty while walking in hot temperature, B. Shivering on exposure to cold temperature, C. Salivation on smelling food, D. Increase blood pressure during supine posture', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Feed forward mechanism Feedback mechanism Controller anticipates changes & takes a desired action. No time lag present Examples: - Cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion Increase ventilatory drive in exercise. Change occur in controlled variable & that change is feedback to controller & then the controller takes action Time lag is present. Type: Negative feed back - Kidney body fluid mechanism - Temperature regulation - Baroreceptor mechanism Positive feed back - Circulatory shock - Oxytocin in paurition - Platelet plug / clot formation - LH surge leading to ovulation - Bladder filling to micturition', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Microbiology | 6b874c35-3e1a-4158-b37c-34fd4c6350a7 | [{'content': 'A 15 years old boy presents with loose motions and intermittent abdominal pain over the past 1 year. Wet mount stool specimen showed the presence of multiple ova, which are more than 100 p in diameter. The causative organism for the disease shall not include: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fasciola gigantica, B. Gastrodiscoides hominis, C. Echinostoma ilocanum, D. Opistorchis viverrini', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Answer- D (Opistorchis viverrini)Inhabit the bile duct of fish eating animalsCaused by ingestion of raw or under cooked freshwater fishAbdominal discomfo, gasFatigue is typicalAssociated with bile duct cancer', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Biochemistry | ad5ec8c2-dd73-4a3e-8904-8675c689bca2 | [{'content': 'Best method to neasure HbA1c? \nSelect and explain. \nA. lsoelectric focusing, B. Affinity chromatography, C. Ion exchange chromatography, D. Electrophoresis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans: C. Ion exchange chromatographyRef: Tietz T*tbook of clinical chemistry and molecular biologt, lh ed^, pg. 1443-1444Techniques based on charge differences (ion-exchange chromatography, HPLC, electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing), structural differences (affinity chromatography and immunoassay), or chemical analysis (photometry and spechophotometry).', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | 3d8328fb-d689-401d-b68f-18a7fe581ee4 | [{'content': 'All of the following are true regarding Duncan placental separation except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Most common method of placental separation, B. Maternal side of the placenta presents at the vulva, C. Separation stas from the periphery, D. Blood collects between the placenta and fetal membranes and escapes through vagina', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Answer- A (Most common method of placental separation)Less common than Schultze methodMaternal side of the placenta presents at the vulvaSeparation stas from the peripheryBlood escapes through vagina', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | aceab90d-6cc0-4cac-82d4-8fcda05ea933 | [{'content': '8 year old child had fractured his maxillary central incisor 10 months ago. The pulp shows no response. There is no periapical lesion in the radiograph. The treatment of choice is \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ca(OH)2 Pulp capping, B. Formocresol pulpotomy, C. Conventional root canal treatment, D. Complete debridement and apexification', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 18ae1a3a-3779-424c-845e-41b7e946ab81 | [{'content': 'Sublingual space is divided from submandibular space by: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Fibres of mylohyoid, B. Submandibular gland, C. Body of mandible, D. Geniohyoid', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 87da7c54-7d62-4641-a820-0cdd9a4fcbc6 | [{'content': 'The most characteristic feature of basal cell carcinoma is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Keratin pearls, B. Foam cells, C. Nuclear palisading, D. Psammoma bodies', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. c. Nuclear palisadingThe most characteristic feature of basal cell carcinoma is nuclear palisading.The characteristic finding is of ovoid cells in nests with a single 'palisading' layer. lt is only the outer layer of cells that actively divide, explaining why tumor growth rates are slower than their cell cycle speed would suggest, and why incompletely excised lesions are more aggressive.Morphoeic BCCs synthesis. size type 4 collagenase and so spread rapidly.", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | 6a906cd3-6215-401c-80c5-c239ce10f06e | [{'content': 'All the following are seen in thyrotoxicosis except \nSelect and explain. \nA. Tremor, B. Increased temperature, C. Slow pulse rate, D. Exophthalmos', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2019, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | c839b148-d464-4420-9f5d-d66be78d0fd5 | [{'content': 'Staging of GTN with lung metastasis. \nSelect and explain. \nA. Stage 1, B. Stage 2, C. Stage 3, D. Stage 4', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Stage 1 Disease confined to uterus Stage 2 GTN extending outside uterus but limited to genital structure (adnexa, vagina, broad ligament) Stage 3 GTN extending to lungs with or without known genital tract involvement Stage 4 All other metastatic sites 0 1 2 4 Age (years) <= 39 > 39 Antecedent pregnancy Hydatidiform mole Aboion Term Interval between end of antecedent pregnancy sta of chemotherapy (month) <4 4-6 7-12 >12 Human chronic gonadotropin (IU/L) at the time of GTN diagnosis <103 103 - 104 104 - 105 >105 ABO groups 0 or A B or AB Largest tumor, including uterine (cm) <3 3 - 5 > 5 Site of metaslases Spleen, kidney GI tract Brain, liver Number of metastases 1 drug >= 2 drug', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2017, Subject name: Biochemistry | 31b780dc-dc96-470b-a6be-55d4b668ba51 | [{'content': "Glucosamines used in following condition: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Ahritis, B. Niemann pick disease, C. Alzheimer's disease, D. Cancer", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': "Answer: A \nExplanation: option a - Glucosamine is used in ahritis GAGs - it's a tandem repeat of amino sugar + Uronic acid GAGs + Protein - Proteoglycan GAGs + Protein - proteoglycan Major Proteoglycan present in cailage is called Aggrecan That's why Glucosamine is used along with chondroitin sulphate for ahritis. GAGs SIGNIFICANT FEATURES Hyaluronic acid Longest GAG No sulfate present EXCEPTION: GAG which is non-covalently attached to other proteoglycans in ECM. (Whereas mostly GAGs are attached to proteins) Chondroitin sulfate Most abundant (a very large molecule) Major component of cailage Also present in cornea (mainly keratan sulfate) Keratan sulfate Most heterogenous GAGs - Keratin Sulfate I and II (because they contain additional monosaccharides such as L-Fucose, Mannose and NANA) No Uronic Acid present Responsible for corneal transparency Mainly present in cornea Dermatan sulphate Most widely distributed GAG relatively smaller GAG Binds LDL and has role in Atherosclerosis GAG synthesized mainly by aerial Smooth Muscle Cells Heparin Highest Negative Charge Intracellular GAG (mostly GAGs are extracellular) Heparan sulphate Role in retinal cell cell attachment Cell cell adhesion Mucin Clot Test/ Rope Test --> If few drops of Synol fluid is added to Acetic Acid, clot is formed due to polymerization of Hyaluronic Acid. Poor clot formation occurs in Rheumatoid Ahritis, Septic Ahritis, Gouty Ahritis (inflammatory conditions).", 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 1fdec68c-39d2-4f1f-9122-bdeddb18e816 | [{'content': 'After removal of periodontal dressing what should be done to keep sensitivity to the minimum? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Use of mouthwash, B. Use of desensitizing paste, C. Keep roots, plaque free, D. None of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Gynaecology & Obstetrics | adfb47b8-d96c-4e96-8ada-389755a65d4e | [{'content': 'All of the following increase at full term in pregnancy except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Minute volume, B. GFR, C. Blood volume, D. Cardiac output', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans: D. Cardiac output(Ref Dutta 8/e p60-61, 7/e p51-53; Williams 24/e p59)Cardiac output increases from the fifth week of pregnancy and reaches its maximum levels at approximately 32 weeks, after which there is only a slight increase until labor, delivery, and the postpaum period', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | e665f692-489d-449b-b692-dbbf55dd018e | [{'content': "Multiple punched out lesions are seen in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Paget's disease, B. Osteosarcoma, C. Ewing sarcoma, D. Multiple myeloma", 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | 5929e28d-7fca-4d7c-8ece-87af2e4f1020 | [{'content': 'Tooth structure cutting is preceded by crack propogation due to tensile forces known as: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Brittle fracture, B. Ductile fracture, C. Shear fracture, D. All of the above', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: Tooth structure is cut by two types of fracture\n\nBrittle fracture\nTensile fracture\n\nTensile fracture proceeds by plastic deformation due to shear forces.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: AIIMS 2018, Subject name: Forensic Medicine | b317f77b-62b2-4ad9-a520-3bdbe0c37f47 | [{'content': 'According to POCSO, all of the following are aggravated sexual offence except: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Gang Rape, B. Rape by threatening, C. Rape by police officer, D. Rape during communal violence', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: POCSO- Protection Of Children from Sexual Offences, 2012 Objective- To prevent the children from various froms of Child Sexual Abuse According to POCSO- Child- Any person below 18 Sexual harassment- Sexual remarks , Sexual our requests, involvement of child in pornography. Sexual assault- If a person touches the body pa of the child or any act done with sexual intent. (There is no penetration) Penetrative Sexual Assault- Penetration (Penovaginal, Peno oral Peno anal), Fingering, foreign body inseion Sexual assault and penetrative sexual assault is aggravated if- it is done by police officer, army officer, public servent, a person of trust, authority management, staff of institution. It is done on child of less than 12 years of age. It is commited by a gang It is commited during communal riots or communal violence', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | b0710c52-911e-4db7-9f74-5f92160b0eb3 | [{'content': 'A 45 year old woman has a nodule in the neck which moves during swallowing. The nodule most probably is attached to: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Thyroid, B. Larynx, C. Oesophagus, D. Pharynx', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: A \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pharmacology | a3fa1cc7-e557-4f42-97b3-ac43890070c4 | [{'content': 'Benzodiazepines are true in: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Produce distortion in sleep more than other sedatives, B. More safe than other sedatives when take in larger amounts, C. After metabolism of other drugs in liver, D. All have metabolically active substrates', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | ea93bb5c-5ab9-4249-a170-263ede595269 | [{'content': 'An example of acute inflammatory gingival enlargement is most likely to be seen in patient exhibiting: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Periodontal cyst, B. Pregnancy gingivitis, C. Dilantin hyperplasia, D. Hereditary fibromatosis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Medicine | 636066c7-e7a4-4078-8a41-44d3c46d9356 | [{'content': 'Intake of unsaturated fatty acid is associated with: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, B. Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, C. Increased risk of GI disturbances, D. Decreased risk of GI disturbances', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Diets deficient in fresh fruit, vegetables and polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The introduction of a Mediterranean-style diet reduces cardiovascular events. However, dietary supplements, such as vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, folate and fish oils, do not reduce cardiovascular events and, in some cases, have been associated with harm.\nReference: : Davidson P R I N C I P L E S\xa0 \xa0and Practice O F M E D I C I N E 23rd edition page no\xa0 486', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Surgery | fcbb415d-5122-4a17-8042-196d3e5add29 | [{'content': 'A 14 year old boy has delayed eruption of the\nsecond molar. Radiography shows a dentigerous cyst surrounding the crown of the tooth. The treatment of choice is: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Extraction of the molar, B. Aspiration of the cyst, C. Observe, D. Expose the crown and keep it exposed', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pediatrics | 73e6bf44-0d77-408b-8610-ad1f6e4b3734 | [{'content': '6 yr old child H/O fever 5 days back which is now afebrile with normal muscle mass, tone and reflex, no neurological deficit but pain on palpating muscles and CPK levels 2000, diagnosis is \nSelect and explain. \nA. GBS, B. Dermatomyositis, C. DMD, D. Acute viral myositis', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: Ans.D. Acute viral myositisThe clinical picture suggests the most probable diagnosis is Viral myositis. The specific history of URI suggests influenza myositis. Infectious myositis has a male predominance and are typically seen in young adults. The typical presentation of the childhood form includes fever, malaise, and rhinorrhea which is usually followed in 1-7 days by severe pain, especially in the calves. The muscle pain is usually worse with movement and the symptoms last for about a week. Muscle weakness, tenderness, and swelling are usually seen with more severity in adults and the Proximal muscles are affected predominantly.In children, toe walking and wide-based gait may be seen because of the involvement of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles. Lab features of influenza myositis includeElevated CK may be as high as 500 times normalUrine myoglobin is usually positive', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Pathology | 0df1e153-5d4b-44b2-bd64-8e14c181a974 | [{'content': 'MHC antigens are absent on? \nSelect and explain. \nA. Platelet, B. Erythrocyte, C. Neutrophil, D. Monocyte', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: B \nExplanation: Ans: B. Erythrocyte(Ref: Ananthanarayan 10/e p141-143, 8/e p 132-135)MHC antigens:Absent on erythrocytes.HLA antigens:Class 1 antigens (A, B and C) - Found on surface of viually all nucleated cells.Principal antigens.Involved in graft rejection & cell-mediated cytolysis.Function as components of hormone receptors.HLA class II antigens:More restricted in distribution.Found only on cells of immune system-macrophages, dendritic cell activated T cells & mainly on B cells.', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Dental | f90a8d34-3158-4687-bc8c-4320652f31f6 | [{'content': 'The cohesion of direct gold filling at room temperature\nis an example of: \nSelect and explain. \nA. Wedging, B. Annealing, C. Adaptability, D. Atomic attraction', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: D \nExplanation: None', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
This is a real-world medical entrance exam question, please give the true answer based on the question and selection. Topic name: None, Subject name: Social & Preventive Medicine | ea95e89d-6de0-424d-968e-b1af4512871f | [{'content': '92. A clinical trail was conducted with 15225 hypeensive patients alloted in the intervention group (New drug) and control group (Old drug) respectively. Results of the research study are given in the following table. Calculate the absolute risk reduction (ARR) and relative risk (RR): Control group (old drug)Intervention group (new drug)Developed HT complications18001620Did not develop HT complications1342513605Total subjects1522515225 \nSelect and explain. \nA. ARR = 10% and RR = 0.9, B. ARR = 1% and IZR = 9, C. ARR = 1% and RR = 0.9, D. ARIZ = 10% and RR = 9', 'role': 'user'}, {'content': 'Answer: C \nExplanation: Ans. C. ARR = 1% and RR = 0.9(Ref. Park 24/e p83)In the given situation, absolute risk reduction (ARR) is 1% and relative risk (RR) is 0.9.Relative Risk (RR)Attributable Risk (AR)Population Attributable Risk (PAR)RR=IExp/INon-Exp AR=(IExp-INon-Exp)/INon-ExpX100 AR=(Total-INon-exp)/ITotalX100RR is the ratio of the risk in the exposed divided by the risk in the unexposed.AR indicates the number of cases of a disease among exposed individuals that can be attributed to that exposureIt is excess risk or risk differenceUseful measure of extent of public health problem caused by an exposure PAR indicates the number (or propoion) of cases that would not occur in a population if the factor were eliminated. Control group (old drug)Intervention group (New drug)Developed HT complications18001620Did not develop HT complications1342513605Total subjects1522515225IC = Incidence of events (hypeensive complications) in the control group = 1800/15225 = 0.118 = 11.8%IT = Incidence of events (hypeensive complications) in the treatment group = 1620/15225 = 0.106 = 10.6%Absolute risk reduction (ARR) is also known as risk difference.ARR = IC-IT = 11.8 -10.6 = 1.2%Relative risk (RR) = IT/IC = 0.106/0.118 = 0.9', 'role': 'assistant'}] |
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